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1110004
3V
. C th gi l dng th tch 2 ln.
S SAB
Ch : Khi p dng phng php ny ta cn nh cng thc tnh din tch ca tam gic:
SABC =
C n ( SAB) .
Li gii
Gi E l trung im ca BC khi SE ( ABC ) v SE =
Ta c BC = a AB =
a 3
a
; AC = v vy th tch
2
2
1
a 3
.
2
1110004
1 3a 1 a a 3 a
. . .
ca khi chp l: VS . ABC = .
=
3 2 2 2 2
16
tnh khong cch t C n ( SAB) ta cn tnh din tch SAB .
2
a 3 a 2
a 3
2
2
Ta c AB =
SB = a; SA = SE + EA =
+ = a , p dng cng thc Heron ta c:
2
2
SSAB =
a + a + a 3
2 = 39 a 2
p ( p SA)( p - SB )( p - AB); p =
16
2
Vy d (C ;( SAB)) =
3VS . ABC a 39
=
SSAB
13
Nhn xt: Vi cch tnh trn khu tnh din tch ta dng my tnh hu ht u ra p. So vi cch tnh
bng ta ha th cch tnh ny n gin hn rt nhiu v tnh ton v trnh by ch kh khu tnh din
tch (nhng my tnh m nhn), so vi cch li v E tnh (ng nhin phi k thm ng ph ) vi
hc sinh trung bnh yu c th ni y l la ch tt nht.
VD2: (B-2013) Cho hnh chp S . ABCD c y ABCD l hnh vung cnh a , mt bn SAB l tam gic
u v nm trong mt phng vung gc vi mt y. Tnh theo a th tch khi chp S . ABCD v khong
cch t A n ( SCD) .
Li gii
Gi E l trung im ca AB khi SE ( ABC ) , v SE =
a 3
.
2
1 a 3 2 a3 3
a =
3 2
6
VS . ACD
1 a 3 1 2 a3 3
=
a =
v vy tnh c khong cch ta cn c din tch ca SCD .
3 2 2
12
1110004
SSCD =
a+a 2+a 2
7 2
p( p CD)( p - SD )( p - SC ); p =
a
=
2
4
V vy d ( a;( SCD ) ) =
3VS . ACD
21
=
a
S SCD
7
VD3: (A-2014) Cho hnh chp S . ABCD c y ABCD l hnh vung cnh a SD =
3a
, hnh chiu vung
2
gc ca S ln mt phng ( ABCD) trng vi trung im ca cnh AB . Tnh theo a th tch khi chp
1
T VS . ABCD = a 3
3
Ta cn tnh khong cch t A n ( SBD) ta quan st hnh chp S . ADB c th tch l
1 1 2
1
. a .a = a 3 vy
3 2
6
ta c: SSBD =
3a
5
; SB =
a p dng cng thc Heron
2
2
3a
5
a 2+
+
a 3
2
2
p ( p SB )( p SD)( p BD); p =
= a2
2
3. a
3V
2a
Vy d ( A;( SBD )) = S . ABD = 2 6 =
3a
S SDB
3
4
1110004
VD4: (B-2014) Cho khi lng tr ABC. A ' B ' C ' c y l tam gic u cnh a . Hnh chiu vung gc ca
A ' ln ( ABC ) l trung im ca cnh AB , gc gia ng thng A ' C v mt y bng 60o . Tnh theo a
th tch ca khi lng tr ABC. A ' B ' C ' v khong cch t B n ( ACC ' A ')
Li gii
Gi E l trung im AB , khi A ' E ( ABC ) , 60o = ( A ' C ;( ABC ) ) =
A ' CE .
Ta c CE =
a 3
(ng cao trong tam gic u)
2
3a
3a a 2 3 a 3 3 3
v vy A ' E = tan 60 CE =
VABC . A ' B 'C ' = .
=
.
2
2
4
8
0
Ta cn tnh khong cch t B n ( ACC ' A ') tc t B n ( AA 'C) , ta quan st khi chp A '. ABC c th
1 3a a 2 3 a 3 3
tch l VA '. ABC = . .
=
v vy ta cn tm din tch A ' AC ( dng th tch 2 ln).
