SBCA 2011 Acads Lumbera Tax Notes - Washout Watermark

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EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
Over-all Chairman
Vice-Chairpersons for Academics
Jan Raphael Salud

Jonalyn Porquez
Michael Quesada
Cristina Elaine Mangrobang
Amerissa Base
Patricia David
Kathleen May Clareza
Vice-Chairperson for Logistics

Vice-Chairperson for Finance
Vice-Chairperson for Secretariat
Vice-Chairperson for Recruitment
SUBJECT HEADS
Political Law
Maicha Lucaylucay
Labor Law
Roberto Martin Buenaventura
Civil Law
Michael Malvar
Taxation Law
Amerissa Base
Commercial Law
Cherylette Lingao
Criminal Law
Mina Batungbacal
Remedial Law
Michael Quesada
Legal Ethics
Miguel Justin Rigor
Legal Forms and Legal Writing
Karla Soleil Rosal
MEMBERS
Altares, Philip
Neri, Jorgianna
Basconcillo, Ian Zander
Ngo, Dianne
Cosico, Michiko
Palacol, Jamie Rose
Daganta, Fely Rose
Palileo, Fernando Jr.
Dechavez, Alyssa Mae
Palmiery, Fritzielyn
De Paz, Marvin
Pastores, Cherie
Escucha, Alexandra Gerardine
Red, Karen Christine
Galan, Cherie Amor
Talatala, Juan Miguel
Gloria, Nadine Alessandra
Vibandor, Jo Marie Angeli
Javier, Gemma Andrea
Yang, Gladys Mae
Ibasco, Caselyn
Yapjoco, Soleil
Llave, Miguel
Ycong, Cherry Joy
Martinez, Ambrosio
Advisers: Atty. Bruce V. Rivera
Munoz, Lirio
Dean Ulpiano P. Sarmiento III
P u b l i s h e d i n c o o p er a t i o n w i t h
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Aretha Eugenio
Ma. Katerina Santiago
Laisa Mae Aguila
Mary Sayeh Hassani
Joey Alfonso
Rio Dizon
Jenna Marie Dela Cruz
Sam Santos
Luvimindo Balinang, Jr.
Carlo June Tibayan
ADVISER: Atty. Rita Linda V. Jimeno
Real Property Tax/ Real Estate Tax

I will start the discussion by comparing the exemption of various
organizations. Kasi dito medyo naintindihan natin yung ibang constitutional
provisions. Memorized na natin yan, enumeration, definition. But lets do some
comparison as to the exemption of various organizations from real estate tax,
taxability for income tax purposes, taxability for estate tax purposes, for donors
tax purposes and deductibility from the gross income, these are the points that we
need to study.
Lets start with the government. Ang sabi natin: the government is exempt
from payment of tax, but that is just a mere general rule. There are specific rules
on application of exemption of governmental agencies. What are these specific

rules?
e.g. Lay-out of building owned by DSWD
1) Government agencies to which the state exercises governmental functions

are exempt, unless there is a law requiring taxation; and
Building 1
2) Governmental agencies to which the state exercises proprietary functions

are subject to tax, unless there is a law exempting them.
Office
Building 2
Building 3
Park
Portion rented to
Parking Lot
KFC, McDo, Jollibee
Government Owned and Controlled Corporations (GOCCs)

When we talk of Government Owned and Controlled Corporations
(GOCCs), these are treated as ordinary domestic corporations and therefore, they
are subject to all kinds of corporate taxes except for the following: SSS, GSIS,
PHIC, PCSO.
PAGCOR is no longer exempt. I will teach you how these governmental
agencies are subjected to tax.
So the rest of the GOCCs (except SSS, GSIS, PHIC & PCSO) are subject
to tax just like an ordinary domestic corporation. Okay, now we also have rules for
Government Educational Institutions. In laymans language, we refer to it as public
schools, public elementary schools, public high schools and state universities, iba
rin yung tax treatment dito. I will teach you how the tax is imposed on these kinds
of institutions. So let me start by giving you an example, ha? Para naman
maintindihan ninyo.
Governmental agencies performing governmental functions
So let us say that this is a parcel of land. Let us discuss the rules on
taxability and exemption of governmental agencies. Lets start with governmental
agencies to which the state exercises governmental functions, example DSWD,
DPWH, napakarami niyan, these are the governmental agencies. So DSWD, let us
say that this is the land occupied by the office, building 1, building 2, building 3, it
has its office here, it has a small park and theres a parking lot. Then a portion
here is rented out by DSWD to private entities, let us say KFC, McDo and Jollibee,
and these private entities are paying rentals to DSWD. Thats the physical set up
of the government agency. The first question is of course, is DSWD, a
governmental agency exempt or subject to payment of real property tax or real
estate tax (RPT)?
You will not find the answer in the computation. When we talk of RPT, its
always the Local Government Code of 1991 which governs exemption or taxability
of properties for purposes of RPT.
Ang sabi sa Local Government Code of 1991, the following properties are exempt
from payment of real estate tax: Real properties owned by the government of the
Republic of the Philippines or any of its instrumentalities or agencies, provided,
that the beneficial use thereof does not inure to the benefit of a non-exempt entity.
In other words, even if it is owned by the government, if the beneficial use pertains
to a non-exempt entity, it will no longer be exempt from payment of real estate tax.
The Local Government Code does not say, actually, directly, exclusively
used for governmental purpose. Ang sinabi lang niya, lahat ng pagaari ng
gobyerno ay libre sa RPT subalit kung ang gamit niya ay para sa tao o para sa
taxpayer na hindi tax exempt, then hindi na siya magiging exempt. So, following
that rule when you are asked, is this portion of the property subject to RPT?
(Pointing to building 1 up to parking lot) EXEMPT. The portion which pertains to a
non-exempt entity (portion rented to KFC, McDo, Jollibee) is no longer exempt
from payment of real property tax.
Recent jurisprudence
There are a lot of cases, new cases decided by the SC applying this
doctrine. We have two cases, the one involving Iloilo Fishing Port and Navotas
Fishing Port. What happened there in those two cases decided by the SC in 2010
and 2009? Lets take the case of Iloilo, ang city government ng Iloilo, ni-reclaim
yung shoreline at kinonvert into a fishing port. After conversion, a portion thereof
was rented to tenants, the local government of Iloilo assessed real estate tax on
the portion occupied by tenants because they were paying rentals. So ang issue
dito ay, Paano ang taxability ng lupa ng gobyerno na ang isang portion ay
ginagamit ng government at ang kabilang portion ay ginagamit ng non-exempt
Over-All Chairman: Jan Raphael Salud | Vice-Chairperson for Academics: Jonalyn Porquez and Michael Quesada | Vice-Chairperson for Logistics: Cristina Elaine Mangrobang
Vice-Chairperson for Finance: Amerissa Base | Vice-Chairperson for Secretariat: Patricia David | Vice-Chairperson for Recruitment: Kathleen May Clareza
entity? Applying the rule under the Local Government Code of 1991, ang sabi ng
Korte Suprema, The portion of the fishing port rented out to tenants and paying
rentals will be suject to real estate tax because those are not exempt anymore
from payment of RPT. Following the same doctrine is the Navotas Fishing Port.
Ganun din ang sitwasyon, pina-rent naman. Yung portion na pinarent sa public
and paying rentals, hindi na raw exempt from payment of real estate tax.
Build-Operate-Transfer Agreement
Okay, now there is another doctrine as far as RPT is concerned. Under a
Build-Operate-Transfer Agreement (BOT) the government owns the property. Here
comes a third person, a tax payer, a private entity entering into an agreement with
the government that the private entity will build, operate, and then later on transfer
the improvements to the government. The agreement is: the private entity builds,
operates and then eventually transfers the infrastructure to the government after a
certain period of time.
What is the question? During the BOT agreement while the property is
owned by the government, is the property subject to RPT?
Ang sabi ng SC, it is subject to RPT because the beneficial use in the
mean time that there is a BOT pertains to a non-exempt entity, and what the
government has at that time is merely a contingent benefit Why? Because its
benefit is contingent upon the subsequent transfer to the government and while it
is being used by the non-exempt entity under the Local Government Code of
1991, it will not be exempt from payment of real estate tax.
Income realized by government agency from projects
Now, lets continue. DSWD, a governmental agency, realizes income out of
projects. Yung mga batang kinukuha nila, matatandang kinukuha nila, their
educational courses in the meantime that they are in the hospice. So meron silang
mga projects, DSWD realizes income out of these projects, lets say P50,000. Ang
tanong satin ay: Is it income from DWDs point of view? Is it INCOME? YES.
Because income is anything that flows into the wealth of the taxpayer other than a
return of capital or anything that increases his net worth or anything that flows into
the wealth of the taxpayer other than a return of capital. Therefore, the P50,000
from the projects is income for taxation purposes. Is the rental income? Let us say,
P100,000. Is this income on the part of DSWD? Yes, because income is anything
that flows into the wealth of the taxpayer or anything that increases his net worth
other than return of capital. Income, from the economic point of view in taxation, is
anything that flows into your wealth or anything that increases your net worth other
than a mere return of capital.
When income realized by DSWD is not subject to income tax
So are these P50,000 from projects and P100,000 rental income subject to
income tax? Is the answer found in the Constitution? NO. Is the answer found in
the general rule that the government is exempt from payment of tax? NO. Saan
hahanapin ang sagot? Nasa codal, Sec. 27. As far as the P50,000 income from
the projects is concerned, it is income and not taxable because it is in the exercise
of governmental function.
But the rental income of P100,000 is out of proprietary function and
therefore subject to income tax.
Donation given to DSWD is income
Sumunod na tanong: let us say that X gives DSWD P500,000, tinanggap ni
DSWD. 1) Nung tinanggap ng DSWD yung P500,000 from X, is that income on the
part of DSWD? YES. Because income is anything that flows into your wealth or
anything that increases your net worth other than a return of capital. Sa tax, laging
black or white pero konting movement, nag-iiba yung point of view. So we should
get used to it. It is income because, from your end? Ang tanong is, Did it increase
my net worth other than return of capital? Is it flow of wealth into me? The answer
is yes and so be it, the answer is yes, it is income.
Donation to DSWD not subject to Estate or Donors Tax
When X gives to DSWD, is it subject to estate or to donors tax? Estate tax-the way or mode of transfer from X to DSWD is taking effect upon death.
Testamentary succession, bequests, taking effect upon death, the question will be,
Is it subject to estate tax? But if the mode of transfer from X to DSWD is taking
effect during the lifetime, the question is, Is it subject to donors tax? Yan ang
tatandaan ninyo. Basta ang mode of transfer ay taking effect upon death, ang
laging tanong sa inyo ay estate tax. Pag nakita ninyo that the mode of transfer is
inter vivos, then ang tanong sa inyo is, is it subject to donors tax? Ngayon, either
way, is it subject to estate or donors tax? You will not find the answer in the
Constitution. It is not in RPT. It is in Sec. 86 for Estate Tax and Sec. 101 for
Donors Tax which we refer to as Transfers for Public Use. When a transfer is
made in favor of the government or any of its agencies or instrumentalities, we call
it transfer for public use, and if the mode of transfer is taking effect upon death,
we say that the transfer is exempt from estate tax. If the mode of transfer is taking
effect during the lifetime, we say that the same is exempt from donors tax.
Donors Tax is Sec.101 and Sec. 86 is Estate Tax.
Donor can claim the gift as a deduction from Gross Income
Now from the point of view of X, can X claim the same as deduction?
Magtanong kayo kung bakit maraming nagbibigay. Maraming nagbibigay dahil
talagang dakila ang puso, dalisay. Pure ang intention na makatulong. But in
recognition of that purity of intention and the effect of your gift, the government
gives a benefit in favor of the donor and the benefit is in the nature of deductibility
from gross income. May tax consequence ang pagbibigay kasi nire-recognize ng
government ang pagtulong ng isang taxpayer by way of giving of gift. When X
gives P500,000, it means may income siya kasi hindi siya makakapagbigay kung
wala siyang kita. Yan ang tandaan ninyo. Ang presumption dito ay, si X ay may
kita na more than P500,000. Kasi walang taxpayer na normal ang isipan na
magbibigay ng ikahihirap nya. Kaya siya nagbibigay kasi may sobra. So pag
nagbigay siya ng sobra, yung gobyerno nirerecognize natin ang purity of intention
and the effect of your gift by way of allowing you to claim as deduction, the gift that
you made.
Deductions that may be claimed by a purely compensation income earner

So from the point of view of X, can X claim P500,000 as deduction from his
gross income? Ang sagot dito ay makikita sa Sec. 34 and 35 of the Tax Code. I
dont want you to memorize these numbers. I want you to understand what these
numbers provide in the Code. Can X claim the P500,000 gift as a deduction? Ito
ang sagot: If X were a purely compensation income earner, ano ang ibig sabihin
nito? Nagta-trabaho, employer-employee relationship, ang kinikita mo ay puro
sweldo. Wala kang ginagawa kundi ang magtrabaho under an employer-employee
relationship. What you earn is compensation income. You are called a purely
compensation income earner and under the law, if a taxpayer or individual is a
purely compensation income earner, the only allowable deductions are: (PE),
Personal Exemption of P50,000; (AE) Additional Exemption of P25,000 per child,
maximum of 4; and (PHHI) Premiums on Health and/or Hospitalization Insurance.
Nothing more, nothing less. So if you gave P500,000 and you are working as an
employee in a company, ang presumption natin ay kinuha mo ang P500,000 sa
sweldo mo. Kapag nag-compute ka ba ng income tax due from your compensation
for the entire year, can you claim as deduction the P500,000? Ang sagot ay: NO.
Because you are allowed only PE, AE and PHHI as deduction, and donation is not
PE, AE or PHHI.
Donation to DSWD may be claimed as deduction by business income earner

Now, if you were a business income earner, X may be a corporation or an
individual. Whether X is a corporation or an individual taxpayer earning business
income, and P500,000 is given to DSWD, then the business income earner can
claim the same as a deduction in full especially if the donation is for the priority
projects of the government. Well find this in Sec. 34 (h). These are the rules on
the exemption from taxability of government institutions exercising governmental
functions from RPT to income tax, from donors tax to estate tax. Walang ibang
rules na madadagdag diyan. Kahit bali-baliktarin natin ang codal, yan lang ang
pwedeng itanong sa inyo pagdating sa group na ito.
When Government Educational Institution is exempt and not exempt from
Real Estate Tax
Lets take the case of a Government Educational Institution (GEI) or what
we refer to as public schools, public elementary schools in far flung barangays,
wherever. Public high schools, science high schools, this is what we refer to as
GEI, state universities or colleges. GEI ang tawag diyan. Lets take for instance
the University of the Philippines: Building 1, Building 2, may office, may swimming
pool, may Building 3, Library, may Parking Lot, may canteen, at itong portion na to
pinapa-rentahan na naman sa KFC, McDo and Jollibee. These agencies are
paying rentals of P100,000. Yan yung physical setup.
e.g. Lay-out of the property owned by UP
Building 1
Building 2
Building 3
Office
Swimming Pool
Library
Parking Lot
Canteen
Portion rented to KFC, McDo,

Jollibee
Is the government educational institution subject to or exempt from

payment of RPT? The basis of the answer is Local Government Code of 1991, not
the tax code. What does it say? All properties owned by the government of the
Republic of the Philippines shall be exempt from real property tax except when the
beneficial use thereof pertains to a non-exempt entity. Following that rule, exempt
or subject to tax? EXEMPT! This one (buiding 1 up to canteen)? EXEMPT. How
about the portion rented out to KFC, McDo and Jollibee? TAXABLE. According to
the Local Government Code of 1991, this portion will now be subjected to real
property tax.
Tuition fee paid by students is income

The school realizes income from tuition fees. Syempre nagbabayad din
naman tayo, subsidized nga lang ng gobyerno so mas maliit ang binabayaran. Is
the tutition fee income revenue of the school income? Yes! Because income is
anything that flows into the wealth of the taxpayer or anything that increases the
net worth other than a return of capital. Is the rental income, income? Yes.
Because following the same rule, anything that flows into your wealth or anything
that increases your net worth other than mere return of capital is treated as income
for taxation purposes.
Payment from rentals is income
Is tuition fee an income? Yes. Is payment from rentals an income? Yes.
When income is not subject to income tax
Are the tuition fee and rentals subject to income tax? Where will you find
the answer? Sec. 30 of the tax code. Sec. 30 is an enumeration or list of
corporations which are not subject to income tax. The first sentence of sec. 30,
makikita niyo yung salitang as such. Those two words are very important in Sec.
30. Tagalugin natin. Lahat ng korporasyon na nakalista ay exempt sa income tax.
Nakasulat diyan, are not subject to income tax under this title. Kung titingnan mo,
ano title? Income tax. Ay hindi subject sa income tax sa income as such thats
how you read it. All of these corporations shall not be subject to income tax for the
income realized by them as such.
Meaning of income realized as such
What is the meaning of income realized as such? Income realized by each
corporation pursuant to the primary purpose for which they are treated. One of
them is a government educational institution, Sec. 30 (i). So anong ibig sabihin? Is
tutition fee income, income as such? Yes. Therefore this is exempt. Rental
income, income as such? No. Therefore, subject to tax.
Income from real property is subject to income tax
In addition to the first paragraph, you go to the last paragraph. Nakasulat
din diyan, last paragraph, notwithstanding the provisions above, income of
whatever kind or character from real or personal property or from an activity
conducted for profit, regardless of disposition, shall no longer be exempt from
payment of income tax. Very literal ang sinasabi ng batas. When you apply that,
P100,000 rental income is an income from real property and therefore according to
the last paragraph, it is not exempt from payment of income tax.
Interest income from interest on investment, generally taxable
Let us assume that the GEI put P50,000 and P100,000 in a financial
institution, earning interest of 10%. All in all P15,000. Is the P15,000 interest
income, an income? Yes. Is it subject to income tax? Yes. Because according to
the last paragraph of Sec. 30, income from an activity conducted for profit of the
GEI, will no longer be exempt from payment of income tax. Yes or no? Yes! So
this one is subject to income tax. Of course there are BIR Rulings, not BIR
Regulations. The government educational institutions may seek a particular BIR
ruling, if it can prove that the P15,000 income and the income from rental income
will be devoted by the school for educational purpose, pwede ma-exempt. That is
an exception to the rule, that is not the general rule. Without a specific ruling to the
effect that this income, P15,000 and P100,000 rental ay dine-devote sa
governmental purpose or sa educational purpose, hindi mae-exempt yan by
reason of last paragraph of Sec.30.
Meaning of regardless of disposition
Let us assume that the P15,000 is not exempt; theres no specific ruling.
P15,000 is not exempt but the P100,000 is exempt. Lets presume that the 50,000
and 15,000, 65,000 ginamit ng skwelahan, the school used the P65,000 income
which is not exempt from income tax for purchase of computers, improvement of
the school. Will that fact now exempt the P15,000 and P50,000 from payment of
income tax? NO. Because ang sabi sa Sec.30 last paragraph ay regardless of
disposition. Yan ibig sabihin nung regardless of disposition.
Gifts, bequests, devises as items of exclusion from computation of gross
income
Next, X gives GEI P500,000. Is it income on the part of the school? YES.
Because income is anything that flows into the wealth of the taxpayer other than
mere return of capital. Is it taxable income on the part of the GEI when the GEI
receives P500,000? NO, because of Sec. 32 (b) (3). Gifts, bequests and devises
are items of exclusion from the computation of the gross income of the decedent.
Pag kayo tumanggap ng regalo, yun ay income sa inyo pero hindi siya taxable
income. Hindi siya subject sa income tax. Bakit? According to Sec. 32 (b) (3), gifts,
bequests and devises are items of exclusion from your computation of gross
income. So pag binigyan ka ng limandaang libong piso at ikaw si GEI, income yan
sa iyo. Gawin nating kayo at ako para mas madali. Kayo si GEI tapos binigyan ko
kayo ng P500,000. Income sa inyo? Oo. Taxable income sa inyo? HINDI. Bakit?
Nakasulat sa batas na lahat ng tinatanggap na regalo ay hindi part ng gross
income for income tax purposes.
Gifts to Government Educational Institution not subject to estate or donors
tax
Ang susunod na tanong, pag binigyan kita ng P500,000 yan ba ay subject
sa estate or donors tax? You will again find the answer under the NIRC, right? If
you give in favor of the government, transfers for public use again, and are
therefore exempt from either estate or donors tax.
Income of Government-Owned Or Controlled Corporations

So we are through with government educational institutions. If it is a GOCC
pabaliktad naman. GOCC-lahat subject to tax because it is treated as an ordinary
domestic corporation. Madali pag GOCC, lahat- real property, lahat yan subject to
tax. Now lets continue our discussion by comparing the two with charitable,
religious, educational institutions, non-stock, non-profit, stock or proprietary
educational institutions (PEIs), we also have proprietary hospitals. These are
some of the organizations that we have under the Constitution, under the tax code.
And we are going to determine the taxability or exemption of these institutions
using the same example so that you can see the variances in the rules.
Donation not allowed as a deduction if donor is a purely compensation

income earner
Noong binigay ko yan sa inyo, anong tax consequence sa akin? Pwede ko
bang i-claim as deduction? The answers are the same. If Lumbera is a purely
compensation income earner, eto lang tatlo ang pwede kong i-claim (PE, AE,
PHHI). Therefore it cannot be claimed as deduction sa akin.
CT
CHURCHES
CONVENTS
A, D, E,
MOSQUES
used
Donation allowed as a deduction if donor is engaged in trade or business
Non-Profit Cemeteries
Kung si Lumbera is a corporation or individual earning business income,

then I may claim the same as a deduction. Thats Sec. 34 (h) and Sec. 35 of the
NIRC.
P L B I
Question:
Barrister: Maam for Sec. 30 po, last paragraph, the regardless of disposition,
does this fall under those characterized as one-time transactions?
Atty. Lumbera: Ah kung one-time transaction iba yan kasi one time transaction,
remember that in an activity conducted for profit, the presumption is regular.
Because if its a one-time transaction, you can seek for an exemption from BIR.
Kasi hindi mo ma-establish that you are engaging in business activity. Ang
premise dito is habitual, regular. You are entering into commercial transactions on
a more or less habitual or regular basis which give you profits. Pag regular kasi
yung transaction mo, commercial activities and you are a government educational
institution, ibig sabihin nawawala na ang serbisyong publiko ng inyong institusyon.
Thats the reason why.
Charitable
Religious
RPT
Educational
TAX
Now the Constitution states that, All churches, charitable institutions,

convents, mosques, non-profit cemeteries, parsonages as well as all lands,
buildings and improvements, actually, directly and exclusively used for charitable,
religious and educational purpose, shall be exempt from tax. Thats
Constitutional Provision NO.1. I-noun natin, dun sa elementary, may noun dito
ang katapat niya charitable. Charitable institution, charitable purpose. Eto,
religious walang educational na katapat sa sentence. Agree? So nagma-match
yan. Magkaka-match yan. Ang sabi lahat daw ng mga institusyon na ito, kasama
ang kanilang lupa, lahat ng building at lahat ng improvements doon sa lupain ay
libre saan? Tax. Anung klaseng tax? RPT lang yan. At kaya libre sa tax eh dahil
ginagamit actually, directly and exclusively for charitable, religious. So, ito ang
laging tatandaan. Sa tax kasi this is very helpful. You dont read the provisions of
the law which are very long. Sundan lang ang outline, tagalog version, English
version, easy to understand.
Requirement for exemption from RPT
Income realized from projects is subject to income tax
So what makes the exemption? The USE, regardless of ownership. So

even if an entity which is not exempt allows these institutions to use it for these
purposes, that property will be exempt from tax because ownership is not
important. The use of the property is important. So kahit sinong may-ari. Basis?
Constitution and the Local Government Code of 1991.
Now, yung mga tao diyan kinukupkop ay nag-aaral ng technical or

vocational courses. Gumagawa ng proyekto: basahan, Christmas cards,
Christmas baskets, bags out of paper, all of these things. So, the institution
realizes income, not from tuition fee but from projects. P50,000. Income on the
part of the institution? YES. Why? Because income is anything that flows into the
wealth of the taxpayer other than mere return of capital. Is the P100,000 rental
income, income? Yes. Is the P50,000 income from the project subject to income
tax? When you look at the constitutional provision, can you say that it is exempt or
that it is not exempt? No, you cannot. Kahit bali-baliktarin natin yan hindi natin
malalaman kung yung P50,000 ay subject sa income tax. Bakit? Kasi ang
coverage nito ay RPT, hindi income tax. So saan makikita ang sagot? CODAL.
Nakasulat diyan, Sec. 30 again, Sec. 30 (e). Nakasulat sa batas na ang income ng
isang institusyon which is created for charitable purpose, income as such, shall be
exempt, and therefore the P50,000 income is income as such, exempt from
income tax.
Exempt property No. 2. One is government, exempt property No. 2 All real
properties actually, directly and exclusively used for charitable, religious and
educational purposes. Sa Local Government Code of 1991 nakalagay yan. It shall
be exempt from RPT.
Determination of purpose of a charitable Institution
Lets take the case of a charitable institution. Lets say that this is Bahay ng
Mga Taong Walang Pag-asa (BTWP). Kinukupkop ang mga tao diyan, mga taong
walang pag-asa. How will you know if it is a charitable institution? You look at the
incorporation documents, the SEC documents. Because each charitable institution
should be registered as a charitable institution with documents, registered before
the SEC, wherein the primary purpose is stated. Doon niyo makikita yan. Without
any document proving that indeed the organization is a charitable one, no
exemption will be allowed.
Exemption of a charitable institution from payment of Real Estate Tax
Let us say that this is Building1, Building 2, it has a canteen, kitchen, office,
park, entertainment area, parking lot, plus KFC, McDo, Jollibee, paying rentals of
P100,000 to BTWP, a charitable institution. Is it subject to or exempt from the
payment of RPT? Are the Building1 to Parking Lot exempt from payment of RPT?
EXEMPT. Basis? Constitution and the Local Government Code of 1991 which
states expressly that, all real properties actually, directly and exclusively used for
charitable, religious and educational purpose shall be exempt from payment of
RPT.
Building
1
Building 2
Canteen
Park
Entertainment
Area
Parking
Lot
Kitchen
Office
Portion rented to KFC, McDo,

Jollibee
Rental income is subject to tax

What about the rental income? Again we go back to last paragraph of Sec.
30, income of whatever kind or character from real or personal properties or from
an activity conducted for profit comma regardless of disposition comma shall be
subject to tax. Hindi niyo makikita and sagot sa constitutional provision. Bakit?
Kasi RPT lang pinag-uusapan sa Constitution. Sa codal, NIRC, nandoon ang
kasagutan kung bakit yung dalawang income ay taxable o hindi.
Donation given to the charitable institution not subject to income tax
Now lets continue, X gives P500,000 to the charitable institution Bahay ng
Mga Taong Walang Pag-asa (BTWP). Charitable institution. Kanina, gobyerno ang
binigyan, sumunod ay government educational institution, ngayon charitable
institution. Is it income on the part of the charitable institution? YES. Because
income is anything that flows into the wealth of the taxpayer other than mere
return of capital. Is it subject to income tax? Is the P500,000 gift from X and
received by the charitable institution taxable income? NO. Because of Sec. 32 (b)
(3), gifts bequests and devises are items of exclusion from the computation of the
gross income. So from the point of view of the recipient, thats income but not
taxable income. Basis? Not the constitution but the tax code.
Gift given to the charitable institution, not subject to Estate or Donors Tax
If you give in favor of the government, it is not subject to estate or donors
tax. 100% exempt. If you give to a charitable institution and the question is, is it
subject to estate or donors tax? It will not be subject to either estate or donors
tax, provided, that not more than 30% is used for administration purposes.
Nakalagay yan, Sec. 87 and 101 of the tax code. So theres a qualification. It
cannot be subject to estate or donors tax, provided, that the donee does not use
more than 30% of the gift or the donation for administration purposes.
corporate taxpayer, which gave out P500,000 to the charitable institution. Ang
assumption natin is yung amount na binigay ko galing sa income ko from
business. But I have the right to claim as deduction only to the extent of 10% of my
taxable income, not 10% of the donation. 10% of my taxable income.
Lumberas taxable income for 2011
Donation
P1,000,000
P500,000
Gift is subject to Estate or Donors tax if more than 30% of the gift is used
for administration purposes
What if ikaw na donee eh ginamit mo ang more than 30% ng binigay ko
para sa administration purposes? Ang sagot lang diyan ay simple. Nagbibigay ka
para makatulong sa institusyon, hindi para paswelduhin ang mga tao na
empleyado ng institusyon. Hindi para bayaran ang kuryente ng institusyon at hindi
para bayaran ang telepono, sabon, tubig. Hindi ganyan ang pagbibigay ko. Ang
pagbibigay ko ay para makatulong sa mga taong walang pag-asa na magkaroon
ng pagasa. Thats the reason why I am giving and that is why there is a
requirement that when the donee (recipient) uses more than 30% for
administration purposes, then the entire donation or gift will be subjected to
donors or estate tax. The reason I am giving you is not for you to live but para
matulungan yang mga taong yan. Kung bubuhayin lang din kita eh hindi yan
donasyon sa akin, hindi kita binibigyan ng pag-asa na mabuhay. Ang binibigay ko
sayo ay pera para mabuhay ang institusyon. So, if you violate that rule then I have
the right to cancel the donation. If theres a condition for the gift and the donee
violates the condition for the gift, the donor has the right to rescind, Thats the
logic.
Gift given to the charitable institution as deduction
Now on the part of X, can X claim as a deduction the amount of P500,000
given to the charitable institution? If Lumbera is a purely compensation income
earner, only three (3) are allowed as deductions (PE, AE, PHHI) and this is not
one of the three. Therefore, no deduction can be allowed.
But if Lumbera were a corporate taxpayer or a business income owner
individual, and she gives P500,000 to the institution, she has the right to claim it as
deduction, with limitation. Whats the limitation? If Lumbera were a corporate
taxpayer, deduction is limited to 5% of my taxable income only. And if an
individual, 10% of my taxable income. What does it mean? Si Lumbera is a
Allowable deduction for gift

10% of taxable income
P1,000,000 x10%=P100,000
(if individual)
5% of taxable income
P1,000,000 x 5%=P50,000
(if corporation)
If my taxable income for the year 2011 is P1,000,000 and I donated

P500,000 to the charitable institution, my deduction as a corporation is only
equivalent to 5%, so P50,000 lang. Out of my gift, yung P450,000 walang effect sa
akin. Hindi natin sinasabi na wag ka na magbigay ng pera kung singkwenta mil
lang. Ang sinasabi natin, pag nagbigay ka, salamat, pero ang tax consequence sa
iyo, Lumbera, ay hanggang sampung porsyento lang at hanggang limang
porsyento lang kung korporasyon sa taxable income. The P450,000 is a gift but it
will have no effect on the part of the donor. If si Lumbera is an individual,
according to Sec. 34, it will be limited by 10%, up to P100,000 lang ang magiging
tax effect sa akin out of the P500,000 gift that I made. Yun yung Sec. 34 (h),
makikita niyo yan.
Religious institutions
Lets talk about religious institutions. Again, the Constitution states:
Churches, convents, mosques, non-profit cemeteries, parsonages, as well as all
lands, buildings and improvements therein actually, directly and exclusively used
for religious purposes shall be exempt from RPT. So lets change it to a religious
institution. San Beda, the school, is not the religious institution. San Beda-Order of
St. Benedict (OSB), is the religious institution. Here we are talking about OSB, the
religious institution, not San Beda the school. If we will talk about the School-San
Beda, San Beda, the school will be covered by the other constitutional provision,
not by this one. If we are talking of OSB, the religious institution, like Iglesia ni
Cristo, Roman Catholic Church, Jesus Is Lord Movement, Lahat ng yan. These
are the religious institutions.
Determination whether organization is a religious institution
Real property of religious institution exempt from real estate tax
Again, the requirements are that: in the articles of incorporation, it is

incorporated as an organization and there are documents showing that it is a duly
organized group. Without that proof, you cannot claim the exemption.
Ngayon eto bang property na ito ng simbahan ay subject sa real estate tax
or hindi? Lahat ng ito, except this portion rented to KFC, McDo, Jollibee, will be
exempt from real property tax. Basis? Constitution. Maliwanag pa sa sikat ng
araw. Itong portion rented to KFC, McDo, Jollibee ang hindi exempt. Bakit?
Because it is not actually, directly and exclusively used for religious purposes.
Properties and income of a religious institution
Income of Church, not subject to income tax

Simbahan
Parsonage
Quarters
Kitchen
Office
Parking Lot
Park
Canteen
Portion rented to KFC, McDo, Jollibee
So lets take the case of the Church, Katolikong Simbahan. Roman

Catholic Church. So eto ang simbahan, bahay/parsonage ng pari, quarters, theres
a park, canteen, kitchen, office, parking lot, portion rented to KFC, McDo and
Jollibee. Pagka-panganak bibinyagan, magbabayad sa opisina, mass sa binyag,
special mass-mahal, susunod kumpil, mass sa kumpil special kumpil--bayad ka.
Araw-araw ng buhay natin tayoy nagpe-petisyon. Simula ngayon ang inyong
petisyon ay: pumasa sana ako sa 2011 bar examinations. At kayo namang mga
nasa college of law: sanay wala akong bagsak at maka-enroll ako sa June! Ang
mga petisyon nating yan, bayad na naman tayo sa opisina, singkwenta pesos,
trenta pesos. Pag tayoy nag-asawa, ganun na naman, bayad, depende kung may
bulaklak, may carpet, mass sa kasal, special kasal, limang pari, walong pari,
Obispo, whatever, iba ang rate. Pag namatay ka, ganun din-bebendisyunan ka,
last rites, mass sa funeral o special, depende sa misa, kung ang mass ay fullblown na misa o di kaya eh may choir na kumakanta na tatlong oras tama ba? Ibaiba ang bayad natin. So these amounts of money go to the office. You pay, theres
a receipt.
Now habang nagmimisa, habang may serbisyo ang mga pari, pagkatapos
non kakain ang mga pari, masarap ang kain, hipon, alimango. Plus may, father
pasensya ka na, merong envelope yan ang ginagawa natin, dahil ang paniniwala
natin sa relihiyon ay nagdadala sa atin sa langit pagdating natin sa kabilang
buhay. Di tayo dadaan sa purgatoryo, at hindi rin tayo pupunta sa impyerno.
Diretso nang langit. Thats the exercise of our faith, so yan ang ating paniniwala at
yan ang ating mga kustumbre sa relihiyon.
Lets talk about the income of the church. P50,000 out of pamisa,
pabinyag, pakumpil. Income? YES. Yung mga pamisa ninyo sa simbahan. Yan
bay income? YES. Is it subject to income tax? Can you use again as basis the
Constitution? No, again because the Constitution only pertains to RPT. So what
again will be the basis for your answer? Sec. 30 of the Tax Code. Nakasulat na
naman diyan, paragraph (e). So is it subject to income tax? NO. Because
according to sec. 30, this is income as such of an organization devoted for
religious purpose and therefore exempt.
Rental income paid to religious institution, subject to income tax
What about the income from rent paid by KFC, McDo and Jollibee?
Income? YES. Subject to income tax? YES. Whats the basis? Not the
Constitution, but the last paragraph of Sec. 30 which states that, income of
whatever kind and character from real and personal properties or from an activity
conducted for profit, regardless of disposition, shall no longer be exempt from
payment of income tax.
Interest income of religious institution, subject to income tax
If the Church decides to put the money in a lending institution, financial
institution, earning interest, is it income? YES. Subject to income tax? YES. Basis?
Last paragraph of Sec. 30.
Donation given to the Church, not subject to income tax
Now lets continue, X gives P500,000 sa simbahan sa paniniwalang kung
nagbigay sa simbahan eh sa langit didiretso. Pero maraming nagbibigay sa
simbahan kasi ganyan tayong mga Pilipino. So, nagbigay sa simbahan, income on
the part of the church? Yes. Because income is anything that flows into the wealth
of the taxpayer other than mere return of capital. Is it taxable income on the part of
10
the church? No. Because, gifts bequests and devises are items of exclusions from
the computation of the gross income of the church.
kung korporasyon. The rules are the same for religious and charitable institutions.
Walang pinagkaiba.
Income of the priest and income tax consequence
Non-stock non-profit educational institutions
Question, what about those that you give to the pari? Income on the part of
the pari? Yes, because that increases his net worth. Is it taxable income on the
part of the pari? Dalawa ang sagot diyan.
Non-stock, non-profit educational institutions. Lets change this to a school.

