Sarat Chandra Das Grammar of The Tibetan Language

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v/';fj>.>\^-:. -fOt
Sllt!;SUMtAQ,i3AG'^JE,Si^^
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f^mm^
S^5^T
CHANDRA
J)AS.
AN INTRODUCTION TO THK
GPaMMAR
OF THE TIBETAN LANGUAGE
WITH THK TEXTS OF
SITUhl
SUM
SAL-WAI ME-LONG
DAG-JE
â
C(.
rTAGs,
and
BY
SARAT CHANDR\ DAS,
SHAL-LUN
SITUhl
,,
c.i e.,
Rai Baha,iui;
Member of ihe Imperial Archenlogical Society of St. I'etersburg,

Member of the Asiatic Sociel// of I'engal,
Honorary Member of the Bamjiya SCihilya Parishad, Calcutta.
Corresponding
Asseciate
Winner
Marquess of Dufferin and Ava's Silver Medal, in 1886.

His Siamese Majesty King Cliulalonkorn's Tiishili 3fd/d Decoration,
the Royul Geogiapliioal Society's Prize, called T/ie Bade Picniium,
of tlie
,,
of
,,
of
in 18S7.
in 1888.
AUTHOlt OF
Narrative of a Journey to Tashi-lhunpo, in 1879.
Journey to Lhasa and Central Tibet in 1881
1882.
A Dictionary (if tlie 'i'ibetan Language with Sanskrit synonyms.
Indian Pandits in the Land of Snow.
Bodhisattvavadana Kalpalata (in Bengali).
,
Editor of
YiG-KUR Nam-shag, Tibetan
Tjetter Wiiter.
Ksemendra's Sanskrit Poem " The Avadana Kalpalata" with

Shonton Lotiava.
its
Ksemhndra's Darpadalan (in Sanikrit).

Pagsam Jox Zang, Pagsam Thi-shing (in Tibetan
Buddhist Tkxt Society's Journals, &o.
metrical translation
jfA
prose).
<>
iarieeling:
PRINTED AT THE DARJKELING BRANCH PRESS.
1915.
Price
Indian
Es. 10 ; English 15
s.
by
C OuTT
The Hon*ble Mr. W. W. Rockhill's

Description of the Present Dalai Lama.
"Concerning the Dalai Lama Thub-tan Gya-tsho himself,

during his residence at the Wut'ai Shan
him repeatedly during

ability, of quick
stay in
his
during the
seemed deeply impressed with the great
more
so,
He
Peking.
in the
is
last
in a very low voice.
He
short in stature
is
his teeth,
and
He
haughty and forbidding. His nose

his head.
Supreme
He is
and
Pontiff of his
quick tempered
and smoothly, but
His complexion
his face,
He
a moat thoughtful host,
speaks rapidly
saw
which
is
is
rather
not very broad,
up most pleasantly when he smiles and
In repose his face
impressive, and rather
is
small and slightly aquiltive, his ears large, but well set on
His eyes are dark brown and rather large and with considerable obliquity, and
his eye-brows
narquois
is
him
of slight build.
It lights
which are sound and white.
broad-minded, possibly as a
is
times I found
darker than that of the Chinese, and of a ruddier brown

pitted with small-pox, but not deeply.
week with him
few years, and of great natural dignity.
an agreeable talker and extremely courteous.
shows
He
perhaps, than those resulting from his temporal duties.

all
of undoubted intelligence
responsibilities of his office as
and impulsive, but cheerful and kindly. At
is
passed
Province of Shanei), and
man
understanding and of force of character.
result of his varied experiences
faith,
( ^'^'l^'g
heavy and rising markedly towards the temples, giving him a very heavy
and wordly expression, which
small mouche under his
is
further emphasized
his
His hands are small and well shaped
lip.
usually carried a rosary of "
Red Sandalwood
"
moustache and the
on his
beads with silver counters.
he moves quickly, but he does not hold himself

seated' cross-legged
by
erect, a
result of passing
left
wrist he
When
walking,
most of
on cushions. His usual dress is the same dark red one worn by
all
his life
Lamas,
with a waist-coat of gold brocade and a square of the same material covering his Chub-lu,
(badge of the Gelug-pa Yellow-Cap Sect of Tibet), and hanging down
below
his waist
in
front."
I received theg^'l'^sic benediction from His Holiness on

service held
on the topmost
floor of Potala (see
June 10th,
my description
2024S65
of
it
in
in 1882, at a religious
page 17 Appendix VI.)
Mr. Rockhill, in his
March 1912, wrote
My dear
letter to
me, dated American Embassy, Constantinople, the
as follows:
*
friend,
I see that the Dalai
Lama
has left Darjeeling for Lhasa.
He
he only acted on good advice and that he will not regret the step he has taken.
and I can well imagine that he was getting very
him have always been most
for.
It will give
also yours.
restless at
agreeable and cordial I
under the new regimi in China he

Tibetans wait
am
the prolonged exile.
rather
is
As my
very heartily his well-wisher.
will be able to secure for his
pleasure to send
you
I have not seen you since 1885.
my
may
with
be that
all
What
Lama
is
seated on a chair.
request, the
a long time
On
|j-q^ or "ai^'5Jê^^c'''^q
most thoughtful among
his
councillors,
Send me
photograph as soon as I can get one for you.

!
his right-behind
Lon-chen Gung-thang-pa and Lon-chen Shol-khang-pa.
my
opinionated
relations
It
sincerely yours,
W. W.
at
hope
hope he may.
me much
Dalai
country the autonomous Government
Always
The
15th
The
and
former, his
left
used often to see
me
in
stand
Lama
(Appendix VII) and the

1911,
IIOCKHILL.
my
friends
Minister wrote,
latter perhaps, the
at
my
residence
Lhasa- Villa in Darjeeling,

April 1914.
Saeat Chandra Das,
Dedicated
to
The Honourable W. W. Eockhill,

Author of " The Land of Lamas " ^c,
(Formerly American Ambassador at Peking, Athens,
and Constantinople,
St.
Petersburgh
&c.)
As A Token of Hi^h Esteem.
LHASA-VILLA, DARJEELING.
SARAT CHANDRA DAS.

April,
1914..
^2q^'g'Jia^-^3^'q'^'C^q|3^|
ff|2;'^q'g'^ro'ZT[|5J'3'qa;f
qiî^CSjIqi'qy^'Si^l'^q'q'JIEq
I
|'5J'^^$l'^:rjI'q|^'q^':i]i^5j
|
^-q^-jsiS
The
* ^'^'^
Pacifio Ocean,
t ^'^ Chinese name of America.

+
i^l
and
S el'lc'i
1=.
are equivalents of
Mr.
Tibetan name for Peking.
Chinese name for the American Legation at Peking.
A Journey to
Remembering kindness.
As
Lhasa and Central Tibet.
a token of the fulness of heart.
qaqî
^^5-H<^^'iS-^ê||
The Ghammar of
Reverence
to the
Three Ilolies
Tibet, &c.
NamOj Ratna,
Tray ay a.
Thon-rai Sam Bhota, (the father of Tibetan literature) who

wouderful conception of Buddhism (in the Tibetan mind) mado
the religion of Buddha bright, as the day, in the vast country of Bhota (Tibet).
I
at the
bow
of
to the feet
dawn(-ing) of
tiie
honour (the memory
interpreted in English,
and published
it
the
of)
Csoma de Koros, the
many
difficult
of
great Hungarian scholar,
who
first
Tibetan grammar, arranged them
(grammar) in Calcutta.
?;3j'|'5j33|'^Y^q'^5iq'^^
q^'|'Yl]|C'q)sN
I
" qâj-q^'g^
[I
Assemblage of Snowy Mountains for making clear the

meanings (of things that are) based on the construction of
speech, (by interpreting Jl^'|s'=il|c orthcppy and orthography), framed its grammar.
The
learned
of
essential characteristics
their
points
Tibet
of
Lhasa- Villa,
Darjeeling, 1914.
")
SARAT CHANDRA DAS.
THE CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME :Introduction to the
Grammar
(From page
of the Tibetan
I XXIV
BOOK
and 160).
I.
Appendices to the
(Page
XXII
SiTu's
Grammar
WITH THEIR Analysis).
BOOK
The Text
Language
II.
of Situ
Sum-Tag
Commentary on Sum-Chu-pa and Tag-Jug-pa

(Page
88)
with
An Index
of Grammatical Terms
(Page
1-8)
BOOK
IIL
Dag-je Salwai
The Different Methods
Melong
of Spelling Illustrated
(Page 1-27),
BOOK
Situi
IV.
Shal-Lung
Lecture on Situ Sum-Tag

BY
Lama Dharma Bhadra of Tsang, Nul-Chu

(Page
35).
CONTENTS.
Page.
Preface
,i.
Author's Introductiou to Situ-Sum-Tag
Sum-chu-pa
...
...
...
IV
<..
Tag- jug-pa...
Hints on the use of certain Diacritical marks called
Some Hints
to
III-IV
'l^
VIII
...
Readers
XI
Indian Cycle of 60 years as Tibetanized

Chinese Cycle of 60 years
...
>.
...
numbers
...
...
XIII
Conventional method of representing Tibetan and Sanskrit letters
XVI
XIX
XXI
On
XXI
Symbolic names
Method
for certain
of 'J^ransliteration of Tibetan into English
the use of honorific terms and expressions
Introduction to the
Grammar of
the Tibetan
...
Language (Oethography)
11-13
Pronunciation (Oethcepy)
*^ ^S
...
...
...
...
On the use of the g*^ (additive particles) (see the corrigenda)

SJ^'Î'd (Reduplication of terminal letters)
Article
Plural
and Noun (Etymology)
number
1-10
sicSSq]
...
13
...
15
...
...
...
16
17
18
Gender
19
Case
20
Pronoun
...
25
Declension of Personal Pronouns, &c.
26
Adjective
30
...
Numeral Adjectives
82
Verb
36
Conjugation
46
Participles...
49
Adverbs
51
...
CONTENTS (70NcW.
Page.
Prepositions
54
Conjunction
56
Interjection
57
Syntax
68
Prosody
60
...
Appendix
Do.
II
Do.
Ill
ajsi'wjsi]
Do.
IV
')=il
Do.
Do.
VI
Do.
VII
Appendix
VIII
Do.
IX
Do.
trj'Q,^(ij
''I^V")^
...
...
...
(A Tibetan Marriage)
(Pass-port or Road- bill
Dalai Lama's letter to
King Edward VII, &c.
Vkihaspati Chakua
Diary of a Jousney to Lhasa in Tibetan

Dalai Lama's Hierarchy
^^'q|V<3|5J''^/^=!l
SITU-SUMTAG
...
...
The Love-songs
The Song
of the 6th Dalai
of the Precious
Lama
Reed
^'5^'^*J'^^^
Tag-je Salwai Me-long
Situ-Shal-Lung
...
s^'iv^^^'^'^'^J'^^'I
^^'^'^'^^c^'I
...
CORRIGENDA.
Soiae egregious mLstafeaa have occurred in the lower half of page 15 of the Introduction.
It is hero
rejecting the lower half of
The
!
or q or
The
after
such as
îj'^, '^q'^,
^^ (partick>a)
words ending in
q and
5|^
'T[a^'^'^,
sil'^
^ and ^ are used
when a word
^'p|
i.e.,
^5,
'^'^'Sl
after c^
^, such as '^''l^'^, ''p?!'^
or understood), such as
should read this
page 15 aa incorrect.
particle 5 is used after
VS^'^,
He
reproduced to enable the reader see what they are.
^, <^,
51,
The ^^
with the
cloaes
letter
^^
aj
final letters in
(particle)
ia
a word,
used after
'5,
is
used
(expressed
^'^'''j^âi
|
For the use
of
They may be used
The use
is
of after
aj
and ^ one, has not
after the ten
words ending in
fl
!,
lettera
and
'^'^''^
such as %^,S,^,q,5,'^,'s,aj,
is
1 conforms
used after words ending in S simply for easy pronunciation.
is
according to the rule ?<TsiC^'S'^c'^-s>^'aui|'vq^-ii^^q5-îHi
use of Q after words ending
words ending in * as in <'^ or

is
to the rale Ssi S-^qj-ti^^-q
use of 5 after words ending in
^, , *,
w^'%
according to the rule 5)e,
im,
of g
ii^^'î;i|
and ^^M^;
after
&<x
wori.
for example:
in conformity with the rule 5'55 S)s.-5jq^-'i|Yi5$^
The
The
|^*'a.^='l
to look to the nature of the closing letter in a
words ending in
1,
"i
of Rafter
words ending
Its use after
bx
words ending in ^,
" and
also of
;of
"^
and 5 after
^ after words ending
in
^,
Preface.
Thk
first
Grammar
of the Tibetan language, in English, written
Koros was published under the patronage of the Govern

Asiatic;
Society of Bangal, in
displayed in
it,
of Tibetan.
has not, in
my
The
ISS-t.
that
auspices
the
of
Hungarian Traveller
humble opinion, been surpassed by any subsequent student
In this Introduction to the
followed his work,
supplementing
SituSum-Tag,
exhaustive
the
and the
iient
scholarship which
by Alexander Csama de
Grammar
here
it
and
comvntntary on
the Tibetan Language,
of
with
tliere
drawn from
materials
Thon-mi Sam Bhota's
have
and
iSum-chu-pa
Tagjuy-pa.
During ray second sojourn, in Tibet,

Situ-Sum-Tag
Tashi
Lama
I got
it
at Taslii-lhunpo,
in the library of
\^Tsang Panchen Rinpo-che)
copied for ray use.
was explained by me
in 18S1
In
and 1882,
found a manuscript copy of
Sengchen Lama, Prime Minister of the
Tanpai Wang-chug.
18')4, its
importance to studerits of Tibetan Literature
obtained the sanCbion of the Government of Bengal to publish
work was, however,
publication of the
collate the text.
It
was only,
indefinitely delayed for the
expense.
at State
it
owing
to
Monk
weak
has very
sight
in 1911, that I could secure a block-print
kindly revised the book in proof which
and the smallness of the type used
Alexander Csoma, in the preface of
Ijis
in printing
Grammar, wrote
The
want of a second copy
to
copy of Situ-Suji-Tao
from Ekai Kawaguchi,, the well-known Japanese Tibetan Scholar and Traveller.
Buddhist
He
to Sir Alfred Croft, then Director of Public Instruction in Bengal.
That good
was unable
to
do
it.
as follows
" Tibet being considered as the headquarters of Buddhism in the present age, these
elementary works
immense volumes,
(faithful
Tibetan
Grammar and
Dictionary
may
translations of the Sanskrit text)
tbat country, on the manners, customs, opinions,
and
serve
as
which are
keys to unlock tbe

still
to
be found in
knowledge, ignorance, superstition, hopes,
fears of the great part of Asia, especially India, in former ages."
What he hoped
partly fulfilled.
his
two works would
Following
his. footsteps,
do,
eighty years ago, has, in the meintime, been
in the field of Tibetan literature, I have collected
a few barley corns which, in the form of this compendious compilation,

learned public.
It
may
present to the
help the reader in his endeavour to study the literature of Tibet.
II
Orthography being the most
any
entrance to the country
side, is as difficult as
barriers
which encompass
will love to sojourn in
on the face
The
when a
it,
because
the most
it is
stupendous snowy
to the
yet delightful country to travel,
difficult,
of the earth.
sportsman-traveller chases on
unknown
in
any other part
lofty plateau
its
ovispolis
^'!)5^,
new matters
the
finest
games
the ovis amnon, and ibex,
the
&c
dong
animals
of the globe.
In like manner, the student who has entered the

it
owing
from
traveller has entered the snow-girt tableland of Tibet,
(wild-yak), the kyanfj (wild-assj, the

that are
itself,
it
it.
Patiently crossing these
he
part of the Tibetan language, access to
difficult
field of
Tibetan literature will find in
for study.
This compilation,
it
hoped,
is
will
be useful to
students
going
up
for
the
Matriculation and the Bachelor of Arts Examinations of the Calcutta University, as also to
Government
Officers,
who
choose to pass High Proficiency and Honours Examinations in
Tibetan.
The
necessary texts for these examinations are given in
The
Compilation Comprises
Grammar
Introduction to the
it.
of the Tibetan
Language.
Extracts from the Yig-kur Nam-shag. *
Diary of a Journey
Sumpa Khan-po's
to
Lhasa from Gyan-tse, in Tibetan.
Life of the
Buddha
(extracts
from Pagsam Jomang).
Kahlon Gung-thang-pa's Life of the present Dalai Lama.
Dag- Je Salwai Melong. f

Situ Sumtag.
Situi Shal-lung.J
Tshang-yang Gya-tsho's
Besides these, there are given several
gul-lu.
appendices containing specimens of composition in
chaste, idiomatic Tibetan.

* Î'll^'^wiliîll (forms
of correspondence)
published by the Government of Bengal in 1901
t '^Tl^'^*''^='^'*''5r-| Metrical Spelling-Book

+ ^'S^'i^'i'î-'I
Tsang.
Commentary
of the
and Pagsam Jonzang, edited by Sarat Chandra Das, were

Bengal Secretariat Book Depot, Calcutta.
and Dictionary.
Sum-chu-pa and Tag-Jug-pa by
Lama Dharma Bhadra
of
Nul-chu in
HI
Author's Introduction
TO
Situ Sum-tag.
Reverence to Cakya Simha, who is adored by all perfected
Manju gbosa and others, and whose very memory removes
including the unerring
Bo'/hi'sattvas
from
fears
all
the
minds
of
all
despondent sinners.
In accordance with the prophecy of our Teacher, in the

Lha-ldan (Lhasa) in
Among
race.*
and
wise
his
many eminent
(of a
former
Simha
(in
character after the
extant to
is
treat of the
model
(spiritual
Kint^, impelled
Braliraans and the Buddhists,
Brahman Lipikara
(in
Tibetan
?efa
under Pandita Deva-vid

Libyin
tliis
of the Nagari.
day.
in the castle of
*
He
Lqn-datta
i.e.,
Maru near Lhasa where ho shaped
wrote eight grammatical
the
Tibetan,
works, out of which, Sum-rtaga
This work comprises two books namely, bum-chu-pa and Etugs-kyi hjug-pa
embodied in thirty verses and forms the
is
Sanskrit,
is
basis
Vya-karona muln trimsat nama, in Tibetan
Tibetan grammar.
of
Lun
work with salutation
to
Manju
ghosa,
Hence
gton-pa rtsa-wa Sum-chu-pa.
After reverentially bowing to Buddha, the most rare One, the author Thu-mi
Who
by the
enlightenmont) he proceeded to ^râ
orthography and orthoepy of the Tibetan language.
The Sum-chu-pa
name, in
Tuntra, there reigned at
sprung
from the Li-tsa-bya

surnamed Sron-btsan egam-po the
Thu-mi SamBhcta % was distinguished
lidjds
teachers.
return to Tibet, he resided
his
rafila
{Naradeva),
ministers,
i/orf//?'
of the
Lha-rigpahi Senge), the
Tibetan,
and other eminent
On
Lharnia
of
Cri
In obedience to the command of his
for acquiring
life)
There he studied the Arts, both
(India).
its
Among
king.
aptitude and attainments.
earnest prayers
which
a succesion
them, the most illustrious was Mihiiha
just
for his literary
only
Central Tibet,
Manju
SamBhota
begins his
the lord of speech.
Manju ghosa was the commentator explains with a quotation fiora the work Mtshan
yan-dag-par bijyod-pa "The master of speech is t ha Jnawa kaya (ye-9as gku) of Buddha. That jnana.
kaya
as
is
this
self-exi&tent.
Mai5ju ghosa
therefore, a Jndtwsatti-a (Ytrces-semg-dpah).
being an ordinary hodnisattm who has attained to the ten
spiritual
He
stages
He
is
rot to be understood
{Dai;a Bliu-mi)
of
Bodhisatita
perfection.
exists in the heart of
Thu-mi then makes

it
is,
was who
first
all
the lidhdgtttna
salutation
to
Sudd^.tva,
i.e.,
represents the spiritual
the
God Mahecvara
wisdom
of
iJl
of the Bialmrris,
the Buddhas.
saying that he
taught the Arte to them.
* The Lirravi people of Ti''(;a!i in Ma: .Trlha, during tbe Buddia's time.
f The kengu/i, Hevari. and Tibetan charactPi's, cloely reseiuMe one another, all three havicf; had their origin in
MitLjla and having; bc-en thip;d aftoi- the model of the form of Divanagari that was current there in the seTenth certury
A. 1'. 'ihe ;:iitiint h'ait/nli chiuacter bears a stnkiug resemblance to the Lun-tsha (or ]iunjd,oi Nepl) or the
orDamen;al Diva j.agari which was little known in India.
J In Bcme i,;r!inim3tical wo ks he is calkd '1 lion mi Scniihota Anuhi bu ie, Tbcn-mi, the son of Anu.
The
ligniijing the gnodlhcia (or liletan) was <;iver to him by his Jiidian Ti acliers.
lie wa.-> tailed Arnihi bii in the manner (he chief disciple of the Buddha was called Cdripuitra
(in Tibetan L'inhi-LiuJ the sou of Carl or CdnJcd or SdradhvuU,
Anu
nr.mc
S-'ii.iiJhoia
Tvas hi
iQoti.er.
IV
Tho above
poiuts
5)-^
Thu-mi SamBhota's having had
to
^'l^-q-q-^^-qV^
his education
II
in the TJnivorsity
Mithila
of
gcrya-gar lho-phyog (India in tho southern direction from Lhasa) and that under Brahmariieal professors.
It
is
Tuan-chuang should
a remarkable coincidence thatat Ibis period the famous Chinese pilgrim-traveller
have been studying Sanskrit in the Buddhist University of Nalanda in Magadha having travelled to India
by
Emperor Taitsung, King Sron-btsan's
the northern route under the auspices of
Thu-mi SamBhota bam
Nalanda
Sanskrit at
a student of
father-in-law.
Had
the time, he oould hardly have escaped
at
the notice of so keen an observer as the Chinese traveller.
So grateful was
his
teacher
and professors
made profound
ing that
letters
the
are
those most skilful
to
pressions, I should explain the
speech,
of
basis
Ha
beginning of his grammar.
in the
salutations
reverence
Tibetan student of Sanskrit that he did not forget to
the earliest
method
in
orthography
learning *
of all
of their construction
thus commences
etc.,
and
my
to
also
and teachings, f and
by the combination and
work:
his
Having
Guru and holdwords and ex-
"Iso of
collocation (of letters) .
SUM-CHU-PA.
Letters are A-li and Kd-li.
on
B,
letters
^,
'^,
'^,
of the alphabet
four vowels never form a word, though individually they
L3tter3 are
the three
combined together
The word
between them.
with the
u,
are all
letters
'^,
"1.
twenty nm-gshi
no words
in the Tibetan
at all, the Tibetan
is
and
letters
classes:
rjes
hjn'j;
'î
often
are
=^=1=-^
is
a combination
letters.
They
snon-hjug and miii-gshi
rjts-hjug,
out of these
S,
''I,
''..
",
among
"^
are called
are called
themselves or with the
words themselves.
letters,
of
based
These aio
comprised in Kd-li.
form words when no inter-syllabic point or stop

i
the four
and
"1;
letters
"^"l^
'^,
i,
is
2<i|
()
occurs
a combination
and
i.
But
such combinations in two, three or four, with or without the vowels,
tongue being not capable

of
which are
o,
''ip-j-ae^'5 ?qiC^'J'3j'i^'3U4-<j'î?i
combination of the two
and
each group consisting of four
language can be formed; for instance,
Ihis includes the Fei/os
'^'l^'lK'q y i-gehi
'=11
to
i,
These, in any sort of combination of two, three or four letters
tnin-g:shi.
of
Varga),
^ are
vowels
four
These are again divided into three
consonants.
all
the
alphabet ending in
of the
letters
includes
the Brahmans.
byorwa (4isarayo;anu.
of
''15,
pa?, et]^, ^â,
pronouncing such
oi^'i, l-^jsq^
&o., are
no words
combinations.
i TinB oompvisea ths Buddhist giksa
i-e..
the
teachings of the
Buddka
Tag-jug-pa.
The
of tlie alphabet
letters
by assigning
sounds,
The
letters of the alphabet called
been arranged in seven and half ^

^,
% and
p, *, ^
and
si
^ are classed as
as
and ^ aie classed
as
-^î'^^'Si
like
as
?I
is
taken as
it
The
feminine.
The
letter
six letters ^^3^0,^'^^ J=]
being the basis of both ^'"^ and

'J'his
are conventionally regarded as
first letters
first
distinction ia gender
classed as
Those
that are
last four letters of the
sounded
last
still
same four
is
'^
series such as ^,^,^
classed as sj'^c
being similar in sound to R
and ^ being
also classed with it
and ^ are classed as feminine.
Otthe remaining
sub-feminine and
5j'^-]5}
i??
is
said to
)SSoss
no gender,
"5'^ letters.
said to have
ia
aiisen
owing
sounded hard or
stro igly
to the percsptible difference in

is
due
to the
place of
with some es.ertion f ^^'?^'^^''l) are
i.e.
the
(|z'3s^'^c'q'a,5j''^!;i
lower or softer souid are classeJ as
letters
letter of the
Among
such as
series
masculine, those that are sounded moderately (^^''^) are classed as sj'^c ueu'er.
Tnose possessing
The
same
such as
is
'^
Letters that are soun led low or with some ease
sof.Jy
series
have
the four third letters of the four series such as ^^ E^
the tone or accent of the letters such as hard, soft or low, &o., which
their origin.
four
the four second letters of the
masculine
that the thirty letters
the
of
taken asl^-i being like *
is
^ are regarded as
QJ
feminine,
?J
very feminine. Out of the fourteen letters of the remaining three
feminine.
?J
15'^
The
and the
being akin to 5
series ^
four letters
masculine
feminine
masculine, sj'^c neuter,
may be remembered
It
series.
are classed as ^'^s: neuter
and ^ are classed
and half
"^
^5
are considered as being feminine in their nature,
n, e, o
/,
for their combination with the vowels.
T|j
sub-feminine or barren.
?I''^-'^5|
four vowels called ig'^'q^
and the thirty
namely
to thcra five genders,
very feminine and
âj'^'?!
in consideration of the nature of their
are distinguished,
(âi'j'fâi'q''^Y^c'i^3i)
alphabet
is
'^'Z'-^'q't''y'f^'3''2,'wi'-^''5j
are
sub-finiinine or barren.
?5
are classed as
regarded as b ing
sl-'^'^ letters Tj'S'^'-^J'^
are
feminine;
^5
-^^j'^'^
nâsculine
n'ij'oj'sj
are
very feminine.
SI'^-^*J
5* i3i'5)2;|
feminine.
?J
The very
sub-feminine or barren.
geaderless.
f\'^'^'^'i
-Îsj'^'l^
are classed as
a'-e sj'lf-
very feminine;
neuter
^''^"^
letters
are
Sj'=l|J^5<
VI
g3i'q,=
There
1J,
as
\
j5
Q,
The
Q,.
letter
masculine when used as a
classed as
o,
and
5j
is ?I
S^
q (which as a
g3j''a>^^
among
The
prefix.
Stc'q]^ letter is
letters
mxTERa.
5)
five
'prefixes
g3i'Q,=|ti|
feminine} should be regarded
when used
as
were
letters
Slc':j|^
The
jore/âres.
This distinction of sex in the
very feminine.
is ^^j'^'Xj
the
^ and ^ (which as
feminine) should be regarded as xj'^c neuter
feminine and
five
letter
gsj'o.^'l)
not due to the high, strong or low tone or accentuation in the letters them-
^prefix letters is
selves but simply for the purpose of
words and for determining
heir combination
use of the
which being the basis of
(1) ?J'^'J^'t;|C;'?J'ai'q=q]
and feminine)
line
forming
letters for
Sc'ji|^
yi^-& prefixes gai'Q,= :i]_!i]'Vci'5^''3..
following rules are observed in attaching
letters of the alphabet
with the
their sounds.
On the
The
the five
in
conventional distinction, in gender,
also
is
Gender
i|'q]'j5!j]?j'|'q^f]'q
masculine
all
the five prefix
words are called Scq]^
(letters'
to the
letters
thirty-
basics.
ând
should be attached to
(mascu-
?I
letters.
(2) ?l'^'^''^c'5j'^rai-'^^'Î
feminine
?J
(letters)
should be attached to
and
?J
)'^c
(feminine and neuter) letters.

sj'^c neuter (letters)
(3) 5j'5fc;'jc'^-^'?J'sj^|
^ and
also should be attached to
35
(masculine and feminine) letters.

(4) -âjy^j-^'sj-^rs^ci
?f'^c'.^3j'^'?}'|;'Qj?5
attached to sj'^c neuter,
The
The
letter
are classed as
example:
1]
^%
as Si'^c
masculine
^^5)5<,
is
being classed as
^jZÎ^^
^Tj'N^^
as $1'^= (neuter)
l]
among
q]-*^5)j
feminine and
letter
among
t|
as
the five
very feminine
^j^jy^J
-^^^'^'^
very feminine
should be
letters.
Prefix.
st]
g5i"5.=
the seven and half
(letters)
letters is prefixed to ,
series
of the thirty
^^'^
^ which
for
letters
r|^c:'|
prefixed to
Si
?J
||
feminine
cil5<q|
^^
^,
among
^,
3,
'^^
-f],
^ when they are
the Dc'^]^ letters,
for
example
'^^"'^.^Ql
^\
used
singly
'^^^ '^%
'^^y
VII
The
The
letter
is
for example:
^^qr] "^1^,
'\^'^,
prefixed to c
is
and
g^'^^q] letters
the
(when ^r:^
prefixed to ^ aud q
S^^,
or q^=^5<-^âj) *
'W^^ 'W\
pn fixed
is
^^^
'^'^\
to
'^
and q when ^rq' or

,
"sl^J,
^"i^^, 'SS^
which are ^ among the Sr^V^tters,
^whcn jcq) which are
5(
Prpfix.
the slcq]^ letters, such as
^ among
which are
i^^:ti^-qa)j
among
sj'^c
as
"^
LETTI.R ^ A8 A
35
the Dc'^^^ letters, for example
among
The
The
based on
to
-5,
^,
among
masculine
which are regarded
words formed with
the Hc'qi^
q as
letter
letter q as a
may
letters,
c, e,
t:,,
:),
i^, -^,
be used before
51
the thirty Dcq]^ letters
which are classed
^^^
q
q'^,
I
is
q^^,
prefixed to
is
^, ^,
prefixed to
q|, qi]^, q^^,
q^|
^^^,
q^^?!,
q^QJ,
when they
q^.N,
q^^|
c,
E..
i},
sj,
qe, qg=ii^, q^'S, q|^,
is
prefixed to
5,
is
prefixed to
3^ J
is
prefixed to ^
when
^^%
=i|^,
when they
when they
qg^; q^5J
qsc,
-^^
^,
q^'^,
when they
q|5J
it is
^^^
are either
qf^
as
?J
also prefixed
is
feminine among
and ^ when they are simply joined with any
1]
of the vowels, t superscribed or subjoined, or both superscribed

qT]c^^
words that are
letters is prefixed to
g3i''3,%='l
^ among
as
^, ^,
5j,
the
Prefix.
are only
q^^
or q|'^^''5,Q)
for
example:
qp^
n|c^N, ^l^,
^%\
q|3i,
^c'q^Qj
qs^,
and subjoined J
for example
q|''Jl^''5,^Qj
superscribed, for example
^^^, cir^'l
are only
)gc;'q
|
are either ^cc) or
example
for
q>^^)'q,^qj
q^5J,
q^^^,
^"'I'SI
subjoined, for example
q^C5J(
only
'î^^5<''5,a|
|
q^^^, ^^^^
3\
The
The
Pj
*,
^>
Among
letter
$J
as
the
Jlc'q]^
5)'^c^
letters,
as a Prefix.
sj
very feminine among the
-âs'^'?!
^ which are
letter
neuter and to
for
example
sjpiR,
E,
5J<S3),
^,
five
g5j'Q,î]
letters
is
^ which are classed as
sj^c,
sjlsj
xjg,
5j|'>|,
xj^q|,
prefixed to
^
sj^s
feminine
VIII
prefixed to
is
c,
(when they are
Sj
^,
example
letters, for
sic'^\^
being classed as
^J^'-^)
sjâj
âj'J'?!
among
tho
5j^q$j
5j^?4
5j
prefixed to
is
and ^ when they are either
The
The
;gc 'q)
letter
as
'=>
prefixed to
is
among the
?I
*,
f^,
example
i\r:^% letters, for

,
prefixed to p, ^,
is
<1\% f^^^ ^g^
z<t,
g3j''5,|,!il
slc'qj^ letters,
letters is prefixed to
example
for
'3,^'^,
2J]^
'=^^^,
^*^,
0.2^^^, ^âj
'5.^'^,
q when they are
^'^=t]^''2,^q
The
full-stop
single stop
(.)
is
^ (when
o.'^sj^j
among
the
'^^s^
by two
represented
called
q^
1;^,
'\m^ 'i.^^^ '^âi
Hints on the use of certain Diaceitical Marks or Stops called
The
E,
^ (when ^c'Ai; being classed as sj'^c neuter
^^
^^
example
for
q.^^jij^j-'^^qj
as a Prefix.
'=-
feminine among the
?J
which are classed as

Q,
letteu
or
J-''^!'^
vertical lines (||) called
generally
l^t]'-^"^
represents
the top and pointed at the foot
comma.
the
|J'-=j^
resembling a pia, and as such
,Cad)
-^^^
or
The
double-stops.
-f]^ is
broad on
used in the block-prints
it is
of Tibet.
In prose-writings the double vertical line-mark
|^'-*j'^
generally used at the end of a
is
sentence or passage.
* J=.'i or 5^'^S^ a
(representing
^^
and
q|-<il^-5i
niô|^-c(î;j
q|-q]5^ciX,ii5j55'2j
on
its
^K S5,
*-
'^^,
'^='*''3
(
''g
or
when
rKyanhphul
surmounted or superscribed
a subjoined letter such as 3
When a
).
simple form
0) is called 5=.''^î
or q|-iiâ.^'^ a
head and
iV.C
^5
u, e
i,
letter in its
a letter
when
it is
0,
3],
it is
or
joined
with any of the four vowel signs,
=iX,''l*)'5il
letter
such as
% %
^,
^1
^|
both superscribed and subjoined, such as | (here
the letter
"I
has
at its foot.)
letter in its
),
'â=^'9
In these
S,
simple or
^,
^)
are
all
^'5
),
=-
compound form
is
representing
g'T|'S'^
joined with any of the four vowel-signs called
i,
u, e
and
0, it is
called 31'|S
-^^
for example:
IX
The
single line-mark
^^'-'^'^
alao called ^^'-^'^ is used at the
prose line which has not concluded but
Tibetan grammarians consider

each lino
(-fjCq or
separate ones,
^''I'-^l'S
continuing.
necessary to put
foot) in a verse.
It
is,
however,
putting one immediately at the
beginning of the succeeding
The
it
is
(double-stops) at
l^'-^'^^
end
the
usual to divide the '^^'^'^ into
end of the
first
foot
and the other
of
two
at the
foot.
also used at the
is
end of an expression or
end
au address or vocative expression, either in prose
of
or poetry.
The
marks or
conclusion or termination of a section or chapter

2q^'-*)^
When
necessary to put a
The
use
^^Tj
inter-syllabic point
metrical convenience, in poetry.
The
(5j5^'q^3j)
It is
following extracts from
i^g,s:$j'53i'2;,ziiq'q^'
in
'^^l
marked by four
a sentence or expression terminates in a

(')
the
word ending
to the left of the -^^

i?,
inter-syllabic point (') before
of the
is
i^
and
a.5)
is
grammatical
work
and
a^^'^'^'aS^
'^
or
with
c,
it is
its
top.
optional for the purpose of
called
High-prierst of the
Mongolia (during the hierarchy of the fourth Talahi

-*]'!(
a line
in
line-
generally not used.
Yangchan Gab-wai Lodoi,
illustrate the use of the
in
vertical
(stops
and
5C'Ji|5j'2j'Q,gaj'|,'^'Dq]
monastery of Dolonor
Lama
^'ai^'^'sj'^si'^^'s'sj^)
inter-syllabic point.)
|^^21'|ai'^=)^'=^c'|3;'qi^'5
II
by
X
Some Hints to Readers.
It
necessary to give here some hints on the method of writing dates,
is
Tibet,
peculiar to
as without a
knowledge of
it,
which
is
the reader will find some difficulty in
reading Tibetan correspondence and historical works.
There are two methods of reckoning time in Tibet, namely, the cycle of twelve years,
called ^'Q,p5K'ci''^^^ Lo-khor c/;Mm
dug-chu
the former
is
and the cycle
of sixty
years called ^'^f^'v^'^l'^ Lo-khor
generally used in estimating the age of kiclividuals,
the latter in
calculating the dates of all important events.
The years
animals:
I ape,
g,
|,'q
bird,
of the cycle
mouse,
gjc
ox,
g dog and
of twelve
^^
Ji)^
tiger,
hog.
years, are
^^, hare,
They
in Tibetan.
1,
2.
|,'i^
As
Cycle Of
dragon,
|oi
names
serpent,
ft
of the following
horse,
...
12 years.
As spoken.
written.
(byi-lo
Q>gii
after the
are counted in the following order
i^'Qî^'qi-:!!^?)
Names
named
Meaning.
chee-b)
the mouse-year.
lang-lo)
the ox-year.
tag lo)
the tiger-year.
yo-lo)
the hare-year.
dug-lo)
the dragon-year.
dullo)
the serpent-year.
ta-lo)
the horse-year.
loog-lo)
the sheep-year.
ieh-lo)
the ape-year.
chah-lo)
the bird-year.
khee-lo)
the dog-year.
phag-lo)
the hog-year.
^^
sheep,
XI
These Tibetan names correspond

to have
been
first
who was married

a century
introduced in Tibet
to
later,
names
to the Chinese
of the twelve animals
by Queen Wenohang, daughter
King Mihi Lha surnamed Srong-tsan Gampo,
At a
said
Emperor T'aitsung,
in about 635 A.
the system of astrology then prevalent in
cycle of sixty years, was introduced in Tibet.
of
and are
China,
About
D.
which contained a
later period, in about
1026 A. D., with
the introduction of Kdla Chakra Tantras, the Indian Cycle of sixty years called the Vrihaspati
Chakra was brought to Tibet from S'ridhanya Kataka

situated
^^'^âJ'^3j'qg5^'^c5^
made up by combining
iron
?),
on the River Krisaa near modern Amraoti, in Southern India
This cycle had a distinct name for each year of the
4^
Sanchi Topes
%^^^
the names of the
water with those of the
affixing the signs of masculine
The names
five elements, *
cycle of
namely
^ aud
i.e.,
wood
-^c, fire
5)^
?I
to the elements.
Cycle of 60 years, in Tibetan, are as follows:

(See Appendix V).
Indian cycle of 60 years as Tibetamscd.