3 2
4
8
2
a 10
CE
a 3
Ta c AC = a; AA ' = + a =
; A'C =
= a 3 . p dng cng thc Heron ta c:
2
cos 60o
2 2
SA ' AC =
a 10
+a 3
a+
39 2
2
p ( p A ' A)( p - A ' C )( p - AC ); p =
=
a
2
8
Qua bn VD ta thy c vic p dng cch Th tch 2 ln t ra rt hiu qu v n khng cn suy ngh qu
nhiu (v vy ngi vit khng khuyn khch cc bn kh gii lm theo cch ny tr khi b). Trc khi ta xt
mc p dng ca phng php vi cc thi th nm nay (2015) cng nh cc thi c, ta s m rng
cch lm phc v cho yu cu tnh khong cch gia hai ng cho nhau khi m on vung gc chung rt
kh tm.
1110004
60o . Tnh theo a th tch ca khi chp S . ABC v khong cch gi hai ng thng SA v BC .
Li gii
2
2
a 7
a a 3
Ta c 60 = ( SC ;( ABC ) ) = SCH m CH = +
=
3
6 2
nn ta c SH = tan 60o.CH =
a 21
.
3
1 a 2 3 a 21 a 3 7
Do th tch khi chp l: VS . ABC = .
.
.
=
3 4
3
12
Dng hnh bnh hnh ABCD (iu ny cng rt t nhin v y l cch tm khong cch gia hai ng
cho nhau), khi d ( SA; BC ) = d ( B;( SAD)) . Ta quan st khi chp S . ABD khi chp ny c th tch bng
vi th tch ca khi chp S . ABC tc VS . ABD =
a3 7
v vy tnh d ( B;( SAD)) ta cn tnh din tch SAD
12
5a
19a 2
2 10a
2
2
2
o
Ta c AD = a; SA = SH + AH =
, DH = AD + AH 2 ADAH cos120 =
do SD =
3
9
3
2
Vy d ( B;( SAD )) =
2 10a 5a
a+
+
3
3 = 6 a2
p ( p SA)( p - SD )( p - AD); p =
2
3VS . ABD a 42
=
S SAD
8
VD2: (D-2008) Cho lng tr ng ABC. A ' B ' C ' c y l tam gic vung, AB = BC = a , cnh bn
AA ' = a 2 . Gi M l trung im ca BC . Tnh theo a th tch khi lng tr ABC. A ' B ' C ' v khong
cch gia AM v B ' C
1110004
Li gii
Theo gii thit ABC vung cn ti B
1
2 3
v vy th tch khi lng tr l: VABC . A ' B 'C ' = a 2 a 2 =
a .
2
2
Gi D l trung im BB ' khi
1 a 2 1 a a3 2
= .
. a. =
vy nn tnh
3 2 2 2
24
2
a 2
a 2 a 2 a 3
a 6
a 5
a
2
2
Ta c: AD =
; DM =
; AM = a + =
+a =
+ =
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
a 6 a 3 a 5
+
+
2
2
2
p ( p AM )( p - MD )( p - AD ); p =
2
14 2
=
a
8
3VD. ABM a 7
=
SADM
7
Nhn xt: Nu bit cch linh hot cc phng php th bi ton khong cch ny tr nn kh d v c
th c nhiu li gii hay!
VD3: (THTT- 452) Cho hnh chp S . ABCD c y ABCD l hnh vung cnh a . Hnh chiu vung gc
ca S ln mt phng y l I thuc AB sao cho BI = 2 AI . Gc gia mt bn ( SCD) v mt y bng
60o . Tnh theo a th tch khi chp S . ABCD v khong cch gia AD v SC .
Li gii
t ta tnh c
Gi E CD : CE = 2 ED , d dng chng minh c 60O = (
(SCD);(ABCD) ) = SEI
1110004
1
a 3
SI = tan 60o.EI = a 3 . V vy th tch VS . ABCD = a 3.a 2 =
3
3
Ta thy AD / / BC v vy d ( AD; SC ) = d ( AD;( SBC )) = d ( D;( SBC )) ,
1
a 2 a3 3
ta quan st khi chp S .BCD c th tch l VS . BCD = .a 3. =
3
2
6
v vy tm khong cch d ( D;( SBC )) ta cn tm din tch SBC .