Kanina GEI. Ngayon non-stock, non-profit educational institutions. Private but nonstock, non-profit. Ang konstitusyon nakalatag, madaling intindihin. Yan din ang iaapply natin. So lets say that this is a school, non stock non-profit. How do you
know that?
1) One is that this is income but not taxable because it is in the nature of a
gift. Ibinigay mo kay father, ang konsiderasyon gratuitous. Now if you give it to the
pari because it is in the form of a gift, it is true that it is income but it is not taxable
because of Sec. 32 (b) (3) but it should be subjected to donors tax. It should be
subjected to the rules of donors tax.
2) The other answer is, it is considered as income because it is an income
from exercise of profession. Hindi naman ako nagbibigay sa pari dahil pari siya.
Nagbigay sa pari dahil nagbigay siya ng serbisyo. In consideration of the services
rendered by the priest, it should be treated as income and taxable income in the
exercise of profession, but not subject to donors tax.
Ako (Atty. Lumbera), personally, I consider that as taxable income because
the reason that I give it to the priest is because of the service that he renders
although ang nature nga ng serbisyo is religious. So, thats an exercise of
profession and therefore it should be treated as taxable income. What kind of
income is that? Income from exercise of profession, but it will not be subjected to
donors tax because I did not give it gratuitously without consideration. I gave it for
the service rendered by the priest.
Determination whether school is a non-stock non-profit educational

institution
Nakasulat na naman sa articles of incorporation at sa by-laws. What are
the indicators of a non-stock non-profit institution? Nakalagay yon: governed by a
board of trustees instead of a board of directors, walang dividends distributed, the
income of the organization is not distributed to the members. These are the
indicators that an organization is a non-stock, non-profit institution. But of course it
should be registered with CHED kasi educational institution to may special permit
from DepEd or the CHED in case of tertiary schools.
When School is Subject to or Exempt from Real Estate Tax

Portion rented out to KFC, McDo, Jollibee
Building 1
Building 2
Park
Dorm 1
Canteen 1
Gift given to the Church, not subject to estate or donors tax

X gives P500,000 to the Church. Income? Yes. Taxable income? NO. Is it
subject to estate or donors tax? No, provided, not more than 30% is used for
administration purposes.
K
Canteen 2
E
Dorm 2
When gift may be claimed as a deduction by the donor

Is it allowed as a deduction on the part of the donor? Now, if X the donor,
were a purely compensation income earner, he cannot claim as a deduction even
a single centavo of the P500,000. Pag binigyan ko kayo ng limandaan, pwede ko
ba yon i-deduct sa akin (purely compensation income earner)? HINDI. Kasi sakin,
tatlo lang ang pwede (PE, AE, and PHHI). Pag corporation or tao na engaged in
trade or business, limited ang deduction ayon sa Sec. 34 by 10% kung tao and 5%
So yan ang eskwelahan, dagdagan natin (portion rented to KFC, McDo,

Jollibee, building 1, building 2, park, merong dorm at may canteen sa loob ng
campus, at eto ang kalye, meron ding dorm 2 at canteen 2 sa labas ng campus)
yan ang set-up. Is the school subject to or exempt from payment of real property
11
tax? Building 1 & 2, park and canteen 1--exempt. The dorm? Exempt? YES
because that is actually, directly and exclusively used for educational purpose.
When property located outside the school campus is subject to or exempt

from real estate tax
Ilagay natin to, Constitutional Provision No. 2. So ang sabi naman dun
sa isang constitutional provision, All revenues and assets of non-stock non-profit
educational institutions as well as all lands, buildings and improvements actually,
directly and exclusively used for educational purpose shall be exempt from taxes
and duties. Taxes here refer to all national internal revenue taxes, duties here
refers to tariff and customs duties. So if you compare the two, this one is a lot
broader than this (constitutional provision No. 1). Because there, the constitutional
exemption is limited to RPT, here, all internal revenue taxes and tariff and customs
duties. So makikita niyo agad ang distinction sa constitution pa lang.
Application of the constitutional provisions

How do we apply the rules? Basically pareho but meron lang konting
variance yan. So lets take the case of a non-stock non-profit educational
institution. Question in your mind? San kaya ang gamit nito e meron namang
ganito (Constitutional Provision No. 1)? Ano bang mali doon? Churches mosques,
convents, parsonages, non-profit cemeteries, charitable institutions actually,
directly and exclusively used for religious, charitable and educational purpose.
Bakit ganon eh meron namang constitutional provision na devoted for educational
purpose? Bakit hindi na lang siya tinanggal?
Kasi po may mga institusyon na charitable at religious na incidental to
charitable and religious purposes meron silang educational purpose. Incidental,
hindi primary. Incidental, katulad ng ibang mga simbahan, sa kabilang gilid eh may
day care center sa mga batang tinuturuan. Nagtuturo ng katekismo, catechism
classes. Incidental lang siya na educational pero hindi sya skwelahan na
established separately from the religious institution.
Just like what I mentioned to you earlier, if we talk about San Beda, the
school, which is a non-stock non-profit educational institution, this is the provision
applied (CP No. 2), not that one (CP No. 1). But if we talk about OSB, the religious
institution, dito tayo (CP No. 1). Pag sinabing San Beda, the school, eto tayo (CP
No. 2). Maliwanag ang demarcation line sa constitutional provision.
Building 2
Building 1
Park
K
Dorm 1
Canteen 1
Canteen 2
Dorm 2
So balik tayo, building 1, building 2, park, dorm1, canteen1-exempt from

RPT. Basis? Constitution and Local Government Code of 1991. This portion
rented out to KFC, MCDO, Jollibee is not exempt because this is not actually,
directly and exclusively used for educational purpose. Now, are these dorm 2 and
canteen 2, which are outside of the campus, maintained and operated by the
school, subject to real estate tax or exempt? Ano lang ang criterion? Actually,
directly and exclusively used for educational purpose.
If the circumstances of the dormitory outside the campus give us the
impression that the same is actually, directly and exclusively used for educational
purpose, anong scenario? Ang mga studyante lang ng eskwelahan ang pwede
tumira, educational purpose. Ibig sabihin, exempt. Pero kung ang dormitory na ito,
ang kalahati eh yung mga trabahador diyan sa gilid ng eskwelahan pinapatira
diyan, hindi na exclusively for educational purpose. Therefore, hindi na magiging
exempt. Kayo-studyante, puno na si dorm 1, sabi ng San Beda dun na kayo sa
dorm 2 lahat, exclusively for students of San Beda. Exempt or not? EXEMPT.
When property is not exempt from real estate tax
Pero kung sabi ng San Beda, why dont we just also cater to those who are
working, who are not students but are working in the companies in Alabang. Yun
bang dorm na yan ay subject to real estate tax? OO. Bakit? Because its no longer
actually, directly and exclusively used for educational purpose. Same thing. Whats
the difference between this canteen and this one? This one caters exclusively to
students (canteen 1). This one (canteen 2) may cater to students or even the
outsiders. That will contribute to the loss of the exemption because it is no longer
actually, directly and exclusively used for educational purpose.
12
Dorm and canteen inside school, operated by concessionaire
Rental income from KFC, McDo, and Jollibee
Lets have a variance. Dorm and canteen maintained and operated by the
school is exempt from real estate tax. Dorm and canteen operated by the
concessionaire, subject to real estate tax or not? Agreement with the
concessionaire is, I pay the school 10% of gross sales, thats the agreement. Is it
subject to real property tax or not? EXEMPT. Bakit? Ang sinasabi actually, directly
and exclusively used, hindi naman sinasabi na actually, directly and exclusively
maintained and operated by the school. Ginagamit ba exclusively for educational
purpose? Yes. Then, still exempt.
Rental income from KFC and McDo. Income? YES. Taxable? Subject to
tax. YES. Basis? Last paragraph of Sec. 30.
Dorm outside campus, maintained by concessionaire, subject to real estate

tax
Payment of students for dorm and canteen
These two (dorm 2 and canteen 2), operated and maintained by

concessionaire, subject to real estate tax? Yes. Bakit? Kasi kahit sino ang nagmemaintain, ang tinatanong sa real estate ay ano? GAMIT. USE. Ginagamit ba? Aba
eh pag nasa labas ng campus most likely yan ay hindi ginagamit para sa
eskwelahan kaya yan ay hindi exempt. Titignan ang circumstances. Ganito maginterpret ng batas sa tax. Hindi yung codal lang tas walang titingnan sa riyalidad.
Lahat ng riyalidad titingnan mo. Anu-ano ba yung mga nandiyan? Mga estudyante
ba lahat diyan o baka naman nagpapaupa ka na ng mga iba diyan? Kung
nagpapaupa ka na diyan, nawala na ang ADE (actually, directly and exclusively
used for educational purpose). Kaya hindi na siya pwede ma-exempt.
Income from tuition fee
The school realizes income-tuition fee, income? YES. Subject to tax? Nonstock non-profit educational institution realizing income from tuition fees paid by
students. Ang San Beda ba ay exempt from income tax for the tuition fees that you
pay? Yes or no? YES. Basis? Syempre ang una niyong titingnan ay Constitution.
Base sa Constitution, pag kayo nagbayad ng tuition fee sa akin (San Beda),
exempt na ba yun? Hindi. Kasi ang sabi sa konstitusyon ay, revenues, assets,
actually directly and exclusively used. Kasi pag revenues ang pinagusapan,
tandaan ninyo, either the source of the revenues dictate the exemption or the use
of the revenues. Nevertheless, according to Sec. 30 (e), exempt yung tuition fees
na binabayaran. Tuition fee income of a non-stock, non-profit educational
institution shall be exempt from payment of income tax. Basis? Sec. 30 (e).
Interest income of the school

If you put the income in a financial institution with interest, the interest is
income but taxable. Basis again? Sec. 30, last paragraph, not the Constitution.
Always go back to that.
Kanina real property tax ang pinag-uusapan, dorm and canteen maintained
and operated by the school. Yung binabayad ninyo sa dorm and canteen pag
kumakain kayo, income? Yes. Taxable income on the part of the school? Yes.
Exempt o taxable? TAXABLE. Basis? Last paragraph of Sec. 30. You will imagine
ha, na lahat ng bagay doon umiikot. Kasi nandun lang eh. Taxable? OO. Ano sabi
ng batas? Notwithstanding the provisions, income of whatever kind and character
from real or personal properties, or activity conducted for profit comma regardless
of disposition comma shall no longer be exempt from payment of tax.
Payment of concessionaire to the school
Now, lets change the scenario. Dorm and canteen operated by a
concessionaire. The payment of the concessionaire, income? YES. Subject to tax?
YES! Basis? Last paragraph of Sec. 30. That is already income from an activity
conducted for profit.
Income paid to dorm and canteen outside campus
Dorm 2, canteen 2, operated and maintained by the school. Payment for
the dorm and canteen food, income on the part of the school? YES. Subject to
income tax? YES. Basis? Last paragraph of Sec. 30.
Amount paid by concessionaire for income from dorm and canteen outside
campus
Outside of the campus, operated and maintained by a concessionaire, the
amount paid by the concessionaire, income? YES. Subject to tax? YES. Basis?
Last paragraph of Sec. 30. Hindi siya mahirap. Kailangan lang alamin niyo ang
sitwasyon para alam ninyo kung ano ang ia-apply in relation to the Constitution.
13
Donation given to school, not subject to income tax

X gives P500,000 to the school, income? YES. Is it taxable income on the
part of the school? NO. Because gifts, bequests and devises are items of
exclusions from the computation of the gross income of the school.
Donation not subject to estate or donors tax
Subject to estate or donors tax? NO, provided, not more than 30% is used
for administration purposes.
Properties inside the campus of the PEI exempt from real property tax
Building 1
K
Building 2
A
Park
Dorm 1
Canteen 1
Canteen 2
Dorm 2
Gift as a deduction from gross income of donor

When X gives P500,000 to the non-stock non-profit school, can X claim as
deduction the P500,000 gift? If X were a purely compensation income earner? NO.
Not a single centavo. Thats not Personal Exemption, thats not Additional
Exemption, thats not PHHI.
Now if X were a business income earner, can X claim as deduction the
amount given to the non-stock non-profit school? YES, but with limitation. If X
were a corporation, up to 5% of his taxable income prior to deduction. And if an
individual, then up to 10% of the taxable income prior to deduction of the donation.
Determination whether school is a Proprietary Educational Institution (PEI)
So how do we treat the assets and the revenues of a PEI? Lets talk about
RPT. Building 1, building 2, park, dorm1, canteen 1, canteen and dorm operated
by the school, are these subject to real property tax or exempt? Can you use as
basis the Constitution? NO. Sabi nga nila taxable eh. So dapat raw taxable yan
unless there is a law exempting them. So anong babalikan nating batas? Local
Government Code of 1991 which states that, All real properties actually, directly
and exclusively used for charitable, religious and educational purpose shall be
exempt from tax. So ano ang kongklusyon natin? Basta ginagamit sa pagaaral,
kahit ang gumagamit o ang mayari ay non-stock non-profit or proprietary
educational institution, EXEMPT.
Reason for exemption from real estate tax of properties used for education
Next, Proprietary Educational Institutions. Sa madaling sabi, what are the

indicators that the school is a proprietary educational institution? It is a stock
corporation, governed by a board of directors, profits and surpluses are distributed
as dividends to the stockholders. But whether PEI or non-stock non-profit, dapat
pareho yan registered sa DepEd or sa CHED if youre maintaining a tertiary level
educational institution. Kasi hindi naman pwede magkaron ng eskwelahan na
walang permiso. So these are the indicators.
Kasi nire-recognize ng batas ang kontribusyon ng pag-aaral ng edukasyon

sa development ng bansa. So theres no distinction. For real property tax
purposes, whether the educational institution is non-stock non-profit or a PEI,
EXEMPT ang real property actually, directly and exclusively used for educational
purpose. So here, dorm1 and canteen1 are exempt whether operated by the
school or a concessionaire.
Paragraph 2 of Constitutional Provision No. 2
Dorm and canteen outside the PEI
Now, parehong pareho. RDL School of Cosmetology. Yan ang skwelahan

ko, parehong pareho ang physical set-up. What are the rules that well apply if it is
a PEI? Sabi sa konstitusyon, yung No.2 na constitutional provision, meron yang
second paragraph. Subject to the limitations provided for by law, proprietary
educational institutions may likewise be exempt from payment of tax. Ano ang ibig
sabihin niyan? Ibig sabihin niyan, ang PEI ay hindi exempt. Mae-exempt lang siya
kung merong batas na nage-exempt. In short, they are not exempt. Theyll only be
exempt if there is a law exempting them.
Dorm2 and canteen2 if operated by the school exclusively and we can

establish that this is actually, directly and exclusively used for educational
purpose, then it may be exempt. But in general, since it is outside of the campus,
we cannot establish the exclusivity of the use for educational purpose and
therefore these dorm2, canteen2 will not be exempt from real property tax.
14
Portion rented to KFC, McDo, and Jollibee

So the portion rented to KFC, McDo, Jollibee will not be exempt because it
is not actually, directly and exclusively used for educational purpose.
Preferential tax rate of 10% for proprietary educational institutions
Tuition fee income and rental income. Is tution fee an income? YES.
Rental, income? YES. Subject to income tax? Can you use as basis the
constitution? NO. What will be the basis of our answer? Sec. 27 (b). Sabi diyan sa
Sec. 27(b), ang PEI plus proprietary hospitals ay isa-subject sa tax at a rate of
10%. Ang regular rate ng corporate tax ay 30%, so hindi itong 30% kundi 10%
kung ang kinikita nila sa unrelated trade or activity ay mas mababa sa singkwenta
porsyento (50%) ng suma total na kita. Pag naman mas mataas ang kinita sa
unrelated trade or activity, sobra ng singkwenta porsyento sa suma total na kita,
hindi siya bibigyan ng preferential tax treatment. In English, the PEI/ PH shall be
subjected to a preferential tax rate of 10% only if the income from unrelated trade
or activity does not exceed 50% of its total income. Conversely, if the income from
unrelated trade or activity exceeds 50% of its total income, then the 10% tax will
not be applied, regular tax will be applied.
Unrelated Trade or Activity (UTA)
So lets take our example, income from tuition fee is P50,000. What is an
unrelated trade or activity? Unrelated trade or activity is an activity pursued by the
PEI which is not in accordance with its primary purpose. So yung tuition fee ay
related trade or activity. Kaya nagbabayad ng tuition fee ay para sa pag-aaral,
yung rental income unrelated trade yon.
P 50,000
Income from unrelated trade
P100.000
Total
P150,000
50% of P150,000 is P75,000- 30% rate applies
If the income from unrelated trade or activity exceeds 50% of the entire
income, the entire income is taxed at the regular rate of 30%. If its the other way
around:
P100,000
P 50,000
Total
P150,000
P50,000 does not exceed 50% of P150,000 which is P75,000. The entire
income shall be taxed at the preferential rate of 10%.
PEIs distinguished from charitable, religious and non-stock non-profit
cducational Institutions
Unlike in charitable, religious and non-stock non-profit, you segregate. You
take the income independently of each other and then you apply the rules
independently. If youre talking about PEIs, the income is grouped together and its
either taxed at 10% (all) or all at 30%. Now the preferential tax treatment will be
allowed only if the income from unrelated trade or activity does not exceed 50% of
its total income. Otherwise if it exceeds, the P150,000 will be subjected to tax at
30%. Just like an ordinary domestic corporation. So the exemption is not full, this
is only partial exemption. Thats what we are saying.
Interest income of PEI from lending institution
Now what if the school decided to put the money in a lending institution
earning income of P15,000. Interest, income? YES. Is the interest of P15,000 in
our example subject to income tax? Pano na naman gagawin diyan? Isasama yan
as UTA (Unrelated Trade or Activity). Mababago ngayon yung sum total. You dont
take the income independently of each other. You just group them into either
Unrelated Trade or Activity (UTA) or RTA (Related Trade or Activity) and then you
get the sum.
Income from tuition fee (RTA)
P100,000
Income from interest (UTA)
P 15,000
P 50,000
Total
P165,000
15
If the income from unrelated trade or activity does not exceed 50% of its
total, then the total is taxed at 10%. If it exceeds 50%, the total is taxed at 30%.
Hindi to full exemption, partial only. Ok?
Charitable Hospital
Proprietary Hospital
Incorporated as a charitable institution
Not a charitable institution even if it has a

charity ward
Non-stock, non-profit (even if it accepts

paying patients)
Stock corporation
Governed by board of trustees
Governed by a board of directors
Donation given to PEI, not subject to income tax

X gives P500,000 to the school (PEI). Income on the part of the school?
YES! Is it subject to income tax? NO! Because gifts, bequests and devises are
items of exclusions from the computation of the gross income of the school. Pag
tumanggap ka ng regalo, yan ay income pero hindi taxable. Bakit? Ang sabi ng
batas excluded.
Donation given to PEI, not subject to estate or donors tax
Now, is it subject to estate or donors tax pag nagbigay ka sa PEI? Pag
ikaw ay nagbigay para sa edukasyon, ano ang primary consideration natin kung
bakit ine-exempt? Kasi pag ikaw ay nagbigay para sa edukasyon, ang edukasyon
ay nagdudulot ng kaunlaran ng bansa at dahil diyan ay hindi yan isa-subject sa
estate or donors tax, Provided, that not more than 30% is used for administration
purposes.
Gift given to PEI may be claimed as a deduction
Next, can X claim the same as deduction from gross income? Kung
nagbigay ako sa San Beda, PEI, pwede pa ba yun i-claim as deduction? YES.
Pero subject to the 10% (for individuals) and 5% (corporations) restriction.
Determination whether institution is a charitable or proprietary hospital

Balikan natin, Proprietary Hospital (PH), versus a Charitable Hospital (CH).
Ang isang ospital ay charitable kung ayon sa kanyang articles of incorporation,
ang purpose ay charity, non-stock non-profit at ang purpose is for charity. Kahit pa
yan ay may paying clients and patients. Lets make a distinction. What is a
charitable hospital versus a proprietary hospital?
All real properties of proprietary hospital subject to real property tax

SCHOOL
BUILDING 1
BUILDING 2
CHARITY WARD
CANTEEN
LABORATORY
PHARMACY
DORM
OFFICE
MEDICAL ARTS
BUILDING
FLOWER SHOP
PORTION RENTED TO KFC, McDo,

Jollibee
Ano ang set up ng ospital? Lagyan natin ng school, complete with nursing
school! Parang St. Lukes katabi ang Trinity College of Asia. Ang studyante ng
Trinity College dun nagpa-practice sa St. Lukes. Pero ang school hindi part ng
ospital, separately incorporated. So pag eskwelahan ang pinaguusapan, ano ang
ia-apply? Ang itatanong niyo, charitable or proprietary? YAN. Titignan, stock ba?
STOCK. Non-stock? NON-STOCK. Yan ang mga rules. O meron ditong ward. So
proprietary hospital with charity ward. May laboratory, canteen, may KFC, McDo,
Jollibee, may flower shop at may medical arts building. Yan, lets take the very
simple case of a proprietary hospital with this layout.
Ang tanong natin, yan bang ospital ay exempt from real property tax for all
the real properties? NO. Not a single square inch of the hospital will be exempt.
Bakit? Because it is a proprietary hospital at ang nakalagay sa Local Government
Code ay, Only those properties which are actually, directly and exclusively used
16
for charitable, religious and educational purpose, so hindi yan nagfo-fall doon.
Everything will be subjected to real property tax.
Income of hospital
portion ha. Yung charity ward portion, that portion can be treated as devoted for
charitable purpose and therefore may be exempt from the payment of real estate
tax.
Charitable hospital
SCHOOL
BUILDING 1
BUILDING 2
CHARITY WARD
CANTEEN
LABORATORY
PHARMACY
DORM
OFFICE
MEDICAL ARTS BUILDING
FLOWER SHOP

Jollibee
Kumikita ang ospital saan? Bayad ng pasyente, board and lodging,

laboratory fees, professional fees paid to the doctors and rentals of doctors in the
medical arts building. What will be the tax treatment of these income of the
proprietary hospital? You apply Sec. 27 (b). Hahanapin ang unrelated trade or
activity at ang related trade or activity. At ano ang unrelated?
UTA: Rental income from KFC, McDo, Jollibee
Rental income from doctors in medical arts building
So these two will be the income from unrelated trade or activity. Go back to
the computation. If the UTA does not exceed 50% of its total income, then taxed at
10%. If it exceeds, everything is 30%.
What about income from laboratory fees? X-ray, HIV test, lahat, stool test,
urinalysis. Income yan, related yan. So therefore, dun siya sa related trade or
activity.
Charity ward of proprietary hospital exempt from real property tax
Eh papano kung may charity ward? The fact that there is a charity ward
and it accepts patients without paying board and lodging, does it mean that the
hospital is no longer a proprietary hospital and already non-stock non-profit? NO. It
doesnt change the nature of the organization. But what is the effect of the charity
ward? In the famous case of Lung Center of the Philippines, yung portion na may
charity ward, iyon ang pwedeng ma-exempt from real property tax. Portion by
Pano naman kung charitable hospital? Eh di palitan natin. It will be treated

purely as a charitable institution and all the rules applicable to a charitable
institution except the physical hospital will be applied.
SCHOOL
BUILDING 1
BUILDING 2
CHARITY WARD
CANTEEN
LABORATORY
PHARMACY
DORM
OFFICE
MEDICAL ARTS
BUILDING
FLOWER SHOP

Jollibee
Lets have a run down. So dito, lahat ng yan ay exempt from real property
tax, pero itong medical arts building portion, hindi exempt. Bakit? Because this is
not actually, directly and exclusively used for charitable purpose. Ang hindi lang
exempt ay ang Medical Arts Building and the portion rented to KFC, McDo,
Jollibee because this is not actually, directly and exclusively used for charitable
purpose. But the rest will be exempt from RPT. Basis? Constitution and Local
Government Code of 1991.
Other income
What about the income from board and lodging, laboratory fees,
examinations, rental income from medical arts building, from the pharmacy, from
the canteen, how do we treat these income? Very simple. Income as such,
EXEMPT. But the rental income from the medical arts building and rental income
from KFC, McDo, Jollibee, according to last paragraph of Sec. 30, income of
whatever kind and character from real or personal properties or from an activity
conducted for trade or profit, regardless of the disposition, shall no longer be
exempt from payment of tax.
17
Donation given to charitable hospital, not taxable income

Now if theres a donation in favor of the charitable hospital, is it income?
YES. Is it taxable income? NO. Because gifts, bequests and devises are items of
exclusion from the computation of the gross income.
Donation to charitable hospital, not subject to estate or donors tax
Is it subject to estate or donors tax? NO, provided, not more than 30% is
used for administration purposes.
Gift to charitable hospital claimed as a deduction
Can X, the donor, claim the same as a deduction? We apply the same
rules. It is subject to the 10% (for individuals) and 5% (corporations) restriction.
KINDS OF TAXPAYERS
corporate taxpayers. So putting up of branches here in the Philippines, engaging

in commercial transactions on a habitual basis, hiring of employees, employment
of agents, these are indicators that a foreign corporation is a resident foreign
corporation. But the 180-day period of course will never apply to a corporate
taxpayer. It is not a criterion in determining whether or not a foreign corporation is
a resident foreign corporation or a non-resident foreign corporation.
C. Partnerships
General Professional Partnerships (GPPs) are those partnerships which
are established solely for the exercise of a common profession and no part of the
income of which is derived from trade or business. These are treated as corporate
taxpayers. So for partnership, there are two kinds: General co-partnership (GCP)
and General Professional Partnership. Defined under the law, GPP is one
established for the sole purpose of the exercise of a common profession of the
partners and no part of the income of which is derived from trade or business.
Very important yan. A GPP is exempt from income tax.
A. Estate and trust

Estate and trust are treated as individual taxpayers for purposes of
taxation. TRUST, from the time of the creation and while the property is in the
possession of the trustee prior to distribution to the beneficiary. This transitory
period, the trust is an income tax payer classified as an individual taxpayer.
GCP. What is a General Co-Partnership? Sa civil law ang dami-daming

klase. Sa tax dalawa lang. GCP is any partnership other than the GPP. Any
partnership which is not a GCP is a GPP. A GCP is treated as an ordinary
domestic corporation and therefore subject to tax. Its like an ordinary domestic
corporation.
B. Corporations
Things to know in income tax
Now lets go to corporations. A domestic corporation is one organized in

accordance with Philippine law even if there is foreign equity. A resident foreign
corporation (RFC) is one which is incorporated in accordance with a law other than
the Philippines which is engaged in trade or business in the Philippines.
RFC is a foreign corporation engaged in trade or business. Ang
counterpart niya is non-resident alien engaged in trade or business (NRAETB). A
non-resident foreign corporation (NRFC) is a corporation even with Philippine
equity but not engaged in trade or business and the counterpart in individuals is a
non-resident alien not engaged in trade or business (NRANETB). Yan yung
magkakatambal.
When Corporation is deemed engaged in trade or business
Now how do we know if a corporation is engaged in trade or business or
not? We have the same criteria except the 180-day period. It does not apply to
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Did you receive anything? If wala, forget it.

Is it income?
Who am I as a taxpayer?
What is the source of the income?
Is it taxable?
What kind of income tax do we impose?
What rate of tax do we apply?
So ang una niyong gagawin, Sino ba kayo bilang taxpayer? May

tinanggap kayo? Pag sagot niyo ay OO, yun bang tinanggap niyo eh income?
OO. Susunod niyong gagawin, Sino ba ako? Hanapin ninyo ang sarili ninyo.
San ba ako diyan? At pag nakita na kung sino ka, ang susunod mong itatanong,
San ba galing yang income? Is it within or without? Because among the kinds of
taxpayers, when we determine the source of the income, only a resident citizen
18
and a domestic corporation are taxable for income within and outside of the
Philippines.
tax system is based on international taxation. Pare-pareho lang yan. Same

banana, same concept. May konting variations lang.
Income within and income without
Tax credit
What is the meaning of income within? Galing sa Pilipinas. What is the

meaning of income without? Galing sa labas ng Pilipinas. Only a resident citizen
and a domestic corporation are subject to income tax for income within and
outside of the Philippines. The rest of the kinds of taxpayers are taxable only for
income within, but not for income outside of the Philippines. From the table itself,
you will be able to determine and see already double taxation in the broad sense
because the income of a resident citizen from outside of the Philippines is taxable
in the Philippines and that income may also be taxed in the country where it is
derived from. Thats double taxation in the broad sense.
So yung income ng resident citizen sa labas ng Pilipinas, kung saan

nanggaling yon, taxable din yun doon. So ang remedy natin para hindi masyadong
mabigat sa taxpayer, meron tayong tinatawag na tax credit. I will teach you how to
do it but not in computation form. Tignan lang natin yung konsepto but you can
see immediately from the table alone.
When income is from within or without
Now, paano mo malalaman kung galing sa Pilipinas o sa labas ng Pilipinas
ang isang income? Sinong nagsasabi na ang income ay within at without? Sec. 42
of the Tax Code. Yung Sec. 42 when you read it, napakahaba. Paragraph (a):
income within; paragraph (b): income without; paragraph (c): income partly within,
partly without. Huwag nang basahin yung (b) and (c), kasi yung b and c pag
binasa mo at pinag-compare mo, pareho rin lang, baliktad lang nung (a). So pag
binasa mo yung isa, alam mo din yung iba, pinagbaliktad lang. Pag wala sa a,
nasa b. Pag wala sa b and c, nasa a. So isa lang ang alamin. Pag alam mo ang
within, alam mo rin ang without. So lets concentrate only on one so that you will
know both.
Interest income
The income of whatever kind of alien from the Philippines is taxable here.
And because they are citizens of another country, they are also subjected to tax in
the country wherein they are citizens. Thats double taxation in the broad sense.
Corporations, the same thing. This is a clear case of taxation in the broad sense,
not prohibited under the Constitution, not encouraged but not illegal. The law
recognizes the harsh effects of taxation in the broad sense and therefore the law
also in income taxation provides for the remedies to reduce the harsh effects of
double taxation such as: 1) tax credit; and 2) tax sparing rule. For branch profit
remittances, these are the two means on how to reduce the harsh effects of
double taxation in the broad sense kasi doon ita-tax din yan. Remember that our
Ang mga nakalista diyan ay una: (1) interest. Ano ang interest? One is
interest on bank deposits and two, interest on loans. How will you know if the
interest paid and received, syempre ang point-of-view dito ay sino ang nagbayad o
binayaran? Ang binayaran. Kayo ang pinaguusapan. Hindi ako na nagbayad. So
kaninong point-of-view dito sa interest, yung tumanggap ng bayad o yung
nagbayad? Yung binayaran! Ano ang sabi ng batas? Ang importante diyan ay, of
residents, corporate or otherwise. So resident corporations which may be either
resident foreign corporations or domestic corporations, or when we talk about
individuals, resident citizens and resident aliens. Derived from Philippine sources.
Interest income from bank deposit in the Philippines
Bangko. May deposito ka sa bangko ko, nandito sa Alabang. Binigyan kita
ng P10 na interest on bank deposits. Income? Yes. Within or without? Within.
Bakit? Ang bangko ay nasa Alabang. Nasa loob ng mapa ng Pilipinas in
19
accordance sa archipelagic doctrine. Sino ka? Resident ka ba o hindi? Resident

ka. So yan ay within.
Interest income paid by non-resident citizen to another non-resident citizen,
both in US, but paid in Philippine Bank
Utang. Kapwa Pilipino, pareho tayong nasa US. Nag-utangan tayo. Pareho
tayong non-resident citizens. Agreement? Bayaran mo ako ng utang mo ang
interest i-deposito mo nga sa bangko sa Pilipinas. The debtor and creditor are
both non-resident citizens. The interest was deposited in a bank in the Philippines.
Income within or without? Without. Kasi parehas tayong non-resident citizen. Diba
ang nakasulat sa batas, of residents, corporate or otherwise. Ano ka, nonresident citizen ka ba? Oo. Ako non-resident citizen din. Maga-apply ba yan sa
atin? Hindi. Kaya yan income without.
Interest paid to resident citizen in Philippines
Pero kung ikaw ay nasa Pilipinas, binayaran kita ng interest, pinadala ko
sa Pilipinas. Resident citizen ka. Yung interest ba ng utang ko sa iyo within or
without? WITHIN.
Interest income in US bank paid to resident citizen
Lets take it a little further. Creditor, nasa Pilipinas ka. Resident citizen ka.
Debtor, nasa labas ako ng Pilipinas, non-resident citizen. Binayaran kita ng
interest sa utang ko sa iyo. Dineposito ko ito sa bangko sa USA. Within or
without? WITHIN. Bakit? Resident eh. Nasusundan? You just have to be particular
about what the law states. No gray area, no dirty white. Its there.Youre surprised
now because all the while youre thinking na everything na dito binayaran ay within
and everything na sa labas binayaran ay without. WRONG.
Services
Services rendered. Kung sa loob ng Pilipinas naggupit ng buhok,
archipelagic doctrine, kahit saan nagbayad, walang pakialam. Income derived
from services rendered is dependent on where the service was rendered, not
where the payment is made. Even if ginupitan kita ngayon dito sa Pilipinas,
nagbayaran tayo sa States, hindi magma-matter. Where are the services
rendered? Whether the payment is within or outside of the Philippines is not
material. Such that, if, let us say you are working for a Philippine company which
has a branch outside of the Philippines, youre arrangement is, Sige padadala kita
sa branch, you perform your work there but your salary will be deposited in the
bank in the Philippines so that your family can benefit. Within or without?
WITHOUT. Kahit ang bayad eh nasa loob ng Pilipinas. Bakit? Because the
services were rendered outside of the Philippines.
Sale of real or personal property
Lets summarize the income from sale of real property or personal
property. Location is the rule. If youre talking about income realized from sale of
property, the rule is where the property is located. Kahit pa tayo ay nagbayaran sa
labas ng bansa, wala tayong pakialam. Nasaan ang real property? Nasa mapa ba
ng Pilipinas? OHO. Kahit ang bayaran natin ay doon sa Paris, dineposito sa Hong
Kong, Pilipinas ba ang real property? Oo. WITHIN.
Tangible personal properties
Ganun din . Where it is located. Location is the rule.
Intangible personal properties
What about intangible personal properties? Where is their location? If you
sell shares of stocks, credits, debentures, notes, promissory notes, these are
intangible personal properties. You dont look at the paper. NO. The certificate of
stock, hindi yan ang tinitignan. Ano ang magde-determine ng location ng shares of
stock, debentures, notes, promissory notes? Yung bang papel na lumalakad,
bitbit? Hindi. What is the location of intangible personal properties? DOMICILE OF
THE OWNER. Thats the rule. So hindi pinag-uusapan kung nasan ang papel.
Pag ang binenta ay intangible personal property, the intangible personal property
follows the domicile of the owner.
Shares of stocks in a foreign corporation, ang may-ari ay Pilipino. Eh yung
shares of stocks na yun pag binenta kahit san ibenta, ang lokasyon nun ay
Pilipinas. Bakit? Susunod yun sa ating buntot! Domicile. Lets be very, very
careful.
So sale of property, LOCATION. Kahit anung klase, real property or
personal property, tangible personal property, you can see, location. Intangible
personal property, DOMICILE OF THE OWNER is the rule. The only time that we
dont follow the domicile of the owner is in estate or donors tax under Sec. 104.
Thats a specific law. So thats not a general rule.
20
Dividends issued by domestic corporation

