KY THUAT MOI TRUONG-dh11hd 336tr PDF

K THUT MI TRNG
CHNG I-CC KHI NIM V MI TRNG
1.1 Mi trng : l tp hp tt c cc thnh phn vt cht bao quanh ta,

c hnh thnh do cc qu trnh t nhin hoc c to ra bi con ngi,
c kh nng tc ng n s tn ti v pht trin ca sinh vt.
Mi trng t nhin: thch quyn, thy quyn ,kh quyn v sinh quyn
Mi trng nhn to: ng rung, vn tc, cng vin, thnh ph, cc
cng trnh vn ha, cc nh my sn xut cng nghip..
S quan h tng quan x hi v mi trng
1.1.1.Kh quyn
L lp kh bao ph xung quanh b mt Tri t, c khi lng

5,2x1018 kg. Lp kh quyn gn mt t c vai tr ht sc ln
lao i vi s sng trn tri t.
Cung cp O2 v CO2 cn thit duy tr s sng trn Tri t,
ngn chn cc tia t ngoi gn (=300 nm), cho cc tia trong
vng kh kin tia trng thy (=400-800 nm), tia hng ngoi
gn (=2500 nm), v sng radio (= 0,1 - 40 m) i vo Tri
t.
Gi cn bng nhit lng ca Tri t (thng qua qu trnh hp
th tia t ngoi pht x t mt tri v phn x tia nhit t Tri
t).
L mi trng vn chuyn nc t i dng vo t lin,
tham gia vo qu trnh tun hon nc.

Cu trc kh quyn

a.
Tng i lu
Cha 70 % khi lng kh quyn
cao: 0 11 km. cao tng i lu c th thay i vi

km, t 8 km ( cc cc) n khong 18 km ( xch o).
Cng ln cao nhit khng kh cng gim (nhit gim

dn t +400C st mt t xung cn -500C nh tng i
lu).
Thnh phn khng kh ch yu l N2, O2, CO2 v hi nc.
Lp tm dng (lp chuyn tip) nm ngn cch tng i lu

v tng bnh lu.
Chiu dy khong 1 km.
nh du s nghch chuyn nhit t m sang dng.

b. Tng bnh lu
-
cao khong 11 - 50 km.

Nhit khng kh tng (t khong -500C tng di tng
dn v t n khong -20C nh).
Thnh phn khng kh ch yu l: O3, N2, O2 v mt s gc
ha hc khc
cao khong 25-30 km tn ti mt lp khng kh rt giu
kh zn, cn c gi l tng zn.
Tng zn c chc nng nh mt l chn ca kh quyn.

c. Tng trung lu
-
cao dao ng t 50 - 85 km.

Nhit tng m (t khong -20C tng di tng m n
khong -920C)
Thnh phn cc cht ch yu l: O2+, NO+, O+ v N2.
Tng trung quyn ngn cch vi tng nhit bi mt lp kh
mng (khong 1 km).

d. Tng nhit lu
-
cao khong 85 km n 500 km.

Nhit tng ny tng dn theo chiu cao (t -920C n
+12000C)
Cc phn t, nguyn t b ion ha thnh cc ion O2+, O+,
NO+, e-, NO2-, NO3-,
Lp chuyn tip gia tng nhit quyn v tng nhit ngoi.

e. Tng ngoi
-
cao t 500 km ln n 2000 km.
C mt cc ion O+, He+ (<1500km), H+ (>1500km)
Nhit tng ny tng rt nhanh, n khang 17000C.

f. S thay i nhit theo cao

g. S thay i p sut theo cao

1.1.2 Thy quyn
Thy quyn bao gm cc dng ngun nc trn Tri t nh: bin,
h, sng, sui, nc ng bng hai cc Tri t, nc ngm.
Nc ng vai tr quan trng trong sinh hot, sn xut cng nghip.
Trong cng nghip, ngi ta s dng nc lm nguyn liu v
ngun nng lng, lm dung mi, lm cht ti nhit v dng vn
chuyn nguyn vt liu...
Nc t nhin l nc m cht lng v s lng ca n c hnh

thnh di nh hng ca cc qu trnh t nhin khng c s tc
ng ca con ngi.

1.1.2 Thy quyn
Phn b khi lng nc trn Tri t

1.1.3 a quyn
Bao gm lp v tri t c dy t 70 - 100 km trn phn lc

a v 20 - 30 km di y i dng.
su khong 16 km con ngi c th khai thc cc nguyn
liu trong v tri t.
Lp v tri t c tnh cch nhit, bn di l lp bao dy
2900 km trng thi nng chy trn 10000C, trong cng l lp
nhn dy 3400 km, c nhit 55000C.

1.1.4 Sinh quyn
Sinh quyn gm tt c nhng thnh phn ca ba mi trng k
trn c tn ti s sng v c lin quan tc ng tng h gia
cc thnh phn mi trng kh quyn, thy quyn, a quyn.
Khc vi kh quyn, thy quyn, a quyn, sinh quyn khng
c gii hn r rt v n nm trong c ba thnh phn mi trng
k trn v khng hon ton lin tc v s sng ch tn ti trong
iu kin nht nh.
1.2 nhim mi trng

S nhim l qu trnh chuyn cht thi hoc nng lng vo
mi trng n mc c kh nng gy tc hi n sc khe con
ngi, vt liu v s pht trin ca sinh vt.
Cc tc nhn gy nhim bao gm cht thi dng rn, lng
hoc kh v cc dng nng lng nh nhit , ting n, phng
x
Tiu chun cht lng mi trng l nng gii hn hoc ti
a cc cht nhim cho php trong mi trng xung quanh
hoc c php thi ra mi trng

1.2 nhim mi trng
Qu trnh vn chuyn cc cht nhim

1.3 Cc cht v ngun nhim c bn
a. Khng kh: Cc cht nhim khng kh ch yu l oxit
cacbon, oxit lu hunh, oxit nito, hydrocacbon v bi cng
nghip. Cc ngun nhim chnh l giao thng, cng nghip.
b. Nc: Nc thi ca cc nh my cng nghip v nng
nghip thi vo ngun tip nhn nh sng, h, bin. Cc cht
gy nhim nc rt a dng bao gm: cc cht hu c d
phn hy, ha cht c, cht rn l lng, cc cht dinh dng
( Nito, photpho), cc vi khun gy bnh, nhit , cc kim
loi nng, du v cc sn phm du kh.
c. t: S nhim mi trng t ch yu l do thuc tr su
dit c, ha cht bo v thc vt, khai thc khong sn, ph
rng, cht thi rn chn lp khng hp v sinh nhim mn,
nhim phn

1.4 Qun l cht lng mi trng:
a. Cc cng c php l: lut, chnh sch, chin lc, quy nh,
tiu chun mi trng, cc h thng qun l cht lng mi
trng, ISO, cc tha thun da trn s tnh nguyn v nh
gi tc ng mi trng.
b. Cc cng c kinh t: thu v ph mi trng, giy php cht
thi c th mua bn c hay Cota nhim, k qu mi
trng, tr cp mi trng n b thit hi.
c. Cng c gio dc, nng cao nhn thc cng ng
d. Bin php k thut: hon thin cng ngh sn xut v thu hi
cht thi, thnh lp cc quy trnh da trn cng ngh c t hoc
khng c cht thi
CHNG II- NHIM KHNG KH V CC K

THUT X L C BN
nhim khng kh c th nh ngha nh sau:
- nhim khng kh l qu trnh thi cc cht nhim vo mi
trng lm cho nng ca chng trong mi trng vt qu
tiu chun cho php, nh hng n sc khe con ngi, cc
ng thc vt, cnh quan v h sinh thi
- nhim khng kh l s xut hin ca cht l hoc c s bin
i quan trng trong thnh phn ca khng kh lm cho n
khng sch, bi, c mi kh chu, lm gim tm nhn

THUT X L C BN
2.1 Cc phng php x l kh thi

2.1.1 Ngun gc nhim khng kh
Theo c tnh hnh hc
Theo ngun gc pht sinh

THUT X L C BN
2.1 Cc phng php x l kh thi
2.1.1 Ngun gc nhim khng kh
Theo c tnh hnh hc
Ngun im: ng khi
Ngun ng: tuyn gtvt
Ngun vng: khu cng nghip tp trung, ng t ni thnh,
nh ga.
Da vo ngun gc pht sinh:
Ngun t nhin
Bi t
Chy rng, ng c, du la
Hot ng ca ni la: tro bi, kh c (SO2,CH4, H2S)
Bi v tr
S phn hy t nhin ca cc cht hu c,
xc cht ng thc vt, to nhiu mi hi v kh c.
S pht tn ca phn hoa, bi mui bin, ..
Ngun nhn to
Ngun c nh: ng khi, nh my, cc khu cng nghip
Ngun di ng: giao thng vn ti
NGUN NHN TO
NGUN C NH
NGUN DI NG
2.1.2 Phn loi cht thi trong kh thi cng nghip

Da vo trng thi vt l:
Rn: Bi, khi..
Lng: sol lng/kh nh sng m..
Kh v hi: COx, NOx, SO2..
Vt l: n, nhit, phng x..
Da vo kch thc ht:
Phn t (hn hp kh-hi)
Aerosol ( gm cc ht rn, lng)
Bi: =5-50m
Khi: =0,1-5m
Sng: =0,3-5m
STT
Ngnh sn xut
Cc cht nhim c trng
Nh my nhit in, l nung, ni hi t bng

nhin liu
Ch bin thc phm
. Sn xut nc
. Ch bin ht iu
Thuc l
Bi, SOx, NOx, COx, hydrocacbon aldehyt.
Dt, nhum
Bi, hp cht hu c
Giy
Bi, mi hi
Sn xut ha cht
. Acid sunfuric
. Superphotphat
. Amoniac
. Keo, sn, vecni
. X bng, bt git
. Lc du
Snh s, thu tinh, vt liu xy dng
SOx
Bi, HF, H2SiF6 , SO3
NH3
Bi, hp cht hu c bay hi
Bi, kim
Cc hydrocacbon, bi, COx , SOx , NOx .
Bi, COx , HF
Luyn kim, l c
Bi, SO2 , COx , NOx ,
Nha, cao su, cht do
Bi, mi hi, dung mi hu c, SO2
Thuc tr su
Bi, mi hi, dung mi hu c, TBVTV
Thuc da
Bao b
Mi hi (do cc hp cht sunlfua, mecaptan,

amoniac)
Mi hi ca cc dung mi hu c, bi
Kh thi giao thng
Bi, ch, NOx , SOx , COx , hp cht hu c
Kh thi do t phc v sinh hot
Bi, mi hi, COx.
Bi, mi
n, NH3 (nu dng gas ammoniac)
Bi, mi hi, cc phenol
Bi, mi hi, nictin
2.1.3 Cc phng php x l kh thi

KH THI
X l bi
Pp kh
Lng
trng lc
Lng qun
tnh
Lng ly
tm
Lc: vi,
si, s..
X l sng m v
git lng
X l tp cht
kh
X l tp cht hi
Pp t
Pp in
Pp
hp th
Pp
hp ph
Pp
xc tc
Pp
nhit
Pp
ngng t
Thit b
ra kh:
Lc in
kh
Thp
hp th:
mm,
m,
mng,
phun
Thp
hp ph
vi lp
tnh,
ng v
tng si
Thit b
phn
ng
L t
Thit b
ngng
t
Bung
phun,
trn,
m,
mm, va
p qun
tnh, ly
tm, vn
tc ln
Lc in
t
2.1.4 Tc hi ca bi:
Bi sinh ra trong khng kh s gy rt nhiu tc hi cho con ngi,
ng vt v thc vt, nh hng n cnh quan mi trng.
1. Tc hi i vi con ngi v ng vt
2. Tc hi i vi thc vt
3. Tc hi i vi vt liu
4. Tc hi i vi cnh quan mi trng
2.1.5 Cc bin php phng chng bi

Bi trong sn xut gy nhiu tc hi cho sc khe ngi cng nhn,
a s cc bnh phi nhim bi u l nhng bnh nng, pht hin
kh, cha c thuc cha, cho nn vn phng chng bi phng
bnh phi l vn rt quan trng, bin php phng tch cc l
chng bi ni lm vic
1. Bin php k thut
2. Bin php phng h cc nhn
3. Bin php y t
2.2 X L AEROSOL (BI, KHI, SNG)

Khi nim chung v bi
-Cc phn t cht rn th ri rc (vn) di tc dng ca cc

dng kh hoc khng kh, chng chuyn thnh trng thi l lng
v trong nhng iu kin nht nh chng to thnh th vt cht
m ngi ta gi l bi.
Bi gm hai pha: pha kh v pha rn ri rc.
Ht Bi c kch thc t nguyn t n nhn thy c bng

mt thng, c kh nng tn ti dng l lng trong thi gian
di ngn khc nhau.

Phn loi
Theo ngun gc;
Theo kch thc ht bi;
Theo tc hi;

nhim bi do tiu th cng nghip

nhim bi do giao thng vn ti

Cc phng php x l:
X l bi bng phng php kh
X l bi bng phng php t
Thit b lc in
2.2.1 X L BI THEO PHNG PHP KH
-Thit b thu hi bi kh hot ng da trn cc

c ch lng khc nhau: trng lc, qun tnh, ly
tm. Cc thit b ch to v vn hnh n gin,
c p dng ph bin trong cng nghip. Tuy
nhin, hiu qu thu bi khng cao, thng ng
vai tr x l s b.
-Thit b lc bi kh: khi cho kh qua vch ngn
xp, cc ht rn c gi li cn kh i xuyn qua
n hon ton
A. BUNG LNG BI
Nguyn l hot ng: S lng bi bng bung lng l to iu
kin trng lc tc dng ln ht bi thng lc y ngang ca
dng kh. Trn c s ngi ta to ra s gim t ngt lc y
ca dng kh bng cch tng t ngt mt ct ca dng kh chuyn
ng. Trong thi im y, c ht bi s lng xung
Trong thi gian kh i qua thit b, cc ht bi di tc dng ca
lc hp dn lng xung pha di v ri vo bnh cha hoc c
a ra ngoi bng vt ti hay bng ti.
A. BUNG LNG BI
p dng vi ht bi c kch thc ln, dng kh chuyn

ng vi vn tc nh (< 1 2 m/s)
Cu
to ca bung lng bi
oBung
lng bi c lm t gch, b tng ct thp,hoc
thp.
oBung
lng bi l mt khng gian hnh hp c tit din

ngang ln hn rt nhiu ln so vi tit din ng ng
dn
bung lng c ca lm v sinh hay ly bi ra
ngoi.
oTrn
Cc loi bung lng

a) Bung lng bi n gin
b) Bung lng vi vch ngn
c) Bung lng nhiu tng
Bung lng nhiu tng
Bung lng nhiu tng

u im
Do chia thnh nhiu tng nn kch thc
chnh ca bung lng c thu gn, t chim
din tch nhng vn lc c mt lu lng
kh ln vi hiu sut lc cao.
Nhc im
Kh dn dp v sinh khi c bi bm
trn cc tng.
A. BUNG LNG BI
Lng
bi th, d ht >40 m, tuy vy cc ht bi nh hn vn gi c

li bung lng
Hiu sut(50-60)%
u im:
-Chi ph u t v vn hnh thp.
-Kt cu n gin.
-S dng x l kh thi c nng bi cao cha cc ht bi c kch
thc ln:l vi, l t v cc nh my ch bin thc n gia sc.
-Vn tc di chuyn ca dng kh trong TB nh ,khng gy mi mn
thit b.
Nhc im:
-Phi lm sch th cng nh k
-Cng knh, chim 1 din tch khng gian ln
-Ch thu c cc ht bi c kch thc tng i ln
A. BUNG LNG BI
Cch nng hiu qu ca qu trnh lng
Tng din tch y ca bung lng. V vy trong

thc t bn trong cc bung lng ngi ta c th t
nhiu sn nm ngang hoc nghing, khong cch
gia chng khong 100 300mm.
Khi cc ht bi c kch thc t 32- 40 m s

c gi li trong bung lng, cn cc ht c kch
thc 5 m th kh nng thu hi l bng khng.
B. THIT B LNG QUN TNH
l c bn c p dng ch to thit b XL
bi kiu qun tnh l lm thay i chiu hng chuyn
ng ca dng kh mt cch lin tc, lp i lp li bng
nhiu loi vt cn c hnh dng khc nhau.
Nguyn
dng i hng chuyn ng th bi do c sc

qun tnh ln s gi hng chuyn ng ban u ca
mnh v va p vo cc vt cn ri b gi li hoc
mt ng nng v ri xung y thit b.
Khi

Nguyn l hot ng: Khi t ngt thay i hng chuyn ng ca dng
kh, cc ht bi di tc dng ca lc qun tnh tip tc chuyn ng theo
hng ban u ca mnh v va p vo vt cn ri gi li hoc mt ng
nng v ri xung y thit b.
Kh nng lng cao hn bung lng.
Hiu sut (65-80)% i vi ht bi c d-25-30m.
Cc loi thit b lng bi qun tnh:
a.
C vch ngn
b.
Vi ch quay kh nhn
c.
C vt cn

