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By:AllisonWhite
For:Mr.Ruttan
DueDate:May13,2015
DrugAbuseinDevelopingNations
White
Preface
Intheworldtodaymanydevelopingcountriesarebeingbombardedwiththepressuresto
sustainthemselvesinaglobaleconomy,theburdenofhavingtoliveinpovertyandthedesirefor
money.Duetothesepressurespeoplefromdevelopingcountrieshaveturnedtoabusing
substances.Manyofthesesubstancesarenotnativetosuchregionsorthedrugswerecreated
fromindigenousvegetationwhichhadnototherwisebeenusedinthatmanner.Overthepast
sixtytoseventyyearstherehasbeenariseofsubstanceabuseindevelopingnationsandthishas
anoverallnegativeeffectontheircommunities.Substanceabuseispresentinmanydifferent
countriesworldwideyettheeffectsoftheseaddictionsvarygreatlyintermsofthecountrys
economy,theindustrieswithinthatcountryandtheincomeandqualityoffamilylife.
Acountryseconomycanbeaffectedineitherabeneficialornegativewaywith
substanceabuse.Thereisapositiveriseinacountry'sincomeifdrugsarebeingproducedand
traffickedbythecountry,thoughthebulkofallprofitmainlystaysintheconsumercountries.
Thenegativesideeffectofhavingillegaldrugoperationswithinacountryisthepollutionofthe
landaswellasthelowwagesofthepeoplewhoareproducingthesedrugswithinthecountry.
Muchoftheprofitfromsellingillicitdrugsiskeptbythedealersinconsumercountries.Yetthe
smallamountofincomewhichthecountrydoesreceivewillnotbeevenlydistributedamong
producers.Thiscreatesaglobalinjustice,keepingthedisadvantagedatthebottomofthe
economicladder.Asstated,thebenefitsofillegaldrugtraffickingandproducingaregreatly
DrugAbuseinDevelopingNations
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outweighedbythenegativesideeffectsofhavingalargeinjusticeamongtheirpeople,andit
alsocreatesanewwaythatmanycitizenscanbecomeexposedandaddictedtothesedrugs.
Thisnewexposuretosuchaddictivedrugsushersmanypeopleintothedangerousworld
ofdrugaddictionandsubstanceabuse.Whenanemployee,andhomemaker,becomesaddicted
tosuchdrugsitaffectstheircognitivebrainactivityaswellastheirworkreactiontime.Itis
shownthatsubstanceabuseisdirectlylinkedtounemployment,andifthereisonlyoneperson
workinginahousehold,asitisinmanydevelopingcountries,itcanbedevastatingforafamily.
Drugabusealsomakesaworkerbecomemorepronetoonsiteaccidentsendangering
themselves,aswellascoworkers.Theconsumptionofsuchillegalsubstancesisalsoknownto
decreaseaworkersproductivityonthejob.Allofthesefactorscanresultintheterminationofa
joboralargedecreaseinonessalary.Thesecircumstancescouldpotentiallydevastateafamily
inwayssuchasthethreatofpovertyandstarvation,alongwiththelikelihoodofemotional,
physicalorbothabusesinthehome1.
Abuseofsubstanceshasbeenlinkedtophysical,emotionalorbothtypesofabuseat
homeandeventheinfluencingofchildrenintotheuseofillegaldrugs.Drugabusecouldcausea
persontobecomephysicallyandemotionallyabusiveoftheirfamilyathome.Thiscauses
children,spousesorparentstobecomesubjecttocrueltreatmentduetothefrustrationsof
everydaylifesuchasapersonslackofemployment,inabilitytoprovidefortheirfamilyordue
totheirstrugglesagainsttheiraddiction.Whenafamilymemberisaddictedtoillicitsubstances
EconomicandSocialConsequencesofDrugAbuseandIllicitTrafficking.(n.d.).6thed.[ebook]Available
at:http://www.unodc.org/pdf/technical_series_19980101_1.pdf[Accessed2Mar.2015].
DrugAbuseinDevelopingNations
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thisbehaviourcansetanexampleforyoungergenerations.Duetothepressuresoflivingina
developingcountrydruguseseemslikeabreakfromreality.Peoplewhoareaddictedtodrugs
indevelopingcountriesaremorelikelytoinfluencethepeoplearoundthemwhoaresuffering
fromthesamepressurestheyare.Thisisunlikepeoplewhoareindevelopedcountriesaddicted
todrugsduetotheiraccesstosubstanceabusecounsellingandunsimilarpressures.
Inmanydevelopingcountriestreatmentforsubstanceabuseitnotcommon.Areportin
2008showsthatonlyabout1/5ofdrugusersaroundtheworldreceivedanytypeoftreatment.
Thismeansthataroundtwentymillionpeoplewerenottreated2.Thereareprojectsbeing
developedgloballytohelpwithdrugaddictionindevelopingnations.Therehasbeenonein
Cambodiaandtheobjectiveoftheprojectwastohelppromoteawarenessandgivecounselling
tothosewithdrugaddictions3.
Overall,substanceabuseindevelopingcountriesaffectcitizensonmanydifferentlevels.
Drugabuseonagloballevelcanbringinmoreyearlyrevenue,butitalsocarriesmanynegative
sideeffectssuchaspollutionandunjustwagesforindividualproducers.Throughtheuseofsuch
illicitdrugs,communitiesofdevelopingnationscansufferfromunemployment,dangersinthe
workplaceorlowwagesduetodecliningproductivity.Familiesofpeoplewhoabusedrugsare
devastatedwithlowincomesorunemployment,aswellaspossiblephysicalormentalabuse.
"UnitedNationsOfficeonDrugsandCrime."
WorldDrugReport2010:DrugUseIsShiftingtowardsNew
DrugsandNewMarkets
.Web.02Mar.2015.
<
http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/frontpage/2010/June/druguseisshiftingtowardsnewdrugsandnewmar
kets.htm
l
>.
3
"ReachingoutandReachingupDevelopingaLowCostDrugTreatmentSysteminCambodia."
HRJ
.
Web.02Mar.2015.<http://www.harmreductionjournal.com/content/9/1/11>.
DrugAbuseinDevelopingNations
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Therearemanynegativeeffectsofdrugabusefeltthroughoutanentirenationandonmany
differentlevels,suchasglobally,nationallyandcommunitywidethanwhatisshowntopeople
indevelopedcountries.Althoughtherearefewprojectsinactiontohelpsolvethisglobalissue
ofsubstanceabuseindevelopingcountriestherearestillmoreoptionsoffundingmoreteamsof
drugcounsellorstohelpaswellashelpingtoeducatemorepeopleonthedangersandtreatments
availabletocitizens.
DrugAbuseinDevelopingNations
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SummaryOfResearchMethods
Forthisglobalissuesresearchproject,severalmajorsourcessuchastheUnitedNations
onDrugsandCrime4andtheWorldHealthOrganization5tofindreliableresearchandprojects
carriedoutallovertheworld.Searchenginessuchasgoogleandgooglescholartofind
appropriatearticlesandinformationconcerningdrugabuseindevelopingnations.Booksand
pamphletsondrugabusewerealsousedinthemakingofthisproject.Suchdocumentariessuch
asDrugsInc.6havealsobeenusedtocollectinformation.
UnitedNationsOfficeonDrugsandCrime.RetrievedMay7,2015,fromhttp://www.unodc.org/
WHO|WorldHealthOrganization.RetrievedMay7,2015,fromhttp://www.who.int/en/
6
Drugs,Inc.RetrievedMay12,2015,fromhttp://channel.nationalgeographic.com/drugsinc/
5
DrugAbuseinDevelopingNations
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Background
Theabuseofsubstancesindevelopingcountriesisagrowingglobalissueasmore
developingnationsrealizetheprofitwhichcanbeobtainedbyproducingandsmugglingsuch
drugs.Asmoredrugsarebeingproducedandshipped,morepeoplefromthesedeveloping
nationsarebeingexposedtosuchaddictivesubstances.Manyofthesedrugswhicharebeing
abuseddonotoriginateinthatparticulargeographicareabutarebeingimportedbytravelers
fromothercountries.Thesedrugscouldalsohavebeenintroducedtonativesbyforeignerswho
foundadditionalusesforplantlifeinthatregion.
ManynonnativedrugswereintroducedafterWorldWarIIwhenmanysoldiersreturned
totheirhomecountries.CannabiswasintroducedtoAfrica,theMiddleEastandFarEastatthis
time,yetthemajorabuseofcannabisdidnotbeginuntilapproximatelythe1970swhensoldiers
increasedtheiruse.Cocaineandheroinwereintroducedtomanydevelopingnationsthroughthe
drugtraffickingbusinessgrowingandtakingplaceintheseareasduringthe1980s7.
TherearemanyinstancesindevelopingcountriesthatabuseddrugssuchasKhat,
CocaineandHashareproducedfromagriculturewhichgrowsinmanyregions.Someofthese
drugswerediscoveredbyforeignersornativesthemselves.Khatisadrugwhichisindigenousto
EastAfricaandtheArabianPeninsula8andabusebecameprominentinthe1960swhenpeople
realizedhowmuchprofitcouldbemadebysellingandgrowingthisdrug.Ketaminewas
DrugsAndDevelopment
.1sted.UNODC,1994.Web.27Feb.2015.