Lets go to dividends. Ano ba ang dividends? Meron kang shares of stock
in a corporation. Meron profits and tubo ang corporation. Ang profits at tubo, ididistribute sa stockholders in the form of dividends. So sino ang taxpayer na
pinaguusapan? Yung may-ari ng shares of stocks na tumubo sa isang
korporasyon. Binigay ng korporasyon si profits. Ang sabi ng Code, pag ang nagissue na korporasyon ay domestic corporation, income within or without? WITHIN.
Basta ang nag-issue ng shares of stock ay domestic corporation, WITHIN YAN
LAHAT. Kahit sino ang tumanggap. Kahit ikaw ay resident citizen, non-resident
citizen, resident alien, kahit anung klase ka doon. Pag ikaw ay tumanggap at
nanggaling sa domestic corporation, yan ay within.
Dividends issued by foreign corporations
What about foreign corporations? Let us assume that the corporation
issued P100,000 worth of dividends to stockholders. If domestic corporation, the
entire P100,000 is within. Paano kung foreign corporation ang nag-issue? Within
or without? Nasa codal. Hindi yan it depends. Ang sabi ng batas, within lahat
SUBALIT kung tatlong taon bago binigay ang dibidendo, ang kinita ng foreign
corporation sa Pilipinas ay mababa sa singkwenta porsyento (50%) ng suma total
na kinita, hindi lahat ay within.
Conversely, if the income derived from the Philippines three (3) years prior
to the declaration of dividends is more than fifty percent (50%), everything is
within. Do not be confused. Our thinking is always, if its a foreign corporation
which issued the dividends, we always think that its not in the Philippines. Hindi
pinag-uusapan ang lokasyon. Ang pinaguusapan ay magkano ang kinita ng
foreign corporation sa Pilipinas? Kapag ang kinita niya sa Pilipinas tatlong taon
bago niya ibigay ang dibidendo ay mas mababa ng singkwenta porsyento (50%)
ng suma total na kinita, hindi lahat ay within. Kaunti lamang. Ano yung kaunti? In
proportion to the income derived from Philippine sources.
Dividends issued by foreign corporation with no Philippine branch
The foreign corporation is incorporated in a foreign country. The main
office is in USA. It so happened that the foreign corporation does not have a
branch in the Philippines, but has income from Philippines. Pwede rin may branch.
In which case, the foreign corporation is a resident foreign corporation. Or walang
branch but may kinita sa Pilipinas, in which case, the foreign cororation is a nonresident foreign corporation. Basta may kinita sa Pilipinas. Nagbigay ng dibidendo
noong 2011 ng P100,000. Nung 2010, ang kinita sa US ay P1,000,000; sa
Pilipinas ay P500,000. In 2009, ang kinita sa US ay P2,000,000; sa Philippines ay

P700,000. In 2008, kinita sa Pilipinas ay P2,000,000; kinita sa US ay P3,000,000.
Ang kinita sa States, may office is P6,000,000; ang kinita sa Pilipinas ay
P3,200,000. Pagsamahin, ang suma total na kinita ay P9,200,000. Kunin ang
50%, its P4,600,000.
US income
RP income
2010
P1,000,000
P500,000
2009
P2,000,000
P700,000
2008
P3,000,00
P2,000,000
TOTAL= P6M
TOTAL=P3.2M
Three years prior to the declaration of the dividends, the income from the
Philippines is P3.2M which is less than 50% of its total income (P9.2M). Then the
entire P100,000 is not from within. Only a portion is from within. How do you get
the portion?
Income from Philippines (P3.2M)
X P100K (dividends distributed)
Total income (P9.2M)

P3.2 M is around 1/3 of total income of P9.2M. 1/3 of P100K is about
P33,333 and 2/3 is P66,666. Pag ganyan ang sitwasyon ng korporasyon, sabi ng
rules lahat ng inissue na dividends ay within. So ang P100,000 dapat lahat ay
within. SUBALIT, kung tatlong taon bago binigay ang dibidendo, ang kinita sa
Pilipinas ay mas mababa sa 50% ng suma total na kinita, hindi lahat ng P100,000
ay within, kaunti lamang. Ano yung kaunti? Eto 33%.
So using that as basis, when you look at the table, if we are talking about a
non-resident citizen and the situation is like that of a foreign corporation, only the
P33,333 is taxable. The P66,666 is not. In the same manner as a corporation, if
we apply the rules, pagdating sa domestic, buong P100,000 taxable. Pagdating
dito (Table), only 33% is taxable, 66% is without and not subject to tax.
21
The correct rule is when it comes to foreign corporations, everything is

within, unless three years prior to declaration of dividends, less than 50% of the
entire income is derived from the Philippines, only a portion is from within. The rest
are from without. Domestic and foreign, both are from within, subject to that
exception.
Gross income
Income tax liability of resident citizen
Lets talk about a resident citizen. So we are sure about who the taxpayers
are, then from the source of income alam natin ang taxability. Now lets go to the
third factor, that is, the kind of income they receive so that we will be able to know
kung taxable ba o hindi at kung taxable, anung klaseng buwis ang babayaran. Ill
give you the description of the kinds of taxes para isang bagsakan tayo later.
Net income tax due
Individual taxpayers liabilities

Net income tax
Withholding tax
Less: allowable deductions

Taxable net income
tax rate
Less: tax credit (if any)

Merong schedular. Yung if the net income is not more than P500,000 the
tax shall be blah blah blah plus 4% of excess over blah. Yung bracketing, yan ang
net income tax table. Ano ang ibig sabihin niyan? Sa loob ng isang taon,
pagsasama-samahin mo lang ang gross income mo tapos you will be allowed to
claim deductions na nakalagay din sa batas kung ano, and that will be your
taxable net income multiplied by the rate and is equal to the net income tax due
less tax credit, if any. Yan ang sinusundang proseso.
Final withholding tax (FWT)
Withholding tax
Creditable withholding tax (CWT)
What is withholding tax? When income is realized and received, the payor
of the income is under the obligation to withhold the corresponding tax due and
remit the same to BIR. There are two kinds: 1) final withholding tax (FWT); and 2)
creditable withholding tax (CWT). If the income is subjected to final withholding,
your income is taxed with finality and no other tax can be collected. And your
income subjected to FWT will not be included anymore in the gross income.
Kunwari sa prizes and winnings, pag nanalo ka sa Willing Willie at binigay sayo
ang premyo, meron yung withholding tax na 20%. The income, the prize and the
winnings are subjected to final tax. I (the payor of the winnings) am under the
obligation to deduct the withholding tax and the tong, equivalent to tax, will be
remitted to the BIR by me (the payor). Whatever prizes and winning realized or
earned, you will not be taxed anymore forever for that and you will not add that
income to your gross income for purposes of Net Income Tax (NIT).
Gross income tax

Fringe benefits Tax
So lets discuss first, individuals. For individual taxpayers simple ang rules.
Anu-ano ang klase ng taxes na pwedeng maging liable ang individual taxpayers?
Net income tax, withholding tax (final withholding tax and creditable withholding
tax), and then we have the Gross Income Tax (GIT). Fringe Benefit Tax is a form
of final withholding tax.
Net income tax
Net income tax is a form of income tax imposed on all items of gross
income less the allowable deductions provided by law. So here, individual
taxpayers kukuha ng calculator, add, add, add, add, gross income. And then you
will be entitled to some deductions. The formula here for clarification is:
Gross income less allowable deductions is equal to the taxable net income,
multiplied by the tax rate provided in the table.
Creditable withholding tax

Now lets compare it with an income subject to creditable withholding tax.
Example: sweldo. Ikaw ay tagagupit ko sa parlor, swinelduhan kita, P10,000.
Again, as you receive the income, I withhold the tax. I remit to BIR. I give you a
certificate of withholding tax as proof that this one has been withheld from you and
remitted to BIR and that income is not taxed with finality and your income from
22
panggugupit as my employee, which is subjected to creditable withholding tax, you

will add that in your gross income so you will arrive at your net income tax due,
and whatever tax withheld, that is tax credit, if any.
The system is in both FWT and CWT, the tax is withheld at the time the
income is received or given, but the difference is, the income subjected to FWT is
taxed with finality and no other tax can be collected. Income subjected to CWT
would still be subjected to NIT and you credit the CWT against the tax due. Kaya
tinawag na withholding tax, CREDITABLE. You credit it later against the other tax.
Final withholding tax, no other tax. Final. Pag sinabing final, tapos na di ba? That
is the difference but the system is the same. The tax is withheld at the time the
income is received. Who withholds it? The PAYOR.
Kinds of taxpayers and their tax liabilities
Kind
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Income
within
Income
without
Net
income
tax
Passive
income
Capital
gains on
shares of
stock not
traded in
local
stock
exchange
Capital
gains on
sale of real
property
located in
Philippines
RC
NIT
FWT
FWT
FWT
RA
NIT
FWT
FWT
FWT
NRA-ETB
NIT
FWT
FWT
FWT
NRANETB
GIT
25%
GIT 25%
FWT
FWT
DC
NIT 30%
FWT
FWT
FWT
RFC
NIT 30%
FWT
FWT
NRFC
GIT
30%
GIT 30%
FWT
of
taxpayer
Gross income tax

GIT. Gross Income Tax. Ibig sabihin nito, the tax is on the gross income.
Iipunin lahat ng income from beginning to end of the taxable period, walang
deductions allowed, multiplied by the rate, thats the gross income tax due. So
those are the kinds of income taxes for individuals. Lets do some exercises, lets
concentrate on the resident citizen.
I want you to look at Sec. 24 (a) (1) (a) on resident citizens. Kasi tumatawid
yan dun sa malaking letter b. Yung (B) passive income, yung (C) capital gains on
sale of shares of stocks not traded through the local stock exchange. (D) Capital
Gains Tax (CGT) on sale of real property located in the Philippines. This is the
technique, marunong kayo mag-alpabeto? Ang sabi diyan, a resident citizen is
taxable for all income within and without the Philippines. What kind of tax, if the
income is falling under letter B, passive income, thats FWT, if falling under C
thats FWT as well. And if letter D, FWT. Pag wala sa B, C or D, nasa A, catch-all
provision. Ibig sabihin, ang tax naman dito ay NIT.
Income of Lumbera from teaching

Si Lumbera nagtuturo sa inyo, pagod na pagod na. Sinwelduhan ako ng
San Beda, income? YES. Within or without? WITHIN. Subject to tax? YES. What
kind of tax? NIT.
23
Income from employment in private company
PASSIVE INCOME
Si Lumbera empleyado sa kumpanya, isang private company,

sinuswelduhan ako, income? YES. Within or without? WITHIN. Subject to tax?
YES. What kind of tax? Net Income Tax (NIT).
Passive income on interest deposited in Philippine bank
Income from services rendered outside the country

Ibig sabihin ganito ang proseso. Pagsasama-samahin simula January
hanggang December. Si Lumbera, habang nagbabakasyon sa States, nagkulot.
Binayaran ako. Income? YES. Within or without? WITHOUT. Subject to tax? YES!
What kind of tax? NIT. All income within or without, NIT.
Income from business
Si Lumbera, may tindahan sa tabi ng bahay, sari-sari store. Kumita si
tindahan. Income? YES. Within or without? WITHIN. Subject to tax? YES. What
kind of tax? NIT.
Income from sale of goods in foreign country by resident citizen
Si Lumbera, habang nasa States, ang laman ng bag ay cellphone card,
alahas, relo, nagbebenta sa mga Pilipino. Kumita, business. Income? YES. Within
or without? WITHOUT. Subject to tax? YES. What kind of tax? NIT.
Income from stolen newelry in Philippines
Si Lumbera nagnakaw ng alahas sa Pilipinas. Income? YES. Within or
without? WITHIN. Subject to tax? YES. What kind of tax? NIT.
Income from stolen items outside Philippines
Si Lumbera nagnakaw sa States. Income? YES. Within or without?
WITHOUT. Subject to tax? YES. What kind of tax? NIT.
Rate of net income tax
Yung rate, depende sa taxable net income. Ang rate diyan ranging from
2% to 32%. Kahit anong income sa Pilipinas o sa labas ng Pilipinas, kung resident
citizen ako, taxable ako, anong tax? NIT.
Now lets go to letter (B), look at the provisions of the law. 1) Passive
income, interest on bank deposit. Si Lumbera may peso bank account sa China
Bank, Alabang. Kumita ng interest, P100. Income? YES. Within or without?
WITHIN. Subject to tax? YES. What kind of tax? FWT. What is the rate? 20%.
Interest income from dollar account in Philippine bank
Si Lumbera may dollar account sa China Bank, Alabang, kumita ng interest
$10. Income? YES. Within or without? WITHIN. Subject to tax? YES. What kind of
tax? FWT. What rate? 7 %. Under the Expanded Foreign Currency Deposit Act,
its 7.5%.
Interest income from time deposit in Philippine bank is exempt
Si Lumbera, may peso time deposit account. I did not pre-terminate for five
years. Interest is P3,000. Income? Yes. Within or without? WITHIN. Subject to
tax? NO. EXEMPT.
Interest income from peso account in US bank
Si Lumbera ay may peso account sa isang US Bank. Kumita ng interest
P100. Income? YES. Within or without? WITHOUT. Subject to tax? YES. What
kind of tax? NIT. Bakit hindi FWT? Kasi yung letter B sa interest ay dapat interest
sa Pilipinas. So lahat ng interest na wala sa B dahil nasa ibang bansa ay nasa A.
Pag wala sa B, nasa A. Pag wala sa C, nasa A. Pag wala sa D, nasa A. So dapat
alam mo si B, C, and D para alam mo kung nasaan siya.
Interest income from dollar account in US
Si Lumbera may dollar account sa States, kumita ng interest, $100.
Income? YES. Within or without? WITHOUT. Subject to tax? YES. What kind of
tax? NIT.
Interest income from peso and dollar account in US Bank
Si Lumbera merong peso and dollar account sa States. Time deposit.
Kumita ng interest, hindi ko prine-terminate for 5 years. Income? YES. Within or
without? WITHOUT. Subject to tax? YES. What kind of tax? NIT. Bakit, anong
rason? Hindi kasi natin pwedeng utusan ang ibang bansa na maging withholding
24
agent natin. Hoy Barack Obama! Make sure that all the taxes will be remitted to
me! sabi ni PNoy. In the same manner na sabi ni Barack kay PNoy, PNoy, remit
also the withholding taxes due from citizens of the United States derived from the
Philippines. You cannot do that. Theres no such thing as a withholding tax
agreement among nations. So anung gagawin? Balik ka sa NIT, without prejudice
to the taxes to be paid in the United States of America where these income are
derived from. Thats tax credit again.
Jueteng won outside Philippines
Royalties
Lotto sa Pilipinas, income? YES. Within or without? WITHIN. Subject to

tax? NO. EXEMPT. Nakasulat sa batas.
Lets go to the next kind of passive income. Royalties. Si Lumbera gumawa

ng kanta. Ni-record ni Ogie Alcasid, dinistribute sa Pilipinas. Dinistribute din sa
States, binenta doon. I earned royalties from both. Pilipinas, income? Within or
without? Within. Subject to tax? YES. What kind of tax? FWT. What rate? 10%. Or
royalties on literary and musical compositions.
Lumbera nagpapa-jueteng ng mga Pilipino sa States. Yung jueteng sa

labas ng Pilipinas, income? YES. Within or without? WITHOUT. Subject to tax?
YES. What kind of tax? NIT.
Lotto in Philippines
Lotto in US
Lotto sa States, exempt sa States, income? YES. Within or without?
WITHOUT. Subject to tax? YES. Even if exempt outside of the Philippines. What
kind of tax? NIT.
Musical composition recorded in Philippines, sold in foreign countries
Lotto won in Philippines by an immigrant
Yung musical composition ko ni-record sa Philippines, binenta sa ibang

bansa, I earned royalties, income? YES. Within or without? WITHOUT. Subject to
tax? YES. What kind of tax? NIT. Balik ka sa A. Bakit? Wala sa B. Nasa A ka
dapat.
Baliktarin natin. Naalala niyo yung nanalo ng Lotto na US immigrant sa

Olongapo ng P700M? Lotto winnings, income? YES. Within or without? WITHIN.
Subject to tax in the Philippines? NO. EXEMPT. In the States, subject to tax?
YES. Subject to tax, 30%. Because he is a non-resident citizen there and being a
non-resident citizen there in the states, taxable ang income outside. Hindi yun
tinax sa Pilipinas, sa States tinax yun because the winner is a non-resident citizen
in the States and in the States lahat ng lotto winnings of a non-resident citizen,
kahit saan nakuha, taxable.
Prizes and winnings

Prizes and winnings. Si Lumbera nanalo sa Willing Willie, P1,000,000.
Income? YES. Within or without? WITHIN. Subject to tax? YES. What kind of tax?
FWT. What rate? 20%.
Prizes won outside the country
Si Lumbera nanalo sa Price is Right sa US, income? YES. Within or
without? WITHOUT. Subject to tax? YES. What kind of tax? NIT. Isasama sa
gross income.
Amount derived from illegal gambling in Philippines
Si Lumbera nanalo sa Jueteng sa Pilipinas P100,000. Yung jueteng sa
Pilipinas, income? YES. Within or without? WITHIN. Subject to tax? YES. What
kind of tax? FWT. What rate? 20%.
Shares of stock in domestic corporation

Dividends. Si Lumbera may shares of stock in a domestic corporation,
P100,000. Income? YES. Within or without? WITHIN. Subject to tax? YES. What
kind of tax? FWT. What rate? 10%.
Dividends received by resident citizen from foreign corporation
Si Lumbera resident citizen, tumanggap ng dividends from a foreign
corporation, P100,000. Income? YES. Within or without? WITHIN. Subject to tax?
YES. What kind of tax? NIT. If 3 years prior to the declaration of dividends, the
income from the Philippines is less than 50% of its total income, then only 33% is
within. 66% is without. Is P100,000 income? How much is within, how much is
without? P33K is within, P66K is without. Am I subject to tax for both? YES.
Because within and without ang nakasulat for resident citizens. What kind of tax?
25
Sa P33K, NIT. Sa P66K, NIT. Lahat ng yan NIT kasi ang nakasulat diyan
dividends subject to FWT are dividends issued by a domestic corporation. Basahin
niyo. Nakalagay diyan, derived from domestic sources.
CAPITAL GAINS AND LOSSES
Dividends received by resident citizen from domestic corporation
What are capital assets and what are ordinary assets? When a problem
involves an asset, an asset will remain just an asset and without tax effect if you
do not move the asset. Movement in the sense that there is transfer of ownership.
You will not be able to realize gains and losses without movement of asset.
Si Lumbera resident citizen, tumanggap ng dividends from a domestic

corporation, P100,000. Income? YES. Within or without? WITHIN. Subject to tax?
YES. What kind of tax? FWT. What rate? 10%.
Dividends received by resident citizen from foreign Corporation with income
less than 50% is derived from Philippine sources for the last three years
prior to declaration of dividends
Si Lumbera tumanggap ng P100,000 dividends from a foreign corporation
whose income from the Philippines three (3) years prior to declaration of dividends
is less than 50% of its total income. Is P100,000 income? YES. Within or without?
33% is within, 66% is without. Subject to tax? YES. All? YES. What kind of tax?
NIT. Everything, 100% is income taxable, because si Lumbera being a resident
citizen and the kind of tax is always NIT. Hindi mo sine-segregate. For passive
income to be subjected to FWT, it should be derived from Philippine sources.
Isang sentence lang yun. All passive income derived from Philippine sources is
FWT. All passive income from outside the Philippines is NIT kapag resident citizen
ka.
Capital gains on sale of shares of stock not traded through the local stock
exchange
So lets go to letter C, Capital Gains on Sale of Shares of Stock Not Traded
through the Local Stock Exchange. Ang sabi natin, if shares of stock in a domestic
corporation are capital in character, sold, not traded through the local stock
exchange. First P100,000 of the gains realized, the rate is 5%. The gain realized in
excess of P100,000 is subject to tax at the rate of 10%.
Capital and ordinary assets
Ill give you an example. I have a watch which I bought at P20,000 10

years ago. Im using it everyday of my life. Today, the value of my watch is only
P2,000. Did I incur a loss, or meron ba akong gain? WALA. Hindi natin masasabi
unless I move the asset. If I sell my asset, magkano ang fair market value
ngayon? P2,000. If I sell it to you at P3,500, what do I get? GAINS. How much?
P1,500 even though P3,500 is lower than P20,000 purchase price. If I sell the
watch now at P10, what do I get? LOSS. How much? P1,990. This is how we
recognize gains and losses when we talk about assets.
Classification of assets
Assets are classified into two: ordinary and capital. Pag sinabing capital
assets, these are defined in Sec. 39 of the NIRC. Unfortunately, Sec. 39 defines it
in the negative. The heading is capital assets but when you look at the definition,
every asset listed is ordinary, everything other than those listed is capital asset.
Ang nakalista iyong ordinary; ang hindi nakalista yun ang capital.
So paano natin made-determine? Ang ordinary ay ginagamit sa trade or
business. Ang capital ay hindi ginagamit sa trade or business. So kung si Lumbera
ang pinag-usapan mula ulo hanggang paa, wala akong business, lahat ng pagaari
ko mula ulo hanggang paa ay capital asset. It may be capital asset which is real
property, capital asset which is tangible personal property or capital asset which is
intangible personal property. If Lumbera is in trade or business, I may have both
capital and ordinary asset, for example, this is my business, pre-bar review. That
aircon is ordinary but my aircon in the house is capital. The clock there is ordinary,
but my clock in the house is capital.
So first thing you do when you are faced with a problem with an asset is
ask, capital or ordinary? Second, is there movement of the asset? Movement in
the sense that is there a transfer of ownership? If theres a transfer of ownership,
thats the only time you say that you realize gain or loss. Doon ka lang
makakapagsabi na nalugi ka o tumubo ka. Kasi pag hindi mo tina-transfer ang
ownership, hindi mo malalaman kung tumubu o nalugi ka. Parang relo, lugi ako
26
kung ang pinaguusapan eh ang pagkakabili ko at the budget amount pero wala
talaga akong pagkakalugi. Bakit? Yung alleged devaluation ginagamit ko. Thats
equivalent to use so wala akong lugi.
Shares of stock not traded in local stock exchange
So lets go back to letter C. Capital Gain on Sale of Shares of Stock in a
Domestic Corporation. In other words, yung shares of stock mo sa isang domestic
corporation ay capital. Hindi mo ginagamit. Let us say I purchased the shares of
stock at P1,000. The fair market value now is P500. I sell it now at P800, may
income ako? How much? P300. Within or without? WITHIN. Subject to tax? YES.
What kind of tax? Letter C, Capital Gains on Shares of Stock in a Domestic
Corporation, if not traded in the local stock exchange, at the rate of 5% for the first
P100,000 then 10% for the amount in excess of P100,000.
When shares of stock are traded in local stock exchange
If traded in the local stock exchange, magkano ang gain ko? P300.
Income? YES. Within or without? WITHIN. Subject to tax? YES. What kind of tax?
Percentage tax equivalent to of 1% of the gross selling price under Sec. 127 of
the NIRC. If traded, it is not income tax, it is always percentage tax equivalent to
of 1% of the gross selling price.
Transfer for less than adequate and full consideration
Lets take the other side of the coin. Same shares of stock in a domestic
corporation not traded through the local stock exchange. The purchase price is
P1,000. The current fair market value is P500. I sell it at P10. Income? No. LOSS.
May income tax? WALA. May tax? MERON. Donors tax. Thats Sec. 100. If you
sell an asset other than real property under Sec. 24 (d) for an insufficient
consideration, the difference between the consideration and the fair market value
at the time of sale will be treated as a gift subject to donors tax.
Shares of stock traded in local stock exchange sold at a loss

Now, another example. Same scenario, bought at P1,000. The fair market
value now is P500. I sold at a loss, P10, but traded through the local stock
exchange. May income ako? WALA. May income tax ako? WALA. May tax? OO.
Ano? Dalawa. 1) Percentage tax equivalent to of 1% of the gross selling price;
and of course 2) Donors tax under Sec. 100. Tandaan ninyo taxes are the
lifeblood of the government, hindi pwedeng nalulugi ang gobyerno. Kaya kung
nalugi gobyerno sa isa, babawiin niya sa isa. Yun ang nakasaad sa batas.
Shares of stock in foreign corporation, not traded through local stock
exchange and sold outside the country
Sa kabilang ibayo, si Lumbera may shares of stock in a foreign corporation
na nasa USA, same amount purchased at P1,000. The fair market value is P500.
Ibinenta ko sa States not traded through the local stock exchange, binenta ko ng
P800. May income? YES. Magkano? P300. Within or without? Without. Subject to
tax? YES. What kind of tax? NIT.
Shares of stock in foreign corporation traded or not traded through local
stock exchange, sold outside the country at a loss
What if binenta ko at a loss, P10. Traded or not traded doon sa States.
Binenta ko at a loss. May income? WALA. May income tax? Wala. Walang income
eh. May tax? YES. Donors tax, Sec. 100 of the Tax Code. Where property other
than real property described under Sec. 24 (b) is sold for insufficient consideration,
the difference between the consideration and the fair market value at the time of
transfer shall be subject to donors tax.
Capital gains tax on sale of real property
Lumberas Properties
in US
Lumberas Properties in
RP
Reason for imposition of donors tax

Anong rason? Sabi ng gobyerno simple, Eh sira ulo ka nagbebenta ka ng
lugi, sino bang normal na tao ang magbebenta ng lugi? Ginagawa mo yan siguro
ng sadya. Whatever is your purpose, lugi ako-gobyerno. Nalugi ka? Wala akong
pakialam sa lugi mo! Ako ang gobyerno ah, nalugi rin ako kasi binenta mo ng lugi.
Hindi uubra yun, ikaw lang ang nalugi, ako tutubo. Bakit? Donors tax yan eh,
Sec. 100. Whatever I lost because of tax due because you sold at a loss, I will
make bawi from you, Sec.100, if it is a transfer for insufficient consideration.
Purchase Price- P1,000,000

House in US
House in RP
FMV-P500,000
Purchase Price- P1,000,000
Parlor in US
Parlor in RP
FMV-P500,000
Gross Selling Price- P800,000
27
Capital Gains Tax on Sale of Real Property. The asset is real property,
located in the Philippines, capital. Yun ang requirement. Si Lumbera may bahay sa
Pilipinas, bahay sa States, parlor sa Pilipinas, parlor sa States, purchased at
P1,000,000 each. The fair market value now is P500,000. I sold each one of them
at P800,000. Bahay sa Pilipinas, may income? YES. Within or without? WITHIN.
Subject to tax? YES. What kind of tax? Capital gains tax (CGT) equivalent to 6%
of the fair market value or gross selling price, whichever is higher.
House in US, sold at a gain
Bahay sa States, may income? Yes. Within or without? WITHOUT. Subject
to tax? YES. What kind of tax? NIT.
Vehicles
KOTSE. Kotse sa bahay sa Pilipinas for personal use. Kotse sa bahay sa
States for personal use. Kotse sa parlor sa Pilipinas, ginagamit as service. Kotse
sa parlor sa States, ginagamit as service. Apat na kotse worth P1M each, fair
market value now is P500K, sold at P800K with a gain of P300K.
Lumberas US cars
Lumberas RP cars
Car in US (personal use)
Car in RP (personal use)
Purchase Price- 1M
FMV-P500,000
Car in US (for business)
Car in RP (for business)
Purchase Price- 1M
FMV-P500,000
Parlor in RP, sold at a gain
GSP-P800,000
Parlor sa Pilipinas, P300,000 ang base. Income? YES. Within or without?

WITHIN. Subject to tax? YES. What kind of tax? NIT.
Parlor in US, sold at a gain
Car in the Philippines, sold at a gain
Parlor sa States, may income? YES. Magkano? P300,000. Within or

without? WITHOUT. Subject to tax? YES. What kind of tax? NIT.
Kotse sa Pilipinas, may income? YES. Within or without? WITHIN. Subject

to tax? YES. What kind of tax? NIT. Ano yung D? Real Property. So wala sa B, C
at D. So, A. NIT.
House in RP, sold at a loss
Car in the US, sold at a gain
I sold at a loss, P10 each. Bahay sa Pilipinas, may income? YES.

PRESUMED. Subject to tax? YES. Capital Gains Tax on Sale of Real Property
equivalent to 6% of the fair market value or gross selling price, whichever is
higher.
Kotse sa States, ganun din. Wala sa D, nasa A siya, NIT.
House in US, sold at a loss
Pag wala sa B, C, D, nasa A kahit anong mangyari. Because A refers to all

income other than B, C, D. NIT.
Bahay sa States, sold at a loss. May income? WALA. May income tax?
WALA. May tax? OO. Sec. 100, donors tax.
Parlor in RP, sold at a loss
Parlor sa Pilipinas, sold at a loss, may income? Wala. May income tax?
WALA. May tax? Oo, donors tax, Sec. 100.
Kotse sa Pilipinas for business use, wala rin sa D. Sa A siya.

Kotse sa US for business use, wala rin sa D. A siya.
Cars, sold at a loss

I sold the car at P10 each, at a loss. Anong mangyayari, may income ba
ako? WALA. Subject to income tax? HINDI. Subject to tax? YES. Lugi si gobyerno.
Donors tax, Sec. 100.
Parlor in US, sold at a loss

Parlor sa States, sold at a loss, may income? WALA. May income tax?
WALA. May tax? Oo. Donors tax.
28
Requirements for exemption from payment of capital gains tax
Exemption from CGT in case of co-ownership of property
Can you be exempt from the payment of CGT of 6%? YES, if what you sell
is the actual principal residence. Actual principal residence does not require
absolute, continuous, uninterrupted stay. The stay may be interrupted by
temporary absence due to work, studies and similar circumstances. So the
requisites are:
If we are co-owners of a property, house and lot, but I am the only one
staying there, when we sell the house and lot, I am the only one entitled to claim
the exemption in proportion to my share in the co-ownership. You cannot claim
because you are not actually residing in the house and lot.
1) you sell your actual principal residence;

2) you inform BIR within 30 days from the sale that you are availing of the
exemption;
3) you use the proceeds to build or purchase another actual principal
residence within a period of 18 months from the date of sale;
4) you avail of the exemption once every 10 years; and
5) the historical cost of the property sold shall be considered in
determining the application of the exemption.
Payment of CGT in case of expropriation and foreclosure of mortgage

In case of involuntary transfers of property such as foreclosures of
mortgage and expropriation proceedings, when is capital gains tax due? CGT for
expropriation proceedings is due at the time of full payment of just compensation,
thats the only time that we pay the CGT. Pag kinuha ang property mo at hindi ka
pa binabayaran ng gobyerno, abay luging-lugi ka naman kung ngayon pa lang eh
magbabayad ka na ng CGT, wala pa ngang binayad sa iyo eh. So hindi pa. Kapag
binayaran ka na ng just compensation, thats the only time that CGT becomes
due.
If these requisites are present, then the taxpayer may be exempt from the
6% CGT. The exemption, however, requires the deposit in an escrow agreement
in a bank. The amount of 6% CGT will be deposited in a bank, escrow agreement,
signed by BIR, taxpayer and the bank. If you comply with the requisites for
exemption, you may require the bank to release to you the deposit but without
interest income because that belongs to the government. If you fail to comply, the
amount deposited will be released to BIR and you are presumed not to have paid
the tax. Therefore, penalties and surcharges will be collected from you.
In foreclosures of mortgage, the CGT is due after the expiration of the

redemption period when there is no redemptioner. It is sold in public auction, the
certificate of sale is registered and then one year after and there is no redemption,
the title will be consolidated. It will be given to the buyer in the public auction.
Thats the only time that CGT is due. Why? Because thats the only time that there
is transfer of ownership. When mortgage is foreclosed, there is no transfer of
ownership. There is transfer of ownership only after the expiration of the
redemption period and there is no redemptioner. The title of the property will be
consolidated in the name of the buyer in the public auction who will be held liable
for the CGT.
Exemption from CGT if land and house are not owned by same person
Tax liability of non-resident citizen
There are instances when the land is owned by a different owner from the
house. Iba ang may-ari ng lupa, iba ang may-ari ng bahay. Ang nakatira dito sa
lupa eh yung may-ari ng bahay. Ibinenta pareho. Sino ang entitled sa exemption?
The owner of the house in proportion to the value of the house. The owner of the
land cannot avail the exemption because it is not his actual principal residence.
The non-resident table is very easy because all you have to do is take out
the income outside of the Philippines. Any income outside of the Philippines will
not be subjected to tax in the Philippines. But those income may be subjected to
tax in the country where the income is derived. So its the same banana, Net
Income Tax, FWT, FWT, FWT, FWT but only for the income realized within the
Philippines. All income outside of the Philippines will no longer be subjected to tax.
This is found in Section 32, par. A, No. 1. There is no fringe benefits tax as far as a
non-resident is concerned because he cannot be an employee in the Philippines.
Once he becomes an employee in the Philippines, he is automatically considered
as a resident citizen.
29
Non-resident citizen may be entitled to exemption from capital gains tax
Resident alien may be entitled to exemption from payment of CGT
In case of capital gains tax on sale of real property and the taxpayer is a
non-resident citizen, can he claim for the exemption for the 6% capital gains tax?
The requisites for exemption for the 6% CGT are : 1) that it must be his actual
principal residence; 2) within 30 days he informs BIR; and 3) he uses the proceeds
to buy or build another principal residence. Among all these requisites which
among them should be present so that the exception will or will not be applied? It
is the fact of residence. Ang tanong natin dito ay anong ibig sabihin ng actual
principal residence because a non-resident citizen is not residing in the
Philippines. Because if he has actual principal residence in the Philippines, he will
not be a non-resident citizen. Ang ibig sabihin ng actual principal residence is the
place where one has the intention of returning to whenever one is absent. It does
not require absolute, continuous, uninterrupted stay. It may be interrupted by
temporary absence due to work or similar status or similar circumstances.
Can we apply the exemption from the 6% capital gains tax? Again we go
back to the requisites:
Perfect example nito ang mga OFW. Nagta-trabaho sa ibang bansa. They
go home once in a while. Their families are here. They have their homes here. So
the concept of actual principal residence can still be applied to a non-resident
citizen specially if he were an OFW. Even an immigrant, pwede pa rin siya. Bakit?
Because Philippines is his domicile. The residence is outside the Philippines but
his domicile/permanent residence is still in the Philippines. The exemption can still
be applied.
Resident alien (RA)
Lets talk about resident aliens. A resident alien is taxed in the same
manner as a non-resident citizen. Parehong-pareho. So ibig sabihin, the same rule
applies for all income derived from the Philippines other than B, C, D.
So lets have a rundown. Resident Alien- all income derived within the
Philippines--NIT. All passive income within the Philippines--FWT. Same rates,
same tax. Capital gains on sale of shares of stock of a domestic corporation-same. Capital gains on sale or real property located in the Philippines--same. But
everything located outside of the Philippines will not be subjected to tax if we are
talking about a resident alien. So parehong-pareho siya ng non-resident citizen.
1) That it must be his actual principal residence so pwede kasi he is a