Thit b l xch: Cc thit b ny c dy l chn hoc cc vng chn. Kh i qua
mng chn, i hng t ngt, cc ht bi do qun tnh chuyn ng theo hng
c tch ra khi kh hoc va p vo cc tm phng nghing, lng trn ri ri
xung dng kh bi.
im yu ca l xch l s mi mn cc tm chn khi nng bi cao v c th
to thnh trm tch lm bt kn mt sng. Nhit cho php ca kh thi ph thuc
vo vt liu lm l chn, thng khng qu 450-600 C
C.CYCLONE
Thit
b cyclon c ng dng rng ri trong

cng nghip c hiu qu cao khi kch thc ht
bi >5 m.
Thu hi bi trong cyclon din ra di tc dng
ca lc ly tm.
Nguyn l hot ng:
Dng kh nhim bi c a vo phn trn
ca cyclon. Thn cyclon thng l hnh tr c
y l hnh chp ct. ng dn kh bn vo
thng c dng khi ch nht, c b tr theo
phng tip tuyn vi cyclon.
Kh vo cyclon thc hin chuyn ng xon c,
dch chuyn xung di v hnh thnh dng
xoy ngoi. Lc , cc ht bi di tc dng
ca lc ly tm, vng vo thnh cyclon. Tin gn
y chp, dng kh bt u quay ngc tr li
v chuyn ng ln trn hnh thnh dng xon
trong.
C.CYCLONE
Bi
Kh sch
Ngn
Thu kh
Kh bi
Bung
hnh tr
Thn cyclon
Bung
hnh chp
Khng kh
Bung lng bi
Kh bi
Thu bi
c. Cyclone
Trong cng nghip, cyclon c chia lm hai nhm: hiu

qu cao v nng sut cao. Nhm th nht t hiu qu cao
nhng yu cu chi ph ln, cn nhm th hai c tr lc nh
nhng thu hi cc ht mn km hn.
Trong thc t, ngi ta ng dng rng ri cyclon tr v
cyclon chp (khng c thn tr). Cyclon tr thuc nhm nng
sut cao, cn cyclon chp thuc nhm hiu qu cao.
C.CYCLONE
u im:
Khng c phn chuyn ng tng bn ca thit b;
C th lm vic nhit cao ( n 500 C);
Thu hi bi dng kh;
Lm vic p sut cao;
Nng sut cao, r;
C kh nng thu hi vt liu mi mn m khng cn bo v b mt cyclon;
Ch to n gin;
Nhc im
Hiu qu vn hnh km khi bi c kch thc nh hn 5 m;
C.CYCLONE
a.
b.
Cc dng cyclone:
Cyclone n: cyclone n l thit b hon chnh hot ng c lp v c
nhiu dng khc nhau nh dng hnh tr, dng cn. Vic s dng loi no
l ty thuc vo c tnh ca bi v yu cu x l.
Cyclone t hp ( nhm): l thit b lc bi gm mt s lng ln cc n
nguyn cyclone mc song song trong mt v c chung ng dn kh vo,
kh ra, thng cha bi.
C hai cch a dng kh vo cyclon to ra chuyn ng xoy l dng

tip tuyn v dng dng trc

d. Thit b lc bi kh
Thit b lc kh c s dng rt ph bin cho cc loi bi mn, kh
kh tch khi khng kh nh lc qun tnh v ly tm.
Nguyn l:
a dng khng kh ln bi i xuyn qua lp vt liu lc (vch
ngn xp), cc ht bi s b gi li trong lp vt liu lc, khng kh
sch i qua lp vt liu lc v c thi ra ngoi.
Trong qu trnh lc bi, cc ht bi kh tch t trong cc l xp
hoc to thnh lp bi trn b mt vch ngn v tr thnh mi
trng lc i vi cc ht bi n sau.
Tuy nhin, bi tch cng nhiu lm cho kch thc l xp v
xp chung ca vch ngn cng gim, v vy sau mt thi gian lm
vic no cn phi ph v v loi lp bi ra.
Nh vy, qu trnh lc bi phi kt hp vi qu trnh phc hi vt
liu lc

d. Thit b lc bi kh
Nguyn l:
Lc bi l a dng khng kh ln bi i xuyn qua lp vt liu lc
(vch ngn xp), cc ht bi s b gi li trong lp vt liu lc,
khng kh sch i qua lp vt liu lc v c thi ra ngoi.
Trong qu trnh lc bi, cc ht bi kh tch t trong cc l xp
hoc to thnh lp bi trn b mt vch ngn v tr thnh mi
trng lc i vi cc ht bi n sau.
Tuy nhin, bi tch cng nhiu lm cho kch thc l xp v
xp chung ca vch ngn cng gim, v vy sau mt thi gian lm
vic no cn phi ph v v loi lp bi ra.
Nh vy, qu trnh lc bi phi kt hp vi qu trnh phc hi vt
liu lc

d. Thit b lc bi kh
Thit b lc chia thnh ba loi:

Thit b tinh lc: hiu qu cao, thu hi bi c hi c bit, cng
nh siu lc khng kh. Vt liu lc khng c phc hi. Nng
u vo thp <1mg/m3, hiu qu cao >99%, vn tc lc
<10cm/s
Thit b lc khng kh: c s dng trong h thng thng kh v
iu ha khng kh, vt liu lc c th c phc hi hoc khng
phc hi. Nng u vo <50mg/m3, vn tc lc 2,5-3m/s
Thit b lc cng nghip ( vi, ht, si th): c s dng lm
sch kh cng nghip. Vt liu lc thng c phc hi. Nng
bi n 60mg/m3
THIT B LC MNG-LC TI
Nguyn l:
Dng kh v bi c chn bi mng hoc ti lc, ti ny c khe nh cho
cc phn t kh i qua d dng nhng gi li cc ht bi.
Khi lp bi dy ngn cn lng kh i qua th ngi ta tin hnh rung
hoc thi ngc thu hi bi v lm sch mng.
u v nhc im
u im: Hiu sut lc cao ( ln n 99%), ph hp vi cc loi bi c
ng knh nh.
Nhc im: gi thnh v qun l cao, bn ca thit b lc bi thp v
thng dao ng theo m
Cc loi thit b lc mng-lc ti
Thit b lc vi
Thit b lc si
Thit b lc ht
MT S THIT B LC TI VI TRN TH TRNG
THIT B LC VI- THIT B LC BI KIU NG

TAY O
Cc thit b ny ph bin nht, c vt liu lc dng tay o hnh tr c gi cht
trn li ng v c trang b c cu r bi.
Mi ngn c t (8-15)ti vi hoc nhiu hn
Mi TB khng vt qu 10-12 ngn
ng knh ng tay o D=120-300(mm)
khng vt qu 600 (mm)
Chiu di ti L=2200-3500(mm)
T l gia D/L=(16-20):1
Cc phng php ti sinh vi lc:

S rung lc
Thi ngc vt liu lc bng kh sau x l hoc dng khng kh sch
THIT B LC BI KIU NG TAY O
Nguyn l hot ng:

Giai on 1: Khi vi lc cn sch, cc ht bi lng trn cc lp xp
nm trn b mt si v gia cc si. giai on ny hiu sut lc
bi cn thp.
Giai on 2: Khi c mt lp bi bm trn b mt vi, lp bi
ny tr thnh mi trng lc bi th 2. Hiu sut lc bi giai
on ny rt cao.
Giai on 3: sau mt thi gian lm vic , lp bi bm trn vi s
dy ln lm tng tr lc ca thit b, v vy phi lm sch vi lc.
Sau khi lm sch vi lc vn cn mt lng ln bi nm gia cc
x, cho nn trong giai on 3 ny hiu sut lc vn cn cao.
Thit b lc bi kiu ng tay o(tt)

Vi lc phi tha mn cc yu cu sau:
Kh nng gi bi cao;
C kh nng cho kh xuyn qua ti u;
Bn c, nhit, chu c n mn ha hc;
C kh nng ti sinh;
Gi thnh thp;
Cc vt liu lc hin c khng tha mn
tt c cc tnh cht nu trn,
nn trong tng trng iu kin c th
phi tin hnh la chn chng.
Thit b lc bi kiu ng tay o(tt)
Vt liu lc ph bin nht l:

Vi len: kh xuyn qua ln, m bo sch n nh v d phc hi, khng
bn ha hc v nhit.
Vi tng hp: bn nhit v ha, gi r. Trong mi trng axit bn cao,
trong mi trng kim bn gim
Vi thy tinh: bn nhit 150-350oC, c ch to t thy tinh nhm
silicat khng kim hoc thy tinh magezit
Vi bng: tnh lc tt, gi thp, khng bn ha hc v nhit, d chy v cha
m cao
VT LIU LC BI
VT LIU LC BI
a) TB lc bi ng tay o nhiu ngn, gi bi

bng c cu rung v thi kh ngc
chiu:
1- bunke; 2- c cu rung gi bi; 3- ng
gp vo; 4- ng dn kh cha bi i vo b
lc; 5- n nguyn ang thc hin qt gi
bi; 6- van; 7 khung treo cc chm ng
tay o; 8- van thi kh ngc gi bi;
9- ng dn kh sch thot ra
b) TB lc bi ng tay o c khung lng

v h thng pht khng kh nn
kiu xung lc gi bi
1- van in t; 2- ng dn khng kh nn;
3- vi phun; 4- dng khng kh nn;
5-hp iu khin t ng qutrnh
hon nguyn (gi bi); 6 - ng tay o;
7- khung lng; 8 phu cha bi
2.2.2 PHNG PHP T
Nguyn l: da vo s tip xc gia dng kh mang bi vi cht lng, bi trong

dng kh b cht lng gi li v thi ra ngoi di dng cn bn.
u im:
D ch to, gi thnh thp nhng hiu qu lc bi cao hn phng php kh
C th lc c bi d<0,1m;
C th lm vic vi kh c nhit v m cao m mt s thit b lc bi khc
khng th p ng c nh lc bng ti vi, lc bng in.
Khng nhng lc c bi m cn lc c c kh c hi bng qu trnh hp th.
Nguy him chy n thp
Nhc im:
Bi thu c dng cn do phi x l nc thi, lm tng gi qu trnh x l
Cc git lng c kh nng b cun theo kh v cng vi bi lng trong ng dn v
my ht
Trong trng hp khi thi cha nhiu cht d n mn nh: SO2, CO2 cng c
kh nng lm cho cc ng ng v thit b b n mn v vy cn phi s dng
nhng vt liu chng g nh inox, cht do hoc m cc thit b .
PHNG PHP T (TT)
Qu trnh thu hi bi theo phng php t da trn s tip xc ca

dng kh bi vi cht lng, c thc hin bng cc bin php c bn
sau:
Dng kh bi i vo thit b v c ra bng cht lng. Cc ht bi
tch ra khi kh nh va chm vi cc git lng.
Cht lng ti t b mt lm vic ca thit b, cn dng kh tip xc
vi b mt ny. Cc ht bi b ht bi mng nc v tch ra khi dng
kh.
Dng kh bi c sc vo nc v b chia ra thnh cc bt kh. Cc
ht bi b dnh t v loi ra khi kh.
Do tip xc gia dng kh nhim bi vi cht lng hnh thnh b mt
tip xc pha. B mt ny bao gm cc bt kh, tia kh, git lng v
mng lng.
PHNG PHP T (TT)
Thit b lc bi kiu t thng c th chia thnh cc loi sau

y ty thuc vo nguyn l hot ng ca chng:
Bung phun- thng ra kh rng;
Thit b ra kh m( thp m);
Thit b lc bi ( ra kh) vi lp ht hnh cu di ng;
Thit b ra kh venturi;
Thit b lc bi kiu t di tc dng va p qun tnh
A. Bung phun- thng ra kh rng
Nguyn tc hot ng
Dng kh mang bi i vo thit b t di qua sn
phn phi ln trn, dng nc c phun di dng
ht nh t trn xung. Khi hai cht tip xc nhau,
bi trong dng kh b cun theo nc i xung di,
cn kh sau khi tch bi, qua b phn chn nc tch
c hi nc thot ra ngoi u thit b.
Cu to:
1.V thit b;
2. Vi phun nc.
3. Tm chn nc.
4. B phn hng dng
v phn phi kh.
A.
Bung phun- thng ra kh rng
c im:
+ Yu cu vn tc dng kh vo thit b trong khong (0,6 1,2) m/s i
vi thit b khng c b tch git v khong 5-8m/s i vi thit b c
b tch git
+ Hiu sut x l ph thuc vo cng phun nc v vn tc dng
khng kh chuyn ng trong thit b.
+ Cu to thit b n gin, gn, d ch to.
+ Vn hnh d.
+ Hiu sut x l kh cao:80-90%, i vi bi c kch thc d 10m
Phm vi p dng:
Thit b ny c s dng ph bin lc bi t trong kh thi ng thi
lm ngui kh.
B.Thit b ra kh m( Thp m)
Cu to
Thit b kh bi c lp m rng c ti nc cn gi l thit b (thp) ra kh hoc
scrubber, gm mt thng tit din trn hoc ch nht bn trong c cha mt lp
m bng vt liu rng v c ti nc
Nguyn tc hot ng:
Kh i t di ln xuyn qua lp vt liu rng,
khi tip xc vi b mt t ca lp vt liu
rng bi s bm li cn kh sch thot ra
ngoi. Mt phn bi s b nc cun tri xung
thng cha vc x ra di dng bn cn.
nh k ngi ta thay ra lp vt liu rng.
Thp ra kh Scrubber dng ng
c im
+ Vt liu rng thng dng cc loi khu c hnh dng khc nhau lm bng s, thy
tinh, nha
+ Cu to thit b n gin.
+ Hiu sut x l cao hn so vi thp ra kh rng (90% )i vi cc ht c d > 2 m.
+ Tr lc thit b ln.
+ Phi nh k thay ra lp vt liu rng.
V vt liu rng, ngi ta thng dng cc loi khu c hnh dng khc nhau, lm
bng kim loi mu, s hoc nha
1: Khu Raschig; 2: Khu c vch ngn;

3: Khu c vch ngn ch thp;
4: Khu Pall-c vch ngn v ca s;
5- Khu Berl ( kiu yn nga);
6: Khu Intalox
Ngoi loi thp phun nc kiu ng chuyn ng ngc chiu ca kh v
nc nh trn, ngi ta cn ch to loi thit b phun c lp m rng kiu
nm ngang . Cu to ca loi thit b ny cho php lm vic vi vn tc kh ln
hn so vi thit b thng ng (c th t 10 m/s) nh kch thc ca loi
thit b ny s gn nh hn.
Thp ra kh Scrubber (dng ngang)
D. Thit b lc bi (ra kh) vi lp ht hnh cu di ng
Nguyn tc hot ng:

Kh mang bi c a vo thit b t di ln.
Dng kh a vo ny lm cho cc ht
hnh cu chuyn ng hn lon trong
trng thi l lng, bi trong kh va p
vo cc ht hnh cu tch khi dng kh.
Nc c phun t trn xung cun theo
cc ht bi to thnh cn bn c dn ra
ngoi x l.
Thit b lc bi vi lp ht hnh cu di ng
1. Tm chn c l hoc li.
2. Ht cu. 3. Tm chn c l hoc li.
4. Vi phun nc.5. Tm chn nc.
D. Thit b lc bi (ra kh) vi lp ht hnh cu di ng
Cu to
Vt liu ch to ht hnh cu l nha, cao su hoc thy tinh. Ht rng
hoc c, khi lng ring ca ht cu khng c vt qu khi lng
ringca nc m bo cho cc ht hnh cu chuyn ng mt cch
t do trong hn hp kh nc bn trong thit b.
c im:
+ Hiu sut lc bi vi lp ht hnh cu di ng c hiu sut x l bi kh
cao.
+ Vn tc dng kh vo cho php trong khong (5-6) m/s v t l nc
kh l (0,5-0,7) l/m3.
+ ng knh thch hp ca cc ht hnh cu l d = (20-40) mm.
+ Trng lng n v ca cc ht hnh cu: = (200-300) kg/m3.
Phm vi p dng:
Thit b ny thng c p dng x l bi trong cc ngnh cng
nghip
e. Thit b ra kh va p qun tnh

Nguyn tc hot ng:
S tip xc ca kh vi nc c thc hin do s va p ca dng kh
ln b mt cht lng v do s thay i hng t ngt
Kt qu ca s va p ni trn l hnh thnh nhng git nc mn
ng knh 300-400 m, lm tng qu trnh lng bi

Nguyn tc hot ng:
i vi thit b dng ny mc nc ng vai tr quan
trng. S thay i nh ca mc nc cng c th lm
gim hiu qu thu hi bi hoc lm tng tr lc ca thit
b.
Hiu qu ca thit b va p qun tnh n 99,5% i vi
ht c d 3m.

Cu to:
Dng in hnh ca loi thit b lc bi
theo nguyn l va p qun tnh t l
loi Rotoclon-N
Rotoclon-N
1.Ming vo ca kh;
2. Cnh hng dng;
3. Tm chn nc;
4. Ming dn kh sch thot ra;
5. Qut ht

c im:
+Thit b ny khng cn phng tin vn chuyn nc phun vo thit b, khng
cn vi phun. Ch cn mt mc nc n nh, khng cn bm p lc cao.
+ ng knh ca ht nc t 300-400m.
+ Vn tc kh vo thit b l 15 m/s. Vn tc dng kh ra khi qut kh ln.
+ Lng nc tiu hao cho qu trnh ny thng khng qu ln, thng 0,7
l/m3
+ Nng lng tiu th cho loi thit b ny nm trong khong 1,0 1,3 kWh cho
1000 m3/h lu lng kh cn x l.
Phm vi p dng:
+ Thit b lm vic c vi nng bi ban u rt cao.
+ Rotoclon N thng c s dng rng ri trong cng nghip luyn kim
lc bi thng thng v bi c tnh kt dnh cng nh cc loi bi d gy
chy n
f. Thit b ra kh vn tc cao ( thit b ra kh venturi)
lm sch kh khi bi kch thc 1-2 v nh hn,

ngi ta ng dng ch yu cc thit b ra kh vn tc
ln.
Nguyn l hot ng: Dng kh bi chuyn ng vi vn

tc 70 150 m/s p v nc thnh cc git cc nh.
xoy ri cao ca dng kh v vn tc tng i gia

bi v git lng ln thc y qu trnh lng bi trn cc
git lng.