2.
%'a]c
(îfi-glan)
wood-oz.
fire-tirjer.
4.
5)'I^
(me-yos)
fire-hare,
(sa-hbrug)
earth-dragon.
6.
^'|ai
^sa-sbrul)
(Icagg-rta)
iron-horse.
8.
f^5<'^^
(chii spre)
wafer-ape.
10.
^'3
(chu-bya)
1.
^r
(<jin-byi)
3.
^'^^
(m^-gtag)
5.
^'^g^ti
7.
^^^-^
9.
^'I
wood-mouse,
11.
%'|
((jin-khyi)
wood
13.
5)'|
^m^-byi)
fire-mouse.
15.
^7^
(sa-stag)
earth- tiger.
17.
f=tl^''2-5^
jlcags-hbr-flg)
iron-dragon.
19.
'5
(chU-rta)
water-horse.
The ludian names
of the
12.
dog.
PaAcha hhuta
five
earth
These are made ten by
twelve years.
and feminine genders
of the years of the Indian
but the Chinese cycle was
series,
%'2iq|
Icags
(9in
Mg)
phag)
(m^-glanj
earth-serpent.
iron-sheep.
water-bird.
wood-hog.
are- ox.
14.
5l'ic
6.
^-"^^
(sa-yoe)
earth-hare.
18.
f=^^'|oj
(IcagB-ebrul)
iron- serpent.
20.
^'%^
(chu-lug)
water sheep.
elements are
earth,
fire, air,
ether or voidity
and water.
Xlt
21.
XIII
In
abovo
tlie
(Indian cycle),
serial
will
it
enumeration of
appear, that the
with the names of the elements, occurs

year with ^f
tuood,
make up
^'%'% wood
2.
-^jc'î'gjz
each aniaial of the smaller cycle coupled
of
five times, for instance
number
the
tvaler.
of 60
Cycle
.?j"'^'|
wood
ox.
22.
.^c'?I'5
wood/,
3.
Jl'^'f^ fire m. tiger.
2.3.
&1'^'^ fire
4.
^'Si'S];s
5.
^'^'^5^ earth m. dragon.
6.
5<'?l'|j
7.
f ^5^'q'5 iron m. horse.
8.
ei:i]5)'?i'gq]
9-
10.
mouse.
?K.
wood /.
fire/, hare.
mouse appears in the
first
serpent.
m, ape.
wood
41.
?]-'i^'^g^
42.
jPj:;'?l'gQl
m. dog.
43.
5)'^'5
24,
^%'^-^ fire/, hog.
44.
&l'?l'g^ fire/, sheep.
25.
5i'q' earth m. mouse.
45.
1'^'| earth m. ape.
46.
^'%'^ earth/, bird.
47.
|i^5j'^'g ircn m. dog.
bird.
earth/, ox.
5<'Ji'3]z
27.
g^^'^'f^l] iron m. tiger.
28.
f='l^'?l'3i51
'^'1 water m. ape.
29.
f 25''3.5^ water
^'"^'^ watei'/. bird.
30.
^'^'p water/,
iron/, sheep.
fivo
years.
26.
f.
sixty of the cycle.
21.
earlh
Thus the twelve animals being joined with the
Chinese
1.
name
of the years of the Vrihaspaii Chalcra
13th year with ^firo, 23th year with ^ carlh, 07th year with f^^ iron
anJ in the 49th year with

elements
namas
tlie
iron /. hare.
.-yi.
48.
dragon. 49.
serpent. 00.
m. dragon
wood/,
fire
3:il51'?J'l^
serpent.
m. liorse.
iron/ hog.
'^'^ water m. mouse.

'?J'I-'
water/, ox.
S3
wood m. dog.
31.
%'25'5
wood/, hog.
32.
m. mouse.
wood
wood
m. tiger.
51.
^F'^'l"^
%'i^'g^ wood/, sheep.
52.
.?jC'?i'S|;s
33.
5)'^'|
m. ape.
53.
s^'q'Q.gqj
34.
^%'^
fire/, bird.
54.
5l'?l'|Qj
tiger.
35.
f'^'|l
earth m. dog.
55.
^%'^ earth m. horse.
earth/, hare,
36.
^''Si'z^
56.
^'?J'g^ earth/, sheep.
57.
a^^'^'l iron m. ape.
ox.
58.
3:r]5<li-3
tiger.
59.
'^'9 water m. dog.
60,
^'?J'q^
11.
-^jc^'l
12.
-^j^r'^'i^^
13.
Sl'^'l,
U.
5)'^'g]= fire/, ox.
15.
Î'^^'f^
16.
5i'Sj'S]j
17.
f ^^'^''^^'l iron m. dragon. 37.
18.
gi^^l'î'gQI
19.
'^'5 w^ter m. horse.
39.
^%'^^ water m.
20.
^'?i'^^ water/, fcheep.
40.
'?l'S}5j
fire
earth
?.
iron/, serpent. 38.
fire
H2. hor.se.
earth/, hog.
f^<^'q| iron m. mouse

|i^^'?J'I-
iron/
water/
hare.
wood/,
fire
hare.
m. dragon.
fire/, serpent.
iron/, bird.
water
/.
hog.
XIV
In the above
list
of the years
of the Chinese cycle the
Jemale in six of the five elements such as -^cj^^ ^z'?!
^2^
differentiates it
^'^J
5l-"4
introduction of
5l'?J
^'\
from the Indian cycle as Tibetauized.
In
^'Uj
this,
25
and
male
I'l]?^'"^
f ^5J'?I
the ten elements
males and 5 females) coupled with the twelve animals of the smaller cycle, occur six
(5
times; thus
The
making up the number 60
of the cycle.
Tibetans, in calculating dates, use either the Indian or the
using the Indian cycle they some times mention the individual
Sanskrit or in translation) but often omit
In page
runs thus
Appendix
1,
I,
document
i^5)'|^')'^'f ^!l]'|'S)'!;i^'q^ letter
is
36th year
of
that cycle.
It
(in
last line
which
dated on an auspicious day of the month in the
Lama Theg-pai
may
of the year,
mentioned in the
Dorje
(letter of identification) lived in the 12th cycle ^^'|='=Ji''=il1^
the
name
when
it.
the date of the
yeox water-tiger. The Karma-pa Hierarch
Chinese cycle
^^Tj'^^'lj'l
who
The year
issued the ^^'Riaj
f'^r|
water-tijer
was
24 years of the 12th cycle +60
be computed thus:
years of the 13th cycle +60 years of the 14th cycle+48 years of the 15th cycle=192.
Deducting 192 from 1914, the present year, the year 1722 A.D. is obtained (see Appendix V).
In pao-e 2, Appendix II, the date of the document occurs in the follovving passage
5'qra^^'^ci'g,c*qlf'g'^^'3ir%^'3?2i]5j'i^5J'q^''25'5^''^
year called ^'^^^ Sans. c/u>a of the 15th cycle
f ^'^'^
present cycle,
is
the (.'hinese
name
Then
again, (to wit) here (at Lhasa) in the
.'?.,
of
its
the year water horse
^Î'^cq^'g
is
the
16th year which corresponds with the
year 1882 Anno Domini*

date of the Passport granted to Acharaa Purangiri by the
In page 4, Appendix III, the
(^!:'|Qj-|'l4<j
t first of the 9th month, year wood-serpent.
Tashi LamI Pa'ldan Yeqeg, is dated
This Tashi
Lama
The year
lived in the 13th cycle (^^'irq^^^^J^).
wood-serpent of that cycle
may be found
39th year of the

out in the following manner: ^r|aj was the
When
taken out of 60, there remains 22.
28
is
present cycle.
is
Uth
cycle and 48
of the
__^
the ocoasion of the
with Princess
marriage of the present Maharaja of Sikkim, at Lhasa,
^^5^-|^'*'Lhading named Lha-chnm Tece D dma

t The numbers of the mouth and diy are
done here.
of the
year, the year 1784 A.D.,

Deducting the sum 130 from 1914, the present
obtained.
,^^"^3
Add 60
13th cycle.
written below |
=)
mouth and 2 date
^
in the
.
manner
it is
XV
In page 11, Appendix VT,
f^'I'q'îl-^si'^^'^&^'Ql
The Diary commenced
of the year water -hor&e
en fan auspicious) day in the 3rd month,
in the
month
month
of April (the 3rd
of the
year in the Tibetan calender) 1882.

appear from Appendix V, where the Sanskrit names of the years of the Indian
will
It
are given
cycle
Rab-joong).
was
bt>rn
is
'J'his
the
year
first
From
Tibetan, ^q'|c ^ pronounced
to the Buddhists of
name
this
Prahhava, in
called
is
was the year, according
at Kapilavastu.
The
Tibet.
that
Indian cycle
the
when
Tibet,
is
designated
the
Buddha
Rabjoong, in
present year 1914 called Ananda, in Sanskrit and ^^'^'^ [tvood-Hger) in Tibetan,
the 48th year of the loth cycle ^q'^cq^'g,
from the year 1026 A.D., when

cycle. will terminate in the year
it
reckoning the beginning of the
was introduced
in Tibet
first
cycle
by one Chilu-Pandita. The 15th
1926 and the sixteenth cycle
^^'|i^''^'^''l
will
commence
in
the year 1927.
The Tibetans
I'q'JIllî'::^
divide the year
second mouth,
signifies the
...
|'q'q':r||5J'q
moon, hence month.
year begins in February.
into
There
twelfth month.
|'q'=^c'2j
is
lunar months calling them
{^Dd-wa
|'q (zla-va)
dangpo) the
firdt
|'C)''^c'2f first
month,
pronounced
Dd-wa
month
of the
Tibetan
no particular name for each month.
In page 193, of his Grammar, Alexander Csoma has the following passage:
"
The Kdla
chakra doctrine
year, at S'ridhanya
of
Adi Buddha was delivered by S'akya,
in his 80th
Kataka upon the request of Chandra Bhadra, a king of S'ambhala who
in his 99th year visited S'akya there.
Upon
his return
home, he compiled the Mula Tantra,
in accordance
with what he had heard from S'akya, and two years afterwards he died.
This work
the
is
tions
and
who
will reign at
source of
interpolations.
all
the subsequent voluminous compilations, increased modifica-
In the Mula Tantra, S'akya
S'ambhala, each for 100 years.
Rajds and the others are styled EuUka.
He
foretells to
The
six first of
foretells also that
date Kulika Kirti (Ya9okIrti or the Ephiphanes of the Greeks
S'ambhala, and that 800 years afterwards the
Makha
(Mecca)."
Mleccha
Chandra Bhadra 25 kings,
or
them are
after
?) will
called
Dharma
600 years from that
succeed to the throne of
Muhamadan
religion will rise
at
XVI
He
conjectured that S'ambhala must have been the capital of a kingdom ihat flourished
and that S'ridhdnya Kataica was the Cuttak of modern Orissa.
in the early centuries of Christ
The
kings of S'ambhala
last of tlic
stated that a king
the
after that
was
named Samudra Vijaya
period called, in
From what
established.
Chakrait
may be conjectured
arrived at S'ambhala in
618 A.D., and shortly
622 A.D., at Makha (Mecca) the Muhamadan religion
can be gathered from Tibetan histories and works on Kdla
that this S'ambhala, very probably,
Emjiire of the Eastern Greeks
was the
who had embraced Buddhism.
It
is
capital of the Bactrian
Minendra) whq erected a very lofty
{in Sans.
chaiti/a
conjectured that
also
the modern city of Balkh must have been the site of their latest capital.
Menander
It is
Tibetan chronology, ^'pi'|'5^^(Me-kha-rgya-Mtsho*,
tlio
It is also stated that in
commenced.
however, njt mentioned in the 3Ju!a Tantra.
is,
The name
King
of
has been mentioned by
the Kashmirian poet Ksomendra, in^ha Avaddna Kalpalatd, a work that was finished iu about
1035 A.D.
Referring to SamudraVijaya, Alexander Csoma in afoot note remarked
King's arrival
at
"This pretended
S'ambhala in 622 A.D., has soma coincidence with Yczifjird, the Persian
King's taking refuge in

Seleucia,
tlie
same country;
and the conquest
ot
Persia
for
by
it is
affirmed, that this
tho Arabs, in G86,
prince,
retired to
upon the
fall of
Tjans-Oxiana or
FeiKhana".
'ts*
Sjjmholic
As regards the explanation

possible to arrive at
it,
nam
of the period Sj'^jj^ri'^j?
Sans. Ounya voidity or sky
symbol for
2;
is
Cone)
is
5j:5i'q5,
it is
hardly
(numerical signs}, for instance: the word
expressed by a zero
so are {Netra or chaUu) 63-03, Palest (the
month), because there are two hands
and two
(Me kha-rgya-Mtsho),
without a knowledge of the Indian method of expressing numerals in
eymbollcal names or terms. These are called

(s^f;'2..
for certain numerals.
lunations, white
in
man
and dark, in a month.
symbolically expressed
by
(0).
o]^
(Sans, hara), the hand
white and the
two eyes in
all
dark lunations in the
animals, two wings in birds
In the same manner, the ^"5J or numeral,
the terms Qirlra, (in Tibetan
tho moon, Oanddra q?l'^the rhinoceros, becauso
is
all
^|=i]51)
body, chandra f^'^)
animals possess only one
only one moon, and the rhinoceros has only one horn.
hoslt/,
there
is
xvn
Tho numeral
3 is expressed
by
tlic
symbalical terms
Gum
ing to Plinda conoop'ion, are three in number,

three in humanity
mythology are
Tho
(^^'!l^)
R ija,
Saiva,
\^5^'J^5^)
Tama, and also Ajni
qualities or attributes
scriptures;
'Ji
(four) are
Samwha
i.e.,
indicited
o,
tho
and
of the
use
cnrrcc:
figure
it
period
introduction
by 403
expressed
rise
of the
years,
religion
Ilcjira,
usual to count
left.
by the expression
signified
(fire)
write the
or
expresses
^''^'^jB'^'^ Tsi-lu
Pdndita.
which S'akya
At
this
Tho Avadana Kalpalata
is
at
Mecci
z'.e.,
MA'.a
The number
o,|z
632 A. D.
in
is
403
With
obtained.
Kdla
cha/cra
Kashmir by an Indian Buddhist named
is
here attached.
They may
list
of ^J-^J'qf
help the reader ia
works on Astronomy, Astrology and Chronology.
Bkulam
fire,
s^q~ (2f)
If
have been born, the date of
believed to
gives abundant testimony on that point.
5 (five) is expressed
(q)
T/ctitra
time the Maiiayaua Buddhism greatly flourished in that
terms taken from Alex. Csoma's Grammar,

his studies of Tibetan
(s'ky)
3, ^J\'^
the Tibetan Rihjoong GyoXo begins. Tibetan historians aflirm that
i/f
figures
4 by patting tliem as 403
the year 1025 A.D.,
Tantras and the Vrih ispati cycle were brought from
country.
is
These
of the globe.
according to tho Kdla chukra
Muhamjdan
year of the
first
Pra^jhaua in
illcd
to
Veda
possessing four feet; there
If the order is reversed in the three 3, 0,
be added to G32, the

year c
is
obtained.
is
eoramenc-d at the
the
numeral-signs,
hy the symbolical terms from right
3j'^^ oceans, 4.
Tlie
5jz5)'q5^
oc?an; Pada '^^) foot
Hindu cosmogony, on the surface
four illustrations will enable the reader to understand what
tlic
Hindu
wliich according to
fire
^g'^)*)
because beasts are quadrupeds
are four great or;eans, accordhig to
In
wbich are
also three in Ivind.
^"^'^s, numeral sign for
Hindu
C^-^'^^j) worlds, whicli accord-
LoJca,
by the following terms
tho c'ements which, iu Sanskrit, are five in
number:
earth, air
water and sky.
Indni/am the organs of sense which are
five,
such as hearing,
seeing,
smelling, tasting, and touching.

sj'^'Sv
^c
(Sans. Vdna) the arro^vs of
( 2f )
Ficandha the aggregates
the
body
of a living
Cupid which are
five in
number.
which according to Buddhist conception, constitute
being.
XVIII
The number
(six)
is
indicated by sii^^ [Dik) the four cardinal p infs: north, east,
south and west, besides the zenith and the nadir.
X'5 Rasa taste wliich are six according to Indian ideas.
^^ Ritu or Samnya the seasons, which are
The number 7
(seven)
is
expressed by the following terms:
^ [Ndga) snake-kings who are seven
Hindu mythology.
in the
who
[Rki) the deified saês
^c'lfc
six in Sanskrit works.
are
represented in a group <i seven stars
in the sky in the constellatifm of the Great Bear.

?,^'q]a^
(Graha) the recurring planets which are represented by the days of the
week,
Knâ treasures, they are counted seven in Hindu mythology.
''l)^
The number 8 (eight) as represented in words, are as follows

^\ Vasu) the gods of wealth who are eight, according
(
Hindu mythology.
to
^"^ {TrisHci) the passions.
{^Parvata) great mountains
The number
9 (nine^
is
which are eight in number
in the
Hindu
S'dstras
symbolized in the following terms
^ [SHrd or niAla roots chief veins or the pulses

medical works.
;
they are counted nine in Hindu
Graha the 7 planets, with the two comets Rdhu and Ketuare the Nava graha
zijaQ,
who
Chhidra openings or
g,'=l]
ôj'^f
The number
Ruhasa
the cannibal goblins
10 (ten)
is
four
who are
nine according to
expressed by only one word
(Z?Va) quartets
gq]^
by the Hindus for averting calamities.

passages in the body for excretions i.e., Nava
are propitiated
or
points,
chhidra.
Hindu mythology.
The four cardinal points,

and nadir, make the daga-diga the
which are ten:
corners and the two, zenith
the
ten
quarters.
The number
11 (eleven) is expressed
by the names,
{Rudra^, ^^''^%^ (Sambhu), ^^^'%^ {Ifvara) the

is identified
with that of
faces q'qi?^'(^2j
powerful One.
Lokepara who
is
{Eari), the destroyer
The
last
^^
name, in Lamaism,
represented as possessing eleven
12 (twelve)
is
expressed
by
the names
{Surya) the sun, his chariot, according to Hindu mythology, being di*awn
twelve horses.
05)
The number
\^
'^^^'^=i''^^^'^ or
all
'5.^=i]'|,'=^
[Griha) the Zodiacal signs or mansions which are twelve in number.
by
XIX
Method of transUterntion of Tibetan
into English.
In Tibetan writings the intersjllttblc point () Xîq^'îi is continuously used between every two
Take for instance, the first
syllables, as also, between every two wor'is in an expression or sentence.
eenteuce in Appendix I
%^M
^^^ji^qi^gs)^- juq-rjjilc^^Ji-^N'qi.t^qE.-qg^-^c^-l
^d "^S*)^, g^ =i, :aî, '^^sj'n^-q^^ :^qi,-qgv'îk|

f'^*', ^"S,
In transliterating the above sentence, a hypuen will represent theintersyllabic point (') which will be used
to divide every two or tlireo syllables in a word thus: ,q'^35^^ rab-hbyams; g^l Vgy.il-wa; "Jî 3 kun-gyi;'^^V
m^'î^ hphrin-lag-par '\''=-'''3*^'^^ d van-bskur-shin With a view to eiuible tue reader to distinguish one word
from another the passage will be transliterated thus Phyogg-dna-rab-hbyains-rgyal-wa-kun-gyi-hphrin-lagpar dwan-bskur-shin instead of as Phyogs-dus-rab-hbams-rgyal-wa-kuu-gyi-hphrm-laa-par-dwan-b^kur-shin.
Here the words are:
APPENDIX
I.
e'^N'Râj
SJam-gliU Yais'pahi khyon spyi-dafi [the general public of Daamling (Jambu dvipa).]
bye-brog sbas-yul JShnis-iiw Ijon-kyi [particularly, of the hidden land of Deinojuii (bikkim).]
Dge-hdun mi-dwan sa-skyoii bkah-blon MiA biu-dpon sogs [the clergy, King-liuler, minister, captains,
sergeants etc
Ser-skya mthah-dag gsan-ciii n-'s-gyur [priests and lay class, great and low, all hearing be sure.]
S.i-skyoii Mi-dwan Clws-rgy d Sras hdi bahin [whereas this son of the King-Iiuler Dhaniiaraja.'\
j^,lo-khams Kun-rnkhydi Silu Rinpo-cluhi dwon Kirma Rin-chcn neB don bslan hdiin-giji sprul-pnhi skiir
[nephew of Knn-khyen Situ Kin-po-che of Do-kham (Lower Kham Province) Karma liinchen ne-don
Tan-zin's inparnation.J
Edt-ga blag-nas fios hd4ii Khri-hdon mnah-gôl bgyid cin [here from me having received indentification
consecration and enthronement.]
Misfian Knrma Sgruh-brgyud bstan-hdiin dir-rgyas Ihun-grub neS'doii dwari-po [name Karim Dub-gyu
tanzin dargye Ihun-dub ne-don Wang-po.]
Shi's gtol-shiti dge-tshid sloii-gi diios-po yan-dag-par sgrub cin[50 named having suooassfuUy passed through
the orders of Ge-tshul and Ge-lon.]
Gaan-smgs g.<ar-rnin-gi divaA rjes-gnail du~ma daH [having received initiation in many secrets of the new
and the older mysticism.]
Zab-khiid'bkah-iun sogs-kyi smin-par bgyis-nas [being turned an adept in the deeper mysteries, precepts, &c.
Ran-litgs-kyi dgon-S'le Kurina Rub-brtan ffliii [of his own sect the monasteries and religious institutions
(called) Kcrma Rabtanling.]
K'irifia
Bkra-gis chos-hkhor-gliU, Karni,a hchi-mcd Yans-d'oen, Knrmt Sjrub brgyud b^tan-dar g.lin
iogS'kyi \_Karinti Tashichoi khor-liug, Kurmi Chi-me yaug wen, Kirma dub-gyu taudar ling of &o.]
Spyi-klujiib chos-rje-vo dam-par [as Lord spiritual and Director-General], dwan-gbkur-wa yin-pas [has
been consecrated.]
Bla-nn nl^-nas hchad rtsod brlsam !?!/ [the Lama himself (will do) the three expounding, disiussing
g.mm-gyi sgo-nas [from the three points
and composing (religious matters).] t/ws bsam sg
hearing, thinking and meditation of (spiritual things). ] ris-n'i ma-chad- pahi [without iuchning to parti ilityj rijijai-icahi
bsian-pa m'liah-dig [the entire religion of Buddh.i] dar-rgy is-sti spel-w-ihi fJi-tbs Ukul gin zab dm [.idopting
what are best means and methods for its propagation and expansion] iye-i'^n/c/ Karma Bk ih b'-gynd-kyi
bitaii-pa [especially the doctrine of the Karnvi Kahgyu Si)hool] yir-zla liar spci-ivaht m/srud-hp/iriii [lika the
growing crescent of the moon service to religion] thugs-b^kyed slmm-pa-mcd-pa dan [will with thoightfullness
fearlessly exert himself].
Dye hdiin-gyi sle-ruams nas kyafl [the class of clergy also] Bla-mnci gsufi dvan^ len [should receive in
good spirit what the Lama says,] bsgrii/s khrtms bsran [keep discipline] sd'tms-tsknl bihin b/yid-pa dan [and
behave observing the vows and morals] dad-ldaii yon-gyi bdig-po rnams-kyis: kyan [the faithful dispensers of
gifts {Dauapatt) also] gu^-hdad bsnen-bkur dD:inS-kn bjyd dgos bcas [should with reverence make homage and
implicit obedience (to him.) ]
t/iugs firs hl&hal [be sure (bear in miud as sure.)]
S/u'S-pahiyi-gccku-s/ag-giz!a ts/ies dge-imr [on an auspicious date (iu the year (tcater-tig'^r) letter so written]
Hog-mill mt^/iur-phuhi C/ios grva C/fii-po nas Spi-/ [is proclaimed from the great monastery of Hog-min Tshur phu.
* Tills S^".^^ nos-hdein ^letter of identification) of the Spirit of a deceased Lama oL' Lower Kiiam with
the soul of a Sikkim Maharaja's son was issued by Lama Theg-pahi Dorje the 14th in succession to the
Karma-pa hierarchy, iu 1722 A.D.
XX
APPENDIX
JT]'^'")^]
TJin-s'h'ns
[lit.
(g'^^*i c-ollcquiaily
II.
Ciicn-yifj.
the eminence where gcds dwell; nnmo of (he residential house of Lhading Eku-hab
Ewi/w) at Lhasa.]
Lhn.lcam mchorj-ma Fcfrs sgrol-mala [Her Highness queen Yeie-doiraa.]

Glial
s/iu/ii nku/js-ki/i
Edra
Gncn-yi'g [maniage-lettar of the
giis-hlc'irui-mce [mistake-less
(auspicious) occasion of bringing her.]
copy.]
A correct copy of the mariiage-letter executed on the occasion

Yese-doima in marriage.
Hail (lie Precious One
of giving
away Her IIighn?s3 queen
Bzin-pohi fhil-pa kdi It (fa'D-chos-h-i/is. dbj/ar-ski/cs rnn-xnH sfon-dit h'jifiii-pa-/as.

In this age of
bleEsoilnc'83 by 11 ily religion from tlie production oE sum'ner dmm-so ind (thuudar noise) in v.)il spaoa Isky).
Sii'!/ d'ls
hgro-wah'
Grant unto
g.'iod-gi/ur b'iiid-rl-,ihi
char hbrhs mkfias Cxkyihi rj/al-pog dje
prosperity,
king of the S'akyas, wlio is able

healing /the sufferings) of living beings in these degenerate times.
KliiimV; g.'ium
King
mother
tis
dwan-guitr dpal-ldin hdid-pnhi rgijal
Rjijil-u-ahi
Love who has brought the three worlds under

all the Euddhas
of
* of
yum
hia
to
bring
mc'iog
ti'g^ sfy/icl.
dowu
Kinu
power 0, Kuru
the raiu of nectar fo*
I:ii'le-li !
hulle
(Venus) the great
Ma-pham hdod-dguhi f char hsnll nor-shyin Lha, Lhahi Iha-mchog-rnnm^-hyi ring-fu ikynns.
The unsubduable wealth-giving god that draws down rains of (rlslies) ye tho chief gods aniDng
protect (us) at all times
Bi'an hgrohi mgon
god",
mhad
dam-can tshogs spyi dm, h'lhnd-par ran
rigi brj'/nd hgo-vohi lha-.
And
the hosts of Dtin-caii, in gjneral, that support religion and living beings, aud the priuo'pal god
of individual families, in particular.
Yul gs'(/s gnas-ski/oiiS: srun-mahi fi-liogR hcn^-hyi?. diiR-lun mi-gyel sriii Înjol^ g.rlon-grog^mdfcd, {y% vi\\)
together with tho hosts of guardian demi-goiis who prelect the country, estates and holy place.-, at all times
do guard, protect, and befriend (us) with unflagging zeal !
Mdxam
(cantre) of
glin
lle-wahi
Bod
yul chos-ldan shin, hdahs hhrel Iho phyogi Mhrss-mo sm'in-pahi
Ij^Hs,
the naral
Dsam-ling
Tibet, tho
Province of Buddhism,
is
contermirious on the south, with Demo-jong, the land where rio*
ripens.
Bde sliyid g.>jnn-du chag?,-pahi mdun-sa na sa-spyod che bfsnn sde-ris mf!on-hp':ags-pa.
lu this frontier land of bounty and prosperity the king is great and strong being of sublime extmction.
Than tsh'in zib-ês g.nen-du hhrel-irahi mind nam ynn Ihod-pa med-pahi phyig rji/n-yi^t with mutual
good understanding, the marriage-tie will be kept ever unloosened by the Mudra (seal of solemnity).
Btah-pahi hris-yig bkra-^h re-ica-can srid-^siim kun-dgahi dpijid-gyur hdi
It being fixed on this written letter it
prosperity) that is the joy of the three worlds.
S/fs îs-par brjod-pa
dm
is
hoped these
iie^-par brtan-pfihi tshig-gi
welcoming with the auspicious drum-smnd
nn9. pel.
(presents) (may)
augment the spring
(season of
hphrrn-wa rna-hl sgra dvyans-kyi dge-icns snow bsus-tt

and re-assuring words.
in tho (above) string of benedictory
mystic sense she {Kuru kuHe) is the feniile energy or i8 r/.-^j of all the Buddhis in the Red-Oap
1 aid in the Yellow-Cap School.
is same with the goddess
t Dciiio-jong formerly comprised the eastern valley of the Kosi, the entire valleys of the Te^fta and
Qbras is
It was so called being the rice-growiag land, on this side of tho Himalayas.
the Mu-o'nu rivers.
* In
School.
rice,
Sue
!]' r.s.
cultivation, field.
t Piiycg rgija (Sans. Mitdrd) ihb configuration on the thumb

It has been always the practice iu Tibet, to put thumb- impressions on
of the seal i^% or S'*i'n) was introduced in later times.
i.e., the thumb-in^ pr s-fion.

important documeuls. The fiiinj
(^'^ thero)
all
XXI
The
following conventional system has been adopted for representing Tibetan
and
Roman
or in
Sanskrit letters (the equivalents of which do not exist in English) either in

Italics
far, fast, father.
a or ^ represents the a in
met,
e or ^ represents the
in
represents the
in din, pin, sin.
or
o or 6 represents the
let,
in go,
set.
lo, so.
u or u represents the u in put.

fi
represents the Nagari
9 or
b'
represents the Ndgari
c or ch (as an equivalent
(J
its
will
Tibetan equivalent
or
its
or
c.
Tibetan equivalent
of ^} represents the
represents the Ndgari letter
its
*\.
sound of ch in much, such, touch.
Tibetan equivalent
^.
always represent the sound of g in the words go, give,
gem,
get, but
represents the sound of k in hour, honest, honour and the letter
<>
represents the Nagari letter
represents the Nagari letter
represents the Ndgari letter z or
not that of g in
gentle, germ.
\i
V and
'^
or
isr
or its Tibetan equivalent
f>.
or its Tibetan equivalent
P*.
Tibetan equivalent
^.
its
represent the Ndgari letter ^ or
its
'^.
Tibetan equivalent ôt
'V.
XXII
On the
use of honoeific xERiia and espeessions.

written and colloquial, there are two methods of expres-
In the Tibetan language, both
The
sion.
first is
^'5<^'^^
called
and the second
s^^j'^s^
Three words, namely, g signifying the person or body,
common
the
g,^
vulgar language.
or
hand and Bfm
are generally
foot
When
used before nouns and verbs to add a degree of politeness or respectability to them.
so used, these
words lose their
three words, g, ^|^^,
and third
i.e. '^'^'^^
^''1
is
signifying the bod^,
all
and ^^ can be made
own
One, when speaking of one's
there
is
Of the two words g^ and
gold in the King's hand,
^c^Qj'D'^^sfl
I
is
used as an
honorific,
^l^
self,
^2j'2j
is
^'I'^^'SJ^^'ij'q^tll
Of the
The second
honorific.
them the word
prefixing to
is
thus
g,
signify the
not handsome.
should not use an
signifying the hand, g^
silver
there
(money.)
with verbs as follows
Lama come.
body
c^'QJ:I]'aJ'q]?ÎL5l'^|
your honour has no
g'si'g^'Sq
my
c^'i^j'?l'^f 5j
I
by
first i.e.
different sense.
handsome.
c:^'Ji||qi5j'li'Si^<
or 1'^^
honorific
the
g5j'2j^'|'qj3:i]^'5jg5j'q'Q,^!il|
l-jl-Hi^'I'sj^^j-q-q^!!!!
King's person
and acquire a quite
literal signification
is
honorific
word
like
^ or
g'^riisri?!
is hcnoriUc. 55|'2J ^'|^'2j':i|S)^'i!fi^

|
no gold in
c'aj'5|Caj'tfj^ I
my
hand.
|'i^q^'Qj'|!ii'
have money. The word
^st]
s^ffai'sj^^'Qi'^zij'Q^lQj'i^
]
Reverence be to the Eon-chog (Supreme
One.)
Of the two words
(^^51
and ^c signifying the foot ^^^
is
honorific. g5i'2J^'(^q5j'Q('^5j'aj^
there are no shoes in
my
signifying foot and ^c, near are equivalents of Mr. or Esquire,
in
there are shoes on the King's feet,
c^'^cq'oj'^sj'jl'aj
feet.
The words ^^^
With the
English.
honorific
term | prefixed to them they,
signify your honour or your worship,

'^^q^j'^c
sation,
of
literally near the feet) is a
attached to
Rinpo-che
Lama
^'/^q^ is
Bhutan.
it,
it
i.e.
|'i^q^
and |'^c
pronounced as Kiisho, in convertitle
froms the exalted
f^q4'^c-^ci'2j'^'cqi'i^qr<^5j'|Qj
of
dignity in Tibet.
With
title, assumed by the grand

was the title which the first
Bhutan Dharma Raja had assumed, on ascending the hierarchical throne of

Bhutan,
f^^^'^c
S'ariputtra
Hence
evidently, an equivalent of \^\^^ signifying an attendant.

and Maudgalyayana were the personal attendants of the Budha.
is
the importance
the words
/^ci^
and
^c'|
of the position of
being near
the
Jeet
^^^'^
or that
of
XXIII
The
following are polite expressions generally used in conversation
|'(^q5j*aj',si]',î2j'5)
(colloquially, Kusho-la Cham-hul-shu)
present respects or (respectful
compliments) to your honour.

^c'Sai (^c'^'l5)'2f)
signifies to
And
W^'^c-j Mr.
the Secretary has gone away. ,lq'| ordinarily
qSq'|'Jr|5jr?;Fr!
proceed on horseback ^^^

q'^'^'^qî or ^q^'.^^!!
is
also honorific to the verb
Cplease)
|'i^q^'^5i-2j'^'^'pc'3|rQj'(^q5)''2,cE:^'q|3jrX5il^'5i
come
?fE'[
here.
may your
precious Highness or
Holiness
walk into the temple.