resident alien.
Can he sell? Before the alien can sell, he has to own right? Can an alien
own so that he can sell? Yes. But he cannot buy a residential lot. So papaano siya
magkakaroon ng residential lot? Minana niya yung property, dun siya nakatira, dito
siya nagta-trabaho, ibinenta niya then he bought a condominium unit. He cannot
buy a residential lot, but he can build a house. And he can sell the house. Wala
naman yang prohibition eh. Ang prohibition lang ay bumili ng lupa. Pero pwedeng
ikaw ang may-ari ng lupa. Ako magtatayo ng bahay, alien ako. Pwede ba? Pwede.
Can I sell the house? Yes, because I own the house. And if I buy another house
without the land, pwede ba? Pwede. Pwede ba akong mag-build uli ng
panibagong bahay sa isang lupang hindi akin? Pwede. So the possibility is still
there.
Exemption from CGT in case owner is an alien who is a former Filipino
citizen
Pwede rin na alien ka, foreigner ka, ang ninuno mo ay Pilipino
pinamanahan ka ng lolot lola mo and then you head back to the Philippines to
work here. You live in your house inherited from your lola, you sell the same and
use proceeds to build another one on a lot which is not owned by you. Pwede?
Pwede. Or kung ayaw mo na mag-build bumili ka ng condominium unit, pwede?
Pwede. So you can still claim the exemption. So meron pa ring posibilidad ito.
Non-resident alien engaged in trade or business (NRA-ETB)
If you know the first table, you will definitely know this. Its the same. So
itong tatlong to you will notice, are taxed similarly. The only difference is that the
non-resident alien engaged in trade or business is subject to 20% tax on dividends
received from a domestic corporation, not 10%. You will find this in the codal
provision.
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Non-resident alien engaged in trade or business (NRA-ETB) may be exempt

from CGT
Can non-resident aliens engaged in trade or business be exempt from 6%
capital gains tax? Yes, same scenario as resident alien. Because there is a
possilibility that he is actually residing in the Philippines and he established a
residence in the Philippines. Pero ako sasabihin ko sa inyo, among these kinds of
taxpayers, the least possibility of the exemption is a non-resident alien engaged in
trade or business because of the fact that he is a non-resident alien. Hindi nga yan
nakatira sa Pilipinas. Kung yan ay may bahay sa Pilipinas na actual principal
residence eh di ibig sabihin resident alien siya. But the law says there is a
possibility for the exemption from the 6% CGT if we are talking about a nonresident alien engaged in trade or business.
Non-resident alien not engaged in trade or business
(NRA-NETB)
The easiest among the kinds individual of taxpayers of course is nonresident alien not engaged in trade or business. This time he will be taxed on the
gross and withheld. Peculiar ang circumstance niya because: 1) he is not residing
in the Philippines; 2) he is an alien; and 3) he is not engaged in trade or business.
The tax is on the gross but withheld. Withholding tax. And the tax is on the gross,
but without deductions.
Tax rate on all passive income of non-resident not engaged in trade or
business
All passive income of a non-resident alien not engaged in trade or
business. What are these passive income? Interest on bank deposits, royalties,
prizes and winnings, as well as dividends shall be subject also to GIT (gross
income tax), not to final withholding tax. It is taxed on the gross. At what rate?
25%. The rate is even higher at 25%. If you compare this one against all the
individual taxpayers, this is found in Sec. 26, you will find out that all the income
from the Philippines of a non-resident alien not engaged in trade or business is
taxed higher, much higher, than the ordinary taxpayer. The rate is 25% and it
covers all income, including passive income. So interest on bank deposits,
royalties, prizes and winnings, dividends these are not taxed at the regular rate,
but at 25% on the gross.
Capital gains tax rate for non-resident not engaged in trade or business
But of course, capital gains tax on sale of shares of stock is constant for all
kinds of individual taxpayers. Capital gains tax on sale of real property is also
applicable.
Non-resident not engaged in trade or business working in Philippines
If you look at Sec. 25 par. B, C, and D, makikita ninyo dyan naka-specify
na aliens. Those who are employed in offshore banking units, multinational
companies, and those employed by oil petroleum service contractors. Very
peculiar yung parteng yan. These are aliens who are working in the Philippines in
those three companies and because of their work here, definitely they must be
residing in the Philippines. Hindi naman pwedeng pag alas siete ng umaga andito
sa Pilipinas at pagka alas siete ng gabi magpe-plane out of the Philippines. They
are working here, but the law classifies them as non-resident aliens not engaged
in trade or business. These three, while working here and presumably residing
here, are taxed on 25% on the gross. But if there is a Filipino counterpart in the
same company, performing the same functions and duties as the alien, and the
Filipino counterpart is given by the company the option to be taxed at the rate of
15% on the gross, then the alien will also be entitled to claim 15% on the gross
instead of 25%.
When alien may choose GIT of 15%
Is there a need for the Filipino to choose GIT of 15% before the alien can
choose GIT 15%? No. As long as the option is available to the Filipino, the alien
can avail of the GIT 15% rate. So what are those situations? I am the alien, you
are the Filipino counterpart. We are performing the same functions.
The presumption here is that we are occupying key and valuable positions
in the company, otherwise the company would not uproot you from another
country. We do not uproot a janitor from another country. In other words, we are
very in demand as far as our skills, experience are concerned. Walang ibang
available sa Pilipinas. But in our company ikaw ay Pilipino same ang function mo
sa akin. Ang presumption here is that, because I am uprooted from another
country, I must be getting a very high salary. Who would want to work in another
country and leave it? Bayaran mo ang aking board and lodging, bigyan mo ako ng
sasakyan, ang pamilya ko most likely kasama ko, plus malaking-malaki ang
sweldo ko. Ikaw na Pilipino ka magrereklamo ka pag ang sweldo mo mas mababa
sa sweldo ko.
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So pareho kami ng sweldo. All the benefits that are given to me as a

consequence of being uprooted will be given to you also. Magrereklamo ka kasi
bawal din yan sa Labor Code. So yan ang sitwasyon natin.
Possible tax rates as to non-resident not engaged in trade or business, but
working in Philippines
First, our company does not give us an option. So you as a resident citizen,
your tax will be NIT, and me, non-resident alien is GIT of 25%.
Second, our company gives us an option to be taxed at GIT of 15%.
So the possible scenarios are:
a. GIT 15% ka (resident citizen), GIT 15% ako (non-resident alien)
b. NIT ka (resident citizen), GIT 15% ako (non-resident alien)
Whether you choose to be taxed at GIT 15% will not matter. The option is
available. Then NIT ka or GIT 15%. Ako syempre pipiliin ko GIT 15% kasi it is a lot
lower than GIT 25%. Why would you choose GIT 15% instead of NIT? Because
most likely because of your very high salary or remuneration, mas maliit ang tax
mong babayaran pag nag GIT 15% ka kesa sa mag NIT ka.
Advantage of GIT of 15%
Inuproot ako papunta sa Pilipinas. Magkano kaya magiging sweldo ko?
Lets say P1,000,000 a month. In a year, my basic pay is P12,000,000. So you, the
Filipino should get P12,000,000 also. So P12,000,000 ka, ako P12,000,000 Gross
Income. Anong deductions mo? Maximum of P150,000: P50,000 for personal
exemption and 100,000 for four children assuming that you have 4 so P150,000.
So your taxable net income is P11,850,000. Magkano ang rate niyan pag NIT?
The tax shall be P125,000+32% excess over P500,000.
Compare mo yan sa 15% ng P11,850,000. Kaya ikaw mamimili ka ng GIT
15% most likely kasi mas malaki pa ang babayaran mo pag nag NIT ka. But the
option is given to you, if you want the government to earn more from you, good,
fine.
Non-resident not engaged in trade or business (NRA-NETB) may be entitled
to exemption from CGT
Is a non-resident alien not engaged in trade or business entitled to claim
exemption from the 6% capital gains tax on sale of real property? Yes, specially
those three aliens above-mentioned. Because they are perfect examples of non-
resident alien not engaged in trade or business, pero nakatira sa Pilipinas dahil sa
kanilang trabaho. At saan siya nakatira? Pwede nagpagawa siya ng bahay sa lupa
ng kaibigan niya, pwedeng condominium siya at ibinenta niya at bumili siya ng
bagong condominium. Pwede naman siya ay dating Pilipino o pinamanahan ng
ninuno niyang Pilipino at dun siya tumira habang nagtatrabaho dito sa Pilipinas at
inayawan niya at binenta niya at bumili siyang muli ng kanyang bagong titirahan.
So the possibility of exemption is still there.
Fringe benefits given to non-resident not engaged in trade or business
(NRA-NETB), part of gross income and not subject to fringe benefit tax
Take note, a non-resident alien not engaged in trade or business may
receive employer-employee benefits which are in the nature of fringe benefits
when you compare it with ordinary resident citizen. These are fringe benefits
received from multinational companies, oil petroleum service contractor, offshore
banking units. How will the fringe benefits of a non-resident alien not engaged in
trade or business be subjected to tax? May it be subjected to fringe benefit tax?
NO. Everything will be part of all income subjected to gross income tax at 25% or
GIT 15%. All income including the fringe benefits received by a non-resident alien
not engaged in trade or business under Sec. 25, par. B, C, and D will not be
subjected to fringe benefits tax but to GIT gross income tax at the rate of 25%.
Sasabihin niyo, eh lugi ang gobyerno dun kasi the 32% is higher than 25%. Hindi,
because the 32% is based on the grossed up monetary value. The 25% is based
on the gross, so mas malaki pa rin ang tax na babayaran because this is 25% of
the total income that you realize.
DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN CORPORATIONS
Corporations
Kinds of taxes collected from a corporation:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
Net Income Tax (NIT)

Withholding Tax (WT)
Gross Income Tax (GIT)
Minimum Corporate Income Tax (MCIT)
Improperly Accumulated Earnings Tax (IAET)
Intercorporate Dividends Tax
Branch Profits Remittance Tax
Gross Philippine Billings Tax (2 %)
Nos. 1 to 7 are most commonly used forms of tax for corporations.
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Please take note that except for MCIT and NIT, which are in lieu of each
other, everything will be collected from the corporation all at the same time. So
makikita ninyo ang mga negosyo napakaraming taxes na binabayaran iba-iba sa
loob ng isang buwan, sa loob ng isang taon. In addition of course, because they
are engaged in trade or business, the corporation will be subjected to value-added
tax.
NIT: So we know NIT, its the same concept as in an individual taxpayer.
WT: Withholding tax same concept. Just to refresh your memory there are
two kinds, final withholding tax wherein the income is no longer subjected to any
other kind of tax and the income is not included in the gross income from NIT. But
if the income is subjected to creditable withholding tax the income will have to be
included in the gross income for the purposes of computing the NIT because of the
nature of the withholding tax. It will however be credited against the tax due. Kaya
ang tawag dun ay creditable withholding tax.
GIT: the tax is on the gross income
Minimum Corporate Income Tax (MCIT)
Now lets discuss MCIT. MCIT is minimum corporate income tax imposed
at the rate of 2% of the gross income beginning the fourth year following the
commencement of its operations, provided, that the 2% is higher than the net
income tax. What is the regular net income tax rate for corporations? 30%.
MCIT is a kind of tax which is in lieu of NIT. This is collected at the rate of
2% of the gross income and beginning the fourth year following the
commencement of its operations provided that the 2% is higher than the 30% NIT.
When MCIT was introduced, a lot of people thought it was sort of a
privilege or a reprieve since 2% lang ang rate but in reality it is not. This is one
way of increasing the collection from the corporate taxpayers.
Let us say in the year 2011, you started your business. Its pretty normal
for a corporate taxpayer or for anybody, specially in business, to have losses.
Namumuhunan ka talaga sa business so normal na may losses ka at normal din
na sa unang taon or the first few years of your operations hindi ka kumikita. Kaya
di ba naririnig niyo ang ROI, return of investment, in other words whats the period
you can honestly say that you are earning. Kasi kung magbi-business ka at palugi
ay manahimik ka na lang sa bahay mo at manood ng TV. Syempre nakakapagod
yung mag-business ka nang lugi.
Let us say in the year 2011, you started your business. First year of
operation, everything palabas ang pera mo. Let us say that your revenue is
P500,000 but because this is your first year of operations your expenses
amounted to P600,000. So lugi ka ng P100,000. Pag nalugi ka ng P100,000 lugi
ang gobyerno kasi kahit i-multiply mo yan ng one million percent, it is zero. Zero
tax yan. In other words you are operating at a loss. When your expenses or
deductions are more than your revenues, you are operating at a loss you call it-Net Operating Loss, which may be carried over to the succeeding year. This is
only applicable to a corporate taxpayer. How many years can we carry over a net
operating loss? Three. Versus Net Capital Loss Carry Over which is carried over
one year lang and applicable only to individuals.
Net Operating Loss Carry Over
Example
Revenues
Expenses
Net Operating Loss
1st
2011
500,000
600,000
(100,000)
2nd
2012
700,000
800,000
(100,000)
3rd
2013
700,000
800,000
(100,000)
4th
2014
1,000,000
1,100,000
(100,000)
2015
1,000,000
1,100,000
(100,000)
Let us say 2012, aba nag-increase revenues, pero lugi na naman ako, zero
tax na naman. 2013 zero tax na naman. 2014 nag-one million mark ako because I
inputted additional capital, pero lugi na naman ako zero tax na naman. Lugi na
naman ang gobyerno sa akin. Sabi ng gobyerno, dito sa 2015 pag ikaw ganyan pa
din, niloloko mo na ako. Walang normal na tao na nagbi-business ng 5 taon, lugi
at magtutuloy. Kasi hindi yan natural sa taong nagbi-business. There is something
wrong with you or your business. You better forget it, otherwise you will be
incurring more losses. If you want to continue there is no problem with me, sabi ng
gobyerno, anyway whatever loss you sustain is yours, not mine. Because
beginning the 4th year following the commencement of its operations, beginning
2015, if you continue this financial statement, I will collect P1,000,000 x 2% which
is P20,000. Bayaran mo yan, that is your MCIT. From 2015 onwards, until such
time that your net income tax is higher than the 2% of the gross, you will
continuously pay.
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MCIT also applicable to corporations under rehabilitation, insolvency and

receivership
MCIT is also applicable to corporations being rehabilitated, corporations
under insolvency and those under receivership. There is receivership beginning
the date of approval of receivership. It is treated as newly-created ordinary
corporation. Therefore MCIT concept will apply. What happens if a corporation is
under receivership? That means it has been in existence for a long period of time,
and at one point its liability is greater than its assets, it cannot satisfy its liabilities.
It doesnt mean that the corporation is not earning. That corporation is still earning
except that all earnings are used to pay for the liabilities. Therefore, as far as the
corporation is concerned, it is operating at a loss because even though it has
revenues, all of the revenues are used to pay the liabilities. So Net Loss pa rin
siya. Therefore--not taxable, no income tax. So each corporation which is under
receivership shall be treated as a newly created corporation subject to the concept
of MCIT.
the corporation. In other words, corporate taxpayers will now be forced to

distribute dividends to stockholders. But whether they distribute or they retain, the
government earns. If they distribute, the government earns from the stockholders.
If they dont distribute, government earns Improperly Accumulated Earnings Tax
from the corporation.
Corporations not subject to Improperly Accumulated Earnings Tax
There following are corporations which are not subject to Improperly
Accumulated Earnings Tax:
1) Government
2) Banks and financial institutions, because they are allowed to retain
earnings. Why? In case of bank run
3) Insurance companies to support all insurance claims assuming that the risk
insured against happened at the same time.
Improperly Accumulated Earnings Tax (IAET)
Holding company
What is IAET? This is paid on top of other corporate taxes. It is a tax

equivalent to 10% collected from the corporation because of earnings retained
beyond its reasonable business means. According to the Corporation Code, when
a corporation realizes profits, it should be distributed as dividends. Sabi each
corporation is only allowed to retain a certain percentage of its surplus profits. Pag
sinabing surplus profits--tubo, kinita ng corporation. All of the profits should be
apportioned, retained according to the Corporation Code. It can retain a certain
percentage and the rest should be distributed as dividends.
What is a holding company? Diba naririnig niyo na ang holding company

ng Lopez Group of Companies is First Philippine Holding Company Inc. Lahat ng
companies/ corporations held by the Lopez Group like Meralco, ABS CBN, yan
yung holding company. Anyway, ang trabaho ng holding company if these are the
corporations owned by C stockholder, interlocking directors, interlocking
stockholders.
Recipient of dividends, liable for final withholding tax

If profits are distributed as dividends, the stockholders, if individuals, will be
held liable for FWT at the rate of 10% but 20% for non-resident alien engaged in
trade or business. But the rest in general at 10%.
Improperly Accumulated Earnings Tax, taxed at 10%
So if the corporation will not distribute dividends, the government loses
10%. Kaya babawiin ng gobyerno. Saan babawiin? Sa corporation na ayaw
magbigay ng dividends. The corporation will now be held liable for IAET at the rate
of 10%. The same 10% that the government loses when the corporation does not
distribute the dividends to stockholders. It will have to be covered, but this time,
not from the stockholders (because it will become his dividend income), but from
Ang ginagawa nila, yung profits nila ilalagay sa isang company. This is a
separate corporation which holds the assets of XYZ. In other words, jina-juggle
niya yung mga pondo. May banks, may food, this one has assets this one lends
from this. Makikita mo yung fiduciary relationship among the corporations with the
holding company. This is one way in which the companys profits are being spent
by another corporation. Kasi pwedeng pabilhin nila ito ng isang asset tapos sila
ang gagamit. One way of diverting the funds here papunta doon and not be
distributed as profits in the form of dividends, dito ililipat.
Putting up of holding company is a prima facie presumption that corporation
is trying to avoid payment of 10% tax on dividends
Mere putting up of a holding company is a prima facie presumption,
disputable however, that the corporation is trying to avoid, hindi evade, the
payment of 10% tax on dividends that are supposed to be distributed to
stockholders. Makikita nyo yan sa codal provision. Because this is disputable, the
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burden of proof is on the corporation. Otherwise, the corporation will be subjected

to Improperly Accumulated Earnings Tax of 10%.
Intercorporate dividends
In the case of individuals, when a corporation issues dividends on
individuals, the dividends are classified as passive income subject to FWT of 10%
or 20% or GIT. Kitang-kita sa table hindi ba?
So a corporation is a stockholder, and the corporation receives dividends,
we dont consider it as passive income. Theres a separate category, the law will
refer to it as intercorporate dividends. And theres a tax on the intercorporate
dividends, the rate is at 15%. Withholding pa rin siya, its also in the nature of final
withholding tax but we call it intercorporate dividends tax. And the rate is not 10%,
not 20% or not GIT 15% or 25% but at the rate of 15%.
Branch Profit Remittance Tax only applies to RFCs
Of course, this is applicable only to a resident foreign corporation (RFC).
Here is X, a US corporation principal place of business is USA, puts up a branch X
Phils. in the Philippines. If you are the branch hindi mo patitigilin dito ang lahat ng
kinikita mo, normal yon. Ayaw mo nasa Pilipinas ang pondo mo. So when X Phils.
earns income from the Philippines, it is a resident foreign corporation. The income
derived from the Philippines shall be subjected to tax from the moment it received
the income. In addition to that, when X Phils. remits its income to the USA, the act
of remittance is again subjected to tax. Thats double taxation in the broad sense
and we call the tax BPRT at the rate of 15% for the amount applied for regardless
of the amount approved by the Bangko Sentral for remittance. We remit and apply
for the approval of the BSP because you are remitting currencies. Hindi pwedeng
magremit lang nang remit at pag inapply mo ma-aaprove, no. Because the
Central Bank regulates all currencies circulating within the Philippines. And it
maintains a certain circulation of both peso and foreign currencies. Sila nag momonitor kaya pag nag-apply ka for remittance outside of the Philippines, hindi
normally pinapayagan agad yung buong account na inapplyan mo because the
Central Bank considers that circulation of currencies in the Philippines. So once
the income is remitted to the principal place of business at the rate of 15% subject
to the rule tax sparing.
Tax sparing rule

What is this tax sparing rule? Ang sabi dyan we will collect tax branch profit
remittance tax of 15% only instead of 30% provided that in the country where it is
remitted, the same income shall be taxed in the minimum of 15%, to cover 30%15% = 15%.
So ano ang taxes dito? 1) Right to receive income 2) right to remit. And
you pay branch profit remittance tax on top of the income tax at the rate of 15%
provided that, under the tax sparing rule, the same income remitted shall be taxed
in the minimum of 15% outside of the Philippines. What happens if in the USA the
rate of income tax is 40%? How much is the branch profit remittance tax? 15%. If
in the US it is 25%, tayo 15%. If in the US 2%, tayo 30%. In the minimum 15%.
Gross Philippine Billings Tax (GPBT)
Dito nagkaka-lituhan ang dami-daming kaso, BOAC case, ang haba-haba,
ang dami-dami. Meron pa akong estudyante, nagdi-diskusyon nag-aaway away
dun sa facts of the case, mga landing rights. Ngayon may settled case na,
napakadali. Gross Philippine billings ano ibig sabihin ng Gross Philippine Billings?
Tao, goods, at mail matter na nag-originate sa Pilipinas. Syempre ang tao, goods
at mail matter di naman pwedeng lilipad sa hangin. Iyan ay papunta sa ibang
bansa originating either by air, by land, wala namang by land papuntang ibang
bansa tama? or by sea. Tingnan mo naman ang mapa ng Pilipinas pag papunta
sa ibang bansa--by air and by sea lang yan. Ang issue dito paano mo mata-taxan? Galing sa Pilipinas ang mail matter papuntang South Africa. Ang tao
papuntang South Africa. Kung eroplano South African Airlines bumababa ng
Pilipinas, hindi naman tayo bumibili ng ticket sa South Africa kasi di ka
makakapunta dun kung wala kang ticket. Pano ka bibili ng tickets? So yung mga
tickets binibenta through agencies here in the Philippines. So bili ka ng ticket from
Philippines to USA probably, then from US to another country before you fly to
South Africa using South African Airlines. Ang tanong dito, yun bang ticket na
binenta na hindi binili sa Pilipinas dahil ang eroplano ay walang landing rights,
paano kaya tina-tax? Because the corporation is earning income from the
Philippines but it doesnt have any landing rights, wala ring sales office sa
Pilipinas. Ibang usapan kung merong sales office, ibig sabihin, resident foreign
corporation siya. Eh pano kung wala at binibili mo sa internet ang ticket? Paano itax yun?
Simple ang rule, pag walang landing rights sa Pilipinas, lahat ng income
na kinita sa Pilipinas out of the sales of the tickets ang tawag dun Gross Philippine
Billings (GPB). Ang tax nun ay NIT, net income tax. Pag may landing rights, yun
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ang Gross Philippine Billings Tax at 2 %. Meron nang decided case ibibigay ko
sa inyo para hindi na kayo mahirapan. Sinettle na. Kasi nga nagkaka-lituhan. (See
South African Airways vs. CIR, GR No. 180356, February 16, 2010)
So these are the kinds of taxes of a corporation. Lets go back to the first
table. Domestic corporations are subject to tax for all income within and without.
We follow the same rules. All income from within and outside of the PhilippinesNet Income Tax at the rate of 30%.
Royalties na kinikita ng corporation. Bakit? Sila ang exclusive distributor ng

shampoo na ito with all natural ingredients. Royalties na kinita sa Pilipinas:
Income? Yes. Within or without? Within. Subject to tax? Yes. What kind of tax?
FWT. What rate? 20%.
Yung same shampoo dinistribute sa USA kumita ng royalties si parlor
corporation. Income? Yes. Within or without? Without. Subject to tax? Yes. What
kind of tax? NIT.
PASSIVE INCOME OF CORPORATIONS
Prizes and winnings
Passive income, what are the passive income of a corporation? Interest on

bank deposits, royalties, prizes and winnings and dividends.
The corporation was given an award the Best Parlor in Muntinlupa.

Kasama sa award ay ang check drawn in the name of the corporation P10,000. In
the USA, it was also awarded as the Best Foreign Parlor in the USA. May plaque,
may check $10,000. What will be the treatment of the winnings of the corporation.
Yung award sa Muntinlupa: Income? Yes. Within or without? Within. Subject to
tax? Yes. What kind of tax? Basahin ninyo sa codal, missing dyan ang prizes and
winnings pagdating sa corporation tinanggal. The words prizes and winnings from
the passive income of the corporation is missing. It was deleted purposely. Bakit
wala? Because all prizes and winnings earned and realized by the corporation are
prizes and winnings realized in the pursuit of its ordinary trade or business.
Therefore, ordinary income, kaya NIT. NIT yan pareho. Wala namang corporation
na nanalo sa lotto at sa jueteng. Assuming that they earned winnings because of
an award, then these are winnings received through a corporation, not through the
stockholders or to the directors of a corporation but through the juridical entity.
Therefore these are treated as ordinary income subject to NIT not FWT.
Balikan natin ang individual taxpayer review natin. Si Lumbera may time
deposit peso account sa Pilipinas. Taxable? What kind of tax on interest? FWT.
Sa labas ng Pilipinas meron akong bank deposit peso and dollar account its NIT.
Si Lumbera merong librong ginawa, ibenenta sa Pilipinas. FWT-10%. Pag
binenta sa labas NIT. Prizes and winnings sa Pilipinas-20% of the winnings.
Nanalo ako sa Price is Right sa US, it is NIT.
Dividends received from a domestic corporation FWT at the rate of 10%.
Dividends received from a foreign corporation is NIT. Madali lang naman siya eh.
Balikan natin yan using a corporation.
Parlor with branch in Philippines and branch outside Philippines
Halimbawa ang business ko parlor. May branch sa Pilipinas, may branch
sa labas ng Pilipinas. Ang kanyang income ay talagang business lang. Income
from the parlor in the Philippines all income NIT 30%. Income from outside of the
Philippines of the parlor- NIT.
Passive income
Peso and dollar account in the Philippines- income ba yon? Yes. Within the
Philippines? Yes. Anong klaseng tax? FWT. For peso account, 20% FWT and for
the dollar account it is 7 %.
My bank account outside of the Philippines kumita ng interest peso and
dollar account. Income? Yes. Within or without? Without. Subject to tax? Yes.
What kind of tax? NIT.
So all passive income are the same as individuals except for prizes and
winnings. Pag individual prizes and winnings are FWT. Pag corporation prizes
and winnings are NIT.
Dividends
If the recipient of dividends is also a domestic corporation, this shall be
exempt. Intercorporate dividends received by a domestic corporation from another
domestic corporation shall be exempt.
Capital gains on sale of shares of stock
Now as to capital gains tax on sale of shares of stock, it stays constant. Ito
ang hinding hindi nagbabago on all kinds of taxpayers. It is always FWT pag not
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traded 5% and 10%. Pag it is traded of 1% of the gross selling price. You will
notice this, yan ang pinaka constant sa lahat.
Capital gains on sale of real property
The previous rule or conduct is that a corporation is not subjected to 6%
Capital Gains Tax because ang presumption natin ay all corporate taxpayers
owned these properties in the course of its ordinary trade or business. But later on
however, mapapansin ninyo if you read the newspapers sa business section ang
non-performing assets (NPA). Ang bangko, ang kanyang primary function ay
tumanggap ng deposito at magbigay ng dineposito. Incidental thereto, it is allowed
by the Central Bank to extend loan facilities. So this is not the primary business of
banks.
When you extend loan facilities at hindi nagbabayad ng utang magfoforeclose ka ng mortgage. Ikaw nag-mortgage ka ng property mo inutang mo 1M,
ang worth ng property ay P1.5M. Laging mas malaki yung value ng property kesa
dun sa inutang mo. Normally it is up to 75% of the assessed value of the property.
The loan is definitely lower than the value of the property. So kung ikaw ang
debtor at hindi ka nakabayad, ang utang mo P1M ang hindi mo binayaran
P600,000 pag finorclose mo ang property na P1.5M tubo ka na. Kasi P600,000 na
utang tapos 1.5M na property. In foreclosure of mortgage, the petition for
foreclosure will state P600,000 hindi P1.5M the value of the property. So when it is
foreclosed by the bank, and the bank is normally the highest bidder in the auction,
the bank satisfies the loan of P600,000 for a consideration of P1.5 M worth of
property. That property is acquired by the bank not in the ordinary course of its
trade or business. Hindi nga yan ginagamit ng bangko eh naka-tengga lang. Kaya
nga maraming bentahan ng foreclosed properties because these are not used by
the bank in its ordinary course of trade or business. Ang tawag natin diyan kung
titingnan talaga ang realidad ay capital asset ng bangko. Pero dati lahat ng asset
na yan ang classification ay ordinary kasi daw finoreclose ng bangko. So dati nung
ordinary yan, P1.5M ang value ng property, binili mo ng P600,000 to satisfy the
loan, eh hindi naman nagbabalik ng sobra ang bangko. So P600,000 ang utang,
thats why the bank can re-sell the property at a much lower price, but not lower
than P600,000. So it will resell the property at P1M, when it acquired the book
value declared is P1.5M, when it will re-sell at P1M, the bank loses, P1.5 minus
P1M, loss, no tax. But in truth, tumubo si bangko because the loan is P600,000.
But on paper the bank loses P500,000 because the book value is P1.5 sold at
P1M. Lugi P500,000. Pag lugi, may income? Wala. May kinita ang gobyerno?
Wala. Sabi ngayon ng lehislatura, di pu-pwede yun. Those assets, while its true
that they are not directly used in the operations of the bank and those are formerly
treated as ordinary assets, now domestic corporations will be held liable on

6% capital gains tax on sale of real property on all lands and buildings not
directly used in the operations of the business. And therefore the 6% capital
gains tax is to be collected on all lands and buildings and improvements not
directly used in the operations of the business.
Employer-employee benefits
Syempre walang employer-employee benefits dyan.
Minimum Corporate Income Tax applied to DCs
Is MCIT applicable in domestic corporations? Yes, provided that the 2% is
higher than the net income tax due on the corporation.
Branch Profit Remittance Tax not applicable to DCs
Is a domestic corporation subject to branch profit remittance tax? No.
Improperly Accumulated Earnings Tax applied to DCs
Is a domestic corporation subject to Improperly Accumulated Earnings
Tax? Yes. Pwede yan.
Resident Foreign Corporation
Taxable only on all income derived from Philippine sources. As you can
see from the table, this is from Sec. 27. All income from the Philippines is the
same. Net income tax is 30%. Passive income, interest on bank deposits,
royalties, prizes and winnings derived from Philippine sources shall be taxed at the
same rate of FWT as individuals. For interest on bank deposits its 20%, for
royalties 20%..
Intercorporate dividends
Domestic corporation giving dividends to a resident foreign corporationexempt. Dividends received by a resident foreign corporation from a domestic
corporation shall be exempt.
Prizes and winnings
(Net Income Tax) NIT
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Minimum Corporate Income Tax applied to RFCs
Capital gains tax on sale of real property by NRFC
Is this available to a resident foreign corporation? Yes. What is your basis?

Why is it that it is applicable to a resident foreign corporation. Before you say yes,
tell me why. Where in the codal? Nandyan lang yan eh. Minimum corporate
income tax on a resident foreign corporation [Section 28 (A) (2)] Anong page yan
para Makita nung iba, 49, page 49 hanapin.
Employer-employee benefits
Branch Profit Remittance Tax on FCs
Prizes and winnings of NRFC
Is branch profit remittance tax imposed on a foreign corporation? Of

course.
Capital gains tax on sale of shares of Stock
Same yan, constant.
This does not apply to a corporate taxpayer of course.
This is not applicable.
(Gross Income Tax) GIT.

Intercorporate dividends of NRFC
Intercorporate dividends if received by a non-resident foreign corporation it
is no longer exempt. It is subject to what rate? 15% final withholding tax.
Capital gains tax on sale of real property
Minimum Corporate Income Tax in NRFC
Not applicable, because all foreign corporations are not allowed to own real
properties in the Philippines. All corporate taxpayers also not allowed to claim the
exemption from the 6% capital gains tax.
MCIT will it be applicable to a non-resident foreign corporation? Even if you

do not read the law. 2% of the gross income provided that the 2% is higher than
the net income tax. Eh wala namang net income tax due. Kaya MCIT is not
applicable to a non-resident foreign corporation.
NON-RESIDENT FOREIGN CORPORATIONS

Tax liability of non-resident foreign corporation (NRFC)
Ito ang pinakamadali. Non-resident foreign corporation shall be taxed only
for all income derived in the Philippines, GIT what is the rate? Hindi nagbabago
ang rate. Hindi katulad doon sa individuals nagbabago, dito hindi. GIT 30% pa rin.
All passive income 30% except intercorporate dividends and prizes and winnings.
Prizes and winnings of NRFC
Prizes and winnings will be GIT also.
Capital gains tax on sale of shares of stock
It is always constant 5% and 10% if not traded through the local stock
exchange. If traded through the local stock exchange, it is not income tax but
percentage tax of of 1% of the gross selling price.
Improperly Accumulated Earnings Tax, not applicable

Is it applicable to a foreign corporation, whether resident or non-resident?
Applicable ba yan? Sa tingin niyo. This is how you think. Ano ba yung improperly
accumulated earnings tax, ito yung tax pag ang korporasyon ay hindi nagbigay ng
tubo. Pag resident foreign corporation, ang kinita sa Pilipinas ay ibabato sa
kabilang bansa. Ang tubo niyan ay wala sa Pilipinas. Hindi naman natin pwedeng
sabihin na Hoy, USA X, magkano ang tinubo niyo sa inyong kumpanya?
Idistribute niyo nga papunta sa amin. Hindi pwede, because we dont have
jurisdiction. In the same manner as a non-resident foreign corporation, lalo na yan
hindi nga sila engaged sa trade or business sa Pilipinas. So hindi natin sila pwede
pwersahin na i-declare kung magkano ang kinita at tinubo ng korporasyon. At pag
di niyo dineclare, ay tataxan naming kayo. Papano tayo magtatax sa kabilang
bansa? Thats why this is not applicable to either a resident foreign corporation or
a non-resident foreign corporation because of the nature of the business.
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Branch Profit Remittance Tax

This is not applicable here.
Dividends in NRFC
This is the summary, if the issuing corporation is a domestic corporation,
these are the recipients of the dividends, the tax is FWT. If 1-3 10%. If nonresident alien engaged in trade or business 20% and non-resident alien nonresident alien not engaged in trade or business GIT 25% or 15% depending kung
may counterpart.
If the recipient is a domestic corporation and a resident foreign corporation,
these taxpayers are exempt from payment of FWT. But if this (non-resident foreign
corporation) is the recipient it is subject to 15% FWT on intercorporate dividends.
What about if the issuing corporation is a foreign corporation and the
recipients are these. What will be the tax treatment of the dividends received by
these individual taxpayers and these corporations from a foreign corporation? Sige
nga, inaral na natin yan, binabaliktad ko lang ang point of view. What do you think.
The table states these rules. Paano kung ang nag-issue ay foreign corporation.
Isa-isahin natin, rundown.
INDIVIDUAL TAXPAYERS
Resident Citizen
Recipient is a resident citizen, foreign corporation is the issuing
corporation. Income? Yes. Within or without? Sec.42 kahapon. (see previous
discussion) Within. May exception to the rule ka. So pag sinabing general rule,
buong P100,000 kahapon within. Pag exception to the rule, 33% ang within, 67%
ang without para hindi na tayo bumalik sa computation. Subject to tax? Yes. What
kind of tax? NIT.
Ulit. Resident citizen receiving dividends from a foreign corporation.
Income? Yes. Within or without? General rule lahat within. Taxable? Yes. What
kind of tax? NIT.
Exception to the rule, 33 within, 67 without. Taxable? Yes. Lahat? Yes.
What kind of tax? NIT lahat.
Non-resident Citizen
Recipient is a non-resident citizen, ang nagbigay ng 100 foreign
corporation. Income? Yes. Within or without? General rule 100 within. Pag ang
general rule ang sinabi natin at within lahat, subject to tax? Yes. What kind of tax?
NIT.
Pag ka exception to the rule, 33 within, 67 without. Subject to tax? Yes.
How much? Only 33 is subject to NIT, 67 is not subject to NIT.
Resident Alien
Resident alien, income-100. Income? Yes. Within or without? General rule
100 within. Exception to the rule, 33 within, 67 without. Kung general rule, taxable?
Yes. Anong klaseng tax? NIT.
Exception to the rule, 33 taxable NIT, 66 not subject to tax.
Non-resident alien engaged in trade or business, dividends
Non-resident alien engaged in trade or business- 100,000 dividends from a
foreign corporation. Income? Yes. Lahat ng yun, income. Within or without?
General rule buong 100 income. Subject to tax? Oo. Anong klaseng tax? NIT.
Exception to the rule, lahat ay income, but only 33 is within, 66 without. Therefore
only 33 is subject to tax, anong klaseng tax? NIT.
Non-resident alien not engaged in trade or business
Non-resident alien not engaged in trade or business. Income ba lahat? Oo.
Eto magtataka kayo, eh foreign corporation yun, non-resident alien not engaged in
trade or business ang tumanggap, nasa labas ng Pilipinas meron pa pala tayong
tax? Yan ang nakakapagtaka diyan, di ba? This is our typical thinking. Foreign
corporation, nasa labas, ang tumanggap, alien. Eh pano magkakaron ng tax? The
reason for the tax is very simple. Because the foreign corporation for that matter,
whatever kind, is deriving income from the Philippines. And when it derives income
from the Philippines, this income contributes to the general income of the
corporation wherever it is located. And when it distributes its profits, part of the
profits distributed is derived from the Philippines. Thats why may collection. So
dont tell me that just because the issuing corporation is a foreign corporation and
the recipient is also an alien, it will not be subjected to tax. No. As long as income
is derived from the Philippines by the foreign corporation then whenever it
distributes dividends to whomever among these types of taxpayers, we are going
to collect tax.
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Non-resident alien not engaged in trade or business - 100,000, income?