Cu to v vn hnh
Thit b tch bi khi dng kh thi kiu Venturi c cu to gm:
ng tht eo Venturi 1 ni theo phng tip tuyn
vo thn hnh tr 2. Ti ch tht ca ng Venturi
c lp vi phun nc 3. Khi dng kh mang bi
c y vo ng Venturi vi vn tc ln,
ng nng ca dng kh ch tht ca ng
Venturi s ko theo nc v x nc
thnh nhng git mn. Bi trong dng kh s va
p qun tnh vo cc git nc v b ng li
trn b mt git nc. n lt mnh, nhng
git nc mang theo bi b dng kh chuyn ng
xon c trong thn hnh tr p vo thnh v chy
xung di ri theo ng x 4 ra ngoi, cn
kh sch thot ln trn qua ming ng 5
MT S THIT B RA KH VENTURI
Vn tc kh ti im phun nc c vn tc rt cao 70-150m/s,

Vn tc kh ti ng loa c gim xung cn 10-20m/s.
Lng nc phun vo thit b t 0,5-1,0 l/m3 kh
2.2.3 THIT B LC IN
Nguyn tc lc bi bng tnh in:
Tch in m cho ht bi, bi s mang in tch m, khi bi i qua b mt c
in tch dng, bi s b ht vo b mt ny, trung ha in v ri xung.
Thit b s dng dng in mt chiu vi in th cao (khong 50.000V).
Thng c 2 hnh thc lc bi tnh in: lc bi bng in kiu ng v lc
bi bng in kiu tm.
Thit b lc bi bng in kiu ng
c im:
+ Thit b s dng dng in mt chiu c U = 30 - 70 kV
+ Yu cu bi vo thit b phi kh.
+ Hiu sut lc bi cao: 95-99%.
+ Lc c tt c cc loi bi t kch thc ln n kch thc nh.
+ Gi thnh t, tiu tn mt lng in ln.
Phm vi p dng
Thit b ny ch c s dng nhng ni cn thu hi nhng loi bi qu c ga
tr hoc nhng ni yu cu cht lng mi trng cao
2.3 LA CHN THIT B X L BI
Bung lng bi
S dng cho bi th, kch thc >50m
Cn c s dng nh cp lc th trc cc lai thit
b lc tinh t tin
Cyclone
S dng cho bi th
Nng bi ban u cao
Khng i hi hiu qu lc cao
Nu mun t c hiu qu cao th nn s dng
xiclon t hoc xiclon chm
Thit b lc bi t
S dng khi cn lc sch bi mn vi hiu qu tng
i cao.
Kt hp gia lc bi v kh kh c hi trong phm vi
c th, nht l vi cc lai kh hi chy
Kt hp lm ngui kh thi
c bit m cao trong cc lai kh thi khi i ra khi
thit bi lc khng gy nh hng g ng k cho thit
b cng nh cc qu trnh cng ngh lin quan
Thit b lc ti vi
S dng khi cn t hiu qu lc cao hoc rt cao
Cn thu hi bi c gi tr trng thi kh
Lu lng kh thi cn lc khng qu ln
Nhit kh thi tng i thp
Thit b lc in
Khi cn lc bi tinh vi hiu qu lc bi cao
Lu lng kh thi cn lc ln
Cn thu hi bi c gi tr
2.4 CC YU T NH HNG N VIC LA CHN

PHNG PHP X L
Nhit v m ca kh i vo h thng lc bi v
nhng cht nhim khc i km theo
Cc c tnh l ha ca bi: vt liu bi, phn cp c
ht,
Nng ban u ca bi trong kh thi
Lu lng kh thi v s thay i ca lu lng
Mc lc yu cu v nng cho php ca bi cn
li trong kh thi sau lc
Phng php v chu k x bi, kh nng thu hi bi c
gi tr
2.4 CC YU T NH HNG N VIC LA CHN

PHNG PHP X L
Cc yu cu c bit i vi h thng ht bi
Thi gian lm vic, v tr t thit b
i vi thit b lc bui t ta cn phi lu n ngun
nc cung cp, nc thi c ln cn bn, m cao
ca kh thi
Cc iu kin vn hnh
2.3 X L TP CHT KH V HI C HI
Hng ngy, hng gi, nn cng nghip ( nht l cng nghip ha cht),
giao thng vn ti, trm nhit in, x vo bu kh quyn quanh ta
mt lng ln cc kh v hi thi v cng ln lm nhim bu kh
quyn
V d:
X nghip luyn kim en: thi cc kh c cha bi, SO2 v kim loi
mu
Snh s, thu tinh, vt liu xy dng : Bi, COx , HF
Luyn kim, l c : Bi, SO2 , COx , NOx ,
Nha, cao su, cht do: Bi, mi hi, dung mi hu c, SO2
Thuc tr su: Bi, mi hi, dung mi hu c, TBVTV
Ty thuc vo iu kin pht sinh, nng cht nhim, iu kin a
hnh, trang thit b hin c la chn p dng cc phng php x l
khc nhau.
2.3 X L TP CHT KH V HI C HI
Cc phng php x l:
Hp ph cc cht kh nhim bng cc vt liu rn;
Thiu t
Hp th cc cht kh c hi bng cht lng;
2.3.1 PHNG PHP HP PH

X l kh thi bng phng php hp ph l qu trnh x l da trn
s phn ly kh bi i lc ca mt s cht rn i vi mt s loi kh
c mt trong hn hp kh, trong qu trnh cc phn t cht kh
nhim trong kh thi b gi li trn b mt vt liu rn
Vt liu rn s dng trong qu trnh ny gi l cht hp ph.
Cht kh b gi li trong cht hp ph c gi l cht b hp ph
ng dng phng php hp ph :
-Kh m trong khng kh
- Kh mi trong kh thi
c bit qu trnh hp ph c p dng rt ph hp cho nhng trng
hp sau y:
- Cht kh nhim khng chy c hoc kh t chy;
- Cht kh cn kh l c gi tr v cn thu hi;
- Cht kh nhim c nng thp trong kh thi m cc qu trnh
kh kh khc khng p dng c.
C ch ca qu trnh hp ph
2.3.2 PHNG PHP HP PH

Hp ph vt l:
- Cc phn t kh b ht vo b mt cht hp ph nh lc lin kt gia cc
phn t ( lc Vander waals), cu trc ca kh sau khi b hp ph vn khng
thay i;
- L qu trnh thun nghch;
Hp ph ha hc:
-To thnh lin kt ha hc gia cht hp ph v cht b hp ph;
- Khng thun nghch;
VT LIU HP PH
Tnh cht
Vt liu dng lm cht hp ph l cc vt liu xp vi b mt bn
trong ln ( b mt t do ca cc l rng ln), chng c th l vt liu
t nhin hoc tng hp.
C kh nng hp ph cao;
Bn c hc
C kh nng hon nguyn d dng
Gi thnh r
Cc cht hp ph cng nghip c bn l than hot tnh, silicagen,
keo nhm (oxit nhm hot ha), zeolit.
VT LIU HP PH
Cc s liu k thut ca cc cht hp ph thng dng
Vt liu
Khi
lng
n v
ng
(kg/m3)
ng khnh
l rng (m)
B mt l
rng
(m2/g)
ng dng
Than hot
tinh
360-600
(20-40).1010
500-1500
Hp ph km cc cht phn cc. N c

dng lm v sinh v x l kh thi c
m khc nhau, hp ph hi cc cht hu c,
dung mi bay hi
Silicagel
400-900
(30-200).1010
200-600
Dng hp ph cc cht phn cc, cc hi

v kh d ngng t, hi cc cht hu c
Alumogel
1000
90.1010
175
Hp ph cc hp cht hu c phn cc v
sy kh
Zeolit
4.1010
c tnh hp ph cao i vi hi cc cht phn

cc, cc cht c mi lin kt i, ba trong
phn t, dng lm sch kh c cha lu
hunh, nito.
HON NGUYN CHT HP PH

Cn thit phi ti sinh ( hon nguyn) cht hp ph thu hi cu t
b hp ph v phc hi kh nng hp ph ca cht hp ph. Qu
trnh ti sinh c th c tin hnh bng nhng cch sau:
- Hon nguyn bng hi nc
- Ht cu t b hp ph bng cht hp ph khc mnh hn,
- Gim p sut ( bao gm to chn khng)
- Hon nguyn bng kh tr
THIT B HP PH
Thit b hp ph c hon nguyn chia thnh ba loi: c nh, di
ng v tng si. Cch phn chia ny da trn phng thc tip
xc gia pha kh v pha rn. Vic la chn phng n x l ph
thuc vo dng cht nhim v yu cu thu hi.
Yu cu ra khi thit k hoc la chn thit b hp ph l
+ Phi m bo thi gian chu k hp ph thch hp;
+ C x l s b i vi kh thi loi b mt s cht m m vt
liu hp ph khng hp thu c.
+ X l lm gim bt nng ban u ca cht cn kh trong kh thi
bo v lp vt liu hp ph khi b qu ti.
+ Phn phi dng kh i qua lp vt liu hp ph mt cch u n.
+ m bo kh nng thay th mi hay hon nguyn vt liu hp ph
sau khi t trng thi hp ph mt cch d dng.
CC QU TRNH HP PH
A. Hp ph hi cc dung mi bay hi
Hin nay trn th gii c mt lng ln hi cc cht dung mi tn
tht ra mi trng gy tc hi v mi sinh v gy lng ph ln.
thu hi chng, ngi ta thng dng phng php hp ph vi
cc cht hp ph thng dng nh than hot tnh, silicagel,
alumogel, zeolit, thy tinh xp
c bit, than hot tnh l cht hp ph k nc nn rt hay c
dng: khi m tng i ca h hp kh di 50% th khng nh
hng n kh nng hp ph ca dung mi hu c.
Vic hp ph hi cc dung mi c th xy ra trong cc lp vt liu
hp ph nm yn, tng si hay chuyn ng lin tc.
CC QU TRNH HP PH
B. Tch kh SO2
S dng cc cht hp ph ha hc nh vi sng, vi ti v dolimit
dng ht bi.
tng hot hp ph ha hc, gim qu trnh chuyn ha SO2
thnh SO3 th ngi ta thm mt s cht ph gia v c r tin nh
oxyclorit ng, oxytmagie, oxyt kim loi ca Al, Co, Cr, Fe
C. Tch Cl2 v HCl
C th hp ph kh Cl2 bng cc loi ht lignin v lignin-sunfonat
canxi rn: l nhng ph thi ca cng nghip ch bin g, giy.
hp ph kh HCl t kh thi cng nghip, c th dng FeClO;
CuCl hn hp vi MnO2, cc sunfat v phosphat ng , km,
cadmin. Nhng cht ny to phc vi phn t HCl. Ngoi ra c th
dng mt s vt liu nh zeolit
CC QU TRNH HP PH
D. Tch kh H2S v cc hp cht hu c c cha lu hunh

tch kh H2S t kh thi c th dng hydroxit st, than hot tnh,
zeolit...
Cc hp cht hu c c cha lu hunh nh CS2, tiofen C4H4S, R-SH(
mercaptan), R-S-R u l nhng cht gy nhim mi trng khi n
theo kh thi cng nghip x vo kh quyn. Phng php hp ph dng
than hot tnh, zeolit
E. Tch hi thy ngn
Kh thi t ngnh cng nghip luyn kim mu, t hp cung cp nhit
nng, cng nghip ha cht thng c nhim hi thy ngn. Thng
thng ngi ta dng phng php vt l lm sch s b, sau dng
cc phng php ha hc lm sch tinh. Thng thng, than hot tnh
dng hp ph thy ngn phi qua mt s giai on s l s b bng
cc tc nhn sunfat hot, sunfit ha halogen
2.3.2 PHNG PHP HP TH
Hp th da trn c s ca qu trnh truyn khi, ngha l c s vn

chuyn t pha ny vo pha khc, l qu trnh ha tan cht kh trong cht
lng khi chng tip xc vi nhau.
Phn loi:
Hp th vt l: da trn s tng tc vt l thun ty; ngha l ch bao
gm s khuch tn, ha tan cc cht cn hp th vo trong lng cht lng
v s phn b ca chng gia cc phn t cht lng. V d nh s phn
b ca kh ho tan gia cc phn t cht lng: NH3/aceton, CO/benzen,
trimetylamin/du ho, s ho tan ca kh SO3/H2SO4.
Hp th ha hc: l mt qu trnh lun i km vi mt hay nhiu phn
ng ha hc. Mt qu trnh hp th ho hc bao gi cng bao gm 2 giai
on: giai on khuch tn v giai on xy ra cc phn ng ha hc.
Phng php hp th cht nhim bng cht lng c s dng kh ph
bin trong x l kh thi Vit Nam, hay c p dng x l cc loi
kh nh SO2, CO2, H2S, NOx,Cht lng hp th c th l nc, axit,
baz
HP TH KH BNG CHT LNG
C ch:
Khuch tn cc phn t cht nhim th kh trong khi kh thi n b mt
ca cht lng hp th.
Thm nhp v ha tan cht kh vo b mt ca cht hp th.
Khuch tn cht kh ha tan trn b mt ngn cch vo su trong lng
khi cht lng hp th.
Qu trnh hp th ng mt vai tr quan trng trong sn xut ha hc, n c

ng dng :
Thu hi cc cu t qu;
Lm sch kh;
Tch hn hp thnh cu t ring;
HP TH KH BNG CHT LNG(tt)
Cht hp th ( dung mi)

C kh nng hp th cao;
Khng bay hi;
Khng gy n mn thit b;
Gi thnh thp v d kim trong sn xut cng nghip;
nht b gim tr lc tng tc hp th;
C tnh chn lc cao theo quan h vi thnh phn cn c tch
ra. y l tnh cht ch yu ca dung mi;
C kh nng hon nguyn tt;
HP TH KH BNG CHT LNG(tt)
Trong k thut x l kh thi bng phng php hp th, nc l

loi cht hp th sn c, gi r v thun li nht. Tuy nhin,
nc ch hp th c mt s t loi kh c hi, hn na mc
hp th vt l ca nc cng b hn ch. Trong nhiu trng
hp ngi ta phi p dng phng php hp th ha hc bng
cc loi dung dch ha cht khc nhau ty theo cht c hi cn
kh
Mt s cht hp th x l cc kh nhim thng gp
THIT B HP TH
Thit b hp th c chc nng to ra b mt tip xc cng ln

cng tt gia hai pha kh v lng. C rt nhiu dng kiu khc
nhau ca thit b hp th, nhng c th phn chia thnh ba loi
chnh sau y:
Bung phun, thp phun: trong cht lng c phun thnh
git nh trong th tch rng ca thit b v cho dng kh i qua.
Thit b hp th kiu si bt (thp mm): kh i qua tm c l
bn trn c cha lp nc mng.
Thit b hp th c lp m bng vt liu rng( thp m):
Cht lng c ti trn lp m rng v chy xung di to
thnh b mt t ca lp m dng kh tip xc i qua.
A. THP PHUN, BUNG PHUN
Nguyn tc lm vic:
Trong thp phun, cht lng c phun thnh sng t pha trn xung, kh
thng i t di ln nhm lm tng din tch tip xc v nng thc
t ca cht cn hp th trong pha kh gim dn theo chiu t di i ln v
nng cht b hp th trong pha lng c tng dn theo chiu t trn i
xung.
c im
Yu cu tc dng kh khng c qu ln ( phi nh hn 1m/s)
trnh hin tng cht lng b cun theo kh ra ngoi;
Thit b hp th thp phun c u im l n gin, chi ph u t thp, lc
cn thy ng nh v c th s dng i vi kh thi c nhim bn cao;
cht lng dng hp th c th quay vng cho ti khi hp th no mi
thi, cho nn tit kim c cht hp th;
Tuy nhin, nhc im ca thit b thng rng l kh thng phn b
khng u trong ton b thp dn nn lm gim hiu sut x l
A.THP PHUN, BUNG PHUN
A.THP PHUN, BUNG PHUN
B.THP M
Cu to
c dng ph bin nht. Trong thp, ngi ta thng cc vt liu m
nh c, snh s, l so kim loi. vn than cc... lm tng din tch tip
xc hai pha.
Nguyn tc lm vic
Cht lng c ti trn b mt lp vt liu rng v chy t trn xung di
to ra b mt t ca lp vt liu m. Kh c dn t di ln tip xc
vi cc b mt t , cc cht nhim b hp th li, kh sch c dn ra
ngoi.
u im:
Tr lc thp;
Vn hnh n gin;
Gi thnh c th chp nhn c;

Nhc im:
Kh khn trong vic ra cc vt liu m
D gy tc nghn
B.THP M
B. Thp m
Tnh cht vt liu m:
Yu cu chung ca cc loi vt liu m l phi c din tch b
mt ring ln; ngoi ra, rng( hay th tch t do) ln
gim tr lc cho pha kh. Vt liu ch to vt liu m phi c
khi lng ring nh v bn ha hc.
Ton b vt liu m c t trn mt b phn vt m
cng l b phn phn phi kh. Cht lng c phn phi
nh thp qua b phn phn phi lng sao cho cht lng phi
thm t ton b vt liu m.
Vt liu m c y trong thp theo mt trong hai
phng php: Xp ngu nhin hoc xp theo th t.
B.THP M
C. Thp mm (ging thp si bt

trong x l bi)
Thng c s dng trong trng
hp ti lng cao, p sut kh phi
ln.
Nguyn lm vic ca thit b l
khi thi cn lm sch i vo
khoang trng bn di ( dng kh
i t di ln) ca thit b hp th
gm nhiu mm c c l. Khi
thi theo cc l trn mm sc qua
lp dung dch hp th, lm si bt.
Kh cn x l s bm vo b mt
cc bt kh-lng ny v, do ,
dng khi thi c x l.
C. Thp mm (ging thp si bt trong x l bi)

Hp th kiu ny c nhc im ln nht l lun c lp bt
chim th tch kh ln trong thit b. Vic chuyn ng ca
cht lng gp phi tr lc ln. Cc nh thit k c nhiu
cng trnh lm gim bt nhng im trn c th s dng
kiu hp th ny trong cng nghip v n c h s chuyn khi
rt cao.
Chiu cao lp cht lng tng s lm tng kh nng hp th
song ng thi cng tng tr lc ca thit b. V vy, thng
thng ngi ta khng tng lp cht lng qu 50mm
Thn thp v mm c lm bng loi vt liu ph thuc vo
kh nng n mn ca mi trng lm vic. Thn thp thng
c hnh tr trn, ch to thnh tng on ghp vi nhau bng
mt bch. Mm c gn c nh vo thp.
C.THP MM
C.THP MM
C. Thp mm
Ty theo lu lng ca hai pha lng kh m c ba ch thy ng:
Khi vn tc kh qu nh th pha kh i qua pha lng dng tng bt ring
bit, pha lng c th chy r qua l trn mm;
Khi tng vn tc kh ln th kh i qua lng bng nhng tia bt lin tc, cht
lng khng cn ch r qua l trn mm. ch ny, thp hot ng n
nh.
Khi tng vn tc kh ln na, kh v lng trn mm s to nn mt hn hp
lng bt xo trn mnh trn mm. iu kin ny, mm hot ng vi hiu
sut cao nht. Nu tip tc tng vn tc kh ln na s xy ra hin tng li
cun cht lng trn mm.
C. Thp mm
So snh u v nhc im ca cc loi thp