^'(^q5i''|'5J^^
{Kusho-kee
Eumdun)
Sqc'^5j'i^q)'aj3q]'j^'5ls^ BIr.
in the presence of
Wangdan
not signifying the hand.
your honour.
has no work (to do).
It is
simply an
honorific
In this sentence ^^ does
term.
^^'^3i'^c'5i'(^q5J'|'j|"a,^Ji]
]
Mr. Gergan (teacher or school master) has no servant.
LIST OF Honorific
Common.
Honorific.
"iq
father,
?i*<
mother,
g*j'iN
S'Sl
\9
daughter,
name,
*i=.
the head,
^^
^9g the hair,

SS'"^
^'^
a hat or cap,
'^9'*i^\
BiJS
the head officer,
workman
or principal
the month,
i^'i'3S
or'^'^'C*'
"^^ Q
the face,
(cûieili^c
Eotwrific.
s)
^'i son,
<^^
meat
fllX,E.
or food,
anything
to eat,
ssôrP'S''
i^'t'^sj*!
drink,
"^î*!
(^sjl)?j
testament, last will,
|i3)*(
(îl^<^
and Common terms.
advice, counsel,
Iî^
f1*^ the tongue,
2iN the tooth,
?i
or ^"i*'"'"
Co
XXIV
Certain common terms are
illustrated as follows
Honorific terms.
^'^'^
made
polite
by prefixing
to
them
honorifics like
g,
&o.
These
Common
terms.
Meanings.
Honorific terms.
Common
terms.
Meaning.
may
be
XXV.
CONTENTS.
The Alphabet
of the Tibetan
Language
Paffe.
to^
...
...
...
...
..,
...
...
1-2
The Vowels.
The
four vowels
Compounds with
/,
The
u, e
...
...
the four vowels
thirty consonants
Subjoined
and
i,
u, e
and
is deflected
"I'^'i
...
...
...
...
letters {^^'^VH'^''^^'^'''''^'^^'^^)
Compounds with
the four consonants,
The seven Ya-btags
letters
"i,
^,
"(,
and
'a
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
The
thirteen Ea-btags letters
...
...
...
...
...
The
six La-btags letters
...
...
...
...
...
The
sixteen
...
...
...
...
...
4.5
...
,.,
Wa-sur
Classification under four Denominations.
Surmounted
letters
Combination of
Method
*(^'^|
letters to
of combination
...
...
form words
"Î'^Î
...
..,
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
,_^
.,.
__^
...
...
...
...
12
...
...
...
...
12
...
...
...
13
...
...
...
13
Pronounciation.
35flj
()
"^"I'^S
1.
The simple
2.
Subjoined
3.
Superscribed letters ^^'i^!
On
letters aV'^^'l*'!
Inter-syllable stop
...
...
Examples
the use of %S
of
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
13
...
...
...
...
...
...
14
...
...
...
...Hi
Si^"'J|''i=''^l'''l)'?ft|!
...
...
...
16
Additive or deflective particle
f Sound
^Tg-S!
letters i)E.-iiûiE,-3i-5)qli
(additive particles)
'
Eeduplication of terminal
letters
The
...
...
...
...
...
...
17
...
...
...
...
...
...
17
...
...
...
...
...
...
18
...
...
...
...
...
19
20
Article
Noun
Gender
Case
On
'^^^*^?)tI a:;-
or
Plural
...
Number
^'^'^'^
3-355-j<^3i or ^'^^
^s^'-^g
...
...
...
the use of Secondary Additive Particles
...
"ic-i^|q]
'
.,.
...
...
...
...
20
Example
of Declension according to Tibetan methods
...
...
...
22
Example
of Declension
...
...
...
23
...
...
...
XXVI.
Pagê.
Pronoun.
The Personal Pronouns
...
...
Demonstrative Pronouns
...
...
Relative Pronouns
...
Interrogative Pronouns
...
Reciprocal Pronouns
...
Declension of the Personal Pronouns
...
...
...
25
...
...
...
...
26
...
...
...
...
...
26
...
...
...
...
...
26
...
...
...
...
26
...
...
...
...
...
26
...
Ditto
Demonstrative Pronouns
...
...
...
...
28
Ditto
Interogative Pronouns
...
...
...
...
28
Ditto
Reciprocals
...
...
...
...
29
...
Pronomial Adjectives
...
...
...
...
...
...
29
The Adjective
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
30
...
...
...
Comparison
...
...
...
...
31
Numeral Adjectives
...
...
...
...
...
...
32
Ordinal Adjectives
...
...
...
...
...
...
35
The Verb 3'q
...
...
...
...
...
...
36
...
Mood.
The changes
that occur in such verbal roots in the formation of the several tenses and
moods are
On
^V^ll
the use of the five
The use
of
"l.S,'',*',^,
(in the
of neuter verbs
...
...
38-42
prefixes:
formation of the several tenses and moods)
prefixed to verbal root as in
Examples
groups of examples No. I to
illustrated in ten
S=J1,
1)^,
"^S, "^ ^nd
from which active forms
may
'^'^1
when they
are
...
...
42-43
...
...
43-45
...
...
46
...
...
...
46
...
...
47
...
be derived
Conjugation.
Conjugation of the verb
The verb
<o
Aooe
The verb
^0
6?o
'5'S'i^
IS"^
Imparative
Hortative
<o ie
^^'1^ or
its participial
or its participial
form ^"S"
or its participial form
IS"
form
^^"
A(J2'^
(tos'n?
iart(/
"^
j
Conditional
y
Infinitive future
...
...
47
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
47
...
...
...
47
Participial
form J
The verb
-î^^'w <o
The verb
"^^'fl^
The verb
<?'=')'^
to
*wo2c or
^) knowing
go or '^1" going
<o see or
**?=" seeing
...
...
'
...
...
48
XXVII.
Page.
The
verb'^g^''^^ to become or <^%K'^
becoming
...
...
...
...
48
Participial Expressions
...
...
...
...
...
...
49
Participal
...
...
...
...
...
...
49
...
On
the use of
^"1,
"^1,
On
the use of
f, ^,
On
the use of
5,
%,
On
the use of
q*',
^<,
On
the use of
^^,
^^, ^=., with verbs
On
the use of
"''
and
^"l,
with verbs in the Ituperative

S,
9,
X,
in verbs
S^,
"',
^\
'i^,
15,
and ?
...
'i*,
with verbs
<<*,
MooJ and Coajuuotive

...
...
^^,
!<,
^^ and
...
5*'.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Present
...
49
60
...
50
...
50
...
51
...
51
Adverbs.
Adverbs
of Place
...
52
Adverbs
of
Time
...
52
Adverbs
of
Number and Time
...
53
Adverbs
of
Quantity
Adverbs
of
Quality
...
53
...
...
Prepositions.
Simple and compound postpositions
54
Some
55
postpositions illustrated with examples
Relation of prepositions
postposition
...
55
Conjunction.
Disjunctive conjunctions
57
Interjection
57
Syntax
58
Prosody
60
fp.
INTRODUCTION
TO THE
GEAMMAR
OF THE TIBETAN LANGUAGE.
The
Alphabet
of the
Tibetan Language comprises
5c6E^|
rf]pl|Cf
ka
klia
To
-\
s,
3\\
pa
pha
ba
ma.
3;
01
ra
la
t>
tsa
?}
I
sn.
fn
ja
cha
ca
iia.
t^
q^\
tsha
wa.
(?j
a.
tha
(a
dsa
da
na.
o,
(\
^\
ska
za
ha
ya.
I*
may
^ ^ ^
thirtieth letter
which
inherent in
is
vowel signs
\f
0.
These thirtyfour letters are divided into consonants ^^'I'l'S thirty

vowels '^^ which according to some Tibetan grammarians are only four.
The
5^^3i|
na.
i>
ha
simple letters
be added the four vowels i, u, e, 0, formed by fixing the

over
the head and to the foot of the last letter ^\
%r
these
ga
thirt}'
all
in
number, and
the twentynine consonants
and forms
the basis ^'=^'|*^ + of the four vowels ^,'11,^,^, is not considered as a distinct vowel
which could be joined with the twentynine consonants for forming a syllable or word because
Without ^, it is said, the consonants would be %^'^'\ srog-med i.e.,
it already exists in them.
lifeless
These thirty
becomes \^' *m\^)
kali
tThese four
series or vowels
letters are called
meaning the
letters
based on
^^
("1
joined with the Sanskrit
series of letters
with'^
ka~
bmSJ
ggf% si^nifviog
''|k.'i series
'n'!|-^'j)5qcj5'gi;qiIw|'^-3-â|
(whon put together with ^) form what are called %'^
dli
^f%
i.e.,
the
wnil(ii]5iq5iR^!;q''^gcâ)u|
)
Âccording to the grammatical works called
number
commencing
word
viz, B^Gî^'SîS
fliNqq5*)-i3=.|
though the vowel signs are four
and
Jsj K,q
:;q|-
ujisirji
the vowels are five in
The
thirty simple letters called '^m'^^ gsal-byed, are
arranged in series called ^ sde,

which are seven and half in number.* The first series called T^ commences with t] ka,
and comprises Tj'P'^C'i The second series begins with ca, and is called "| ca-sde:^'^'^'^\
^"1 -^-i-^-^l
ci-^:_q-si-q-I
x -^ ._vqj-^-5<
and so on; 5'^: ^"^'"S'îl
^'^ ;_ (^-a-q-aj]
|
The
two
last
The
letters
yw
four vowels
i,
called
u, e
constitute but half a series.
Y\
ando
in uniting with the consonants lose the basic portion of their
respective regular forms, for instance,

of the
letter
becomes
'Q
i.e.,
^1
ku, with
^l
when joined with
w) it
becomes ^ ke and with
Compounds formed by joining the

are called
e,
The vowel
'H
In
signs representing
i,
it
ki the basic part

'^
with
consonants with the four vowels
initial
u, e, o
called Gt-gu'^^ Shabs-kgu^,
joined with
becomes ^
In the same manner,

becomes ^ ko.
2,
'^
u,
^"îJ^J'^Sj hdogs-can.
compounds are
T]
being eliminated in the union.
*^
>
becomes ^|
Gi-gu
Sgreii-hu,
this connection
^\
that
i]
joined with
T]
Shabs-kyu
in Sanskrit, are not applicable to
only represent the force of phonetic deflection of the letter
is
the thirty ^^"I'l^ or their
fixed to
Naro *^
"",
Na-ro
becomes ^|
^ffl
Tibetan Grammarians observe that in forming compounds of consonants with
the vowels the rules of Sandhi, as obtain
tWhy w
are
EgreMu
Tibetan, where the vowel
signs
classed with the consonants ?:- <i3=-'^=-'^'^"'^'^^'^='A''\'^'^1*"''IV'n'^^'*"'|"^''^^^V
q-^q^^Hi;io)a^-Ê.A|ilcj^;i'l^q^5.-|
^^Nq-îlci^9-lq?C^'|5-^qsiiq)^^-1^1
^q-^qf^-^-)<^-tj5 5f'I|)^^5R.ql^^va
The
thirty ''l^'I'l^ consonants are deflected being
representing
i,
u, e
and
o,
as follows
Q,>^'^5|'53j
I
'H
joined with
the four vowel
Compounds with the
four vowels
/,
, e
and
o.
signs
Subjoined
|JS''2^^^^
Compounds with the four
Some
consonants
"l-q^q]^ * ,ja.b(ags,
called
are joined with

^'^^'^^ ra-bjags,
The letter I when sub joined

'^'^^^^'^^'^
I
''1
with the
3 Pâ,
PyC'y
yu-btngs,
iya,
tlie
liquids
"J,
la-btags,
and
ai
and V
oj,
and
% P, % ^, ^, Q,
having a subjoined ^ y are \
becomes
are formed.
which are then
"^
'H'^f)^^ ica-itags.
to the seven consonants
Subjoined
S mya
consonants,Jj ^,
OCq^^^
the seven ya-Uay? letters

^
letters.
kya.
SJ,
p",
Similarly
takes the form ^

''I,
^, ^, ^,
^ khya,
5)
|
^ gya,
In these compounds both the letters are
pronounced.
'k-q^^Jl^j-q^-qj^jj-^l
the
letter
is
ra-htags ^'^Vj'^^
'H
the thirteen ra-bJags letters:"n, P,
subjoined to the above thirteen letters
%
it
^,
^, J,
^,
q,
5<,
j,
, ^|
assumes the form ^ and
is
When
called
Of the sixteen compounds with

are
nine,
In these the
use in Tibetan.
general
in
'y'|^ only
namely
t],
f',
and
initial
"ni
^
,
i,
("|,
the subjoined
'^
and ^
are
letters
both sounded.
The
''|*N ^4) is
obscurely sounded in s, ^
and
*|^
II
Letteks are
classified
under four denominations, namely
1.
^^''^ Min-gshi* initial letters which generally form the roots of words.
2.
f^'^
rhyan-pat
formed with the
si^'^^
4.
C^'SJ'âj
when
it
These comprise the

signs representing:-
Ij'S''^'^^^
3.
so called
fpgo-can
Letters which are
Ephul-can%
The
has any of the
initial letters, hdogs-can

S'^j'^j^'i'')
initial letter in
The
are then
letters
called
\^,^
five letters ''1,'S,^,^,'^ fixed
The compounds
The
surmounted
so
letters
formed are called
superscribed letter which
is
or
i^,^,s).
a word (either simple or compound)

before
it
is
for forming a word.
letters.
are fixed on the heads of certain simple
nigo-can
and the compounds
^ Wj which are subjoined to them.
surmounted by \i,^
Ji^'jX Surmounted
letters.
I'^'l^j
=i]^5)
and compound
r!a ss-ffsum,
the
letters.
They
triplepiled
^^'^^'''ISs^l
seldom pronounced, will be represented by a line underneath
it.
up
*
f
The twelve
rka
rga
basic consonants with ^ over their heads
rHa
rHa
(da
rta
rna
rma
fba
rdsa
ptsa
rla.
sounds in the combination with the exception of 1

which then turns like the English g (hard) and also of cj which then sounds as b. In the
words t^t. and i5j'|3j the ; over the heads of E and i\ are sounded.
These retain
The
their respective
ten basic consonants with the letter
Ika
Iga
The surmounting
1]
Ej
lHa
letter
Ija
Icu
î la,
"I
surmounting them:
Ipa
Ida
Itu
silent except
is
Iba
in the
\ ^,
''1,
E,
cj^
5,^
q^ ^|
Iha.
word ^ signifying a god.
In the last compound i.e., in ^ Iha both the letters are pronounced. The letters
q with the surmounting "I are sounded harder than in their simple state.
;|,
The
letter
5J is
fixed
on the top of eleven
In the compounds so formed the surmounting
ska
iga
tna
;>3a
letter
sda
tta
5='=J letters
is
tna
\%
c,
^, 5,
aj,
q, q,
X),
^
|
not pronounced.
ipa
ima
iba
itsa.
^%'^'^]
Combination of
Out
of
the thirty letters called
the basis of a syllable or word,

affixes or closing letters,
Out
Again,
out
from
prefixes; so called
ten
from
form words.
3c'i|^ mifi-gshi,
the ten
=, S,
^j,
inasmuch as they individuUy form

J,
.,
"^j
their being affixed to the basis of a
of these ten final letters
of the
letters to
|5I'q,^!J|
the two, ^ and
affixes the
5f
are called
five letters
""I,
"^j
are called l^''^^"]
word or
syllable.
îc'Rî;]
secondary
affixes.
are used as
g3i'-Î
^, ^,
their being put before the basis of a syllable
'^
for
forming a word.
The twenty remaining
%
are
^.
''.
miH-^^hi.
^ ^^ ^>
These never occur
"^'
^'
a?
final
letters are
No compounds or combinations of these

Tibetan language. The ten consonants \ c,
any vowel.
the
in
^>
mi-hjug
5l'Si^til"5lc-q]^|
called
after
^ ^ ^ %
p,
consonants
I15jaf'|;|
Sj,
"^'
words or
letters in
made
q,
^'
^'
words
for forming
R,
xj,
QJ,
are
?<,
the only letters that close any syllable, or follow the vowel, whether inherent or expressed.
Accordingly, combinations like ^'Ti',cs|[q','3l, form no words in Tibetan. These twenty
letters
stand as
Some
a syllable or word.
in
initials
ka, pillar
^1
twenty S)''^^''] flc'l]^ letters are words in themselves:
E
fish;
^ pa, the
* aha, part, fraction, or a pair;
;a, tea; ^ fin,
1^ kha^ mouth
or snow;
syllable expressing ownership; ^ pha, father; ^ tsa, time ^'^ from the time ^ Uha, hot, fever
of the
an earthen vessel for cooking or for heating; %
dsa,
**!
ya, an equal or match,
form the
basis
The
above, up;
Q.^^''^^ to
use of the
which the
ten letters
fa, flesh,
-^^
g^j'-a^^î]
c,
^,
3j,
q,
iva fox;
^ sha lead; 3 sa
food,
These
meat; ^ ha, breath, yonder.
and
x},
letters
|4''5,îl
o.,
x^^
ai^
or to eat;
are prefixed
and
letters
affixed.
^^ called t^^-V^ closing
letters
Here the letters i and

are joined so as to form a syllable in consequence of which there is no ^'^ (') intersyllabic
point between them. By this combination '^ has lost its inherent ^ a. Accordingly, the word
i'^
is pronounced lag and not la-ga
in the same manner, in the words '^^' g<^^, ^*S nad,
^^ mar, \^ ral, i^ las, the letters c, \ ^, Q, , ^, /, ^, are
cî
lab, 015)
Hin, ai!J
lam,
may
be illustrated thus
word
in the
0J='l
the letter
't is
l^l'Q-^^
''I
all
|^'^^=i].
In the syllables c^, ^^,

it is
fixed after
1^'^'Q.î]'^ for
q^l
the letter
5J is
not strictly a
l^''^^'']
closing letter though
forming a grammatical termination and closes a word or
syllable.
In some words the letters ^ and
are affixed to the
l^''^.^'')
words
and l"^*^ the letters and
W that was inherent
Here
and
have
lost
the
^
are '^^'^-^^l
^
of their union with 51 and ^ which are seldom pronounced.
they are called JC-a|,q] In the
The combinations
ai^ also
'^M,
'^'^^
^^, ^^^
5)5<
''1
are infact
double
letters such as
*^
are l^'^l^^ but
in them,
seldom resorted
The
g^'"^!"!,
q]
affixes. (l''2.^^'*^c'airQ,|,!?])
modern Tibetan
and
<ici*|ii
letters
where
silent will be represented
and
this
by underlined
sj^
'^''^
:^;^
is
practice
is
to.
I*'''^!"!.
when
in consequence
occur as double affixes in older orthography, but though the use of ^ (called
the more correct form for designing the past tense yet in
s^
italics.
The tendency
Tibetan language being towards monosyllabic pronunciation
of the
pronounced or not sounded at all.

and ^
s^^,
Sometimes they are silent as in
in the expression g^'^^ sound softly.
^^, i^, '^^, ^^,
phouetical
silence
they
slightly
deflect
tlie
vowels
that precede
yet in their
^54, ^^j ^<
3fl
as
as
nui,
as
lui,
pronounced
^^
nug
%^
is
lug
as choi,
them
neh,
cZ/o?,
^^ nad
the l^"^*"] and
letters * are either softly
Jc:'Q,^q]
''I
^^
fi's,
fuh
and so on.
pronounced as
is
This peculiarity
that of Western
In
Î'ibet.
is
pronounced
in the colloqual of Lhasa,
forest,
raii
(meaning
in ^c^j raHs
meaning
entire.
na4,
^'S
self),
"'^'
though
5jtI]5^
^^
J"'^-
"^"S
slightly
it
kn,
K^
in gq
thub,
?^
^hob,
^q
rab,
^q
nb,
'^^
XI
in
gam,
c5)
nnm,
^î
dam,
^^
/am,
^^
in S^T^
dki'h,
q^^^ bknh,
'^
in XJ^
mar,
'S'^
qinq^
51
in
%^
rin,
i^
Ian,
In
q^
bar,
^^
ÔJ
îh
^^J
P'i,
-^^
las,
%^
ris,
%^
im,
^^
all
it
double affixes the
terminating letter
^^^
chugs,
sa,n,
^^^
hons,
^^^
raiis,
'^^^
dans
q^jingq^
ihabs,
^q^
chibs,
-^q^J
cubs,
^^'^
nm
thams,
\m
rms,
-^SI.N
gums,
^^^
JJ^ in
According
affixes
3)=^,
'^'S'
to older orthography,
'^%
a*"
fully pronounced.
is
pronounced.
is
pronounced.
in English.
^^
^
^^
nor
^""^^^^
etc,
gos
is
is
pronounced.
pronounced.
never pronounced.
slightly changes the preceding vowel.
iegs,
^^^
y'^
^^
hs,
on,
so on,
gur,
^"^
?'^^.
^"^^
in
silent
sar,
so
etc., is fully
tsm
<=i^^lags,
C*I
and
leb
pags,
qiînq^5<
and
kn
^3j
pronounced as the
is
bal,
though
and four
and so on, is never pronounced,

^"^ ^"^
V ^<
deflects the preceding vowel,
dar,
single affixes
not prououned are underlined.
don,
^^
ten
meaning
S in
Central Tibet, thin in
e.
nags
c in ^c
pronounced as
*]^ g/id is
i.
of the
following illustrations
the
and
deh,
in
wag
s in
as
(meaning black),
in aj^
Sf^
^^ dad
more marked
is
affixes the letters that are
double
tn
sheh,
ia
silent
^^^dogs
etc.
^C^ Us,
etc.
''/<ebs,
^q^
hobs,
etc.
sems,
^sm
som?
q^F
both
the
'
etc.
letters
in
the
three
double
pronounced.
Gsoma de Koros remarks :Regarding the pronunciation of these letters, Alex.

Grammarians say, that these letters
"They should always be sounded accordingly, since the Tihetau
significant."
are affixed expressly to render the words sonorous and
He, however, added
'ii,
silent (as the 5^ in '^^,
Some of the affixes are only obscurely heard; some are left entirely
*
tj,
'),
and some change the preceding vowel."
In composition, all -words not ending in a l^'^l,^ letter i.e.. tl)Of> that have vowel
as So. ^ as ^'^ and so
terminations only should be taken as if ending in "î ?t comljiiu d with
'1
'^
use
of
(by fixing it at
^.
he
the
basic
inherent
form
of
only
changed
is
a
This
on.*
incroase
the pownr of
lengthen
or
Sanskrit
terms,
to
generally
transcribing
foot)
made
in
is
the
long, when
is
made
Sanskrit
word,
in
the
manner
the
tern)ination
vowel
of
a
^
the
necessary, by the addition of a stroke after it such as igr, for instance the word Acarija will
be written in Tibetan as ^'5 Sjl Icvara, as |) '-^'^
'2.
'=.
In words formed with |^"=^|,=ij and lc-Q,= i.e.^ secondary affixes the^ l^''^^^ letters
In ''"^^^ >'/'/. ^^^ ^'îlh ^^^ ^''^^s
are pronounced, but the I!^"'=^%=tI letters are not pronounced.
the letter ^ s is seldom heard.
:t|
The g^''^^^ letters \ \ q, *J, ,t are put before

They are also used to modify the meaning of a
words.
fiast
and future tenses
when they
are
of
used as
a syllable or a nidical letter to form

and for forming the present,
These five letters are called ^"i^ or prepositive letters
verb.
goi''2,^=i]|
Method of Combination.
gs^'ffl^
have ^ prefixed to them are

^-^luh, S^ dah, 3|Q. haA, tf^ Istih,
^'3, fih, ^'5, sah, would not form words in themselves
if the letter ^ was
With ^ prefixed they are words : =l]53, signifying drink, ^^'^ neck, ^^'^
eleven initial letters which
'^^^gQJ'")'^'^5'^^^''^| the
5.
'^.
5,
!).
^Q.shah,
30, xah,
i.
^,
"J^
3,
i/ah,
not prefixed, to them.
wi)rd,
'^.
5J|
-^j
The
syllables ^^
i)''.
e/w//,
w'A,
pawn, ^=t]'5.pleasure, '^î'^ anteloue, î'^ rust, bliglit; ^1^^ to joko. ^^'^ a planet, ^f^'^ oxide (of a
metal; ^'^'5, becoming fit, ^^^ the snow leopard of Tibet. The prefix ^ remains silent ia
the maimer the letter k is in the English words "knife", "knee" or " know."
It is to
pound
letters
be noted here that the prefix ^ is not used before any ^^'^5^ or 1}=^"=^^^^ comformed by surmounting or subjoining one consonant with another.
:^^-q,|Qj'<S)'q]-5j5j[
IJV^^^^J! letters:
thus
^Tl-^,
^^1^,
is
letter
'flie
T],
q]
^-^,
c,
y^q,
never prefixed to
;,
q,
q,
^qo,^
si^'â^
prefixed
is
5j ,
^5j^,
letters.
-^^
to
^,
3^
^^^
^3^
Its
the
use in
following fifteen
^^
^^^
g^
^^^
g^
^^^
7^^"-i\
and
g^
^.
5^
'^g,
^3,
some verbs indicates that they are
in the future tense.

q54-qaia)-q|-^5,5<|
in a syllable to
The
letters
with the prefix c]:
^lis
put before jg^-q and ^^
form words and also to form the preterite and future tenses
^ letters
some
verbs.
10
The twenty
?.
5)
the letter q
which
3-
^.
^\
^c'q letters
?.
9,
i?*'
^,
may
^'
^,
^,
3,
^'
qi,
qg, q|
q, qg
The above
^,
$1,
q|,
q,
qE, q^, q^, q^, q?,
qT]^,
qg
letters
prefixed to
the
if.
g, 9,
'^,
^^
qf|,
qT]^^
q^,
q^,
=J^,
=i?i
=5^1
also be
c, g,
, ^> |, |,
q^]
qi],
may
T|^
twenty-five sj^'s^ letters to
q;^,
q^.
q^'
compound
simple and
forty-five
^.
^,
qij,
q^*,
be prefixed are as follows:
The
For example:
f, ^\
^,
qs^, q^^, q^q, q-^^, qa^, q-^^, qJ^

q^,
-f].
I,
may
letter
also be prefixed are as follows
^-
^'
which the
to
q^, qg
qg, q^
^1
Q-sS^^^J'^sj
^,
q*|,
q^l
'î-i
joined
z.e,,
'with the four vowels.
The
3;i5i'Q,^q'")'ql'd55j)
letter
is
5)
^rq letters
following fifteen
0,
% % %
SJE-:^^
^>
*.
^.
=).
^^'^,
5jgq,
SJ!)^,^
^>
instance: Î^^,
Jjg^ 5j^,
5j:i]^^
sjg^
xjc^^ sj^^
5J5],
51^0,
5jIq,,
SISjQ.^,
^1 For
^,
^.
p, g,
The
^5<'Q,^Q]'u)'q|'j^5j^
letter
Q-
prefixed to the following nineteen ;^c'q letters
is
n,
13,
S,
^, *. ,
The proper method
'^^
^.
^,
^,
a,
which begins with the following
lines
^,
3,
of
therefore,
monosyllabic origin
is
of
words of similar sound, namely
Both
is
are
hdra\
pronounced as "da".
The author then
letters
with y, r,
I,
of
f (sgra) meaning
In
their
spelling
r,
I,
"H
is
are
^^S
=^3,
f^
=^51,
^ti)>|ilN'2i-q5'5)'!St|
^'I'^'Sji^-STl^^'S^''
distinction
The orthoepy
essential.
sound,
there
"^3,
work called
meanings
the
in
II
of this peculiar language
In the above quotation there are two
and
{hdra),
"^^
meaning
they are so different, one

l-îji
joined with the
and combined with the
'^9'^
five
is
like
prefixes
"l
g,
iS'^t^l
explaining
[|
vowels
or similar.
and the other
sgra
^Sijwtu3g^
a5<;^-q-qj)*jj^'s^q] .5^-5)ai
^3,
ilS3'^^'''I3'S''''^'^S
ûi=.-i)^5i5^qi)q
?i^ ^^^l3J^Jq5J*^q
the alphabet beginning with
w Burmounted by
illustrated in the
orthography.
its
proceeds on thus:
>5i'^''i'5^'^''^^^'^'5jaii
thirty
help to
is
qps
'I'lius
^1
in expressing
correctness in spelling
little
is
fS'lS'^Tâ''^^'""^'!
(In this language) though words sound alike,
conveyed by them
^'
5,
Tibetan words
spelling
of
^.
a,
"^
i,
d,
u,
e,
i,
<
how
the
subjoined
and
"^
h.
11
Pronunciation
of
5lc'q|^ min-gs/ii,
1.
^'^"'^S'^^
t.he
mad-hdogs and
The
5lc'Ji|^'w)'q]
SJ^'-Saj
simple letters
T k
^ 9
in
kill,
seek.
in
gun,
go,
in
porch.
c [ch)
dog.
^-s
mgo-can
letters.
13.
3^
CO
Between the two
of a
syllables
or sentence
(')
word a triangular point
dissyllabic
intervenes being placed on the top, as in the words
word from another in an expression
'ST''
'S'*''^
^1'^
called 2ii (inter-syllabio
This point
is
is
another
a comma,
but no
should be placed after
X-ji
when ending an
unless
and the
-^S
2[iq>^-1S<iI
The
'S^'siS-aj?^
and
=.
though
Tibetan,
The use
I.
^*i*
and
"J
there
pious deed), there are two; in iTsj'J^'I'S'q (a
(a
should be placed after the closing letter of a monosyllabic word
In a
placed in
the holy
(to
Si)
dissyllabic
"When
the event a
word the closing
at
syllable,
the end of an expression or sentence, a

has been put.
-^'S (1)
between words as
of the ^'^
second
letter of the
If no ^"I llutervenes
well, in
word
between
Ilenoe the necessity
an expressien or sentence,
i.e.,
monosyllabic origin of the Tibetan language.
discloses the
Tbo formation
is
In
ono
in si^paratiag
the perpendicular stroke re])re3enting
(.1)
the two placed in close proximity of each other, would form the letter 1
of putting a Si] between
of the
^"1
expression or sentence.
terminates in = the 2^ must be

"i
No
be ^, should not be followed by a
it
no matter whether a-^S
pnt or not after the expression.
is
sinner's doings), there are five 2"]
and between
ones), there are three suoh stops; between the words S^f'tand ^*<^ there is a ^"1
'='
also use
as for instance, in the exprssslon S'*'^ ^M^'m
stop)
abounds in monosyllabic
it
second syllable
of the
precoding syllable,
the
i.e.,
in
first
generally an additive or deflective
word
syllable
particle
words,
two
of
which
is
syllable?
in
called îg=^
itself
in
faut
is
governed
is
dissrllabic
by the
language.*
final
The second
word.
letter
syllable
which often modifies the moaning of the
preceding jmrt of the word.
These additive particles chiefly indicate the different

iu the formation
The
first
of
part
of
is
in
the'
dissyllabic
when
called ^"I, *)c or ^^'^"l
ently
and
cases
declension of
word
or ^^^
is
verbs
of
They
speech.
are
generally used
and pronouns.
the root-word.
It
The second
grammatically formed.
it is
parts
is
called ^^'^]
part of
it
called
The word
g=\
itself is
or '^^S independ-
never a word.
Words
apparently trisyllabic are not rare in this language: It^J'^s;
which occur largely

^ {Samyak) J
^^ti^
the sacred books are generally
in
]
jc^g5q-q
j3jq
.5J|
f
;,'5j'''^^y
etc.
those
from the Sanskrit, such as "iC'^T

These are but e-xpressions rather than words.
itc^^|^'^^|
literal translations
Sound.
Sounds f are ^^'1 2.5., articulate and ^'^^'^ inarticulate. An articulate sound when represented by
a letter or by a grammatical combination of twa or more letters is called ^"1
The particle which is added to
1
a monosyllabic
^"I or
'^"I
to
form a complete word
a postpositive particle like
Ihe Tibetan tongue
is
read the word " school " as
5,
^,
5,.
'y
is
called ^'S'g
or
incapable of pronouncing
i-si
coo-U
"
;
full
" as ful-li
m
;
etc.,
is
Either of the syllables in a dissyllabio word or

also
sometimes called f signifying a term.
>nosyllabic words like soliooi; full, rule, fame, etc.
" rule" as ru-le
" fame" aa fa-me, etc
Tibetan will
14
Examples of
T]
as in
"^l^^'T]
^q'^T]
^\}^''r\
^^'^"^
as in '^!gK'^
pi
\
ci
1.='^
"^^'^
^V^l
^'N^'^
S^^'^
^51]^'^
q=i]'ij
^^ti'^
5J
J^'w)|
J,
^^^=1% ^^'^j
ti';
^qj
jj
^Tl
particle
^VS ^^%
as in Kj^'ii^
i.e.,
^'T3=\I
5;i"!ii5j'q^
^5J'-^q]
^'H
in
^5J5J'-^q]
words
the
In these
it
P'^'j|-^5ii-^<i]-?q5?'S<iI-;,c-i
|(3)'[n
f sj'pi
qg^'^
^^3j'^
i)QJ'^|
"^sj-qi
?l'w|
5l')
||
w?i,
^^'^,
'^^'l'^^
?)'5,
q^
5J-5
^,
S,
^,
'5-|VX,
as in
5>^-lJi
^3i'2j
^>
X,
^, ^,
=Il)2J-TSi^
otqj^J'Sj^
"^c'q?;
.if'q^
^, ^, ^!
^^^Y?
zil)QJ'q^
|
f^'-^^t]!
P'S"!, ^^jSq]^
gq5^-5i|,
ajajlq]
form^ a part of the word

oiai-5i|?ji]5^-5-^q||-^|
is
not to be
considered as
an additire
itself.
i)c-5]-s'-<j5<-5^^q^-ai
2q]ugYSI=-^'9'*''^^'''I^''II
]5
On the use
The seven
%S%%%'^, and
'^'^'^S viz.,
of
In the expression gq^Jj'wSt

that the word %'^^
(particle)
puts
'^
illustrated as follows
is
take refuge (in Buddha), the
(particle)
'SS
Their ubo
called
is
and shows
'"I'l'l'g
the objective case.
is in
In the expression
g'^
particles).
also 5 used after '^^"I or not are called ''''^^''^ ^ll
forming cases after nouns and pronouns
ia
(additive
g^^
Give alms to the indigent, and helpless.
=^5'2^^5=.*1'J||aiq1l^c(
'^g'î'Sc.^
Here
in the dative case.
called
is
S^*i'*\|'g
The
use
of
the
term expressing
the
e.,
necessity.
In the expression
showing
signifying
<l*>'f''l'5j-}ts5;^
-^^'fl^ wuioh
(eastward)
to
put
is
or exists in the East,
is
the
in
locative
case,
use of the gs (particle)
tlie
here
is
called
5*i'''I'i^'|'g
the
^''^'^'l'
term signifying
In the expression
In
tikis
for ^^'^^'g
The
as
Ssil=i*^-||
called
state
manner the
called
Ejaculate religions formulas at sun-rise
"at " or "when" puts ^**'-^^'i
when
,.,
the sun rises,
Being indicative
the locative case.
in
of time
(particles)
g'^
9,^,5,^,5,^
and
go under the name
all
''i
and are used
of '^'gl
particle
used after
is
"I,''
and
'\'?,il
i.e.,
when a word
closes
with the
letter
"I
or
or
=i
\^%
such
(^,^-5l
is
g and ^
(particles)
are
used after
used after words ending in
(express or understood) such as ^'=.1^'^
For the use
may
of
"i
and
be used after the ten
'qt^-^,
fj-s-^,
l*'''Ê''I
^'^'^s^-'^,
i)=;-ai;
letters
The
use of
to the rule
after
such as
such as
^miôi;
use of 5 after words ending in
final letters in a
*',*',i
^'l^g,
words ending
''I,S'i,,^,'',^,S'^,',^
"1,1
^, ^,
and
i^,
^,
\'?;''I
i^*''Sig,
(particle)
is
example
S^'^'%,
!5^V5, '<'^'^V5,
"n
used after
is
"^
They
word.
^jjcoi;
^''^,
S^'^''^;
l^^-îl
in conformity with the rule 5?îf5's>;-N?vi^3i'q5'^Q)
conform to the rule
5i]^-JjC'^*i-s^:^-=^-^'^q*^-q|i^-q^'^'^Ji-y5(^51^
^=1'5,
5,
the losing letter in a
for
^-q,
^%^,
l^ll-o),
simply for erephoy or easy pronunciation.
m-%-%,
The %S
of
I
i!5^'0J;
'^5i'^,
The
fl''1^')'l'|,
?i^-l3
5}qj-<(|jiq
jg
use after words ending in
Its
use
^ afterword sending in =-,**; after words ending in

and also of ^ after words ending in '^,^,'^ is according
*P
ili^*J
word. ?1
'^'^')\S^\S^-^-^-fim]
-fiV^;
'^
'^.
^,'^,^
one has not to loot to tho nature
The
ending in
signifies
is
purposes.*
five
The g^
of
'^
of that or "that itself".
^*<'-^^'5i'^'S^'|3i
particle, ^ signifying
also
it is
term
particle
particle
g'^
points
location.
In the expression '?'S'^'!I^'J| illuminates or brightens in or with light, the gs

Here though tlie word '^S (light) is in the objective case the g^
in or with
the
tho
*^
after
as in
î^'^'S
of
"^
words ending
;
of
'<
"^."^J
in
Rafter words
to the rule 5)cJ^q^R1a^^q
^'^Vlg,
^^g^^ ^fter
i5-iiiq5?-|-g
is
'nq
words
according
and
'^5,11;
ending in
"I
tlie
never used
or ^ are
following illustrations
i|^'|=\
make imag on
express
to
express
all
whom
by
remaiiiinjj five
adilitine
%S
"i'Mi ^'^gil*)'?i'''?- fl^f'^*<'>i'>5
gone
stone, ^q'5"?ici
ilR.'qiN'^^'8'^'i'^'i3'5i
The
^^S\
to excelleuoe
i.e.,
particles
go towards
^^^'^5,
East.
as ia
î^'II'^*'
become excellent.
g"!^^'^?!
piety has been carried to the limit,
proceed to India.
Ekduplication of tkhminal lettkrs.
When
two
the closing consonant of a monosyllabic word (noun, pronoun or adjective),
syllable so formed
^^T^ lam,
^^^,
Words
the letter
f^^
he
good
is
^'^
^^'^
bad
is
only put on
is
head
(simple or
For example,
/I'fl/cs.fs?
formed
of
is
When
future or
is
1 seek or wish.
is
way;
road or
'^*i'^
second
For instance:
meaning
the
is
the
letter,
does the function of the verb to be.
being supposed to be
q^^
is
or sense
isj^'ijai
those
i.e.,
that
have
gr^t
as in
tense.
example
syllable
happiness
'^,'^,'^
''^^îS'?',
is
^'^^'S'^ that
short.
with
close
If the sec(
il54ii=;,-^,
'^'^S'^
^'J'
it
am
^^^
this is
g"^,
who
is
^'^,
that
is ;
ia
nd
letter
The
it.
worm
'^
with
in
lajS^
this
a word of
re luplicated as with
is
vowel termination
also then acts as the verb to be.
'^^S^'^'?!
syllable,
tlie
is
two
Raksinsa or
syllables,
mouosyllabio
be
words.
with meaning.
^ according
i^
to
This practice
the closing letter in a verb

wishes,
joined to
significant, or is
'^>'S ?.
<^,
consists of a single
the closing consonant in

is
the end or limit.
*)^'^ is
5=.'^'^ is
animal; ^^'^^^
in
for
with the vowel o (^)
letters
reduplication of
perfect
'<
distant,
words ending
should usjd
The
long,
QT-
two or three
^?)*)-55ii^ that
the letter
"^^Vîs true
^'^5'^
and
In dissyllabic words when the second