Yes. Within or without? Everything is within, general rule. If everything is within,
subject to tax? Yes. What kind of tax? GIT. What rate? Either 25 or 15%
depending on the situation.
If only 33 is within exception to the rule, then only is within then only 33 is
subject to tax. What kind of tax? GIT.
Corporations, dividends
If a foreign corporation issues dividends in favor of a domestic corporationincome? Yes. Within or without? General rule, lahat ay within. Subject to tax? Yes.
What kind of tax? NIT. Not FWT. Kasi ang dividends pag ang recipient ay
corporation is not subjected to FWT. Pag ang dividends ang nag-issue ay
domestic corporation, exempt. Pag nag-issue ay foreign corporation, NIT siya.
Hindi siya exempt. NIT.
Pag ang tumanggap ay resident foreign corporation sa Pilipinas. Within or
without? Within pa rin lahat according to Section 42 general rule. Income? Yes
entire 100 within. Subject to tax? Oo taxable pag within eh. Anong klaseng tax?
NIT.
Non-resident foreign corporation ayan na naman kayo sasabihin na naman
eh parehong nasa labas ng bansa, di dapat yan ay without, without na. Abay hindi
eh sabi ng Section 42. Non-resident foreign corporation tumanggap galing sa
isang foreign corporation, income ba yan? Oo. Its either the entire 100 is subject to
tax or only 33 is subject to tax, but either way, it is GIT.
ITEMS OF INCLUSION
The items of inclusions in the gross income of a taxpayer of whatever kind
is covered in Section 32 (A):
(1) Compensation for services in whatever form paid, including, but not limited to
fees, salaries, wages, commissions, and similar items;
(2) Gains derived from dealings in property;
(3) Gross income derived from the conduct of trade or business or the exercise of
a profession;
(4) Dividends;
(5) Interests;
(6) Rents;
(7) Royalties;
(8) Annuities;
(9) Prizes and winnings;
(10) Pensions; and
(11) Partner's distributive share from the net income of the general professional
partnership.
Do you have to memorize them? No. Do not memorize them. Because ang
sabi ng batas: Gross income refers to all kinds of income from whatever source
derived, meaning from legitimate or illegitimate sources, of whatever kind, whether
in cash or in kind, such as but not limited to the following. In other words, the list
is not exclusive. Wala sa listahan na pag nagnakaw ka ay part ng gross income.
Pag nagbenta ka ng shabu ay kasama sa gross income. It will definitely be part of
the computation of the gross income of a taxpayer. In fact class, well discuss how
these kinds of income will be subjected to tax.
Compensation or gross income from exercise of profession
Ang alam natin pag compensation ang sitwasyon ay may tao.
Compensation for services rendered, meaning that this income is derived from
employer-employee relationship. When you speak of services rendered pursuant
to an employer-employee relationship, what you receive is particularly referred to
as compensation. If you render service and there is no employer-employee
relationship, you refer to it as gross income from the exercise of profession which
is the G (in C-G-GD-I-R-R-A-P-P-P). But when you render service not pursuant
to an employer-employee relationship and what you receive is gross income from
the exercise of profession, most likely theres another kind of tax that will be
collected: value added tax- because thats a sale of service.
When you sell service and there is no employer-employee relationship, two
kinds of taxes are collected 1) income tax for income for rendition of service
without employer-employee relationship, 2) for the act of sale of service which is
value-added tax. Like for example consultancies, security agencies, it is a sale of
service, janitorial, accounting services, these are the sale of services but theres
no employer-employee relationship. So whatever income you will derive will still be
subjected to income tax which is the gross income from the exercise of profession
but in addition to that, value-added tax will be collected.
Gains derived from Dealings in Property
Here we will be talking about capital gains on sale of shares of stocks,
capital gains on sale of real property, sale of ordinary assets. So these are the
transactions wherein you will have gains, either capital gains on sale of shares of
40
stocks, capital gains on sale of real property, gains derived from sale of capital
assets other than shares of stocks and real property, ordinary gains in sale of
ordinary assets. So those are the possibilities. If we sell ordinary assets and you
have gains, what do we collect? NIT because that is all income (see Table 1)
When you sell assets which is capital but not shares of stocks or real property
located in the Philippines and you have gains, where do you fall? (A) sa table- NIT
yan. Thats how you apply the table.
Annuities
It may be out of a personal contract, similar to an insurance that you took,
or because of your employment, whatever, the term annuities, hindi naman siya
nasa B, hindi sa C, hindi sa D, kaya nasan siya? (A) (see Table 1). Anong klaseng
tax? Doon sa (A).
Prizes and winnings
Dividends
Theres no other concept of dividends except profits distributed by a
corporation.
Interest
There are two kinds of interest: 1) interest on loans 2) interest on bank
deposits. When we talk about bank deposits then where will we fall? Its on passive
income (see Table 1) (B). But when we talk about interest on loans, that means
you are extending loans and that is engaging in trade or business. Whether it is
isolated or habitual, where will you fall? (A) (see Table 1). So thats all income net
income tax ka.
Of course sabi natin passive income ito. So general rule, passive income.
Final withholding tax yan. Except when the prizes and winnings are outside of the
Philippines in which case NIT ka. And prizes and winnings which are exempt: 1)
PCSO and lotto winnings exempt 2) prizes and winnings in sports competitions
sanctioned by the national sports commission 3) exempt prizes and winnings
awarded pursuant to educational, scientific, cultural, charitable, literary and so
forth, provided the winner is not required to render future service and that the
winner did not actively participate to join the contest. All prizes and winnings
derived therefrom are income but exempt. And then prizes and winnings of
corporations are always treated as ordinary income. Therefore saan siya magfafall? Tingnan mo lang dun sa unang table letter (A) (see Table 1).
Partners distributive share in general professional partnership
Rentals
Pag nagpaparenta ka, meron kang properties, di ba? When you receive
rentals the rentals are income from engaging in trade or business. Kasi di ka
naman magpaparenta ng wala kang business. Or assuming that it is isolated,
whether it is isolated or regular ang business mo renting out properties, real,
personal, tangible or intangible, whatever kind of property, what kind of income do
you receive? Where will you fall? Sa (A) (see Table 1). Bakit? Wala siya sa (B),
(C), or (D) kaya dun siya babagsak. Titingnan mo ngayon kung sino ka sa table.
Ganun lang yun very easy.
When we talk about the sale of property being rented out, pag binenta mo
na si property na pinarerentahan mo, anong unang tatanungin mo, anong klaseng
asset yun ordinary or capital? Syempre pinarerentahan mo, business yun,
ordinary. So when you sell, and you gain profits, you realize gains where will you
fall? (A). Choose. Kaya sabi ko sa inyo yang boxes na yan, these are very helpful.
If you have that in your vision, hindi na kayo mawawala.
Yesterday I told you that there are two kinds of partnership, GCP and GPP.
A GPP is exempt as an entity from income tax. But whether GCP or GPP pag
dinistribute na ang profits di ba partnership is a contract wherein partners
contribute money, property or industry to a common fund and then divide the
profits among themselves. once the profits are distributed to the partners, the
partners will be reclassified into an individual. And then every profit distributed to
you as a partner will be treated as a part of gross income of the partner subject to
tax. What kind of tax? Wala siya sa B, C, D nasa (A).
Pensions
When we talk about pensions we are talking about employer-employee
relationship. But of course yung pensions kasi na salita is a general term. So lets
look at retirement benefits which are treated also as pensions. As a general rule,
all pensions and retirement benefits are income. They are considered as
compensation, therefore taxable. Except for the following: 1) all pensions which
are also treated in general terminology as retirement benefits, these are
compensation because they have been received pursuant to an employer-
41
employee relationship, they are income and taxable.

But the following shall not be considered as subject to tax:
1) SSS retirement benefits
2) GSIS
3) pensions under US Veterans Act are income but exempt from tax
4) retirement benefits under RA 7641 provided, that the employee is at
least 50 years of age, the employee renders continuous service for 10 years and
he availed of retirement once as far as the employer is concerned and a
reasonable retirement plan is maintained by the employer, approved by the BIR
and no part of the fund is used by the employer other than for the benefit of the
employee. These are the requisites under RA 7641 to be exempted from the
payment of income tax. All other retirement benefits will be income subject to tax.
What about benefits due to death of an employee which shall be treated
also as forming part of retirement and pension? Income but exempt.
Because there is death, please be very careful, pag may nakita mong
namatay laging dalawa ang point of view, isa income, isa estate tax. When you die
and retirement benefits are given because of your death, of course it is not you
who are receiving the benefits, it is your family. That is income but that is exempt
from income tax. The next question is, are these same benefits received by your
heirs part of your gross estate subject to estate tax? Yan ang tanong, kasi
namatay ka, dapat ikaw ang tatanggap, kaso namatay ka. So hindi mo
matatanggap, dahil namatay ka, ang tanong naman sa kabilang side ay, is the
retirement benefit due to you were it not for your death, part of your gross estate
subject to estate tax?
The rule is: Yes. But your gross estate is entitled to claim the same amount
as a deduction. Add to the gross estate, claim as a deduction. If your estate does
not want to it as a deduction, good on the part of the government. But the rule is,
add-deduct. Sasabihin ninyo eh sira-ulo ang batas. Idadagdag saka aawasin.
Huwag na lang idagdag at huwag na lang magbawas. Bawal. Bakit? Because
gross estate as defined under Section 85 is the value of all properties, real or
personal, tangible or intangible, and your retirement benefits are therefore part of
your gross estate. So they should be, they must be included in the gross estate. If
you dont want to claim it as a deduction, fine. The requirement is add, before you
deduct. Otherwise, it will result to double deduction if you dont add and you
deduct. Ano ang first deduction? When you dont include in the gross estate thats
already a deduction, and if you claim the deduction thats double deduction, if you
dont add and you only deduct. Ang sabi nga ng batas, Section 85 you must add
because that is part of the gross estate.
Compensation for services rendered including fees, commissions and other

similar items
The concept is limited to an employer-employee relationship. Lets not
memorize the enumeration. Lets do it this way:
Phase 1- Hiring - What can I give you when I hire you? I can give you a hiring or
signing bonus when I recruit you from another employer because I want your
service. You are the best janitor in Manila. Therefore, your expertise as a janitor is
very crucial to my office. I will recruit you and give you a signing bonus.
Phase 2 - Employment Proper - Dito napakaraming pwede nating ibigay at
napakaraming tawag, designation of the benefit. Of course you will have your
basic pay, overtime pay, holiday pay, hazard pay, night shift differential when
youre working during nighttime. You may have all kinds of bonuses, 13th month,
14th, 15th, productivity bonus, medical bonus, educational bonus, quarterly bonus,
mid-year bonus, kahit ano pa yan diyan siya maka-classify. Meron pa tayong
Christmas basket pag ka Pasko, meron pang pa-bahay, pa-kotse, meron ka pang
equipment tulad ng cellphone, laptop. Bukod dyan, pwede ko pa kayong bigyan ng
representation and transportation allowance. I can also give you scholarships,
lahat ng gusto ninyo, clothing allowance, manicure allowance, pedicure allowance,
bigyan kita ng security guard, medical allowance, toothache allowance, dental
allowance, food allowance, bukod sa medical may medicine allowance pa, meron
pang laundry allowance, meron pang travel allowance, shares, golf course shares,
or playing rights, meron pa kayong insurance na ako ang magbabayad, health
card, only in the Philippines. Meron pa kayong vacation leave, sick leave, ang mga
lalaki may paternity leave, ang mga babae maternity leave, birthday leave, lahat
isipin niyo nay an. Cellphone load, I will pay for your telephone bill ano pa sige
mauubos ang board. These are the benefits that you will receive from an employer
because of your employment.
Phase 3- Post Employment- Una muna is resignation. Syempre wala kang
retirement pay, bibigyan lang kita ng financial assistance for the services that you
have rendered in the office, lets say seven years ka, very crucial ang ginagawa
mo. Terminal leave, retirement, o di kaya namatay ka, or ang office may
redundancy, retrenchment at saka installation of labor-saving device o kaya
dinismiss kita for a cause dahil naawa ako sayo binigyan kita ng financial
assistance. Dinismiss kita without cause, nagdemandahan and all, reinstatement
plus backwages. Or in lieu of reinstatement, separation pay plus backwages plus
moral damages plus exemplary damages plus attorneys fees plus costs of suit.
Yan ang mga posibilidad. Meron pa tayong tinatawag na permanent physical
42
disability naputol ang katawan, babayaran. On top of all of this, in case of physical
disability, meron pang binabayaran sayo pwede ka pa mag-claim either sa SSS or
sa GSIS di ba? Pwede kang bayaran. Or kung wala ka naman binayaran ka ng
company.
So these are the possibilities of employer-employee benefits that an
employer may give to an employee. It may be all or some or whatever. How do we
treat them, from the point of view of the employee or from the point of view of the
employer? Do we need to memorize these? No.
There are three kinds of employees for taxation purposes: 1) managerial or
supervisory 2) rank and file 3) and what we have now minimum wage earners.
Isama na natin ang de minimis benefits, again napakahaba. Ilan lang naman ang
may amount na memorize mo, subsidy, clothing allowance, medical expenses,
laundry allowance, di ba? Do we need to memorize the fringe benefits listed? No
need. Kasi lahat yan pwede mo nang i-classify. These are employer-employee
benefits period. Whether managerial, rank and file or minimum wage earner, he
receives a basic pay, of course. It may be paid monthly, weekly, quarterly,
whatever, regardless of the frequency of payment, a taxpayer employee is given a
basic pay of the employer. What will be the tax treatment? It is treated as
compensation subject to net income tax because it is letter (A) (see Table 1).
Rank and File you call it also compensation, net income tax is the
consequence. Minimum wage earner who earns statutory minimum wage as
defined under the law depending on where the services rendered and the amount
promised magkano na ngayon after May 1? Its the same P404, but the COLA is
increased to P22. Additional P22 for COLA. The statutory minimum wage is
technically compensation as well but there is a different term, statutory minimum
wage, but this is exempt from tax.
On top of this, an employee may render additional service beyond working
hours; they also receive overtime pay, holiday pay when he works during holidays
as provided by law, they also may claim hazard pay and night shift differential. Pag
ka managerial and supervisory employee is not entitled to this. But happens if he
is paid? I will deal with that later. If a rank and file receive these payments, this will
form part of compensation, ginugrupo yan and it forms part of the NIT.
De minimis benefits
If a minimum wage earner receives these benefits, these are exempt. On
top of this, an employer may also give de minimis benefits, privileges of small
value, which under the law are treated as income but not subject to tax provided,
the limitations as to the amount are complied with. So clothing or uniform
allowance is P4,000, medical is P10,000, laundry allowance P300 per month, rice
subsidy P1,500 per month or an equivalent of one sack of rice in the amount of
P1,500 per month, small gifts for anniversaries, birthdays and whatever, these are
de minimis benefits privileges of small value. When these are given to a
managerial or supervisory employee, not exceeding the amount fixed by law,
these are income, but exempt. If a rank and file receives these benefits not
exceeding the amount provided for by law, these are also income but exempt. If a
minimum wage earner receives de minimis benefits within the limit, not exceeding
the amount provided for by law these are exempt. So a minimum wage earner,
exempt for statutory minimum wage, exempt for the overtime pay, holiday pay,
night shift differential and for the de minimis benefits not exceeding the limits
provided for by law, the same shall also be exempt from payment of tax. What if
the de minimis benefits given to are in excess of the limits, what happens? Dito
tayo magkakagulo. Lahat ng excess, tagalugin natin ha. The excess will be
transferred to another box (see Table 2) which is called Other Benefits. If the
excess here together with the other benefits do not exceed the P30,000 limit,
remember? Then the excess together the other benefits not exceeding P30,000
are exempt.
But if the de minimis benefits exceed the limits provided for by law and
when they are transferred and grouped as Other Benefits they exceed the limit of
P30,000, the excess, if you are a managerial or supervisory employee, will be
treated as fringe benefits, subject to fringe benefits tax of 32% based on the
grossed-up monetary value.
If a rank and file receives de minimis benefits in excess of the limit, the
excess will be transferred to Other benefits if not exceeding P30,000 together
with all, exempt. But if it exceeds, the excess will be treated as compensation
subject to net income tax. Isasama siya igu-grupo grupo mo.
Now if a minimum wage earner is in the same situation, exceeding de
minimis benefits, the excess shall be transferred here in Other benefits. If they
dont exceed, exempt, but if they exceed, the excess shall be treated as
compensation and this time, they will stop being considered as a minimum wage
earner and they will be treated as an ordinary rank and file therefore everything
will be subjected to tax. Naintindihan?
43
Now a minimum wage earner with statutory minimum wage- exempt, here
exempt, here exempt, here exempt, and does not have other benefits exceeding
the limits, but on the side, has a business. Minimum wage earner ka pero alam mo
naman entrepreneurial tayong mga Pilipino, to augment the income nagbebenta
ng cellphone load, nagpapautang ng kung anu-ano may business on the side, but
they receive de minimis here, they will still be considered as minimum wage
earner all income here from employment will be exempt but all income from
business will be taxed just like an ordinary business income. So yung business
income lang niya ang tina-tax, the rest of the employer-employee benefits exempt
pa rin, kung hindi mag-exceed sa P30,000. Pag nag-exceed ka ng P30,000 yun
ang triggering point nun pag nag-exceed ka ng P30,000 sa other benefits, ibig
sabihin tigil ka na as minimum wage earner ang treatment mo will be like an
ordinary rank and file. All the tax treatment will be that of an ordinary rank and file.
This is the summary. Now were going to apply this table to all of this regardless of
how you call the benefit. We dont have to distinguish if it is a fringe benefit, de
minimis benefit. What kind of benefit are you talking about? Nandito lahat. (See
Table 2)
This table, however, will never be applied at all if the benefit given to the
employee is:
Kinds of
Employees
Basic Pay
Overtime
Pay
Holiday
Pay,
Hazard,
NSD
De
Minimis
within
limit
In case
excess
is
<
P30,000
Other
Benefits
in case
excess is
>P30,000
1) Managerial
Compensation
- NIT
Not
Entitled
Exempt
Exempt
Fringe
Benefits 32%
Grossed
Up
Monetary
Value
2) Rank and File
Compensation
- NIT
NIT
Exempt
Exempt
NIT
3) Minimum Wage
Earner
Statutory Minimum Wage-
Exempt
NIT; will
now
be
considere
d
as Rank
and File &
everythin
g
will be
taxed
a) furnished by the employer for the convenience of the employer, or

b) necessary in the trade or business of the employer.
In other words, if any of the two situations is present, when a benefit is
given to you, disregard the table, that is not even income from your end, because
there is no increase of your net worth. I repeat, if any of these two is present in a
situation when a benefit is given to you, disregard the table completely, this is not
income at all. Therefore, no tax from your end.
Ok lets do exercises by applying the table here. Kasi yang table na yan,
ang background nyan ay dapat makita niyo in the light of the kind of business of
that the employer is engaged in. Thats the premise. The premise always is: the
benefits given are to be taken in relation with the kind of business that the
employer is engaged in so that you will know whether the benefit given to you is
related to the trade or business or not. Yan ang premise lagi, no two businesses
are exactly the same. Particular ito sa kind of business na involved ang employer.
Wala namang employer na walang business, kaya ka nga nakakapag-hire ng
empleyado, di ba? So ang tanong natin diyan ay, Paano natin ma-aaply ang table
na yan ng simple dito sa lahat ng klase ng benefits na inyong matatanggap?
Exempt
Exempt
Exempt
Hiring or signing bonus

O simulan na natin hiring or signing bonus. I have a parlor business. I hired
you. I recruited you as the best janitor in Metro Manila giving you a signing bonus
of P3,000. Kayo si janitor, kayo ang empleyado. Income? Yes. Within or without?
Within. Subject to tax? Yes. What kind of tax? NIT.
44
Pero kung ikaw ay hinire ko at binigyan kita ng signing bonus dahil ikaw ay
high-ranking officer. Kaya kita ire-recruit because of your knowledge, skills and all,
and I give you a signing bonus of P200,000. Income from your end? Yes. Within or
without? Within. Subject to tax? Yes. What kind of tax? Basic pay ba siya? Hindi.
Eto ba siya? (Overtime Pay, Holiday Pay, Hazard, NSD) Hindi. Eto ba siya? (De
minimis) Hindi. Eh di dun siya babagsak (Other Benefits). Apat lang yan eh.
Exceeding P30,000 sigurado. Sa dulo ng taon, since in excess of P30,000, fringe
benefit yun (32% of the Grossed up monetary value).
Eh kung ikaw ay MWE, janitor, P100,000 ang signing bonus mo, NIT na
siya (under the last column).
Basic pay
Next, basic pay, holiday pay, hazard pay, night shift differential, its there.
Bonuses whatever you call them, 13th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 17th, 18th hanggang 50th
month bonus, mid-year bonus, productivity bonus, incentive bonus, Christmas
bonus lahat ng klase ng bonus whatever you call them. Income ba yan sa inyo?
Yes. Is it necessary for the trade or business? Ay, no, no, no. no. Is it for your
convenience? No, no, no, no. So, ang tanong natin, income ba yan sa inyo? Yes.
Within or without? Within. Subject to tax? Yes. What kind of tax? Ay depende. If
you are a managerial or supervisory employee, that will be treated as coming from
other benefits and other benefits exceeding P30,000- fringe benefits ang katapat
mo. Kung ikaw ay rank and file, NIT ka. Siguradong kung ikaw ay minimum-wage
earner, tanggal ka na sa classification, balik ka na dun sa rank and file.
Christmas basket, basket of fruits, may santol, mangga, grapes, orange.
Meron yang amount, meron bang income? Yes. Within or without? Within. Subject
to tax? Ay depende. Pag nandito titingnan mo ngayon, de minimis ba siya?
Nakasulat ba sa batas na de minimis ang Christmas basket? Wala. Kayo naman.
So how do you treat that? Very simple (See Table 2). Nasa dulo siya, dun siya sa
Other Benefits together with Other Benefits not exceeding thirty. Exempt. Exempt.
Exempt. If exceeding thirty, the excess shall be treated as pag managerial- fringe
benefits, rank and file- NIT.
Housing
Pa-bahay, pa-kotse. Housing in English. Housing privileges and car
privileges. Sa madaling salita sa Tagalog, may pa-bahay ka na, pa-kotse ka pa.
Pagsasama-samahin natin yan, house, board and lodging, kotse, other privileges.
What will be the tax treatment? Are these benefits given to you because they are
furnished a) for my convenience? If the answer is yes, not income exempt;

b)necessary to the trade or business? Example you are our head cutter who
services clients, I give you kotse, parlor ang business ko eh. Pero kung binigyan
ko ang janitor ko, binigyan ko ng kotse, bahay, at pa-kain ko. Aba, those are not
necessary for my trade or business. Those are not for my convenience. Therefore,
income, taxable sa inyo. Pero kung kayo ay head barber ko at nagse-service ka sa
mga kliyenete natin at ang ating business ay 24 hours. Kaya kelangan bigyan kita
ng bahay sa gilid ng parlor na binabayaran ko para ang kliyente pag dumating ng
alas-dos ng umaga, pwede kang gisingin para gupitan ang kliyente. These are
absurd situations, but the reason I am pointing this out to you is para makita ninyo
kung ano kaya yung for the convenience of the employer, ano kaya ang ibig
sabihin ng, necessary for the employers trade or business. If those benefits are
given to you for my conveniece or necessary for my trade or business, so be it.
But thats not income from your end, not taxable, not income.
But if they are not furnished for my convenience nor are they necessary for
my trade or business, where will they fall? Last column. (See Table 2) Other
Benefits. Then, titingnan mo kung sino ka, rank and file, minimum wage earner ka,
managerial or supervisory. Titingin lang, ang utak susunod agad. Hindi niyo
kelangan memoryahin ang batas.
Equipment
Cellphone, laptop, personal computers, yan, equipment that I furnish you.
Ang tanong: are these necessary in carrying on your trade or business? If you are
a janitor, do you need a laptop? Thats income from your end. But if you are my
cashier or accountant, then those are necessary for your trade or business and
those are not income from your end. Otherwise, if the benefits such as these do
not apply, then you go back to the table.
Representation and transportation allowance
Parlor - I give you P100, go to Divisoria, buy pangkulot. Ginawa mo sa
P100, ipinangkain mo, nabusog ka. May income ka? Oo, nabusog ka eh. Pero
kung pinambili mo ng pangkulot at ginastos mo ang P100 sa pamasahe, at
pagbalik mo sa akin. Sinabi mo, Maam, eto ang resibo, eto ang pangkulot.
Liquidated. Thats not income from your end. Pero pag ipinangkain mo, whether
liquidated or not, thats income from your end. Taxable. Anong klaseng tax? Eh
titingnan muna natin kung ikaw ba eh managerial, rank and file or minimimum
wage earner. Titingnan mo lang, wala siya sa una, pangalawa, pangatlo. Pangapat siya (See Table 2). Oh ha? Ganyan magbasa, hindi naman siya BP (basic
45
pay), OP (overtime pay), hindi siya DMB (de minimis benefits). Other Benefits
siya. Yun lang naman ang qualification ng benefits that you will receive.
Food allowance
Andito na siya na-discuss na natin yan.
Scholarships
Medicine
I send you to law school in San Beda Alabang as my head cutter so that
youll study law. Tuition fee, allowance, book allowance, baon, I give you all,
income on your end? Yes. Taxable? Yes. What kind of tax? (See Table 2) One,
two, three, andun siya sa Other Benefits na naman. But if I send you to Ricky
Reyes Haircutters Academy, Ill pay for all expenses, that will benefit me so that is
not income from your end. This is the thought: very simple naman eh, hindi naman
siya mahirap. Wala ditong mga preference of credits, wala. Titingnan mo lang ang
sitwasyon, kasi talagang ang tax is situational, so you have to relate to the reality
of the situation.
Clothing allowance
De minimis benefits, in excess, kitang-kita (See Table 2). Alangan naman
sabihin mo sa yong boss, Pag di mo ako binigyan ng clothing allowance, papasok
ako ng hubot hubad.
Medical allowance
May limit din, P10,000.
Part na ng medical allowance.

Laundry allowance
P300. Kapag nag-exceed, doon (Other Benefits).
Travels
You are my head cutter in the parlor, go to Hong Kong and attend
seminars for the latest haircuts. Income from your end? Hindi. I will give you
allowances paid by the office. Income from your end? Yes. What kind of tax do
you pay? Depende kung sino ka.
Country club shares
If shares are given to you because of your employment, how do you treat
that? Hindi yan basic pay. Dun siya magfa-fall sa Other Benefits. Eh, milyunmilyon yan eh. Janitor binigyan mo ng shares sa Tagaytay Highlands, san ka
babagsak? Rank and file ka? Other Benefits ka.
Manicure/ pedicure allowance

Playing rights
Dun siya sa Other Benefits.
Security guard
If I give you a personnel, assigned personnel, a security or a physical
being. You are my janitor, I give you security. Income from your end. But if you
were the president of the company or my comptroller, or my chief accountant or
financial officer, or treasurer of the company and I give you a security officer, that
is necessary in trade or business. Therefore, not income from your end.
Dental allowance
Itong dental kino-consider din sa medical allowance so P10,000 ang limit.
Playing rights in a club, sports club, will that be a benefit to you? Is that
income from your end? Playing rights, pag naglaro ka binabayaran ka, income
yan. Di ba maglalaro ka lang dun, charge sa company kasi company share yon
and then you are given the right to play, paid for by the company. Of course, may
income ka. Bakit? Sa halip na pera mo ibabayad mo eh hindi ka maglalabas ng
pera, company magbabayad. Is there income from your end? Yes. How do you
treat that? Other Benefits sa dulo (see Table 2).
Health cards
Now the trend is: health cards are treated as ordinary and necessary
expense on the part of the employer. Syempre, ayaw kasi na mamomroblema
kayo pag may sakit kayo, hindi ka rin makakapagtrabaho dahil wala ka ring pera
46
pampagamot. At pag wala kayong pera pampagamot, mangungutang kayo sa

akin, di ba? O di kaya wala kang pambayad, lalo kayong magkakasakit sa
kakaisip ng pambayad. So ang effect nito ay sa ating opisina. Kaya ngayon, ang
trend is: health cards will not be treated as income because necessary na yun.
taxable because you are as if rendering service and you are working. So what you
receive is your basic pay, di ba? Pero kung ang iyong terminal leave, ay
converted into cash because you are retiring and converted it to cash, that will
form part of retirement benefits, income but not taxable.
Vacation leave and sick leave
Birthday leave
10 days or less commutation of vacation leave. De minimis benefitsincome but not taxable. In excess of ten days, that's already taxable. What kind of
tax? (see Table 2) Yun, timingin lang kayo sa dulo (Other Benefits).
Birthday leave. Nag-leave ka, para kang nagtatrabaho pero bayad ka. O eh
di basic pay. Part ng basic pay mo. Di ka naman nag bibirthday ng tatlong beses
isang taon eh.
Commutation of sick leave
Utilities
Kalahating araw, 1/4 day kinompute and converted into cash-income,

taxable. Bakit mas favorable sa employee pag vacation leave kesa sick leave?
Syempre ang binibiyayaan ng batas ay ang masisipag pumasok. Kaya marami
kang vacation leave na converted into cash, hindi ka tamad, di ba? Pag ikaw ay
may sakit, hindi pinaguusapan dito ang kasipagan or katamaran. Ang
pinaguusapan dito ay, Dapat ka bang pumasok o hindi? Dahil kung may sakit ka,
hindi ka dapat pumasok dahil baka makahawa ka pa sa opisina, kaya hindi kita
bibigyan ng reward. Kaya isang araw lang na ma-convert into cash, income
taxable. Pero ang vacation leave, sampung araw, pababa, ikinonvert into cash,
income, but not taxable. De minimis benefits yan. Pero pag nag-exceed, the
excess will be falling under Other Benefits.
Cellphone load, telephone bill- these are utilities paid for by your office. Of
course, it can never be necessary in your trade or necessary or for my
convenience that I pay for your utilities. Therefore, these are automatically income,
taxable. What kind of tax? Other Benefits. As you can see, you don't have to
memorize the rules. Tingnan, sino ba ako? Ano ba ako?
Maternity leave
Retirement
Maternity leave, pag nag maternity leave ka, paid for ka. Eh di income.
Basic pay ang matatanggap mo eh. Ngayon, sino ang nagbabayad sayo? Ang
kompanya mo ba o SSS? SSS. Kung binayaran ka ng kompanya mo, income yan,
at taxable kasi compensation yan. Pag binayaran ka ng SSS, ano ang binayad
sayo? Compensation mo. Kaya yan ay taxable pa rin, di ba? Mga lalaki, hindi
niyo naiintindihan ito. Kaming mga babae naiintindihan namin yan.
Of course, as I mentioned to you kanina, these are income but not subject
to tax. Retirement/death benefits, income, not taxable.
Financial assistance/Resignation
Kung ako ay nag-resign at binigyan ng financial assistance? Sino ka ba?
Hindi yan sigurado dito. Bakit? Pano magiging financial assistance ay necessary
for trade or business, ay no way. Dun siya magfa-fall.
Redundancy, retrenchment, installation of labor-saving device

Income but not taxable because these are for causes beyond the control of
the employee.
Terminal leave
Dismissal for cause
Terminal leave. Ibig sabihin nito, you're about to retire and whatever leave
credits that you have earned and accumulated will be either converted into cash or
i-aapeal mo at hindi ka na papasok and you are paid. Yan ang sitwasyon. If you
avail of the terminal leave and you don't go to office and you are paid, then that is
Dismissed for cause and you were given financial assistance. Of course,
whatever financial assistance you will receive will fall under Other Benefits.
47
Dismissed without cause

Final judgment ruling: reinstatement plus backwages, plus damages, moral
damages, exemplary damages, attorney's fees, and costs of suit. How do we treat
them? When you are reinstated, you're back to work. Whatever you receive is
basic pay and all other benefits. Backwages is income, taxable because these are
supposed to be the income while you were working were it not for the fact that you
were dismissed without cause. So income, taxable.
Moral damages and exemplary damages are income, taxable. Isang
sentence lang pagdating sa damages. The only damage exempt from income tax
are actual damages. Kahit anong klaseng pinagmulan ng damages, the only
damage na income but not taxable ay actual damages. Kaya yung damages for
loss of earning capacity these are actual damages, right? Income, not taxable. So
para hindi kayo nalilito, kahit anong klaseng damages, isa lang ang sentence:
actual damages lang ang income at hindi taxable. The rest of the kinds of
damages are income, taxable.
Attorney's fees and costs of suit assuming nagdemandahan kayo at
binayaran ka, what is in excess of what you actually spent is income and taxable.
But commensurate to what you spent and incurred is not income because its just
a reimbursement of your expense.
reimbursement given by your employer kung meron kang private insurance plan.
Yan ang mga posibilidad dito. Physical disability-- naputol ang kamay,
naaksidente ka, nabali ang katawan mo. So ano ang mga posibilidad mong
matanggap? Either your employer may reimburse it to you and/or your own private
insurance covering the damage. Either way, whichever or both ang bigay sayo
ang rules ay very simple. Lahat ng gastos for actual damages - not income, not
taxable. Pero kung moral, exemplary damages, these are income, taxable. Loss of
earning capacity: ni-reimburse ka, binayaran ka in the form of damages, income,
not taxable kasi actual damages yun. Attorneys fees and costs of suit assuming
na nagdemandahan kayo para mabayaran ka for the physical disability. These are
all in excess of actual expense, income and taxable.
As you can see, hindi siya mahirap aralin. Yun lang ang tingnan kahit
anong tawag, may honey, sweetheart, whatever, kahit anong pangalan ng
benefits, these are the rules. SSS, GSIS benefits or costs as I mentioned to you
are all income but not subject to tax. Ano pa? PAGIBIG, Philhealth benefits of
course these are all income but not taxable as far as the employee is concerned.
EXCLUSIONS
Ito talaga mememoryahin niyo. Items of exclusions are:
Separation pay plus backwages

Separation pay is income but not taxable because this is for a cause
beyond the control of the employee. The rest here we apply the same rules.
Backwages, income, taxable. What kind of tax? Basic pay. Kasi ito, plus all other
benefits that you receive yan, iaapply ang table. Damages as a rule: income,
taxable. Attorney's fees, costs of suit in excess of what you have spent is income,
taxable. And what you spent in commensurate to what you incurred as expense
will just be reimbursed as expense therefore, not income, not taxable.
Reimbursements for physical disability including damages
What will be the tax treatment? Naputol si katawan ko, ni-reimburse ka ng
nagastos mo, thats not income, because it is just a reimbursement of your actual
expense. Pero if youre awarded, if youre given moral damages, exemplary
damages, yan ay income taxable.
1) items of income;
2) they have the effect of decreasing the tax due;
3) they are treated as exemptions and therefore they are strictly construed
against the taxpayers/claimants.
You have to memorize these items of exclusions because the list is
exclusive. If you do not fall within any of those enumerated items, as far as the
income is concerned, then collect tax. Whatever is not in the list of exclusions will
be in the inclusions, even though the inclusion is not in the list. Yan ang rule, pag
di sinabi na ang bangus ay exempt, ay siya. Wag i-exempt si bangus. Pero kung
nakalagay na si bangus ay exempt at wag tayong mag-impose ng tax.
What are the items of exclusions? As I discuss these items, I will correlate
them with the other kinds of taxes.
Loss of earning capacity. Kasi yung physical disability, pwede yang