So snh
Thp phun
Thp m
Thp mm xuyn l
Thp mm chp
u
im
n gin;
Chi ph thp;
Tr lc thp;
Vn tc kh thp
n gin;
Tr lc thp;
Hiu sut tng i cao;

Hot ng kh n nh;
Lm vic vi cht lng
bn;
Hiu sut cao;

Hot ng n
nh;
Nhc
im
Hiu sut thp;
Hiu sut thp;

n nh km;
Thit b nng;
Tr lc kh cao;
Yu cu lp t kht
khelp a tht phng;
Cu to phc tp;
Tr lc ln;
Khng lm vic
vi cht lng bn
2.3.3 PHNG PHP NHIT-THIU T
Bn cht ca phng php t chy trc tip l oxy ha cc cu t

c hi bng oxy nhit cao (450-12000C). Phng php ny
c ng dng x l kh thi cc cht c d oxy ha v nhng
hn hp c mi tanh hi.
u im:
- Phn hy hon ton cc cht nhim chy c khi thit b thiu t
c thit k v vn hnh ng quy cch;
- Hiu qu x l cao i vi nhng cht nhim c bit m cc bin
php x l khc khng c hiu qu hoc hiu qu thp;
- C kh nng thu hi v tn dng c nhit thi ra trong qu trnh
thiu t;
Nhc im:
- Chi ph u t thit b v vn hnh tng i ln;
- Cn cung cp thm nhin liu v xc tc m bo nhit cn
thit cho qu trnh oxi ha cc cht nhim cn x l.
- Lm phc tp thm vn gy nhim khng kh khi trong kh thi
u vo c cha cc hp cht ca clorin, nito, lu hunh
thit k c cc thit b thiu t, cn mt s lu sau:

-Thnh phn ha hc ca cc cht gy nhim, nng cn x
l, nhit ban du ca kh thi i vo thit b thiu t v
mc pht thi cho php ca cc cht gy nhim;
- Nhit chy: phi lun gi nhit chy ( nhit gia
nhit cho qu trnh chy) phi ln hn nhit bc chy, b
vo lng nhit mt mt do tn tht nhit ra xung quanh;
- Thi gian chy: Tng cao ng khi, tng thi gian chy s
hn ch c lng khi bc ra.
- xo trn :nhm to cho hn hp oxy v vt cht chy c
ng u trong sut thi gian chy. C th dng vch ngn
hoc vi phun to ra khuy trn cn thit.
- Oxy: oxy l yu t cn cho qu trnh chy xy ra. Nhng sn
phm cui cng ca qu trnh chy ph thuc vo vic cung
cp oxy.
2.3.3 PHNG PHP NHIT-THIU T
Cc phng php thiu t hi kh thi nhim

V mt bin php thc hin, qu trnh thiu t cht nhim c
th c phn chia ra thnh ba loi chnh:
- Thiu t bng ngn la trc tip trong khng kh;
- Thiu t c bung t;
- Thiu t c xc tc;
A.
THIU T BNG NGN LA TRC TIP
Thit b t chy trc tip l thit b m khng kh v tt c cc kh thi c kh nng chy

bc t. Qu trnh t hon ton phi din ra ngay, mc d khng c bung t. Phng
php ny thng p dng cho vic x l kh thi nhim c cha Hydrocacbon, hydro,
amoniac, hydroxyanua hoc mt s loi cht khc.
Cu to u t ca h thng thiu t bng ngn la trc tip
1- ng dn kh thi; 2 vng khng ch vn tc kh thi; 3- ng gp phn phi hi
nc; 4- cc im phun hi; 5- b phn mi la; 6- ng cp ga mi; 7 - ng
cp hi nc
B. BUNG T
Tri ngc vi s t chy trc tip, trong qu trnh thiu nhit,

kh chy i qua hoc c di chuyn quanh m t n bung
lu. Ti y, qu trnh oxy ha (chy) xy ra hon ton. Thiu
t c bung t c p dng rt rng ri i vi cc loi kh
thi c cha cht nhim dng kh, hi hoc sol.
Bung t kh thi hnh tr ng
vi ng cp kh thi theo phng tip tuyn
1- ng dn kh thi;
2 ng cp nhin liu;
3- Ngn p lc;
4- Vi t;
5- v thp c p VL chu la;
6- ng khi thi kh sch vo kh quyn
B. BUNG T
S cu to bung t c hm nng trc kh thi nh sau:
1.Kh thi i vo thit b thiu t; 2. B mt trao i nhit sy nng kh thi;
3. Nhin liu; 4. Vi t; 5. Kh sch ra.
Thit lm vic ca bung t v mt s cht nhim thng gp
C.THIU T C XC TC
Qu trnh oxy ha xc tc rt ging qu trnh thiu nhit. im khc
nhau c bn l sau khi i qua vng la (vng chy) kh c a
vo tng xc tc, y mnh s oxy ha nhit thp hn nhit
oxy ha bnh thng.
Nhng cht xc tc c s dng l cc kim loi dng ht nh Platium,
Paladium hoc hp kim ca chng.
S cu to bung t c xc tc
C.THIU T C XC TC
Nhit lm vic ca bung thiu t c xc tc
2.4 MT S H THNG X L KH THI N GIN

C P DNG TRONG THC T
X l kh thi l nu c kim loi

Nguyn liu u vo ca ngnh nu c kim loi bao gm ch t bnh acquy ph
thi, nhm, ng, gang t tn, v lon bia, nc ngt, v thit bNhin liu c
s dng c kim loi l than ci, than , du DO, du nht ph thi
Kh thi t l nu c kim loi cha bi, SO2, NO2, CO, cc oxit kim loi
u tin, kh thi c cho vo xyclon tch bi, nh lc ly tm. Sau , kh thi
c a qua thp hp th x l cc kh axit, ng thi c tc dng lc ra bi
mn.
Trong thp hp th, kh thi v dung dch hp th tip xc ngc dng. y, cc
kh axit s ha tan vo dung dch kim, phn ng vi ha cht trong v nh ,
tch ra khi kh thi. Dung dch sau khi hp th c dn vo b cha, tun hon
v b sung kim theo gi tr p H ca nc
X l kh thi l t rc y t
Rc y t l thuc nhm cht thi nguy hi, cn p dng phng php thiu t
x l chng. Qu trnh thiu t s sinh ra nhiu kh c hi bao gm bi, kh HCl,
SOx, NOx, VOC
Thuyt minh quy trnh cng ngh x l kh thi l t y t theo s di
CHNG III NHNG VN V CHT THI RN

3.1 i cng v cht thi rn
- Cht thi rn (CTR) (Solid wastes): bao gm tt c cc cht thi
dng rn, pht sinh do cc hot ng ca con ngi v sinh vt,
c thi b khi chng khng cn hu ch hay khi con ngi
khng mun s dng na
- CTR bao gm tt c cc cht rn hn hp thi ra t cng ng dn
c th cng nh cc CTR c th t cc ngnh sn xut nng
nghip, cng nghip, khai khong.
- Hin nay ngi ta quan tm c bit n CTR th, bi s tch
ly ca CTR ny c kh nng nh hng ln n mi trng sng
ca con ngi
3.1.1.Phn loi CTR

Cc ngun pht sinh:
Khu dn c (h gia nh, chung c)
Cc trung tm thng mi (ch, siu th,)
Cc cng s (c quan, trng hc,)
Cc dch v th (bn xe, sn bay, nh ga, khch sn, nha hng)
Cc hot ng cng nghip
Cc hot ng nng nghip
Cc hot ng xy dng (nh ca, cu ng,)
Cc c s y t (bnh vin, phong khm,)
Cc h thng x l nc thi v thot nc th.
D phn
Theo tnh cht ha hc:
hy
Hu c
Ho Hc
V C
Kh
phn hy
3.1.1. Phn loi CTR

Theo mc nguy hi:
cht thi nguy hi: L cht thi bao gm cc loi ho cht d gy phn
ng, c hi, cc cht d chy, n hoc cc cht phng x, cht thi
nhim khun, lay lan c nguy c e do sc kho con ngi,
ng vt v thc vt.
cht thi khng nguy hi : L loi cht thi khng cha cht hoc hp
cht c mt trong s c tnh gy nguy hi trc tip n con ngi.
Theo kh nng chy c v khng chy c
Theo kh nng ti ch v thu hi ph liu
Mc pht sinh CTR ty thuc: mc sng, tp qun x hi, mc

ti ch,.. khc nhau cc nc, cc thi.
Pht sinh MSW mt s quc gia khc nhau
Nc
M
(2000)
Trung Quc
(2002)
n
(2002)
Thi Lan
(2002)
Vit Nam
(2003)
Mc pht sinh,
kg/ngi/ngy
2,0
0,63
0,45
1,36
0,7
Pht sinh MSW Vit Nam theo loi th

Loi th
c bit
Loi I
Loi II
Loi III
Loi IV
Mc pht sinh,
kg/ngi/ngy
0,96
0,84
0,72
0,73
0,65
Ngun: Cc bo v Mi trng, 2007
3.1.2 Thnh phn, c im CTR

Thnh phn l, ha hc ca cht thi rn th rt khc nhau ty
thuc vo tng a phng, vo cc ma kh hu, cc iu kin
kinh t v nhiu yu t khc
Thnh phn in hnh ca cht thi rn th(%)
3.1.3 S lc v qun l CTR

Qun l cht thi rn l vn then cht ca vic m bo mi trng sng ca
con ngi m cc th phi c k hoch tng th qun l cht thi rn thch hp
mi c th x l kp thi v c hiu qu.
Nhim v ca cc c quan chc nng trong h thng qun l cht thi rn mt
s th ln Vit Nam:
B khoa hc cng ngh v mi trng chu trch nhim vch chin lc ci thin
mi trng chung cho c nc, t vn cho nh nc trong vic xut lut l
chnh sch qun l mi trng quc gia.
B xy dng hng dn chin lc qun l v xy dng th, qun l cht thi.
y ban Nhn dn thnh ph ch o y ban nhn dn cc qun, huyn, S Khoa
hc Cng ngh v Mi trng v S Giao thng Cng chnh thc hin nhim v
bo v mi trng th, chp hnh nghim chnh chin lc chung v lut php
v bo v mi trng ca Nh nc thng qua vic xy dng cc quy tc, quy
ch c th trong vic bo v mi trng ca thnh ph.
Cng ty Mi trng th l c quan trc tip m nhn nhim v x l cht thi
rn, bo v v sinh mi trng thnh ph theo chc trch c S Giao Thng
Cng Chnh thnh ph giao.

Mc ch ca qun l CTR
- Bo v sc khe cng ng
- Bo v mi trng
- S dng ti a vt liu, tit kim ti nguyn v nng lng
- Ti ch v s dng ti a rc hu c
- Gim thiu cht thi rn
nh lng ca cht thi rn n mi trng
- nh hng n mi trng nc
- nh hng n mi trng khng kh
- nh hng n mi trng t
- nh hng n cnh quan v sc khe con ngi
3.2 Cc phng php x l cht thi rn

a. Mc ch ca vic x l cht thi rn
X l cht thi rn l giai on cui cng ca cng tc qun l
cht thi rn, khng nhng lm mt tc hi ca chng m cn
l vn thu hi ti nguyn v cc sn phm, vt liu c ch
nhm phc v cuc sng con ngi.
- Thu hi ti nguyn: sn phm, vt liu nhm tit kim ti
nguyn thin nhin
- Nng cao gi tr ca cht thi rn t cc thnh phn c th
ti s dng, ti ch to ra cc sn phm mi phc v i
sng con ngi
- X l thi b nhm gii quyt yu cu bo v mi trng:
gim ti mc ti a hoc boi b nhng cht c hi ngn
chn nguy c gy nhim mi trng
3.2 Cc phng php x l cht thi rn

b. Phn loi cc phng php x l CTR
Vi nhng tin b ca khoa hc cng ngh, hin nay c nhiu phng php x
l CTR ang c s dng, ph bin nht l cc phng php sau:
X l s b CTR ( bm, cht, nghin, sy, tch phn chia cc hp phn

CTR);
Nn, p kin CTR;
Phng php sinh hc;
Phng php thiu t;
Phng php chn lp;

Vic la chn phng php x l CTR ph thuc vo:
c im, thnh phn v tnh cht ca cht thi rn;
Lng CTR pht sinh;
Gi tr kinh t hay gi tr s dng cc loi vt liu c trong cht thi;
Cc cng ngh hin c trong nc v trn th gii;
Kh nng kinh t, iu kin ti chnh, t ai v iu kin c th ca a
phng;
Tuy nhin, trong bt k trng hp no cng phi m bo

theo nguyn tc:
- Trnh thi b;
- Gim thiu rc thi;
- Ti s dng;
- Ti ch;
- Ti to nng lng;
- X l;
- Thi b an ton
Cc qu trnh chuyn ha s dng trong qun l CTR

Qu trnh
Phng php thc hin
S chuyn ha hoc cc
sn phm chuyn ha c
bn
L hc:
Phn loi
Th cng, c gii
Gim th tch
Gim kch thc
Nn, p
Ct, xay, nghin
Cc thnh phn ring r c

trong CTRSH
Gim th tch cht thi
Gim kch thc cht thi
Ha hc:
t
Oxy ha
Nhit phn
Chng ct phn on
CO2, SO2, tro- cc sn

phm khng chy
Dng kh cha nhiu cht
kh khc nhau, hc n hoc
du, than
Sinh hc:
Sn xut phn compost
Phn hy k kh
Bin i sinh hc hiu kh

Bin i sinh hc k kh
Phn compost
CH4, CO2,bn
3.3 Thu gom cht thi rn
Thu gom cht thi rn l qu trnh thu nht rc thi t cc nh

dn, cc cng s hay t nhng im thu gom, cht chung ln
xe v ch n a im x l, chuyn tip trung chuyn hay
chn lp.
Dch v thu gom cht thi thng c th chia thnh cc dch
v s cp v th cp.
3.3 Thu gom cht thi rn

Thu gom cht thi rn t trong nh (thu gom s cp) l cch m
theo rc thi c thu gom t ngun pht sinh ra n (nh hay nhng
c s thng mi) v ch n cc bi cha chung, cc a im hoc bi
chuyn tip.
Thng th cc h thng thu gom s cp cc nc ang pht trin bao gm
nhng xe ch rc nh, xe hai bnh ko bng tay thu gom rc v ch
n cc bi cha chung hay nhng im chuyn tip.
Do vy, thu gom ban u s c cn n trong mi h thng qun l thu gom
v vn chuyn.
Thu gom tp trung (hay cn gi l thu gom th cp) bao hm khng ch
vic thu gom nht cc cht thi rn t nhng ngun khc nhau m cn c vic
chuyn ch cc cht thi ti a im tiu hy.
Nh vy thu gom th cp l cch thu gom cc loi cht thi rn t cc im
thu gom chung (im cu rc) trc khi vn chuyn chng theo tng phn
hoc c tuyn thu gom n mt trm trung chuyn, mt c s x l hay bi
chn lp bng cc loi phng tin chuyn dng c ng c.
3.4 H thng trung chuyn v vn chuyn
Trm trung chuyn c chc nng l chuyn CTR t cc xe thu

gom v cc xe vn chuyn nh sang cc phng tin ln hn.
S cn thit ca hot ng trung chuyn
Khong cch vn chuyn kh xa
Trm x l hay bi t xa trc l giao thng
Trm trung chuyn kt hp vi trm thu hi vt liu
Trm trung chuyn ti bi chn lp hp v sinh
Trm trung chuyn khi thay i phng thc vn chuyn
H thng trung chuyn v vn chuyn

Phng tin v phng php vn chuyn
Phng tin vn chuyn : xe ti , xe la, tu thy l nhng phng tin ch

yu c s dng trong vn chuyn CTR , bn cch cn s dng cc h thng
kh nn v h thng thy lc.
Phng php vn chuyn:

+ Vn chuyn bng ng b
+ Vn chuyn bng ng st
+ Vn chuyn bng ng thy
+ Vn chuyn bng kh nn, p lc nc bay hay cc h thng khc
3.2.1 Phng php c hc
* Mc ch:
- Gim kch thc v th tch CTR, dn n gim chi ph
vn chuyn, x l.
- Thu hi cc loi vt liu c gi tr kinh t.
- To iu kin thun li cho cc qu trnh x l tip theo
3.2.1 Phng php c hc

* Bn cht ca phng php c hc:
p dng cc lc c hc thay i kch thc, th tch, m v cc tnh
cht vt l khc ca cht thi. Phng php c hc nh phn loi, nn, p,
nghin, ct, bm
* Phm vi p dng:
p dng x l s b cht thi rn (ngay ti ngun pht sinh) trc
khi em i x l cc cng on tip theo.
3.2.1 Phng php c hc

u
im:
n gin
C kh nng c gii ha v t ng ha.
Cc thnh phn khc nhau ca cht thi s c tch loi
nn to iu kin thun li, d dng cho cc cng on x
l tip theo ng thi c th thu hi v ti ch c cc
vt liu c gi tr.
Nhc im:
Cha x l trit c cht thi, nn yu cu phi c
cc bc x l tip theo.
Rt d gy nhim mi trng.
3.2.1 Phng php c hc

Cc thit b c kh c th s dng cho mc ch phn
loi rc bao gm:
- Qut gi: Phng php ny c s dng phn loi
cc cht thi rn kh, c trng lng khc nhau. Qut gi
hot ng to lung kh, cun theo cc vt nh nh giy,
ti nilon, nh tch c cc thnh phn ny ra khi
cht thi hn hp.
- Sng: Sng c dng phn loi cc thnh phn cht
thi c kch thc khc nhau.
- Phn loi bng t: Thit b phn loi bng t c s
dng thu hi st vn t cht thi rn.
3.2.2 Phng php nhit
Khai Nim: L qu trnh s dng nhit chuyn ha cht thi t dng rn

sang dng lng, khi va tro ng thi gii phng nng lng di dng
nhit.
Mc ch: X l trit cht thi rn, thng dng x l cht thi nguy
hi, y t.
u im:
Th tch v khi lng CTR gim ti mc thp nht so vi ban u;
Tn dng c nng lng nhit ca qu trnh
L thnh phn quan trng trong chng trnh qun ly tng hp CTR
CTR c th x ly ti ch m khng phi vn chuyn i xa
Hiu qu x ly cao
Nhc im
Vn u t ban u cao
Vic thit k, vn hnh phc tp i hi nng lc ky thut va tay ngh cao
Nhng tim nng tc ng n con ngi va mi trng c th xy ra
3.2.2 Phng php nhit
Phn loi l t v cc qu trnh t CTR
Theo phng php thiu t: l t n vng, l t a vng;
Theo v tr b tr l t: t tp trung hay phn tn;
Theo ch vn hnh: l quay v l tnh;
Theo c im ca ngun nguyn liu t: CTR hn hp, CTR

c x l s b;
Theo ch cung cp khng kh
3.2.2 Phng php nhit

Theo ch cung cp khng kh, ngi ta chia ra:
Qu trnh t ha hc: qu trnh t v d kh ( t hn hp