KhatUses,Benefits&DosageDrugs.comHerbalDatabase.(n.d.).RetrievedFebruary27,2015,from
http://www.drugs.com/npp/khat.html
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introducedtoIndiaduringtheVietnamwarwhereitwasusedasananesthetic9.Duringthewar,
Indiabecamealargeproducerofthisdrug.MorerecentlyIndiahasbeenshippingKetamineto
Taiwan,IndonesiaandMalaysia.Fromthe19701980scrackcocainewasinventedandbecame
popular,andPeruisnowtheworldsgreatestexporterofcocaine10
Ithasbeensurveyedbymanydifferentglobalorganizationsthattheglobalopium
productionhasincreasedfrom4,700tonsin2010to7,000tonsin2011.InAfghanistan,the
productionof3,600tonsroseto5,800tonsin2011.Apotentiallargeincreaseofopium
productioninSouthEastAsiahasbeenreportedinthisoneyearperiodaswell11.SouthAmerica
isoneoftheworldslargestcocainemarketsyet.AsAmericaexperiencedadecreaseinthe
prevalenceofcocainefrom3.0percentto2.2percentitillustratedthelinktothedeclineof47
percentofcocainemanufacturinginColumbia12.ItisobservedthatSriLankaproduces500haof
cannabisandSwazilandproducing633hain201213.
Drugs,Inc.:Ketamine|NationalGeographicChannel.(n.d.).RetrievedFebruary27,2015,from
http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/channel/drugsinc/episodes/ketamine/
10
CrackCocaine|CESAR.(n.d.).RetrievedFebruary27,2015,from
http://www.cesar.umd.edu/cesar/drugs/crack.asp
11
WorldDrugReport2012
.UNODC,2015.Web.1Apr.2015.
12
WorldDrugReport2012
.UNODC,2015.Web.1Apr.2015.
13
WorldDrugReport2012
.UNODC,2015.Web.1Apr.2015.
DrugAbuseinDevelopingNations
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Expert
Dr.ColleenAnneDellistheResearchChairinSubstanceAbuseattheUniversityof
Saskatchewan.Dr.Dellsworkconcentratesonresearch,communityoutreachandtraining14.
OverthepastsevenyearsthatDr.DellhasbeeninplaceasResearchChairinSubstanceAbuse
shehaspublishedovertwentyfivejournalarticlesandtwentyfivetechnicalreports.Hermain
areas
ofresearchincludeidentityandstigmaandtheirrelationshiptohealingfromdrug
addiction,substanceabusetreatmentandprogramming,andthelinkbetweenyouthresiliency
andvolatilesubstanceabuse.Dr.Dellsspecificfieldsofresearchincludedrugusingpopulations
aroundtheworld.Dr.Dellsinvolvementinhercommunityoutreachprogramsareshown
throughherbeingthechairoftheNationalInstituteonDrugAbuseInhalantsWorkingGroup
andservingasaSeniorResearchAssociatewiththeCanadianCentreonSubstanceAbuse15.
Dr.Dellwroteanarticletotheeditorofanarticlepointingoutthegrowthinvolatile
substancemisuse(VSM)globally.ItiswrittenthatCanadahassharedthestrategiesthathave
beenusedtohelpstopthemisuseofvolatilesubstanceswiththeUnitedStatesandAustralia.As
Canadaisrecognizedastheleaderinthetreatmentofresidentialyouthmisusingsuch
substances,CanadasharedthestrategiesusedwiththeUnitedStatesofAmericaandAustralia.
IntheresponseDr.DellalsorecognizesthatVSMisbecomingalargefirstchoiceofdrugsfor
girlsbetweentheagesoftwelveandseventeen.Thisincreaseismostlikelyrelatedtothe
"Dr.ColleenAnneDell."
AddictionResearchChair
.Web.02Mar.2015.
<http://www.addictionresearchchair.ca/home/aboutdrdell/>.
15
"Dr.ColleenAnneDell."
AddictionResearchChair
.Web.02Mar.2015.
<http://www.addictionresearchchair.ca/home/aboutdrdell/>.
14
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increaseinlegaldruguse,suchasalcohol,amongwomen.Anotherelementtothisarticleisthat
ofsolventsbecomingmorepopularamongyouthinMexicoastheyarebeingmarketedaslegal.
AstudyinEuropewasusedasproofbyDr.Dellinherresponsetotheeditorthatexhibitedhow
designerdrugsbeingsoldonlinebecomemoreconvenientforusebychildren16.Thisarticle
illustratesDr.Dellsunderstandingofhowimportantitistohelpidentifyglobaltrendsindrug
useamongyouthinindustrializedaswellasdevelopingcountries.Helpingyouthtobecomeless
vulnerableisanunderlyingvalueofDr.Dellsthatshowsinherarticles,reportsandprojectsthat
shehastakenpartintohelpraiseawarenessandintervenewithindigenousyouthsubstance
abuse.
Asapotentialsolutiontodrugaddictionamongstindigenousyouth,Dr.Dellhasseveral
ongoingprojectstohelpcombatthisissue.Theseprojectsinclude
thestartingofadevelopment
of
onlinelearningsessionsonyouthandvolatilesubstanceabuse.Thelessonsshowcasethe
dangers,pressuresandconsequencesofyouthand
volatilesubstancesmisuseinCanada,the
UnitedStatesofAmerica,andAustralia.Dr.Dellhasalsotakenpartintherecordingsof
breakoutsessionsthatshineaspotlightonvolatilesubstanceabuseamongindigenousyouthin
Canada,Australia,Mexico,andtheUnitedStates17.Dellhasavastknowledgeofhowsubstance
abusecanaffectcommunitiesworldwideonmacroandmicrolevels.Herknowledgeofthisis
expressedthroughhermanydifferentfieldsofresearch,andresearchpapersshehascomposed
overthepastseveralyearsastheResearchChairinSubstanceAbuseattheUniversityof
"CanadianJournalofPublicHealth."
VolatileSubstanceMisuse:ALookIntotheFuture
.Web.02Mar.
2015.<http://journal.cpha.ca/index.php/cjph/article/view/3661/2732>.
17
"International."
AddictionResearchChair
.Web.02Mar.2015.
<http://www.addictionresearchchair.ca/creatingknowledge/international/>.
16
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Saskatchewan.Dr.Dellseffortsallpushtowardsalargerscaleofawarenessandinterventionfor
youthwhoareabusingorbeinginclinedtoabusevolatilesubstances.
OverallDr.ColleenAnneDellisanexpertonsubstanceabuseandthe
effectsonyouthin
aboriginalcommunities.Dr.Dellhasmadeeffortstohelpresolvethisissuewithnativechildren
andothersonnativereserves.EventhoughDr.DellfocusesontheyouthinCanadawhoare
native,manyofthetacticssheusestohelprehabilitatenativeyouthcanbeusedbothnationally
andinternationally.
10
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RoleOfControl
Inthecaseofsubstanceabuseindevelopingnations,suchasAfghanistan,Peru,and
Kenyathecontrolisgreatlyheldbydevelopedcountries,themajorleadersindrugtradesand
dealersofaddictivesubstancesinsuchevolvingcountries.Leadingcausesforsubstanceabuse
arestresseslikepressurefrompeers,boredom,growingupinahomewheredrugabuseis
considerednormalbehavior,financialworries,andeverydaylife18.Thesearecircumstancesthat
thepeoplewhoholdcontrolmanipulate
tokeepthepeopleofdevelopingcountriesaddictedto
drugssothattheycanmaintaincontrol.Withoutanyeducationalprogramsetinplacetohelp
educatepeopleaboutthedangers,consequencesortreatmentsavailabletopeoplewhoare
addictedtodrugs,peoplehavenowayofhelpingthemselves.Theroleofcontrolisheldbythe
peoplewhodonotcareforhumansortheirrightsaslongasmoneyismade.Overallthese
peopleshouldnothavecontroloversituationslikethis.
Controlisheldgreatlybytheconsumercountriesthatsuchaddictivedrugsarebeing
traffickedto.Themostcontrolisfoundinthesecountriesduetothesupplyanddemandconcept.
Ifthesupplyislowcomingfromaproducercountrythentheconsumercountrymayhavetopay
moretotheproducercountry.Withtheincreaseofincometheproducercountrywillmakemore
ofthedrugthannecessarytomakemoremoneyinthatoneinstance.Whenthereismoresupply
ofthedrugthedemandandpricethengoesdownintheconsumercountry.Theconsumer
countrywillpurchaseforadiminishedvaluewhattheproducercountryisnowdesperateto
"ReasonsforSubstanceAbuseAlcoholRehab."
AlcoholRehab
.25Aug.2011.Web.02Mar.2015.
<http://alcoholrehab.com/drugaddiction/reasonsforsubstanceabuse/>.
18
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disposeof.Asthisprocesscontinuestheproducercountrywaitsfortheconsumercountrytopay
abetterratevaluefortheirdrugstominimizethelossesfromoverproductionoftheirdrugs.This
isaconstantcyclethatdeveloping,drugproducingcountriesfallinto.Thesmallprofitthey
receivewhendemandishighkeepstheproducersfollowingtheconsumercountriesinthehope
ofahigherprofit.Thecountriesthatpurchasethedrugsmakemoreprofitfromsellingthedrugs
thanthethirdworldcountrieswhoactuallyproducethesubstances.Whendevelopingcountries
fallintothetrapsofsupplyanddemandfromthelarger,drugusingnations,theyfallintoa
constantcirclefueledbytheneedformoney.
Theleadersofthedrugtradeandthepeoplewhosellthesubstancesinsmallercountries
toothersalsoholdmuchcontroloverpeoplewhoareaddictedtodrugs.Theleadersanddealers
holdmuchcontrolduetothegreatinfluencetheyhaveoverthepeopleoftheseunderdeveloped
countries.Leadersofthedrugtradepushonthepeoplewhoproducethedrugstoproducemore.