48
Section 32 (B), 1) Proceeds of a life insurance policy, received by the

insured or his heirs. If such amounts are held by the insurer under an agreement
to pay interest, the interest shall form part of the gross income of the taxpayer.
X is an employer, Y is an employee. Y took a life insurance over his life,
paying premiums of P5,000 annually. Proceeds of the insurance-- P1M, interest of
10% will be paid if Y survives over the paying period of 20 years. Plus, there will
be a return of premium if Y survives the paying period. Ganyan yan eh iba-iba ang
stipulations and paying periods pero pag buhay ka pa, hindi ka na magbabayad
after 20 years, kanya-kanya yang diskarte. Stipulation yan sa kontrata.
Designated beneficiaries- the wife and children of Y.
Question: 1) When Y is alive and paying for the premium of P5,000 presumably
derived from his compensation income, can Y claim the P5,000 premium as a
deduction from his gross income? Yes or no? No. Why? Because the only
allowable deductions for compensation income earners are PE (Personal
exemption), AE (additional exemption), and PHHI. Ano yung PHHI? Premiums for
health and/or hospitalization, hindi life insurance.
Y dies. Tigok these three (P1M, 10% and return of premium) received by
the wife and the children, income on the part of the wife and children? Yes.
Included, excluded? Excluded. Item of exclusion no. 1. Everything is excluded?
No. P1M is excluded, 10% is income, included in the gross income, the return of
premium is excluded, thats Section 32 B (2).
Now since there is death, there is a question about estate tax, are these
three received by the wife and children part of the gross estate of Mr. Y and
therefore subject to estate tax? Section 85 (E), meron kayong makikita items of
exclusion in the gross estate, proceeds of life insurance policy. Nakita? So
according to the law, Section 85 (E), when a person dies part of his estate include
proceeds of his life insurance policy, tama? So alin dyan at alin ang hindi at bakit
isasali. What are the rules under Sec. 85? There are two kinds of life insurance
policy proceeds under Sec. 85: 1) life insurance taken by the deceased during his
lifetime, insuring his life, designating himself, his estate, his executor, administrator
as the beneficiary, whether designation is revocable or irrevocable- include in
gross estate. 2) the second type of proceeds of life insurance under Sec. 85 which
are included in the gross estate of Mr. Y, is when Mr. Y takes a life insurance,
insuring himself, designating as beneficiary any person other than these: himself,
his estate, his executor, administrator. When the designation is revocable, include
but if the designation is irrevocable, exclude in the gross estate.
So if youre asked, P1M 10% interest and return of premium, are these
included in the gross estate of Mr. Y? Very simple, if the wife and the children
were the designated executors or administrators, whether the designation is
revocable or irrevocable, include. But if they are not the designated executors or
administrators, if the designation is irrevocable exclude from the gross estate of
Mr. Y. What is the reason? I have only one sentence even if you dont read estate
taxation, Section 85. The rule found in estate tax on when youre going to include
or exclude is very simple: If at the time of death, the decedent has interest or
control over the property or any portion or interest of the property, include. If he
designates himself, his estate, his executor, administrator, pag namatay siya may
control siya, na hindi niya to ginawa tama? At kahit namatay siya ang magbebenefit hindi siya, pero meron pa rin na kanyang kadugo na magbe-benefit kaya
meron siyang degree of control or interest, included kahit non-revocable eh. Dun
sa pangalawa, pag dinesginate naman niya hindi niya kamag-anak o di kaya wala
siyang relasyon, pag revocable, included. Bakit? Kasi kung hindi siya namatay,
may posibilidad na ni-revoke niya at pinalitan niya ng somebody na may relasyon
sa kanya. Because of that degree of control, included. Pero yung from the start isa
hindi related sa kanya yung beneficiary, irrevocable pa, mamatay o mabuhay man
si Y, wala siyang mapapakinabangan diyan. Kaya excluded. Thats rule found in
estate tax. So if last year, tinanong to, naka-enumerate lahat-lahat kung included
or excluded, sa gross estate. Takang-taka ako bakit nahihirapan. Eh simple,
meron ka bang degree of control? Meron ka bang relasyon sa beneficiary in such
a way na pwede kang magbenefit kahit patay ka na? Yung pamilya mo? Pag oo
ang sagot include mo. So these are the rules.
Lets have a variation from income tax point of view.
X is the employer, Y is the employee. Y insured his life, same scenario
designating as beneficiary his wife and children. Sabi ni X, You are my treasured
employee. You work 24 hours a day. Kawawa ka naman, kumuha ka ng life
insurance. Let me pay and let me shoulder the P5,000 premium that you are
paying. What is the effect of X, the employer, shouldering the P5,000 premium on
the part of Y? Income on the part of Y? Yes. Taxable? Yes. What kind of tax do we
pay? Depende. Andun sa pang-apat na box, (See Table 2) Other Benefits yan.
Y dies, benefits go to the wife and the children, income on the part of the
wife and the children. Included? excluded? P1M is excluded. 10% is income
taxable. ROP, not income, excluded.
Dahil namatay, may estate tax. Ano na naman ang sagot kung may estate
tax? Yan ang rules, kung si wife at si children ay mga executors or administrators,
49
revocable or irrevocable, include in the gross estate of Mr. Y. Kung ito naman ang
case, pag revocable, include. Pag irrevocable, exclude.
Now third variation, X insured the life of Y, designating as beneficiary, X
and his business. X pays P5,000 premium, proceeds P1M 10% interest and ROP.
Y dies, proceeds go to X. Question: When X is paying for the premium, can
X claim as deduction from his gross income from business the P5,000 premium?
No. 1) thats not a necessary expense. 2) Section 36 (A) (4) nakasulat. Wag
nyong mememoryahin ang mga numero ha? Kaya ko lang na memorize sa tagal
ko nang pagtuturo. Pangalawa, kelangan kong sabihin kung nasaan. X, the
employer, cannot claim as deduction the premiums paid on life insurance taken by
him over the life of his employees and designating as beneficiaries the employer
or his business directly or indirectly. Yun ang scenario niyan.
Gifts, bequests, devises

Number 3: Gifts, bequests, devices (my favorite), provided however, that if
the property received as a gift realizes income, the income shall form part of the
gross income of the taxpayer-recipient. Pinamanahan ka ng tatay mo, sampung
apartments na pinarerentahan, yung value ng apartment, income excluded, not
subject to tax. Pero yung renta ng apartment, income at taxable. Natural, alangan
naman pati income eh kasali pa. Syempre hindi. The income of the property
received as a gift will be treated as forming part of the gross income of the
recipient-donee, whether the mode of transfer is succession or simple gift, taking
effect upon death or during lifetime, it does not matter. Property received as a gift
is income but not taxable because it is an item of exclusion. If it realizes income,
the income is treated included and taxable.
Treaty
Y dies, proceeds go to X and his business. P1M: included, excluded?

Excluded. May distinction ba yung Section 32 B (1)? May distinction ba na, if the
life insurance is taken by the deceased? Wala. So excluded. Yun ang sinasabi ng
batas. 10% interest. Included? Excluded? Included. ROP- excluded. Nakasulat di
ba? Ang hilig niyong mag-amendya ng batas eh, yan ang nakasulat kaya ngayon
nakikita ninyo yung importansya ng codal. Kasi nakasulat eh.
Hay darlings, hindi na tayo magdi-discuss because a treaty is treated as

forming part of the law of the land and therefore we respect. If a treaty signed by
PNoy or whoever the president is, exempts certain income from the payment of
tax, then so be it, we shall comply.
Dahil namatay si Y, kasama ba itong tatlong ito sa gross estate niya?

Namatay si Y, ininsure ni X ang buhay ni Y ang proceeds ng life insurance
napunta kay X. Yun ang scenario. Tigok si Y, dahil tigok, ang tanong, kasama ba
yan sa gross estate ni Mr. Y? Yes or no? Sasabihin niyo, Ah, the life insurance is
taken by not by Y, but X. So, hindi mag-aaply no. 1. This is how you eliminate,
and life insurance is taken again by X. So hindi mag-aapply yan. What will it be?
Included or excluded? Excluded. Bakit? Anong partisipasyon ni Y? Mabuhay,
mamatay. Ganun lang. He does not have any interest at all whether he is alive or
dead. Right? Because it is X who took the life insurance over the life of his
employee. Therefore, Y, alive or dead, does not have any benefit out of these
proceeds. Whether the designation is revocable or irrevocable, wala tayong
pakialam because Y does not have any benefit out of the proceeds whether alive
or dead. These are items of exclusions no. 1 and 2. Ang number 2 likewise, is not
limited to life insurance. It may cover other types of insurance like motor vehicle
insurance. If there is a provision for return of premium, if the property is not
exposed to the risk insured against, as long as there is return of premium that is
not even income at all.
Pag binasa ninyo yan ano ang pwedeng coverage niyan? 1)

Compensation for injuries and sickness because of employment. Thats a
possibility. 2) Compensation for injuries and sickness because of an accident and
you are compensated for an accident, or you may not be compensated for the
accident. Nagdemanda ka, whatever is the source of the compensation, if it is
accident or injury, excluded from the gross income, not subject to tax. What is
excluded? As Ive told you, only the reimbursement for the actual damage shall be
excluded and not subject to tax. But all other kinds of damages such as moral,
exemplary, attorneys fees, costs of suit, yan ay income, taxable.
Compensation for injuries and sickness
Actual damages, damages for loss of earning capacity, these are income
but not taxable because they are items of exclusion from the computation of the
gross income of the taxpayer.
Prizes and winnings
Prizes and Winnings and other miscellaneous items nadiscuss na natin ito.
Prizes and winnings in sports competitions sanctioned by the national sports
commission -excluded.
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As you can see, in our formula, Net Income Tax the formula is:
th
13 month pay and other benefits in an amount not exceeding P30,000

Excluded
Nadiscuss na natin ito, umiikot na tayo in circles.
So these are the items of exclusions. Wag na wag kalilimutan. San siya
importante? Sa pagco-compute ng gross income ninyo. What is the effect? The
effect is reduced taxable income. Therefore, reduced tax due. Because of that, this
is in the nature of exemption, strictly construed against the taxpayers.
DEDUCTIONS
Ang haba ng deductions, dalawa lang naman yan, Section 34 and 35 pero
ang haba ng pahina. Actually this is the simplest concept in income tax. Isa lang
ang sasabihin ko sa deduction: deductions are allowed only in income subject to
NIT. Yun lang, wala na. Following that rule, if your income is subject to FWT,
concept of deduction does not apply. If the taxpayers income is subject to GIT, the
concept of deduction does not apply, as well. If the taxpayer is a non-resident alien
not engaged in trade or business, concept of deduction does not apply. If the
taxpayer is a non-resident foreign corporation, the concept of deduction does not
apply. Whatever kind of taxpayer were talking about, if your income is letters B, C,
D (see Table 1) doon, the concept of deductions will not apply. Ill give you a
summary on how deductions will apply. Pag ikaw ay tao, at compensation income
earner, ito lang ang deductions mo: PE, AE, PHHI under Section 34 (M). Pag ikaw
ay tao, compensation income plus business income or purely business income
earner ka, ang deductions mo ay PE, AE, buong Sec. 34 or OSD (Optional
Standard Deduction). So when you read it, PE+AE+34 or PE+AE+OSD.
Pag naman ikaw ay korporasyon, 34 or OSD. Ano yung 34? Itemized
deductions. And this table applies only if taxpayers income is subject to NIT.
Income subject to FWT, no deductions. Taxpayers non-resident alien not engaged
in trade or business and non-resident foreign corporation- no deduction.
Gross Income
less: Allowable deductions
Taxable Net Income
x Rate
Tax Due
less: Tax Credit
Net Income Tax
Thus, if the income of the taxpayer is subject to creditable withholding tax,
that income will first be included here (Gross Income). At the end of the day, the
creditable withholding tax will be credited. But if the income is subjected to FWT, I
mentioned this to you yesterday: like interest, dividends, royalties, prizes and
winnings, if your income consists of that, your income, prizes and winnings, lahat
ng passive income, capital gains on sales of shares of stocks, and capital gains on
sales of real property, falling in B, C, D (see Table 1) as we describe them, will be
subjected to FWT. Therefore, not included here anymore. Kaya walang deductions
na allowed.
But if your income is passive income outside of the Philippines, resident
citizen ka, taxable ka ba don? Yes. What kind of tax? NIT. Kaya yon, although
passive income yon, but that passive income will be subjected to NIT, deductions
will be applied. Royalties outside of the Philippines of a resident citizen. What kind
of tax? NIT. Hindi yun FWT, and the concept of deductions will be applied. But if
we talk about passive income in the Philippines, the passive income is subject to
what kind of tax? FWT. The concept of deductions will not be applied. Nakuha ang
picture in relation to the table?
Very simple ito, tao, compensation earner lang, PE, AE, PHHI. Pag ikaw ay
tao, compensation income plus business income or purely business, ang
deductions mo ay PE, AE kasi tao, buong Sec. 34 or OSD. Korporasyon anong
klaseng deductions? Itemized deductions under Sec. 34 or OSD.
Distinctions between deductions and exclusions
By the way, how do we distinguish deductions from exclusions?
1)
Exclusions are items of income, deductions are items of expense.
2)
Exclusions and deductions are both treated as exemptions, and

therefore, strictly construed against the taxpayer.
51
3)
In exclusions, the gross income is reduced, therefore the tax is

reduced; in deductions, the expenses are weighed against the
gross income.
Therefore, they both have the effect of reducing the tax due. Thats why
they are both treated as items of exemptions. Those are the points of comparisons
between exclusions and deductions.
Personal and additional exemptions
Personal exemption, P50,000 per person on the assumption that the
person is earning income and the income is purely compensation income. Without
the income, hindi pwedeng magpa-refund sa BIR.
Additional exemption of P25,000 per child maximum of four. Let us do
some examples. Ikaw at ako. Youre my boyfriend. We have one child, without
marriage, both are working. PE- P50,000 (ikaw) PE-P50,000 (ako). Sinong may
karapatan sa P25,000? Okay, additional exemption refers only to children ha?
Wala ditong parents, brothers and sisters. Dependents for purposes of claiming
additional exemption refer only to children of whatever status and kind, not more
than 21 years of age, not married, not gainfully employed, living with and
dependent for chief support upon the taxpayer and regardless of age, if incapable
of self-support by reason physical or mental disability.
Not married with one child, the child is living with me and dependent upon
me for chief support. So P50,000 + P25,000, then P50,000 ka. What is the
meaning of living with? Does it mean that the child does not go to the father?
That the child does not stay in the fathers house? No. Ang ibig sabihin ng living
with, is majority of the time is spent with the parent claiming the exemption. Ano
naman yung chief support? Ibig sabihin is that, the parent claiming for additional
exemption should be providing for the basic needs of the child at saka education.
It does not mean that the other parent is not supporting the child, it may be joint
support. So thats the meaning of living with and dependent upon the taxpayer for
chief support.
So, 2 ang anak natin, nasa iyo ang isa, nasa akin ang isa.
P50,000+P25,000 (sa akin), P50,000+P25,000 (sayo). Pwede ko bang kunin?
Non-transferrable ang PE at AE. Pwede ko bang sabihin: Ako naman ang babae,
inanakan mo ako ng inanakan eh. Ako na lang ang P50,000+P50,000 ikaw
P50,000+0. No pwede. Kelangan ma-comply natin yung not more than 21 years of
age, not married, not gainfully employed, living with and dependent upon the
parent for chief support of the child and regardless of age, if incapable of selfsupport by reason physical or mental disability.
5 ang anak natin, 3 sa akin, 2 sayo. P50,000 (sa akin), P50,000 (sayo).
Additional exemption- I claim for P75,000 thats alright, but you will be claiming
only P25,000. Pwede ka bang mag-P50,000 plus P50,000? Hindi, kasi pag
tumingin ako sayo, lima. Ang sabi ng batas maximum of four. Clear? Okay.
Now, marami kang babae, kaming anim, tig-i-tig-isang anak sa amin, wala
kang pinakasalan, lahat ng tig-i-tig-isang anak nasa amin. P50,000+P25,000 (ako)
ganun din kayo. Ikaw, P50,000 ka lang. Pano kung may anak ka pa sa ibang
babae? Anak sayo lima. May anak ka sa amin tig-i-tig-isa, may anak ka sa ibang
babae na lima nasa yo lahat. How much can you claim for additional exemption?
P50,000+P25,000 ako. Ikaw? Maximum of four, eh. How many can you still claim?
3 only. Tatlo na lang siya. Pwede ba siyang mag-apat? Di ba anim ang anak niya,
nasa amin tig-i-tig-isa, wala sa kanya. Di tayo kasal eh. Pero meron siyang limang
anak sa isang babae na nasa kanya. Labing isa ang anak niya, lima buo, anim
hindi. So, ano ang pwede nating i-claim na exemption? Tayong anim
P50,000+P25,000 sigurado. Ikaw, additional exemption. Tatlo ka lang. Ang tanong
niyo, bakit ganun? Eh hindi naman anak ni Lumbera yan. Anak niya sa ibang
babae. Bakit kanya tatlo lang? Bakit siya hindi pwedeng mag-apat? Kasi pag
tumingin ako sayo ilan na pag nag-apat ka? Lima na. Bawal sabi ng batas.
Hanggang apat lang. Walang sinabi ang batas na, the four children should be our
common children. Nakalagay ba? Wala. Basahin ninyo. Because if you allow that
to happen, you will be encouraging an illegitimate relationship. You are favoring
more yung hindi kasal kesa sa kasal.
Next kasal, magpakasal tayo. Ang kasal wala kang anak sa iba. Puro
legitimate, nagsasama tayo. Iba ang rules pag kasal, P50,000 plus P50,000 but
the husband has the right to claim for the additional exemption, maximum of four
children.
Madali pag kasal. Ngayon pano kung kasal at may anak ka sa iba either
prior or during the marriage? Ayan, complications. Whether prior to marriage or
during the marriage, ang requirement, pwede mo bang ma-claim as dependents
yung mga anak mong illegitimate? Pwede. May bawal ba? Wala. Ano lang ang
repercussions? Pag-aawayan natin yan. Its either you claim for our children, you
prioritize our legitimate children as dependents. But I cannot require you to get our
legitimate children as our only dependents to the exclusion of your illegitimate
children. The assumption here is that: the illegitimate children are living with you
52
and dependent upon you for chief support and because they are living with you,
they must be living with me as well. Kasi mag-asawa tayo eh. Di ba? Okay, so
kung sila ay nakatira sa atin, the prerogative is on you. Choose among our
illegitimate children or our legitimate children, but maximum of four. Pero iisipin
niyo, Teka muna, di ba dapat maximum of four pag legitimate plus illegitimate?
Wala namang sinabi ang batas, maximum of four lang ang nakasulat. Pag
tumingin ako sayo apat lang at hanggang apat ke yan ay legitimate, illegitimate.
Basta tayo magtapat, wala kaming partner na partner tayo ngayon bukas hindi.
Basta may anak, forever tayong partner in the eyes of the law. The fact that we
are separated later on or we are not married do not matter as far as the
exemptions are concerned.
Now, as a husband, can you waive the additional exemption? Yes. In
writing. But if the husband is a non-resident citizen, whose income is purely
outside of the Philippines and therefore not subject to tax, then there is no need for
your waiver. Automatically the spouse, wife, will be allowed to claim the additional
exemption. Another instance where the wife can automatically claim for the
additional exemption is when the wife is tamad, without income. You dont have
anything to waive in my favor.
Anong effect ng legal separation sa exemption? Wala, kasal tayo. Para
tayong mag-asawa. Annulled, eh single. But that doesnt mean that because we
are single again iibahin natin ang rules, back to being single, maximum of four pag
nakatingin ako sayo. Ke magka-anak ka sa iba o hindi, magkaroon ka ng
illegitimate children sa iba, wala akong pakialam. Pag tumingin ako sayo ilan na?
Kelangan ba yung apat na yun ay anak natin? Oo, sinabi ng batas. Otherwise, if
we do that then theres a possibility na each person may have more than when
you look at them together. Kasi pag ganun, pwede mangyari, pwede ka mag-claim
ng apat, apat din ako, eh di walo. Walo is certainly more than four.
What happens in case of change of status among the dependents,
children. Parang FIFO, first in first out. Change of status within the year is treated
as change of status at the end of the year. So kung namatay ang dependent mo,
nag-asawa, nagkaroon ng trabaho, or umalis sayo or no longer dependent upon
you for chief support within the year, it is as if at the end of the year. So during the
year, pwede mo pa syang i-claim as dependent. But after the taxable year, no
more. So ano naman ang mangyayari pag may nagbagong ganon, sa susunod na
taon? Di ba nag first-in first out ka, eh kung may susunod na pumapasok naman
meron namang pwedeng kapalit, basta related sayo. Children kasi ang
requirement.
Premiums on Health and Hospitalization insurance (PHHI)

Section 34. Premiums on health and hospitalization insurance in the
amount of P2,400 per family, provided, that the gross annual income does not
exceed P250,000. Sino kaya ang pwedeng mag-avail nito? Minimum wage earner
pwede mag-avail nito.
Optional Standard Deduction
Ano naman ang OSD? Optional Standard Deduction. This used to be
available only to individuals. But now, both corporations and individual taxpayers
are entitled to claim for OSD. The rate before is 10% now its 40%. How do we
distinguish OSD from itemized deductions under Sec. 34? In itemized deductions
under Sec. 34, require supporting documents. Resibo to support the expense.
Yung OSD, there is no need for receipts to support the expense. But there is a
need for receipts of your gross income so that you can arrive at 40% of your gross
income as a deduction. You cannot just change from OSD to itemized, and
itemized to OSD, hindi pwede. You need special permission from the Bureau of
Internal Revenue before you can change. And as a general rule, if youre starting
out your business and theres no specification on what kind of deductions you will
be availing of, its always itemized. Absolutely, BIR will not allow you to change
deductions from OSD to itemized, or itemized to OSD in one taxable period.
Applicability of itemized deductions
We are now going to continue with our discussion with deductions.
Yesterday, we finished with personal exemptions, additional exemptions and
optional standard deductions. And now we are going to start and finish with
Section 34, which is a long provision of the Tax Code and our itemized deductions,
as Ive mentioned to you yesterday. The itemized deductions are available only to
taxpayers engaged in trade or business. It either applies to an individual taxpayer
or a corporation. It is does not apply to non-resident aliens engaged in trade or
business and non-resident foreign corporation.
Criteria for deductibility
Now, masyadong mahaba ang codal provision ng Section 34. But take
note that the criteria in the deductibility of Section 34 of the items listed under
Section 34 are based on the following:
1. It must be actually paid or incurred. In other words, dapat nagastos. Kapag
hindi mo nabayaran, hindi mo pwedeng i-claim as a deduction.
53
2. It must be necessary in the trade or business, and

3. It must be reasonable in amount.
Meaning of necessarily incurred in trade or business
What is the meaning of necessarily incurred in trade or business? It
means that, the expenses claimed as deductible should be related to the particular
kind of business that you are engaged in. Dapat related talaga doon sa klase ng
business na ikaw ay meron. Example: Ang suka, patis, toyo ay expenses sa
restaurant. Ang suka, patis, toyo ay hindi expenses sa parlor. So ito ang ibig
sabihin ng related to the kind of business you are engaged in. We always corelate all these deductions to the kind of business you are engaged in, such that
pag hindi talaga related sa business mo, it will be disallowed by the Bureau of
Internal Revenue. And lastly of course, it should be reasonable in amount.
Standard of reasonableness
What is the standard of the reasonableness of the amount? There is no
specific standard by the Bureau of Internal Revenue. Neither does the Code
provide kung ano ba ng ibig sahibin ng reasonableness of the amount. But this
has something to do with the physical set-up of your business. We have to look
into the things that the BIR considers to determine whether or not the expense is
reasonable in amount. Of course, we have to look at the number of the employees
that you have, the land area of the business, yung ino-occupy ninyo. Ano bang
klaseng business? Example, ha? Nagke-claim ka ng kuryente, utiliy, bills,
telephone, electricity, water. Nagke-claim ka ng water na P50,000.00 a month as
deductible expense, but it turns out that your business has a 4-square meter area.
Where did you get the P50K expense? Eh 4-square meter lang ang location ng
business mo. All considering, wala ka man lang aircon. So these are the things the
BIR will look into.
Determination of reasonableness of amount
Pupunta ba ang BIR para tingnan ang business mo? Take note that the
BIR conducts tax mapping. Ano yang tax mapping? Ano yong minamapa? Every
BIR office, Regional Office, Revenue District Office has a territorial jurisdiction. So
every year, the BIR nagmamapa. Ang tawag dun tax mapping. It goes into every
office, every commercial or area na meron sa kanyang jurisdiction. So doon pa
lang, nakikita na nila. Kitang-kita kung anong klaseng business meron ka. Number
two, take note that in the financial statements of the taxpayer nakalagay doon
how much are the equiptment, assets. Naka-indicate yun hindi ba? Nakalagay
doon. Networth. Assests and liabilites. Lahat are assets. Although, hindi siya nakaspecifiy, nandoon yung amount. General restrictions kung ano yung assest mo.
Eh kung yung asset mo is worth P20,000.00, ano yang assets ang makakapag
produce, makakagamit ng P50K worth na kuryente? These are the things the BIR
will look into, but the BIR need not go into your place of business and see kung
ilan ba ang electric fans. No need for the BIR to visit your place because from the
financial documents submitted to the BIR, meron na silang idea kung ano yung
asset, kung ano ang pinagkakagastusan mo. The BIR is not blind. Kahit pa yan
audited financial statements na nakalagay eh number value, peso value. There is
a history behind the number, and the history is precisely the business operations
that you are having everyday in one taxable review. So we know kung anong
klaseng asset mo ang pe-pwede sa claim for deduction, depende kung anong
klaseng business meron ka. So thats how it is determined. These 3 are: a)
actually paid or incurred; b) reasosnable in amount; and c) incurred in trade or
business. These are the standards viewed by the BIR in allowing or disallowing
any item of deduction that you claim as a deduction from your gross income.
Itemized deductions limited to those liable for Net Income Tax
We are now going to discuss each one of them and how relevant for the
computation of the tax due of a particular taxpayer. So Ill give you an example
para mas mabilis. Please take note yung limitations. The taxpayers income is
subject to NIT because if the income is subject to FWT, there is no applicaton of
this table. If you are talking about a non-resident alien not engaged in trade or
business or a non-resident foreign corporation, this concept will not also be
applicable. And this is where it is applied. The taxpayer whose income is subject
to NIT, will have to compute for his gross income and then the allowable
deductions. We will be talking about Section 34 although all of them are items of
deductions from the gross income of the taxpayer. What kind of business does X
have? Lets say a parlor. Y is an empoyee of X. X hires Y as an employee and
pays Y P20,000.00 monthly as basic pay. Income on the part of Y? Yes. Assume
the parlor is in the Philippines, in Muntinlupa. Within or without? Within. Subject to
Tax? Yes. What kind of tax? NIT. Is Y entitiled to claim deductions? Yes! Ulit. X is
the employer. X pays Y a basic pay of P20,000.00. Income on the part of Y? Yes.
Within or without? Within. Subject to Tax? Yes. What kind of tax? NIT. Is Y entitled
to deductions? Yes. What are the deductions available to Y? Ayun o. Personal
exemption of P20,000.00, additional exemption of P25,000.00 per child maximum
of 4, and premium for health and hospitalization insurance.
54
Itemized deductions
Lets talk about Section 34. E-I-T-L-B-D-D-C-P-H. These are the itemized
deductions. EXPENSES, INTEREST, TAXES, LOSSES, BAD DEBTS,
DEPRECIATION, DEPLETION, CHARITABLE CONTRIBUTIONS, PREMIUM
PAYMENTS ON HEALTH AND/OR HOSPITALIZATION INSURANCE and
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT. These are the items provided for under
Section 34 of the itemized deductions. E-I-T-L-B-D-D-C-P-H. Yan ang Section 34.
I.
Expenses
A. Reasonable allowance for wages and salaries

Lets start with letter E. EXPENSES.What are the expenses which are
available as deductions to a taxpayer who is engaged in trade or business?
Reasonable allowance ito yung mga examples. Reasonable allowance for wages
and salaries including fees, commissions, and other similar items paid by an
employer to an employee. Yan ang example nyan. What are the possible
business expenses? What are the examples of business expenses that are
allowed as deductions? Number 1, reasonable allowance for wages, salaries,
commissions, fees, and other similar items. Now we are going back to what we
had yesterday. X pays Y salary, basic pay of P20,000.00. Income on the part of Y?
Yes. Within or without? Within. Subject to Tax? Yes. What kind of tax? NIT. Is Y
entitled to claim for deductions? Yes, because Y is a tao. On the part of X, the
question is: Can X claim the pay as deduction from his gross income realized from
business? Yes. That is an example of a deductible business expense. Now, X
gives Y overtime pay and nightshift differential. Y receives overtime pay and
nightshift differential. Income on the part of Y? Yes. Within or without? Within.
Subject to Tax? Yes. Y cannot be a minimum wage earner, right? P20,000.00
certainly is more that the P404 per day given to a minimum wage earner. Is this
income on the part of Y? Yes. Subject to tax? Yes. What kind of tax? NIT. Ay,
sandali muna. If Y were a managerial employee and he is not entitled to overtime
pay and nightshift differential and yet he is paid by the employer, this will belong
to the last column of Other Benefits. And together with other benefits, if it exceeds
P30,000, that will be treated as a fringe benefit subject to Fringe Benefit Tax of
32% based on the Grossed- Up monetary value. Will he be entitled to claim as
deduction for the overtime pay he was paid if he was a managerial employee? No.
That is tax to his income subject to final withholding tax. Right? But if Y were an
ordinary rank and file employee of X, then this will be subject to NIT and Y will be
entitled to claim deductions of personal exemption, additional exemption, and
premium for health and hospitalization insurance. On the part of X, can X claim
these as deductible business expenses? Yes, because these are necessary in
carrying on the trade or business, provided that, he really proves that Y rendered
work nighttime and overtime work rendered. OK? So far so good? Uulitin ko yung
examples na binura natin kahapon. X gives Y de minimis benefit within the limits
provided for by law. I-group na natin. Income on the part of Y? Yes. Within or
without? Within. Subject to Tax? No. Exempt whatever the kind of employee Y is.
On the part of X, can X claim the same as deductible expense? Yan ha? Titingnan
ninyo, may demarcation line yan ha? Diyan makikita ninyo na whatever it is,
taxable or not, the question as to deductibility is not answered automatically, it
does not follow that if it is taxable here (on the part of the employee), it is
deductible (as an expense on the part of the employer). Can X claim the de
miniminis benefits he gave to Y within the limits provided for by law as deductible
business expense? Yes. This is considered as a reasonable business expense.
What if X gives Y de minimis benefits in the amount of P300,000.00? Income on
the part of Y? Yes. Within or without? Within. Subject to tax? Yes. The exception
of the limit, if beyond the limit it shall be treated as Other Benefits right? Subject to
tax? Yes. What kind of tax? If Y were a managerial/supervisory employee, that will
be treated as a fringe benefit subject to 32% Fringe Benefit Tax. If Y were a rank
and file, he will be subjected to NIT.
On the part of X, can X claim the same as deductible expense? Yes or no?
No. If you are the BIR, would you allow the P300,000 de minimis benefits paid by
X to Y considering that Y merely receives P20,000 monthly basic pay? Certainly
not, because this time you will have to consider the reasonableness of the amount
as the criterion in determining whether it is allowable or it will be disallowed. Can
you imagine you have a parlor, binigyan mo, halimbawa ng de minimis benefits na
medical expenses of P100,000. Sinong normal na tao na parlor ang iyong
business, hindi naman multi-national company? You are probably a 10-employee
parlor and are going to give each of them P300,000. This time you will have to
disallow it. Your employee is receiving P20,000.00. Who on earth would give his
employee P300,000 worth of de minimis benefit? You mut be out of your mind.
This is the standard that we follow. Kailangan kasi titingnan niyo yung physical set
up ng inyong business before the claim will be allowed. What else? Binigyan kita
ng kotse, ginagamit ni Y para magservice ng mga customers. Income on the part
of Y? No, because it is necessary in carrying on the trade or business of the
employer. When X gives the car to Y, ginagamit ba ni Y saan? Sa business ni X. It
is necessary to the trade or business ni X therefore, income on the part of Y? No,
certainly. When X buys the car, for P500,000, can X claim the value of the car as
deductible expense? No. Bakit? Kasi capital expenditure. The pera of P500,000 is
converted into kotse. It is as if hindi niya nagastos si P500,000. Tandaan ninyo ito:
when an expense is capital expenditure, hindi capital asset, ha? Capital
expenditure, meaning an expense is used to acquire asset or to improve an
55
exisiting asset, or to increase the economic or beneficial life of an existing asset,