CTR; t thu hi ti nguyn sn phm, nng lng; t
tng si
Qu trnh kh ha: thiu kh ( l ng, l quay, t tng si)
Qu trnh nhit phn: khng c khng kh ( t tng si)

Thi
gian
Nguyn
Tc 3T
xao
trn
Nhit
3.2.3 Phng php sinh hc
Mc ch:
X l CTR, gim tc ng n mi trng;
Tn thu c cc sn phm lm phn bn;
Gim lng cht thi em i chn lp;
Bn cht ca phng php sinh hc:l qu trnh n nh/

chuyn ha sinh hc cc cht hu c to thnh cc cht
mn hu c c kh nng lm tng ph nhiu ca t.
Cc bin php k thut:
phn hiu kh;
Phn hy cht thi ln men k kh;
Metan ha trong cc b thu hi kh sinh hc
3.2.3 Phng php sinh hc
u im
n nh c cht thi;
Lm mt hot tnh ca vi sinh vt gy bnh;
Thu hi c cht dinh dng v ci to t;
Nhc im:
Qu trnh phn hy sinh hc to mi hi, mt m quan,..
Sn phm ca cc qu trnh vn khng c s dng rng

ri trong nng nghip.
Phm vi p dng
i vi cht thi c th phn hy sinh hc c
X l v chuyn ha thnh phn hu c c trong cht thi to

ra cht mn phc v cho cy trng
3.2.4 Phng php chn lp
Mc ch:
chn lp l phng php ph bin x l sau cng i vi CTR
Bi chn lp CTR hp v sinh l bi dng chn lp an ton, tin

cy v lu di cc loi cht thi rn khng cn ti ch, thu hi, cc
phn cn li d tha sau ti ch CTR v tro l t
Bi chn lp CTR bao gm 1 hay nhiu rc, mi chn lp cn

c thit k c bit, c h thng chng thm k thut thnh v
y bi, h thng thu gom nc rc v kh rc, k thut chn lp v
m nn,
Bn cht ca phng php chn lp:
Thc cht ca chn lp l qu trnh sinh hc CTR th trong iu

kin bn hiu kh hay k kh
Cc phn ng sinh hc quan trng nht xy ra trong bi chn lp l

cc phn ng bin i cc cht hu c thnh kh bi rc v cc cht
lng.
u im
X l khi lng rt ln cht thi.

Chi ph u t v chi ph x l nh.
Nhc im:
Chim nhiu din tch.

Gy nhim khu vc x l.
Thi gian phn hy chm.
Hin nay trn th gii thng s dng cc loi bi chn lp
sau
Loi 1: Bi chn lp rc thi th
Loi 2: Bi chn lp cht thi nguy hi
Loi 3: Bi chn lp cht thi xc nh
La chn v tr bi chn lp
Bi chn lp phi ph hp vi cnh quan mi trng.
Phi tnh n hng gi thi.
Khng t vng ngp lt, c mch nc ngm.
Giao thng n khu vc chn lp phi thun li.
Phi c khong cch thch hp vi vng dn c.
La chn a cht khu vc bi chn lp
Nn chn vng t c thm thu thp <10-9 m/s.
Hm lng t st cng cao cng tt.
C lp nn chc.
Trnh vng c vi.
CHNG IV- X L NC THI

4.1 NGUN GC, THNH PHN V TNH CHT CA
NC THI
4.1.1 nh ngha, cc ngun pht sinh nc thi
Nc thi (NT): l nc sinh ra t qu trnh sinh hot, sn

xut hoc chy qua vng t nhim.
Ph thuc vo iu kin hnh thnh, nc thi c chia
thnh:
Nc thi sinh hot
Nc ma
Nc thi cng nghip
A. Nc thi sinh hot ( Domestic wastewater)
Nc thi sinh hot l nc x b sau khi s dng cho cc mc

ch sinh hot ca cng ng: tm, git gi, ty ra, v sinh c
nhn,
Nc thi sinh hot thi ra t cc cn h, c quan, trng hc,
bnh vin, ch, cc cng trnh cng cng khc v nc thi v
sinh ca cng nhn trong XNCN;
Khi lng nc thi sinh hot ca mt cng ng dn c ph
thuc vo:
Qui m dn s
Tiu chun cp nc
Kh nng v c im ca h thng thot nc
A. Nc thi sinh hot ( Domestic wastewater)
c tnh chung ca NTSH: c hm lng cc cht hu c

khng bn sinh hc cao (BOD5/COD) ( nh cacbonhydrat,
protein, m); cc cht dinh dng ( nito, phospho), cc vi
trng gy bnh ( E.coli, coliform), cht rn ( SS) v mi.
Mc nhim ca nc thi sinh hot ph thuc vo:
Lu lng nc thi;
Ti trng cht bn tnh theo u ngi;
Ti trong cht bn tnh theo u ngi ph thuc vo:
Mc sng, iu kin sng v tp qun sng;
iu kin kh hu;
Hot ng cng nghip;
B. Nc thi cng nghip ( Industrial wastewater)
Nc thi x ra t cc c s sn xut cng nghip sau khi s

dng cho cc nhu cu sinh hot v s dng cho cc cng
on sn xut;
Ti cc c s sn xut cng nghip, nc thi thng bao
gm ba loi c thnh phn v tnh cht tng i khc bit
nhau, l:
Nc ma;
Nc thi sinh hot;
Nc thi sn xut;
B. Nc thi cng nghip ( Industrial wastewater)
Nc ma:
c xem l nc thi qui c sch;
Tuy nhin trong mt s trng hp c th b nhim bn cc mc
khc nhau ( nc ma chy qua cc kho bi xng du, ha
cht), cn phi thu gom v x l;
Nc thi sinh hot: nc thi do sinh hot ca cng nhn trong
XNCN, NT t canteen;
Nc thi sn xut: chia lm 2 loi:
Nc thi qui c sch: gii nhit my mc thit b, lm ngui mt
s sn phm khng ha tan ( nha, cao su,, da);
Nc thi nhim bn: nhn chung rt a dng ty theo c im ca
tng ngnh ngh sn xut v ch v sinh cng nghip.
C. Nc ma
V c bn th nc ma l mt ngun nc thi sch;

Tuy nhin trong mt s trng hp, nc ma khi vo h
thng thu gom thng mang theo mt s cht bn nh du
m, cn v c hu c
Mc nhim bn ca nc ma thng ch xut hin
nhng trn ma u ma v trong thi gian u ca mi cn
ma;
Nc ma chy trn t cc ng rung mang theo cht rn,
thuc st trng, phn bn
4.1.2 H thng qun l nc thi

( wastewater management system)
Mt h thng qun l nc thi bao gm:
Ngun thi
Mng li thot nc thi: Thu gom v vn chuyn nc
thi. ( ng dn v trm bm)
Trm x l nc thi
Cng trnh x v ngun tip nhn
H thng thot nc( Sewerage)
H thng thot nc chung ( combined system): nc ma

v nc thi c vn chuyn trong cng mt mng li ti
TXL
H thng thot nc ring ( Separate system): tng loi
nc thi ring bit c thu gom v vn chuyn theo
mng li ring bit.
H THNG THOT NC RING ( SEPARATE SYSTEM)
H THNG THOT NC X NGHIP CNG NGHIP

Mi XNCN u c h thng thot nc, bao gm:
Mng li thot nc;
Trm x l cc b ( hoc theo cm) lm nhim v:
- Dn nc thi ra khi phm vi XNCN;
- X l NT cng nghip t yu cu, tiu chun mi trng
ng thi c th thu hi li cc cht ( thnh phn) c gi tr.
S cp thot nc trong XNCN
S THOT NC CC B TRONG XNCN
4.1.3 THNH PHN V TNH CHT NC THI
4.1.3.1 Cc ch tiu cht lng nc

Cc ch tiu l hc: nhit , mu, mi v, c, cn
l lng (SS), tng cht rn (TS), nht, tnh phng x
Cc ch tiu ha hc: pH, axit, kim, cng,
clorua, sunphat, st, mangan, clor d, oxy hoa tan (DO),
nhu cu oxy ha hc ( COD), nhu cu oxy sinh ha
(BOD), nito v cc hp cht cha nito, cht bo v du
m, cht c hot tnh b mt, kim loi nng, thuc dit
c, thuc tr su, coliform phn
A. Hm lng cht rn
Tng cht rn ( TS): (mg/l)
- Tng ca tt c cc cht rn c ngun gc v c v hu c
c trong NT trng thi l lng v ha tan;
- L phn cn li sau khi cho NT bay hi hon ton 105 Ccn kh.
Cht rn l lng(SS): (mg/l)
- Ly mu NT lc qua giy lc tiu chun;
- Phn cn trn giy c sy kh 105 C, cn li s tnh
c lng cht rn l lng;
Cht rn ha tan ( DS):
- DS= TS-SS
B. Hm lng oxi ha tan (DO)

-
L lng oxy ha tan trong nc cn thit cho s h

hp ca c sinh vt nc, thng c to ra do s
ha tan t kh quyn hoc do s quang hp ca to.
S hin din ca oxy ha tan trong nc chng t cht
lng nc tt, v ngc li s thiu vng oxy ho tan
l du hiu cho thy ngun nc b nhim
Trong iu kin nhit v p sut bnh thng: lng
oxi ha tan trong nc 8-10 mg/l, dao ng mng ph
thuc vo nhit , s phn hy ha cht, s quang hp
ca to
S BIN THIN DO THEO DNG CHY
C. Nhu cu oxi sinh ha BOD

L lng oxi cn thit vi sinh vt oxi ha cc cht hu c
d phn hy c trong NT trong mt khong thi gian xc
nh.
- Nhu cu oxy sinh ha l ch tiu rt quan trng v tin dng
ch mc nhim bn ca nc thi bng cc cht hu
c.
- BOD5: Oxy ho ht cht hu c trong nc thng
phi mt 20 ngy 20oC. n gin ngi ta ch ly ch
s BOD sau khi Oxy ho 5 ngy, k hiu BOD5. Sau 5
ngy c khong 80% cht hu c b oxy ho
- BOD20
D. Nhu cu oxy ha hc (COD)

L lng oxi cn thit oxi ha hon ton hp cht
hu c v mt phn nh cc cht v c d b oxy
ha c trong nc thi.
-
Ch tiu nhu cu oxy sinh ha BOD khng

phn nh kh nng oxy ha cc cht hu c kh b
oxy ha v cc cht v c c th b oxy ha c
trong nc thi, nht l nc thi cng nghip. V
vy, cn phi xc nh nhu cu oxy ha hc COD
oxy ha hon ton cc cht bn c trong nc
thi.
.
E. Cc cht dinh dng
N,P nguyn t cn thit cho s pht trin ca cc sinh
vt nguyn sinh v thc vt;
S hin din ca cc hp cht cha nito dng ny
hay dng khc trong nc s l cht ch th nhn
bit trng thi nhim bn ca ngun nc:
- Khi ch c mt NH4+ m khng c nitrit chng t
ngun nc va mi nhim;
- Khi c s hin din ng thi NH4+ v nitrit thi gian
nhim giai on u chm dt v chuyn qua
giai on trung gian;
- Khi khng cn NH4+ m c mt nitrit v nitrat c
ngha l s nhim din ra t lu v trong thi
gian ng thi cng xy ra qu trnh t lm sch
ca ngun nc
F. Ch s vi sinh vt
- Nhm Coliform: E. coli
- Nhm Streptococci;
- Nhm Clostridia kh sunfit
G. Cc kim loi nng: Ch, thy ngn, asen,
cadmi, crom, selen, niken l cc tc nhn
gy c hi ti nguyn thy sinh v sc khe
con ngi ngay nng thp.
H. Mu:
nc t nhin c th c mu v cc l do:
- Cc cht hu c trong cy c b phn r;
- Nc c st v mangan dng ko hoc dng ha tan;
- Nc c cht thi cng nghip ( crom, tannin, lingin..).
Mu thc ca nc l mu to ra do cc cht ha tan hoc
dng ht keo. Trong thc t, ngi ta ch xc nh
mu thc ca nc, ngha l sau khi lc b cc cht
khng tan.
I. Mi: Nc c mi l do cc nguyn nhn:

-
C cht hu c t cng rnh khu dn c , x nghip

ch bin thc phm;
C nc thi cng nghip ha cht, ch bin du m;
C sn phm phn hy cy c, rong to, ng vt
4.1.3.2 Thnh phn v tnh cht nc thi
4.1.3.2 Thnh phn v tnh cht nc thi

Thnh phn vt l: c chia thnh 3 nhm ty vo kch
thc:
- Nhm 1: gm cc cht khng tan dng th ( vi, giy,
cnh l cy, sn si, ct, da, lng); dng l lng (>
10-1mm), dng huyn ph, nh tng, bt ( =10-1
10-4mm)
- Nhm 2: gm cc cht bn dng keo (= 10-4 106mm);
- Nhm 3: gm cc cht bn dng ha tan <10-6mm,
chng c th dng ion hoc phn t
4.1.3.2 Thnh phn v tnh cht nc thi (tt)

Thnh phn ha hc: cc cht bn c cc tnh cht ha
hc khc nhau, c chia thnh 2 nhm:
- Thnh phn v c: ct, st, x, axit v c, kim v c,
cc ion ca cc mui phn ly;
- Thnh phn hu c: cc cht c ngun gc t ng vt,
thc vt, cn b bi tit:
+ Cc hp cht cha nit: ure, protein, amin, acid amin
+ Cc hp cht nhm hydratcarbon: m, x phng,
cellulose
+ Cc hp cht c cha phospho, lu hunh
Thnh phn sinh hc: cc cht bn c trong nc thi c
kh nng gy bnh hoc khng gy bnh
4.1.3.2 Thnh phn v tnh cht nc thi (tt)
4.1.4 Cc phng php x l nc thi

p ng cc tiu chun cht lng ca nc thi
trc khi x vo ngun tip nhn, nc thi t cc khu
dn c, t nh my cng nghip, t cc cng s v khu
thng mi phi c thu gom bng h thng cng, dn
n ni tp trung ( nh my x l) x l
Chn la phng php, qu trnh x l:
Thng s thit k:
- BOD5 cao x l sinh hc;
- SS cao phng php c/ ha-l;
- N,P cao phng php sinh hc/ha-l
Ngun x, tiu chun x ra mi trng:
- X ra sng/h;
- X ra bin
- S dng li : Cng nghip, Nng nghip
Theo c tnh ca quy trnh x l:

Phng php c hc: lng cn, lc qua li lc, lc qua vt
liu lc, khuy trn pha long
Phng php ha l: ng t, keo t, hp ph, tuyn ni, trao
i ion
Phng php ha hc: trung ha, oxi ha kh, clo ha, ozon
ha
Phng php sinh hc: x l hiu kh, x l ym kh
Theo cng on x l:
X l bc mt ( x l s b): song chn rc, b lng, b
tch du, trung ha nc thi Tch cc cht khng
tan cc cht nhim ra khi nc thi
X l bc hai ( x l sinh hc, ha l); oxy ha sinh
ha cc cht hu c dng tan, keo v khng tan nhng
khng lng c
X l bc ba : thng c thc hin theo yu cu x
l c cht lng cao hn. p dng cc bin php nh
trit khun, kh tip cc cht bn cn li trong nc thi
nh nitrat, photphat, sunphat, lc than hot tnh
X l bn cn trong nc thi;
4.1.4 Cc phng php x l nc thi (tt)

Cc cng trnh trong h thng x l bc mt, hai, ba
Cht cn x l
X l bc mt
pH
X l bc hai
X l bc ba
Trung ha
Cht l lng v cn
Song, li chn, lng s b
Keo t, lng lc
BOD
Lng, ln men metan trong

cc b t hoi
-B x l bng bn hot tnh;

-B lc sinh hc;
-H sinh hc;
-Hp th bng than hot tnh;

- Lc qua mng thm thu ngc;
COD
Lng, ln men metan trong

cc b t hoi
-B x l bng bn hot tnh;

-B lc sinh hc;
-H sinh hc;

- Lc qua mng thm thu ngc. Oxy
ha bng Cl, H2O2, O3, KMnO4
Du m
B tch du bng trng lc
Keo t v tuyn ni
Phenol
Bn hot tnh
Hp th bng than hot tnh
Cyanua
Phn hy bng cc cht oxy

ha, x l bng bn hot tnh
-in phn;
- Lc qua mng thm thu ngc
Crom
-Kh Cr thnh Cr3;

- Keo t v lng
-Lc trao i ion; -in phn;

-Lc qua mng thm thu;
St, mangan
-Lm thong oxy ha;

-Oxy ha, lng lc;
-Lc trao i ion;

-in phn;
Kim loi nng
Keo t, lng lc, oxy ha kh
-Trao i ion; -in phn;

-Lc qua mng thm thu;
Clo v HC clo
Trung ha bng kim
Nguyn t dd N, P
-Bn hot tnh;

-Oxy ha bng ha cht
-Lc thm thu ngc
Mi
-Bn hot tnh;

-Oxy ha bng ha cht
Mu
Oxy ha kh keo t v lng
4.1.5 Tc hi ca nc thi
Nu khng kim sot v qun l tt cc dng
nc thi s gy nn nhiu vn :
- Ngp ng ng ph;
- nhim mi trng v nhim ngun nc;
- Ph v mi cn bng sinh thi t nhin;
- Lm mt i v m quan ca cc trung tm th;
bo v mi trng v duy tr cc iu kin
sng trong lnh, cc ngun nc thi cn phi
c kim sot v qun l nghim ngt;
4.1.4 Tc hi ca nc thi
4.1.5 TC HI CA NC THI
4.1.5 TC HI CA NC THI
4.2 LU LNG V NNG CHT BN TRONG NC