Theleadersgiveasmallincentiveofasmallprofit,ofwhichtheleaderstakethemostfrom,to
keepthesmallpeopleproducingdrugsforthemtosell19.Thesmallproducersinthe
developingcountriesmayrealizethattheycancreatetheirownprofitfromsellingtheirdrugsto
others.Withsuchfinancialproblemsindevelopingcountries,peoplewanttomakeanymoney
theycan.Thiscanleadtosomedrugdealerstousepeerpressureonlesseducatedpeopleto
purchasetheirdrugs.Suchpressuresfromdrugdealers,andpreviousexposuretosuchaddictive
substancesinasociety,withmorethanoneoftheleadingcausesofdrugabusepresentsuchas
19
TheFARCAndColombia'sIllegalDrugTrade
.WilsonCenter,2015.Web.5May2015.
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financialinstabilityandstresses20,morepeopleareinclinedtoillicitsubstanceuseandabusein
developingcountries.
Indevelopingcountrieswithmanyofthemajorinfluencesfordruguseandabusepresent
ineverydaylifetheeducationofpeopleonhowharmfuldrugscanbeiscrucialtohelpingthe
peopleofdevelopingcountriesmakeeducateddecisionswhenitcomestotheirhealth.Lessons
andeducationalprogramsondrugshavebeenputinplaceinEcuadorandPeru.Theseprograms
werefirstdirectedtowardseducatingthegovernmentofficialsofthedangersofdruguseand
abuseandtheunderfundingofsucheducationalprograms21.Thegovernmentisnotallowing
suchprogramstoreceivefundingandthemeanstoeducatepeopleoftheircountriesaboutthe
harmsofdrugusewhichisaninjusticetotheirpeople.Bynotallowingcitizenstobeeducated
aboutwhattheyaredoingtotheirbodiesthereisnochanceforthembeingabletomake
informeddecisionsforthemselveswhentheyareofferedtheseaddictivesubstances.Educational
programsindevelopinganddrugproducingcountriesarecrucialinhelpingcitizensbecome
moreawareofconsequencesduetodruguseandabuse.
Overallwiththepressuresoffinancialinstability,stressorsfromeverydaylifeandthe
desiretogetawayfromthenormallifethesepeoplebecometheprimetargetsfordealersand
leadersofdrugtradeaswellasconsumercountriescausesmuchofthesubstanceabusein
developingnations.Withoutpropereducationofhowdrugscanaffectthehumanbodypeople
Drugs,Brains,AndBehavior:TheScienceofAddiction.
DrugAbuseandAddiction
.N.p.,n.d.Web.5
May2015.
http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugsbrainsbehaviorscienceaddiction/drugabuseaddiction
21
DrugLessons&EducationProgramsinDevelopingCountries.(n.d.).1sted.[ebook]Availableat:
http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNABY280.pdf[Accessed3Mar.2015].
20
13
DrugAbuseinDevelopingNations
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arenotjustlyinformedtotakemattersintotheirownhands.Withouttheeducationthecontrolis
foreveroutofthehandsoftheindividualswhoselivesarebeingmostaffectedandneedtobein
control.
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DrugAbuseinDevelopingNations
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LogicOfEvil
Thelogicofevilisthewayinwhichpeoplerationalizeactionsthathavegreatnegative
effectsontheworld.Theactionsthataremostoftenrationalizedarethosewhichcausedagreat
amountofbodilyharm,emotionalturmoilorhaveterminatedavastlybeneficialculture.
Substanceabuseindevelopingnationsismostlycausedbythepressuresfromeverydaylifesuch
asfinancialworries,thedesiretoescapeeverydaylifeandthepressuresfromlivinginaplace
wheredrugaddictionisconsiderednormal22.Thesepressuresareallintensifiedasthe
governmentanddruglordspushonotherstoconsumedrugsbytellingcitizensthatitwillhelp
them.Druglordsandthegovernmentplayonpeoplesneedformoneybyfilteringthenews
aboutsellingandproducingdrugs.Theyfilteroutthenegativesideeffectsofdrugsandhowthey
canseriouslyaffectpeoplesbodieswhichdeprivestheirpeopleofapropereducation.People
thenbecomeincapableofmakinginformeddecisionsaboutwhattheydototheirownlives.
Withoutmakinginformeddecisionsforthemselves,peoplefallintothetrapsofgovernmentsand
druglordswhodependontheincomethatsellingdrugsbringstothem.Governmentsandleaders
ofdrugtradesgivethesuppliersasmallincentiveofasmallprofitfromtheirproducts,whichin
apoorcountrywithastarvingfamilyalittlebitofmoneyismuchmorehelpfulthannoneatall.
Thegovernmentanddrugleadersfeelasthoughtheyaredoinggoodbythepoorerpeopleofthe
countrywheninrealitytheyarekeepingthebulkoftheprofitforthemselvesinsteadofgivingit
totheprimaryproducer.Whiletheproducerisbeingconstantlyexposedtothedrugstheyare
22
"ReasonsforSubstanceAbuseAlcoholRehab."
AlcoholRehab
.25Aug.2011.Web.02Mar.2015.
<http://alcoholrehab.com/drugaddiction/reasonsforsubstanceabuse/>.
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producingitbecomesslowlymoreconvenientforthemtousethedrugsandthenclosely
followingwithabuse.
Economicsplaysalargeroleinthewaythelogicofevilplaysoutindevelopingnations
anddrugabuse.Withtheprofitfromthesellingortradingofthedrugs,governmentsmayput
taxesontheprofitastotakemoreforthemselves,aswithdruglords.IntheUnitedNations
DeclarationofHumanRights,itstatesinarticletwentysixthateveryonehastherightto
education23.Thiseducationallowspeopletomakeinformeddecisionsforthebetteroftheir
lives,andwithoutaneducationonhowdrugscanaffecttheirbodiesandwellbeingitcancreate
deadlyconsequences.Overallthelogicofevilismostpresentinthemoneyportionofdrug
dealingandtraffickingbutthesideeffectsofsuchactivitiesaroundvulnerableanduneducated
peoplewhoselivesmayendindruguse,abuseandevenaddiction.
23
"TheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRights,UDHR,DeclarationofHumanRights,HumanRights
Declaration,HumanRightsCharter,TheUnandHumanRights."
UNNewsCenter
.UN.Web.11Feb.2015.
<
http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/
>.
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Religion/Spirituality
Throughouthistory,manydifferentreligionshavebeenrecordedasusingdrugsin
religiousceremoniesandthesepracticesareancientintheirorigins.Cannabisiswidelyusedin
India,byHindugurusandMiddleEasternSufis24aswellasapresumeduseinScythian
ceremoniesinthefifthtosecondcenturyBCE.TheancientGreeksusedwineinDionysianrites
aswellasahallucinogenicsubstanceinverysolemnmomentsoftheEleusinianMysteries25,
whichareceremoniesheldeveryyearforthecultofDemeterandPersephone26.TheAmanita
MuscariamushroomhasalonghistoryofusebyShamansinEuropeandRussia27.Inmany
religions,drugsareusedforceremonialusesallovertheworld.Duetothefrequentuseofthese
drugsforceremonialpurposestheexposureofaveragespiritualpeopletothesetypesofdrugsin
developingnationswaslargeandmayhaveleadtolaterdrugabuse.
Formanyreligiousgroups,itisavirtuetohelpthosewhoarelessfortunateandless
educated.TherearemanyChristiancharitiesthatpridethemselvesintheirworktohelpeducate
DruguseinReligion|Lightworkers.org.(n.d.).RetrievedApril06,2015,from
http://lightworkers.org/blog/91086/drugusereligion
25
Historyofdruguseinreligion.(n.d.).RetrievedApril06,2015,from
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/172013/drugcult/40536/Historyofdruguseinreli
gion
26EncyclopediaBritannica,.'EleusinianMysteries|GreekReligion'.N.p.,2014.Web.7Apr.
2015fromhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/184459/EleusinianMysteries
27
DruguseinReligion|Lightworkers.org.(n.d.).RetrievedApril06,2015,from
http://lightworkers.org/blog/91086/drugusereligion
24
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peopleaboutsubstanceabuseandcounseling.TheGlobalHealthOrganizationhasreceived
supportfromChristiancharitiestohelppreventandtreatsubstanceabuseglobally28.
OrganizationssuchastheNationalAcademicAdvisingAssociationusereligionintheir
advisoryefforts.Thisisduetoverydiversecircumstanceswhenitcomestoanindividuals
religiousviews29.OtherlargeorganizationssuchastheUnitedNationsonDrugsandCrime
havestrictrulesthatstatethatanyoneofanyreligionmayreceivetreatment30
IndividualorganizationsinCanadaalsoworktohelppeoplewithsubstanceabuse
addictionsnationally.Yettherearenotmanyorganizationsthatoperateontheglobalscaleto
helpthoseindevelopingcountriestobecomemoreawareoftheeffectsofdrugs.Manymore
organizationsshouldaspiretohelpthosepeopleindevelopingcountrieswhoarenotthoughtof
becausetheydonotliveinwesterncountriesorhavehealthcare.