2
2a
Ta c: BC = a; SB = + a 3
3
a 31
2 10a
; SC = SI 2 + CB 2 + BI 2 =
3
3
a 31 2 10a
+
a+
31 2
3
3
=
p( p SB )( p - SC )( p - BC ); p =
a
2
6
3VS . BCD 3 93
=
a
S SBC
31
= 30O . Tnh theo a th tch ca khi chp S . ABC v khong cch t im A n mt phng ( SBC ) .
SAC
Li gii
1110004
1
1
hn na AC = BC 2 AB 2 = 4a . Vy th tch VS . ABC = a 3. 3a.4a = 2 3a 3 .
3
2
tnh khong cch t A n ( SBC ) ta cn tnh din tch SBC
Ta c: BC = 5a; SB = SE 2 + BE 2 = SE 2 + BA2 + AE 2 = 21a
SSBC =
5a + 21a + 2a
2
p ( p SB)( p - SC )( p - BC ); p =
= 21a
2
Vy d ( A;( SBC )) =
3VS . ABC 6 7
=
a
7
SSBC
Bi tp 2: (Chuyn Nguyn Bnh Khim Qung Nam) Cho hnh lng tr ABC. A ' B ' C ' c
AC = a 3; BC = 3a;
ACB = 30O . Cnh bn hp vi mt y mt gc 60o . Mt phng ( A ' BC ) ( ABC ) .
im H BC : BC = 3BH v mt phng ( A ' AH ) ( ABC ) . Tnh theo a th tch khi lng tr
( A ' AH ) ( ABC )
Ta c ( A ' BC ) ( ABC )
A ' H ( ABC ) kh gc gia cnh bn A ' A v mt y ( ABC ) l
( A ' AH ) ( A ' BC ) = A ' H
A ' AH tc
A ' AH = 60o .
Ta li c: AH = CH 2 + CA2 2CH .CA.cos30o = a
do A ' H = AH .tan 600 = a 3 . Th tch khi lng tr l:
1
9a
= a 3. 3a. 3a.sin 300 =
4
2
1
3a
Ta quan st khi chp A ' ABC khi chp ny c th tch l: VA ' ABC = VABC . A ' B 'C ' =
3
4
1110004
3
vy nn tnh
SA ' AC =
AH
= 2a; A'C = (2a) 2 + a 3
0
cos 60
a 3 + 2a + a 7
2
p( p A ' A)( p - A ' C )( p - AC ); p =
=a 3
2
Vy d ( B;( A ' AC )) =
Bi tp 3: (Chuyn H Vinh ln 3) Cho hnh hp ABCD. A ' B ' C ' D ' c y ABCD l hnh thoi cnh a ,
= 120o ; A ' A = 7 a . Hnh chiu vung gc ca A ' ln mt phng ( ABCD) trng vi giao im ca
BCD
2
AC v BD . Tnh theo a th tch ca khi hp ABCD. A ' B ' C ' D ' v khong cch t D ' n mt phng
( ABB ' A ') .
Li gii
Gi E = AC BD ; ta c A ' E ( ABCD) v A ' E =
1
1
l: VABCD. A ' B 'C ' D ' = A ' E. . AC.BD = 2 3a. .a. 3a = 3a 3 .