THI
4.2.1 Lu lng nc thi cho khu dn c
Lng nc thi cho mt ngi = 60-90% lng nc cp
tiu th cho mt ngi.
Lu lng nc thi ph thuc vo:
- Lng nc cp;
- Gi nc;
- iu kin kinh t x hi ca cng ng;
- iu kin t nhin ( kh hu);
Lu lng nc thi cho khu dn c c xc nh da trn:
- i vi th c: da trn s liu nc cp= 60-90% nc
cp tiu th.
- th mi: da trn s dn/ s hoch v tiu chun thi nc:
+ Nh c vi tm hoa sen: 100-120 l/ngi.ngy;
+ Nh c bn tm: 200-250l/ngi.ngy;
+Khu du lch/resort: 400-600l/ngi. ngy
4.2.2 Lu lng nc thi cho cng trnh
4.2.2 LU LNG NC THI CHO CNG TRNH
4.2.3 Ti lng nhim

Mc nhim do nc thi c nh gi qua thng
s ti lng nhim theo thnh phn ( BOD5, SS,
COD)
Li=Q*Ci
Li - ti lng nhim, kg/ng;
Q- Lu lng nc thi, m3/ng;
Ci Nng thnh phn trong dng thi, kg/m3
STT Ch tiu nhim
c trng
1
pH
BOD
n v
Nng NT nh my
QCVN
ma ng trc x l 24:2009/BTNMT, ct B
5-9
5,5-9
mg/l
2759
50
COD
mg/l
5200
100
SS
mg/l
623
100
Tng N
mg/l
15,4
30
Tng Photpho
mg/l
20,5
4.3 X L NC THI BNG PHNG PHP C HC

4.3.1 Song chn rc (SCR)
4.3.1.1 V tr
SCR b tr ti mng dn nc thi trc trm bm nc thi v
trc cc cng trnh XLNT
4.3.1 Song chn rc (SCR) (tt)

4.3.1.2 Chc nng
- Gi li cc tp cht th nh giy, rc, ti nilon, v cy v cc
tp cht ln c trong NT
- Nhm m bo cho my bm, van, ng ng, cc cng
trnh v thit b XLNT hot ng n nh

4.3.1.3 Phn loi
SCR l cc thanh an sp xp k nhau vi khe h t 10-100mm,
cc thanh c th bng thp, nha hoc g.
Theo cch vt rc:
- SCR vt th cng, dng cho cc trm XLNT cng sut nh,
lng rc hng ngy di 0,1 m3 /ngy.
- SCR vt rc c gii bng cc bng co dng cho trm XLNT
c lng rc ln hn 0,1 m3 /ngy.
Theo khe h thanh chn:
- SCR th: b= 60-100mm;
- SCR tinh: b= 10-20 mm;
Rc c vt 2-3 ln trong ngy v c nghin a v b
bn hoc x trc tip pha trc thit b. Trng hp lng
rc nh, c th tp trung vo thng cha thu cc cng ty mi
trng th vn chuyn v bi chn lp.

4.3.2 B lng ct
4.3.1.1 V tr
B lng ct thng c t pha sau thit b chn rc v trc
b lng s cp.
4.3.2 B lng ct (tt)

4.3.2.2 Chc nng
Cn nng/ct:
- Ht nh, nng nh ct si.
- Kch thc ht > 200 mm
Chc nng:
- Loi b cc tp cht rn v c khng tan ra khi
nc thi
- Bo v cc trang thit b c kh ng ( bm) trnh b
mi mn.
- Gim cn lng trong ng, mng dn v b phn
hy.
- Gim tn sut lm sch b phn hy.
- m bo cho cc cng trnh XLNT hot ng n
nh
4.3.2 B lng ct (tt)

4.3.2.3 Phn loi
- B lng ct ngang;
- B lng ct ng;
- B lng ct c sc kh;
A. B lng ct ngang
Chiu su ca b 0,25-1 (m), t l B/H = 1:2.
BLC ngang l on m rng ca mng dn nc thi, c h tp
trung ct pha u.
S dng khi lng NT>100m3/ngy;
Vn tc ca dng NT ( 0,15<v<0,3 m/s);
Thi gian NT lu li trong b 30-60s;
-Cn lng c thu hi bng bin php th cng hoc c gii
B. B lng ct ng
BLC ng c hnh tr hoc lng tr ng, NT c dn
vo pha di y ra khi b pha trn.
Thi gian lu nc t 2-3,5 pht;
C. B lng ct c sc kh
-
Chuyn ng quay trong b lng ct thi kh thc hin c nh

cc ng thi kh nn t dc theo tng b.
B c dng hnh ch nht; Thi gian lu NT 2-5 pht
Cng thi kh 3-5 m3 kh/ m2 b.h;
B thng c dng cho cc trm XLNT cng sut ln, trn
20.000 m3/ngy.; tch c cht hu c ra khi ct
Cc ng phn phi kh t cch y b 0,45-0,6m;
Chiu su ti thiu 2 (m), t l gia chiu rng v chiu su 1,5:1
4.3 X L NC THI BNG PHNG PHP C

HC
4.3.3 B lng
4.3.3.1 V tr
B lng dng x l s b NT ( x l bc mt) trc khi x l
sinh hc hoc nh mt cng trnh x l c lp nu ch yu cu
tch cc loi cn lng khi NT trc khi x ra ngun nc mt.
4.3.3 B lng (tt)

4.3.3.2 Chc nng
- Tch cn bng trng lc;
- Kh SS trong nc thi ( b lng I);
- Kh bng cn trong qu trnh keo t-to bng;
- Lng bng bn hot tnh/mng vi sinh ( b lng t II)
4.3.3.3 Phn loi
Da vo chc nng v v tr c th chia b lng thnh hai loi:
- B lng t I trc cng trnh x l sinh hc ( tch cn s cp);
B lng t hai sau cng trnh x l sinh hc nc thi ( tch
bn th cp)
Theo cu to v hng dng chy ngi ta phn ra ba loi:
- B lng ngang;
- B lng ng;
- B lng trn;
A. B lng ngang
Hnh dng: Hnh ch nht, chiu su H=1,5-4 (m), chiu rng
B=3-6(m), chiu di L=(8-12)H.
Cu to: B phn phn phi nc vo b, vng cn lng, h
thng thu nc lng, h thng thu x cn.
Nguyn tc hot ng: nc c phn phi u u b
chuyn ng ngang, dc theo chiu di b v nc thi ra
u kia ca b. Cc ht cn c tp trung v u b nh h
thng gt cn.
Lu lng nc thi trn 15000m3/ngy.
Hiu sut lng t 60%.
Vn tc dng nc thi trong b lng thng khng ln hn
0,01m/s.
Thi gian lu t 1-3 gi.
Ni xy dng ngoi tri v i hi c din tch ln
A. B LNG NGANG
B. B lng ng
Hnh dng: Hnh hp hoc hnh tr y dng nn hay
chp ct;
Cu to: ng dn nc vo, ng phn phi nc trung
tm , mng thu nc, ng dn nc ra, ng x cn;
Nguyn tc hot ng: nc c a vo b, qua
ng phn phi trung tm chuyn ng theo phng
thng ng t di ln trn. Nc lng trong trn
qua mng thu t xung quanh thnh b ra ngoi, Cn
lng xung y v c thi b ra ngoi;
Thi gian nc lu li trong b 45-120 pht;
NT c a vo ng phn phi tm b vi vn tc
khng qu 30mm/s;
NT chuyn ng t di ln trn ti vch trn vi vn
tc 0,5-0,6 m/s;
Hiu sut lng 45-48%;
B c din tch xy dng nh, d x bn cn
B. B LNG NG
C. B lng trn ( b lng ly tm)

Hnh dng: c tit din hnh trn, D=16-40m (c trng
hp n 60m), t l D/H=6-30.
Cu to: ng dn nc vo, ng phn phi nc trung
tm , mng thu nc, ng dn nc ra, ng x cn,
cnh gt bt, ngn thu bt ni, sn cng tc, ng c,
vch hng dng.
Nguyn tc hot ng: NT c dn vo b, chuyn
ng theo chiu t tm ra thnh b. Cn lng xung
y, c tp trung li nh h thng gt cn quay trn.
Cht ni nh tm chn l lng di dn quay dn gp
li. Nc trong c thu vo mng tp trung ri dn ra
ngoi
Thi gian lu nc trong b lng 85-90 pht;
Hiu sut lng 50-60%;
Lng ngun nc c hm lng cn cao>2,000mg/l,
thch hp vi cng sut >20,000m3/ngy.
C. B LNG TRN( B LNG LY TM)
C. B LNG TRN( B LNG LY TM)
4.3.4 Lc
V tr : Sau cc b lng
Chc nng: Tch cc tp cht c kch thc nh m qu
trnh lng khng th thc hin c ra khi NT.
C ch: dng NT chy qua lp VL lc ( lp ngn xp),
cc ht rn s c gi li v nc thot qua lp VL lc
ra ngoi
Phn loi vt liu lc:
- Li kim loi;
- Cc loi vi lc ( bng , len, si tng hp);
- VL lc dng ht ( than cc, si nghin, than nu)
Yu cu i vi vt liu lc:
- Bn ha hc, bn c hc, bn nhit ;
- Kh chy n;
- Kh lm bn;
- D ti sinh
4.3.4 B lc
Phn loi thit b lc:

TB lc gin on:
Lc ht;
Lc tm;
Lc p;
TB lc lin tc:
Lc hnh trng;
Lc a;
Lc bng
Theo tc :
B lc chm: 0,1-0,5m/h;
B lc nhanh: 5-15m/h;
B lc cao tc: 30-100m/h;
Theo ch lm vic:
B lc trng lc:
B lc c p lc: lc kn
4.3 X L NC THI BNG PHNG PHP C

HC
4.3.5 B iu ha
4.3.5.1 V tr
Trc cc cng trnh XLNT, sau SCR, i vi nc thi c hm lng
cht rn l lng v du m cao, v tr t b iu ha sau b lng
ct, sau b lng t 1
4.3.5.2 Chc nng:
-n nh lu lng NT;
-n nh nng cc cht nhim trong NT;
Khi lu lng NT a v cc cng trnh XLNT n nh kch thc
cng trnh s nh v hp l gi thnh xy dng trm XLNT nh
hiu qu kinh t ca trm XLNT s ln.
4.3.5.3 Phn loi:
Theo chc nng
B iu ha lu lng
B iu ha nng
B iu ha ng thi c lu lng v nng cc cht nhim
4.3.5 B iu ha (tt)
4.3.5.3 Phn loi:
Theo ch hot ng
- B iu ha hot ng gin on ( theo chu k);
- B iu ha hot ng lin tc;
Theo nguyn tc chuyn ng ca nc: trong
b iu ha hot ng lin tc, ngi ta chia ra:
-B iu ha hot ng theo nguyn tc y ( ch
chy tng);
-B iu ha hot ng theo nguyn tc xo trn ( ch
chy ri).
chng hin tng lng cn trong b iu ha,
ngi ta phi b tr cc thit b khuy trn bng kh
nn, my khuy trc ngang hoc trc ng
CC THIT B KHUY TRN KH TRONG B IU HA
THIT B BM SC KH CHM
THIT B PHN PHI KH
4.3.5 B iu ha (tt)
4.4 X L NC THI BNG PHNG PHP HA HC
4.4.1 Trung Ha nc thi

4.4.1.1 Mc ch
Ngn nga hin tng xm thc;
c th x l NT bng phng php sinh hc;
Tch mt s ion kim loi nng ra khi NT
4.4.1.2 Phn loi
Trn nc thi c tnh axit vi nc thi c tnh
kim;
a ha cht vo trung ha;
Trung ha nc thi axit bng cch cho chy qua
lp vt liu trung ha;
Dng kh thi cha cc oxit axit trung ha nc
thi cha kim;

4.4.1.3 C ch
A. Kh nng t trung ha ln nhau gia cc dng NT
c dng khi nc thi ca 2 nh my gn nhau, hoc
cng 1 nh my c tnh cht i lp nhau;
Khuy trn nc thi trong thng cha;

4.4.1.3 C ch (tt)
B. B sung ha cht trung ha nc thi

NT c tnh axit:
Vi (CaO);
- Nc amoniac (NH4OH)
Xt (NaOH);
- vi (CaCO3);
Vi ti (Ca(OH)2;
- olomit (CaCO3.MgCO3)
Soda (Na2CO3);
NT c tnh kim:
S dng cc axit khc nhau (H2SO4, HCl);
Hoc kh thi mang tnh axit (CO2, SO2);

4.4.1.3 C ch (tt)
B. B sung ha cht trung ha nc thi

4.4.1.3 C ch (tt)
C. Lc qua lp VL c tc dng trung ha

Trung ha nc axit c nng axit <1,5mg/l v khng cha
mui kim loi nng;
Vt liu lc:
Manhetit (MgCO3), olomit (CaCO3.MgCO3), vi, phn;
Dng vin d=30-80mm

4.4.1.3 C ch (tt)
C. Lc qua lp VL c tc dng trung ha

4.4.1.3 C ch (tt)
D. Trung ha NT cha kim bng cc kh thi cha cc oxit axit
- Ngun kh thi (CO2,SO2,NO2,N2O3..);
- Gim chi ph ng k;
- Tc ng n mn v c hi ca cc ion CO3 nh trong nc
nh hn so vi SO4 v Cl .
- Gim CO2 gim hiu ng nh knh
4.4.2 Phng php oxi ha kh

lm sch nc, ngi ta s dng cc cht oxy ha sau: Cl2 kh v
lng, Ca(OCl)2, Ca(ClO3)2 v NaClO3, KMnO4, K2CrO7, H2O2,
O2, O3, piroluzit MnO2.
Trong qu trnh oxy ha, cc cht nhim c hi cha trong nc
thi s chuyn thnh cht t c hn v c loi ra khi nc
4.4.2.1 XLNT cha xianua
Dng clo trong mi trng kim (pH=9);
CN + 2OH + Cl2 CNO + 2Cl + H2O
2 CNO + 4OH + Cl2 2CO2 + 2Cl +N2 + 2H2O
Dng hypoclorua
CN + OCl CNO + Cl
2 CNO + 3OCl +H2O 2CO2 + N2 + 2OH + 3Cl
Ozon ha cc xianua
CN + O3 CNO + O2
CNO + 2H2O HCO3 +NH3
2CN + 3O3 + H2O 3HCO3 + 3O2 +N2

4.4.2.2 XLNT cha st v mangan
Dng clo
2Fe + Cl2 + 6H2O Fe(OH)3 + 2Cl + 6H
Mn + Cl2 + 2H2O MnO2 + 2Cl + 4H
Dng Oxy ca khng kh
4Fe + O2 + 10H2O 4Fe(OH)3 + 8H
2Mn + O2 + 2H2O 2MnO2 + 4H
Dng KMnO4
2Fe + KMnO4 + 7H2O 3Fe(OH)3 + MnO2 + K + 5H
Mn + 2KMnO4 + 2H2O 5MnO2 + 2K + 4H
Dng H2O2
Fe + H2O2 + 2H Fe3 +2H2O
Mn + H2O2 + 2H MnO2 + 2H2O
4.4.2.3 XLNT cha Asen

Dng pyroluzit
H3AsO3 + MnO2 + H2SO4 H3AsO4 + MnSO4 +H2O

4.4.2.4 XLNT cha Crom
Dng SO2
SO2 + H2O H2SO3
2CrO3 + 3H2SO3 Cr2(SO4)3 + 3H2O
Dng st sunfat
2CrO3 + 6 FeSO4 + 6Ca(OH)2 +6H2O 2Cr(OH)3 +6Fe(OH)3 +CaSO4
Dng dung dch natri bisunfat:
4H2CrO4 + 6NaHSO3 + 3H2SO4 2Cr2(SO4)3 + 3Na2SO4 + 10H2O
Cr3 + 3OH Cr(OH)3
4.4.2.5 XLNT cha Clo

Dng H2O2
H2O2 + Cl2 2HCl + O2
H2O2 + NaOCl NaCl + O2 + H2O
MnO2 + H2O2 + 2HCl MnCl2 + 2H2O + O2
4.5 X L NC THI BNG PHNG PHP HA L

4.5.1 Keo t to bng
4.5.1.1 Mc ch
Trong nc tn ti nhiu cht l lng khc nhau. Kh mu. Cc cht
ny c th dng phng php x l khc nhau ty vo kch thc
ca chng:
d>10 mm: dng phng php lng lc.

d<10 mm : phi kt hp phng php c hc cng phng php
ha hc. Tc l cho vo cc cht to kh nng dnh kt cc ht l
lng lng theo gi l phng php keo t trong XLNT.
thc hin qu trnh ny ngi ta cho vo nc cc cht phn ng
thch hp: Al2(SO4)3; FeSO4 hoc FeCl3
KT BNG-SA LNG
4.5.1 Keo t to bng

4.5.1.2 Cht keo t
Phn nhm Al2(SO4)3 : cho vo nc chng phn ly thnh
Al 3 + 3H2O Al(OH)3 +3H
pH ca nc nh hng trc tip n kt qu thy phn:
pH<4.5: khng xy ra qu trnh thy phn;
pH=5.5-7.5 : t tt nht;
pH>7.5 : hiu qu keo t khng tt
Nhit c ca nc thch hp vo khong 20-40C, tt nht 3540 C.
Ngoi ra cc yu t nh hng khc nh: thnh phn ion, cht
hu c, liu lng
a.
4.5.1 Keo t to bng

4.5.1.2 Cht keo t
B. Poly nhm clorua (PAC) :
Hm lng Al cao hn;
Khi ha tan vo nc khng lm gim pH nh cc loi phn nhm
khc
[AlClx(OH)3-x]n ; x=1-2
Phn t lng 7500-35000;
Liu lng 1g/1l NT
C. Mui st II: FeSO4
Fe + 2H2O Fe(OH)2 + 2H;