Salwan,Jasleen,andCraigL.Katz.'AReviewOfSubstanceUseDisorderTreatmentIn
DevelopingWorldCommunities'.AnnalsofGlobalHealth80.2(2014):115121.Web.7Apr
from2015.http://www.annalsofglobalhealth.org/article/S22149996(14)000484/abstract
28
29
Corevaluesexposition.RetrievedMay5,2015,from
http://www.nacada.ksu.edu/resources/clearinghouse/viewarticles/corevaluesexposition.aspx
30
UnitedNationsOfficeonDrugsandCrime.RetrievedMay5,2015,from
http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/dataandanalysis/bulletin/bulletin_19570101_1_page003.html
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CaseStudies
Kenya:
KenyaAlarmedOverMillionsOfYouthWastedByDrugs31
InNairobi,Kenyatherewereoverwhelmingstatisticsshowingveryhighratesofalcohol
anddrugabuseamongmillionsofyouthin2013.Duetothesestatisticsofdrugandalcohol
abusethegovernmentwasforcedtotakedrasticmeasuresonpeddlers,ordrugdealers.The
presidentUhuruKenyattaannouncedforpolicetoarrestdrugtraffickersanddeportforeigners
involvedinanyillegaltradeduringtheopeningofthesecondnationalconferenceonalcoholand
drugabuse.Duringthistime,theKenyattaalsocalledontheNationalAuthorityforCampaign
AgainstAlcoholandDrugAbuse(Nacada)tohelpstopthedrugabuseamongyouth.Nacadais
anorganizationwhosemissionis...toprovideleadershiponpolicydevelopment,education,
regulation,management,programimplementationandresearchcoordinationonmatters
pertainingtodrugandsubstanceabuseinKenya32.Nacadasauthorityalsofocusesonreducing
drugusewhichinvolvespreventioneducation,publicawareness,lifeskills,rehabilitationand
psychosocialsupporttothegeneralpublic33.ThepresidentthendirectedtheNationalTreasury
31
StandardMedia,.'KenyaAlarmedOverMillionsOfYouthWastedByDrugs'.2015.Web.6
Apr.2015.
http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/mobile/?articleID=2000086074&story_title=Kenya%20alarme
d%20over%20millions%20of%20youth%20wasted%20by%20drugs/lifestyle/
32
"TheNationalAuthorityfortheCampaignagainstAlcoholandDrugAbuseABOUTUS."
TheNationalAuthorityfortheCampaignagainstAlcoholandDrugAbuseABOUTUS.Web.
05Apr.2015.<http://www.nacada.go.ke/about>.
33
StandardMedia,.'KenyaAlarmedOverMillionsOfYouthWastedByDrugs'.2015.Web.6
Apr.2015.
http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/mobile/?articleID=2000086074&story_title=Kenya%20alarme
d%20over%20millions%20of%20youth%20wasted%20by%20drugs/lifestyle/
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toprovidemoremoneytofocusonpreventionandthecontrolofalcoholanddrugabuse,
becausepreventioneducationisoneofthemostprovenwaystohelpeducateyouthandstop
futuredrugabuse34.
Duringthemeeting,NacadasdirectorGeorgeAcholarevealedshockingdetailsofthe
drugabuseamongyouth.Herevealedthatalcoholconsumptionaccountedforfourmillions
users,tobacco2.7millionwhilemorethan700,000abuseddrugs35.Researchpresentationsat
theconferenceshowedveryhighratesofdrugandalcoholabusebeingwitnessedinsecondary
schools.Theseresultsshowedthatthat77percentofyouthinsecondaryschoolssmoked
cigarettes.Bhagwasnextratedandisalesspotentcannabisproduct36at68percent.Khat,adrug
thatischewedandcentraltosociallifeinmanycountries,37cominginthirdmostabusedat61
percent.Thisputsalcoholfourthmostabusedwith58percentdrugabusebysecondaryschool
students.TherewasalsoastudyontheNairobiCountySecondarySchoolsthatwaspresentedby
theUniversityofNairobiin200938.Thisstudywasdoneonallstudentsofseventeenrandom
secondaryschools,bothboardinganddayschools39andthisstudyshowedthat87percentvoted
34
"TheNationalAuthorityfortheCampaignagainstAlcoholandDrugAbuseABOUTUS."
TheNationalAuthorityfortheCampaignagainstAlcoholandDrugAbuseABOUTUS.Web.
05Apr.2015.<http://www.nacada.go.ke/about>.
35
Unodc.org,.'DrugAbusePrevention'.N.p.,2015.Web.6Apr.2015.
http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/prevention/
36
Bhang|drug.(n.d.).RetrievedApril05,2015,from
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/63996/bhang
37
Khat|plant.(n.d.).RetrievedApril05,2015,from
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/316496/khat
38
ResultFilters.(n.d.).RetrievedApril05,2015,from
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19197782
39
ResultFilters.(n.d.).RetrievedApril05,2015,from
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19197782
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themainreasonthatdruguseissuchalargeissueforyouthisduetotheeasyaccessibilityto
drugsandalcohol.Thestudyalsoidentifiedthatpeerpressurewassecondata84percent,
rebellion68percent,stress64percent,parentalabsence55percent,harshdiscipline42percent,
lackofawareness29percentandacademicpressures26percentasreasonswhyyouthstartto
useorbecomeaddictedtodrugsoralcohol40.
AstudydoneinUasinGishuCountybystudentsfromKaratinaUniversityshowedthat
drugabusehadlargelycontributedtopooracademicperformance,highdropoutrates,accidents
andhealthissuesaswellashavingahighriskofcontractingHIV/Aids.Trendsindrugabuse,as
researchedbyNacada,showedthat22percentofstudentswereusingdrugsin2001.Astudy
carriedoutbytheGreatLakesUniversityin2009showedthatalcoholanddrugabusehad
doubledinKenyaintenyearsamongsecondarystudents.Tohelpchangetheseresultsofsuch
highyouthdrugabuseratingstheMinistryofEducationwastoldtobepreparedtoincludean
alcoholanddrugabusecourseorsectionintotheircurriculumaswarnedbyNacada.Nacada
canhelpcoordinatepreventiveprogrammesinschoolswhiletheMinistryimplements,monitors
andevaluatessuchaprogramreadthereportonalcoholanddrugabuseinsecondaryschools41.
Attheconference,DawsonKarabamadeapresentationonstiffpenaltiesthathavenow
beenimplementedforthosefoundinpossessionofdrugs.
Possessiongivesoneaminimumof
ResultFilters.(n.d.).RetrievedApril05,2015,from
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19197782
41
StandardMedia,.'KenyaAlarmedOverMillionsOfYouthWastedByDrugs'.2015.Web.6
40
Apr.2015.
http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/mobile/?articleID=2000086074&story_title=Kenya%20alarme
d%20over%20millions%20of%20youth%20wasted%20by%20drugs/lifestyle/
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10yearsandmaximum20yearsimprisonmentwhilethose
foundhandlingthedrugsget20years
inprisonandineveryothercasetheygetafineofnotlessthanSh1millionort
hreetimesthe
marketvalueofthenarcoticdrugorpsychotropicsubstance,whicheveristhegreater,orlife
imprisonmentorbothsaidKaraba42.Bysettingmorestrictlawsandfinesforfindingdrugson
someonesperson,itgivespeopleaveryseriousincentivetonotcarryorselldrugsduetothe
heightenedconsequences.
ThegovernmentofKenyahasestablishedtheseverityofthesituationthatisoccurring
withtheyouthoftheircountry.Theyhavestartedtoimplementactionstohelpminimizethe
currentandanyfuturedamage.Itisrecognizedthateffortsfocusedonpreventionisoneofthe
mostprovenwaystostopanyfuturesubstanceabuseamongyouth43andthecountryisalso
takingtheresponsibilitytofundNacadaintheireffortstostartandcontinuepreventativecourses
inschoolprogrammes.Byhavingdonestudiesonyouthinsecondaryschoolsthepeoplein
controlofdrugandalcoholabuseknowexactlywheretheyneedtoenforcenewrulesandlaws,
forexampleenforcinglawsaroundeasyaccessibilityanddrugsandalcohol.PoliceinKenyaare
nowimplementi
ngmoreharshsentencesforthosefoundtraffickingorhavingdrugsontheir
personthisisdue87percentofyoutha
greeingthatthereasontheyareaddictedisduetothe
easyaccessibilityofdrugsandalcohol.PresidentKenyattaisalsotakingresponsibilitytohelp
educateandprovidecounsellingforyouthinthecommunitywhoneeditbyusingNacadaasan
42
StandardMedia,.'KenyaAlarmedOverMillionsOfYouthWastedByDrugs'.2015.Web.6
Apr.2015.
http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/mobile/?articleID=2000086074&story_title=Kenya%20alarme
d%20over%20millions%20of%20youth%20wasted%20by%20drugs/lifestyle/
43
UnitedNationsOfficeonDrugsandCrime.(n.d.).RetrievedApril05,2015,from
http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/prevention/
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assettohelpcreateprogrammesandmakeadifferenceinthelivesofsubstanceabusingyouth.
Whenthegovernmentidentifiestheissuesthatareoccurringintheircommunitiestheycantake
therightmeasuresandstepstohelpcounteractthenegativeeffectsthatdrugabusehasbeen
havingonyouthinKenya.
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Afghanistan:
ThatOtherBigAfghanCrisis,theGrowingNumberofAddicts44
IslamQala,Afghanistan,isabordertowninthewestofAfghanistanneartheIranborder
45
andalsoisthehometomanydrugaddictswhoareuneducatedandunawareofthe
consequencesofdruguseandsubstanceabuse.IslamQalaisalsoanislandofstabilityand
progressinAfghanistanandaswellisthegloballeaderinopiumproduction,andAfghanistan
hasbecomeoneoftheworldsmostaddictedsocieties.InAfghanistan,thehighestestimated
numberofdrugusersis1.6millionorabout5.3percentofthepopulationandamongthehighest
ratingsintheworldin2013.OverAfghanistan,surveysshowthatoneineverytenhouseholds
hasatleastonedruguseraccordingtoastudybytheBureauofInternationalNarcoticsandLaw
EnforcementAffairsin2013.ThestudyalsoshowedthatoneineveryfivehousesinHerat,a
cityinIslamQala,hasatleastonedruguser.AccordingtotheUnitedNationsOfficeonDrugs
andCrime(UNODC)reportsshowedthatfrom2005to2009theuseofopiatesdoubledin
Afghanistan.ThisincreaseindruguselinedAfghanistanupwithRussiaandIranforopiateuse,
andthenumberofheroinusersjumpedmorethan140percent.Manydrugexpertsonbelieve
thatdrugusehasincreasedsincethen.