2
2
Ta c d ( D ';( ABB ' A ')) = d (C ;( ABB ' A ')) ,
ta quan st khi chp A '. ABC , khi chp ny c th tch l:
VA '. ABC
1
a3
= VABCD. A ' B 'C ' D ' =
ta cn tnh din tch A ' AB
6
2
Ta c: AB = a; A ' A =
7a
a 51
; A ' B = A ' E 2 + BE 2 =
, din tch A ' AB l:
2
2
SA ' AB =
1110004
7a a 51
a+
+
2
2
2 = a 195
p( p A ' A)( p - A ' B )( p - AB); p =
2
8
1
a 3
1a 3
a3
a
2
, th tch S . ABCD l VS . ABCD =
a.a 3 =
Ta c SE = AC = a v vy SH = a =
2
2
3 2
2
2
Ta quan st khi chp S .BCD khi chp ny c th tch l VS . BCD
1
a3
= VS . ABCD =
vy nn ta ch cn tnh
2
4
a 3 a 3
a 6
Ta c: BD = 2a; SB = HB + SH =
;
+
=
2
2
2
a 7 a 3
a 10
SD = HD + SH =
+
=
2
2 2
2
Vy d ( C ;( SBD) ) =
a 6 a 10
2a +
+
a 2 15
2
2
p( p SB )( p - SD)( p - BD); p =
=
2
4
3VS . BCD a 15
=
S SBD
15
10
1110004
Bi ton 5: (THTT-455) Cho hnh lng tr ABC. A ' B ' C ' c y l tam gic u cnh a , hnh chiu vung
gc ca A ' ln mt y ( ABC ) trng vi tm O ca ABC , gc gia ( ABB ' A ') v mt y bng 60o .
Tnh theo a th tch khi lng tr ABC. A ' B ' C ' v khong cch gia hai ng thng AB v CC ' .
Li gii
a
vy nn th tch ca lng tr ABC. A ' B ' C ' l:
2
a a 2 3 a3 3
=
=
.
2 4
8
1
a3 3
ta quan st khi chp A '. ABC khi chp ny c th tch l: VA '. ABC = VABC . A ' B 'C ' =
vy nn nhim v
3
24
cui cng ca ta l tnh c din tch A ' AB .
Ta c: AB = a; A ' A = A ' B = A ' O 2 + AO 2 =
S A ' AB =
a 21
nn din tch A ' AB l:
6
a 21 a 21
+
a+
a2 3
6
6
=
p( p A ' A)( p - A ' B )( p - AB); p =
2
6
Bi ton 6: (Chuyn V Nguyn Gip) Cho hnh chp S . ABCD c y l hnh thang cn ( BC / / AD) .
Bit ng cao SH = a vi H l trung im AD , AB = BC = CD = a; AD = 2a . Tnh theo a th tch ca
khi chp S . ABCD v khong cch gia hai ng thng SB v AD .
Li gii
11
1110004
1
1 3 3 2
3 3
Th tch khi chp S . ABCD l: VS . ABCD = SH .S ABCD = a.
a =
a
3
3
2
2
Ta c d ( SB; AD ) = d ( AD;( SBC ) ) = d ( A;( SBC ) ) ,
ta quan st khi chp S . ABC khi chp ny c th tch l:
1
1 1 a 3
a3 3
VS . ABC = SH .SABC = a. .
.a =
3
3 2 2
12
(ng cao h t A xung BC l
a 3
) , vy nn ta ch cn tnh din tch ca tam gic SBC .
2
SSBC =
a + a 2 + a 2 a2 7
p( p SB )( p - SC )( p - BC ); p =
=
2
4
3VS . ABC a 21
=
S SBC
7
Kt lun: Cn rt rt nhiu na cc thi th v chnh thc c th gii bng phng php ny, thit ngh
c gii 1000 bi ton (cng loi) cng khng bng gii 10 bi nhng m nm vng c phng php.
Ngi vit mong rng bn c c th s dng phng php n mc iu luyn khi b qu (khng nhn
ra c chn ng cao hay ng ph cn v) c th s dng. Phng php c mt nhc im l tnh
ton rt nhiu (nhng l nhim v ca my tnh ) d xy ra sai s nh hng kt qu, v vy mt li
khuyn cho phng php ny l: Luyn tp phng php vi khong 10 bi, khi tnh ton tht tp trung v
kim tra li cc php ton 1 ln trc khi chm bt ht.
V) Bi tp ngh :
= 120O . Gi I l trung
1) (Chuyn Vnh Phc) Cho hnh chp S . ABC c AB = AC ; BC = a 3 BAC
im cnh AB , hnh chiu ca S ln mt y l trung im H ca CI , gc gia SA v mt phng y l
60o . Tnh theo a th tch khi chp S . ABC v khong cch t A n ( SBC )
12
1110004
S : VS . ABC =
a 3
3 37 a
;d =
.