'=^'Îl*^î)
on the duplicate
is (rue.
u, e
It
that
^''^Î'S'i
'5>3j'J^
i,
its
command,
precept or
is
'^"11*
isplaied
reduplicated and the
expressed or understood, do not undergo the process of reduplication of the final *
after thorn,
'^
medieiue;
is
closing wiih the vowels a,
Tlie vowel o
letter.
this
'^^|i=^'^
the vowel o
I''? or r")^
c.dled ^"^"g
is
is; nat'2'is
lie
Ouiid
are separatud by a ^Î
letteis
is
is
indicates
3 got or has got;
|=.
old orthography) the
now seldom
that
it is
particle
môd
present,
followed.*
in the indicative
'^%^'^ Doco.ne,
gs,
^^'X
has brcume;
'^*^'=S
17
Article.
There are three
^^
are
^^
definite
(indeterminate)
The
letter
are
W^
the spring;
'>1'S''n
indefinite
is
used after ^,^
l[
is
used after
thus:
some, or any body
<iil^'îl
^^
'I
in ^=-'^,
or
in
=.
SV^
in ^''^ is
vessel;
are
'^'%'^
;
^ in
'S'^,
c.,
man
%<^'^,
with
^ in
letters
nouns
tooth,
wood
9 son,
eve, ^^
are
flesh,
sky,
'^*<
hide-boat;
^\
In
"^
'^j
"I.
and
a house;
'q^'^'q
a camp
are not
"l?''!
<^\'^'^
grove;
the
l^-'")
f]")'^'!!
or ^'w
an answer;
a crystal
"lion".
^^fsj-q-j)
the
is
man
Saj-^qj
and
35
The word
for
a road;
a price,
body.
or '^W'"*'
the Tibetan
is
"l*)'^"!
'^^î|
taken as Articles.
to be
inherent
signifying "one".
a "robe or garment;
in
*i
in
also after the
from
^^^^'^
^fsj-^tii
"in T",
as
in -a,
^s.'l
is
Sanskrit MdlrikS.
for such a work'. It
is
equivalent
or
tea,
earth, etc.,
Noun,
Sc'Sî]
words though they
fish,
water,
life,
way, T? discourse,
kiss,
speech,
^'i
salt,
hill,
may
mother,
f*
5 horse,
curds,
e.^
father,
'
meaning,
<^
be formed of one or
i cow,
hat
or
corpse, taste
î
mind,
fox,
cap,
a>
^ goat
a horn
bell-metal,
î heart, ^'^ tree
^
or
song.
P^^'^J
"^N sun, ^"qî

particles 5,
*<
^ man,
female,
Nouns formed with
term.
thus:
'^
monosyllabic
generally
P mouth,
instance,
for
a high mountain,
îl
thus:
country.
hi.
Substantive
^ male,
q.
signifying
the Sanskrit siinha
for instance Î'll, the six;
the
^'^'P
any vowel
different
^"I is
wf^'îl a castle
sit
"
anight.
*t, a.^
^,
particles.
estate.
a particle of emphasis like "the"' in the expression 'he
to Sanskrit
more
the
''l^'i!
additive particles; they
'^''I'gs
of
or understood) or after
iî'?"!
attached to words closing
is
a corrupt form
^
-^'S"!
summer;
the
"^S^'P
attached to words ending in
is
?q|
some, certain
the two.
autumn
the
(expressed
'^
used with words ending in
is
^q]
afq S
a war;
'^^'i\
grassy plain or green;
the
article
indefiuite
'S*!'^"^"!
and
any,
an,
a,
used after words ending in %\, '',';
is
fVP
as in
'';
=,<;
"igs'l the three; ^'"1
The
"the"
Tibetan language,
signifying
^qj
?q|, ^q|,
the
articles in
These are attached to words as ^'qg'S additive
articles.
the evening;
fn
indefinite
signifying "the".
articles
signifying
1]
and three
definite articles
".
^''igS
i.
house; pf^cell;
^T"
drop,
5, q,
hog,
additive
<^"9
a^^^
particles are as
thumb;
ox,
f^c'siij
is
are
an Article.
sometimes omitted.
same
as
*|5.''J
foot
follows:
i"!'^
hand,
f\'^'^
foot,
young one; P'^snow; T^pillar,
|'g child or
3c-9 donkey,
do' not act the part of
composition, they
and g^'5 minister;
",
^îî
minister.
They u.ake
The
the
'^'^^'^'^^
^'Î'î
skin
king,
In the foregoing words the

full
expression f^'^^
and oT^ hand;
'Ij'q
is
word
is
of a monosyllabic
same
same
as
as
"ST^'S
5^ q
ting
white and
*('^ black.
When
attached
to
some monosyllabio terms they'
Hg^
sometimes make difference in the meaning.
18
The word ^
"and" but S^'^
but joined with the particle 5
"self"
signifies
signifies
means "wool,"
"first." ^'f
the good and
The use
The
the wicked or the evil one.
c,^'i
Qaici signifies
^g^ attached
Adjective nouns are also formed with

ustEj the good,
of ^"I^S additive particles with
in stature or
(either
antelope,
arrow,
position);
-^
small
and long arrow,
large
small boulder or
s,'^
means
*\C
Nepalese.
to the adjective monosyllabic terms,
iwc^
expression
some nouns causes
a little
^'i
big antelope,
-*i'3
*i'\'^'5
"nature."
signifies
such as
good and bad and
signifies
also
the bad.
In the following examples the use of 3 and ^
*]
^'3
i.e.,
pebble;
*>^'%
man
is
distinction in their slgnificatioa as to size, &o.
thus illustrated
dwarf.
or
antelope;
arrow;
vessel
or
f^
pot,
V^
fish,
drum, '3
i.
small
earthen
great
pot
man
a great
y%
i.'%
little
fish.
drumlet;
^\'^
boulder or rock,
stone,
earthen
large
*^'S
fish,
drum,
large
î huge
stone,
man;
is
or
vessel,
e'% small
earthen pot or vessel.
In the above examples, the substantives

^"1
meaning, man,
3S express the ordinary
In the following examples the use
of the
"the young one"t but nothing diminutive

>]
antelope,
kid;
^''^
dog,
antelope
fish,
etc*.
young
to
^"I
U'^ V^V,
gs
sbeep,
to
pronouns.
to
Though
pronouns.
signifies
^'='
*'you".
"we".
means "he"
there
signifies
>isman;
Ê,j^
It
;
^qjN, ^'>\^
joined with ^ they convey a mag-
size
*,
S*")
^*<',
is
f^"^'^
S"},
attached
S"!
cow,
*i
f'i
colt;
goat,
^4
They
are used as plural terminations.

to
express plurality.
to both
are attached
seldom attached to nouns.
is
nouns and pronouus.
in
Tibetan.
^'^
or
^''\''I
"men".
is
the
personal
^*<''
seldom attached
is
pronoun signifying I
"we" by the word
5s or ^S means "you" or "thou";
signifies "they".
"that";
^'% calf;
5ic'2si|
not usual to express the meaning
is
horse or pony,
antelope);
with some nouns expresses
no dual in the Tibetan language, yet the Sanskrit duals have been
is
S'^*)*' signifies
are
when unaccompanied by
etc.,
lamb.
^"l^
generally rendered by the termination

=-'^
When
?, *)
additive particles % and 5
nouns and pronouns in the singular number
Its use is confined
^,
camel, i'% young camel
meaning small
antelope, (']'%
'^'^
'^"I'^S
5'^=,
Plural Numbeb
The
as
% they become diminutives.
with
nifying sense;
such
(sX*''^)
^-'^î*'
SS'-*"!
or
S'^* signifies
signifies "those".
^)^-5^
animal;
but words signifying many,
all,
^w-5^'3;5i animals.
collection, etc.
They
5^, SJ, "f,
are
**'^'S'l,
^'''\,
never used as plural
The two words

manner the additive particles ^, ^*'*', S"] and ^l are used.
^'Wi signify "all men". The expression ^'S^ '^^ "^3 comprising of four words signifies "many hills
and many valleys". If it was divided into two parts ^'"S^ and ^^-'^î ^''^'3, would mean nine hills and
terminations in the
^^^5
nine valleys,
^'^st'^
two words, ^ and
^*<*'''\
Ê.-g-;j?cEi'^c.-i!iq-t;,i;-l
signifying "hills"
signifies
is
only one word; the expression ^'^^tîiS comprising of the
"all hills".
i^-j-isj-ciqsJS(?Ji|Q|-i^|ij]I
s4-E.-^^s(3i-q5-)c-I
19
l^'Sj^'jîî
!Ji^^
is
masculine gender; ^'*>^ feminine gender, and
^ female.
signifies male,
(additive particles),*' and

B'35
bitch
55
The feminine
;
"^g
of
yak-cow,
'a
V^
fox,
vixen
some monosyllabic nouns

yak-bull of Tibet
"l""!
kept for breeding purpose.
is
incorrect to say
it is
(Sans. Yogi)
In
and
swine
queen
^S"
**
and
S^-" guard,
is
31=-
incorrect to say
stallion, ^'\
mare
signifies a bull, so
dissyllabic
îgS
g^'*)
words
i or
^^^
a Tibetan
used in both the genders; so also
'f^'**,
'fll"ii|
such
(father-yak)
iti"iii
man,
*^
as,
i.e.,
incorrect to say 5'? or 5'5?; the
g^ or
"5
to signify the
SJ^*?
'\^'^^ ordained
monk
",
3 or
i,
Nouns having no gender

9ai*)-cj^
^^^\^nn^ ?q|!S-3,
masculine; such as
as, l^*)' 5 host,

;
^)cS ever-lord,
S^^'^ lady
chief's wife or lady-chief;
35
35
^'s*
fTi
hostess;
"ll*) '35
"l^^'
Sii^jg
all
signifying drop;
'""I' 35
sow,
J'î'S
king,
5''i'3*
are sometimes used as female terminations
q?*)g;^'^'î*i she,
I"**,
lady;
''I<f'35
signifying one above (in Sans.
with good
g^'^^ elephant,
the victorious one.
with the ^"I'gs additive particles

^^'^,
cow
îî^l^'^
hog,
lord,
(Sans.) B/ti!iSu),['^^'^^'f* ordained nun, (Bhiksuni)
also terminate
"?
use of
signifies
"^
I
is
3 are used as masculine terminations. These
a superior; ^ and
gc'SaiS5 she-elephaut, iJ^gf^'^S*' he, the victorious one
9'\*''>
yak that
as such are attached to dissyllabic nouns, such as, SS^*''^^ he with (good) voice, Sgtsjj^sj she
voice (Svara-svati),
younger
in the sky, sp'^'*?'*' female angel.
hero, iw35 heroine;
dog,
or girl;
goddess
S5
^v%K [Yogim).
i53iq chief, \9^
woman
added
is
% god, ^
incorret to say
monk, ^C^* nun
'^^'^'^
it is
it is
for feminine terminations, such
female guard
moving
by difierent words
expressed
indicates the feminine, such as
35
no gender.
masculine gender generally take the ^"I'^S
tiger, fl't^ tigress
f1
wp'^5 one
is
it is
trader, ^c,*) female seller; '5^'î
a Tibetan (male),
Guru)
and
^^-'i
35
nouns the
dissyllabic
are changed into
or
To
*i'35i
f?
horse,
before or after 5 being redundant.
80
signifies the neuter or
as feminine terminations; such as, 9 son or boy, ^'^ daughter
daughter
^*) son, 5i^'35
<^^')'>
Monosyllabic nouns in the
^'^ she-goat
brother, ^'^ younger sister; ^ goat,
woman
Gender.
^^^
or
door or gate;
fll*i^q
",
5,
or'^w*.*',
and
new
35,
such as
novel
or
^"l" or ^"1*, additional or remnant.
Some words with

the inner one
Some
a beauty
i.e.,
wife.
or
*<
35,
both neuter and feminine genders
termination are used in
|*i the outer or the later one;
adjective nouns ending in
(Sans. Sundarl),
*<
are used only
handsome woman
'Îi,
in the
Bhiksd) alms, begging.
i*i printed
feminine gender; such
as, ^^.s, wife,
things inanimate (except lakes, rivers
(thiug)
'"I?*."*'
V-'^, inner also
the lower or subodinate. f^'35 banquet, show.
put in the neuter gender. They terminate irregularly and also in

i*f the accomplished (one
",
35
(Indian)
i,
and mountains) are
such as ^^'f a bridge,
oblation; |^'35 the
^Sn
i?Mj9ee
^''If
|t
rope
(Sans.
20
Case.
(^s)'*^!
Vihhahti)
Sans,
They
There are eight cases in the Tibetan language.
are
arranged in the following order
1.
Nominative
The person
2.
Accusative or Objective
Shows the
3.
Agontive or Instrumentive
Indicates the agent
or thing
(involving) the
tcith).
Expresses necessity and
Dative or Necessitative
by
5.
simply named.
object of a transitive verb.
notion of hy or
4.
is
to
is
indicated
or for.
Expresses source or direction from or
Ablative or Originative
time.
Indicates possession or connection.
Rgq-q-âj-qi
6.
Possessive or Genitive
7.
Locative
Indicates place.
8.
Yocative
Indicates calling or addressing
person.
In the dcolension
(additive
particles)
or
Bisq'i
in
They
are
of
nouns, pronouns, adjectives, numerals, and participles, several secondary
are used.
'
They
are attached
monosyllabic
to
words or to the
^""Igs,
in g', in dissyllabic words or to the plural signs or postpositive particles like ^,
as follows
%, |^,
g, %m,
5|^,
In the Nominative and Vocative
, ^,
5,
5??,
cases, singular or plural,
^,
Sjis,
k, %,
5i,
g,
and
^"igs
such as
^^î, S"!
&c.
<=.
no secondary particles indicative of
case, are
attached.
On the
5 and S^ (V'^f'^'l^'S'^
father
3|
^t.'3i
^'^'l of body, ^'^'I's
and ^^
of
name.
% and 1^
^N-|*i
or S^) are attached
by
to
words ending in
S,
or'JrSs'Sof you;
'^'\'%^
by
by time.
(i|''Ê.c.'^|5qg'3i or
^"I'î^
use of Secondaey Additive Paeticles.
î??)
are
or with poison
attached to words terminating in

^^'^l^
by
or
siioh as
Ql'^ of sheep,
or with conch-shell trumpet.
(3iiN;'!|-5|?jg'| or %^) are attached to
by heaven; ^^'3^ by wealth
"I
^'^'3 of country.
words ending in
*, ^, or
!,
suchâs ^^"1 of
meaning
21
for
example
spelling of
"ITS in or to hand
^S'^'5,
^H^'S'S,
are written as 3^'5,
5\^
in or to Tibet
^, ^. ^*',
or
for
is
si*)
by
attached
fire
f J
on the way
byjgod
fire
S'%''\
(expreaeod or understood),
According to ^Vf 'i old orthography the
In modern Tibetan, these
correct.
'>'^'n is
t^,
ip>^''^
^, ,
;,
V^
^,
^ and
or
*i5
such as
"J,
^='5^
in or
of
i'^'^
mother
i,
by name
into country or place.
^'^j0f
man
^'^
of
of that.
any vowel ^^
or In
<*
*;,
in or to gold
words ending in any vowel
to
or ^'5 in or to
god
)^
or ^'5 in or into
or '5 to (the) south.
^'^
;
and Dative
cases
signifying
It
to.
is
applied to any Nominative
oases.
attached to words terminating in
*<
il"ra'g
to (the) right
''i^g in (the) work,
f "I'lg
in friendship.
signifying 0, (Sans. !io); %'^S (Sans. Ahovata) &c., are words, (not particles) that are placed before
Nominatives for forming the Vocative
""j
=i*<'^
called
words ending in
attached to
the general sign of Accusative
is
is
or i or iu
"i
being understood, though not expressed after
'>'5'1
attached to words ending in
forming those
is
the
or '5 into water; ^f^ into
^"^
<?
is
words ending in
^^'^ for or in price
or
"^*',
water; ^'^ of male
man;
'<'î'5,
-ff^'^,
in
ii'5 to the west or in the west.
'I'^'^S'S etc.,
^c,=^-3i*<5,i3l5-s(9i^-c^)
words termiaating
to
is p.tt(iched
('Ti'^'>'.S'o's5*'^'^S')
5)
^> 5
^^^ 3 signifying
to the Nominative for forming the
Nominative, according to
case.
to, on,
upon, into, unto, with regard or respect
Accusative and Dative cases.
its final letter, also
indicate
The
to, for, &o.,
are attached
use of the above particles after the
motion or progression
to,
into, or change, turn into
promotion, &c.
^, ^^, 3^,
^''j
^'')
or
signifying by, with,
is
attached to the Nominative for forming the Agentive
or Instrumentive case.
% % %
^>
or
"i
signifying
of,
pertaining,
relating, belonging
to,
and
also the possessive sign
'i
ia
attached to the Nominative for forming the Genitive or Possessive case.
^5
1''
or
^ or
signifying of, out of, from,
signifying rest in, at, on, a
Nominative for forming the Locative
is
attached to the Nominative for forming the Ablative case.
place, also
case.
motion
to,
or
towards a place,
ia
attached
to
tha
22
Example of declension according to Tibetan methods.

Dual
Singular.
Ne-^^jsi
Nominative
Accusative
Buddha,
ie.?i|?i-t^q)
>8ti-g|"s-
(il5'î)
By Buddha
(^t^"^^^)
Dative
(Attained) to
good
Buddhas,
Buddha
Depend on (both
*),] -j^j-^jj*]
Buddhas.
the)
Buddhas.
Depend on Buddhas.
By
said.
^J=-''|''-
(nii*))
(both the)
Buddhas
By Buddhas
said.
said.
(hood) for (the
(Propitiated)
Buddhas
(Propitiated both the)
for...
animate beings).
of
jt5ij-sw-
Ablative
Plural.
e.j'soi- (q|^),
Depend on Buddha.
Agentive
or Plural.*
for
Buddhas
...
($5i)|
From
From Buddhas (come
(both the)
Buddhas come
...
From Buddhas come
...
the scriptures).
5)ii)|*J-S-
Genitive
Doctrine of
(ie>s)|
Buddha
ICN'N'^J*I'' (XI)|
]c*)-j*)'t^lSC i%^'j\
Doctrine of (both the) Buddhas or
or
Doctrine of Buddhas or
Buddha's doctrine.
Locative
î^^^'f^g'
Buddhas' doctrine.
(^*i)|
*(.?)
Doctrine in Buddha.
Doctrine in (both the) Buddhas.
Doctrine in Buddhas.
0, (both the) Buddhas.
0, Buddha.
In
^Jc^j-gN'^w^jg" Ii)|
{^^^)]
g-ic.*)-|!s|
Vocative*
gN 'till' g'
this case, as in the Nominative,
3'? signifying 0,
Oh
no case-sign
is
attached.
The use
(Sans. B/io or Aho) generally at the beginning of
0, Buddhas.
of Vocative terms ^\'J'^f like
an expression, differentiates the
Vocative case from the Nominative, but in general address such terms are often omitted.
^qjsj^jqRjj'âi-îi^^^-cj'^^cigi^-qil
The secondary
^"^^'^ particle
is
understood after
(e-^'5*)|
23
Examples of Declension.
Nouns terminating
in
1 and ^ may be declined
as
follows
24
Words ending
ia
S,
may be declined
or
Dual or
Singular.
1.
Now.
2.
7.
woman,
Agent. 5S ^'S'S*' by the woman,
5';(-5)'\-q to or for the woman,
Dat.
Ablat. gi^jlt^
from the woman,
Genit. Q^'^'S'^ of the woman,
Loc.
SS'*''^'^ in the woman,
8,
Voc.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Accus.
the woman,
gc.s)'^
5'S'*''S'S'n
to the
9S'**S''^
ijij
9'^*l'^
or
as
0,
ffl'SS*''i
woman
(both)*
follows
Plural.
Plural.
women,
the women.
to the women.
gS'^'S'^*"'
SS'^^S'l "^ to (both) women,

9S *'"> S"! ^^ by (both) women,
gc;,x)^j|j54-oi
SS*''\''i***^'S*' by the women,

9S**SS''l'^ to or for (both) women, g';,*)^'^^?^^) to or for the women.
g^s)t^-^*)*i oi^ from the women.
9S ^t^S"! '''^ from (both) women,
9S'*>S'S'T'loE (both)
a'>*^S'^T5 in (both)
women,
women,
3SJS'\'1 or ^9'^'>'^''^'^
5'^*''^^'<^
women.
women.
of the
9'^>^^*'*l'g in
the
0, (both)] 9^)\^*i or S3S'>^'^w 0,
women!
women!
jq
2.
Nora,
Acou^.
"'=i'l
3.
Ageut.
"JO 1*1
1.
"iq
"fq
4.-
the father,
by
"15
father,
Ablat.
"iq-'Ji^J
6.
G-.mit.
"iq
u(q
from father,
LoQ,
"iqg in father,
uiq
1.
Nnm.
^*J the time,
2.
Aoous.
3.
Agent.
=^*j'5^
4.
^N'ui
7.
Dat.
Ablat.
Genit.
Loc.
1.
Nom.
fl"!^
2,
Acuus.
^''I'î'i
3.
Agent.
q-r]*!
4.
Dat.
Ablat.
or gujq Q, father!
"iq''îl
fathers,
l,oth
by both
Sj^
father.s
to or for b'jth fathers,
i;j
tô] Qj^q
u(q-^qj-5|
of father,
Voo.
^=11
ujqi^qj
to or for father,
"I
to both the fathers,
uiqc^c|ai
to father,
5.
7.
"'q'S'^
from both the
fathers,
of botli the fathers,
""I'SiI 5 in both the fathers,

or 3"'='''\1 0, both the fathers
"iq'^*)"!! the fathers.

mqj^jjNoi to fathers.
u(q-^)*j|?^
by
fathers.
uiq-^54)q to or for fathers.

ujq-^)*)i5j5^
from
fathers.
ujq-SiSJ^Î
of fathers.
in fathers.
u)qji)*j
"iq-^w^ or
"J^'^***!
0, fathers!
NO
5.
6.
5.
both the times,

^S'l'^^to or at both times,
^^^-îj^lN by both times,
=î^j;ji)Qj to or for both times,
îîl^5^ from both the times,
^^j't^'q S] of both
times,
^^t'^tilg at both the times.
^'N-e^"!
to or at time,
^^J''^!
by time,
to or for time,
from time,
^j'^5q
^*J-| of time,
^*)j at the time,
command,
51l'^'^^
by the command,
commands
commands,
to or for the
q''l'=('i
qi)=âiN
from the
the commad,
in the command,
Genit.
Q'n^ of
niivîfSi
^'']'^'h
"'H^^'nIS
1.
Nom.
Aoous.
3.
Agent.
4.
Dat.
5.
Ablat.
Gonit.
Loc.
^j
01
1,54*)
by
î-Si(fj-3i^
^si-^sj^
from times.
of times.
=i*j-^))g at
qiêi-^jj^
times.
to or for times.
the times.
to bo'
commands.
li
commands.
l''l'^'^''0J for the commands.
commands,
q-n^-^si^^m^ from tha
the commands,
commands.
of both the commands,
qî'^'^*)^'! of the commands.
qT^'^w^jg ia the commands.
in both the commands,
^'$^fi^ years.
the year,
'^'S'^ both the years,
f^'q^'isi to both the years,
5 i.m-ai to the years.
to the year,
tS'î*) gsq by or with the years.
3j^ or 3i'5)*( by or with the year,
Bi!â|-5ij by both the years,
^'^ to or for the year,
c5'^w)"q to the years.
iS'^^lot to both the years.
JS'isi^ or ^'^^ from the year,
Jfi'^w^^'m^^ or J3'^'ai
gi-t^qfai^^ or aieîja;*! from both the years,
from the years.
tS'^jR< of the years.
55 of the year, '
^'ST^ of both the years,
ai'^*J^g in the years.
^ in the year^'S''\ii'5 in both the years,
5
3j'oi
All words ending in

*
at or to times.
^?)-^*i*j 3?t
^'^^'S"!'"' for both the

qiji^tîjq^^ from both
Ljc.
2.
îsj-iiW^t'Ji
fl'H^'^^*)''). to ccnmands.
the commands,
q'']=^^s<*i'^*t by the
q'i'^t^5i7iq by both the commands,
qny^'t^Jii'Qi
to oo'iiraand,
or q''lâ^*)
both the commands,
^'^^w?' the times.
"^
or
any
of the five vowels
The woid " both " may or may not be used
may
be declined in manner of
to signify the " dual ".
i'^^
and
5.
26
Sriq
or Sc'^j'iq'^q]
The Personal
Pkonoun.
Pp.onouns.
Tlie first person singular ^ signifying I is in general use, in Central Tibet.

used in the plane of ^.
In book language and correspondence, the use of 'i^"]
than that of =-. J5s signifies thou, and p^ he.
is
is
In Tsang, =I'^'^
more general
26
Demonstrative Pronouns.
They
are
"^^
" of this place,"

i.e.
signifying
^%
signifying " this " and

"^^'^t.
this
or
'^^''^">
^,
" that"
" this
signifies
i^^
'<\'^
itself."
îgs
with the
or
'^^
'fj
ailitive particle
also sigaify
, i.e., "^^'i signifies
" this "
with emphasis
(very).
^-^
^'^, ^'li or
signifies
%M,
(very);
that
^'J^^ or ^'^î'^S
signifi.js
"that
itself."
Relative Pronouns.
signifies
"1=.
woman
which,
SV^'S'"!'^
ti'^'H
which or what,
fj
which woman.
signifies
who, which, or what.
^ or ^ signifies what.
"1^,
9'^>'^9 wliat or
what man,
Tiiey are usei alone or with
"l^,
which
sach as "^^"^ that
signifying whoever.
Intebrogative Pronouns.
These are
to
who
55,
whoever,
signify
"]=-
which
? what
To
these the undeterminate particle
whichever or whatever, such as
^'^"1, "I^ ^"I
or
^"J
is
attached
^'^''ll
Heciprocal Peokouns
The
reciprocals
are
^=-,
i^l,
signifying
'^ST'^'S
*-=-^S,
self,
one's self.
Declension of the Personal Pronouns.

Singular.
I,
1.
to me,
by me,
to
me
or from
me
from me,
of
me
or
mine
in me.
The nominative
and
terms.
himself.
speaker,
is
seldom formed by attaching to

S"!
is
it
the plural particles ^^
seldom attached to the second
plural.
honorific
to
person
first
In the second and third persons they are often used.
^**^.
person
plural of the
The
In Tibet, a person
use
in consequence
of
of
these
either
terms,
which,
they
in
conversation or writing,
however,
are
indicates
preferred
to
a
=,
never applies a respectful term
degree
of
=-*'^ or
'^'^'^
civility
or politeness in
the
common
use.
which are
of
27
The
first
person
plural
is
sometimes expressed by
'fifo*
or
%'i'^\
28,
Declension of the Demonsteative Pbonoums.
29
30
Adjective.
I'^'^'l'^ or |'g^'9^'^^'55=^
Vijesana).
(Sane.
nouns in their formation.
Adjectives resemble
The
distinguished from each other.
an expression or sentence
man.
sf'Q^'^'
particles
=<
or
and 5 in the words
man
bad
P'i'S''I*.S'")^
(snow white
new-moon
the full-moon to the
house
precedes: "l^^T^
i]ic'i5-pc'q
is
same
is
here
sf is
M"
or
Si*''''
dry-land
S^l^f"!*'
the house
i|?^cj5f!cci
as
the house of purity;

;
same
5|^'' is
as
same
S''!*''^''!*' is
is
The
Articles.
"l^s^'ps.
meaning or context that they can be
'^^
iac,Hj
or
signifies
sentence " snow
(Cukla pak$a)
the
are,
good.
The
mostly, translations of
the white
dark lunation
lunation
i.e.,
i.e.,
the
the period after

"I^^'P^, prison-
than the qualification of the substantive
prisoners or of
imprisonment
Sfsf'J^w the land of dryness;
>
white" will be
is
holy or pure house or sanctuary;
of
the verbs in
an Adjective qualifying the noun
heart,
so placed it indicates relation rather
the side or period of darkness
Some
taj,
to the full-moon; îT^"!'' {Krisna Paksa)
new-moon
when an Adjective
their
In some words which
is).
Sanskrit terms. Adjectives precede nouns, for instance

period after the
here
and tucQ are not
^^'J
from
is
generally follow singular nouns and precede
good heart
(Sans. Sttmati)
sp=)3=.'3
rendered in Tibetan:
or )'t^j
*l'=-^
Adjectives,
It
^1'^''1*^
is
"l^tpt
same
as
is
same
it
as
^''i'55-|'ii*i
as ;''pcj5fii?i the side or period of light.
Adjectives, though derived from adjective roots are also used as substantives; fi" former or prior
may mean
the former or
commentators
'^5'ii'^'^'*<'^*'*'
g'*''^*!'^
commentators,
the inner one;
the prior
'^"l'"
and
I"
latter, posterior,
the later commentators
^'*''^*'^
outer
for
here
^=-'*<
later ones.
the inferior or subordinate; ^^'^ or
'^|isi|;,gj'^*j4
:
the former
g'" and |*< are Adjectives qualifying ''JîlS
would mean the former and the
inferior, subordinate
example
g'<
inner or interior;
upper or superior, senior
or junior, the senior or the junior.
When
Adjectives are placed before substantives they are invariable in both singular and pluarl numbers.
Though an Adjective
follows.the
the plural sign.
singular,
t-Qsfci";jiI
) is
or 5)'ic"q'" signifies
noun
*^'^*i^,
(in the singular

'^''i"!
or *>
number) which it qualifies, yet in the plural
is plural.
^'^^^-'S signifies
good man,
it
precedes
sJ'qscq-^stsi or
good men.
In declining the espressions
^)3fHi
and
s)'ei3=,'q'^)*i
the case-signs such as
-,
|,
%^,
%,
) &c.,
are
attached to the Adjectives in the case of singular nouns and to the plural signs only in the case of plural
nouns
>'C3=.'Ei5 of
When
S'fljg*!,
good man, 5)!3cq'î?i| of good men
also
)ii3c,iîj]-5|
or 5)qaE,q-^5 of
good men.
numerals are used to qualify nouns, |they follow them in both singular and plural numbers
(man
three) three
men
*^ ^'l'''!fs
(men
three) three
men,
this latter
being more correct.
31
There are some adjective
These resemble,
to
in their
monosyllabic nouns
precious
^'g;^ *
The words
them
qualify
gisj
and
defectless
is's,
*i=.'^,
'5=^
manner
;
siguifying
of ^
W'^S
signifying
<9=^"ii
Himavata) Buowivd or snowy;
|f^
sigaifying possessed
ed, ful,
'S'^^'^^
eom,
ous,
powerful
of,
full of.
which are attached
//,
^^'^^
wealthy; ^^'^
possessing god.
in the
"*(
Eaglish particles or signs suoh as
use, the
"l^'*'*^ [Sgnis.
possessing riches
^^'g;^,
(additive particles) such as ^ and
^"I'^'S,
less,
limitless
and
with, possessing or having are
?J^,
suoh as:
(Sans. Qrdvasti)
listners.
boundless; l^'C"'*!
^^g^
Vmana) immeasurable,
(Sans.
to
same as
or without, are Adjectives of negatiou, for example:
or
substantives
after
(Sans. Sdkela) with habitations; ^^Nstc^
"l^î'qs'^
having
also placed
(a
meaningless, g'^g''
name
for the sky).
q5jui) inconceivable. +
^^ and
verbs
dis,
as
and
S^
il,
in
*)'^
im,
ill,
signifying
"^S
ir,
not or not having,!are formed of the Adverbs of n-^gation
*i'"^^ is *)^; *^'^'^ is >S-
and
meaningless
They
are used as
Adjectives
un, with the difference that they are affixed to
M'**^ unmeaning
Eaglish:
signifies
less,
'^^'*''^
or without
meaning
immortal or deathless;
unbecoming; C^*)^ immodest or
and correspond
*>
^T^S
with the
in their
nouns instead of being prefixed
^^'*'S is the opposite of
'^1^'*>'S
anl
use
to
to
them
(meaningful)
and
unchangeable or changeless; ^^''^^ unfit or
characterless.
qas'n Comparison.
The ^"igs
person or pronoun
c-qîfsJcqac.
he
is
The word ^^
or
thing
better than I
"^î,
to
;
"^^
or "^^ signifying t/tan or more;'than
which comparlsou
"^îJi*!'^*!? that is
is
made:
higher than
'iîT'^^'S'^'^
signifying the superlative degree:
good,
i^l^'Jf^
best;
put after the name of the
thou art greater than myself
this.
attached to an Adjective expresses the superlative degree.

1^=^^
is
""l9
fine,
It
is
equivalent to (Sins, tama)
""l'^^ finest;
^^ small,
^'^'^^
smallest.
Name
name
of the
of a
City of Lhasa.
City in Kocala, Ancient India, where the Buddha had resided for twentythree years
preached his dootrine to an immense number of listners (Ordvaka).