NewYorkTimes,.'ThatOtherBigAfghanCrisis,TheGrowingNumberOfAddicts'.2015.
Web.6Apr.2015.
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/03/world/asia/thatotherbigafghancrisisthegrowingarmyo
faddicts.html?pagewanted=all&_r=2
45
Ahmed,Azam."ThatOtherBigAfghanCrisis,theGrowingArmyofAddicts."TheNewYork
Times.TheNewYorkTimes,02Nov.2013.Web.05Apr.2015.
<http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/03/world/asia/thatotherbigafghancrisisthegrowingarmy
ofaddicts.html?pagewanted=all&_r=2>
44
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TheAfghangovernmentismoreworriedaboutalongrunningwarandcorruptionto
worrythatmuchaboutprovidingdrugtreatmentfacilitieswithfundsneededtobeeffective.The
governmentfundingfortreatmentandrehabilitationprogrammesislessthan$4millionperyear.
Therearejustunder28,000treatmentfacilitiesnationwidethatrelyheavilyonabout$12million
ayearfromotherinternationalorganizationstohelpfundtheirtreatment.Tohelpcombat
substanceabuseinAfghanistan,itiscrucialtogiveproperfundingtoorganizationsand
programmestokeepupwiththegrowingneedsofthecountry46.Theinternationalcommunityis
morefocusedondecreasingopiumproduction,spendingover$6billionsincethebeginningof
thewarin2001tostopproduction.In2012and2013Afghanistanhadincreaseditsopium
productiontothehighestlevelsince2008.Thiswasduetothepricesanddemandforopium
globallyconsiderablylarge,therewasnoreasonforgrowerstostop47.
Thisisatsunamiforourcountry,saidDr.AhmadFawadOsmani,thedirectorofthe
drugdemandreductionfortheMinistryofPublicHealth.Theonlythingourdrugproduction
hasbroughtus(is)onemilliondrugusers48.ThisisonthetopicofAfghanistanhavingmore
supplythandemandedbytherestoftheworld,thusloweringthepriceinAfghanistanmakingit
Drugabuse.gov,.'ResearchFunding|NationalInstituteOnDrugAbuse(NIDA)'.N.p.,2015.
Web.6Apr.2015.http://www.drugabuse.gov/international/researchfundinglanding
47
AfghanistanOpiumSurvey2013.UnitedNationsonDrugsandCrime,2015.Web.6Apr.
2015.
http://www.unodc.org/documents/cropmonitoring/Afghanistan/Afghan_Opium_survey_2013_we
b_small.pdf
48
NewYorkTimes,.'ThatOtherBigAfghanCrisis,TheGrowingNumberOfAddicts'.2015.
Web.6Apr.2015.
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/03/world/asia/thatotherbigafghancrisisthegrowingarmyo
faddicts.html?pagewanted=all&_r=2
46
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moreaccessibleforAfghans.Thiscrisishasgrownmuchworseinthepastfewyears,butthe
drugcrisisisnotnew.Internationalhealthofficialscaughtontotheproblemfairlyearlywhich
insomewaysstemmedfromthetraditionaluseofopiumbySumerians,Assyriansandthe
Egyptians49anduseinmedication,startedduringtheVietnamwar50.
InsomevillagesinAfghanistan,thedruguserateisashighas30percentofthe
populationbasedonhair,urineandsalivasamplestakenbytheauthorsoftheruralstudy.Itwas
alsodiscoveredthatsixtyfiveemployeeswerefiredfromtheNationalDirectorateofSecurity
forbeingaddictedtoopium.AsdruguseintheHeratprovinceisgrowingitpresentsableaker
futureforAfghanistan.Theprovincehasaboomingeconomyandisarelativelyprogressive
societyapartfromthegrowingnumberofaddictsresidingthere.Herathasthemostseriousdrug
addictionproblemsinthenationsayingthereare60,000to70,000addictsintheprovincethough
healthofficialsestimateitiscloserto100,00051.Manyaddictsaredeportedfrombordering
countriesandcometoliveinHerattolivewithoutahomeandbegpedestriansformoneyto
sustaintheirdrughabits52.
49
Cannabis,Coca,&Poppy:Nature'sAddictivePlants.RetrievedMay5,2015,from
http://www.deamuseum.org/ccp/opium/history
"HowtheVietnamWarBoostedtheDrugTrade."HowtheVietnamWarBoostedtheDrug
Trade.Web.05Apr.2015.<https://www.greenleft.org.au/node/55506>.
51
NewYorkTimes,.'ThatOtherBigAfghanCrisis,TheGrowingNumberOfAddicts'.2015.
Web.6Apr.2015.
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/03/world/asia/thatotherbigafghancrisisthegrowingarmyo
faddicts.html?pagewanted=all&_r=2
52
NewYorkTimes,.'ThatOtherBigAfghanCrisis,TheGrowingNumberOfAddicts'.2015.
Web.6Apr.2015.
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/03/world/asia/thatotherbigafghancrisisthegrowingarmyo
faddicts.html?pagewanted=all&_r=2
50
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Asexpressedinthearticlethereisverylittleefforttowardsrehabilitatingandeducating
thepeopleofAfghanistanaboutdrughabitsandconsequences.Thegovernmentseemstobe
moreoccupiedwithotherthingshappeningtoconcernthemselveswithgivingtheproper
fundingfortreatmentfacilitiesandthewellbeingoftheircitizens.Thisisshownbythelackof
fundingbeingreceivedbytreatmentfacilitiesthroughoutthenation.Whenacountryincreases
theirincomebyproducingandexportingdrugsthatareindemandandareataveryhighprice,
likeopium,thereisnoreasontostopproducing.TheproductionofopiuminAfghanistanissuch
alargemarketandeasyindustrytoenterintoitiseasytoseehowmanypeopleareexposedto
thisveryaddictivedrug.Thepropertreatmentfacilitiesandeducationprogramsarenotinplace
tohelpAfghansunderstandthedangersofusingdrugsespeciallyopium,asopiumisthemost
commondruginAfghanistan.Whenpeoplearedeprivedofsucheducationitisnotfairtothem
whentheyareusingdrugsandassumethattherearenoconsequencestotheiractions53.
"DrugFacts:UnderstandingDrugAbuseandAddiction."DrugFacts:UnderstandingDrug
AbuseandAddiction.Web.05Apr.2015.
<http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/understandingdrugabuseaddiction>.
53
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Peru:
CocaineUseinPeruIncreases60%in3Years54
Peruisoneofthelargestdrugproducingandtraffickingcountriesintheworld,growing
cocaandshippingcocainetotheUnitedStates55.Duetotheenormousindustryofdrug
traffickingandthelargeprofitthatfollowswithsellingthemitisunderstandablehowPeruvians
weredrawnintothedangeroustrapofdrugtrafficking.Whenpeoplearegivenshortcutsto
successtheytakethem,especiallyindevelopingnationssuchasPeru.Peruisundergoingthe
changefromonlyaproducercountrytoalsobecomingaconsumercountry56,asishappeningin
manydrugproducingcountries.AccordingtoareportpublishedbyCEDRO,adrugmonitoring
nonprofitorganization,domesticconsumptionofcocainehasincreasedmorethan60percentin
threeyearsfrom2010to201357.Inastudy,itwasfoundthat1.5percentofthepopulationfrom
twelveyearsofagetosixtyyearsofagen2010to2.4percentin201358.Duringthesameperiod
oftime,theuseofcocainebasehadincreasedfrom2.1percentto2.9percentandtheuseof
marijuanarosefrom5.6percentto7.5percent59.
54
InSightCrime,.'CocaineUseInPeruIncreases60%In3Years'.2015.Web.6Apr.2015.
http://www.insightcrime.org/newsbriefs/risingcocaineuseinperuup60in3years
.
55
"IllegalDrugTradeinPeru."Wikipedia.WikimediaFoundation.Web.05Apr.2015.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Per
u.
56
"IllegalDrugTradeinPeru."Wikipedia.WikimediaFoundation.Web.05Apr.2015.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Peru
.
57
"IllegalDrugTradeinPeru."Wikipedia.WikimediaFoundation.Web.05Apr.2015.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Peru
.
58
"IllegalDrugTradeinPeru."Wikipedia.WikimediaFoundation.Web.05Apr.2015.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Peru
.
59
"IllegalDrugTradeinPeru."Wikipedia.WikimediaFoundation.Web.05Apr.2015.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Peru
.
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InPerusmajorcitiestherehavethehighestnumberofdrugusers.ThecapitalofPeru,
Limahasarateof5.1percentofthepopulationusingcocaine,9.7percentofpeopleinCuzco
usemarijuanacloselyfollowedby8.9percentofthepopulationofLimausingmarijuana60.This
showsthatPeruisnotjustconsumingtheirownproduceddrugs,peopleareimportingdrugssuch
asmarijuana.AccordingtothechiefofCEDRO,AlfonsoZavaleta,theriseofcocaineuseis
directlylinkedtotheriseinlocalproduction.Wehavefoundthatconsumptionofthese
substanceshasincreasedinareaswherethesedrugsarebeingproduced,Zavaletasaid61.This
supportstheideathatduetolivinginsuchcloseproximitytodrugproductionitinfluences
peoplesjudgementwhenitcomestousingsubstances.Aftertheuseofthesubstancehas
occurredthenitbecomesmucheasierforpeopletobegintoabusethesubstanceduetotheeasy
access.