C oxi trong nc: Fe(OH)3
pH=8-9 : t tt nht
D. Mui st III: Fe2(SO4)3, FeCl3
Fe3 + 3H2O Fe(OH)3 + 3H;

Phn ng xy ra khi pH>3,5;
Hnh thnh lng nhanh khi pH=5.5-6.5
4.5.1 Keo t to bng

4.5.1.2 Cht keo t
So snh phn st v phn nhm:
ha tan phn st < phn nhm;
Phn st tc dng tt hn nhit thp;
Lng phn st dng =(1/2-1/3) lng phn nhm;
bn ca bng keo ln hn;
Kh c mi ( H2S nu c);
Phn st n mn ng ng
Trong x l nc thi, s dng hn hp mui nhm v
mui st vi t l t 1:1 n 1:2 th kt qu ng t tt
hn l s dng ring l.
4.5.1 Keo t to bng

Cht tr keo t: cho thm cht tr keo t vo nc s y
nhanh qu trnh keo t v to bng cn to, nng lng.
L nhng polymer tng hp phn nhnh, khi lng
phn t ln, tan trong nc v d phn ly thnh ion.
Polyacrylamin (CH2CHCONH2)n
Axit silic hot tnh l polyme chui ngn c tc dng bao
cc ht cn hydroxit nhm thu ht cc ht keo. Liu
lng gii hn khong 5-10mg/l.
4.5.1 Keo t to bng

4.5.1.3 Cc thit b v cng trnh ca qu trnh keo
B ho trn phn: lng cn, ho tan phn cc.

Dng kh nn hoc cnh khuy ho tan phn
Cu to b pha phn ht
vi cnh khuy thng

4.5.2 Tuyn ni
4.5.2.1 Mc ch v ng dng
Mc ch
Tch cc tp cht dng ht rn huyn ph ( cn l lng) lng km
hoc lng phn tn khng tan ( du, m) ra khi pha lng, tch cc
ht c t trng nh hn t trng cht lng cha n.
Tch cc cht ha tan nh cht hot ng b mt;
Lm c bn sinh hc
ng dng
- X l nc thi sinh hot;
X l nc thi cng nghip: Nhim du, thuc da, ch bin th, ti
ch giy, thc phm,
4.5.2.2 V tr
X l s b trc khi x l sinh hc v ha hc;
ng trc hoc sau b lng
4.5.2 Tuyn ni
4.5.2.3 C ch
Khng kh c thi vo b to nn cc bt kh;
- Cc bt kh ny kt dnh vi cc ht rn v ni ln trn mt nc
thi;
c loi b bng cc thit b gt
Hiu qu ph thuc vo kch thc v s lng bt kh. Kch
thc ti u ca bt kh l 15-30 m
c kch thc bt n nh,
trong qu trnh tuyenr ni ngi
ta dng thm cc cht to bt.
Cht to bt c th l:
du thng, phenol, ankyl,
sunphat natri, cresol CH3C6H4OH.
-
4.5.2 Tuyn ni
4.5.2.3 Phn loi
C nhiu phng php tuyn ni XLNT:
- A. Tuyn ni vi vic thi kh qua lp vt liu xp: Khi cho
khng kh qua cc tm s xp, ta s thu c bt kh.
B- Tuyn ni bng kh phn tn: S phn tn kh

trong thit b c thc hin nh bm tuabin
kiu cnh qut. Khi quay cnh qut trong cht
lng, trong thit b xut hin mt s lng ng
k cc dng xoy nh v c phn tn thnh
bt kh c kch thc xc nh.
4.5.2 Tuyn ni
4.5.2.3 Phn loi
C: Tuyn ni vi s tch khng kh t dung dch: gm c
tuyn ni chn khng, tuyn ni khng p, tuyn ni c p.
Hin nay ph bin nht l tuyn ni c p: Mt phn ca
dng NT hay nc c lng trong, trn u vi khng
kh v c nn di p lc t 3,4 n 4,8 atm khng kh
ha tan bo ha vo nc. Khi hn hp nc bo ha khng
kh c gim p lc n p lc kh quyn, kh ha tan trong
nc s tch ra di dng cc bt nh li ti, cn l lng, cc
git du dnh vo b mt cc bt kh v ni ln mt nc
cng vi cc bt kh ri gt ra ngoi, cn nc trong thu
phn di ca thit b tuyn ni.
Cc thit b trong b tuyn ni gm:bm tun hon nc,
bm to p lc nn(my nn kh) , thit b cp kh, thng trn
kh nc v chi p lc nn, thit b gim p v bung tuyn
ni.
Quy trnh tuyn ni
Khng kh
my nn kh
4.5.2 TUYN NI
4.5.3 Hp ph ( adsorption)
4.5.3.1 Mc ch
- Lm sch trit NT khi cc cht hu c ha tan sau khi
x l sinh hc;
- Nhng cht khng phn hy sinh hc v thng c c
tnh cao ( Phenol, thuc nhum, thuc tr su..);
4.5.3.2 C ch
4.5.3.3 Cht hp ph
- L cc vt liu xp vi b mt ring ln,c to thnh
do tng hp nhn to hoc t nhin;
Yu cu i vi cc cht hp ph:
- Kh nng hp ph cao;
- C th ti sinh d dng;
- bn c hc;
- Gi thnh r
Phn loi cht hp ph:
- Than hot tnh;
- Silicagel;
- Zeolit;
4.5.3.3 Cht hp ph
A.
Than hot tnh
4.5.3.3 Cht hp ph
A.
-
Than hot tnh

B mt than hot tnh c hng triu l nh v khe nt nn
cht thi cng nh cc cht gy mi khc s ri vo trong
cc l v b by li cho n khi kh nng ny bo ha;
Khi than hp ph no ( bo ha) n khng cn kh
nng hp ph tip tc na;
Ti sinh v ti s dng;
Vic hon nguyn than hot tnh gm:
Lm kh: l qu trnh kh nc nhit 30-100C;
Nung: lm bay hi hay kh ha cc hp cht hp ph
nhit 100-800C;
4.5.3.3 Cht hp ph
B. Silicagel
- Xt v bn cht ha hc, l oxit silic v nh hnh
ngm nc (SiO2.nH2O; n>2);
- Cht rn c l xp nh, dng cc hoc vin hnh
cu ty thuc phng php to ht khi iu ch;
4.5.3.3 Cht hp ph
B. Silicagel
C. Zeolit
- L tn gi mt nhm khong cht alumosilicat c cu trc tinh
th xc nh, vi cc l xp kch thc nm;
- CTCT: Me2( hay Me)O.Al2O3.nSiO2.mH2O;
- Thnh phn hn hp ch yu gm nhm oxit v silic oxit sp
xp theo mt trt t no vi mt t l nht nh. Trt t sp
xp v t l Al: Si dn n cc loi Zeolit khc nhau.

4.5.4 Trao i ion
4.5.4.1 nh ngha
L qu trnh trong cc ion trn b mt ca cht rn trao i ion ca
chng vi cc ion c cng in tch trong dung dch khi tip xc vi
nhau;
Cht rn c kh nng trao i ion-ionit;
Cht c kh nng trao i ion dng vi dung dch- cationit;
Cht trao i ion m anionit;
Cht trao i c ion dng v ion m- ionit lng tnh;
4.5.4.2 ng dng ca trao i ion
Kh cc mui, kh cng, kh khong
Loi cc KLN ( km, ng, crom, niken, ch, thy ngn, cadimi..), cc
hp cht ca asen, photpho, xyanua cc cht phng x;
u im: x l trt
Nhc im: Chi ph u t v vn hnh kh cao nn t c s dng
cc cng trnh ln, thng c s dng cho cc trng hp i hi
cht lng x l cao;
4.5.4 Trao i ion

4.5.4.3 Cht trao i ion
- Cc cht trao i ion v c t nhin: cc zeolit,
kim loi khong cht, t st, cht mica khc
nhau
- Cc cht c ngun gc t cc cht v c tng
hp gm silicagel, cc oxit kh tan v hydroxit
ca mt s kim loi nh nhm, crom..
- Cc cht trao i ion hu c c ngun gc t
nhin: axit humic ca t ( cht mn)
C36H30O15N2xH2O ;
- Cc cht trao i ion hu c tng hp: nha
tng hp(nha trao i ion)
4.5.4 Trao i ion

4.5.4.3 Cht trao i ion
4.5.4 Trao i ion

4.5.4.4 C s ca phng php
- L qu trnh trao i ion da trn s tng tc ha hc gia
ion trong pha lng v ion trong pha rn;
- Phng trnh trao i ion dng tng qut
mA + RmB mRA + B
- Di chuyn ion A t nhn ca dng cht thi lng ti b mt
ca lp bin gii mng cht lng bao quanh ht trao i ion;
- Khuch tn lp ion qua lp bin gii;
- Chuyn ion qua bin gii phn pha vo ht nha trao i;
- Khuch tn ion A bn trong ht nha trao i ti cc nhm
chc nng trao i ion;
- Phn ng ha hc trao i ion A v B;
- Khuch tn ion B bn trong ht trao i ion ti bin gii phn
pha;
- Chuyn cc ion B qua bin gii phn pha b mt trong ca
mng cht lng;
- Khuch tn cc ion qua mng;
- Khuch tn cc ion B vo nhn dng cht lng
4.5.4 Trao i ion

4.5.4.4 C s ca phng php
Kh mui
RSO3H + NaCl RSO3Na + HCl
ROH + NaCL RCl + NaOH
Kh cng
2RNa + CaSO4 R2Ca + Na2SO4
2RNa + MgSO4 R2Mg + Na2SO4
4.5.4.5 Ti sinh ionit
- Ngi ta phc hi cationit bng dung dch axits 2-8%, khi
chng chuyn sang dng H;
- Cc anionit c phc hi bng dung dch kim 2-6%,
chuyn sang dng OH
4.6 X L NC THI BNG PHNG PHP SINH HC
4.6.1 Nguyn l chung

S dng kh nng sng-hot ng ca vi sinh vt phn
hy cc cht hu c ha tan gy nhim c trong nc
thi;
Vi sinh vt s dng cht hu c v mt s khong cht lm
thc n sinh trng v pht trin;
Tch cc cht hu c v cht dinh dng ra khi nc thi
( lm thong ha cc cht hu c gy bn thnh cht v
c v cc kh n gin)
c im chung VSV:
- Kch thc nh b;
- Hp th nhiu, chuyn ha nhanh;
- Sinh trng nhanh v pht trin mnh;
- Nng lc thch ng mnh v d sinh bin d;
- Phn b rng, nhiu chng loi;
Vi sinh vt l tn gi chung cho tt c cc sinh vt c kch

thc nh ch c th nhn thy qua knh hin vi:
Vi khun: l cc loi sinh vt thng dng n bo, dng
hnh que, hnh cu hoc hnh xon. C th dng n l,
cp i, hoc lin kt thnh mch di
Nm: c kch thc ln hn vi khun, s dng cc cht hu
c ha tan trong mi quan h cnh tranh vi cc vi khun
Vi rt: l mt dng sng kh n gin, sinh trng bng
cch tn cng vo vt ch v sinh si ny n trong t bo ca
vt ch ny
To: sng tng nc mt, s dng cacbonic hoc
bicacbonat lm ngun thc n, s dng cc cht dinh dng
v c nh phosphat v hp cht nito pht trin. To cho
nc mu xanh lam, hng, vng nht, vng nu
ng vt nguyn sinh: l sv n bo, c cu trc phc tp
hn v ln hn vi khun. Kch thc 10-100m, c th tn ti
nh nhng sinh vt c lp. S dng cc cht hu c lm
ngun dinh dng;

Vi Khun
ng vt nguyn sinh
Nm
Virus

4.6.1 Nguyn l chung
Yu cu NT:
- Khng c cht c lm cht hay c ch h VSV trong NT. c bit l
hm lng cc kim loi nng nh: Ag, Cu, Hg, Pb, Cd, Ni..;
- Cht hu c trong NT phi l cc cht dinh dng to ngun cacbon
v nng lng cho VSV nh cacbonhidrat, protein, lipit ha tan..
- Nng mui v c trong nc thi cho php < 10g/l
- COD/BOD 2
Cc giai on ca qu trnh x l sinh hc:
- Khuch tn, di chuyn v hp ph cht bn t mi trng nc ln
b mt t bo vi khun;
- Oxy ha ngoi bo v vn chuyn cc cht bn hp ph c qua
mng t bo nh chnh lch nng ca cht trong v ngoi t
bo;
- Chuyn ha cc cht hu c thnh nng lng, tng hp sinh khi
t cht hu c v cc nguyn t dinh dng khc bn trong t bo
vi khun
4.6.2 Phn Loi

Phm vi ng dng cc phng php x l sinh hc
Hm lng BOD
ca nc thi
Cao BOD>500mg/l
Trung bnh
BOD<500mg/l
Cht hu c
khng ha tan
Cht hu c
dng keo
Cht hu c ha
tan ha ton
X l sinh hc k kh
X l sinh hc bng bn hot tnh(hiu kh)
C hai phng php x l sinh hc:

Phng php x l hiu kh;
Phng php x l k kh
4.6.3 X l hiu kh
4.6.3.1 C ch
S chuyn ha cc cht hu c ( c trng bng BOD) v
cc cht dinh dng nh vi khun hiu kh c biu
din nh hnh di
4.6.3 X l hiu kh
4.6.3.1 C ch
-G 1: oxi ha cc cht hu c p ng nhu cu
nng lng ca t bo
-G2: qu trnh tng hp xy dng t bo
-G3: h hp ni bo
Trn c s ca cc giai on nu trn, v nguyn tc
XLNT bng phng php sinh hc hiu kh bao gm
cc bc:
- B1: chuyn ha cc hp cht hu c c ngun gc
cacbon dng ha tan, keo hoc khng ha tan phn
tn nh thnh kh CO2, nc v sinh khi vi sinh vt;
- B2: To ra bn th cp ( cc bng bn hoc mng
sinh vt) ch yu l cc vi khun, ng vt nguyn
sinh v cc keo v c trong NT;
- B3: Tch bn th cp ra khi nc thi bng qu
trnh lng trong lc
4.6.3 X l hiu kh
4.6.3.2 Cc yu t nh hng
- Khuy trn;
- Nhit ;
- Nng ca cc kim loi nng: Ag, Cu, Hg, Co,
Ni, Pb, Cr, Cd, Zn, Fe;
- Hm lng oxi ha tan;
- Cc nguyn t dinh dng v vi lng
- pH ti u cho hot ng sng ca VSV pH=6,58,5
- iu kin dinh dng cn thit cho qu trnh x l
sinh hc hiu kh: BOD5:N:P=100:5:1;
X l NT bng phng php sinh hc hiu kh
trong iu kin t nhin v nhn to
4.6.3 X l hiu kh
iu kin t nhin
- Cnh ng ti;
- Cnh ng lc;
- H sinh hc hiu kh;
iu kin nhn to:
- B Aerotank;
- B lc sinh hc
4.6.3.3 Cc cng trnh x l sinh hc hiu kh trong iu kin

t nhin
A Cnh ng ti v cnh ng lc
Thng s dng cho x l NTSH do cha N,P,K ph hp cho
pht trin thc vt;
Nhm XLNT ng thi tn dng nc thi lm ngun phn
bn;
Nguyn tc hot ng: da trn kh nng gi cn trn mt t,
nc thm qua t nh i qua lc, trong t cha VSV hiu
kh vi lng oxy c trong cc l hng v mao qun ca lp
t mt
Nguyn tc xy dng: Cnh ng ti v bi lc l nhng
mnh t c san phng hoc to dc khng ng k v
c ngn cch to thnh cc bng cc b t. Nc thi
phn b vo cc bng h thng mng li phn phi gm:
mng chnh, mng phn phi v h thng ti trong cc .
Cnh ng ti, bi lc thng c xy dng nhng ni
c dc t nhin, cch xa dn c v cui hng gi.
CNH NG LC
B H sinh hc hiu kh
L loi h nng 0,3-0,5m c qu trnh oxy ha cc cht bn
hu c ch yu l cc VSV hiu kh;
Nguyn l hot ng: oxy t khng kh d dng khuch tn
vo lp nc pha trn v nh sng mt tri chiu ri, lm to
pht trin, tin hnh quang hp thi ra oxy. Trong h din ra
qu trnh t lm sch ca nc. Cc loi vi khun, to v cc
loi thy sinh vt oxy ha cc cht hu c.
Ngoi vic x l NT, h sinh vt cn c nhim v:
- Nui trng thy sn;
- Ngun nc tui cho cy trng;
- iu ha dng chy;
Ty theo nng oxy ha tan c trong h, h chia thnh 3 loi:
- H k kh
- H hiu kh ty tin
- H hiu kh
C CH X L NC THI TRONG H SINH HC HIU

KH
H SINH HC HIU KH
4.6.3.4 Cc cng trnh x l sinh hc hiu kh trong iu

kin nhn to
A B Aerotank
B Aerotank l cng trnh nhn to x l NT bng phng

php sinh hc hiu kh, trong ngi ta cung cp oxi v
khuy trn nc thi vi bn hot tnh.
V tr b
A B Aerotank
Cu trc Aerotank phi tha mn 3 iu kin:
- Gi c liu lng bn cao trong aerotank;
- Cho php vi sinh pht trin lin tc giai on bn
tr
- Bo m lng oxy cn thit cho vi sinh mi im
ca b Aerotank
Bn tr l bn m khi vsv tng mnh sinh khi,
c ngha l vsv tham gia x l nc thi tng, lc ny
bn c hot tnh x l tt nht
Bn hot tnh l loi bn xp gm nhiu sinh vt sng kt

li thnh dng ht hoc dng bng vi trung tm l cc
cht rn l lng. Bn hot tnh c kh nng hp th v
oxi ha cc cht hu c c trong NT.
Cht rn trong bn hot tnh c th n 90% l phn cht
rn ca ru, to v cc phn cht rn khc nhau.
Bn hot tnh c dng bng bn mu vng nu, d lng.
Nhng VSV sng trong bn l vi khun n bo hoc a
bo, nm men, nm mc, x khun, cc ng vt nguyn
sinh, gii, giun, i khi l cc u trng su b
B AEROTANK
QU TRNH X L NT TRONG B AEROTANK