+ q^-ui?5^^^q (Sans.
Acintya Vthdta) name of the oldest Buddhist Monastery in Tibet.
and
32
Numeral Adjectives.
Tho
cardinal
JIJSI)
numbers are
as
follows
34
seventy three,
seventy four,
''^^S'"^
73
-0=^
seventy
six,
74
seventy seven,
'^^YS'^'i^
76
^y
seventy nine,
i^VS
77
or iJS'i'^*^
eighty,
'J
eighty
two,
82
eighty
five,
eighty threa,
"^^S'"!-}*^
\\
^JS'SI'H
85
eighty eighty,
srt.
ninety one,
^S''?'!^*'
91
^^
97
n\
"3 or
express
|''I''^*<'i
one has to count as
60
87
ninety,
90
ninety two
^'3'''''!î*<
ninety three
9^
^?
five,
93
ninety
'\5''''I''I
six,
96
n-'
ninety nine,
'\'3'='5''>'3
99
f'f*
one hundred.
100
'H^'l
or
simply
^"HS"!,
^'^^, ^"[V*,
^'=i^
and
so
on
to-
usually
counts
as
''^'iS'^^'n^'^,
or simply
^'i'lsi,
'^VI^^, ^^'^5'<,
^^''^
on to express 71, 72, 73, 74, &o.
After
to
eighty s^ven,
'^5'' or '^3i5i<'i
98
'^
84
61, 62, 63, 64, &c.
After q^l'S'^N'^J one
and
I'H
eighty four,
^c
yoo
After
81
86
ninety eighty.
ci^'^*^'')
eighty one,
\^
95
'S3'''5'^5'^
'3J5\5'I^''I
''5V'^^^
94
ninety seven,
78
eighty six,
ninety
ninety four
seveuty eight,
^S
s'^
89
88
^'^^'"3^
p|S''^^
eighty nine,
"SVS'SS
75
83
*.-^
five,
1/M
sy
80
ro
Seventy
"^^'S'e!
express
After
njS'S'^*^''' it is
usual to
count as
''3V'3'''|5'n or
simply
%''^'^,
S'^"^"^ S'"!^**, S'''^
and
so
on
and
so
81, S2, 83, 84, &c.
^5'fl'<')
one has to count as
on to express 91, 92, 93 and bq on.
'^5"i'^''n'^'1,
^^'^'S'^'H'^^ or
simply ^11?% ^''^^,
^^'^%'
35
In
counting
101
hundred and one,
5 = ^,
lOj
fi;
and
or
|i;i^!^q|^j,|,
or Rgsi'" is
'^'"',
1000 5ooo
i,s
|i;;,fflf^^_
and
hundred
Ji] ^'^
^:;-.;,tiJ)SJ*J
iu counting 1001 Po->?, 1
and
on,
and
it
usual
is
three,
and
to
so on.
say
ie.,
iê.'ii?1
one
To express one hundred,
02 ?oo^, 1003
ioo?,
and
so
on, one sliould
?ooooo.
It
is,
one thoumnd Pooo,

however,
n'ifc
| or
uausaal
to
0*
ten thousand ^=,<.oo, 3
count as
0^1
OOO.
a million
say
60 On.
or ^Ci[^q] or f'i-gT'^^'n signifies
31, ten millions; '^'^l^ a hundred millions;
Cardinal Figures
p
so
so on, it is usual to say ij'^wq or "^f'^T"!?"!, "f^*'"! cr ij^l"!^*!, I^J'îg or
one hundred thousand
^0^00 and ^06
5o?,
so on.
^^-^^
'^^^'^ or
103
one hundred and two, one
two hundred, three hundred, and

''S'Î'Î^*'
Po^,
in
^'^''^S*),
a thousand millions.
Serial Oudkk.
and
S5*i'g=^
36
The words
"l^l,
high number like
word
of the
Thus
f'î
is
also
usual
is
it
H or
2-
"1^1
and "m^ when used
"f^*'
times;
(1000), '^^t'^ (2000),
prefix letter
of
any
The
"1.
*.
to write ^"I'iS to signify binglo line-mark or stop

?ii'i^
nouns, of numerals or
adjectives of
as such are placed before them, lose the g^ "I"!
changed into
{ôo),'^NJj (ôo), J}<ig (?oo),

Sfljf:;
and
^3*<
as qualifying
once or one time
^'-^'^
(3000), also
(I)
'^'^''IS
twice or two times;
;'^*^''2i^
double stops
(|l)
thrice
iig<'i^
three
or
A,3
(30), g-?i-iis<ii (31), î^f-J-li'ii^ (32) i
i*<-
^"l'^^
(39).
No
means 100
'52i''q^1
signifying with
to 1
200
=if ''f^'^,
Qf'iigs^
300
f'^-'^îl
introduced between two numbers
is
and expresses the sum
when they
change, however, takes place in them
of
follow any
1000
it
noun
^^^)^ 2000
which they
or
f=.il?}<
3000.
becomes equivalent
to plus
two; 'l?T^=''il'^^=l
+ 2=3,
ti|i=.''1?'q=
100
may
qualify, thus
When
the word^t
equivalent
''IS''1'ê.'''1o1] is
+ 1 = 101,
f'i'^=.'a5 1100,.
l-^'^ng 10,100.
Numeral
il?<i]ti
signifies
formed by attaching
are
singly,
or
î^'S'^J signifies
(the
words the
such
both or the two
"I'^Nci,
book
to
"I^^'S the
one thousand, hut
of)
when used
ordiuary meaning, whether
its
it is
a numeral means
ten
therefore, seldom used as
The word
thousand.
three, Q!^'q^'*< signifies (the
The word
whea used
f=-
used with or without
The word
does not siguify one thousaudeth.
alone
"^"{'^S
Q, :
book
of)
thirty verses or Oloka or simply " of thirty."
(Asia snhnsrika) the book of eight thousand verses.
'JJ'^'f'^'''
as
single
signifies
three chapters
fc'i
adjectives
g"i one in
'i
is
ordinarily
the chair,
as a
empty or
signifies
numeral
void,
hence
chair,
and
chairman or president
i.e.,
is
an Ordinal.
3'q
Vekb,
Sans. Kriyd.
Tibetan verb
particle i or ^.
^% ^\
"^^
addition of the
its
the words,
instance,
S)
lu
or
always a dissyllable word consisting of a monosyllabic veibal root and an additive
is
S'=i,
'^M'^
T^''!''!
simple form
is
verbal
=1,
',
^)
roots
or
and the
conveys the idea of futurity, hence 3
doing.
or
=i
hon. as
participle
is
root-verbs.
present,
it is
it is
"^W a,
R^S'^''^
for
going. In these
in the formation of certain tenses
generally put in the infinitive mool.
The
and moods.
infinitive present
attached also to the verbal roots, in the future tense.
a verbal noun signifies action,
3=1^, iig-q^ conveys the
Take
a verbal noun.
In verbs the roots are only affected by the
[S, '^) letters
"'=.'i|''I
verbal root with the auxiliary 3 attached to
gq
invariably
îgq; signifying doing; ^S^, ^^S'^ action or acting
are
i"!,
which
meaning "
to
do."
deed
as
a verb
(participle
present)
signifies
37
la the expression
Ist^g^-Slc. (the) tree to cut (or to
term for work, because cutting
i*i'Sg the
the
is
be cat)
work conveyed by
Tibetan verbs are generally expressed in three tenses:

called
past tense. There
is
will cut, (or
''I5'>'^^'S
is out,
is
out), is iu the future tense.
and
f^
or case-signs
(l\y'3'''i?'5]
are agents.
3^
They
afêr %'^p3i
and
(the) carpenter
signifying cut.
(by carpenter with
^=.*)p3i^'f^*!-^2i-ill?';,-c(
agent or doer
principal
by both
must or should
the agent
is
past or preterite
and the hortative or imperative.
CS"!), '^'^''^'S
îs'S'y^ g,)
and 'isv^'S'' are
signifying done cutting or
in the preterite or past tense.
In the sentence
%5ifi3i
^'^P^
S''^''^,
completive or perfect tense in the
tlie
the indicative
It is called
is'^'SI
Tibetan Grammarians inulule
^=.*^p^|^1I^V''^S''^^''5'^'''^'3Î
in the infinitive prcsant.
the present tense called
mention of two moods in Tibetan grammars
In the sentence
verbs.
called W'^s.q.
and future
i^Si^'y
'55'^'3 is
and
axe
f^
are, therefore,
(the)
axe
to Tibetan
the objeot called l^'i
sbouU be
%'*'P^|*''?'^^'%'n'i?=,'i
the
is
both
put in the ^gentive case by the use of the secondary particle
is
cut, ^=.'<p^ carpenter
(is)
the minor or secondary agent or doer (IV'^'*'^")
f^ According
after
^sj
ia
axe tree
Grammarians ^^tree which
'^t^^
is
acted
upon
the verb (in the indicative present)
is
translate 1 iu English thus
{the)
carpenter onts tree
{or wood) with [an) axe.
In the passage
)'T3|*)'ill''l*)''2C^'q
principal agent ^''^)
(the person seeing being the

(11^^)
(^j
;
is
the sign
of the Acousative case
translated as seeing body
i^"|g
when
(,3'=')
when
the action
(''3'=i
The
"^5
"i^) is
or
it is
seeing,
in '^W
of the
sea
is
=>,
=i|''
i.e.
being done
*tn is l^'''^''''''''
l=^
in lv^,
the secondary agent,
Instrumental case,
and
"I^^'^
^''5
action indicated
(IS'^'Î''')
is
"ll"!'^
is
2ti]?[*;ii|iiî2C|i'q
the verb.
the ohject
should be
being verbs are called
by them.
put in the present tense (=^f 'i)
in the preterite or past tense
in the future tense
l'^'^'^ it is
roots of the verbs like
|^ sign
^"^ seeing or to
and
cutting
i.e.
the action has been done (^ '^V)
inderstood, will be done
Here
seeing.
In the above two passages
eyea.
{the)
tcith
terms of action or work,
The verb
eye with body to
C^S^'i)
when
the action,
it
is
(*^'^=-=ij.
V\ iu
^ in f '=1 &c
gT^J,
are always in the Indicative
present.
When in
letter, the
"^^T^
the root-verb the terminating letter
verb so formed
(he)
is
or
the above manner

the vowel
(he)
is
i.e.,
^V^
man, '^^gT^
=^
(there)
is,
5)3^-1^
(it)
is,
g^
this is
sheep,
letter), is
I am,
='5;
always
î^'H'^f
example
speaks.
S\S\'^^%
for
l=^^^=^,
p'lt in
I am,
or ^'i, i^^ or 'C^^^, '^\'^ or I5T'J, =-
does,
(he)
vowel
:
put on
the
duplicate
|=^'^ (he) does, '^%^
(he) goes,
o is
The verb
to
be
when expressed
as =i,5i^'5|) (reduplication of the final latter in a noun, pronoun, adjective or verb,
verb in the Indicative present,
moving; ^S^M"^
reduplicated and the
also put in the Indicative present, for
being fixed on the duplicate
auxiliary words
root
sits,
is
is
the Indicative mood,
dî; cTig
and %%
good,
'^^
^^, %^,
example: ls in '^?^ or in
is
doiug; af
q'^sj-q
goes^
i<%-'i\^
=-*i'^
or
is
bad. ^^"^
^^ may be
'^5'''^'^
or "^^'^^
is
present tense:
it is,
&e.
in
and
*)'?
The
also attached to the
signifying moves or does
going or moving.
38
*)
is
generally afBxed to the veibal root in the Indicative, present terse for forming the preterite or past
The word
tense.
ili=-
signifying say or
In some verbal roots the

pres.
1^
prefix
is
the Indicative present
tell is in
dropt ia the past tenso
the preterite or past tense.
"l^j^w is in
pres. =., pret. '%\ pres, 5=^, pret, "^3^,
'^g=-,
pret.
The
perfect
tense
roots in the preterite
formed by adding
is
spdke
'^Xs
incorrect to write Is'^^
The verbal
tlie
auxiliaries
has spoken
is ju't-L ^"Ks'"^^
has snatched away, perf.
^fll^q-l^
i^
is
It is incorrect to
=,
"5^, *'^,
in the perf. FS speak,
meaning deprive
roat "^fl
^,
-^,',
beginning of the root and in most cases
acquired wealth
on god
"Jsôcq^t^^ strove
Verbal roots that are

'^
telling
in tlie
or
away by
Indicative
or exerted at heart
bas-ed on the ten
present,
for
explaining; RIÎi putting;

force;
^"1*1 pret.
"g"!' -^.
write
letter
tlie t*'''*^''!
'^9'Ji'fl
such verbal roots in
tlie
or i^*)g*jci
^nl;'*^*)'!^,')
the devil, q^\qt)'SJiq has subdued the devil
ju>v^':
would be
*)
is
(prefix
end
affixed at the
^"^ngq*)
letter)
is
put
gained or
l^ôgq*)!^')' has acquired wealth or î,ti|q^)^g,?^c) wealth has been acquired.
^q^*? meditated
character;
the verbal
in the^res.;
is
In the formation of the preterite and perfect tenses, in some verbs, the g^'^11
at the
^=- to
in the 2)res. It
is
away
or snatch
'^%''\,
giving
or
S^^dgtl^J
letters P,
example:
"^S^-'î
''g^'i
drinking;
"^S'si'y
"1,
groups of examples.
I.
*, E, s, S, ", ^, *, ^
carrying;
'^^c.q
sewing;
No.
^Îsjsjiqgt*!
preached or proclaimed religion
formation of the several tenses
Indicative mood.
on god
X*jqf^ expounded religion, S^jqf^q^
s^^^'il^
offering;
has meditated
'^^^'^
"^^''J
holding.
are
5îi?<
subdued
has explained religion.
are preceded
by tho
I'^'ÊI
constructing or directing; ^^'^
spreading;
and moods
g)
preserved
'(^"l'^
depriving
The changes
illustrated in
or taking
that occur
the following
in
ten
40
No. IV.
Tndicativ mood.
Verb
weighing,
Ê'Ji'q
'^^^'i destroying,
sucking,
"^^q'l
nlî-q (leposing,
digesting,
''I'^l
*lil'y
putting,
taming,
^l^-tJ
<Î')
milching,
iÎl'^
conquering,
preterite of nf *)
Qlfw^^jR'^?!' the
'ê''"',^'''
in
Jmperal.
Fut.
Pret.
=i^
I'î'"
JToyfattre.
'^^''i
^S'21'^'J|
Î'^l
^'J
^"'î)
a"^
SiJC^m
"^^n
"î^N'Siii
{"I
^^l 'l
1^1
'q^l or
i^tq or'î'''^'i'i
'^'^'^^
l"^'^'^^
nâjor '^^'Î'S^^'i
as'^
i|^'5j
| or
"
^9 or-^l-^g*;
'*6ilnr'^|i|')^^^'l
î^T^J
'^11 or "^ll'^l^
^Ê^ or''|^=iî''
i5^
'^lôr'*|^^
^î'î'H
iÎ
ti5^N
ql^
al^
t^'n-5]ii
^^"1
"l^^l
i^l
^"I'S"!
<^
Xjj'î)
or "^îqiî
nr
'Î'î^'^V'J
'=^Sjj?i
is q?*)
lîî
"Î
'^^'il"^^'i
or'^S^''5'^^''>
an adjective iorm
i.e., q^*i'*f is
'^^^T'^S*'
'^^''l''^5'>
i|^ôr
^f**
This word,
subdued.
or
'^^*i*<''^^
a eabatautive
in
accepted Tibetan equivalent of the Sanskrit word
This word
milohed.
se^ or
f^t^]
Al^ or
placing,
iifi^^'cj
The
rrat.
<aoti7e, parfioiple.
form,
The
Bharjavan.
commonly applied
to
found in the name
i-s
preterite
of
'^
is
o^w
cows or yaks such as q'qî
miloh-oow or i^gi^^'*), milch- j/ (/A.
No. V.
.9!ilN'cj
grinding or weaving,
*=''''
or
".^îm
di-inklug,
''5'=-
or "^St^'i'^î
^^q or
cutting in pieces,
In the above examples the ê:"]^

'^ [jrcjlx being changed into
or "^^"J^'^l^
^"1
T^l^^'i
^^T'^
qî
or '^îl^''^^
5i|
^"jj
i5=-i
"î^-
or
n^qv
ii^q
<*aq
!|q-?fl)
55=;
nj^^
q?^
r?^-Î
'^S^'q^'i'i
<<%^ or "^^'^-q^sj-q
R'Siiq diffusing or scattering,
Qjij
q?'!]*)
i^q or '^^T'l'^î
i^^T 'J falling or drops,

'^S';''
'^î!*i''5^î
the Indicative
respectively.
letter ^ of
future, the
'^
and
"]
'*5'^''^';
'^3=-
present changes into
Snj
'â^^'^'l
in the preterite
and
No. VI.
'^^s.'q
spreading,
"^^"^
or
'i^c^-q'âiq
ti^c.
'^^''J'''
subduing,
'î,"!
or
'^=j,'!i'qâi'q
15'^
<iî]N'q lifting
up,
q?jq*i-y
tlirowing,
'i^'^^
i'î'^l^-q
binding,
"^XîJ^q
^âj-q
uttering,
In the above examples the

future.
'^^''1*)
The
prefix
<<
is
or
'^^îî-q^'i-q
or "^îq^'q^^'cj
i^X^qi^^-q'âjcj
or
<^^^ or '^^î''^^''
ij^^q
q^q
1)"^^
q^qj*]
^"^^
'^
or '^^=.-i|^
?a)?^
if^n]
'^\^
5
S:;
'^\'^
tyj-^
^^'-^^ letter S changes into
changed into
t^^
^*
oaly in the preterite.
?'i^'^
It
in the future.
In the Imperative and Hortative, the
">
of the Indicative present
changes into
?'tl*)'-îj
'.
is
retained in
tha
41
43
No. X.
I'articipial form.
Fret.
45
46
Certain root- verbs are used both in oonTersation and writing to express a degree of politeness in address
generally signify am, art,

a<~^m
Being the various forms of the verb

are; there is, tliore are &c., and are as follows
to be
superiors.
or
equals,
to inferiors,
is,
ms^n^m^ sî^j oin]*!, atâ. ^, }^^,
stand thus:
i.e.,
^^ and
^'\
they
R^m,
(for '")^),
)i'
!\^'n, ^'^,
''\
These root-verbs have no variation in
q^^'ti
when used with
(for sJi^S) >''^^%
the
*'''='91^, *<'*<^*',
*'''^'l*^
and
inflection in the several tenses,
negatives
* and
)i=.s
*>
they
*''l'^'^- '^'^'*^^,
and
also in respect of person
number.
They
The
are invariable in
tlio
use of these root-verbe
Lama
g-fcSsi g-Si^
is
is illustrated as
great
^'^*''^^'^
there ?
Indicative present, after every person of both numbers.
^^*v'"^^'^
how much
king; "Jg^'"! ''S^^'^
is
there
is
even so
<=.'
like
3' s.^"!
(ho) is in the palace
hundred;
no disease in him;
has the supreme attributes;
it is so, it is
there;
iig'iwwt?!'^ there are about one

*t'(=-'^
follows
that;
g'^'^"!
there are
many;
'^^^s."gE."3 stSi
".^'g^'Jiii's (it is) like this
^^5'''l'^'^
what
reading; | '^'Î'^'g'^^^'' when your lionour
e,'^'jui'^''l*i'Jil5^ ?i
is
q^'îSi^gMqiSi l do beg or entreat

is
there
gqHjqic-ai
herein
am
there? S"^^"! what
is
there
of the
:i|ii*i
are
royal
where
there
is
true,
not
it
is
is
is
the
many
images.
race;
J^^''^'^'\'
îcN-jN-ni-ajai^^'siS'JI*)^^-?,
''S'^ it is
SC'qîî??
who
Buddha
so; ^'^^'35^,
g<*)'ffl''I'^^'^^
the
it
Lama
is
is
speaking.
Conjugation.
The conjugation
of
Tibetan verbs
is
simply a participial variation.
All the tenses of the verbal roots cr of verbs, in general,

of the root-verbs
as
also
by that
"5
3^
and
of the
'^'^
or their equivalents
two auxiliary verbs ls and
Conjugation
"^îl,
may
^Q"!^, j^n,
be formed and
oi-jj*?,
s^'^^'t,
sj;,
conjugated by the aid

13=;,
rûi, uiaj^^
ig'v.
of the verb (o be "5^'^^ or its participial
form
)^'^'
beinff.
^c.^
i^^'i;
47
The verb
io
do
I'S'i'^
form ^\\ doing
or its participial
Present lenne.
'
Singular.
Plural.
Person. =-'ls or ''STS^ I do>
1.
2.
SVi'S
3.
f^
Thou
^-'^''I'l'S
or f^^'|'> he does.
I did,
=.s*< orSî'^
2.
S'S'S"
f^c'S^ he did,
3.
Thou
^'% B^
Person.
2.
S'\'l"=i'">''^^
p or
3.
or
g^'l
^'s'I'SN
him
Conditional
jâs^
or |=;'^'^|^ I shall do,
c-STlsil
g=^''J^''^'^
SS'^ll^'l or
S^'^
S"*^'^"!
if
pray do, or
when doing;
The verb
let
S'S'"^''
3.
p or
him
do,
I'S"'^ if
s^^qjs'i^g^^ if I or
3'^'5, S^'î^,
-fj^'i^N
to
know
Person. ^'-^^ I know,
ye
shall do.
they shall do.
I do, or he does.
he shall have done.
S'5, for doing, to do.
or U\%,
2.
shall do.
Conditional ^rfse;.
luture
I did or he did.
Participial form:
=>'?=-
we
I'S'I'^-'Î'n
Hortative.
S'>,
or
S^'^N having done; ^'i after having done.
-^l^'^
^'^l or
you know, Thou knowest,
ps.'-<1^ lie
knows,
The
1.
Person.
2.
B'^''^M
you go
3.
ps."'^!5
he goes,
you
know.
or ye know.
pc'^'-fjisi
they know.
verb '^^'i^ to go or '^^=' going.
I go,
or
or
knowing.
c.'2f-.fj5? -^ê
S'^'^''l'^^
p'-s"!
Present
^''^^
or
^-^-^ or
p-^'^l^-l or ^S'i^'o-W^
Infinitive future, |'>'^,
1.
they did.
tense.
Thoii shalt do,
do,
do.
we did.
or ^=."3*J
f^*"!
]^^-^S^'^-'>~W<
or let
they
S'^^'TS^ ye or you did.
didst,
Imperative.
^ do
f'=-'^|'S
tense.
Future
1.
or
J^'i'^
Past
do.
SS'-^Tl^ you or ye do.
doest,
1.
we
Thou
goest,
tense,
k'i1<^!5
we
BS'-^T'^^
ye or you go.
go.
pc-^'n^ they go.
48
Fast
c?I=. I
g''^'?ic
ienee.
cza^'^c tve went,
went,
gt^-^qj-g^
yoii went,
pfSUc
or pK.-5c he went,
Future
is
1.
C'lf m I shall
2.
SS'^S'^ Thou shalt go,
3.
or
c'^Ti^'^we
pco-^^-* they
F^'5 he will go,
2.
3.
C'^'^c.
*i?=.'i^
you
to Bee or *^^'^ seeing.

c'i]"j<?s.
verb
we
g'^'jil'wq'c
see,
pcsjîi he sees,
The
p'jii)
'*|'>'l^
to
shall or will go
''^^v.
I see,
G'S'**"^'^
shall go.
I3'^^'T'^3| ye shall go.
The verb
Person.
they wenti
iense.
or will go,
evidently used in the place of the auxiliary
1.
ye or ycu went.
become or
its
see.
ye or you
see.
cr pc'^'cwq^ they see.
participle "^gvq
becoming.
Indicative.
Present.
1.
Person. ^'^^'^ I become,
2.
iS'S'^S'^
3.
'^S^
f'j]'t|';
Thou beeomest,
we become.
B'^'^l"^*^ ye become.
pi)'^^ they become.
he becomes,
Past.
1.
c'^> I became,
2.
"ES'W^
3.
f?
c5I'v we became.
you became,
SS'^Tl'^ ye became.
or P=.^ he became.
p'îl; they became.
Future. '^^' shall become.

Imperative.
Conditional.
Gerund.
^ or
'^'^'^
'^'k^'\ for
=>'^''l
be or let
il
be or become.
shouH ke beoome,
becoming.
if
ho be, ^'^
if
he becamo.
49
Paeticipial Espeessions.
Present and future.
^'5, ^^'^^,
Past.
The verb
Hortative
*^*\"
it is
The verb
"^"^
(when used
when becoming, changing.
"I'^'^k
*''^*'
or
having become.
i'^'si
as a respectful
term for BS'^) has only one variation
and
in the Imperative
''IS", honorific also for ">"
is
himself, or of others, before a
used by a person speaking for
superior.
Indicative Present.
Imperaf.
he does,
1%'^
l|i
Fret.
|*i do.
he did.
3^'^'^ pray
Hortative.
5| shall or will do.
Future.
do.
Paeticiples.
Among
gS
As'nouns they
may
all
be used substantively, such as
thing; g'i a thing to be said or spoken
The
(i3,
=.'g]
participles terminating in " or
when used
q5)
When,
to
it, it
speaker
before a
noun
man
or
'i
of the present participle, correspond
The
='
termination
?=.,
%'^ ^=.
to the
The
past participle
expressed
is
they are used like
a sentence)
(go and
I,
%'^,^\
%^,
English termination
tell
On the
as, 3
bo read over, that must be read over;
by any
the root in the preterite, having regard to

I
dropped, and
1"^
^%
'
having
'ed
'
as, |i'"Î g'^'l*'! g*i 5
man;
e."3'g'ti or
or *f^^, or '^*f^ is attached

as g |=Î | *JP^
inj
31, ^1,
'
g edible, anything
I'lsîl^
"^î
to
when
be eaten
'
letter)
ed
being
|*J-5]c.|
'
f put after the
eating.
or
of the following secondary particles
or
and in 5 or 3=i5
^'S^'-^ flesh to
'J*',
1^
l*i, ^*^, ^*'
or
in English (for joining
be eaten;
be perused.
gi5qf3ii?*i a literary wiovk {Gd-ttra) to
qjifljci^
its final
gN|J!
^^g'^^ so saying, thus saying;
reading; s''*>g, (he) does not speak
(taken conjunctively, or before a substantive) such
"I
is
participle future terminates in S or S'l (taken absolutely, or after a substantive),
5iJ]i!^'S'J to
spoken
)?t|S or ?=.'*4p^ that does seeing or makes one see, the eye.
participial terminations
is
spoken, a
that talks much.
^^'%S, that does beat, the beater
g'^'^
;
working, doing work; -si^Jl^y^*) a working
becomes a noun signifying an actor or agent, an instrument or organ
^^'^^S'lit being so; S'l^^'^^"! (he)
and
speaking or speech
as g, g*i,
according to their final letter in the roots, take the genitive forni
=1
in the participle present, the
The following
root
g'=i
of.
IJ|^y
talking; *if5'i^s) a
much
Indicative present, past and future tenses
verbs the participles form the roots of the
case signs (put
or 5}s
two
or
^,
f ^
,
Sc,
after
^s.,
more members
having spoken or said; ?5=.sifîl^ having gone
tell
î;
of
him
him).
use of '^%
%<f\,
^"i,
?^
is
^%
and ^1 are
-^^
all of
with veebs in the Imperative Mood and Conjunctive Peesent.

the
same power and
attached to verbal roots, terminating in
read; fS'^'^ explain,
tell, let
signification.
"?,
him explain
S.
;
=!
for instance: aT'^l read, let
g=!^'?
make ready,
him
prepare, let
read, he
may
him accomplish.
50
attached to verbal roots ending iu
"^q] is
"l^^'^"! (for
^^\
is
him
^^'^1
him hear;
let
The
and Hortative Moods, but they
On the
are, likewise all of the
tenses.
'^^"I^
or found
are
use of
^ P>-^^/^
is
there is;
"j"^'? (for
is
?i=.
They
^Tisgooe;
'^^'^
go or
is
'H^'^'^'? )
am
Thoy have
o.
all
by reduplicating
;
use of
of the
usi:
of
^, ^,
i,
^, f,
for
the
with
used
?,
please see.
iiîii'^<i|
at the end, as in S'^q|
"!
^|
'^S'^ there
in
power
of the verbs
the present,
is, is
*>,
i,
''i
it
is
I request
'?'i'9
''^*^
has got
"i"}^'^ it is so
(for the S'^l in
q^'î?'
and
")*i
and future
perfect,
^^^
"i^n'^ I beg,
l^STj has become
(for
=, ",
"1,
*,
'^
I
)^'^'^=.'^'5ii
used after verbal roots ending in
express a doubt
g^"! say not, let
(for "I'^'^S'^)
^'^, *>S, is)
has begged.
Verbs.
example: "1^^^ hearing
'^S'^^
carrying
î'?
^*i'5 thinking; "J'^''?lN'^'î'3=>-?|*i|
meditating, g' saying
These terminations are
l"^?
affix
^ and
^, ^,
going; '^^vX will become
On the
or root-verb
and are formed of the preceding word, by the
^=-'^ it is long, distant
^'''l
him beg
let
(for "I^'^'S'îI) ask for, (please
him mind;
secondary
"5,
signification,
are frequently
I have beard
lying (on the ground)

is
die, perish
'n^'sc^'ii
for,
not put before Verbal roots in the Imperative
?f,
^, %, %, ^,
=ij,
On the
turn
The particle ^should be used only in the perfect tense, after
example:
him
think, let
"it-"^!"!
receive the
same power and
do, have.
5*1'^ has killed;
(yes, sir,).
for
is,
bim
beg or ask
'^"I
let
3<'^''I
î*)'^'^''!
reduplication of its finul letter, and adding the vowel sign

is,
^^^
beg.
attached'to verbal roots ending in " thus:
signifying am, art,
thus
"^
'^,
turn round,
(for^'^.^'^"!)
ig(!)i6<i]q q*)q^'5jsl'^'%c-uiE.-i*|ii|'^'^q
These
^,
"l^^SÎ) (please) hear, let
him not say

ask, let
=-, i,
'^,
I
'^^,
^V^
^^,
'\^,
whether, whether or not ?
^Tf
running,
i'S^
it
^j"
teaching
hit.
believing.
^^, P^,
*J5j,
signification.
and affixing the
standing,
'*|=>f
having shot (the arrow)
being,
some power and
its final letter,
thus
letter
'
^^j
They
to
it.
and 5
are formed of the preceding
They
are interfogative
word
signs, or
51
The
as for
particle
example
is silver or
has he askd
used only in the perfect tense after verbal roots ending in
is
"^^"I"!** is
gone
?itc< is (he)
there ?
I go or should I go or whether I go
ci^l'i^*) shall
it
5**
-^^n*) do you
copper ?
know
^\S^
is
there
whether
ii?t-^<^î
"iaj ajw is it
ii)^'5) (for 1]*)^^ 5**)
it is
^,
*<,
^qq
(for ^Si
"^S);
have you found ?
gold or silver ?
have you heard
^S
'^%'A-aii>-3c,^
for
iI?i'2i'5N
''1^'>I'>'5*')
On the
These particles are
They
in English.
all of
?c, ^c,
use of
^^ wiih Verbs.
the same power and signification and express the participial termination
under
used after such letters as have been stated
are
having read over; g^=- or g'^'^ having spoken or
gil^c, reading; '5Il''I*'%
On the
use of ^^ and
^5<
^"1, ^"l
and ^1!
iiig,
example:
for
faid.
with Verbs.
These are comparative signs signifying: than, more than, but they are often used with verbs in their
perfect participial form, for example
hand
^)'g*fy^ thus
having said
g'T^'^^'^^^
having given or placed in his
or having presented to him.
Adverbs.
In Tibetan, the Adverbs generally precede the verbs and adjectives which they qualify, for example
Sj|^ S (he) said
so, or said
thus:
^^'^'oiil's^
There are three premitive adverbial

of the
so
(it)
is; î'i'5''''^ very good.
same power and meaning. "Whether us d alone
additive particles
S^^
l;*,^
'^,
^,
?^q^
.?!*].
thus:
There are
in Erglish).
'i'^'%
-^,
also certain additive
^'^'^,
a//?x' (
the term ^
'^'^'5,
'q"i*ii,
in the direction of religion
when used
remuneration
q^-33^,-sj'5iêi|f| if
if
after a verb or
he works
^îf;-^
=."<
^,
ore the following
The
-^
which are
them
:
all
or with the
S^j
use of these terms
^-aj
;
is
.^-^
fii,
explained
|^|^4Î|^^;,qR)e.s^?^5I
Some
of these
words are
'^^'^: '=^'^'C9'n'5^ sit
forward;
to the right; g^^'
?i
towards;
gei'S,
S'''5'f'n*'
Ssifojîss-^Tic^-qit^f
on above or upwards;
:
ni*)^'jî|Sai-;?j-Ryq
ggtg
certain* certainly.
in Sanskrit) expresses
from the predicate
I*-
Adverbs and Postpositions (Prepositions
adverb expresses conditiouality

if
5,
(his exists, this arises.
the term ^ (equivalent of f^

of a sentence
^juri
;
They
affixed to
) *)
EL-aj-sje* i^Q)-c;^c-l
ufied botli, as
S^'^, 5'^;
iiu)*jfjR|sj
l^'^ll
S'l^, ^qjj, ij-R)|
used adverbially they are put before the verb.
work hard
^g
with the
?i^'S*l'S'^'S'3i-?i)'|
terms which are
^'^^*'; 1'^, l'^*". 1"^;
move backward;
^1
î)cj;
j;?^ ^^5, i^-K
"I'^'ci'Ê^'S'^"! *<^Î
When
or
^ attached to them, tliey signify so, Ihtt".

E^n-L,^
namely
the Tibetan language,
roots in
emphasis
^f^'i"5i'='^^'''^''^1
it
also separates the
S'^*'
'^*^'^''^^'^'^'^''^''^^'^'*I'!II
(subject)
52
The ^"igs
additive particles
adverbial sense in the
dearly
The adverbs
(1)
*<, *i
are
to certain adjectives to give
some times attached
does in English, for example:
hj
of negation called S'l'lS are the following
'3'n')^'
go quickly,
them an
fliJ'ia';QE^
showed
are used before the verb or adjective which they qualify, as in
do not give: ^'^^ not true
^\ are used
(2) )%
'J^
shov?s kindness towards the low.
s*'^"*''''!'
manner
and
^J^
s^-3{%
uifs)";,
=.'^-?|*<
is
nothing inside
<|5i=.
(please)
^^^S
(there
is)
nothing above.
^'^Vl'^'i not that, another.
93^)<^-c]^^ci|i-si|>vii
Ns)<jf^^-^?'<iis4;c.|
3^-)'lai}\-;j'il<i)q5gi
fear not
know.
I do not
after the verb or adjective, as in
there
''^'n
Adveers of Place,
"1^'^ "1^'^
Whether?
where?
"I^-'^'^'^
everywhere,
"is-'^^c'S^
"I^'^'S^'S^ whither-so-ever;''I^'^'^'3s.-5,c, whence-so-ever. ''^^,

^'^,
^'5 there
^S
^'^'"'^ outside,
''^'''''5^)
"^^^^
S^^, from
**'^^ fore,
before
c^'^F^'"' before; 5^5,
^,
V^*^ near
;S'^ or
S^'5 every where
'^,
"^^'S.here; '^^'^
^^'^, within, into
whence?
"ie.'^N
from
here, hence.
|'^, %'%, 'i^, outside.
beyond, outward.
;
'^^^'' from the fore, from the presence
of.
backward, afterwards; ^'^^, from behind, from the back.
fîî
on, up, upon, over
''fS''^,
^^'s, ^'^
when
downwards, down-hill.
S^''5i, l^'*"
^ linear, at; V^'^*^ from near. ^l^s^'^.^T^^'^.^l'^^-'",

'^"15, '^"1'^, '^l'"
^*",
1^'^ V^^, "^1^%
when
below
'^"1'^*'
far,
remotely, atadistanoe;
from below, ^^c-aisi from a
distance,
'^'^%
^'^"'e.
in the beginning
i^'^ in the middle
first,
"I*'^'^
reaently; a'9*''^ suddenly,
î'ej,Ng at times, sometimes.
'S'-'S^, first,
^c-jE.,
*'?)
the
first
SlVl*',
time
Ê.-c now-a-days.
'S'^'^^''^
'^^'^ this
from a
time, at such time.
^"if5)^ never.
^'^^ lastly, ultimately, at the end.
"^'i^'^, at intervals, O3csisionally.
^^'%%
^W5ii, ^'W'sii'g, immediately.
SIS,
'^"^'5^*',
continually, always, perpetually, ever.
?il*i.
V^"! for a while.
whenever.
^^'%^, S^'^, t^"^'^'^ formerly, of old, anciently.
t\
at that time.
^cuj
Advekbs of Time.
T^'^*^, "^^^
^s'^,
above. ^=.'^*i from above 1=^'^, %^'\ %^''^ above, on high, f s.'^*) from above.
1^'^ upwards, uphill.
5'^ above, on high.
^^'%
there, then, thence.
where-so-ever.
^*''^''l'^
at a certain time.
sii^'^^'Q occasionly;
^^^
ij^*''^';,
S''^^
J^'ii|i5j'5i
second, secondly.
still,
now, this very time, presently.
in the
meantime.
subsequently.
after, afterwards,
yet more,
^S
aa yet.
^^'^'',
^^^''^S'
^'^ now, at this.
now
too.
far.
53
^'ê. this
day
lê.*i
SS*" four
today;
day,
tomorrow
after
days hence; ^^
IS^ I every month.

"S'*"!
five
'6'^,
every second year.
'^'^
days hence.
morning
gS
day
^lS'^''^'n every day,
after day.
'5^^ evci-y year, year by year.
'S^'^,
this year, current
^^'^
y^ by day, in the day time.
g'X in the
î^*!'
days or three days hence.
after three
"l^'^
"t tomorrow;
^'^s. last
year.
year; ^'^^ year before
S3'^^
last.
$^'^^ four years ago.
three years ago.

"^^
sf^f yesterday; P*^^ day before yesterday,
or
*<St
by day,
i3?^?i^
by night,
'^^'^'^^'^
at night.
day and night.
%'% in the afternoon.

^c,S tomorrow morning.
in the morning, early.
at
^^''S5S-''=J
midday, when the sun
is
on tha
meridian.
jq
S'lsi
in the evening, at sunset.
'^'^Q this
evening.
P'i'i last
evening.
Adverbs of numbeb and times.

i^î*'
how many
times
'^^'*'^''5,
''^'^'**S
"i^'l^'H once,
niany times
time, other time
'3iîîi'5,is.-
twice, '^\^ each time,
''i^'ip)''
"i^Rija.
sometime,
"J^'^l^'^"?
''i^'^'^
sometimes;
^^''^'q^
*J9^"l5^q'^
infinitely.
not a single time, never.
^s>i)
every time
at each time,
cr'^"!''^*'
some
Adverbs of quantity.
fo<
much
)E,q^ sic-^j
%'\
How many?
how much?
half,
much
'^^'^ this
\^ that much;
^'i^
^t| many,
what much.
about.
many, much,
'*'=
a half,
to
much, too many.
^S enough
immense, immeasurable
^S'^'yot'^S'^S'*^
gs^'^ little,
in large quantity,
^y!ii*S''*'
few
2e.'^ in
a small quantity.
enough,
^"1, Sq]il<i) it is
sufficient.
inconceivably (great or large).
Adverbs of quality.
5^'&
altogether;
entirely,
P'^'Tg
'q'^
infallibly;
Rg|-)i-c(;
amply, copiously;
really, materially; c.^q>^

5i2r3^y^
conspicuosly
^'?S
^m-u^
^'^'^
alike;
<^*i'51<'5i
how
^^f^
slowly
3'q*').
walking;
'*|'^'^
m^ badly
evidently;
faultily;
SS''^^
specially, particularly;
quickly, swiftly
S'iS'^'^l*)
<^^KCi-si\^
'^5*' *'=>
immutably;
naturally; f*)*} openly, on the
face;
^,
g'^'i'^
"S^T^csi
^1"%
In what manner
viciously,
mutely;
silently,
"I'^^w at once;
I''?J
afterwards
ij^s^'l^^^'^^
?gS
?)
S'^"!
how?
la what manner?
f lying;
indiiTerently
awq^
vulgarly
5î'*>s i^
undoubtedly
w'^'^ wholly,
SJ"5N,
in every
\'9'
way;
gently,
iV"^ happily;
V^%
^'^1 so, in that manner; '^^Cf, '^^*^ thus, so, in this
by degrees;
i^^'i^ truly;
'î'^-5^,
brightly;
,s,ti^
straightly,
rightly,
manner
honestly
54
R'^Kii.'^Kci^
i|''^
.
quakingly
trembling,
shortly,
generally
'^%'^'^
sitting; '^%'b^
briefly; ''^*>"|)'^ concisely,
secretly, privately
î"^ quickly
jtiijiiQ'^')^
*l'^1Nj^ unreasonably,
C^'^,
becomingly;
'^^^''g
uict^cujc,-^ again
unjustly
and ngain
^"^'^
<^^'^%^
eminently;
^c'ti^ decently
^f\^^ reasonably, justly
knowingly, designedly
nj^fq^ confidentially, secretly
w^
<f t)
S'l^S';'^, infallibly
"^^
by
*)
ittelf,
"Î'S
wise
'f^Jti^
"ifuic.^
?)''<^
worthily
w^.-'^tuit,
spontaneously; ^^.^w
well, elegantly
olii*i-cj^
like
well;
ngain
""^
asunder;
Î'J^ in access, beyond,
unworthily, unsuitably
cstqs,
else;
i)?;aiq^ clearly, lucidly; ?i'^^,
"Jj^JflJcJ^,
immodestly
equally,
by degrees, in order
amiss
^"l'^*^
**'^^J'^
thorougldy
*>^
hastily, speedily; ^<'3) gradually; ^'''il^^'^
iiil'î^,
exceedingly
5 especially, particularly
9"!
"I^^^ otherwise,
entirely;
;
chastely
principally
"l?^^
"g^'^ falsely;
wholely,
especially; i^'5^'^ earnestly;
^'^'^ egregiously,
indecently, unbecomingly
^^'^s.'^'v
S^'^> S^'i^ swiftly, speedily
^'f')*;
most part;
modestly,
qati'5 inconsiderately; S^'i'J^ retiredly, solitarily
beautifully;
abridgedly;
bc35'S^ mostly, for the
ini'S";,
wise; i]%?)jq; uudoubtedly
like
alike,
^^5
S"^
in a
very
^*''i^^'^
Qga.n;
high degree.
Pkepositions.
There are no Prepositions in the Tibetan language.
They
do the function of the English Preposition.
The
Certain
are , ^,
î,
*,
5.
use of these particles has been partly explained in page 15.
form a part
They
of speech.
are, but, parts of
postpositive particles or Postpositions,

!,
The
I,
&c.
I^s, î^n
&c. ^^, "! &c.
Postpositions, however, do not
words under declension.
There are simple and compound Postpositions.
The
**, "}i,
simple ones are
" signifying
li/,
1st. %, ^, 3,
5 or
"i
signifying
These are the signs of the Agentive or Instrumentive
with.
both of the Accusative and the Dative eases and signifies
is
the sign bolh of
As Ablative
east
^8iNl>;-.?|*q-gc(
the Nominative
from the
/-oa
|q4i:^55-^?)-îqf^'iis;
qiji*j-'?)
man
milt
is
seeds, the seedlings
fyom (the time)
inferior to
f,-Qfji
the cow.
out of;
"i*"
is
J^^'^?^'f;'Ê.'^ni*)|t:i
god
of
grew
is
chief;
taking refuge,
or lower than god,
"i
is
the
sign
the sign of the Ablative,
fire;
^5-3ic-3i^nj1ainSflil amonci the Gods, Iiidra
5ijai*i'*l^)^
of,
case,
for.
hill;
/row smoke knows
i'5^q?^-^-^-gf|
to,
and the Ablative cases; and
signs they signify from
(he) fell
o/,'s; these are genitive case-signs. 2ndly S'Nj ^n^ j^q
till
saying benediction.
Light shone from the
55
The
additive
particles
motiou, progression
They
5,
Nominative with respect
(put after the
?i
or change,
denote
to its final letter)
promotion, transformation into another
tarn,
state.
are the signs of the Locative case.

postpositions generally require
as in the expressions =-^1^ or
whom?
near, by;
from near;
"I^
as for as;
5"! till,
'^^, at
or
^^=-'^ above that;
|?'^^ or ^^'^'^
"]*!'%
from behind:
|*i'g'^
si
on,
with:
Lama
with the
g'''\=-*i?<''^
^^'% or
g^g'x
^=-'^ on,
upcm; %'^ upon, above
among;
^^'^ near to.
J^'S, J^'^
on above.
1'^'^
^5-=.-3i*j
behind:
from on
=-^1*^'^
that.
behind me.
''^^, ''^'^ in the middle of, betwixt: oj^N''i^
S'S^ *'^^'^ before thee, or in your presence.
Lama
Lama's
or in the
5'^'3s=.'^^'?'n in the
why ?
hill
before:
before the
'^'^ for what ?
%'>%
1*^ or
from among; ^=.'înto,or inside;%c.'^
of,
into, within;
from behind me;
î^^'^, *'^^'^
terms
in behalf of, for the sake of
^^^=^'1 on or above that; =-*ii:
g*!^'!^ g^
in the sight of:
Sl'\'^
S'5J
Poaipositions illustrated tcith examples
='^'1*'^*'
between the two;
or
from, out
^S'^. ^S'^ in the direction of: ^^'^'i'^ in that direction

'5'n''5^
near, to, towards
or^^Tg
^"I
^5)s<^, or
SI'S
p^^.*!'!}
^^'JQ'^*) from behind the
or ^S'^
îc.-^^
from among;
the limit;
to
Some
1'^''^:
"IV^ or
[ê.5^'^]
*'^'=>''^
jqa;^ from the back
The
genitive case before them.
the
5,^
among;
in, at,
''i=-^
from above ;j'^'^'''^ among,
behind;
sake
''1'^^|'^^'^ for other's sake.
%^'^to or near, at;
%=.'^'*'
my
|*>"^ for
=-^
^^ for the purpose of or cause
^c'^^j
5,
towards a place
to, or
The compound
for
'^,
presence,
company
^W%
with, together
of the king.
Relation of Prepositions and Posfj'ositions.