AnInSightCrimeAnalysisshowsthattheriseofsubstanceuseinPeruisatroubling
trendthatishappeningintheworldslargestcocaproducingcountry.AccordingtotheCEDRO
report,Peruneedsonly6,700hectaresoflandgrowingcocatomeetthedomesticdemandof
cocaleaves.TheUnitedNationsOfficeonDrugsandCrimeestimatedthatPeruhasmorethan
60,000hectaresoflanddevotedtococaproductionattheendof2012,thissuggeststhatupto90
percentofcocaproducedinthecountryisusedforillicitdrugproduction62.In2012the
governmentintroducedahardlineantidrugstrategythatwasfollowedbyjumpinseizures
"IllegalDrugTradeinPeru."Wikipedia.WikimediaFoundation.Web.05Apr.2015.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Peru
.
61
"IllegalDrugTradeinPeru."Wikipedia.WikimediaFoundation.Web.05Apr.2015.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Peru
.
62
"
IllegalDrugTradeinPeru."Wikipedia.WikimediaFoundation.Web.05Apr.2015.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Peru
.
60
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andstricteradicationefforts,however,thisdidnotaffectthecountryscocaproductionasthey
stayednumberoneinproduction.
AsPeruistraditionallyadrugproducingnationcocainepasteisusuallyshippedto
neighbourcountrieslikeBoliviaforprocessingthenitissoldinregionalandinternational
markets.AlsofortraffickerscocainefromPeruismuchlessexpensivethancocainefromother
countries63,andbothdomesticandinternationaldemandforcocainehasincreasedinthepastfew
yearsbefore2013.ThelateststatisticsinPerusuggestthattheyarefollowingtheexampleof
ColombiabyofferingnewandpowerfulchallengestothePeruviangovernmentinitsantidrug
efforts,thatColombiahassofarnotbeenabletoreach64.
Theseeffortsputinplacebythegovernmentaremoreconcentratedontheoveralldrug
traffickingandproducingthatisoccurringinPerubutnotonindividualswhoareabusing
substancesinPeru.Themissiontodecreaseproductioncouldhelplowertheratesofabuse
amongcitizens,yetthatwouldonlydecreasedrugaddictionnumbersintheverylongrun.To
helpdecreasenumbersmorequickly,itwouldbeforthegoodofthepeopletoimplement
educationalpracticesthatteachaboutdrugs.Coursesandprogrammesthateducatepeopleonthe
dangersofalldrugsandhowtheycanaffectthehumanbodiesarecrucialtopreventionefforts.
AlsotofundrehabilitationprogrammeswouldbeverybeneficialtoPeruvians.Itisnotjust
enoughforthegovernmenttofocusonslowingdownproductionandtraffickingofsubstances,
"IllegalDrugTradeinPeru."Wikipedia.WikimediaFoundation.Web.05Apr.2015.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Peru
.
64
"IllegalDrugTradeinPeru."Wikipedia.WikimediaFoundation.Web.05Apr.2015.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Peru
.
63
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theremustalsobeafocusonthepeoplewhoareaddictedtothedrugs.Ifpeoplearenoteducated
andgiventhepropertreatmenttheywillneverknowthedangersofdruguseandmaycontinueto
usedrugswithoutunderstandingtheconsequences.Whenitcomestodrugabuseindeveloping
nationsitisimportanttoincludeallcomponentsofeffectivedrugrehabilitationeffortsforthe
country.
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InternationalOrganizations
Thereareorganizationsallaroundtheworldthatdedicatetheirservicestodrug
preventionandaddictiontreatment.Manyoftheseorganizationsarelocal,regionalornational
programsthataimtheireffortstohelprehabilitatedrugaddicts.Insmaller,developingcountries
thereisnotalwaysenoughconcentrationtohelptheirpeoplewhohavedrugaddictions.Luckily
thereareglobalorganizationsthataregearedtowardhelpingeducatepeopleonsubstanceuse
andabuseaswellasrehabilitation.TheseglobalorganizationsincludeUnitedNationsonDrugs
andCrime(UNODC)65andtheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)66thatworktowardshelping
educatepeopleandprovidingcounsellingforthoseindevelopingcountrieswhowouldnotbe
abletoreceivesuchtreatmentsotherwise.
TheUnitedNationsonDrugsandCrime(UNODC)isaninternationalorganizationthat
isassociatedwithTheUnitedNations.TheUNODCsaimistocollectandevaluateglobaldrug
andcrimestatisticsabouthowmanydrugsaresold,wherethemostdrugsareproducedandand
wherethosedrugsareconsumedinallcountrieswithdata.TodaytheUNODChaspublished
manyreportsonprojectswhichtheyhavecarriedthroughinseveraldifferentdeveloping
countriestohelpeducateandprovidecounsellingtothosewhoareexposedtodruguse.The
InternationalStandardsonDrugUsePreventionthatwaslaunchedonMarch11,2013isan
actionthattheUNODCistakingtohelpthepoorestandmarginalizedchildrenandyouthtostay
UnitedNationsOfficeonDrugsandCrime.(n.d.).RetrievedApril01,2015,from
http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/drugpreventionandtreatment/index.html
66WHOrecommendsexpandingaccesstonaloxonetoreducedeathsfromopioidoverdose.
(n.d.).RetrievedApril01,2015,fromhttp://www.who.int/substance_abuse/en/
65
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healthyandsafeandthisisaccomplishedbyworkingwithschools,familiesandcommunities.
TheUNODCalsosays
Foreverydollarspentonprevention,atleasttencanbesavedinfuture
health,socialandcrimecosts.67.Thisjustifiestheconcentrationonpreventingpeoplefrom
becomingaddictedtodrugs.MostoftheUNODCprojectsarecentredaroundpreventionas
preventionisthemostprovenwaytohavelessyouthbecomeinvolvedwithdrugsandaddicted.
TheUNODCstatesthatdrugusepreventionprogramsarethemosteffectivewhentheyrespond
totheneedsofcommunitiesandthateffectiveprogramsmusthavemonitoringandevaluation
components.
UNODCrecognizesthesecomponentstobeveryeffectiveandensuresthatthese
componentsareputtouseintheirownprograms.
TheWorldHealthOrganizationisthedirectingandcoordinatingauthorityforhealth
withintheUnitedNations.TheWHOisresponsibleforprovidingleadershipinglobalhealth,
settingstandardsandaccumulatingevidencebasedoptionsforpolicy.WHOisalsoresponsible
forprovidingtechnicalsupporttocountriesandtomonitorandassessanyhealthtrends68.
WHOsleadershipprioritiesincludeuniversalhealthcoverage,theinternationalhealth
regulations,increasingaccesstomedicalproducts,socialeconomicandenvironmental
determinantsandhealthrelatedmillenniumdevelopmentgoals69.TheWHOhaslaunched
severalongoingprojectsworldwidetohelptheworldspopulationtoovercomesituationsof
drugaddictionandotherissuesthatfacetheworldtoday.WHOaccomplishestheseprojectsby
UnitedNationsOfficeonDrugsandCrime.(n.d.).RetrievedApril01,2015,from
http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/prevention/preventionstandards.html
68
AboutWHO.(n.d.).RetrievedApril01,2015,fromhttp://www.who.int/about/en/
69
Leadershippriorities.(n.d.).RetrievedApril01,2015,from
http://www.who.int/about/agenda/en/
67
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monitoringpatients,providingtreatmentandcounselling,andsettingupprogrammesthatcan
withstandthetimeittakestohelpthepeopleofacountryinneed70.Majorinternationalprojects
arenotasmuchconcentratedonnationsthataredeveloping.TheWHOhasalsolaunchedand
collaboratedonmanyprojectsandactivitiessituatedindevelopingnationstohelpeducateand
treatyouthandadultsincommunities.Someofthesestudiesincludetheinspectionofthe
practicesandcontextofpharmacotherapyofopioiddependenceinSouthEastAsiaandWestern
PacificRegionsin2002.Thisstudyfocusedonhowtheoldmethodoftreatmentwasforpeople
addictedtoopioidsindevelopingnationsandalsodescribedthecurrenttreatmentwithopioid
andthehealthconsequencesthisaddictioncanhave71.WHOhasalsopublishedseveralother
studieswheretheyhavelookedatdifferentglobalsubstanceabuseissuessuchasalcohol,
cigarettes,andamphetamineaddictions.
TheWorldHealthOrganizationandtheUnitedNationsonDrugsandCrimehave
collaboratedtogetheronseveraldifferentoccasionsonprojectsandstudiesofaddictionand
substanceuseandabuseontheglobalscale.AstheWHOandUNODCworkinveryclosefields
tooneanotherandtheyalsobothoccupyalargepartoftheUnitedNationshealthbranchboth
organizationsplayalargeroleininternationalpublichealth.Bothorganizationstookpartinthe
GlobalInitiativeonPrimaryPreventionofSubstanceabuse,aninitiativethatwasfullyfunded
bythegovernmentofNorway.ThroughtheGlobalInitiative,WHOandUNODChaveidentified
morethan100organizationsthatareexperiencedinworkingforandwithyoungpeopleandthat
70
Ouractivities.(n.d.).RetrievedApril01,2015,from
http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/activities/en/
71
Treatment.(n.d.).RetrievedApril01,2015,from
http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/treatment/en/
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wouldbeinterestedinintegratingsubstanceabusepreventionintotheworkprogrammesthey
have72.ThetrainingthattheGlobalInitiativeprovideslocaltrainersincludesbasicinformation
aboutsubstances,howtocarryoutalocalsituationassessmentandprovideappropriate
preventionresponses,howtomonitorandevaluatepreventionactivities,etc73.Thisprojecttook
placeinthedevelopingnationsoftheKingdomofThailand,theRepublicofSouthAfrica,the
UnitedRepublicofTanzaniaandtheRepublicofZambiaaswellasthedevelopedFederationof
Russia74.TheeffortsthattheWHOandUNODCputintothisinitiativepayoffastheyhave
helpedyouthallaroundtheworldtobecomemoreawareofthedangersandconsequencesof
druguse,abuseandaddiction.