1.
2.
3.
Qu trnh tng sinh khi

Qu trnh chuyn ha c cht
Qu trnh kh nito, phospho
Nguyn l lm vic: gm 3 giai on:

G1: giai don ny bn hot tnh hnh thnh
v pht trin. VSV sinh trng mnh dn n
lng oxy tng cao.
G2: VSV pht trin n nh v tc tiu th
oxy gn nh t thay i. Chnh g ny cc cht
bn hu c b phn hy nhiu nht.
G 3: Sau mt thi gian kh di tc oxy ha
cm chng v c chiu hng gim, tc tiu
th ca oxy gim.
GIAI ON 3
A B Aerotank
Yu cu
- Tip xc tt gia NT v cc VSV trong tp hp cc bng
bn hot tnh;
- Bo m lng oxy cn thit cho vi sinh mi im ca
Aerotank. Hm lng oxy ha tan trong b 4mg/l.
- m bo c oxi thng xuyn v trn u NT vi
bn hot tnh ngi ta cp kh cho Aerotank bng h
thng khuy trn c kh, h thng my thi kh hoc kt
hp c hai loi ny
Cc yu t nh hng n kh nng lm sch NT

ca Aerotank: DO, thnh phn dinh dng, cc cht
c c tnh trong nc thi, pH, nhit , hm lng
cn l lng khng qu 150mg/l;
A B Aerotank
Cc yu t nh hng n kh nng lm sch NT

ca Aerotank:
Lng oxi ha tan trong nc;
Thnh phn dinh dng i vi VSV
Nng cht bn hu c trong nc thi
Cc cht c tnh c trong nc thi
pH ca nc thi
Nhit
hm lng cn l lng khng qu 150mg/l;
S cng ngh x l hiu kh bng

Aerotank
4.6.3.4 Cc cng trnh x l sinh hc hiu kh trong

iu kin nhn to
B B Lc sinh hc
- B dng hnh vung, hnh ch nht hoc hnh trn;
- Trong b c cha VL lc lm bng dm, gch
v, si hoc bng cht do.
- La mt thit b XL sinh hc s dng cc VSV dnh
bm trn b mt cc VL rn ( mng sinh hc) loi
b cc tp cht trong NT
- Mng sinh hc l mt tp hp gm cc loi VSV
khc nhau, pht trin trn b mt ca cc ht VL
lc, c dng nhy, dy 1-3mm v hn na.
- Mu ca mng sinh hc thay i theo thnh phn
nc thi t mu vng xm n nu ti
MNG VT LIU LC
4.6.3.4 Cc cng trnh x l sinh hc hiu kh trong

iu kin nhn to
B B Lc sinh hc
Vt liu lc
C din tch b mt tip xc trong mt n

v th tch ln;
bn cao theo thi gian;
Gi r v khng b tc nghn;
Phn loi:
B lc sinh hc vi lp VL lc khng ngp

trong nc( lc nh git);
B lc sinh hc c lp VL lc ngp trong
nc ( lc cao ti)
B lc sinh hc vi lp VL lc khng
ngp trong nc( lc nh git)
A B Lc sinh hc
B lc sinh hc c lp VL khng ngp nc
VL lc:
Than cc, cc, cui si ln, ong..
C kch thc trung bnh 60-100(mm).
Chiu cao lp VL lc 1,5-2,5m.
Tm nha ln sng, qu cu nha.. Nh
v d lp t.
Chiu cao lp VL lc 6-9m
VL lc
u im:
Tit kim nng lng ( v khng kh trong
hu ht thi gian lm vic bng cch lu
thng t nhin qua ca thng gi i vo
lp VL);
Nhc im
- Khng kh i ra thng c mi hi thi;
- Xung quanh b lc c nhiu rui mui sinh
sng;
- D b tc nghn;
- Nhy cm vi nhit ;
B B Lc sinh hc
B lc sinh hc c lp VL ngp nc
u im
- n gin, d dng cho vic bao, che cng trnh, kh c
hi, m bo m quan;
- Khng cn phi ra lc, v qun th VSV c c nh
trn gi cho php chng li s thay i ti lng ca
NT;
- C cu trc modun v d dng t ng ha;
Nhc im
- Tn tht kh cp cho qu trnh, v phi tng lu lng kh
khng ch p ng cho nhu cu ca VSV m cn cho nhu
cu c thy lc;
- Phun kh mnh to nn dng chuyn ng xoy lm gim
kh nng gi huyn ph
B LC SINH HC C LP VL NGP NC

4.6.4 X l k kh
4.6.4.1 C ch
- Trong iu kin khng c oxy, cc cht hu c c th b phn
hy nh VSV v sn phm cui cng ca qu trnh ny l cc
cht kh sinh hc Biogas nh meetan (CH4) v cacbonix (CO2)
c to thnh.
S qu trnh ln men ym kh cc cht hu c
4.6.4 X l k kh
4.6.4.2 Cc yu t nh hng
Nhit :
Nhit ti u 35 C - 55 C ;
Nhit <10 C vi khun to metan hu nh khng hot
ng
pH: Khong pH ti u: 6,5-8,5;
Hm lng cn l lng khng qu 150mg/l;
T l BOD5:COD phi ln hn 0,5;
Tng cc mui ha tan khng vt qu 10g/l;
Cht c: O2, mt s dn xut ca metan ( CCl4,

CHCl3, Ch2Cl2), cc kim loi nng ( Cu, Ni, Zn), cc
cht nh HCHO, SO2, H2S
4.6.4 X l k kh
4.6.4.2 u v nhc im
u im:
Thit k n gin, th tch cng trnh nh, chim t din
tch mt bng;
Chi ph v nng lng thp;
Kh nng thu hi Biogas cao;
Khng i hi cung cp nhiu cht dinh dng, lng
bn sinh ra t hn 10-20 ln so vi phng php hiu
kh;
C tnh n nh tng i cao, c th tn tr trong mt
thi gian kh di v l ngun phn bn c gi tr;
Chu c s thay i t ngt v lu lng;
Nhc im
Rt nhy cm vi cc cht c hi;
X l NT cha trit ;
Nhng hiu bit v VSV k kh cn hn ch;
Thiu kinh nghim vn hnh
4.6.4 X l k kh
4.6.4.3 Cc cng trnh sinh hc k kh
A. B t hoi
c xy dng bng cc cu kin b tng c sn, gch ,
composit..
Ph bin v hiu qu nht l b t hoi 3 ngn: ngn phn hy,
ngng lng v ngn lc
B. B Biogas
y l loi bn b c sn c ch to bng vt liu
composite, gch, b tng. Ph hp vi cc h gia nh
nng thn c chn nui gi sc nh heo, tru, b To ra
kh biogas l nhin liu s dng trong sinh hot hng ngy
ca ngi dn
4.6.4.3 Cc cng trnh sinh hc k kh

C. B bn k kh dng chy ngc (UASB)
ng dng cho hu ht tt c cc loi nc thi
c nng COD t mc trung bnh n cao:
thy sn fillet, ch c Surimi, thc phm ng
hp, dt nhum, sn xut bnh trng, sn xut
tinh b;
Hiu qu x l COD c th n 80%;
C th thu hi ngun kh sinh hc sinh ra t h
thng
Khuyt im: D b sc ti khi cht lng nc
vo bin ng. B nh hng bi cc cht c
hi. Kh hi phc sau thi gian ngng hot
ng
Nguyn tc hot ng:

Nc thi c phn phi t di ln, qua lp bn k kh l lng , ti y
s din ra qu trnh phn hy cht hu c bi cc vi sinh vt, hiu qu
x l ca b c quyt nh bi tng vi sinh ny. H thng tch pha
pha trn b lm nhim v tch cc pha rn lng v kh, qua th
cc cht kh s bay ln v c thu hi, bn s ri xung y b v
nc sau x l s theo mng lng chy qua cng trnh x l tip theo.
Nguyn tc hot ng:
4.7 Cng trnh x l bn cn

4.7.1 B nn bn
a.
Nhim v: b nn bn c nhim v lm gim m
ca bn bn cch lng ( nn) c hc t m
thch hp cho vic x l bng qu trnh k kh b
Metan.
b.
Bin php nn bn:
Trng lc ( t nn trong cc b nn bn);
Tuyn ni ( c hiu qu nn cao gp 10-15 ln so vi
phng php nn trng lc);
Tch nc ly tm
c. Nguyn tc hot ng: Bn sau b lng t hai thng
thng c m 96-99,2% nu a v b metan th
m bn ln s lm nh hng n hiu qu ln
men cng nh khng kinh t. V vy bn phi c
gim m s b t 99,2% xung 95% trong cc b
nn bn. Thi gian nn bn t 4h-24h.
c. S hot ng ca b nn bn trong dy chuyn

XLNT
d. Phn loi b nn bn:

- B nn bn ng;
- B nn bn ly tm c trang b h thng gt bn
4.7.2 B metan
a.
Gii thiu: b metan l cng trnh ln men ( n nh ym
kh) cc loi bn cn trong nc thi. B c xy dng
bng b tng ct thp hoc bng thp,c dng hnh trn trn
mt bng. Dng cho cn bn thi sinh hot, bn thi
khng cha ha cht v cc kim loi nng
b.
Nguyn tc hot ng: Cc loi bn cn trong nc thi vi
hm lng cht hu c cao lin tc c a vo b. Ti
y qu trnh phn hy ym kh cc cht hu c din ra nh
sau:
CHC + H2O CH4 + CO2 + NH3
Qu trnh ln men phn hy c (60-80)% cht hu c.
c.
Phn loi b metan:
B metan c np c nh;
-B metan c np di ng;
B metan np ngp nc;
B metan np khng ngp nc
4.7.3 Cc cng trnh lm kh bn cn

a. Nhim v: cc cng trnh lm kh bn cn c
nhim v lm mt nc trong bn cn sau khi
i t b Metan ra.
b. Cc bin php x l:
Lm kh bn cn bng bin php c hc: bng
my lc chn khng, h thng p lc bng ti,
my quay ly tm
S dng sn phi bn
4.8 Kh trng nc thi

4.8.1 Mc ch
- Kh trng l mt khu quan trng cui cng trong h thng
x l nc sinh hot. Sau qu trnh x l c hc, nht l
nc sau khi qua b lc, phn ln cc vi sinh vt b gi li.
Song tiu dit hon ton cc vi trng gy bnh, cn phi
tin hnh kh trng nc.
- Kh trng nc thi nhm mc ch ph hy, tiu dit cc
loi khun gy bnh nguy him hoc cha c hoc khng
th kh b trong qu trnh x l nc thi
4.8.2 Cc phng php kh trng nc thi
- Kh trng bng cc cht oxi ha mnh: Cl2 , cc hp cht
Clo, O3, kMnO4.
- Kh trng bng cc tia vt l: tia cc tm;
- Kh trng bng siu m;
- Kh trng bng phng php nhit;
- Kh trng bng cc ion kim loi nng;
CNG TRNH KH TRNG NC THI
S X L NC THI DT
NHUM
4.9 Cc v d x l nc thi
4.9.1 Quy trnh x l nc thi thnh ph
- X l nc thi tp trung thnh ph: nhim v
chnh l lm sch c hc v sinh hc i vi nc
thi. Nc sau khi x l th cp c kh trng
bng clo hoc ozon trc khi thi ra ngun nc t
nhin.
Bn cn sau khi phi kh c th lm phn bn nu
giu N,P,K hoc chn lp, thiu hy.
- Trm x l tp trung ca thnh ph dng x l
nc thi th bao gm nc thi sinh hot v
nc thi cng nghip sau khi x l cc b.
- Cc cng trnh x l cc b nc thi cng nghip
c th l: b trung ha, b oxy ha, b tuyn ni
Thnh phn tnh cht nc thi sinh hot
A: x vo lu vc nc c dng lm ngun cp nc sinh hot;

B: x vo lu vc nc khc nh dng cho giao thng thy li, ti
tiu, tm
S h thng x l nc thi th
Thuyt trnh s cng ngh x l nc thi thnh

ph Vng Tu
- Nc thi t qu trnh sinh hot ca cc h gia nh
trong thnh ph, cc nh my cng nghip x l s b
c thu gom v dn v trm x l tp trung ca thnh
ph.
- Da vo bng thnh phn tnh cht ca nc thi: ta
nhn thy nc thi th cha lng ln cc cht hu
c ha tan BOD cao, cc cht dinh dng, cc cht cn
l lng cao, ngoi ra cn c cc loi vi khun gy bnh
vt qu tiu chun x thi cho php.
- Do quy trnh x l nc thi th c ngh nh
sau:
+ X l c hc: ngn tip nhn c SCR, b lng ct, b
iu ha, b lng I;
+ X l sinh hc: b Aerotank; b lng II
+ Khu kh trng;
+ Khu x l bn cn
4.9.2 QUY TRNH X L NC NH MY CH BIN CAO

SU XUN LP- NG NAI,
Nc thi trong nh my gm : nc ma, nc sinh hot,
nc sn xut pht sinh t qu trnh ch bin cao su.
Nc thi sn xut sinh ra cng on khuy trn v pha
long, nh ng m v gia cng c hc, nc thi do v sinh
bn nh ng v my mc thit b. c tnh nc thi cao su
c thnh phn BOD, COD, cht rn l lng, cht hot ng b
mt, du m cao hn rt nhiu so vi tiu chun cho php,. Do
ta c mt s phng php:
-Phng php c hc: b tip nhn c song chn rc, b iu ha,
b lng
- Phng php ha l: b tuyn ni
-Phng php sinh hc: UASB, Aerotank, b lng
Hy v s khi v thuyt minh quy trnh cng ngh x l
nc thi trn?
Thuyt trnh s cng ngh x l nc thi nh

my ng Bin Ha
- Da vo bng thnh phn tnh cht ca nc thi:
ta nhn thy nc nh my ngcha lng ln
cc cht hu c trng thi ha tan v trng thi l
lng cao ( BOD, COD, SS cao), BOD>500mg/l do
ta kt hp phng php x l sinh hc k kh v
hiu kh
- Quy trnh x l nc thi nh my ng c
ngh nh sau:
+ X l c hc: ngn tip nhn c SCR, b iu ha,
b lng I;
+ X l sinh hc: b UASB, b Aerotank; b lng II
+ Khu kh trng;
+ Khu x l bn cn
QUY TRNH X L NC THI NH MY GIY

AN HA-TUYN QUANG
Nc thi trong nh my gm : nc ma, nc sinh hot, nc sn
xut .
Nc thi t nh my giy ch yu l nhng tp cht cn l lng
( thng l x si giy, bt n, bt mu, ph gia), thnh phn
cht hu c BOD, COD c nng vt qu tiu chun cho php.
Do ta c mt s phng php:
-Phng php c hc: b tip nhn c song chn rc, b iu ha
- Phng php ha l: b keo t to bng, b lng
-Phng php sinh hc: Aerotank, b lng
- Khu kh trng;
Khu x l bn cn
Hy v s khi v thuyt minh quy trnh cng ngh x l nc
thi trn?

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K THUT MI TRNG

CHNG I-CC KHI NIM V MI TRNG

1.1 Mi trng : l tp hp tt c cc thnh phn vt cht bao quanh ta,

CHNG I-CC KHI NIM V MI TRNG

L lp kh bao ph xung quanh b mt Tri t, c khi lng

CHNG I-CC KHI NIM V MI TRNG

CHNG I-CC KHI NIM V MI TRNG

Cha 70 % khi lng kh quyn

cao: 0 11 km. cao tng i lu c th thay i vi

Cng ln cao nhit khng kh cng gim (nhit gim

Thnh phn khng kh ch yu l N2, O2, CO2 v hi nc.

Lp tm dng (lp chuyn tip) nm ngn cch tng i lu

Chiu dy khong 1 km.

nh du s nghch chuyn nhit t m sang dng.

CHNG I-CC KHI NIM V MI TRNG

cao khong 11 - 50 km.

Tng zn c chc nng nh mt l chn ca kh quyn.

CHNG I-CC KHI NIM V MI TRNG

cao dao ng t 50 - 85 km.

CHNG I-CC KHI NIM V MI TRNG

cao khong 85 km n 500 km.

CHNG I-CC KHI NIM V MI TRNG

cao t 500 km ln n 2000 km.

C mt cc ion O+, He+ (<1500km), H+ (>1500km)

Nhit tng ny tng rt nhanh, n khang 17000C.

CHNG I-CC KHI NIM V MI TRNG

CHNG I-CC KHI NIM V MI TRNG

CHNG I-CC KHI NIM V MI TRNG

Nc t nhin l nc m cht lng v s lng ca n c hnh

CHNG I-CC KHI NIM V MI TRNG

CHNG I-CC KHI NIM V MI TRNG

Bao gm lp v tri t c dy t 70 - 100 km trn phn lc

CHNG I-CC KHI NIM V MI TRNG

CHNG I-CC KHI NIM V MI TRNG

1.2 nhim mi trng

CHNG I-CC KHI NIM V MI TRNG

Qu trnh vn chuyn cc cht nhim

CHNG I-CC KHI NIM V MI TRNG

CHNG I-CC KHI NIM V MI TRNG

CHNG II- NHIM KHNG KH V CC K

CHNG II- NHIM KHNG KH V CC K

2.1 Cc phng php x l kh thi

CHNG II- NHIM KHNG KH V CC K

Da vo ngun gc pht sinh:

2.1.2 Phn loi cht thi trong kh thi cng nghip

Cc cht nhim c trng

Nh my nhit in, l nung, ni hi t bng

Bi, SOx, NOx, COx, hydrocacbon aldehyt.

Bi, SO2 , COx , NOx ,

Nha, cao su, cht do

Bi, mi hi, dung mi hu c, SO2

Bi, mi hi, dung mi hu c, TBVTV

Mi hi (do cc hp cht sunlfua, mecaptan,

Kh thi giao thng

Bi, ch, NOx , SOx , COx , hp cht hu c

Kh thi do t phc v sinh hot

Bi, mi hi, COx.

2.1.3 Cc phng php x l kh thi

2.1.5 Cc bin php phng chng bi

2.2 X L AEROSOL (BI, KHI, SNG)

-Cc phn t cht rn th ri rc (vn) di tc dng ca cc

Bi gm hai pha: pha kh v pha rn ri rc.

Ht Bi c kch thc t nguyn t n nhn thy c bng