^fit-in or j'i^^ to the
ocean or sea;
signifying
"f
j*if -^ or 5**^''^=-'^ in or on the ocean or sea

g-(^'^N or
5'^''Ji*^
îsi or ^'^ or
^^S'
out
to,
of,
on,
or
from the ocean
upon the
%'^^ or ^""i^ from or from on the

i|-(;iEii^^t),
5"^^^''I'''
to ride
^*'
signifying
descending from the horse;
g'S''\=.'f^'^''1'^M''''^
to
S'S'^'tJ'^*''^''
'^^%^'\ for
from
me
whom
or for
my
have you got
majj^-aj-qgiim'q^
î?'
it
iqwf.
from
on,
on horse-back;
stay not in the
or that ?
'^*'
for or
signifying
^ or J'l'g on or on the lack.
z'o
or
beat with the hand; "''signifying
^5'4^^'^-'^'51
way;
come before me;
^ signifying in or on.
from.
for the sake
of.
iear.
5=-'S^'^ to the
^ signifying to or in.
^q^-Rqqq descending from among
the sign of the Infinitive.
^^'^"1 together.
signifying from.
going to heaven
out of or from.
to, on,
or i^, from,
sake; ^'^ signifying
Svll^-''^ to or near thee or you;
from the town;
"i*'
oi'^/yo?;*. "iî'^'^^s-'^'^ to
ai^^'^'n'^^
%=-''^
or
to is also
go together with you
before, in the presence of.
Ifit.-jl^.ai'S
hill
^'J
"i,
^ or ^=-'^ signifying on or in.
or ^'f^'^'^'^"!'" sitting on a horse or
ij-flj^ji^qq-q
sf'âj-^
on horse;
"i
hill
to.
the gods; "i^/rom among.
town
signifying
to.
(ri<^.
58
equivalents of the Sanskrit prepositive particles are generallyused with or before
The foUowicg Tibetan

nouns and adjectives and
f^ njsurely
S'"*>
highly;
=5j^ ati beyond
;,q|q^
=5t^ qfc
rately
fully,
?z''
'5ll*i'J^
î
'^'i"^
^g
î't'^
^^^
verbs":
^x^dur bad
from
^*"'^
"icsq] q
round;
aWi, fully
^f^
ava
^t.f^ ?t
jt_
l^g
sew with
xa\ para
"Vî^
gi5
5r"%,
f^r^ n> out
^^^v/^prati
well;
^^'Slg P^n forth,
<?i5g^tt< up
m well
xrw param
chiefly,
gqwp" near;
a;m after ;V*'^
in high degree
vl
f^
'luia far; ^S"! 8
sepa-
re,
a unto, greatly.
Conjunction.
S^ signifying and
man
five different senses
used in
is
They
signification.
after ^^'^
"^t
example
for
is
is
t'^c
though
?!J'3=.
or
used after words ending in
is
(he) got; ^''3e.
I also
*)^^,
man
it
two the
is
also
s,
with
the son also
5^"=.,
"^s-
changed into
is
"îî'uie.,
(there) is even
sisiuiB.,
'='=
cr
"^k.
is
H higher measure or degree.
used in
f <*î|ii-3E.
it
too;
follows
-%'<^,
though
In being bo
though he goes, '"^^S the order

'JT and i^)
(formed of
's'3\^<^,
i,
^,
'^,
"i
or
also one syllable.
is
to divide this
any vowel
or in
(e,u, I also; <^"" butter
ispjiîujE,.
i^S'''i'H'it'<^$ 'l'S<
though wrathful
one syllable into
'',
for
example
also; 'y'^'*.-aR^.i)
to the devil, yet
hifid to all.
9*'*'Tl'^3^'^^''^'*<3"''^'^l
used between two similar or same adjectives,

i]*)^<Jt-5]5';j
clear
five different senses
qe.-ujE.-g-!iisjii
also
"i^l
uje.j
no village)
signifies as well or yet
3^,
jjM
otj^B,
and
^^1'3'
either expressed or understood.
poetry for the sake of metre)
(in
"i
",
although (he) knows.
fire
^^S
forms one syllable,
becomes necessary
'^6.
used after words or syllables ending in

JijcujE.,
S=-'S is
"I,
^"SiS'-I
"Î^sa^-'l
'l^'S'Se'l
=i
power and
the same
all of
words expressive of continuity.
rather joined with than attached to the words or syllable
"When
When
even,
used after any vowel and after words ending in
S=-'
terms
5'1'5-I iSS=-'I )'ni'3e.I S'sse.l
even or also
}C
though, although
thou too or also
5^'3'>
there is;
QC
jc, Q,c and jc which are
are called 'Î'^g^'i t oontinutive
T]C signifying too, also
^Se-*) god and
^S^'$ earth and water.*
There are three primitive conjunctions namely
used
|S''|S as conjunction, for example
and clearer
I.
^'i'SS
c|-t;|-ii'^-ti)-5C|
it
still; i?J'3s.'*jtj5j
2.
|'*si
3.
signifies
more or
handsome and
Xi^q*)
"^-jj^^-i^K^-tic-^-i^qsi-i^til^
I
4.
still
5];|ii
still
more
i.e.,
in
more handsome.
5.
e,;3i-54-^-n|-^-u^-l
cfqi
^ ^qj-aai^.^-
57
When
^=.
S^,
used between two adjectives of opposite meanings,
or ""c is
'^'Mse.s'^*^
points to the difference in their significations.
wivqg though
friendly yet deceptive
i?i-Ê,-i('^-3c,RÎ
graceful,
it
^^'S'S^.g
^'^S nay, rather

is
what
is
though respectful yet furious.
was
also sheds lustre. tQ^'niuja^ncê^-tji^cuJaj being lily, it
else is
more
also blue.
disjunctive conjunctions.
'Î'S'I'S'^'H'
wjC'S signifying or, or or
^'Wsc'|*j
shows the contrast or
it
the only disjunctive, in this language, which
moreover, yet more,
is in
general use.
man's (not to speak of man) what
*^*î'a'S'^*''S'=> "S'S
more, gods even bowed.

K^'gCj
!?^-5E.
^S'S^ or
^^cuic
or
M'^^
signifies,
*i\'3^ signifies,
now
too,
though, although.
M'^
still.
CS4,
whether, or
ajSI,
qsi
S|5j
whether I or he
î^N or
"^î
if,
hut
if.
not even, not-even so
of
oi^
^si
q,5j^
They may be formed
c!^)pf
];|Jil-i|j'e'e.,
Jis),
"^sj,
^'^
^S'lS.^'S'i^^,
siguifies
or M'f^,,
signifies if; ^'^ if then.
q|5|j
though, although, albeit, notwithstanding.
^Si
althoughyet,
"I'î'^
much
^5J
or
"S'^c-
but or
'!\'^'^S
yet, as yet,
if
as, i'^, ^'l, ^'^ for,
are
interrogative
any word, by reduplicating
its
but
but yet.
^g'^ or ^'^then, so.
because.
signs,
final letter,
expressing a doubt,
and adding a
in
as
I or he ?
^'^, i?'^'^
signifies or, or so.
or '^'û'c signifies then, therefore, nevertheless,
Inteejection.
K>/e
writing.
is
It
the polite vocative particle signifying o or oh which
equivalent to Sanskrit
is
Sho
(in
Bhota signifying Tibet, has been derived. S

for
example
is
also
3'^^'^
0, the god of gods
0, Visnu
^qi'|gq'R|<il-^
is
IJôr
"5
me
intellect
call)
and in
from which the Hindi name
generally used at the beginning of an expression or sentence

*
!
^gii^c'a^St'?*)^
son, to
'^S5^''î=.^'^3i5i"^''|'5i"f5*^|f-'^
ren-ounce
is
improper!
q;|''|'3i'5]=.N
protect me.
ei:;,<Jlaij5ffE.i?lqi^^"c)-3,
"^S"*,
Tibetau ^^ bod to address or
sp'î'i^q O, charioteer
in general use, both colloquially
used in the middle or at the end of a sentence, for example
Patron Jamyang, grant unto
is,
Patron
pray think of me.
are vocative particles used in addressing inferior persons. Their use
is
general in dramatic
writings and performances, atd also in congs.
a ^ and
*< "*
are vulgar vocative
addressed f
expressions or interjections used bafore the
name
of
the
person
58
Wj
(or
and | are the three mystical interjections used in addressing the Buddhist Triad or in
'a)
invoking the Lamaic chiefs of the Vajra-ydna mystic cult.
The
following vocative terms or expressions signifying

or
niflisi
S'"!"!*' (sir
or
'5'"!
wBij
B'"
oh! or
la^
"aol
are expresbions of wonder,
S'S! ^'\'\\ S'S signifying
Oh
Alas!
SS
is
W5"5I
s''7'*i
^'^\
B^'^'ig
w^
wi'2
The foUowiog
^'^
language
call in polite
in addressing
some one
\ Tl^
of out of scorn.
f^^ expression used in threat or anger.

are expressions of grief and sorrow.
waiai^^ are expressions of wonder,
an interjicUon of joy and admiration,
i?^
"i"'
signifying ho
!,
bm[s| BM'p'p disapprobation, displeasure; expressive of loss.
^'^'^
interjections of excessive pain.
are expressions of pain from cold,
^'^ are expressive of sorrow or anguish.
mii
bs'î
are expressions of pain from heat,
are expressions of fright, horror or dread.
expressions denote approbation, confirmation, endorsement, &c.
"J^'^l yes.
holla are in general use colloquially,
o,
Rn^-î S'f'^'Î i3'5 are !w<f>7k/(os of endearment or affection.
ai<q^?;-a)ti)<s?i
ai<i]5)-S
V\
si'î'î]
yes are inierjcctims of recollection.
w?!
Woe!
5)i| ^'ii'"^ HTQ interjec Horn oi airairnXion..
wai'si'wraim expresses great joy.
âiq'?l
yes
used in addressing or in responding to a
o, sir) is
used in addressing inferiors.
is
sir,
i^^'5^
Very
well
(rue, truth
Well done
^"^'^
n- yes, certainly.
^'^M'^
VV"'^^'^
well done
îli?5
Well,
it is
i?S'''>
be praised
just so
exactly
Syntax.
The arrangement
of the words of the several parts of speech, in Tibetan expressions and sentences, does
not resemble that of the same in English or Sanskrit.
and pronouns including the Nominative, precede

sentence.
It
5(^=i"^3jqj3iE^-X'ii?i-j-zi^q*jll
Edoi-je
Chun Chen-po
(See
said
Her Lsdvship
(aldiesing
above month
*^^'5 and
^'f^î*)
end
at the
of
the
on the occasion of going, on pilgrimage,

î^gsiq^-sjiq^^^^j^jjîai
^q f
+
i
qc.-^^^;^-
Appendix VI.)
i,'5j=.?i'q5)
grant patronage
the Lha-lcam
^^ ^\'^^'-
^-isci-f^q^S^-qÎ
receiving this kind requ'st qT'''^*i''53i.5'^?q|

of tho
and the verbs stand
their attributes,
The nouns
rather the reverse of the English.
In the sentence -f]^V^'i'^'^'^'l^^f^^'g'Ti'NiVR;g-^q)-q
towards Lha-ldaa (Lhasa) by Sarat Chandra, ^'l^^'Saici
day
is
in every
Her Ladyship
preceded to Rgyal-rtse
way
'Ji=.-^5 9^
also
to these
f'|'^'J^ *
(Gyan-tse) gil-^
Q^*)
'*^'ii'i
V^-\
3-'l
on the 21st
^=."|5'2i-?y3i|
are adjectives qualifying the
tT*fee Ablative case-sign î
Tibetan, after the Nominative.
//-ow
/.'
nouns in the Nominative case Îr*. and
signifying origination,
In these two instances 3^1
"ît
is
generally used, in
mni ^-^n are Nominatives,
^'f** respectively.
modern idiomatic
c!3=.*)'ji
and
'=^'^''3'
% are verba.
X '^^'^ the term
"1^ it
"!. is
generally used with the pronouns
being placed before them, such as
'H'^-'^"!;
"1^'^;
%,
"I"^'"*^;
^, and adverbs ^^, S and the conjunction
"I^'g^j
"I"^'^';
''l'i'"'=.'l
59
Verbs occur
that to you
live
at the
)=.N-g^-ai-"Jl-a,ii5ci5i
long or have long
The
auxiliaries
make
^-^'^'S)'-?!*!!
reverence to
I do
Buddha;
know
not
that;
who
told
your honour
may
gS''^'^'5J'''^'^
g'(a|ei^'^'Ê.'^'|^*'q^^'S<'I
life
which follow the principial verb are only conjugated in tho several tenses and moods,
verb being invariable
root
tlie
end of sentences, thus
as in VS''^^''I'J*> to cause (one)
make
|*\'^*i'^^ to
make
(one) can, able
S ^"^S'^^ to wish to do.
Nouns
generally precede their attributes, and then
several cases
The
q for
When
^'^''l*)
is
i^tai^3j-|<5f3j;
several
signifying
is
is
declined in the
placed in the genitive and alway precedes the thing possessei
also expressed adjectively, as in
English
*1'5*^
sometimes dropt, in nouns, denoting possession:
)5'^^'3
human body
the
^=.'^^
;
*ie.N-g>)q^3i'q for ?Ê.*i|!5j'|'q'^'q
at the end, the case-sign
;]'*)'5!'?;il^'N-;c-g5)-ai-gqi-g*)-Sl
my
that
nouns in the agentive or genitive case are placed together' with or without the word
et cetera
5Sfj->^||q?i':i3i5j,
to
them
of
water drops.
genitive case-sign
ic) faiîqisj
nj ?jq]?q
possession,
Such genitives are
man's body.
;
last
as in '^'^^'^^S"! these great men.
noun denoting
wooden cup
only the
it is
the gods,
i\''(f(/a
is
attached to the last noun or
men
etcetera,
to
^"l"^,
paid reverence to Buddha.
the place of refuge of the king, ministers, and of all the subjects.
for
example
|'>i'g'v=^5s.'9'
s,=.-5[s<'*f'^c)il^^:!l^sj
parents and every other person.
When
^^'i5'S*j
I
quantity, require, that

<;jj!i]-g|-|cgq|-g|
a hundred thousand
;
war-men
5='' *'*'"'
case denoting the agent,
the Instrumentive.
stands for
^4'J
^?f55'*)i cardinals,
warriors.
or
5s.-|-S-<iI?qj
by whom,
I'S
or
it
is
me
(he) is
beaten
0| a hundred years;
houses;
any action
used both before
?5'^(l'^ 'S**'^''!
is
produced,
is
the active and passive
called
verbs,
on an object or person.
Iv^l can be discriminated only by the instrumentive and the
nominative cases expressed before them.
by
"5
a myriad
or the instrument, with which,
This occurs very frequently, since
Active and passive verbs ending
ii,-|;i
the
a million of inhabitants.
or before every verb denoting a transitive action
ci-|t
men;
all
any great number or
expressive of
preceding noun be in the sigular: '^"S ten
the
a hundred thousand towns
The
nouns they are intended to qualify, they are invariable in
the adjectives precede the
cases: ^s*^*! signifies
=.|=.'i*
|'\
am
beaten.
60
Active and Causal verbs require before them, the lustrumentive case
these case-eigns
l'^,
and the neuters and

active verb
is
Sjis,
|*i, or
passives, in like
intransitive, the
or "), according to the final letter of the
Nominative
c'^f^?j?i I have not said that.
Accusative)
it
is
As
used
is
the
when
also,
(See Csoma's
as in f?c-(^qîî|
Nominative
used, instead of the Instrumentive
has been said to you.
the
Nominative with any of
word
in the
manner, require the Nomiuativo or Objective
Instead of tho Instrumentive case,
go.
me
^"s
i.e.
]xo
as in
^^Si)
But,
case.
wall;s; c^^'^j'si I
'v
particle, the
I have told you, for
a'\''^^'^
when the
do not walk or
used with the emphatical
Objective case takes the
the
;
also
is
|t^
Nominative case,
I (s.'^)
as
in
Nominative
(or
î^"!
^l^'if'^'^S^
by
Grammar;.
Prosody.
Tibetan verses are free from the fetters of rhj'^me and metro. All the poetical pieces in Tibetan, originals
or translations from Sanskrit, are in a sort of blank verse or prose in flowing motion.
There
is
no distinc-
tion of vowels into long and short, accented or emphatical, in Tibetan versification. Ail poetical compositions
differ
from one another only in tho number
short
and long vowels or
of which are faithful translations

verse,
KaljHilata, in Tibetan
In the repartee songs
In
Kah-gyur and Stangijur,
all
Buddhist works of India, have been rendered in blank
from the Sanskrit
eleven,
thirteen,
fifteen, seventeen,
nineteen or
and Sanskrit, which has been published in the BiblMlieca Indiea
by the Asiatic Society of Bengal, contains numero us examples
rhythm
measured by
syllables.
The Avadma
is
feet bat not metrical ones,
several poetical pieces occurring in the
consisting of two or four Hues, each of seven, nine,
twentyone
series
The
syllables.
There are
of syllables.
(see
of Tibet
of
such poetical compositions.
which generally consist of verses of two
Appendix IX) but poetry
lyric songs the distinetiou of
(^^'Vtis^)
number
in the
i.e.,
versification is
syllables of a line
liaes of six
syllables each, there
seldom dona in lines of six syllables.

is,
however, seldom observed.
They
are composites, sometimes irregularly done, of lines of sis, seven aud two syllables. These are, at the time of
singing, lengthened
îS'oi iîS'iAl).
by the
intevsyllabio addition of
See Appendix X.
"i,
^ (for
3"^)
&3., such as in
|^
(P=.''?i}; olq]5qqâ)uiisja(q)
61
INDEX.
(Eeferences are to the pages
and
lines).
Pages.
'5'ând
"^^
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
57, 19
Tg=. or -^m-^s (the consonants)
I'S),
and
Si-<:^
'^'^
(S^|S)
58
...
...
Lines.
16
4, 5, 7,
4
4, 5,
15
1,
3-Tl'^ and'Ji-S) (S-sg)
...
...
...
...
57,22,24
23,3
S'w and
35
...
...
...
...
58
P'^l and
P'-fj*', ii=;"ic
each
29
19
...
58
and
T^ some
one
a few
either
or what each.
F^
...
...
...
...
"P^ and S signifying an actor or agent
...
...
q-V"**''^ (the five prefixes, gî'^l'n)
...
...
flIE.V^''5"*''=i*;'i'*'
...
...
and
l^'ît.
'q^.tJj
and S^
etc. {'^^WfS)
and
cn)
^ and
5)
...
29
19
...
...
21
26, 13, 3
...
...
...
57
11
...
...
...
54,17,18
16,19
...
...
...
20,21,54,18,19
10,20
8,
25
3
...
...
...
31
signify like the English particles such as, ed, ful,
31
...
17
...
51
...
'5'S
and
Articles, Hortative
Sc,
^R and
S,
and ^ signify
y.
and Imperative
are participle, particles

so
and thus
and ^'^ signify
-^N signify so
...
...
51
17
...
57
12
...
...
57
12
...
...
...
57
20
or or so
and
</iis
...
...
...
and because
for
and ^^ signify
and
50, 9 to 11
25 to 17
eous, oics
^'^
...
...
^"1
i'^, ^'^
...
50, 57,
...
(Personal Pronouns)
and
f^
...
6,
...
i^
and
S", ^^
...
...
(^g^-|)
^fJi
^<i*i,
9,16
...
?%
28,29
etc., (g'^|'>orI''1''^1^
3|
Ss and
wE-i^,
What?
1^, 5 and Si (Ivf)
^', |,
s.,
22
each or what each
either,
"I"^,
I, I, 5
^,
(the ten affixes, l('|'^)
'>|'|-5and'qia'>
17
25
and S(gg) Interrogative Pronouns: Which?
!., ?J
3l,
49
39 to 49
6, 8, 9,
6 Particle
...
...
...
...
15
19
9 Particle
...
...
...
...
16
23
...
...
...
...
15
19
6,7,9
56,25
2,8,25
9,1
^^t
and
Sand
S^'l
S'^=."ie-
("*e.'*ET
secondary
affix)
Conjunctioa signifying
^ and
"^^
...
'an(^',
2*VA'
...
...
...
...
Demonstrative Pronoun and Adjective signifying
Ms
and
that
...
...
...
28, 25 to 29
3,
23
62
Pages.
and t
^,
Particles.
(^'îI)
^ conditiouality
'^,
^.
îs
and
...
and
'^
6,
Preposition and Particles, &o.
Cgt-Bt.*),
'Î'M
5,
and
ON and
and
g^,
", , iS
<
and
SJVI^.
the vowels
and
The
*)^
negatives
...
Feminine terminations
rather; moreover, &o.
...
though and although
3=-
SI'S'
'
Point or stop
and
îi
"]
Plural signs
'si'ând^^'y
"aofand
a, 5,
...
'f^ 3^
S;^',
3 Diminutive form
and
^^,
...
'^î'?^
'^^1], ^'\
and
''|a
Reciprocal
^=-
oitiis,
'y'J,
and
particles used in
=!*)
marks or stops
degree
^,^ .Superlative
^'% SI,
B^''p
^'i,
wSj,
and
vrho ?
\ V^
and
^'l^'P;
V and
...
'
...
-^S Diacritical
and ?
Auxiliary verbs
...
5-iiiN
'J*)
"!=
;..
i'^
'^^, '5-3i-ând'5'ai"J'^
5i,
and Adverbial sense
In the sense of kss and without
"'*'
and
îJ,
*,
a,
...
are used as verbal roots
signifying 'nay
J'3S
^t\
35
gV)
;..
in Infinitive
"<?
ig'^
and
'\3=.'^
...15,21,
...
"3 and
S, >,
...
...
Masculine termiuatious
"5
and 1^ used
1^
and
fl,
S'^"5>
^ term of emphasis
",
...
and
and w*i-^
...
...
Which
What
i?)'^...
w'!)-'2|-^
a'Ji
b<)r|& or
...
comparison like thun or more
^3=-^'5j'J}
...
Interrogative Pronouns
BOOK
I.
Specimens of Tibetan Composition.

Page.
APPENDIX
SUBJECT ANALYSIS OF FROM

APPENDIX
XII
...
Nos.
IV to XI
ic-|q-qi3jj-5jE(|
...
...
...
...
...
...
11
...
18
...
28
...
33
...
36
...
37
...
39
E^-qaj-g-jj-sj^sj-iai-^Ti^-
51
ILLUSTRATIONS.
Facsimile of
Facing page.
The
original letter
The
original letter of the present Tashi
The
original of
official
order of Lozan Faldan Yesh^
The
Japan
Lama,
Ekai
letter
...
Lama, Panchen Choi-kyi Nima
Lama Seng-Chen Rimpoche's
Diploma and an appointment
...
letter
granted to Mr. S.
Kawaguchi,
as
robed
W. Ledan
in
(Tibetan Mahopadhya's) dress by the Dalai Lama.
6
...
...
La,
Khanpd's
7
37-38
39
CONTENTS.
Page,
C^j'Q.Saj
Identification of Incarnate Lamas, Appendix

Tibetan Marriage Deed, Appendix II
A.
q]^3i'a)q|
Appendix III
aj5|-w):i]_A Pass-port,
Order
|,q]-S)qi_Official
s|5C)q|_Road.Bill
^w)q]
...
Dalai Lama's
letter.
Lama's
letter
g^q]-a)2j]_Tasbi
g^q])!T)
letter
from
letter
Tibetan Diploma
letter
Appendix IV
Lama Seng-chen
from Eusho Tungcheu La,
Dorje-chang
to Sri Sarat
Chandra Das
S
...
from Dug Bumtbang of Bbutan
to
Lama Ekai Kawa-gucbi
Vrihaspati Cbakra, or Cycle of sixty years, with the corresponding
names
Diary
of
of the
Tibetan years, Appendix
Journey
to
Lhasa in 1882 by Sarat Chandra Das,
Appendix VI
Dalai Lama's Hierarchy,
its
cj?5|-^3i-R^51-j^3-|q-j^-5j^5,-tl-
"^''l'^S'^'^^1^'^,
Origin, both
3J?M
Appendix VIII
The Love-Songs
of
Appendix IX
Legendary and Historical
^^^^^%^ Appendix VII
..
^^
...
...
the 6th Dalai
Lama Tshang-yang
Gya-tsho,
...
The Tibetan Song
of the Precious
0J^''5#'n=I'T^'^Âppendix
Analysis of the Appendices

Subject-Analysis
Appendix XII
XI
...
Reed, Appendix
...
APPENDIX
I.
q^^-3j.N-^.S'q='^'|'^?;3i'5JC^-:^^Tq|'^'?C'5jl^''TlS^-|q'q|Yq^^'Rt'3,'^3;'|^-|3j'^q'l'?;3j'^^^
qTirgc-^qi5^-|^-|5j'qVq|?<'3j^'^!:'^=^-N'|'^^^'^'Tljj-^q'q5aj'|E-l]^-q^-5^-$^'^^v|c'T]S;j'^^
|c-|
Tll^-ql'^'^j'-'JC^^-iâî
'rii^'F'q|=S'^?^'==,^#'^^-^''|'Sq'3^^'t'^'=^5j'^^''^,qc'q|x,'q')3|'q^'
'5j'|!;,'5)5<'2rQ.<SJ;i'f Jî'qf 5j-5r|j5j
g^-ql5j-^5i-^5^5|'|-^'cF|j-^j-^'5j'i^-q^
jQCq^-qfa^-q-5;igq'
[
|
';,qi-::,==^'J)-îQJ'q^'gqJ'|q'2I1c-2q'=^!:-|
5qi5j-q|!^-65Cq-Sl'^-q'SC-|
S'gTl^'^'n^'^|S'|'=I^5,-q-wj^'|'^:îQj-q^'5;iE^--:;|3j'
^^'^^^'|'^'<^5jj'^^-2i:-^-5j^-|-:r|^C'^c<^-^5j
^5|)-|cji'q^3j'q|=^'q'^c-5;,';,'^3j'3i3j-|-q';)Jtl-2j'^5,'^-J'2r[
q|^^'|5j|-q|C'
g^''^^'^'q|^'q'r|^-'5Cj'^^-q|:^-^qjj'qj)'
APPENDIX
II.
Tibetan Marriasê Deed.
Q,^qj'qgaj-^-|q|^--^g^'gj-|jaj-q^'^c4
q^SI'Ic'I'q^'qs^l't^Qj-a^^'âj'^C'l
^^'l'S'^'^^'V*^^'^^'^Yi'^'^
^|s;i'm'q^3i'^'î'5N^3j'.&,=r^j'q
|
s|3i-|3i'3q'-^51 :i|^5i-^-c{|aj'q^'5j^^
ctq-ji5j'3^!S-';jqJl]-oe^-qj'^q]-5|'E^QI'qq-g!:.gl|*l- RiiOj^j'âi'âi*)
5j5;j'Nr'1'^'-:j'5)=^'q^3!il'J'))
l^qj^n-j-qi^^Qi-^c
t5;,ojniXi31-(ii-l]jj5.(g-jSji]5^- Ji-^j4-j,1'qi5i^"
^g*j-il|^C-'*^-|'Sai-p-^fq^qi:igra|-q5-^'X=.'ag?^-S5-âiq5-R^^3i-j gl-qi3i5(-'^ll^-35-|'tl'g-5^-ni|5,-q5-2i3i-5j*i-(^-|fS|-q-i]q-
1I*J''^^^'11^si'q^l'^1I'^'q'q*'gl3j 3'gtq3i'q^'^'|5-s\q)-RÎ]?4-^c,'?l)Nlf|5=.*l''^1)' ?i-^-^CN-q^-g]Cl|^-5(Ifl)'qt^-q-ljj-
Hi5-g5-Rc,ai-u(q-)j'iqc,-54''?^3i-^q I^qc,-3i*i-g-|^-l|-^q]-5|ffiiqlRiv-aiq^3i'q5-~iai-3i-qâi|-^^
q|:^-gt-|uiV-q*l-5)âj-l)-"Nq-qfc.-|-^-^-^^-'^-g5'q=^'aic.-iq-i:i^-aS3ig-siq54-|-"^-^-3?>*t,qq?j5^*|-3;i
||c^
correct copy of the
.?|*)|Bi-)
executed at
aiicic-lcgc^q-iii^*!-
Marriage Deed of the M.ahaiaui of Sikkim, late Lha-cham Yece Dolma

Lhata,
in
1882.
'^-*il6i|-q5'^-q-^-qj-gfi^q'^-S)q;,-pci-*|-^c-'^c-Bi>k';^C5j-|-<:|c-iS'e.*i-^q*j-g^-R|^'î|4 ^c-^!ji'j^cj-q^-5*i-ailai*i-iii?i-
*i^-a'g5'
i^c,Ag'si'q'q>s''2|-crg-|c)-jj5j-si^q-qat'yS-iS-S-q?i^-3i^-iq-<-4~^N'ga^'s=^-|-3j^''?qi-<5)-^^
^c.-q5;q-5-qq5)-T^Si-^fl)v>^gjMq^g*)-|;|-^^-'S9f)-3|3ir|jjtXj3iqff3i 4;|-âjSjt'î<-^^
^N'|3i'^f^'s*^-ii|'3)-rs.gqiq-cr^3i-^c,-sq-^q]-'j;|-q|3ic,-)it^--'g'zqsE.-|3^-q]*)ij|-qâi-^
*l'|''^'g'2i-^5q-^|-lf^5)-^^g^-ifjf^-^H|^-*l|a^-(i^BC?SCqtq|-^3j-^:[|^-q3C-^-5q-^*jj)E;|-qjjj5jl
f 3, SI;^^Jjq|^*I^l*)(y5
5iS''i*)''^'C^'*<='S'|'5'^'^'OJI
jj*i
[5^-R2t^-S-q5'5q?j-5^tqi51-qq-ijjrjjq^?^Ql'^^tf[t5^-^-^jj-7[j3i-i^-s)c,-êgqj-ili^-3-gfj5^-q|-5jv|1i,q
^q^-^q-15;I-a];-|'^X,'^-s)'^-|-|"-R61sc5}t;jS:^-:^C|
'?^3i'^*)'5f?i't*)ujqoj*|-'^''5ij q^*j-|-sjSc-^c'|
Rô!
"iî
jm
?iq-gc-^^-|j-uiq-jj-e;c|
sil^'i^l^-iiai-Sgiil^j-lQluisj-
'^3i'c-^'*ti^^-q5-^JtI^-R|5K*?}ai'iiai^'*jSt^-|-t^:V|
îii?^-
5jq-|-iS;,-'JlRtsj^qfillM-ci^-^*)-5j-5^-q3-q^^-|-^?^-i^3i;^c-|
f|ai-niq-jq^3j-':)ai-2-jc-gc!S-îlI'S)g^-|^ '^^c,-|g|'-^qi*J-*J^=^--fi*f5!IJ-l^-q5-'^^C'5-s)iI- J3i-'^-R|^q-s)i^-|-q5j-'^TS;^-3^-
u|-^q-qjc.'|^--tt-^7||=^'q^^-^t-'?||J|q5â)N-^*)-W5^q|'i)-5|'*l^^-qac.-|-J}-^s|-qa-^s)-?vqac.-qq-t^)iv-^N-g-^
(lll5,-|^*j-^5^-gQ)-q'^3|-^jj-nj^-Rgs,-|iq-s)5^-q-i'^^'3ijj-q]3i*j-qi^-i^-?5sa]iisj-|3i-qVt!S-^^*jq53i-^^
APPENDIX
Passport
in.
'Road
5)'%'â|5j'^rcj'|^'q';,r|
qâj'fTiQCai'î'^qiî-aj'^'qaaj
j
q^jj-poj
Bill.
I^Ji^'^j'^^'q^'^^'pcgf^
q3^'g^'?JzT]l'5i^'?f:tl5)'j'îrR|-|';,'t^^)'q^'|'q|3jYq3C'J^qQI'g:3i'J--^)'s^qQj'q=c'2^
I
zi]|q]^'q|cj'|^'q'T]Q.'^^'q^5i''^5l^J'^5î^'q^'>^^c$<'i^3i'q'?^';'zr^3j^':)|jj'q^''^^
.^c'|q'|'5&j's^^'q-c2j
q^'5^q]-Sj3i'r5j'3j<'jjc'^c'3ic'q'|^
|
APPENDIX
III
A Passport Road
Bill.
JK V!i^ M < CT\l.<^3 Vi
?>x
"^x ak
<%
*.
4^0 C^ ** * <C\
*^
Eoad-Bill.
^gq5j'Ji]wj^'JI]^5j
?î'|r:q's;|'q^'g5j'q
3k,c-lQj'|,'5'i^q"g
I
2j]yc'i;|f]('q^
^6g:ji5j'|-S'|c'!r||J'q^('ns'
|
Q.?,'q^'=tl?^c'^::'gc'dl3i'2J-3j5j-'T|'ai'T]'^^')'^q'Tf-<2J'^'q'r]Q,'|':t|3jC'^^'q5j'^r'[3t:,'
I
^?j'y^'q'3|Y^^^''='l-^5j
q5|-q,i?5'!;,'^c'q|^^'t;|5j::^'q3$j'3i5l'q:fjs;'q|,c4'g-^'.^s;j-5ls^'q':^t|]j'|!;,
I
qiQj'a&V[35^5J'|^'^=il5<'5'5f>'^^'-^'^'^3,'3,5j'3'^-qg:f]^'Wj;|-q^;'jj-|:iai-^'!tl^c'|gi^'Q,i^^^
iri^3i'q]^c'c:j'q55j'=;'â)'gc'gni'iic'q-=^c-[
i')^:il5<'J^'q35j'5|C'q^^-:;i^5j'qc}r'q3':T|^C'2ic'q'q^5j'|)
iS^J'p!ai'zi||^
|^C'"|q','j5Q^l'l|^5j
I
^*â)-=r-q|5^:T|-acg'j'3j^'qTj^-|3i-|Vq:il-^'q^-(Jl':i;:';'|^'
APPENDIX
from His Holiness the Dalai
letter
Lama
IV.
to
His Majesty
the
King-Emperor
Edwahd VII.*
^q|5J's;,C'Q,|:ri5J'S^'|r'^V|Q)'iq'S5j'?J'k'f'^'Sq'Si!;,'q-q^3j'c^â|-q]'$i;^'^^-XÎ^'Y^^
^^'q^5)'|c-q^C5i'3?q]'q',|'|^
5jr^'
';)'5jj;j'|'q;s'gaj'|'':âQj'Q,|Vfc*5la)'.^5|'^'^'g5j'5,rs;i"^^-^r|
I
||3;v'|'21'S'C'q-|9}i:>-qS,ai'j;j'^'|^'q=rsfj^'[^''|-i'<'i'r|5J'i^:r|'ic'g
^5)'|':i]3:r])'q|3j'd55J^'q55<'|5)'33j
This,
with
its
translation
in
English, and accompanying
presents,
was sent
direct
to
King
Irom Calcutta.
Edward VII,
from His Serene Holiness the
letter
Tashi
Lama
to
the
Japanese Lama,
Ekai Kawa-guchi.
SS'^'^'I'^'^Y^'^'ÎI
qrc^^^'Q,!:,q'q|'^-3^^- |'v|'B^'':ig'^|5i'q%aj'q-oj5<
5l^r|T^'Tl'QJ-'T]-;^^^sS-ai'g'5J'|=;,-^5J'|5<'5J'q^^-q^-SsS'^r^-q"^^-5;5,-Ss;,'|-i>^-|^5j'^r:;,rq^^-^
gaj'^^'^'l'^
^^^ro.'^'q'isj^-^c'i
^^J-Sl^'ql'Qi'gsi'q^'S^tl'q^jsj-^ql'qi^-SI^^JI
^'ajsj
I'fa;^'
!T|5jc'q'q^Sj'qT] V2,|^''ic'!!] ^q]' '5.'^T^'q^'ÎTa,^q^'|-N'il'.:j^'|^'^'Vl^^''='l7'c'^)' ^zJl^J'-a-^TTi^lT
qi5'3f>oj'^Y^'^'i''^5^'^^''?'^'^^'^'^^''^'*5^''^^''fl''il'^'^"J'r|3|C'q^'qT]'5,'^q|'q
LETTER KROM HIS SERENE H0UNS3S THE TASHl

TO THE JAPANESE LAM/^
\D\\
EKAl XATVA-GUCMI
^.,
i'V;<TÂn\<VO5^<*iy^,((^-:yA0in<?a'i>.VM"t<\"^
*^
~"~-^^5T^-,ina\.û,
l('nW^<o'^\^(j'>j;;\t
f<H^5~t^^'^
^jon^^*^ ~ti%'^MU"v<
^*^^^';^'^^^S^\"^\<^J
(s^^tfî),
'"~'^^^^^55^^^â^^^^,/$Aii
a(a(,^MâV.u\
^V2)^^lô^^'V
'n*<n^"^v>*^*'\'*'^'^"^\i^'H'j<iM~w^^^/^-W<u^^
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v.*-
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;^
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\?>v'^vAU\<jiV'yjM;
oiîlûv^^^r^lW^^Sj^î^.
*SH*N\J/*t^^-^\'M6s((y;^v(^tti^^2â,\(5n<^\<^VjiVjo^
^(^
lUi'SÂ'^^^^"'^'^'^
WMA
-ng^^^,
<î
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i;
^^
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Xii)-<-^-^v^-^~..^
<,v^<,^.v"^^n
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yj)^^ , ^ ^^^^^^
\>^^^^-'\G>\Mvi^-\v" <- <" <^>."^->- ->^<.- ^'Vi'^
M^- >J?^'-'V5> vv^
M\\vv^-v:>'\Q>v -<,^^4ri ~^" "-^
^-^"
>,j.^;j<^vi;<â^-^^P^\- v.-^. v-'l\^^^^--^-^vj,S^^
^ i^^^ <-^^^^^^^^-ii53-^y '^^^ ^^ ^~
^V.-A "N - s.^t..