TheGlobalInitiative.(n.d.).RetrievedApril01,2015,from
http://www.unodc.org/globalinitiative/en/index.html
73
Activities.(n.d.).RetrievedApril01,2015,from
http://www.unodc.org/globalinitiative/en/activities.html
74
OutcomeEvaluationSummaryReport:WHO/UNODCGlobalInitiativeOnPrimary
72
PreventionOfSubstanceAbuse.WHO,2015.Web.1Apr.2015.
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CanadianConnection
DrugAbuseMajorConcernAmongFirstNationsandInuit75
InCanada,Nativesarenotviewedasavisibleminorityduetothedefinition,
persons,
otherthanAboriginalpeoples,whoarenonCaucasianinraceornonwhiteincolour76 yetthey
aretreatedasminorities.AboriginalshavehadaveryrockypastwiththeCanadiangovernment
andevennowstillsufferfrompoorhousing,poorhealthcare,lowincomeandeducationlevels,
poorresidencyanddrugaddiction77.Asismanydevelopingcountriesintheworldpeopleon
Aboriginalreservesreceivealackofpropereducationandduetothelackofincomemany
peoplesearchforwaystomakeabitmoremoneyandthiscouldleadtogrowingandselling
drugs.Whenmorepeoplestarttoselldrugs,theybecomemoreinfluentialonthesocietyaround
them.Duetotheeaseofaccessmanymaybegintoexperimentandusetheseillicitsubstances.
Thisthenmayleadtoabuseormisuseofdrugsinthefuture.
From2002to200326.7percentofFirstNationadultswereusingmarijuanacomparedto
the14.1percentoftheCanadianpopulation78.InuitcommunitiesacrossCanadahavebeen
"DrugAbuseMajorConcernAmongFirstNationsandInuit|NationalAboriginalHealth
Organization(NAHO)."NationalAboriginalHealthOrganizationNAHO.Web.06Apr.2015.
http://www.naho.ca/blog/2011/06/27/drugabusemajorconcernamongfirstnationsandinuit.
76
DesignatedGroupProfiles(2006EmploymentEquityDataReport).(n.d.).RetrievedApril06,
2015,from
http://www.labour.gc.ca/eng/standards_equity/eq/pubs_eq/eedr/2006/profiles/page06.shtml
77Sawchuk,Joe.'SocialConditionsOfAboriginalPeople'.TheCanadianEncyclopedia.N.p.,
2001.Web.6Apr.2015,from
http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/nativepeoplesocialconditions/
78
DrugAbuseMajorConcernAmongFirstNationsandInuit|NationalAboriginalHealth
Organization(NAHO).(n.d.).RetrievedApril06,2015,from
http://www.naho.ca/blog/2011/06/27/drugabusemajorconcernamongfirstnationsandinuit/
75
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greatlyimpactedbydrugssuchascannabis,cocaineandsolvents.Theratesofdrugusehave
beenincreasing,showninasurveyheldbytheNunavikInuitHealthSociety(NAHO)ofwhich
theresultsshowedthattheamountofillicitdruguserswas60percentoftheadultpopulation,
fourtimeshigherthantherestofCanada79.Cannabishasbecomebyfarthemostpopulardrugin
NunavickAlthoughitisusedby8or9malesoutof10aged15to24,itsuseisalsowidespread
amongfemales,aswellasintheoverallpopulationundertheageof4580.
Whenitcomestosubstanceuseandabuse,issuessuchasviolence,abuse,andharmto
childreninutero81areamongtheeffectsofaddiction.DuetotheseconsequencesNAHOrealizes
thattheeffortstodecreasedrugdependencymuststartatacommunitylevel.Developingand
maintainingpreventionandsupportprogrammeswhichworkwiththeindividualcommunitys
situationandneedsarekey.Thereisnoonesizefitsallsolution,82.Fortunately,thereare
severalprogrammesthatarehelpingtoreclaimthosewhoarelosttosubstanceuseandabuse.
Duetosuchintensetemptationandvulnerabilityofyouthtodrugs,addictioncanbegintoarise
atayoungage.Sadly,evenwiththeeffortsofmanyorganizationsgivingpeopletheawareness
DrugAbuseMajorConcernAmongFirstNationsandInuit|NationalAboriginalHealth
Organization(NAHO).(n.d.).RetrievedApril06,2015,from
http://www.naho.ca/blog/2011/06/27/drugabusemajorconcernamongfirstnationsandinuit/
80NunavikInuitHealthSurvey2014.INSPQ,2015.Web.6Apr.2015from
http://www.inspq.qc.ca/pdf/publications/resumes_nunavik/anglais/AlcoholDrugUseAndGamblin
gAmongTheInuitOfNunavik.pdf
81
DrugAbuseMajorConcernAmongFirstNationsandInuit|NationalAboriginalHealth
Organization(NAHO).(n.d.).RetrievedApril06,2015,from
http://www.naho.ca/blog/2011/06/27/drugabusemajorconcernamongfirstnationsandinuit/
82
DrugAbuseMajorConcernAmongFirstNationsandInuit|NationalAboriginalHealth
Organization(NAHO).(n.d.).RetrievedApril06,2015,from
http://www.naho.ca/blog/2011/06/27/drugabusemajorconcernamongfirstnationsandinuit/
79
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andtoolstheyneedtobeawareofhowdrugscanaffecttheirlives,illicitsubstanceusehasnot
decreased83.
ThankfullythereareseveralorganizationsthathaveresourcesthatareaccessibletoFirst
NationsandInuitpeople.TheseorganizationsconsistoftheGovernmentofCanadasAboriginal
Portal,thePartnershipForaDrugFreeCanada,andHealthCanada84.Theseinstitutionsalso
organizeprojectssuchasADrugPreventionStrategyforCanadasYouthandmakesurethat
helpandresourcesareavailabletoFirstNationseverywhere.Forexampletheconstructionofthe
CanadianCentreonSubstanceAbusewhichhasdevelopedafiveyear,$10millionnational
drugpreventioninitiative.ThiswillhelpcreateadrugfreeFirstNationsofCanadacommunity
forallNativeandInuitpeople.
83
DrugAbuseMajorConcernAmongFirstNationsandInuit|NationalAboriginalHealth
Organization(NAHO).(n.d.).RetrievedApril06,2015,from
http://www.naho.ca/blog/2011/06/27/drugabusemajorconcernamongfirstnationsandinuit/
84
DrugAbuseMajorConcernAmongFirstNationsandInuit|NationalAboriginalHealth
Organization(NAHO).(n.d.).RetrievedApril06,2015,from
http://www.naho.ca/blog/2011/06/27/drugabusemajorconcernamongfirstnationsandinuit/
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Solutions
Whenitcomestodruguseanddependenceindevelopingnationstherearemanycourses
ofactionweasNorthAmericancitizenscandotohelpminimizethisissue.Drugabuseisa
growingproblemaroundtheworldasaddictivesubstancesarebecomingmorereadilyavailable
toconsumers.Asmoredrugsarebeingshippedfromdevelopingnationsandarebeingproduced
andconsumedindevelopingnations,moreproblemsarebeinginflictedontothedrugusersand
citizensofthesecountries.Thereareseveralsolutionstohelpcounteracttheeffectsthat
addictivesubstanceshavehadonthepeoplethatareinthirdworldcountrieswhoareaddictedto
drugs.Thesesolutionsincludeprovidingeducationforyouthandchildreninschoolsofthe
dangersofdruguse,rehabilitation,counselling,medicationandconstantmonitoringoftheaddict
85
.ManyprojectsthatarecooperatedbytheUnitedNationsofDrugsandCrime(UNODC)and
theWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)thatareaimedtowardsrehabilitatingdrugaddicted
peopleaswellasotheractivitiesindevelopingnationstoeducateyouthandchildrenthrough
alreadyestablishedprograms86.SeparatelytheUNODC87andtheWHO88bothexecuteprojects
thathelppeoplethroughthehardshipsofdrugaddictionandrehabilitationindeveloping
nations.Tohelpgetdrugabuseindevelopingcountriesundercontrolmorestudiesmustbedone,
Drugabuse.gov,.'Drugfacts:TreatmentApproachesForDrugAddiction|NationalInstitute
OnDrugAbuse(NIDA)'.N.p.,2015.Web.7Apr.2015from
http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/treatmentapproachesdrugaddiction
86
Projectaims.(n.d.).RetrievedApril06,2015,from
http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/activities/global_initiative/project_aims/en/
87
UnitedNationsOfficeonDrugsandCrime.(n.d.).RetrievedApril06,2015,from
http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/drugpreventionandtreatment/index.html
88
Ouractivities.(n.d.).RetrievedApril06,2015,from
http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/activities/en/
85
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andmoreresearchcollected,moreprojectsmustbelaunchedthatconcentrateonandspecialize
inrehabilitationandeducationondruguseandabuse.