16
37
2) ( minh ha ca BGD &T) Cho hnh chp S . ABC c y ABC l tam gic vun ti B ,
AC = 2a;
ACB = 30O . Hnh chiu vung gc H ca nh S xung mt ( ABC ) trng vi trung im ca
AC ; SH = a 2 . Tnh theo a th tch ca khi chp S . ABC v khong cch t im C n ( SAB) .
S : VS . ABC
a3 6
2 66
=
;d =
a.
6
11
3) (Chuyn H Tnh) Cho hnh chp S . ABCD c y ABCD l hnh vung cnh 2a ; tam gic SAC
vung ti S v nm trong mt phng vung gc vi y, SC = a 3 . Tnh theo a th tch ca khi chp
S : VS . ABCD =
a3 3
2 21
;d =
a.
3
7
4) (Chuyn Nguyn Quang Diu- ng Thp ln 1) Cho hnh chp S . ABCD c y l hnh thoi cnh
( ABCD) l 60o . Tnh theo a th tch ca khi chp S . ABCD v khong cch gia BD v SC .
S : VS . ABCD =
3 3 3
3 7
a ;d =
a.
4
14
5) (Chuyn Hng Yn) Cho lng tr ng ABC. A ' B ' C ' c y l tam gic cn, AB = AC = a ,
= 120o . Mt phng ( AB ' C ') to vi y mt gc 60o . Tnh theo a th tch ca lng tr ABC. A ' B ' C '
BAC
v khong cch t ng thng BC n mt phng ( AB ' C ') .
3a 3
a 3
;d =
8
4
6) (Chuyn L Hng Phong) Cho lng tr ng ABC. A ' B ' C ' c y ABC l tam gic cn ti C , cnh
AB = 6a v gc
ABC = 30o . Gc gia mt phng (C ' AB ) v mt y l 60o . Tnh theo a th tch ca
lng tr ABC. A ' B ' C ' v khong cch gia hai ng thng B ' C v AB .
13
1110004
3a
.
2
7) ( k2pi.net.vn ln 11) Cho lng tr ng ABC. A ' B ' C ' c y ABC l tam gic vung cn ti B ,
( ADD ' A ') v ( ABCD) bng 60o . Tnh th tch khi lng tr cho v khong cch t im B ' n mt
phng ( A ' BD ) .
S :
3a 3
a 3
;d =
2
2 .
9) (A-2011) Cho hnh chp S . ABC c y l tam gic vung cn, AB = BC = 2a . Hai mt phng ( SAB)
v ( SAC ) cng vung vi mt y ( ABC ) ; M l trung im ca AB , mt phng i qua SM v song song
vi BC ct AC ti N . Gc gia ( SBC ) v ( ABC ) l 60o . Tnh theo a th tch ca S .BCNM v khong
cch gia AB v SN .
S : VS . BCNM = a 3 3; d =
2 39
a.
13
10) (Chuyn KHTN-HKHTN) Cho lng tr ng ABCD. A ' B ' C ' D ' c y l hnh thoi cnh a
= 45o , AA ' = a 2 2 , O; O ' ln lt l tm ca ABCD v A ' B ' C ' D ' . Tnh theo a
BAD
2
a) Th tch ca khi lng tr ABCD. A ' B ' C ' D '
b) Khong cch t C n ( A ' BD ) v khong cch gia hai ng thng AO ' v B ' O .
a3 2 2
a 2
a 2 2
; d ( C ;( A ' BD) ) =
; d ( AO '; B ' O ) =
2
4
2 52 2
Cn c b thng minh
14
1110004
1
1
2 3
VS . ABCD = SA.S ABCD = a 2.a 2 =
a
3
3
3
T hnh chp ta dng nn hnh hp
D '.DAC
1
2 3
VD ' DAC = VS . ABCD =
a , vy nn tnh khong cch d ( D;( AD ' C )) ta cn tm din tch D ' AC .
2
6
Ta c: AC = a 2; DA = D ' C = D ' D 2 + DC 2 = 2a 2 + a 2 = 3a nn:
SD ' AC =
a 2 + a 3 + a 3 a2 5
p ( p AC )( p D ' A)( p D ' C ) p =
=
2
2
Vy d ( D;( AD ' C )) =
15