we call this capital expenditure, which is not a deductible expense on the part of
the taxpayer. Si taxpayer X naglabas ng limang daanlibong piso pero ang
P500,000 is no longer P500,000 but a car. May nawala ba kay X? Wala. What
happened to the car? When X purchased the car, it is in the nature of a capital
expenditure. Now, here is the car. How do you classify the car as an asset? On
the part of X? Ulit. P500,000, ibinili mo ng kotse sa Nissan Westgate. Inilabas mo
ang P500,000. Ikaw si X. Si P500,000 naging kotse na may apat na gulong. When
X spends P500,000 that is in the nature of a capital expenditure because you
acquire an asset used in the trade or business. When the car is now present, how
do you classify the car as an asset? It is called an ordinary asset.
Depreciation
Now on the part of X. While it is true that he cannot claim the P500,000 as
a business expense deduction, X, however, can claim depreciation of the ordinary
asset, the car, as a deduction. That is the counterpart. On the part of Y, the value
of the car is not an income and is not taxable. On the part of X, he cannot claim as
business expense deduction of P500,000. But because it is now an ordinary asset,
meaning the asset is used in trade or business and in the nature of a capaital
expenditure, the car will now be subjected to depreciation as a deduction. So
every year, if X purchased the car in the year 2011, every year the P500,000 book
value is reduced this way: X will now report his asset in the book of assets: car,
date of purchase, 2011; magkano? P500,000 and every year he will have to claim
depreciation in the amount of P100,000. Depreciation for tangible personal
property is 5 years. Pag nangutang kayo ng kotse, maximum payment period is 5
years because it is reasonable period of time of whole depreciation of car. Real
property, it is between 15-25 years. So, kung real property naman ang binili mo,
the amount that you spend for the real property is not a deductible business
expense, but every year you can depreciate the property for 15 years. It is referred
to as a non-cash expense. Depreciation is not cash. Bakit? Kasi every year, the
taxpayer X can claim the P100,000 as depreciation expense deduction pero wala
siyang ginagastos na P100,000 kasi nagastos na niya yan noong binili si kotse.
So this is how it is done. So by the year 2016, P100,000 na lang ang book value.
You call it book value. When you hear book value, it is the value you declare in
the book of assets of a taxpayer who is engaged in trade or business. When you
are not engaged in trade or business, you do not record purchases. Ako, wala
akong business. Noong bumili ako ng relo, nirecord ko at every year
nadedepreciate? Walang basis sa akin yan. Kayo ay bili nang bili and all our
assets are capital and not used in trade or business. So, we dont do this. But if we
are engaged in trade or business, this is important because every year, in the
determination of your net worth you will have to declare your net worth, you will
have to declare the book value of an asset. So by the year 2016, the car is zero
book value. But it does not mean that it has no value. At the end of 2016, the book
value is zero but it may have salvage value or it may have fair market value by the
year 2016. Alam naman natin yan. Pag bumili ka ng kotse, hindi ba 5 years ang
payment period? Full devaluation but thats the book value. But when you sell your
car after 5 years, you realize money, right? So, when X decides to sell the car in
2016 at P60,000, the taxpayer incurs a loss of P250,000. But if X sells it at
P450,000, gains ang tawag dun. Anong tawag dun? Ordinary gains. Yung
ordinary gains ba, idadagdag niyo agad sa gross income niyo? Hindi. Mamaya
tuturuan ko kayo kung papaano. Paano ang ordinary loss pag binenta ng 2013
nabenta ng P100,000 ang kotse? Eh anong tawag mo doon? Ordinary loss ako.
Magkano? P200,000. Yun bang ordinary loss dinideduct sa gross income? Hindi.
Mamaya maiintindihan natin kung saan napupunta ang orinary loss at ordinary
gains. Ituturo ko yan sa inyo. Lets continue. Ano pa ang ibang benefits? Bonuses.
13th, 14th, 15th bonuses. Income on the part of Y? Yes. Within or without? Within.
Subject to Tax? Yes. What kind of tax? If Y were a managerial employee, anong
mangyayari sa excess? Treated as Other Benefits. If Y were rank and file, then
NIT. On the part of X, can X claim the same as deduction? Yes, provided,
reasosnable in amount. Empleyado mo P20,000 ang suweldo. And kinikita mo sa
isang taon ay isang milyon. Nagbigay ka ng 13th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 17th, 18th month
pay bonuses, you must be out of your mind. The reasonableness of the amount
will be very, very important. All of the things mentioned yesterday, weve
enumerated, are these allowed as deductible expense on the part of X? Yes,
provided, they are necessary in carrying on the trade or business, and they are
reasonable in amount. Now, lets continue.
B. Reasonable allowance for utility
Anong example ng deductible business expense? Reasonable allowance
for utility. Utility. X has a parlor. X pays PLDT, Meralco and MWSS. Y has a
house. Y pays PLDT, Meralco and MWSS monthly. When Y pays PLDT, these
institutions, for ultity, income on the part of these utility companies? Yes. Within or
without? Within. Subject to Tax? Yes. What kind of tax on these companies?
Corporations yan siguro. NIT yan. Anong rate? 30%.
When Y pays the utility companies monthly, can Y claim as deduction this
utility payment? No. Why? Because it is not one of the personal exemption,
additional exemption, and premium for health and hospitalization insurance.
X pays these utility companies. Income on these companies? Yes. Within
or without? Within. Subject to Tax? Yes. What kind of tax? NIT. What rate? 30%.
56
Can X claim those utility payments as deductible business expense? Yes. Pero si
Y hindi pwede. Bakit? Because it is not personal exemption, additional exemption,
and premium for health and hospitalization insurance. Number three on business
expense.
C. Reasonable allowance for rentals
Reasonable allowance for rentals, provided, the lessee does not acquire
any interest other than as a mere possessor. Y rents from A this house, paying A
P5,000 monthly. A also owns the land and the building occupied by X and used as
a parlor, paying rentals of P10,000 mothly. When Y pays A P5,000, income on the
part of A? Yes. Within or without? Within. Subject to Tax? Yes. What kind of tax on
the part of A? NIT. Is A entitled to claim deductions? Yes. Is A entitled to claim
deductions from the gross income from the rentals? Yes. What kind of deductions
can A avail of? Ano? Kung kayo si A na nagpaparenta kay Y, ano ang pwedeng
deductions kay A? Kung si A ay tao, personal exemption, additional exemption,
and premium for health and hospitalization insurance, Section 34 or OSD. Kung si
A ay korporasyon, Section 34 or OSD lang. Bakit hindi yung una? Kasi engaged in
trade or business ng pagpaparenta. Si A ang may-ari ng bahay. Ikaw si A, may-ari
ng bahay. Nagpaparenta ka sa akin. Kumikita ka. Ang tanong sa iyo, kapag
binayaran kita ng limang libo, income? Yes. Within or without? Within. Subject to
Tax? Yes. What kind of tax? NIT sa iyo. Ano ang pwede mong dedudcitons? Yun
ang tanong. Hindi yung renta. Lahat ng rent mong kinikita hindi lang yung galing
kay Y kasi kumikita ka from your properties in the form of rentals. Para hindi kayo
nalilito, ganito yung technique: source, you pay. When you pay, the payment
becomes the source of the payee who would also spend. Thats the source for
another taxpayer who will spend. When that taxpayer spends, theres another
source who will spend. Its like that. So everybody becomes a taxpayer, pero hindi
yun circle. Everybody becomes a taxpayer kasi nagmomove yung pera. Pag
nagmove, umiiikot yung pera. Habang umiikot yung pera may tumatanggap at may
pinanggagalingan. So the source becomes a taxpayer. When he spends the
income that he derives, then theres a recipient of the income who will eventually
become the source who will use that money to pay another person. And when he
pays, that person becomes the source. The procedure is the same for everybody
depending on who you are as a source and as a recipient. Because when you
receive, alangan naman na yung pera mo hindi gagalaw. Hindi ka na kakain? Of
course you have to spend. And when you spend, what you have spent becomes
income doon sa payee. And when that becomes an income on the part of the
payee, that is expense from your end. Naintindihan nyo na? So ang tanong
kanina, Can Y claim the rental fee given to A as deduction? On the part of Y, can
Y claim the P5,000 as a deduction? No, because Y being a tao, purely
compensation income earner, is only entitlted to personal exemption, additional

exemption, and premium for health and hospitalization insurance. Hindi ba? X paid
P10,000 for the parlor. Income of the part of A? Yes. Within or without? Within.
Subject to Tax? Yes. What kind of tax? NIT. Is A entitled to claim deductions? Yes,
if A were here (individual), yan ang deductions nya (personal exemption,
additional exemption, and premium for health and hospitalization insurance,
Section 34 or OSD). Ito (korporasyon), yan ang deductions nya (Section 34 or
OSD). On the part of X, can X claim the P10,000 payment to A in the form of
rentals as deductible business expense? Yes, because that is actually incurred
necessary on the trade or buiness and is reasonable in amount and the lessor
does not acquire any interest other than that as a mere possessor.
Lets have a variation. The parties agree that after the contract of lease, all
the improvements introduced by X and Y to the property shall be for the lessor.
Lahat ng major improvements introduced by X and Y to the house and to the
parlor will belong to the lessor. While the lease is ongoing and X and Y are paying
A, is A entitled to claim depreciation on the house and the parlor as deduction? A
is the owner of the house and the parlor rented out to X and Y. Is A entitled to
claim depreciation of the parlor and the house as deduction? Yes, because A is
the owner of the house and the parlor who is engaged in trade in buiness. The
parlor and the house, in so far as A is concerned, are both ordinary assets.
Therefore, A is entitled to claim depreciation of assets of the house and the parlor.
Habang nagbabayad si X and Y kay A, si A ay entitled to claim as deduction of the
house and the parlor. X and Y, on the other hand, introduced improvements on the
parlor and the house. For the improvements introduced by X and Y, question: Can
A claim depreciation for those improvements? No. Not yet, because A is not the
owner of the improvements. According to the contract, the improvement will only
belong to A after the contract of lease. Therefore, who is entited to claim as
depreciation of the improvments? Only X. Why? Can Y claim depreciation on the
improvement introduced to the house? No. Why? Bakit? Bacause Y is only entitled
to personal exemption, additional exemption, and premium for health and
hospitalization insurance. Kailangnan kasi alam mo yung sitwasyon. Naiintindihan
nyo yung tinatanong ko? Naintindihan din kung bakit ganun ang sagot? Bakit si Y
ay hindi pwede mag-claim ng depreciation ng improvement? Kasi si Y ay hindi
engaged in trade or business. Bakit naman si A ay hindi pwedeng mag-claim as
depreciation dun sa improvement introduced by Y? Kasi hindi siya ang may-ari.
Magiging may-ari lang siya pagkatapos ng kontrata. Dito naman kay X: Can X
claim depreciation on the improvements introduced by him? Yes. Can A claim
depreciation on the improvement introduced by X? No, because he is not yet the
owner. But can A claim depreciation on the parlor? Yes, because that is his
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property. But can X claim depreciation on the parlor? No, because he is not the
owner of the parlor. He is merely leasing and renting.
Natapos si contract of lease. Kanino napunta ang improvements? Kay A.
Who owns the improvements? A. Can A claim depreciation for the improvements?
Yes, both in the house and the parlor because now A owns everything, the home
including the improvement introduced by Y, and the parlor including the
improvements introduced by X. The agreement in the contract of lease between X
and Y further states that: X and Y shoulder the Real Property Tax (RPT) for the
house and the parlor. Agreement: during the contract of lease, the lessee
shoulders the RPT. What is the effect of X and Y shouldering the RPT? Is that
income on the part of A? Yes, because income is anything that flows to the wealth
of the taxpayer other than the mere return of capital. Can Y claim the payment of
the RPT as deductible expense? No, because Y is not engaged in trade or
business and tax paid is not an item of deduction. On the part of X, can X claim
the RPT as deductible business expense? No, because under the law, it should be
the owner who pays the tax. Now, can A claim the RPT as deductible expense?
No, he was not the one who incurred the expense. Tama? Nasususndan? Naaappreciate nyo ba? Paiba-iba ang sagot depende sa sitwasyon. Hindi
minimemorya. Kailang isipin mo ano ba ang sitwasyon, ano ba ang sinasabi ng
batas. Tatlo lang naman ang criteria eh: 1) necessary; 2) actually paid or incurred
and; 3) reasonable in amount. Sa taxpayer, yun lang. Kapag marunong ka nun
mag-apply, wala tayong pakialam sa rules. Hindi nyo kailangan memoryahin.
Titingnan lamang kung ano ang sitwasyon. So when X and Y shoulder the RPT, A
realizes income. Within or without? Within. Subject to tax? Yes. What kind of
income on the part of A? NIT, because thats part of Other Income, hindi ba? Nasa
letter A.
Lagyan natin ng improvement itong lease. Lease to own agreement. X and
Y instead of paying P5,000 and P10,000 respectively, now pays A P20,000 and
here P25,000 on the condition that after 5 or 10 years of payment, the parlor and
the house will belong to X and Y, respectively. Lease to own agreement. When X
and Y pay A, P20,000 and P25,000, income on the part of A? Yes. Within or
without? Within. Subject to Tax? Yes. What kind of tax? NIT. Can Y claim the
P20,000 payment as deduction? No, thats not personal exemption, additional
exemption, and premium for health and hospitalization insurance. Can X claim the
P25,000 as deduction? No, because this time, while he is paying the rentals, he
acquires interest other than as a mere possessor. Therefore, this is now a capital
expenditure and not a deductible expense. But while it is true that it is a capital
expenditure, can X claim depreciation by paying rent under a lease to own
agreement? No. Not yet, because the only time that he will be allowed
depreciation is after the expiration of the lease to own agreement. Thats the only
time that he will be able to determine that he is the owner of the property. OK? So
far so good?
Let us go a little further. X and Y decided to buy the parlor and the house
from A. X and Y bought the property from A. Here, X pays A P10,000,000 and
P4,000,000. When X and Y pay A P10M and P4M pesos respectively, is there
income on the part of A? Yes. What kind of income does A realize? Ordinary
income. So the ordinary income is subjected to tax? Yes. What kind of tax, P10M
and P4M na binayaran ni X and Y? Si A ba magkakaroon ng taxable income
assuming na may income? Yes. What kind of tax? NIT. Yun yong letter A doon.
Wala siya sa B, wala siya sa C, wala siya sa D. Is A liable for the 6% Capital
Gains Tax (CGT)? No. Never, because the house and parlor from the point of view
of A are both ordinary assets. Tingnan niyo ha? From the point of view ni Y, the
house is a capital asset. But from the point of view ni A, the house is an ordinary
asset. As far as the parlor is concerned, both from the point of view of X and A, the
parlor is an ordinary asset. Whether from X or from As point of view, hindi
magiging subject yun sa capital gains tax. Bakit? Because you are not selling real
property, capital in nature, located in the Philippines. Real property located in the
Philippines but not capital in nature, 6% CGT will not be applied. Can Y claim P4M
as deductible expense? No, because Y is entitled only to personal exemption,
additional exemption, and premium for health and hospitalization insurance. Can X
claim P10M as deductible expense? No, because that is a capital expenditure.
Can X claim depreciation for the parlor when he purchased it? Yes, because he is
entitled to depreciation. Can Y claim depreciation for the house? Never, because
Y is not engaged in trade or business and it is not personal exemption, additional
exemption, and premium for health and hospitalization insurance.
D. Expense which is not contrary to law, morals, public policy,
customs and traditions
Another example of deductible business expense is an expense which is
not contrary to law, morals, public policy, customs and traditions, whether the
business is legal or illegal, are allowed as deductions. Illegitimate expenses or
expenses contrary to law, morals, public policy, customs and traditions, whether
the business is legal or illegal will not be allowed as a deduction. Let me give you
an example. Si Y nagyoyosi sa public place. Hinuli. Magbayad ka ng limang daan.
Walang pambayad. Magko-community service ng walong oras. Sabi niya, ayoko
mag-community service. Mr. Officer (B), can I just give you P200? OK! Income
on the part of B? Yes. Within or without? Within. Subject to Tax? Yes. What kind of
tax? NIT. Can Y claim as a deductible expense? No, thats not personal
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exemption, additional exemption, and premium for health and hospitalization

insurance plus it is an illegal expense.
Baliktarin natin. Let us say, si Y empleyado ni X sa pagbebenta ng shabu.
Pusher si Y. Gawin nating illegal ang business ni X. Pusher si Y, but a legitimate
employee as a pusher. X pays Y P20,000 per week as salary. Income on the part
of Y? Yes. Within or without? Within. Subject to Tax? Yes. What kind of tax? NIT.
Can X claim the P20,000 pesos weekly basic pay paid to Y as a deductible
business? Can X claim the P20,000 salary paid by X to Y as an employee pusher?
Yes, that is a legitimate expense in an illegitimate business. Nahuli si Y as a
pusher, nagbayad sa officer ng P30,000 si X. When a bribe is paid to B, income on
the part of B? Yes. Within or without? Within. Subject to Tax? Yes. What kind of
tax? NIT. Can X claim the bribe paid to be as a deductible business expense? No.
That is an illegitimate expense in an illegitimate business. The rule is: legitimate
expenses, whether the business is legal or illegal, are allowed as a
deduction. Illegitimate expenses, whether the business is legal or illegal are
not allowed as a deduction. So these are the examples of business expenses
that are allowed as a deduction from the gross income of a taxpayer who is
engaged in trade or business.
II. Interest
Let us go to I. INTEREST. Interest on loans incurred in connection with
trade or business. Y borrowed from X P100,000 to be used by Y for the tuition fee
of his children. X borrowed from Y the same amount of P100,000 pesos to be
used by X as additional capital for the parlor. Interest is 10%. Y pays X P110,000.
Is there income on the part of X? Yes. How much? P10,000. P100,000 is just a
return of capital. Subject to tax on the part of X? Yes. What kind of tax? NIT. Is X
entitled to claim for deduction for the income from lending? Yes. What are the
possible deductions on the part of X? E-I-T-M-V-P-P-R (Section 34) or OSD. Can
Y claim as deduction the interest on the loan by him to X? No, because according
to the law, Y, being a mere compensation earner, is entitled only to personal
insurance.
Lets go to the side of X. X pays Y P110,000. Is there income on the part of
Y? Yes. How much? P10,000 because the P100,000 is just a return of capital.
Subject to tax on the part of Y? Yes. What kind of tax? NIT. Is he entitled to claim
for deduction? What are the kind of deductions? Ayun ulit (Section 34 or OSD).
Kung korporasyon or personal exemption, additional exemption, and premium for
health and hospitalization insurance, Section 34 or OSD kung tao. On the part of
Y, can Y claim the 10% interest paid to X as deductible interest on the loan? Clear
sa I? Yes or no? Yes, because the loan is incurred, the interest is paid in
connection with the trade or business of X. If X uses the P110,000 loan para magshopping sa Hong Kong, can X claim as a deduction? No, because that is not
incurred in connection with his trade or business. If the creditor and the debtor are
related to each other according to Section 36, paragraph D, X will never be
allowed to claim the interest as deductible expense. Section 36 (B).
Related debtors and creditors under Section 36 (B)
Who are related debtors and creditors? 36(B). Disregarding the title, ang
pinag-uusapan yung mga tao. Who are these related debtors and creditors?
1) Between or among family member;
2) Between the stockholder and the corporation, wherein the
stockholder owns more than 50% of the authorized
capital stock of the
corporation;
3) Between two corporations, where there is common
stockholder owning more than 50% of the authorized
of each corporation;
capital stocks
4) Between fiduciary and a beneficiary; between a grantor

and a
fiduciary of trust; and lastly, between two fiduciary
of different trust created by
the same creditor.
Kapag ang nag-utangnan is ang mga yan, kahit pa related sa trade or business ay
hindi pwedeng i-caim ni X as deduction yung interest na binayaran. Yan ang
inasabi ng batas. Bakit? Because of the fiduciary relationship among these
persons and entitites, which can create the situation of kunwari meron utang wala
naman pala.
Limitations on interest
Ang interest on loan is allowed on the part of X but the same is limited to
the following:
1. If the interest is paid in advance. Tuso si C. Noong pinautang ng
P100,000, ang interest na 10% na binigay kay X ay paid in
advance. Binawasan ng interest. The only time that C will be
allowed to the interest on loan as a deduction is upon full payment
of the loan.
59
2. If X and C, for both bad debt and interest, are related to each other,
according to Section 36 (B) of the Code, no interest on loan or bad
debt will be allowed as a deduction on the part of X and C.
bad debts, provided that the financial status of X and Y shows incapacity to pay
the obligation to C, which means that the debts are completely written off or
charged off. Yan ang technical term.
3. On interest on loan, if X, payor of interest, realizes income, the

deductible interest shall be restricted by 33% of the interest income.
Written-off or charged-off
Tax arbitrage
Anong ibig sabihin ng pangatlo? Hindi ba si X nagbabayad ng 10%
interest? Sampung libong piso (P10,000). Kumita ng isang libo sa bangko. May
utang siya, nagbayad siya ng interest. Sa kabilang side, meron naman siyang
kinitang interest (kasi nilagay sa bangko yung inutang at kumita ng interest on
loan). Ang rule ay: dahil mayroon kang binayaran na interest at may kinita ka,
hindi mo deduction lahat ang sampong libo. Kasi may kinita ka parang walang
nawala sa iyo. Yun ang logic. Ang logic ay nagbayad ka ng interest sa utang, sa
kabilang side naman may kinita ka na interest. So technically, wala kang
binayaran kapag inoff-set mo yung dalawa. Tama? So sabi ng batas, yung interest
na ide-deduct ni X kapag ganito ang sitwasyon ay limited ng 33% ng kanyang
interest na kinita. Anong ibig sabihin? One thousand pesos times 33%; 67% lang
nito (P1,000 na kinita sa deposito sa bangko) ang pwede niyang ideduct. Bakit?
Kasi kumita siya ng isang libong interest. Kaya kapag pinag-ganun mo yung
dalawa, yung kanyang ginastos ay na-ooff-set ng nabayaran sa kanya.
III. Bad debts

X and Y borrowed from C respectively, P100,000 plus interest of 10%. X
and Y failed to pay C. Hindi nakabayad si X and Y. Is there a possibility of
deduction on the part of Y? Never. On the part of X, can X claim as deduction the
interest? No, because of missing requirement number 1 (actually paid or incurred).
Ano ba naman eh. Tatlo lang ang requirement. Bakit hindi pwede i-deduct ni X ang
10% interest? Ay, hindi naman siya nagbayad. Ay, anong pag-uusapan pa? Kung
walang ginastos, bawal magdeduct. On the part of C, what is the tax
consequence? C will now be able to claim B, BAD DEBTS. Thats what you call
bad debts. Masamang utang. Hindi nababayaran. That is bad debt on the part of
C. The utang of Y which was not paid to C is considered as bad debt on the part of
C. C can claim P100,000 utang ni Y. Likewise C can claim P110,000 utang of X as
bad debt. So C, when X and Y failed to pay him, is allowed to claim P220,000 as
Anong ibig sabihin ng written off or charged off? Hindi binubura, literally.
Metaphorically, sa libro ni C binubura. Bakit? Paano ba mag write off? Literal.
Binubura. Yan. Anong ibig sabihin ng written off or charged off? Pag may utang
ang ibang tao at hindi nakakabayad. Paano mo sasabihin na hindi ka
nababayaran? Ikaw ay naniningil, nag exert ka ng effort na maningil at kahit anong
effort mo ng paniningil, walang maibayad. Yan ang sinasabing written off. Without
effort extended to make singil, you cannot say the loan is written off. X and Y are
incapable of paying the loan. Kailangan na singilin mo. There is effort to collect
and despite the effort exerted, for a long period of time of exerting the effort, X and
Y did not pay. So, yun ang sinasabing written off. Hindi pwede basta na lang,
yung due date ng utang ay December 25. Eh January 1 na ngayon i-write off na
lang natin. Ay, hindi pe-pwede. Kailangan mo muna ipakita na ikaw ay naningil. Eh
wala ka naman yata paniningil na ginawa. Sa batas nga, kung hindi ka
nagdedemand, walang delay hindi ba? So kailangn maningil ka. Naningil ka ba?
Hindi. Ay hindi pwedeng mag-claim si C ng bad debt. Requirement kasi ito.
Kailanan ba ng insolvency proceedings against X and Y para masabi ni C na
pwede na siya mag-claim ng bad debt? Hindi. Ang sinasabi lang ng batas ay
kailangan nag exert ka ng effort and despite the effort, hindi nagbabayad at ayaw
magbayad dahil ang kanyang financial status ay nagpapakita na walang
pambayad. Yon. Now thats the time that he can claim the bad debt as deduction
from the gross income of Mr. C. Kapag nagbayad naman si X and Y, ang 10%
interest on loan ay pwede i-deduct ni X; declared naman siya as income ni C.
Nakikita naman ang point of view from A? Nag-iiba yan. Now, pwede nating
gawing buhay. Buhay si debtor, buhay si creditor. By the way, yung Section 36
(B), yung mga tao doon are also applicable to bad debts. Interest on loans and
bad debts. Kapag yan ang nag-utangnan, hindi pwede i-claim as bad debts at
interest on loans.
Tax benefit rule

Paano kung X and Y failed to pay C and C claimed bad debts as
deductions? 5 years later, here comes X and Y at nagbayad ng utang kay C. What
is the effect of the subsequent payment of a bad debt which has been previously
claimed by the creditor as a deduction from the gross income? Tax benefit rule
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applies. It should be declared, the entire amount paid should be declared as

income by C in the year of the recovery to the extent of the income tax benefit
received when he was allowed to claim bad debts as deductions and now satisfied
by X and Y. That is tax benefit rule. Sa madaling sabi, kung hindi nakabayad si X
and Y at dineduct ni C as bad debts, after madeduct ni C, nagzero out na yung
utang, nagkaroon siya ng benefit kasi nabawasan ang kanyang gross income kasi
deduction yun. Zero-out. Ngayon, si X and Y nagbabayad. Tatangappain ba niya?
Oo, tanggapin niya. Anong gagawin? Bayad si utang pero nagkaroon siya ng
benepisyo as far as tax is concerned, because he was previously allowed to claim
the same as deduction. Ngayon meron siyang Other Income. Now, is that
income? Yes. Subject to Tax? Yes. What kind of tax? NIT. Yung buong utang na
binayaran will be treated as other income kasi si X and Y hindi nabayaran yung
P110,000 each. So si C, anong pwede kay C na deduction? P220,000 bad debts.
Tama? 5 years later, dumating si X and Y nagbabayad ng P220,000. Anong
magiging treatment sa P220,000 na binayad? Under the tax benefit rule, this will
be treated as Other Income. Subject to tax? Yes. What kind of tax on the part of
C? NIT. Yan kapag buhay.
Bad debts in case of death of debtor
Patayin natin. Si Y nangutang kay C ng P100,000, interest is 10%, total of
P110,000. X borrowed from C same amount with 10% interest. Hindi nakabayad si
X and Y kay C. Namatay si X and Y. X and Y died without paying P110,000 each
to C. What are the tax consequences of the debts of X and Y from income tax and
estate tax purposes? Thats the question. Huwag malilito. One at a time. Isaisahin. Namatay si Y hindi nabayaran si C. May income si C? Wala. Hindi
nabayaran. So walang income tax consequence. Can the estate of Y claim the
same as deduction, interest on loans? Hindi. Bakit? Hindi nagbayad, eh. Can C
claim bad debt, the unpaid loan of Y? Yes. That is bad debt. How much?
P110,000. From the point of view of estate tax, can the estate of Y claim P110,000
as claims against the estate? Section 86. Claims against the estate. Kapag
namatay si Y na hindi nababayaran, saan maniningil si C? Sa estate ni Y. Tama?
Yan ang proseso, Special Procedure. Hindi ba? Hindi naman pwede mag-extra
judicial settlement of estate ang kay Y dahil may utang siya na naiwan. Anong
gagawin ni C? Doon sa judicial settlement of estate magpa-file ng claim as a
creditor. Yan ang Special Procedure side. Sa estate tax side, anong gagawin sa
estate ni Y? Ang estate ni Y ay pwedeng mag-deduct ng claims against the estate.
How much? P110,000 ang claims against the estate. Naiintindihan? Isa-isa.
Simpleng problema, ha? Namatay si Y. May utang. Hindi nabayaran si C. Anu-ano
ang titingnang mga angulo? Yung bang estate ni Y ay pwedeng magdeduct ng
10% interest on loan? No, because unang-una hindi nga nabayaran. Pangalawa,
because Y is a compensation income earner and he is not entitled sa interest on

loan.
Sa point of view ni C, ano naman ang income tax consequence? That is
bad debt on the part of C. And C is entitled to claim how much? P110,000 as bad
debt. Special Procedure side, ano ang gagawin ni C? Si C ay magpa-file ng claim
as a creditor doon sa judicial proceedings sa estate ni Y. Bakit hindi pwede magextra judicial settlement si Y? Kasi si Y namatay na may utang. Estate tax point of
view. Namatay si Y, hindi nakabayad ng utang. Ano ang mangyayari doon sa
namatay? Pwede bang mag-claim ang estate ni Y ng claims against the estate?
Nakasulat sa Section 86. Magkano? P110,000 kasi yun ang hindi nabayaran.
Balik tayo kay X naman. Si X namatay. Ganun din, hindi nabayaran si C na
pinagkautangan. Una, income ba? Can X claim the amount borrowed as a
deduction? No, kasi X did not incur any expense. On the part of C, bad debt.
Magkano? P110,000. Special Procedure side. C filed a claim against the estate of
X. The estate of X will now be entitled to claim as deduction the claim against the
estate. Section 86. Deductions from the gross estate.
After the judicial settlement of the estate, the estates of X and Y pay C.
What is the effect of the subsequent payment of the estates of X and Y to C? Tax
benefit rule applies. C will now have to declare the same as part of his gross
income in the year of recovery to the extent of the income tax benefit he received
when he was allowed to claim bad debt as a deduction. But never will there be an
instance that C will be allowed to claim bad debt whether X and Y are dead or
alive if C and X, and C and Y are related to each other according to Section 36
(B).
Bad debt in case of death of creditor

Baliktarin natin. Ang namatay ay si C. Buhay si X and Y na hindi
makabayad kay C. What are the tax consequences? Isa-isa. Income tax. Hindi
mabayaran si C. May income consequence kay Y? Wala ngang nilabas na pera,
eh. Eh, si C na namatay, anong mangyayari? Meron sa income tax. The estate of
C is an income taxpayer. Agree? Therefore, bad debts will be allowed as a
deduction. Di ba sinasabi ko sa inyo? Nasaan ba yan? Nandito ah. Estate. Now,
anong mangyayari sa estate tax? Si C namatay at hindi nabayaran ang utang.
Claims against insolvent persons
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Eto, ha? This are claims against insolvent persons. Claims against
insolvent persons. Section 86. Anong mangyayari dyan? Yung estate ni C ay
magdadagdag muna ng P110,000 from Y at P110,000 from X, so P220,000. Add
to the gross estate and claim as deduction claims against insolvent persons.
Nabasa nyo yan? Add first to the gross estate. How much? P110,000 from Y and
P110,000 from X. The estate will now be allowed to claim P220,000 as a
deduction. Add first before you deduct. Add before deduction because gross
estate is defined as the value of all the properties whether real or personal,
tangible or intangible. Credit is an intangible personal property, therefore part of
the gross estate of Mr. C. Naintinidian? Hindi ba pag nag-settle ng estate si Mr. C
naka-enumerate naman kung sinu-sino ang mga may utang? So sa estate
proceedings, maniningil na ngayon ng utang. After the settlement proceedings,
nagbayad ngyon si X at si Y sa estate ni Mr. C. What is the effect of the
subsequent payment of X and Y to the estate of Mr. C.? Tax benefit rule applies.
The estate will have to declare it as part of its gross income. No longer Mr. C
because he is already dead, 6 feet under the ground. The estate will now realize
other income. And that is income on the part of the estate subject to income tax.
Paano kung settled na ang estate? Fully settled na at saka nagbayad. What
happens to the payment of X and Y? It will be divided proportionately among the
heirs and the heirs will now have to shoulder the income tax. Kung na-settle na,
andun na sa heirs. Yung P220,000 i-divide mo sa heirs. Who will shoulder? The
heirs in proportion to the amount of the income they realized. Eto yung mga
konsepto na wala sa codal.
IV. Taxes
Now lets continue. We are through with E, I, B. Now lets talk about T.
TAXES. What are the requisites for taxes to be deductible?
1. Actually paid or inccured;
2. Necessary in carrying on the trade or business; and
3. Reasonable in amount.
Wala namang pinagbago eh. Balikan natin ang example. A is the owner of the
house leased out to Y. Agreement: Y shoulders the Real Property Tax (RPT). X
rents from A the parlor. Agreement is X shoulders the RPT for the parlor. When Y
pays A, Y pays the RPT to whom? Local government Unit (LGU). When Y pays
the LGU RPT for the property owned by A, income on the part of A? Yes. Within or
without? Within. Subject to Tax? Yes. What kind of tax? NIT. Can A claim as
deduction the RPT? No, because even though it is related to his trade or business
leasing, he was not the one who incurred the expense. Can Y claim the RPT
shouldered by him on behalf of A? No, because Y, as a purely compensation
income earner, is not entitled to any deductions of taxes. His deductions are
limited to personal exemption, additional exemption, and premium for health and
hospitalization insurance.
Lets go to X. When X pays the LGU RPT, is there income on the part of
A? Yes. Within or without? Within. Subject to Tax? Yes. What kind of tax? NIT.
Can X claim the RPT he paid as a deductible expense? Yes or no? No, because
even though he was the one who incurred it, he is not supposed to pay for it.
Therefore, X is not allowed to claim the RPT as a deduction.
Now, Y imported gunting para gamitin sa bahay niya. Si X nag-import ng
gunting, ginagamit sa parlor. Nagbayad ng P10,000 for the gunting. Upon
importation, nagbayad ng tariff and customs duties na P200 si Y. When Y buys the
gunting and imports the gunting, can Y claim P10,000 as deductible expense? No,
because Y is not entitled to that. Y is only entitled to personal exemption,
additional exemption, and premium for health and hospitalization insurance.
X, same scenario. Can X claim the P10,000 as business expense? No,
because it is a capital expenditure. Can X claim depreciation of the gunting as a
deductible expense? Yes, because X is engaged in trade or business. Can X claim
the tariff and customs duties of P100 paid for the gunting used in trade or
business? Yes, because the tax is actually paid or incurred in connection with his
trade or business. After payment, X and Y realized that they overpaid the tariff and
customs duties by P50. They filed a claim for refund. In 2016, the refund was
approved, returned 50 pesos to Y and to X 50 pesos.
Effect of subsequent refund of tax previously paid
What is the effect of the subsequent refund of a tax which has been
previously claimed as a deduction from the gross income?
On the part of Y, what is the effect of the refund of P50? Income? No. That
is a return of the expense. Tama? May income ba siya? Wala. Binalik lang sa
kanya yung P50 eh.
On the part of X, what is the effect? Tax benefit rule applies. P50 will be
considered a part of the gross income in the year of the refund. Why? Because the
amount of tax of P200 he claimed as a deduction is refunded, he will have to
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declare the amount refunded as part of his gross income in the year money is
received.
But from Y, no income. Bakit? Sinauli lang sa kanya ang pera niya. Wala
namang benefit sa kanya noong binayaran nya ang tax due, hindi ba? Wala. So
sinauli lang sa kanya. Thats just a return of his capital. Clear?
Distinction between tax as deduction from gross income and tax as
deduction from gross estate
Now, what is the distinction between tax as a deduction from the gross
income and tax as a deduction from the gross estate? Section 86. Yang para
isang bagsakan tayo. Makikita niyo diyan sa Section 86. Taxes. So makikita niyo
diyan taxes as deduction din sa gross estate. Yung T sa gross income ay tax.
So what is the distinction? When is the tax deductible for income tax purposes and
estate tax purposes?
1. Sa income tax, dapat ang tax ay paid. Sa estate tax, ang tax ay hindi paid.
Unpaid and due sa estate tax.
2. Sa income tax, paid and incurred in connection with trade and business. In
estate tax, unpaid whether the tax is due in connection with trade or
business or not yet.
Yun ang disitinctions. Pag namatay ang isang tao, hindi tinatanong, Oh, yan
bang tax na yan related sa business or not? Walang ganun. Ang ating lang
qualification sa tax for estate tax purposes is not paid and due and whether or not
related to trade or business. Sa income tax, mas particular ang requirement. The
tax must be paid and in relation to trade or business para maging deductible.
V. Casualty loss
From the provisions of Section 34, there are many kinds of losses. We
have wagering losses, loss from wash sales, capital losses, ordinary losses,
casualty loss. There are many kinds. For the purpose of our discussion now, I will
only discuss casualty loss. I will discuss capital loss, ordinary loss, wagering
losses, loss from wash sales separately later para hindi kayo nalilito. So, dito
muna tayo sa casualty loss.
Y bought gunting worth P10,000. Imported. Ninakaw ang gunting ni B. X
bought gunting for P10,000. B stole the gunting of X. When B stole the gunting,
income on the part of B? Yes. Within or without? Within. Subject to tax? Yes. What
kind of tax? NIT. Is Y entitled to claim casualty loss as deduction from gross
income? No, because Y is not engaged in trade or business and he is allowed only
personal exemption, additional exemption, and premium for health and
hospitalization insurance as deductions. After nakaw, B returned the gunting to Y.
Return of the income. The value of the gunting 3 years after is P2,000. When B
returned the P2,000 worth of kalawagnin na gunting na ninakaw niya kay Y,
income on the part of Y? No. Thats just a return of the gunting.
When B steals the gunting from X, may income on the part of B? Yes.
Within or without? Within. Subject to tax? Yes. What kind of tax? NIT. What is the
effect of pagnanakaw ni B ng gunting kay X? X can now claim casualty loss as a
deduction from his gross income. 3 years after, B returns the gunting, kalawangin.
The value of the gunting at the time of the return is P2,000. What is the effect of
the subsequent return of the property which has been previously claimed as a
casualty loss? Tax benefit rule again applies. And X will declare P2,000 the value
of the recovered property as part of his gross income subject to NIT. Tax benefit
rule applies.
Requisites for deductibility of casualty loss
What are the requisites for casualty loss?
1. The asset must be used in trade or business;
2. The loss must have arisen out of theft, robbery, embezzlement, fire,
storm, earthquake or any other natural calamity, provided, the same is
not compensated by insurance. If partly compensated by insurance,
the only amount that can be claimed is that portion not compensated
by the insurance;
3. It must be determined by B as unrecoverable at the time that the loss is
claimed. Dapat may proof ka na unrecoverable. Hindi pwede na basta
ka na lang magsasabi na nawala ni Mr. B. Anong mga possibleng
proof? Police report na nananakaw si gunting. Pag walang police
report, paano ka magke-claim?
Distinction between casualty loss as deduction from gross income and as
deduction from gross estate
Now, you look at Section 86. Estate tax. Casualty loss is again another
form of deduction from the estate. What is the distinction between the two? So you
will see there casualty loss. The same requisites. The loss must have arisen out of
theft, robbery, embezzlement, or from fire, shipwreck, natural or any other natural
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calamity. Anong distinction? You will see na pare-pareho lang. Si X and Y

nanakawan ng gunting. Nanakaw si gunting. Nanakaw si gunting at namatay
kinabukasan si X and Y. Ano ang posibilidad na deduction? Si Y hindi pwedeng
mag-claim ng deduction for income tax purposes. Sa estate pwede siya magclaim. Si X pwedeng mag-claim either income or estate. Pero kapag nag-claim
siya ng income, hindi na pwede sa estate tax. Kung sa estate tax nagclaim, hindi
pwede sa income tax. Nakuha? You can only claim casualty loss either from
income or estate tax. Period. Kapag na-claim mo na sa isa, hindi na pwede sa isa.
But the requisites are all the same.
Another distinction is in estate tax. Even if the loss is sustained after death
but within 6 months after death, pwede pa i-claim ang casualty loss. Kasi bakit 6
months? Kasi ang payment ng estate tax is 6 months after death. So kahit na
namatay today, nawala kinabukasan, 6 months pwede pa if casualty loss is
incurred after death, but within a period of 6 months from death. That casualty loss
can still be claimed as deduction for purposes of estate tax.
VI. Depreciation
walang makita. Eh kung meron man makita, naubos. Kaya nagdedeplete. Kaya
ang tawag diyan depletion.
VII. Charitable and other contributions