TheGlobalInitiativeonPrimaryPreventionofSubstanceAbuseisaprojectthatwas
carriedoutfrom1998to200389bytheUNODCandtheWHO.Theprojectsexpectedresults
weretoimprovedrugrelatedproblemsamongyouthandtoimproveyoungpeoplesawareness
oftheeffectsofdrugs,aswellasgivingexperiencestocommunityworkersandotherexcellent
results90.ThisprojecttookplaceinthirdworldcountriessuchasthePhilippines,theUnited
RepublicofTanzania,Thailand,Vietnam,andZambia91,nationswheredruguseandaddictionin
youthareagrowingproblem.AstheprojectalsoworkedwithadultsthefindingsinTanzania
werethatmostadultswereabusingalcohol,likebeer,andcigarettesandtobacco.Itwas
surveyedthatadultsweremorehesitanttoagreethatsubstanceuseentailednoorslightrisk92.
Whereasyouth,regardingtheirattitudestowardssubstanceuseweremuchmoreflexiblewith
toleratingdrugusageintheirdailylives.Datacollectedforyouthshowedthat56.2percent62.2
percentapproveorstronglyapprovedofsmoking10ormorecigarettesperday,smoking
marijuanaorhashishorbotheitherregularlyoroccasionally,andhavingoneortwoalcoholic
beveragesseveraltimesperweek.Thisstudyalsoshowedthat93.9percentofyouthsaidthat
89
UNODC/WHOGlobalInitiativeonPrimaryPreventionofSubstanceAbuse.(n.d.).Retrieved
April06,2015,fromhttp://www.who.int/substance_abuse/activities/global_initiative/en/
90
UNODC/WHOGlobalInitiativeonPrimaryPreventionofSubstanceAbuse.(n.d.).Retrieved
April06,2015,fromhttp://www.who.int/substance_abuse/activities/global_initiative/en/
91
UNODC/WHOGlobalInitiativeonPrimaryPreventionofSubstanceAbuse.(n.d.).Retrieved
April06,2015,fromhttp://www.who.int/substance_abuse/activities/global_initiative/en/
92
Who.int,.N.p.,2015.Web.7Apr.2015from
http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/activities/global_initiative/en/africa4160.pdf?ua=1
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DrugAbuseinDevelopingNations
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theysmokedcigarettes93(AppendixA).InZambia,reportsshowthatpainkillerswerethemost
commonsubstancewithuseoveralifetimeat90percentandundera30daymonitoringperiod
41.7percentofpeopleusedpainkillers(AppendixB).Whensurveyeditwasfoundthattheuse
ofaddictivesubstancesbytheyouth'sfamilywaslargelyduetotheuseofalcoholandcigarettes
bythefatherfigureandbyclosefriends(AppendixC).WhentheprojectwasinThailandmany
youthsagreedwithusingpainkillersandtheaverageageofrespondentswhousepainkillerswas
15.2years.Otheraverageagesfordrugswere:16.1yearsoldforwine,17.1yearsoldfor
amphetamines,17.4yearsoldforbeer,17.6yearsoldforcigarettes,and18.5yearsoldforuseof
cannabis.Only0.2percent9.8percentadmittedregularuseofsubstancesonaweeklybasis
(AppendixD).Whenitcametopeopleclosetothemtheresearchstatesthatclosefriendsand
fatherswerethelargestdrugusersclosesttotheyouth(AppendixE).Youthsurveysinthe
Philippinesshowedalargeuseofcigarettesandhardliquorassubstancesabused(AppendixF).
Theuseofalcoholandcigaretteswascalculatedasbeingmostlyusedbythefatherorfather
figuresoftheyouths(AppendixG).InVietnamalcoholisthegreatestsubstanceofabuse
amongstyouth(AppendixH).Itisalsosurveyedthat20percentofyouthdrinkmaltbeeranduse
painkillersatleastonceamonth(AppendixI)94.
WhentheGlobalInitiativeonPrimaryPreventionofSubstanceAbusewasstationedin
thesedevelopingcountriesofTanzania,Zambia,Thailand,thePhilippines,andVietnamthe
projectusedcontinualcommunityinvolvementbecause,throughcommunityinvolvementthe
93
Who.int,.N.p.,2015.Web.7Apr.2015from
http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/activities/global_initiative/en/africa4160.pdf?ua=1
94
Who.int,.N.p.,2015.Web.7Apr.2015from
http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/activities/global_initiative/en/africa4160.pdf?ua=1
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communityandtheindividualactorsassumeresponsibilityfortheirownhealthandwelfareand
developthecapacitytocontributetotheirowndevelopmentandthatofothers.95.Thisis
becausetheUNODCandtheWHObelievethatcommunitiesmustbeinvolvedtohelphealand
educatepeopleofthedangersofdrugabuse.Thisisacrucialcomponenttocomingupwitha
solutiontodrugabuseandaddictionindevelopingnations.Thesecomponentsofstudyand
communicationaswellascommunityinvolvementiswhytheGlobalInitiativeonPrimary
PreventionofSubstanceAbusedidanexceptionaljobofhelpingtobringawareness96and
counsellingforyouthandadultsindevelopingnationsinvolvingdruguseorabuse.
AswellascollaborativeprojectstheUNODCdoesworkontheirowntohelppreventand
treatdruguseandabuse.TheUNODCsofficeinBrazillaunchedaprojecttohelppreventdrug
usebystrengtheningfamilyskillswithbothparentsandchildrenonAugusttheThirtieth,2013.
Thisprojectsupportsparentstotakecareoftheirchildrenandthishasproventobeaneffective
strategytopreventdruguseandarangeofproblematicbehavioursamongchildren97.UNODC
hasalsohadathreeandahalfyeardurationoftheDevelopmentofCommunityBasedDrug
AbuseCounselling,TreatmentandRehabilitationServicesinCambodiafromDecember2005to
June2009.UNODCmadethisprojectdirectedtowardschildrenandfamilieslivinginpoverty,
urbanschoolchildrenandstudents,urbanyouth,workingpeopleatriskofbecomingaddictedto
PrimaryPreventionOfSubstanceAbuseWorkBook.UNODC/WHO,2015.Web.7Apr.2015
fromhttp://www.who.int/substance_abuse/activities/global_initiative/en/africa4160.pdf?ua=1
96
Who.int,.'WHO|PrimaryPreventionOfSubstanceAbuse'.N.p.,2015.Web.7Apr.2015from
http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/activities/global_initiative/primary_prevention/en/
97
UnitedNationsOfficeonDrugsandCrime.(n.d.).RetrievedApril06,2015,from
http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/frontpage/2013/August/unodcbrazillaunchesprojecttopreven
tdrugusebystrengtheningfamilyskills.htm
95
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DrugAbuseinDevelopingNations
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drugs,andunemployedpeople98.WHOhasalsotakenpartinandconductedseveraldruguseand
abuseprojectstohelpeducateandsupportdevelopingnationswiththeuseofillicitsubstances.
TheWHOhaspublishedmanyworksondrugdependenceandstudiesontheuseaswell99.Allof
thesepublications,projectsandworkshavethecommonelementofhelpingwherehelpis
needed.Thetrendingsolutiontodruguseisstartingpreventionworkwithyouthandyoung
adultsofdevelopingcountriesandeducatingthepeoplewiththefactsaboutdruguse.Allof
thesecomponentsarerecognizedandusedbytheUNODCandtheWHOtocreateand
accomplishinitiatives,projectsandstudiesworldwidetohelpthepeoplewhodonothavethe
educationneededtomakeinformeddecisionsabouttheirownlives.
Overalltofindasolutiontotheinternationalissueofdrugaddictionindeveloping
nations,thereareseveralcrucialthingsthatmustbeincludedinprojects,missiontripsand
studies.Themostimportantcomponentsaretohavecommunityinvolvement,tosetup
preventionclassesorpresentationsortoaddimportantpartsofdrugusetopreexistingcourses
foryouth,torespondwherehelpisneededanddrugusageratesarehigh,toensurepeopleare
beingeducatedabouthowdrugscanbeaffectingtheirbodiesandtoproviderehabilitationfor
drugusers.Withoutthesecomponentsinapersonslifetheycannotbeexpectedtomake
responsibledecisionsabouttheirinvolvementwithdrugsandtheconsequencesthatfollow.This
isespeciallytrueifpeopleareinsituationsinwhichtheyareexposedtoaddictivedrugs
DevelopmentOfCommunityBasedDrugAbuseCounselling,TreatmentAndRehabilitation.
UNODC,2015.Web.7Apr.2015from
http://www.unodc.org/documents/southeastasiaandpacific//Publications/Projects/FactSheet_H83
.pdf
99
Drugs.(n.d.).RetrievedApril06,2015,from
http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/drugs/en/
98
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regularly,likebeingpartofafamilywhereamemberusesaddictivesubstancesorina
workplacewheredrugsarepresent.Withthesecomponentscitizensindevelopingnationscan
understandtheeffectsofdrugsandreceivehelpfortheiraddictionswhentheyneedit.Solutions
andprojectslikethepreviouslyreferredtoarethekeysconceptstohelpingtheglobal
communitybecomehealthierandmoreeducatedabouttheworldaroundthemaswehaveseenin
theresearchthathasbeenanalysed.
44
DrugAbuseinDevelopingNations
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Appendices
AppendixA
45
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AppendixB
46
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AppendixC
47
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AppendixD
48
DrugAbuseinDevelopingNations
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AppendixE
AppendixF
49
DrugAbuseinDevelopingNations
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AppendixG
50
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AppendixH
51
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AppendixI
52
DrugAbuseinDevelopingNations
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