î~>^V'\
C^--<Cî-,
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s.
W -y^vs-yî^j^-^-
51>
* ^"^-^ >-- 'v^s:?\^-^^<V--^?\M^

-
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"^>.-y\v.~<v-^-^4â:/^'-'-'^^5^"crv--<vt^v-"---<G2\^,
^^^v-^ ^-\},.r,.^.^Xi-'V.vv,^V.-^y A-â-^j^v-^-î^-v-- i_ax ^-v---^*-- " <o^- ~ ^ -"o 3^v- V " " -:^-\-^<^- V
JV AV5--*'>v'N^
.^>\^'\v.~V*^^<^
's^"*\'-v.''v*'\'>^>* ^'^'^"'"-S-;^
^â*-.v,
Â"-
*^^ '^-^vv^X'^-^^^
^^-^V- '**"<* VS-^
^ *-= A -"s- V
^,^~i^
^?iV AKoX^j,"
a/
letter
from Lama Seug-clien Dorje-chang, Chief Khan-po of Thol-sam-ling College of
Tashi-lhun-po to
Lama Sherab Gya-tsho
of
Goom,
Yi<l-gah Choiling Monastery,
near Darjeeling.
q^!;,'5i$)54'|
^c'S|^q]'^S)'qs,'qq|54-5j'q|BfQj'5^'^3|'(5i'3;jIt^''^'^3j'2!i'-3l'S3i'"vC'l3j'qi;'q3^'^
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Lama
Lama Lo
Sherab Gya-tsho,
Head Lama
of
Goom
zan CLoikyi Wangchug, for some years.
Monastery, near Darjeeling, was tutor to the Tashi
At Tashi-lhunpo he was known by
the
name
of Thub-tan
Gya-tsho.
letter
NgSI
from Kusho Tung-chen La, Chief Secretary to Lama Rinpoche Seng-chen

Dorje-chang to Sri Sarat Chandra Das.
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[[
A TIBETAN DIPLOMA
Conferring the dignity
of
Doii-nfr f^^^'"]^^] nn
Lama XJgyen
Gya.-tsho,
Rai Bahadur.
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A letter
from
Dug
BumtlijiDg of Bhutan to
Lama Ekai Kawaguchi
of Japan.
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APPENDIX
VRIHASPATI CHAKllA,
corresponding
Prabhava
or
names
V.
Cycle of Sixty years,

of the
Tibetan years.
with the
!9
Mada
APPENDIX
VI.
Diary of a Journey
to
Lhasa in 1882*
By Sarat Chandha Das.
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Dalai Lama's Hierarchy,

ITS OEIGIN,
BOTH LEGENDARY AND HISTORICAL.
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of
Origin of the name Dalai Lama:
DapuQg near Lhasa, was
name
invited Uy Althan
translated, in Mongolian, being
Sanskrit
Lama
Puny a Sagara, (Ocean
Tdhii
of Virtue)
Sonam
Khan
Gyanitsho,
to preach
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High
Priest of the great monastery
Buddhism
in
Mongolia.
The Lama's
Poyon (rgya-mfslio signifying ocean, and bso-naras
The Mongol Chief addressed him
as Talai
virtue.
Lama (or Ocean Lama).
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^J'^'pi'H^'qi^C'g:!]
J^'Q.|^'j!l|^-^|5^'^r;3C
|C'^>'^q]5<'|^'l}3j'3i5<
I
'^5J'53||j|I5^'|c!
I'3Y*Vc^^'9,^2r|'^
|'|'^'g=t|^'ai'siEQi'?^r||
qU'-^^'I'î'^^l^'î
|'5j'|'q^-qyvl=tl^
^^v(irql5j'q'D'Q.^q|||
|
q^-g^'ajsj-s^rsj^sj-q^
5i|'5^r5j'q'aj^'^
i^Tq^5<'?:t]'Ic:'Jt|5ir
||
q^5i'q^'5;,q]-q'|Qj'';|r||
^^'I'q^V^'^^r^^
'^'^^T^^'^''^^''^^
^^'Y^^'^j-q^^j'Sfc-i
g:i]'^c-:i3-5<-5l'D-Q,|
I
S5-fr|q'Q,"^|q|5j'3f!:'i|
S)-grqX^'^?j-q|q,-afJc'[i
3?sTj'2j'cij:vj-|'i:i'?Sjr|
'J3i'5
g'g'fvqsN'H-gqii
5nTÎ'ij-ij)'ir-q|!^
appendix
x.
The Song of the Precious Reed.
As. READ OK WRITTEN.
^:^':j'3;i^'q?,3j'^2)3i'2l^|
^^5J'^^'5|^3j'q-ajS'^
_
As Sung.
||rqj3j'Jl'5j^3)'^5JE:$i'ai'3i
^^':^|rQi'%3i^"=,f
^-R'siisc'aj-^Jri'aiSj'Q^Jf
* The slender Bamboo Reed, about a foot long^ by means of lohieh

SiKJcim
and Bhutan.
Murwa
beer
is
drunk in
I
J
^^
t1
i
i
4
\
4
i
i
)
P.
37
APPENDIX XL
aj5<'lYdf5|^'^<'aj^'Q,!l^'|^'='l^^'fvX^5<''^5j'='13j5^''5^'|'ai^'^^^'^l
i'l'l'^^'aj
Seal of the Talai_Laina.
Translation.
DIPLOMA.
When
pilgrimage
I,
Government
(his
work)
Laraa with
Talai
went, Legs-ldan,
Head
sojourned in India, to
Court,
fully.
That he may,
whatever
place of
Police Officer, being especially deputed by the British
as a guide, rendered satisfactory service,
for the
good name
from the
first to
of the (British)
the
last.
(military) rank like that of Mdah-dpou.
That British
Officials
He knows
Government do better
Government has complimented him with the Ith
the Tibetan
services,
my
class title
may know from
and
this his
deserve their kind help, this diploma, dated the 1st of the 6th month, year water-
fitness to
mouse, July 1913 (is granted to him).
"13^1 literally signifies centre or central,
'^%^'\
or
Cd^ dhyin stands
*iiI3=.|
for English,
but
is
and
*<
for Sarkar) British
Government,
ordinarily used to signify Government.
This letter-patent, bearing the red round seal of the Talai Lama, was granted to Mr. S.
of the
Bengal Police.
course of being printed.

"1^*^ is
He
assisted
me
the Press,
in
Sarat Chandra Das.
a term of emphasis, signifying
'
certainly
'.
when
my
Tibetan-English
W. Laden
La,
Dictionary was in the
38
ei|3j^'^3i'5(EQ|'q|':;,'^q5<'qq5^'5^'5jc^'/^qj'q^^'i;|r|
Q,?,'|li^'<^'''qiixj'^j;j'^'^c'^|3j'Jiiec'q'T]ragQj'
^'-f]3j'|'q|^'^!Iir|^')t;,'5j|3i-q|5^'^':ilc'at:i|^-|r^3j'^^l'|^'q|5c?^'qEs:|'a6:^-^^'al^^
^M
V5U
uvai^<=S,^,va:r^<^V-J
Vi;|^"^'^\*^*^VVx^~'\^VJ
V^'5*S*.'^<5-^Vo^^<^V.
^ta^<Vntx>e;^**^^4^^r^^c\cîAQ4^c^<âjA~ VO^\V>\<'^M^'^<âc. M
2M^^côô^}^^*''^^^^^^î^-:9*î^"<5*-**"
^c ^g^ <^<\^<^ ô ^)
^J
cj vô_
v-n.
*V^tg^r^'lr7^<^^^^^^ u *îÛ^^
CÔMV/X^^C^V^
"^c^ ^j3-. Z=\
\^^
*K.<3?
*-** ^
^-<j^k<^ <^<) V^"
'^
*^**^
i^
'^^^^^ ** *<.)^^"^ V.*^ *^
^^'^'^
-"
V"
v.\vy~
V.%^
*-"
^" ^Vr^>^
^j^ '^^\5 <<>
^^}^ n c^ ^ ^'^Â^ ^
x-^s^
7%>e^ /i^^(
<*o
v^^/ô
'A3 ^**^^
i.'"
at
fl ^5
poZd rn^îal njjtd&
Zhasn a^d
cizt'OU-dfi/thi/
J91Z io
thf Da/ai La^)u7
MrS.W.Lf'cicfi La. U7 recc^'
,
1%
.nitr<v o/'seri"cc-f KC^t^^re^/Ui
His Htrliness in
Jrifii/r
39
Analysis of the Appendices.

APPENDIX
I.
Identification
(of the soul of a
By command
Emperor
of the
Jnaiuij
He
(Tibet).
His
bore
the religious
rescript runs thus
Hear and be
sure,
with that of a Child-Pretender).
of China, the 14th Hierarch of the
waa entitled Shuhi Td-pau-wa Wang-Zi-then

country
Lama
dectased
hu-o
tsi-lsd
name
of
Karma-pa (Buddhist Sect of Tibet)
Lord over the monasteries
Theg-pa Mohog-gi Rdorje
(in Sanskrit,
western
Farama Vajra
ye the general public of Jambu dvipa and particularly the clergy and the
Lamas and
being identified by
(the deceased)
me
nephew
as the
of
the
this
embodiment
Kun-Mkhyen
son of the Ruling King Dharma-Baja
of the soul of
Karma Rin-chen
Situ Riu-poche of
He
bstan hdsiu dar rgyas Ihun-grub nes-don dvan-po.
tion and initiation in the
(of
Sikkim)
neg-don bstan hdsiu
Mdo-Khamg, and
High-Priest, has been placed on his seat and given (the religious) name of
(holy) Orders of dge-tshul {Oramanera)
laity,
Ruling King, the ministers, captains and
priests, the
Whereas
lieutenants, &o. (of Sikkim).
also installed as
Karma sgrub brgyud
having duly graduated himself in the
and dge-glon {Cramana) and having received consecra-
deep training of the new and older forms of mysticism, to turn an
adept thereunto, has been appointed bishop over
The (new)
Szi-then
great and low, the
sect
of
the following
moaasteriea of his
owa
incarnate
seal, exert himself to the
(1)
Karma Rab-bstan
(2)
Karma
(3)
Karma Chog-hkhor
(4)
Karma Hctii-med rgyan
(5)
Karma G-rub-brgyud-bstan dar
glin.
Bkracig chog-hkhor-glin.
Lama, by adopting the
glin.
best
dven.
glin.
means and methods
of work, should with unflagging
propagation of the religion of Buddha and work impartially and without prejudice.
Lama's
The
religious classes should obey the
and
act according to the established methods.
respect, venerate and obey him.
behests, observe the
The
customary laws and canonical refrulations
faithful believers
and alms-givers should
a!so
pny him due
40
This
Hog-min
letter
was issued on an auspicious date
from the great Buddhist College
in the year tcaler-tiger
of
in Tshor-phu.
gq|,-^qi
abbreviation of s'^j^'^^T^lf'^*'!
^gugswi same as
^^î i'I
high
î'"^!*!,
excellent
S'n^^'f'H'^
qfcsc^HI-
The Supreme Ruler; Emperor.
flisicaS
g-qo^qyci
past and future.
or commission.
office
endow with power
i]|-Q)5
^"''^g*'! present,
become supremely good.
t^qcqg^l to
1
and
or authority or spiritual sanctity.
conferring.
^5,5RV''''S^'I
5ajq precious like a
gem
great and kingly.
"^'Ml western country, Tibet.

|*J'3'\ii his holiness
^'^^''^1
saintly personage.
statement here signifying rescript or decree.
iI5
^^ clergy,
priest.
I laymen, laity.
"^sÎ
explaining,
f-SI
disputation, religious controversy; 5?I mis-spelt for
composition, writing
books.
f,c?i'o)ai
'^w*'
^^
taking one's order or wish in the spirit
mis-spelt for
as iu wSî-SiJi
it is
delivered
obeying implicitly and cheerfully,
^'5''
and ^^l^'^'iajis
^^3^'''^'^ lit.
gift to
Lamas, but ordinarily
APPENDIX
(Marriage of Lha-ding
his half-brother
Princess Yeceg
for |^1S1 ddna-pati, alms-giver.
II.
ggrol-ma with the Sikkim Maharaja
Thu-tob Namgyal and
Hphrin-las Namgyal in 1882.)
In the beginning
of the year tcaier
bis half-brother Thin-leh
m.
horse, 1882, the
Namgal with Ye-ceDol ma,
marriage of Maharaja Thu-tob Namgayal and
Princess Lhading of Lhasa, was definitely arranged for.
All preliminaries, according to the customs of Tibet, having been gone through, the marriage took place in
the
its
autumn
of the
origin to the
same year.
Cakya
The geneology
race of ancient India.
of the
This
Lhading family, on the

is
father's side
is
given, tracing
followed by the account of several ancestors of the
bride on the mother's side, and the services the ancestors of the two lines had rendered to Government.
comes the presentation of what

these being ceremonially
is
called the proposal-wine (slon-chan)
and the
Then
bride's price-wine (Ein-chaff)
performed on auspicious dates, the bride-groom's party was received in pomp and
the marriage was duly celebrated with festive entertainments.
Then comes a
in a separate
list.
description of the jewellery, ornaments, clothes, dresses, &o.[(to be given to the
bride)i
41
Then
and
followa an enumeration of
Here the name
enjoined on them.
bride-groom and the bride, towarda each other,
and mothers-iTi-law, the paying
fathere-in-law
also to their respective
strictly
duties, both of the
tlie
of
due respect to them being
of the Maharaja's half-brother has been specially
mentioned as
the bride's joiut-husband (thereby legalizing her marriage with him as well, according to the custom of
The parents
polyandry pTOvailiiig in Tibet.)

to her chief
of the bride here exhort their
and jdint-husband. The marriage deed concludes with the signatures and
mother, half-brother, and also those of Lhading

^1=.*) a particular family
sound,
i.e.,
j'j|q5'y*<
In
in Sanskrit,
(SV(;-(W.jr;;i<.
the rattling thunder of summer.
lit.
the mother of
Buddhas
all
Tantrihs
make her
^''is^
the
of the
G-îkli
the conquerable one.
S*i'^ fearful spirits
who used
oaths to defend Buddhism.
equivalent to Ranee or Maharanee.
"SS^'I^J't'i^-'l
summer-produced drum-
king of love
'^'^S'^^'J'''
Cupid, Kdma-deva.
i.e.
Buddhas.
called the goddess
is
i^'n' |^'f
the god
who
Kuru
Kulle.
The
dispenses wealth
the rain of wished for things
'^3 signifies,
later
he
is
many
'.
'
do mischief to the Buddhist were bound down under solemn
"S*)*^ lit.
under vow or oath.
mudrd) mystic configuration, represented by thumb-impression on deeds and contracts of a
('S.
^'''='1
solemn nature.
the Cycle of 60 years introduced, in Tibet, in A.D. 1026, from Sanchi
{Oridhdnya Kataka in Southern India.
Cycle
itself
came
to be
known by
Its first year being designated
name R^b-byun.
tlie
the 16th year of the Cycle, in Tibetan ^'^'^'i?

^s''^'l4
Maharaja's
the Goddess Tara, delivereuce or Nirvana personified.
'^^'>''S5''''*'^
to
seals of the
and the marriage witnesses, &o.
his sous,
Sin-ma or Karnmpa Tantrik School she
the
called
Kusho and
name, ^'f^ princess, a nobleman's wife
holy religion, Buddhism;
^JiS*)
STS
daughter to be equally faithful
according to the
Water-va^\Q-liorse year.
the variegated one,

(See
Appendix
it
is
V).
Calendar that was introduced in China by the early members of Ta-Tuan
or the great Tartar dynasty of
'^S^\
^'^"[^^ chitra
Prabhava Rab-byun the
Mongol Emperors.
)
\
spring (season) month,
ti;(q]?ja^-q]?j|5qi^^ the
fl]i^q-^c|
i.e.
April, called the Tiger month.
most holy mine
the sphere of
of
^^"^ the
the Province (where
name
i.e.
Mahd Kdrunika
Boddhisaltva
or Avalokitec7ara.
Avalokiteovara's work of converting people into Buddhism. S-ypiigK
the three great Provinces of Tibet.

S^^^-^'Jifi
mercy,
Buddhism
i'îli
geographical
flourished) comprised
signifying the Southern country
of
defiles
or
divisions.
''li*^
and
ravines,
'^^^
(U and Tsang).
was given
Sikkim and
to
its
neighbourhood by the Tibetans.
Rice,
ripening,
lovely land,
by which Sikkim
cultivation.
is
known
hidden place,
to
the learned of
white,
Tibet.
cultivated field or cultivation

Its abbreviation
is
is
ng^gc-Jsi
the full
land
name
of rice-
42
'Ji|'vy5i;iq
Maharaja
q^?q
veife.
HjUji^qqa
who
Heaveu-protected,
gcyâ; 5
{Tu&ita)
name
of the
on coins
its
name
where Maitreya Bodhwattva now presides.
(in Sans. Purohita)
îl5i^ official
Its
common and
i^q*)'^^''!*'
He
the
is
name
of the
i.e.,
"îi^giai-Sg!^ f-Jj^ aiis)!,^ j-^
inscribed as
is
Tusita
victorious in all quarters.
^S'9 dominion, Government,
present Lhasa Government,
Deba-shimg the Government under a religious sect
is ^'''^"IS^'I
Gelug-pa or Yellow-Cap Sect
(in Sanskrit, Bhu-blnija).
celestial.
the pedantic
is
simple designation
palace of
on land produce (Bhu-lhvja). The Tibetone addreBB the
Eubsifits
Bikkim as Rgsilt?^*]!^'^
of
ii3ijq^q
tijC'^'a^cjiJ
King
the
lit.
The
of the Buddhist Paradise
the coming Buddha.
is
service as in Civil, Medical or Military
Service.
<^^'^''^^Î
Prime Minister.
rank or dignity, fl'^'i^'^the 8th (Dalai Lima) in succession from i^'>'^*"''5'*'^Sonam
Gyatsho.
^^^
civil or
aud
spiritual
3s)''^q uninierruptedly
5-âqf)c. a Chinese title
<^'5
military.
;
title
or order.
^c'j'?'2I'^^
without break. ^"S^^ a chief or district
;39i''5'^'îl'\C.'|s)ij|
confidential officer of state.
c'^tî
officer,
name
of family.
decoration of sapphire or ruby button on caps, with peacock's
feather thereon.
î.^'^'^
iiai^
Kal-zang Gya-tsho
war between the Gurkhas and the Tibetans.
the
'^'q3v,
Lama
the seventh Dalai
iji-j'Sjq'q~j3i'j'33i'5
war
Gor stands for Gurkha, Bod for Tibet;
'515 hereditary ';y'2i'5'y^'^''5'^*>q| S<1'^5î5fqI3iN
fighting.
qi^jisj-qacj-jj^]
(military rank)
n. of a high Chinese hereditary military Order ^'^, order or dignity.

'^q=^'5l,
Ilbah for Bathang and Li for Lithang (two
^q^-gi,R|5,-Rii]^ those
who were
in
Government
Eastern Tibet
provinces'' in
Service.
Ej^"*|^'^
brothers and
proposal or asking for giving in marriage) ^^ (promise) to give

35J
by casting
^^^
lots.
'^q'^J"!
for S"!*'''^''!^''^, to
gc-gc.*^l
uc'that which
deliberation
si^j^'^Sfcii-q
sisters.
(in
^^'f*^ (5^'
marriage).
in conference with.
be of service, or help.
is
away
"J'v'^^c-^l
*q'Sl
to be avoided or left ofi;
for
^^.^J
^'i'^"!,
that
is
together
to be
with,
taken in
in
company
earnest,
or
with,
done or
accepted.
fljâj-i^q^-I
marriage witness,
Subhasita Ratna nidhi

"i'^q|''\'i|
Gyal-tshan.
w^q|p;i'i
mean
I^R^cisl at
?S
also
name
of
noble deed or
sometimes
5^, seal or seal impression.
a book containing moral sayings, by
conduct;
behaviour of
Cakya Panchen Kungah
the great; high character.
or sordid action or behaviour. ^^'I'i**! g*i'|^'^'^''^^ as in former custom or procedure,
all
times,
^Ti'^'i^^ji
D-Sjoj
cannot be broken.
'q'^'^'^'^'5i'*<'^'>
marriage solemnized under the symbol of Swasiilca.

î'"!^^ the
o)fl[|^-q.f]^'^^- g-S5'fli5=?j
Steward General of Lhasa.
^"I^'^^l
name
of
an individual.
the knot
or
tie of
43
APPENDIX
A
PasS'poft and Road-bill.
This Acbarya Paron-giri was sent oq a

between Bhutan and India he saved
lie
object.
as he likes,
horse,
is
many
to get
is
it
should be furnished with

&c., to help
"Whenever he comes
consisting of) tea, butter, rice, meat,
to
barley-flour, corn-flour,
When
quantity.
all in sufficient
journey to any place.
in his
That His Holiness' wish may be honoured by

great and humble should observe the rule
he has fixed his own seal on
all
(^'^'^=.''^=.'5)
the wish expressed in his
Acharya Purnagiri, he
air)
for use with water.
voucher
is
corn-flour 2 Khals
Stores
If he has
safety,
all
people
".
(This
letter) is dated.
1774 A. D.
Supreme Ruler
of Tibet.
Purn'igiri.
Kyab-gon (Lord-protector)
personal allowance every
in
month
in
one and a ha!f good carcase of sheep (dry or
for his personal attendants, should there be any,
and one sheep carcase per head.
corn-flour
to
and
Accordingly
(^'J'^^')
the
general order by
holy
from the Oovernment
will get
barley flour 3 Klials of full br4 measure
cured in cold
Lama was
order for Fond Allowance, S^c,
Official
respect of
going to any quarters, he
it.
"avoiding and doing
of
It may be remembered that, at this time, this Tashi

to
riding
(food for)
this letter-patent for his protection
(Tashilhunpo) the 1st of the 9th month, year Tree-serpent in the 13th cycle
Conformably
servants
His Holiness Blo-bzan Dpal-ldan Yecea dpal
bzan-po taking a personal interest in his welfare, grants him
If.B.
many
Tashilhunpo with as
accommodation in houses, ponies or mules for conveyance, beasts of burden
tents,
him
During the war
increasing baneScence.
for
from untimely death and thereby accomplished a great
souls
and lade animals he may have with him,
and guides,
mission
hereby granted a life-allowance.
(he
in.
any horse
Khah
and
of barley-flour
Khal
of
for his personal use, one hre measure of bran,
All these provisions should be of the best (and not of inferior) quality.
This order-
dated year Tree-horse, the 25th of the 11th month, in the 13th Oyole, 1763 A. D.
Road-bill
The Qan-pos
that under order
'^J=.^
via
common
may
bringing
letters of the
Jong-Pons and Shi-Pons

to
India,
be sure
Confidential Minister Tung-thang Chenpo
Shahehs from Calcutta, while travelling back
halt or stage, should be supplied
yaks, 5 riding ponies for their conveyance,
people,
Tashilhunpo and Phagri
High Imperial Commissioner and
his servants
India) at whatever place they
two saddled
on the road from Lhasa
of the Chief
Acharya Dharjirgir and
Acharya Dharjir-gir.
and the
(village elders or head-men)
(subordinate jditgs) residing
to
(to
with provision for journey, food, fuel,
and ten lade animals with two attendants or
eoolies
at every stage.
The
letters
with enclosures,
silk
scarves,
&c.,
being forwarded by the hand of this (messenger)

detention or delay in the transit on the
way by
from Tung-thang Chenpo

to
a great distance,
to the
Shnhebs of
there should
the Jong-Pons, Shi-Pons, Gan-po and the
Calcutta
be not the least
common
people.
44
It
of the starting of this (messengor) being noted in the

of the authorities
(on the part
Iftzinoss
throwing
important that nothing ncours lite rambling about on
is
reason, do the needful
The guide and
the
(of
Yamun
the
of
liegiater
off
of
The
letler).
Resident
the
date
Anapa,
For
on the way) will surely necessitate subsequent inquiry.
this
and avoid negligence, &o.

should be supplied with two
his servant
through relay
Tashilhunpho to Pnagri and back, besides food and fuel at the halting stages.
ponies
from Lhasa
I'ia
These should be collected
and supplied.
Carry out the above
ofScsial
order of Pass-port and Road-bill issued by the Qyal-wang-chog (Dalai Lama).
Wnter-ox year, 13th of the 2nd month.
"i^'|,^S'"^''^S'\
f^'^'I
9\^
lam-hkhyod on the road
ioijong authorities
{Panchayit man).
Chief
i5'lRR^3i(2i5j'gqj?g tiie
for '<%'S'^
same
as
|^)
'q*j
cost.
*n' provisions &o. for a
relays at every
this
man
i.e.,
5fcs) q>,i|gl^
the
Emperor
of
China.
ponies supplied by village people,
free of
cj
stage;
'^g ''iT'Î
here this messenger
collect
^"j'^'g official
"J'^"!
road-provisions.
carrying
man and
lo ids
*'^'')'<
fixed
staging or halting
conveyances for despatching
"itEjC
= w^^f
communication.
enclosure or accompanying presents.
"I^'^'^^
idiomatically
expedite despatching.
sigilN to
way
'^*^''^$'S
falling on the
gS^'^s)
the least, slightest.
"^^^"^l^-^
"(^^
(Ohinese-ofEce)
'^f?^?icq
noted down
"ll^-'H
) 't''!^
\-'f\ a guide,
i.e.,
M'^ time
He
about;,
throwing
off.
of starting or issuing;
Ampa
Chinese Imperial Resident.
laziness or relaxation.
1*1 "1^^
reminder or Ta-heed
3=-
what
is to
be avoided
g^-*'
what
is
to
taken in earnest.
one knowing the place
fc.'!"!
njis^sj for iII'-^'^S^'5 Tashilunpbo (the

^'1^''.
rambling
Government Register.
in the event of occurrence
be done as in duty bound,
delay and obstruction.
for '^S^'^,
IS*^*'
g^ losing; S'^ in the event of doing;
-<i^'2
journey
as donkeys, yaks, ponies
ladeo animals such
places ^'^^ oooly without load on his back
^=.|3'^
people
on the return journey.
I'^'S"!
"^c'lai
^^p"'i'*<
^î
common
* halting at noon and "1^1 staying at night.
î)^''!!
sj-
'>!=.*'
High Commissioner.
^^'^^ Confidential Minister;
going to India.
"1^^ for shi-kha authorities.
Gambu head man
for
for
protected of Heaven.
through journey from yo^^jt
grand monastery
(district) to
another yon^.
of).
The name by which Emperor Kuenlung was known
to
the Tibetans,
45
APPENDIX
IV.
WHO REIGNETH RIGHTEOUSLY
TO HIS MAJESTY THE KING-EMPEROR

BY
OF GOVERNMENT WITH THE STRENGTH OF HiS
WhEEL
TURNING THK
The TALAI LAMA,

Thanks
arrived.
ment, taking up the cause in earnest, provide for the present and future
Should the Govern-
present, in the hurry of business, this letter to avoid being sent empty,
containing holy inscriptions, an image of
weighing 15 Tolas and 5 pieces of best

EfRfS'^
and
(^tfaelf
"^f^^
n|u[5^s)^
disagreement
qâ,
lit.
^"l^'l^-'l
silk -scarf
.e.
thunder-bolt and bell
*'^=.
Buddha
Official retinue)
;
%S''%'^
of great
is
accompanied by a long
silk-
and Dorje, gold-dust
sanctity, one bell
journey or travelling;
'îst'q^'S
arrangement
help and protection
3^' -51 for
borne in mind.
satin of variegated colours.
one pair complete,
furnished;
-^ygll
espousing the cause earnestly;
permitted to bear in mind

possessing sanctity
l^'=)^'-5'i
besides being
'3^'i(5i-'?'a|
Sja^^-aqq^^
residence;
for
'^*|^^'*^^'^
maybe
Isi'qsc^^'SiI'y
kindness;
^qii^'^si)
divine article
Court or
Government
pleasant; l'"!!^'! British
and extend help
(state exigencies)
to say that these kindnesses will afterwards be gratefully
and protection accordingly, he btgs
scarf
arrangements made by the British Government for their residence here.
statement of their difference with the Chinese Ministers has been sent to the Viceroy.
At
{Punynlalo).
Himself and Court, journeying pleasantly, have
presents his best compliments.
for the excellent
MoRAL MeRITS
will
e'.e.
^'"^"i .e.
^'1
remember
and
"ôf'S
^'gf^
signifying
^^ rupee.
TO THE FAITHFUL JAPAN LAMA
Who
Cheerful
is
in
the Practice of Buddhism and Smiling as the Anthers of the eight Petallkd
Lotus of Youth.
In the year
small box. This time you have sent to
|i*i)
the Essence of Buddhist Scriptures in Chinese, through

as a medicinal
Being in good health, I remain absorbed in the thought about the welfare of
all
living beings.
e'^1^
9'$c.'|
in a
me
Kabng (Kalimpong). This having
Now, agreeably
vessel
me the book of
of a sacred conch-shell encased
reached here undamaged has pleased
one Buchung of
gift.
you made me present
Tree-serpent, while at Calcutta,
Japan;
of
W\^=
^3igq)*i-^^t^-
the
by me, here used

essence or
an individual
fî'i
as a
your request, one complete
^î lit.
'=i'<?il5|^=.'3
name
for
to
to be useful
symbol
of relics
things, chapter in books.
'^^''i
as
set
of
Kahgyur, cleanly printed
*<M| aceorapanimeut;
'myself';
pith which
most
is
constitution,
body
delicious.
;
'^5'^
to
^î^J
all
lately
will soon
^'>
should be |s case or
T^"! (for Kalimpong)
living beings,
or
S'ssi-^^^g (should be e?<q;-'2ja*)-g for certainly presenting;
and charmed knots
1*^
(for
if*'
article or
thing
be ready for
i'^^
moving ones
^^g'1*<*<^^
for
for
^'^ kinds
of
46
Buddhist Church of Japan).
presentation to the
delivery of the same.)
works.
You may
Lastly,
me news and
send
enclosures of a scarf
(I wigh)
you take care

topics
me know
Please lot
of
will
come
(to
take
your health and make progress in doing religious
by and by.
and silken-charmed knot and with
when you
soon
This
'letter of auspicious
date
is
with
sent
several sacred articles together with sanctified relics.
TO THUB-BSTAN RGTA-MTSHO, THE MONGOL ASTROLOGER.

Lately this year in the 7th month our Lord Protector
unrivalled, has passed away.
for his residence in the holy
relics
That moral merits may accrue to
come from. There,
made
it is
here,
we
direction
having no rival or equal
said to descend for inspiring the incarnate
iê;ajj)]|yq^ within the
= j)-^c'4
oi|q]N|5i'l]\i
Lamas.
bounds of one's moral merits.
mortal frame, in
^c(Si|!;it)^ in
mundane
existence.
entering into the spiritual state of existence.
the paradise of Bde-wa-chan or Suhhavati.
gft^sj before all, at the outset.
much
or less in quantity or measure.
profit arising
from.
*<^'i'^^'9^"'> secretly
!''] ia
ascertaining
by
private inquiry.
sure and positive.
consecrated with maniras or charms.
'i^'^'I'w
enshrine his
supply of
copper sheets &c., where these
rate of things.
personal writs.
What
is
his spirit
Hence they
could not be contained or kept in.
S*i ';i1=.iS'5}'3i'^C^,
fllJ^'ft^si
to
or
what quantity, in
the market-price there
how
unrivalled.
or Vajradhara.
i^'^g^*'
offer our prayers
construction and
how many ounces
the supreme deity of the Lamaic school
Î'lîci Vajradhara,
jf^-i^5i,-S'=.-l
was
the price per seir of copper-sheet which will easily take gold-gilding, should be ascertained
all)
j^=.5^'|)'5)?^'
$'^'q
for
its
knowing the place and the market
measure, per rupee should be ascertained, before purchasing the same.
is
we should
all
hoped, you will, remembering the kindnesses you had received while here, earnestly
then the price of quick-silver of superior quality in weight,
Christians
beings,
If arrangements for
shall send orders to that
exert yourself to render assistance, as one

First (of
all living
whose kindness to us
mansion of Sakhdvati, a new sacred Mausolia should be erected
with other like objects, after former precedents.
materials cannot be
Dorjechnfi,
like the
Holy Ghost
are all designated
of the
DorJi-chaSi
47
and with what
observation should be maintained.

of this
man, with enclosure
gijiî*!
for
g'îjjsj
(S'^'|c.-^3i'g-S
In ascertaining these
can be purchase! ?
profit these
Please to seud sure and correct information (on these points)
Kha-tag
of a
and more secrecy and
less talk
with consecrated
(silk-scarf)
by
the
quiet
hand
relics.
according to former precedents.
the
MausoHa, the grand three-storeyed lofty
precious holy
masonry
edifices of stone
Toofed with gold-gilt copper domes, constructed in Chinese style, at Tashi-lhunpo, for enshrining the
relics,
Lamas.
of the Tashi
TO PAl^piT CRI SARAT CHANDRA,

WHO
Presenting special compliments

rarest joy
I got the
and immense
IS
WELL VERSED
on hearing that you are in the enjoyment of good health at that place,
Here, in Tsang, our Kyab-je
delight.
We
over the monastery of Tashi-lhunpo.
happy
all are
my
conveyed
to
hand
of
meeting you in no distant time.
you by Phurchung.
If
you happen
The
details
to send
heretofore.
as
Khatag
present, in the auspicious conjunction of events, a light-yellow
a sign of
THE ARTS.
IN ALL
presides
I Tung Choi-dsad,
herewith
(silk-scarf) called
(about here)
me any
Scng-chenDorje-chang
letter,
fit
for
Khalkha-choidar as
communication will be
I beg you will kindly do so by the
Phurchung and not through any other person.
^ special
'^31 offering
increasing moon, crescent.
I'.e.,
compliments
here
"H"!^'
for i!l'^*c|^3
become head or president

interview
i'^^ token of
^'f*'
there, in that
place; ^S'g your person
^Î'?^'' having come to the knowledge of
)q|^^q5îir^c| incorrectly written for
^^'P
%'^
*^'"|'S'i5
meeting or
visit
humble
iver3|
the
self.
that can hardly be got.
|qj| * is same as
for %^'^*i g^ little or
my
g'^'^'st^f^
humble
self
one who grants refuge in danger

l^^^s^s n. of
an individual.
such aa a Khatag, presentation silk-scarf &c.
\S''Sei
\9^'if S'''
personal
48
Subject- Analysis.
OF
APPENDICES IV-XI,
The word
is
5j3f3j'q)î;,[
Mgron-gfier literally signifies receiver or entertainers of guests.
generally applied to an
Lama Urgyen
District of Mi-fiag,
and Sakya before

good,
Honorary
to this
The Lama belonged
Maharaja of Sikkim.
Do-med
of the rank of Private Secretary to a great
Office
to the Gonsag-pa sect of
Sikkim.
the Maharaja and
served
faithfully
Kham
at
k.c.i.e.
which coming from
had resided for some years
at
Lhasa
Several of the Lama's ancestors had rendered
loyal services to the state for which they
had very
or Chief.
by His Highness Thutob Namgyal,
in Ulterior Tibet,
finally settling in
Lama
Deputy Magistrate
Gya-tsho, llai Bahadur, while holding the position of
Kalimpong, was appointed
the
official
It
were raised
family
his
to distinction.
The Lama
during the time they were
kept as state prisoners at Darjeeling and Kurseong.
The
Jongpon of
Bumthang
Bhutan '^5^''^5i| acknowledges the receipt of a letter and

presents comprising of a stone ChaiUja and other articles sent by the Japanese Buddhist monk,
Ekai Kawaguclii.
He writes him to say that he was pleased with the letter.
He was
in
unable to send for the Kahgyur (Enoyclopoedia of Buddhist Scriptures, in 108 volumes)
of Kham, Derg^print on account of the disturbed state of that country.
He has heard
from rumour that the printing establishment at Derg^ had recently been burnt by the
Chinese soldiery.
If,
caravans proceeding to
however, the rumour proves
Kham
the Kahgyur.
to fetch
false,
He
he
will
send his messenger with
encloses a silk scarf for the Lama's
acceptance.
APPENDIX
Here
is
an enumeration, in Sanskrit, of the names of the cycle of sixty years that was
current in Southern India,

is
V.
called Vrikuspati Chakra.
i.e.,
in the regions to the south of the River
It is stated in the
Narmada. The cycle
was introduced in
According
1025 A.D., where it is
Kala Ohakra Tantra that
it
Uttara Oambhala being taken there from Cridlianya Kataka in very early times.
to Tibetan historians, Chilu Fandita introduced the cycle, in Tibet, in
from the name of the first year of the cycle. Uttara

Oambhala was the name by which the capital of the Bactrian Empire of the Eastern Greeks
was known to the Mahayana Buddhists. I may identify it with the Sanskrit, Balokshya
called Rab-byuD, in Sanskrit Prabhaua,
mentioned
in
Ksemeudia's AvadCina Kalpalatd.
49
APPENDIX
Sarat Chandra made arrangements
to
go with him to Lhasa.
making reverence
Lama
employing
Tshering Tashi and
Seng-chen Rimpo-ehe, he sought refuge in the Three Holies and obtained
blessings.
Then, receiving
The way
lay along the thinly
a fare-well scarf
wooded banks
from the hands of

of the
Kmho
him
That
officer
some medicine
to give
Myang-chu, a tributary of the
Tsang-po.
These he respectfully returned.
Depon Chang-lo-chan he passed by
Then
making
etc.,
deserted roofless houses.
On
He
way
both sides of the
then passed Dsing-rag, formerly a
Gobshi where Lha-cham was staging.
on a narrow pathway he crossed
lodging, he spent the night in a horse-stall underneath a house.

ill.
Next morning, being informed
health, he proceeded towards Ralung.
where, in a corner
night.
He resumed
road
that
fine blankets
By
tlie
Da-khyud
village.
beyond which lay
Lha-chan Kusho had
left
many
Passing by the monastery of

bridge called
Here not being
exposure
to
and keeping the Shi-kha of
to Phagri
battle-field.
and arrived
fell
ladyship
there were villages, some of which possessed
difficulty
he
some
the Gelugpa monastery of Gahd.in choi-ph<jlling and
Qe-neu-sum and walking with

at the villaga of
presents of
travelling eastward
then passed a stream coming from the distant snows and the
the monastery of Ne-fiing.
Her
Reaching
De-pa of her Gyan-tse estates who was ailing for some timea
entertained the party with tea, Tibetan dishes,
Sarat Chandra.
He
to the
his
Tuug-chen, he started on his journey.
Gyan-tse, he interviewed Lha-oham Kusho in Phala's residential Villa callel Qongyal-gah.

request&i
Paldor
Early in the morning of the 25th of the 3rd month, year Wufer-ho'Se 1882, after
Lama
to
for his journey,
Vr.
fo cold
Kudoong Zxmpa
able to secure a
and snow-storm
Gobshi, though
still
good
at night,
very bad in
Passing by the Ningma monastery of Kha-vo, he reached lla-Iung,
of
the big house where Lha-cham's
his
journey in the morning, amidst snow-storm and rain.
party was
accommodated, he spent a
sleepless
Tliis increased his illness.
Passing by the right flank of Kharula, he came to the foot of the snowy mountain called Noijin Khang-zang
Then proceeding on
(Nang-kar-tse)
turn, he
Jong
was unable
his journey,
he arrived at a place called Ziwa.
situated on the shore of lake

to travel
Yamdo
towards Lhasa in
the
Yunutsho.
company
a letter of introduction to her cousin, the incarnate Dorje

the great monastery of Samding.
the house of one
He
In the evening, he reached Nagartse.
Hero, his
of Lha-cliam.
Phagmo
Namgyal, receiving medical treatment from two Tibetan
the Dalai
Lama
on the topmost storey
He
Lady Superior
of
stayed for a fortnight in
The
incarnate Dorje
his account, the illness being acute bronchitis.
made pilgrimage
of Potala.
The kind lady gave him
physicians.
provisions consisting of barley, flour, tea, butter, mutton, salt, etc., for him.
slowly proceeded towards Lhasa and
having taken a bad
{Vajrî-varahi), the
then slowly rode towards Samding.
Phao'mo very graciously expressed much anxiety oa
illness
She sent
Piecovering from his illness he
to the sanctuaries there.
He
had the audience
of
50
APPENDIX
A
CLEAR exposition
tions of
of the doctriue of
Chanre-aig in the Dalai Lamas,
Lama's career delineated,

flight
his
from there and coming
An
flight to
VII.
le-embodiment of the souls
An
enumeration of the
Mongolia,
visit
Dalai Lamas.
and return
to
The
present Dalai
Lhasa described.
Tlis
to Darjeeling in I909-10.
enumeration of the one hundred twenty-five great acts
of his to his death,
Bodhimllvas ingeceral, and incarna-
first six
Peking,
to
oi
of
Buddha
(âkya
Muni from
the time birth
and The places where he resided &c.
APPENDIX
VIII.
Forms of Correspondence.
I.
Letters to be addressed to Jong-pons, De-pa classes &c.
Letters to be addressed to one's equals.
II.
Letters to be addressed to one's parents,
III.
IV
Letters to be addressed to ladies of ordinary rank,
V.
Letters to be addressed to one's wife.
VI.
VII.
Letters to be sent to
of humbler classes
Letters to one's relatives, senior in age and to superiors.
IX.
X,
XII.
women
Letters to be sent to one's subordinates and servants.
VIII.
XI.
Letters to be addressed to ladies of high rank.
Letters to one's relatives, junior in age

Epistles to intimate friends.
letter
from De-pa Nor (gye) pa.
APPENDIX
The love-songs
of the sixth Dalai
Tlie Bhoteas (Tibetan settlers in
munca
X.
Sikkim and Bhutan) while picknicking,
(half -fermented millet served in
suck through a reed.
IX.
Lama, Tshang-yang Gya-tsbo.
APPENDIX
fond, drink
c&c.
Munca drink seems more
bamboo
jug,
to excite than to
filled
of
with boiled
debauch the mind.
which they are very
warm water
this
they
An account
of the Pilgrimage of
Ekai Kawaguchi to the great Sanctuaries of Tibet.
=I'r]'=,'q^3j-qq'ij^'5Jw|';,'?,| M
qs;,'^Y^^'^^'=I^'^''S^'!
'^?J'qs'I^'^^'^3j'a]i^3i-5)^|
^^:i]3i5i'qjB'al3j'|3i'|-^r|
^=r|'2j'-^^'^q'g'j^-|'^-Sq2j|
<j
|^'$j^-^c'):t]'^qr^si'^r|
qTi'^54'|^-2|-^-i^q5j'^c-i|
q^5|'3|5<'q^-^'^''!5'!t||5<'layi
q^q?j'%-55vl'.|'5CI^'5^| S
^Qj5^--^'|'q^:;âi'^'j;iEaj|
qS=tl'^)'^^''5!'0-f'q')l
|3i'|5<'5;)''D'j;$l^'aj|
qVY^''^^'Pi''*'^''=^^^^!
?>'ai5l'aj5)'^va,f'q-';,c'|
I*
jjo
li:ri''-^'qi^3j'^'qq^
5<CJj|'|l'|5i'^5)-Soj-3''Ji
5j^j;,-^3)'<^5j'j5i'5iEaj'q'5,r(
E'^C5j'^rqvqf!r|j'::i"w)l
^Îqj'^sj-^-q^q^l'q'SC'l
i)^
I
^q|'q-^^'-^?j'x.q'jaj*3;ii3j '51511
^^j'aiai)*|q]"l3|':r|5jrg!r|i'^5^5j]
Vî^'*^^' V^'3=^'=^)'f
5lici'3j5j'2lic^-^x,-^j)'q's^c-|
I
;,q!il'^^'';('T|5,'q-^r3j5i'5ti
)-î'^3ij'^'|ca'2j:i;,'5,Eq|
^c'gc'g^tl's^'Tji^'t^ylqsji
^'lai'^'qarsfsliai'
fi'^5|q, Â^-iJ^v
uisjg
by
thiB DBine
c!jc:5j-S3i'q;,'5)^'g^-!ri'^r|
t î-^q|*<*
Eatmundu
^^
i^'^c'i3|-j^'ii[C5j'Qs;,i-^l
^-ai^jj
Ekai
^5j'3f5j'5q'^?i'^5j'q't;,c'i
in Japanese.
the Capital of Nepal
is
t *a'^ 1897
known
A. D.
to tii& Tibetans.
jj^^
|;,^5|Vs."g^'5c;'grQ,t5'q'Qj^]
')^
[5i;-2J'|'q'gV3i5J'^|
qc'q]Y='"^3i'^'q!il5j5)'q'q]^x.|
!^c'^c''^'?iai'q'2j|
f'^^^j-qigj^'aj^j'^'Tj^s-p
ajsi'5!v^'3'^'^:r|'q'aj5ji
[q'q'^-^'qq5<':j'SC'|
sji^'Xj'Sijjj-SjTl'qTiq'yc^ri
:iic?j-|'^c'^'$j!)Qj'q'aj5j|
^3i5<-^-a!J)'Iir:T|-)|
5i5i-^3j'q|;|'^^'-^|C-^5l|
5)'X51''a)?<'5)''5c-|i;i
^cq^'Sj'itJj't^sj-sjf'aji
|g)'?)5J$<'^3j-5-^C54':js;'|X.|
')(^
5jE^-^'q^'q';,qT|'5lt:^-|C'|
^'aj'5E.si'5jf ^' jsj'q^^-q^l
^-Qi'^^-slt^'^-ljl-ldii
g]rl3i-|ii-'^qq'-=^2T]?4-|
5**
s,^'q^5j'f'q*^-^'2)'î5=^'||
q]C^'^3j'2l-S^-5jE2i-q-2j^] rr
''l-*l'|'l"^'^'=f|'^'^^'
;;,q:ii'5)V^!iirq'|c'^^-q|Î
IV5=!5<-S^VI^'iC-q'^|
'^^f=^^'l'|''N3'^l *
q|3i54'q3C-|q5j-5j-qs;2f|-5)'^--)'c.l
?m
;|c-|-i3i'2|-:Ti^rq-aj5)|
|r';,r$iai'^5|'q^VP'^^-I
t]c?)-aj-5j:)3J'3j)'2i|Cj'^'qa'^
iqir$J'^?i'|5J'^-^fq-5^c'|
^^
:T]C5j'|<'j)5i|'^c'4q|'^-S
^^k'5,|'q^'^<'j|5j5<'|5<
ajc'C'($c'Ssv'q5-|=K,-wjc:'|
^S
jc'jC'|aj-^-ajr^'cf
2^c*|-|'gr^'|QJ'q''^c-|
^sr|'q'k'^'TiQ,'q^-|ac$j-^
*.S'q3r2|-:^-^,c-q^3j'||
^$ji^'5jl3j-^'^'f,2Cq-^r|
^rij|^'|^-;,c'|qi)-q'^5l
^fl^'q-^qjJl-Us'l'c'q-ai^
ql-q-s^Tl^q-gvlaj-aj^^
}^-^rC'gr'Q,g':^-^^-^|
|
|<7In|
1900,
A.D.
5jz^'|5j-q^5,'|-5-q^Y'^î^
??
Ill
Ê:'q^di'{5j'2J-3r^-|ai'|?j|
g'3'^3i'?q]'f'5'q^^
<;,si'S'5)-^q-c|^'ql?3j-q3^-g,5j
*
I
Qr|q-?)5jj-|s^-âjrq-^r|
^n
55,'g51'q^3j-q^'l|p|'aj'Qî?l
g'f c'g'q|^'S^'^':^^^'|
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BOOK
11.
THK GRAMMAR OF THE TIBETAN LANGUAGE.

The Text of
Situ
Sum Tag
BY
SITU PANCHEN
(Pages 188)
BEING
A Commentary
on
Sum Chupa and
Tag-jug-pa of Thon-mi SamBhota
WITH
An Index
of Grammatical
Terms
BY
8HRAMANA EKAI KAWAGUCHI
(Pages
I V.)
2
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^<lI^-*iq^c-j)t^C5^-q??^-g''^"j<i| Hji^l
|'i^C3i*l-J!|^-?;n^"va^-ujf|
jp*)'Ill|-?t^-'^^c.?q-q'aiNii||';,-qR
g^''^'g''^^1'''l'^^'|*''5g35-^-q^|
^q)*l-tÊ.'slRiII*I-5C,3:^-t^^5^qu(C|
l|r3^Hi5î[E.*^îy'^|'^|'^^^'^
.||aj|^-uiE.N'q'?iS)5j-)'qI','*t?'S'''i
Ê.i^fg<Il-^1|tiqtqiN4UI'Il*J-Î
11C''^^^)^1]g'^l3^-q5^qf^-iJN
^^^^'*J'3|W*''*'^'5|S'^^
)q-fj;^q-^c'ai'l]-q^q-fj^-y|jfll*l
I
^|tqS^^^s|q^|c.^^^]?iqI
(^;i|R-â|-q?^qiqv1)-q5C-j[c^-^)N-|
njAII^-qiv-qjî^-q-cJI-^-Tjq'^fl
tc*qm
j(5'3)-;,E,-^^|-|3i-^-^)'^-?<I|
g^'^s.-5gjj--^q^3i-^-
9]')'i5;!iNg-^|gt)-%'qi^q|'i^q)-Ne.'5;'fl]la|jq5g3i->;5iq;-8^5q^qgûit)qqc.)-3i
o
^
>j
ii!i>k
qsiai-2*i-ai;;-Ii-Dai-q^-^c|q*i-|*i
aiâiqq)-I*l'2-^c,q^j'g-q?4-^c.-S5"g4'Jl'il95.-g-m'^g|-q-qjr*I'y''i|tl'q5-'|aj-^-?^-:j^Jv-^j-^^
X-jj .y^
e
jj^-ujc-q-r^^-
q>ij5'^^3i-3i-RX,a('i3iHi5'l3i'qV|^'q'S\q5J-|t'*(\p^-q-S-"^t-';,qt-|ai|iîy-g-3i)-5)-^^-f^C,-q5l-^-<;,5^^
^3i|-|''ai*)-u(c,-ujc.-g'Jjq^S)4^'qN-q']^-q^3j'q3'^-u^'5)^,-njqîj)5q-3i;-Sj(q*)-r^q]^-q|3i-|q?iq]5^l!j'^3|-|-g-q-^
Jvti5-q^qj-g-g-qn-^^-q>^q-gtqj-lf^?4-qs)n]-^*)^-%-5-g-
?]qfS'a|'g^^-5j;i^|3)'q5-^(-qV1|lc,-q-q,-sl\''^'flI^q*;yJ'^'^'Il'53C'<*C|
qî3iJs-gi;q^j-l3i-q-^s<)-|-tîj|-5^-ê.-l
gW-'if*]-;,t-5'q5J'*|9lSl-'^3I'5iq-q5î-|^-^qs.'|'l|'|-q-?S'93i-3'i*gci|'v^t-a|^-q5|^-q^-
2j<aic''^|gl'sli'q'^5\-|-"sai')38j<i-;^t-âi-q5'^',S|-q>;-5qq|'ail?q-i?(?^|-rq^q)iytq-[5c.-5ji^
qg3iq-53i-5-^-gqi>-=^*]-fll3iNij(qM-qN''5'^'=^'^V^t-|Sl-iJl'U}aj-?f^^-iIiai5J-q-^f|
q^g^'Sl)
g.N aitsi-|E,*)|||
'S'n,^
*-'5'S|l
3i-fl|q-o!q]l-gj--5;f*;s)-R5q|j-^C-|I
qsai-q|5-'^qoiA*li-5-8-5^,-qgl|*)
il3i\'^=,-95-|?q-q3i;-al-q-^^
IX
B, Trees
II
||
g3C5);,-aliI|Sl'q^^-s^5|-jj*3iHq!Î-qS
Ji|C'q)-^3i-8|*I-aqq|c-a|5,-a,
pN-5ai3i-Ê.-*<5'3i-q^-s,'rr>s-Si) n
o02-],rX)0-17-7.1912.
.^^^3i^gn^q)gq5^qc.|I|*l5^^^SJi|ai:^5îîJC?q
||
jf
crNi^-qS|-îI|-SC-
^î!]jj*j-^j-,gt;-^:;|-t;ti^-jti-tyqE.St*I!I
INDEX OF GRAMMATICAL
TE[:iTIS.
Page.
Page.
g^'q|q-^-5)i]-q]â;g,-qôj)-QI-q|<i)-qa''î|^'qm
M5
gaiq|iiq'5iii|-^?'!M-g-q]âi'g-q5-a}q-=^:;-i^gocq3g'q-
'^'^1'^
Is
Mo,
...
g3i-|a|-q-5]q-iI|S\3j-g-qq'0}ra|-q|q'q5-^^:^-q|ei|-q
Mi?
. .
to
S^'^<=ltS
MM
...
|'3i-R|ll-^'55ri-^*^-^-gqoi-q|q]q5-!^cl^-q|i^
MM
...
MM,
g^-q|qi'S5-5^q|iîS^-*|-i(E.?^'q-qH|fl]-q^'J^Sl:^'qft^ ^__
M^
?^
qfS
yn
I
...
|'3i-';j:;-|*^-i^q)''si-^)'q5-3-q-'J|^5i-|^=;(tlvq'^
...
gai-';,i^-|N-q^ll-i3)-g*iqa-g^-q-q^ll-g^-';(=!'^-qf^ ...
...
;o
gaiq|qi?i ajqi'^'W'Slîi RlUj-q
...
ga^qiJq'iq^'^'q^'X,^
gc>i-R|i)A-5)ai-q!;,5i-|t;,'q-q-'!|'q|liq5-ÊlN-qff|
...
M, MCj MM
gaj-q|Jil-35s'l5'|'51''^ll
CM
...
....
i=;,g-ui=.-3i'qi^?5-S^
...
"...
^N-^|1I
...
?3i
'^
ga,A|11'5(-5i|i]^^gq-i*|-t!|ei|U)-q^^tlJ;'q|i^
gq-q|11'^'51
...
...
?=,
MS
g'i "'El'^l'tS'Siai-q-^l-l^-îqi-q
gii-^|1lSli5q]!N--^|q
Ml/
m;>
g3i-R|Jtl-5l'5|3i-?i5- 5I-5J q)-i?|:i|-gai-?Ê;-t^5jx,;qf?^
Ml/.
g3i''^|11'5|J-S-i^gI]-q5-^'J|q-^<;|-g
|^qgiI-|!N-5Aq--'^9'N-qf'S
=.5
...
M*,,
;>,
^H
Page.
^
^
^
|j-<*|'q'jf'a(>v-|4-5-ti<;,i)-g
...
...
%tx '<%'!{ fi^^%^-'W'^S^M
...
...
l^qi^l jiJaiVgwS'Sl.âii
...
...
|*i-Râi'ilt.-5l'S-=(îl-C'>i
...
...
^,
...
ô,
|N<i|ii'JiE,aj'^|il
...
l*,RiaiRvqai}t
...
...
M*,,
^:),
Page.
B**'-*!5
...
...
...
i^'^'s^'t'^l'T''
...
...
...
0,
5^
5<ii?j53iqa|>;Q
...
.,_
j,^
p,
^^
^^S=''i^^"5"g'=i'i
...
...
^^
^^'l^'ll
...
...
^'<
^3<*w|V3T;^-^-^^T''
...
...
^=
"^
w*'^'^?^-%'î'^-^
...
...
'ô
''^
''^^'i^''-^l'l
...
...
^.
?5
^l^l'S^-o^vy
...
...
^.
...
i^-î'i-r-Ê'TC^
"
|Agn,-q55-5a,^tS-'''q^^*'
...
l^-Ri'>\ni-^^-^-'^M
...
...
l^Rl'!\^'~^l''\^'^
...
...
^?
^^'^'^^'f^-^'f S'TS'^'Ê'^^
|*?'R|<i]-^q|-=i|fll-^l
...
^'^"^
...
|i-c^|ni'^cii5îs-|-s|-q
...
...
'^'^
|^-R|q|- 5-5)^1
...
...
...
...
|^-^|,l<-ii^
...
...
|*,<i|tTai
...
...
Mv
...
|!S-R|1ia-S)ll
...
...
...
...
|^ci|z,,*.363i.I|^?J-3J!i
|^-R|q,-S,ia|-q|>-)-^f3lS5'^'qf'S
"^
?'s
'^^
MS, î>,
...
|54-i^|qi?i-^5^-|-S'l'^-qlS
...
^^.
MS,
^;>,
...
;..
v*
0^,
r<.,
y-i
5s
?^
''^
fS'l'^^'i-^'S-''
...
...
^s
4^
"S^-'jSHg^-l-f
...
...
p^
M^
V?-^5#se!^q|^
...
...
e,
=<
v=,il3i
...
...
...
iJo,
;?<
^^
'S'^1
...
...
=^<=,
^M
'<*'
S2^-^-|-*^'^-Î|0
...
...
^^
S'^|qi^)tIl-q-R|qiC|
...
...
^'^
ii-i-|S-y"-='IT''
...
...
^M, <^4
;(4
,4
^^
'S'î-^|S'^"-Î'T^
...
...
?M
....
S-^g-I-^q^-^^Siiq
...
...
,M
...
'^'^
^î-s-^'^S-î^^S
...
...
^^
|^-^|cq-^5l-ai'qfS-5t-'^%^''
"^
^^c.S^q?-*.*^^"^
...
...
e,
|^-^|^q^-5j-|k-q
...
...
?,
?-
^^*.5t*l'^5-*^-=^S
...
...
-3
...
'^'^,
^^,
^'^
^'^
'
'
|j-R|ai-%-g?i3-S2l'^-qf'S
...
...
^5
g-<^|ai'i!i'^)'')5'g'^
...
^'*
...
'^^
...
'iH
|^-q|:-S,i3i-J)^-S|-^t
...
t^-^gq,-Mai-s)S-*.-ii^-9l-s2)^-qfS
g5;-R^'>I-5j-^|-|^-i|'q-y
t^-^l'1%5-55
...
qfyq^-q^lVq
...
il^Jt-q
...
)^-
...
g|^fsi-âi-(a|3^q^'iS,ai
...
...
MS, ^?,
^'^^
?o, 00, ^, ^=,
...
...
'î',
'^^
...
,,.
''^
^-rqj^-ai'RIil-qS-ii
î
|-'^'"^-^ll>-l'^l'^''J
^f\S'^
...
...
î-^-?VS='^'^'5i*"''n^3-i''''^S^-''
(Meaning
is
relative pronoun).
Page.
^,
^'>J
^gil)?^:i-q-q'|q]-q
Page.
3(-g'?jq'^3i|?q'q|C5]aj*)|Sq|'g*(qj;'|^-q5-
U]^l-q|;-i^gi'q
...
^*j-S,|-qp)*l-q-wg-g-q
^st-^^^g-q'^-q-.;,?!'?,-!.^
q<â|-q5|q-g'?)g-|Vq
^*l''\g'''^^''''f^''q^'
^**''ig'='^^'''5'3'gTS'5iq^-|'f
^-'Sg-q|=>-q-3^-g
qi^sq-qS'iq-i^tlVqli^
^^S5-5|q|-|-^
...
ss'^^-^TS^
...
^^
9-Sl|-J-ff-5-g
^?
|-i-)3qy5-gf|-|-!ilE.-3-ti^-g-'S=,-g-^*)?^|g
|-5j^jj-|-?;3i-5^-|i^-q
g-iW^-i!15q'1qi-^-5)-R<I|(;)-q
Sj
s) i?J'q5' 18I] 5,'Ji
a^'q
IS15
Sqj |
655' q5
sj^-qiqiC^
...
...
...
50
^-
S'T*>'|5
...
...
...
53
5vq5,^^)'^5^|îj(v^=>')'^^tl5|';^
ye.
g;^-|-q5^5-qfai-q?5j-q|:^
<^3i'^-
..,
wo,
...
,>;?,
so,
*-;>
Page.
Page.
S^y5-g-|-9'^-S|
...
'",
...
?c
<>i4
X'^
5)e,sis'^
...
...
...
...
...
...
'^4
5?,
g'i5i,-|-5c4-l3g'3-'^tlVq|'f|
...
cc
Sf|9q-<^qiil||[
gqS-3il)q)-Êli,-q'^
...
-J^
slfgf,:k?)ti|5<|a|C
...
...
%)
9El^-aSI]-3i)-|E.-q5-2lti-5f
...
VS\
5)E.-54?q-ti^3j-^t!|
...
...
^n
a-siSaj-ya-JJi
...
...
...
C5
9".
g-q5-oilC1^3i-^rN-g55,flk-qIS
S-q5-oj-a,^3i-|-^gr^-a53-^<T,-S)-^rlVqf'S
...
^?
Dt-^^-qlv^-HI^J^-l-Mq
IS'if '**i'M'^''Ê'T''
9^
Sltii^ meaning, 5)|
...
<^-cj-s5-f^gi-g
...
...
'\9t
...
...
...
y"^,
0\
'^3-^5J^,
...
...
^svivtr^-^^'iM-^-îT''
...
^S'Î'S
âVIS-l-?*-
...
...
...
|C,3^*,- g-S'lvq-^.Ri^Tq
...
1-3^^
.,
^,
î)
S)fqi'^^-|-^=.
^^
^^'^s^-^M
...
y^
...
'<,
...
*,,,
...
^^, ^^
3^,
^S
<-,
?*
iS-5j5]-qf^?^-^-g-^v|5'sqc=^-S-^g3i-
M,
s,,
...
^''^'^'''^"
t^^'r^^X^-^'^
...
...
...
...
Dt-^1^5-iai-Svl'5i-^
...
...
5V,
,*,
...
...
?,
?S
<?|t|5t*)|-|-|5;ii|-i?|ii|-q
...
...
\^
)c.-'>1^5-5j-5|-|q-5;j|?^-|'^,|-q ...
...
v^^t,
ng:^ |5Cj-<î;-i^^-q5-g
...
...
xy
Sffli'â-âi-^-a-Sjiii
...
...
^^
^^
^,
...
^^
?i5J-?)5-5^f*iaR"iiC^-q
...
...
-^n^
^j
?s
^.^^.^.g.^^.^.g^.,^^.,
|i:,-|5!:,5I'ai5^-g'sti*)?q-|''^-q'j|qnj|q
'^g^-ff^-|v%'T'<
...
'^gIg-|-'s6iI-^'q'|-q^1|<i|'q5^2l>s-q|V^
I'^-Sj^-gflTC'!!
...
S)-^C-q)5^s)-Ê.-Ê,JS-q
...
...
...
...
vs/s^
S'"'
...
...
...
^^
...
S)t,qiIl"^fllSjl] ...
af5l<I]^5qSq|
S)c;-3|-5)=;aai
^'^'Îf''
...
.__
__
-,
...
...
Di^-5:;-li-5<515,-R|flI'l--|-iS-q5-q.<^;^-q
),
^5jqqqX,3i
...
...
...
vs
5M
ql-oi^sq-jc
,..
...
...
t^rf
__
___
...
...
5^
...
...
'Sq]^qSi;;-l#*)'|"^|-îsi
2q]'?;3iJi)'^5lUj-q|nq5
v,^
%-^
...
?S
o^ ^;;
'^,
__^
1fl)
^j^.g^.^^^.^^.g^.^-.^^^.q^^
___
^^
^"I'gS
^,
^^
g.j^q^
__^
faiN-^411
...
...
...
?i!N-3ii-qi-ff
...
...
...
...
...
__
^^
.^
...
...
...
^,
...
...
^_
^^
*>?,
>^
^^^ ^^^ ^,^
^^
ô,
i?;;
"'*,
t.
5
Page.
i5|q*i;5
...
...
<q>!âi-gqgq-q^-tj.f];,-q
flisâi'g^-j)5âi'^^
"i=.'g
"i'a
*<
...
...
r,
'y'f'T='^l'^^'^|'^"
...
...
0~
...
y=, 5^
...
...
...
...
...
9^, J"*
...
...
...
9"^
...
Sji
...
\So,
M,
^j
...
'^fr,
oi^ûic-^'i^^ggq
...
...
yy^ y^
'l*''-3'3'q^'l^*i53|-|-^qiq|-g
...
...
y^
5<iy
^f,c-^-^-U)C-c^|q]-5)-fi:i
...
...
^Jo
fJ-g-'H'^-aTf^-ai'k-'Êtl-y
...
...
^^
S^ ^^
^^î.^|^^^c.cs,^\^<^l^^
...
<,4
Sôj^l^ q
..,
S)q|?i-S55|qi^*4;,gq...
M,
...
5)-|j3i--^*i';,g
...
...
...
îq q^-^dj
...
...
...
l|''qN-
...
...
...
^^
...
...
...
9'>Ji
^s
j-j
llWg^
...
...
y,
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
S?,
9=
m?)aig;^-^g-5)q]f}-5
;".,
'^^
iI^^gS-C'^-Ji
vs
"I^'stlVS'T^S
;?<=
'S5'2)5i5---J5-g5j';,t, l^-|^q-^t;,iTi5|-g
...
Si-^'ig
...
...
i?=
...
...
y=,
y=
...
...
î^,
5s
^,
...
...
So
^Taj^'S'^'g
^'q!S^)ll^^'^11vq5>^^'^^|Ilq^'!|^g
...
^^
ctwi]
...
ii
...
;?
'^^
...
...
...
^K.'?)'^'|qfi ie^Jjq]i)'Vq;^^'J5^q5'a8'|g^
...
^s
...
...
...
?^
C^Jj
...
5)-5i5'R|ii-C'^
ê^
:)-j
IJlSq-g 1^1]
...
...
yy, ?^,
^1>
S^^t^X'a.^'^c^li^c^^^^n^^â,e^^^
,..
''^^l'5
ac?ifl]^jq^'Qj-Xj3(
...
uic.-iB|<;,C(ci;i;qa(|i^î;)g
...
...
...
...
...
PH
7^
oiguiC'î'^-^JilS,^
...
...
...
M^
,.,
...
...
..^
c?
...
îg'S'^'^'il'l'^'^^^
rygl<l)-g-|^-l*N |^*N'I'^^'^'3^''
^!N-y5uic'^;3i;-|5<i]54-|uiE,|-^-'5ja^-1^|
U|E,R|<I|
Page,
...
...
3^
-*
~^,
y^
s,
^,
BOOK III.
ON SPELLING.
Melong
Dag-je Sal-wai
STi'S'^^'^'^'^ '*^'^^'l Piiges
1 27.
MIRROR OF CLEAR (CORRECT) SPELLING.

work, the different methods of spelling have been clearly illustrated almost
all tlio rot't-words with their u)eanings being metrically arranged according to the rules of
spelling, which are peculiar to the Tibetan language.
Words of similar sound, conveying
different significationSj have been explaiut^d and, vviiere necessary, they are differentiated by
In this
eli.ci
iation in the
manner
of their sp.llirg.
Contents.
Page.
..
'^^'^g^j'TT^si]
the letfer
i]
with ^ prefix
...
q54-Q^Qj-T]-)q]
the letter
T)
with q prefix
,..
^J,fj!^5|'q^-Ti
the letter
T]
surmounted by
^.
q^l-ciâi-^^-sjtii-^Si-cj^-Ti
the letter
T]
surmounted by ^ with
q?4-q|aj-$jSi^g;3i-(^.'T]
the letter
''1
surmounted by ^ with q prefix
sj^-q^c2j-fq
the letter P with
5J
prefix
(^î:^âcp
the letter P with
<^
prefix
Page.
...
=J
prefix
2
Page.
Page.
I-lJff-g)^-qS-q-5)li
W*|tif'^^'tJ^'y5}q]
...
(|NR^l'5'5)ii
...
q?;-R^l -55)01
...
O-iJ
6(a'q?,Qj]^-q (|E.q) ft*intjsi--S)iq
0-J
O")
q5'q5,'q-<]'^'q
OS
00
n5i'R^'Si-q-5)a|
00
;-)5ffl^-q5-q-5)q)
O")
(JC'l) '^^qS's^fl5)'q
...
0"
..,
frr.
wjtff|J^qq'q'5)iq
...
,,,
00
ma-qiS^-q^V"
00
iî-g7jc5)a|
00
H-<9i'-gj3i-q5''5Jil'<^f)'45f'^V''5'*"^''I
(S^')
?o
...
...
^.
O'-i
ê
0^
';-i5fgj^-)'f-5'5}ii
...
0-^
ô
s'45f-^-qS--5)<l)
^0
qj-*^'!|'^'5)?f'^^qq*'5)i|
^0
Wqf-gl^-qS--5)JI|
^0
0^
0^
q ?^
si^m
ai
5f g)^ qS 5
0^
5)q)
SHH 1^0]
9^-|^-Cî\'q
^0
i5-qs>-qJl^-q (|c-)
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BOOK
SiTui
Shal Lung
l^'^'^-^QI'i^C'l
A LECTURE
In this work,
in
Tsang,
(î'^c-|)
IV.
>.
Pages 1-35.
ESSAY ON SITU SUM-TAG.
Lama Dharma Bhadra, High
Priest of the
Monastery of Gahdaa-tse,
Ngul-Chu, has simplified Situ Pancheu's elaborate commentary on Thon-mi
SamBhota's Siim-chu-pa and Tag-ld-jug-pa. Readers should begin with
'age
this.
age
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Sarat Chandra Das Grammar of The Tibetan Language

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Sarat Chandra Das Grammar of The Tibetan Language

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IliPif

SARAT CHANDR\ DAS,

Member of ihe Imperial Archenlogical Society of St. I'etersburg,

Marquess of Dufferin and Ava's Silver Medal, in 1886.

Ksemendra's Sanskrit Poem " The Avadana Kalpalata" with

Ksemhndra's Darpadalan (in Sanikrit).

The Hon*ble Mr. W. W. Rockhill's

"Concerning the Dalai Lama Thub-tan Gya-tsho himself,

him repeatedly during

seemed deeply impressed with the great

in a very low voice.

haughty and forbidding. His nose

and smoothly, but

a moat thoughtful host,

not very broad,

up most pleasantly when he smiles and

In repose his face

impressive, and rather

which are sound and white.

darker than that of the Chinese, and of a ruddier brown

week with him

few years, and of great natural dignity.

an agreeable talker and extremely courteous.

perhaps, than those resulting from his temporal duties.

responsibilities of his office as

and impulsive, but cheerful and kindly. At

Province of Shanei), and

understanding and of force of character.

result of his varied experiences

and wordly expression, which

small mouche under his

His hands are small and well shaped

usually carried a rosary of "

moustache and the

beads with silver counters.

he moves quickly, but he does not hold himself

(badge of the Gelug-pa Yellow-Cap Sect of Tibet), and hanging down

I received theg^'l'^sic benediction from His Holiness on

floor of Potala (see

page 17 Appendix VI.)

Mr. Rockhill, in his

March 1912, wrote

me, dated American Embassy, Constantinople, the

I see that the Dalai

has left Darjeeling for Lhasa.

him have always been most

agreeable and cordial I

under the new regimi in China he

the prolonged exile.

very heartily his well-wisher.

will be able to secure for his

I have not seen you since 1885.

most thoughtful among

photograph as soon as I can get one for you.

Lon-chen Gung-thang-pa and Lon-chen Shol-khang-pa.

country the autonomous Government

used often to see

(Appendix VII) and the

latter perhaps, the

Lhasa- Villa in Darjeeling,

Saeat Chandra Das,

The Honourable W. W. Eockhill,

As A Token of Hi^h Esteem.