Charitable contributions. X and Y donated P500 to: 1) the government; 2)
charitable institutions; 3) religious institutions; 4) non-stock, non-profit educational
institutions; 5) proprietary educational institutions; 6) proprietary hospital; 7)
charitable hospital. X gives to the same institutions 500.
Mga katanungan: When Y gives P500 each to these institutions, income on
the part of these institutions? Yes. Taxable income? No, because they are
excluded from the computation. These are not taxable income because they are
excluded from the computation of the gross income of the recipients of X and Y.
Are they subject to estate and donors tax? When Y gives to these institutions,
subject to estate or donors tax. Oh, walang sasagot ng ano ha? Paisa-isa lang.
Gobyerno? Exempt.
Depreciation. Capital expenditures. We are talking here of depreciation of

ordinary assets. Assets which are used in trade or business. If you are not using
the asset for trade or business, you cannot claim depreciation as a deduction.
Charitable institutions? Exempt, provided, not more than 30% is used for
VI. Depletion
Charitable institutions? Same answer (exempt provided not more than 30%
is used for administration purposes).
Now, depletion. This is a very unique kind of deduction. It is allowed only to

businesses that are engaged in exploration of natural resource. Depletion. Bakit
depletion? Anong ibig sabihin ng depletion? Naubos. Kaya natural resources
kasi if youre engaged in mining, youre not even sure if masu-sustain mo yung
business dahil baka wala kang mahukay. Or, assuming na may mahukay,
kinabukasan naubos. This is precisely the reason why yung depletion, unlike
depreciation, ang depreciation ini-staggered. Ang depletion hindi. You claim
depletion one time because of the nature of the business the taxpayer is engaged
in, provided, of course, that the depletion claimed as a deduction is reasonable in
amount. What will constitute depletion? You have equipment sa paghuhuhkay
para makakita ng mineral. Eh, iyon milyon-milyon. Hindi ka naman naghuhukay na
ginastos mo isang libong piso. Mahal ang equipment. Then meron possibility na
Religious institutions? Same answer (exempt, provided, not more than

30% is used for administration purposes).
Proprietary educational institutions? Yes. Subject to tax? Donors or estate

tax? Yes, wala ditong qualification.
Charitable hospital. Subject to donors or estate tax? No, provided, not
more than 30% is used for administration purposes.
Isa pang tanong: Can Y claim the P500,000 given to these institutions as
deduction? No, because thats not personal exemption, additional exemption, and
premium for health and hospitalization insurance.
Lets go to X. X gave to these institutions? Income? Yes. Taxable income?
No, because these are gifts, and gifts are items of exclusion on the computation of
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the gross income on these institutions. Subject to estate or donors tax? Ito
nanaman.
So the government? Exempt.
Charitable institutions? No, provided, not more than 30% is used for gifts
purposes.
Religious institutions and non-stock, non-profit, itong tatlo? Not subject to
estate or donors tax, provided, not more than 30% is used for administration
purposes.
Proprietary educational institutions? Include. 30% rule applies.
Proprietary hospital? Taxable. Include.
Charitable hospital? No, provided, not more than 30% is used for
Can X claim the P500,000 as deduction from the gross income from the
parlor of X?
Donation in favor of the government? Yes.
Charitable institutions? Yes or no? Yes, but up to the extent of 10% of the
gross income of X. If X were a tao, and 5% if X were a corporation. Hindi ba?
Binaliktad ko lang.
Proprietary educational institutions and hospital? Allowable deductions?
Yes? Proprietary educational institution and hospital? Allowed as a deduction from
the gross income? Tingnan nyo ang Section 34 (H). Do we apply the 5% and 10%
also? Sa proprietary educational institutions, applicable. Sa proprietary hospital,
hindi. Proprietary educational institutions, 5% and 10 % apply.
IX. Research and development

Research and development. Si Y nagpa-feasibility study kung pwede
siyang lumipat ng bahay from Muntinlupa to Quezon City. Nagbayad kay E ng
limang libong piso. Income sa part ni E? Yes. Within or without? Within. Subject to
tax? Yes. What kind of tax? NIT. Can the amount paid to E be claimed as
deductible expense? No, because Y is not entitled to that. Deduction of Y is limited
to personal exemption, additional exemption, and premium for health and
hospitalization insurance.
X paid E the same amount of P5,000 for feasibility study on whether he
can put up a branch of his parlor in Quezon City. Income on the part of E? Yes.
Within or without? Within. Subject to tax? Yes. What kind of tax? NIT. On the part
of X, can X claim the research and development as a deduction? Yes, because
that is actually paid or incurred in relation to the trade or business of Mr. X.
X commissioned E to make a feasibility study of whether or not he can put
up Taho business. Binayaran niya si E. Can X claim research and development as
deduction from income from the parlor? No, because that is not related to his trade
or business that he is engaged in.
Items that may NOT be allowed as deduction from gross income
Now, what are the items that can never be allowed as deduction at all
times? Section 36 (A).
1. Personal, family and living expenses. Hindi pwede i-claim as deduction.
Pambili ng damit, sapatos, gasoline, sariling kotse, kuryente sa bahay, pambili
ng pagkain, alahas, relo, sapatos, pang tuition ng mga anak. Hindi pwede iclaim as deduction. Bakit? You are already entitled to personal exemption of
P50,000, additional exemption of P25,000 per child, maximum of 4.
2. Expenses for minor repairs.
VIII. Premium for health and hospitalization insuarance

PHHI. Premium for health and hospitalization insuarance. Nadiscuss na
natin nag marming beses.
3. Making good an existing asset. Bakit? Because these are in the nature of
capital expenditures. How do we distinguish major from minor repairs? Lets
look at this room. We dont like the color of this room. We change it to red.
Thats major repair. But when, ano bang mga dumi na yan, pinastahan lang
natin ng kapiraso, pininturahan. It is minor repair. Nasira si bombilya- minor
repair. Ayaw ko ng ilaw na ganyan. Pinalitan lahat ng bombilya ginawang
bilog- major repair. Table. I dont like this table anymore. This is so small.
Change all tables- major kasi capital expenditure. Nabali doon. Pinukpok,
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pininturahan- minor repair. Deductible kapag minor repair. Major repair ay

hindi deductible because major repairs and the application of assets are
capital expenditures. Because you are not allowed as deduction for the capital
expenditure, you will be entitled to depreciation of the asset, or the application
of the asset, or the cost of the major repair. Yun ang kapalit nya.
4. And lastly, of course, which we discussed yesterday, Premium on life
insurance taken by the employer on the life of his employee when the
beneficiary, directly or indirectly, is the business of the employer or himself. Let
us give an example. Y insures his life paying P5,000. Premium proceeds: 10%
interest, P1M, and return of premium (ROP), designating as beneficiary the
wife and children. X insured his life same amount, insuring his life, 10%
interest, P1M, and ROP, designating his wife and children as beneficiary
paying P5,000 as premium. While X and Y are alive, can X and Y claim
deduction from their gross income? Y cannot because he is only entitled to
hospitalization insurance. What about X? X cannot also claim P5,000 as
deduction from gross income because it is not related to his trade or business.
When X and Y die, the proceeds go to their respective wife and children.
Income? Pagdating kay Y, P1M is income, but excluded. Thats an item of
exclusion number 1. The 10% interest is income that is taxable. What kind of
tax? NIT. ROP is not income. On the part of X, ganun din. The 10% interest is
income taxable. P1M is income but excluded and not subject to tax. ROP is
not even income. Clear? X insured the life of Y. Proceeds of 10% interest,
P1M, and ROP to designated beneficiary X. Y dies. What is the effect of the
death of Y, in so far as income taxation is concerned from the point of view of
X? While paying the premium, X cannot claim as deduction from the gross
income the P5,000. Thats Section 36, paragraph A, number 4. When Y dies,
10% interest goes to X and a taxable income. P1M goes to X. Income, but
excluded. ROP is not even an income because thats return of capital. On the
part of Y, there is no tax consequence, whether from income or estate tax
point of view because his only participation is to live and die. Open and close
the eyes for X.
Concept of gains and losses
So we are going to teach you the concept of ordinary loss, ordinary gain,
capital loss, capital gain, net capital loss carry over, net operating loss carry over,
which is technically under Section 34, pero hindi ko pa talaga diniscuss para
maintindihan natin because this is of different treatment. When we talk about loss
and gains, we are talking of assets. Meron tayong binibiling assets. Wala namang
business na walang assets eh. Hindi ba? If you are not engaged in trade or
business, lahat ng assets mo capital. At kapag ikaw ay hindi engaged in trade or
business, yung assets mo na capital, kapag nagbenta ka ng real property na
capital asset located in the Philippines ang katapat mo agad ay Final Withholding
Tax (FWT) or Capital Gains Tax (CGT) na 6%. Anu-ano yung mga assets mo, ha?
Real property, tangible personal property, intangible personal property, right?
Habang binibili mo yung asset mo, walang effect sa income tax. Walang epekto.
Ang effect ay sa net worth mo which has nothing to do with taxation. Yung net
worth mo, yung assets minus liabilities, kung gusto mong malaman kung gaano
ka kayaman, doon importante siya. Pero kung gusto mo malaman kung magkano
ang babayaran mong buwis, hindi magma-matter yung assets. Bakit? Kasi the
time you realize gains or income or loss is when you move the asset.
Movement of assets
When we say you move, it is a technical term. Movement of asset is the
transfer of ownership. Transfer of ownership, hindi physical movement. You move
the asset in such a way that there is transfer of ownership. Thats the only time
that youll realize gains or losses. Now, what will be the basis of the gains or the
loss if you are not a business income earner? It is always the fair market value at
the time of sale, at the time of the transaction. What could be the movement? It is
not donation, certainly. There is transfer of ownership and there is consideration
because if you donate something, you do not realize gain. You do not realize loss.
Right? You do not consider gain or loss, because you gave it. Now, if you move
the asset and there is consideration because there is transfer of ownership, thats
the time that you will realize gain or loss.
Ordinary gains
So, kayo nagtatrabaho lang, walang business. Relo. Kapag binenta mo
ang relo na binili mo ng P20,000 na ngayon ay P5,000 na lang, kapag benenta ko
ng P6,000 kikita ka. Yes? Magkano? Isang libo. What happens to the P1,000?
Remember the items of inclusion: C-G-R-D-Y-R-A. Ang isang G diyan ay, gains
derived from dealings with property. So you classify the P1,000 as gains derived
from dealings with property. Right? But since it is a capital asset but not real
property, it does not fall under letter B right? It does not fall under letter C, it does
not fall under letter D. Therefore, it falls under letter A. The P1,000 is gross
income, but subject to tax (NIT).
Ordinary loss
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If you incur a loss, P5,000 ang Fair Market Value (FMV) and I sold it at
P10. I lost. How much? P4990. Yung P4990 isasama ko sa letter F, losses. Hind
ba? At ike-claim ko as deduction? No. In the first place, that L is not part of the
hospitalization insurance. I am not affected by F, by the loss, because I am not
engaged in trade or business.
Transfer for insufficient consideration
Yung bang loss ko na P4990 may effect sa income ko? Wala. May effect
ba sa tax due? Wala. Bakit? Hindi kasi siya pwede i-claim as a deduction. Bakit?
Unang-una, hindi ako engaged in trade or business and because I am not
engaged in trade or business, and losses is not one of the three. So what happens
to the loss? Nothing. It will not affect my income tax. It has nothing to do with
income taxation. But since there is no income tax due, the government losses, and
when the government losses, it will have to recover the loss. How? Section 100.
Transfer for Less than Adequate and Full Consideration.
Kotse. Car. I purchased at P1M. Now the FMV is P500,000. I sell it at

P800,000. May income? Yes. Magkano? P300,000. Anong gagawin ko sa
P300,000? Ibato mo sa gross income, because you are not engaged in trade or
business, at wala kang ibang gagawin kundi yung P300,000 ay ibato sa gross
income. Subject to deductions? Yes. What kind of deductions? Personal
insurance because you are not engaged in trade or business.
Capital Gains Tax
How about a loss? P50,000. May income ako? Wala. Wala akong ibabato
sa gross income kasi at a loss. Magkano loss ko? P450,000. What is the effect of
the loss of P450,000 and I am not engaged in trade in business? Simple. Nothing
when it comes to income taxation. But is there tax consequence? Yes. Section
100 applies.
Lumbera is a purely compensation income earner. I have a house worth, I

purchased it for P3M. I sold it in 2005, now the FMV is P4M and I sold it for P7M.
What kind of asset? Capital. Located in the Philippines, right? When I sold it at
P7M, is there a tax consequence? Yes, because it is letter B. Capital Gains from
Sale of Real Property located in the Philippines.
I am Lumbera, resident citizen, the tax due is 6% of the FMV or the gross
selling price, whichever is higher. Now, what if I have a house worth P4M and I
sold it for P50,000. May income ako? Wala. What is the nature of the asset? Real
property. Capital. Is there tax consequence, income tax? Yes, because according
to the law, gains from sale of real property is 6% of the fair market value, P4M or
the gross selling price, P50,000, whichever is higher.
Gains in sale of real property not located in Philippines
I have a house located in the USA. The same, P4M yung FMV now. I sold
it at P7M. I have gains of P3M. How do you call the gains? Capital gains. But the
property is located outside of the Philippines. Is there income? Yes. What happens
to the income of P3M? Ibabato mo siya sa gross income. That will form part of
gross income and the gross income together with the P3M gains will be subjected
to NIT after taking the deductions of personal exemption, additional exemption,
and premium for health and hospitalization insurance. Why are we not collecting
6% CGT? Because the 6% is allowed only if the property is located in the
Philippines.
If I sell at a loss at P50,000, may income ako? Wala. May income tax
consequence? Wala. Loss, eh. May tax due? Oo. Section 100 again.
Ordinary gains in sale of personal property
Ordinary loss in sale of personal property
Depreciation of real and personal properties

Now lets change the scenario. Lumbera is engaged in trade or business.
Situation number 2 is that Lumbera is engaged in trade or business. Same assets
and you are engaged in trade or business. Bumili ka ng parlor. Purchase price is
P2M. Can I claim as deduction the purchase price of P2M? Yes or no? No. Why?
Because this is capital expenditure. When I bought this parlor, what do I do with
the books of asset? Real property bought in 2011 for P2M. Depreciation period? I
presume that this is bagong-bago, the economic use is 20 years. So magkano ang
bawas sa isang taon sa P2M? P100,000. So 2012: P1.9M; 2013: P1.8M; 2014:
P1.7M and then 2015: P1.6M; 2014: P1.5M; 2015: P1.4M and so on and so forth,
hanggang maubos, hanggang maging zero book value. Kung tangible personal
property, car, iba naman. Ibat ibang date yan eh. Alangan naman sa isang taon
bibilhin mo lahat. In 2012, bumili ng kotse worth P1M. Depreciation period? 5
years (P1,000,000/5= P200,000. So P800,000; P600,000; P400,000; P200,000;
P0 book value by 2017. Ano pa? Intangible personal property. Ano kaya? Shares
of stocks. Magkano bili natin? P1M. 2014, nag-invest. Shares of stocks. Capital in
character, eh. Ginagamit sa trade or business. P200,000 ang depreciation.
Nagdedepreciate din yan. IIang taon? Limang taon. Bawal i-deduct ang business
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expense? Yes, pero allowed mag-depreciate. So kapag tinanong kayo nandito sa

2014, magkano ang deduction in the form of depreciation ng 2014? P100,000,
plus P100,000, plus P40,000, equals P240,000 ang depreciation expense as of
2014 as a deduction. Pagdating ng 2015, ganun din yan. Depende kung ano ang
binili mo kung paano ito dinedepreciate. Lets say 2012: P20,000. Depreciation
magkano? 16-12-8-4-0. Ok. In 2013, mahal ang gunting na panggupit (binili ng
P10,000). 8-6-4-2-0. Isususlat mo lahat yan. Nung 2014, si aircon na nabili ko
naging obsolete. Nag issue ng regulation ang DENR: All aircons of this size
destroy the environment. Mahal. P80,000. Na-phase out. So the asset na nabili
ko at ginagamit at that time was ordinary. Na phase-out. Ano ang gagawin ko
doon? Illagay ko sa stock room. Bumili ngayon ako ng bagong aircon na ganyang
klase. Aircon 2 noong 2014. Magkano? P50,000. 40-30-20-10-0 book value.
Ganyan ako magdepreciate. Si gunting, hindi na uso o hindi kaya nasira na.
Inilagay nanaman sa bodega. Gunting 2. Bumili nanaman ako noong 2015. Binili
ko ng P15,000, nasira si gunting. Magkano? P20,000. 16-12-8-4-0 book value.
Habang hawak ko si asset, ang effect sa akin ay depreciation lang. Yun lang ang
pwede mong gawin. I-dedepreciate yung asset and claim depreciation as
deduction. When I purchase the asset, no deduction will be allowed, but
depreciation will be allowed. That will already have an effect on the tax due
because depreciation is a form of deduction for the gross income.
Recognition of gains and losses in sale of ordinary assets
But what happens when you move these assets? So kanina, si Lumbera ay
purely compensation income earner and I moved the asset. I should know that
gains and losses affect income tax. Now, I am engaged in trade or business. What
are the effects of the recognition of the gains and losses on ordinary and capital
assets? The rule is: all gains and losses are recognized. The term is recognition of
gains and losses. How do you recognize gains and losses? Very simple. Lets take
the case of aircon 1 and aircon 2 and gunting 1 and gunting 2. Ordinary asset.
When aircon 1 in the year 2014 has book value of P12,000 and still being used in
trade or business, the asset is ordinary. When aircon 1 in 2014 became obsolete
and you transferred it to the bodega, the asset is converted from ordinary to
capital. When gunting 1 is being used in trade or business, ordinary asset. But
when gunting 1 became kalawangin at hindi mo na ginagamit, it can be converted
into capital asset. The only time that an asset is not converted from ordinary to
capital is, if the business is real estate development and it involves land. When
lands are in a taxpayer who is engaged in real estate and development and sale of
real property, all lands are treated forever as ordinary asset even if the land
become idle land. It doesnt change its classification from ordinary to capital, or
from ordinary to capital, depending on the current use of the taxpayer at any
particular time. So let us look at aircon 2 because it was bought in the year 2014.
In the year 2016, aircon 2 is an ordinary asset. Lets look at 2016. Assuming that
we are now in 2016. Aircon 2 is an ordinary asset. Now (after 2 years), what is the
book value of aircon 2? P30,000 (depreciation is P10,000 each year). Sabi ko,
book value of P30,000. Nabenta ng P35,000. What do I realize? P5,000 ordinary
gain. Ang income na ordinary gain na yan, ay ibabato mo dito para maging part of
the gross income? Hindi. You recognize the gain but only to the extent of the
losses. How does it work? So for aircon 2, yung ordinary gain is P5,000. Ito
(P5,000), hindi isasaksak doon (Letter A) katulad ni Lumbera na hindi engaged in
trade or business. I call this, personal terminology ko to, side stepping. The
sidestepping refers to the recognition of gains up to extent of the losses. We
recognize gains up to the extent of the losses. Thats under Section 39 (C) of the
Tax Code. So here you gain P5,000 for the same year of 2016. Gunting 2.
Magkano ang book value? P16,000. Ibenenta mo si gunting 2, ordinary asset.
Nabenta mo ng P10,000. Lugi. Loss. Magkano? P6,000. How do you call that?
Ordinary loss. For the year 2016, assuming these are the two transactions
involving movements of assets. Then for the year 2016, year end, I have ordinary
gains of P5,000 and ordinary loss of P6,000. Therefore, what I arrived at the end
of the year is net ordinary loss of P1,000. What happens to the loss? Ito ba
isasama mo sa allowable decoctions para lumiit yung gross income mo? No!
According to Section 39, you only recognize gains up to the extent of the losses.
You are allowed 1 benefit. Your gain of P5,000, which could have been easily
added to your gross income, and if added will of course increase your tax due. But
because of recognition of gains versus losses, the loss has the effect of reducing
your gains and therefore you dont have anything to add here. Therefore, the effect
to you is reduced tax as well. But when you arrive at the end of the year at an
ordinary loss, wala nang mangyayari because the net ordinary loss is not the L
here. Tapos na ang usapan. Now, kasi take note: lugi naman ako kasi loss sa
dulo. Hindi ka lugi kahit loss sa dulo kasi nagbenefit ka naman ng isang beses.
Ano? Noong nag-gain ka ng P5,000 at nabawasan ng P6,000. Ang effect noon ay
sa halip na maglagay ka ng gross income na limang libo, wala kang sinama sa
gross income kaya ka nagbenefit ng isang beses.
Now, when at the end of the year you realize net ordinary gains, pwede
mangyari yun. Baliktarin natin. Ang gunting ay nabenta mo ng P8,000. So P8,000
versus loss, na 6K. Ang mangyayari sa iyo ay may ordinary gain na P2,000. Ano
ang gagawin mo diyan? Eto ibabato mo dun (gross income). In which case, lalaki
ang tax due mo. Pero, lugi ka pa ba? Hindi. Bakit? Nagbenepisyo ka na. Ano?
Noon ang loss ay nirecognize versus the gains of P8,000 kasi kung walang loss,
kung hindi ka inallow na i-offset yung loss versus the gains, P8,000 sana ang
napasama roon at nag-increase ang tax due mo. There is no such thing as
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NOLCO na net ordinary loss carry over. Walang NOLCO na net ordinary loss carry
over. Ang NOLCO ay NET OPERATING LOSS CARRY OVER. So, this is how
you recognize gains and losses of ordinary assets. All ordinary gains, i-grupo. All
ordinary loss, i-grupo. Then i-offset. If at the end of the year you have net ordinary
gains, ibato mo sa gross income, and thats the only time that it will have an effect.
But on transaction basis, no effect yet. If at the end of the year, you realize net
ordinary loss, manahimik ka na. Wala nang mangyayari. Bakit? Meron ng
benepisyong nangyari sa iyo nang inoff-set si loss against the gains? Tigil na.
Wala ka nang magagawa.
Recognition of gains and losses in sale of capital assets
Now, lets go to capital assets. Aircon 1. Binili rin noong 2014. Aircon 1
became obsolete in 2014. So kung 2016, the book value is at P4,000 each. So
aircon 1, which is a capital asset has a book value of P1,000. Nasa bodega. Hindi
mo maipakilo. Somebody, a collector of that kind of aircon, found out and
purchased the aircon. Collection item daw niya. Binili si aircon. Binenta. Magkano?
P6,000. Anong tawag mo diyan? Capital gains. In capital assets, you apply the
holding period if the individual is engaged in business. So, if the asset is held,
nakasulat diyan, Section 39 (B). If the asset is held for not more than 12 months,
ano ang percentage ng recognition? 100%. More than 12 months? 50%. Kapag
mahaba ang panahon na hinawakan, kalahati lang daw ang marerecognize.
Simply, Aircon 1, kailan ba binili? 2014. Kelan binenta? 2016. More than 12
months? Oo. So anong sabi? Irecognize mo yung 50%. Sa halip na P6,000,
P3,000 ang capital gains. OK? Gunting 1. Kalian binili? 2013. Ibenenta ng 2016.
Capital asset. Magkano? P2,000. Anong tawag dito? Capital loss. Ilang taon
hinawakan ang gunting? More than 12 months. So 50% ng P2,000 ay P1,000.
Thats capital loss. Anong gagawin nanaman diyan? O, sa loob ng isang taon
capital gains. Magkano? Hindi anim na libo. You apply the holding period so
P3,000. Capital loss, magkano? P2,000, kapag ang asset is not held for more
than 12 months. P1,000, sa loob ng isang taon. Ang net capital gains P2,000.
Anong gagawin? Ito ba ay ita-tax sa Letter B doon? Hindi. Hindi naman real
property yan. Ordinary pa. So anong gagawin? Ibato mo sa A and it will have an
effect on the tax due (NIT).
Net Capital Loss Carry-over
Eh, paano kung may capital loss sa dulo? Meron tayong tinatawag na Net
Capital Loss Carry Over (Section 39 [D]). We can carry it over in the succeeding
year. Net capital loss carry over can be carried only by an individual taxpayer
engaged in trade or business, and the carrying over is for the succeeding year
only. What is the effect of the net capital loss carry over? This is year 2016. Sa
2017, ganun din an proseso mo: recognition of gains and losses. So kung sa
2017, nag-arrive ka ng gross capital loss na P3,000; net capital gains for the
succeeding year is P6,000. You can carry over P3,000. So next year, sa halip na
ita-tax ka ng P6,000 sa gross income, ang ibabato mo lang ay P3,000, because
you have a net capital loss carry over. What happens if in the year 2017, net
capital loss ka? Loss. It can happen. Anything can happen. Succeeding year, net
capital loss ka ng P2,000. Itong 2017, ito yung net capital loss mo. Are you still
allowed to carry over? Yes. The net capital loss, magkano? P5,000. Anong effect
nyan? Wala. The net capital loss walang effect dito. Now, ang tanong: sa 2018,
pwede pa bang mag-carry over? Oo. Isang libo lang. Bakit? Yung P2,000 mo for
the coming year ay yung net carry over mo na P3,000. Ang charge sa P3,000
carry over is P2,000 kaya P1,000 na lang. Yun na lang ang pwede mo i-carry
over. Isang libo lang ang carry over. Ulit. Walang problema pag net capital gain ka
sa 2017 kasi kitang-kita mo ang effect ng net capital loss carry over, eh. It reduces
in otherwise, at the end of the year, you sustained capital loss, and you will be
carrying it for the succeeding year, and for the succeeding year, gain ka, you will
not feel the effect. The net capital gain is reduced by the net capital loss carry
over. Kapag sa succeeding year net capital loss ka, will you still be allowed to
carry over? Of course, walang problema.
But, katulad dito for the current year, P2,000 na loss sinundan mo ng
P3,000 na loss rin. Ang sabi i-carry over ang net capital loss na P5,000. Pagdating
ng 2018, hindi mo pwede i-carry over yung P2,000 dito. Bakit? Kasi nacharge mo
na sa capital loss for the year 2011, kaya isang libo na lang.
Baliktarin natin ang sitwasyon. Sa susunod, 2017 net capital gain mo ay
P2,000. Meron kang net capital loss sa susunod na taon (2018) na ike-carry over
na P3,000. So at the end of the year, the taxpayer sustained net capital loss na
P1,000. Pwede mo ba i-carry over yung P1,000? Hindi na. Kasi isang taon ka lang
pwede mag-carry over. Naiintindihan? Sa second year ka na, kasi pwede magcarry over, eh. Kasi nagbenepisyo ka na. Ano yung benefit mo? Yung gain mo
nareduce ng loss. Number 4, inallow ka ng holding period. Number 3, nag net
capital loss carry over ka pa. Sobra-sobra na benepisyo mo, manahimik kayo.
Yan ang sabi ng gobyerno. The government recognizes that you incurred losses
and it will have an effect on you. But it has to be within a certain limit. What is the
limit? Inallow na kita na may holding period ka pa nga. Benefit na yan sa iyo.
Pangalawa, yan gains mo nareduce ng loss like the loss was charged against the
gains. Number 3, kapag sa dulo may capital loss ka pa, pwedeng i-carry over. Ay,
sobra naman kung loss na hindi mo na carry over, eh ike-carry over mo pa sa
susunod na taon. Ay, luging-lugi na ang gobyerno sa inyo. Tama na. So these are
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the benefits. This is how you recognize gains and losses. All assets, whether
ordinary or capital. This is how you recognize.
Holding Period and NOLCO not allowed if taxpayer is a Corporation
What are the modes? Holding period is allowed only if the taxpayer is
individual. NOLCO is allowed only, again, if the taxpayer is an individual, and the
net capital loss may be carried over to the succeeding year only. Such that if the
taxpayer is a company, no holding period is allowed. Therefore, all gains and
losses are recognized at 100%. There is no such thing as NOLCO (corporate
taxpayer), and therefore, if the company sustained a capital loss at a given period,
no more benefit for the succeeding year. This is how its done. Now you see the
relationship of ordinary gains, ordinary loss, capital gains and capital loss. With
this computation. Now, kitang-kita nyo yan. Hindi ka kasi nyan nagpi-physical
labor. Nagmomove ka ng asset. So what is the effect of the movement of the
asset? Recognition of gains and losses, which will have either, a direct effect on
the gross income, or indirect effect on the gross income, but never on the issue of
deductibility. What will be the effect is that, the tax due will either increase or
decrease because of the recognition of gains and losses. That is the general rule.
Instances when gains and losses are not recognized
When are gains and losses not recognized? Kailan naman tayo hindi
dumadaan sa ganung proseso ng recognition of gains and losses? When are
gains and losses not recognized? Section 40, (C)[2].
1. When you are selling real property located in the Philippines, capital in
character. The gains and losses are not recognized in that manner because
the tax due is 6% capital gains tax.
2. When shares of stocks in a domestic corporation, capital in character, sold and
traded. Ngayon, no recognition of gains and losses, because the tax is 5% for
the first 100K and 10% in excess of 100K.
3. If there is a valid merger or consolidation of two corporations and shares of
stocks are exchanged for shares, or shares are exchanged for property, or
property is exchanged for property, or property is exchanged for stocks.
Whatever gains or losses, no gain, no loss recognized. Example: Corporation
X, Corporation Y. Corporation X has a car worth P1M. Corporation Y has a
painting worth P2M. They merged. XY Corporation is born. There are shares
of stocks of P500,000. Car is exchanged for P500,000 shares of stocks to XY
merged corporation. X incurred a loss of P500,000. Do not recognize the loss.
Y has a painting worth P2M. Exchanged for shraes of stock in XY merged

corporation worth P3M. Gains? P1M. Do not recognize. Why do you not
recognize gains and losses in the merger or consolidation? The answer is
simple: Because X and Y own XY merged corporation. Whatever assets or
liabilities XY will have will be incurred by X and Y separate corporation.
Therefore, no gains or losses sustained. No gains realized. No loss sustained.
Kasi sila din ang may-ari.
4. When an individual, together with others, not exceeding 4 (he plus 3),
exchanges property for shares of stocks in a corporation and he, alone or
together with others not exceeding four, gains control of the corporation.
Whatever gain or losses sustained by the individual when the property is
exchanged for shares, do not recognize. Example: Car worth P1M, pinagpalit
ng shares na P1.5M. Whatever gain or loss sustained, do not recognize.
Bakit? Siya ang may control ng korporasyon at habang siya ang may control,
kaya niyang pakitain. So ngayon, kumita ang korporasyon, ang loss ay
matatakpan. Kapag may gains, ang kanilang kinita ay siya ang magbebenefit
kasi sa kanya ang korporasyon. Kaya walang gains, walang loss. OK?
5. Wash sales. Naglaba. Kapag naglalaba ka, ano ang natatanggal? Dumi.
Kapag naglalaba ka, naglilinis ka. So shares of stocks owned if at any given
point in time yung shares of stocks, let us say P1M, and then you sell it today
at P300,000, you sustain loss. Right? P700,000. That loss will not be
recognized in wash sales if 30 days prior to the sale today or 30 days after the
sale today, you acquire similar shares of stocks as those ones that you sold
and you incurred loss. It is as if you did not lose at all and therefore the loss of
P700,000 is not recognized. But if you sell the shares of stocks at P1.4M, you
have gained P400,000 and 30 days prior to or 30 days after you purchased
similar shares of stocks as the ones sold, ALL gains recognized. In wash
sales, gains are recognized, loss are not recognized. All gains are
recognized in wash sales. Losses are not recognized because it is as if no loss
was sustained.
Under Number 4, an individual exchanges property for shares of stocks in a

corporation and he, together with others not exceeding four, gains control of the
corporation. Whatever gains or loss, whatever gains he realizes or loss he
sustains, do not recognize. Ang tawag dito sa Numbers 3 and 4, yung terminology
ay tax-efficient transfers. Kapag naintindihan nyo yan when you become lawyers,
transactions tax efficient transfers, hindi ba naririnig nyo to: Naku meron akong
mga properties, ililipat ko na lang sa korporasyon. Yan yon, ha? Because your
property is used to buy shares in a corporation. And when you buy shares, that is,
na-exchange and when you buy shares, you gain control of the corporation, no
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tax. No tax ang effect. Nothing. Kasi no gain, no loss recognized. Tax efficient
transfer of property.
Number 1. Valid merger or consolidation wherein shares are exchanged for
property, shares are exchanged for stocks, property for stocks, property for
property. These are tax-efficient exchanges of property. No gain, no loss
recognized and therefore no tax consequence.
Number 2. When an individual exchanges property for shares and he
alone, or together with others not exceeding four, gains control of the corporation,
no gain or loss recognized. Therefore, no tax consequence as well. Ito yung mga
naririnig nyo. Tax efficient transfer of property. So the reason why I took this out of
Section 34 and did not discuss in Section 34 ay para hindi magulo. Now you see
these effects. These are not deductions.
X. Losses
LOSSES. The only loss that effectively reduces your gross income is
casualty loss. Thats the only loss. Then you will have to recognize casualty losses
together with gains and all losses, as a general rule, are recognized up to the
extent of the gain only. Such that, if at the end of the year the taxpayer realizes
gains, thats the time na ibabato mo sa gross income which will have an effect on
the tax due. But if at the end of the year you incur loss, manahimik ka na. Wala na.
Wala nang mangyayari. You are not allowed to deduct that loss whether ordinary
or capital loss from the gross income. You cannot claim the same as deduction
from your gross income. Why? Because you have already been benefited: (1)
When the gains are reduced by the loss because the los are recognized up to the
extent of the gain; (2) Holding periods, in case of individual taxpayer, has the
effect of reducing the gains and losses; (3) When a taxpayer is an individual and
net capital loss is allowed to be carried over for the succeeding year only. These
are your benefits already. These benefits have the effect of reducing your gross
income because hindi mo na isasama sa gross income, or the gain is completely
eaten up by the loss and therefore, the effect at the end of the day is the tax is
reduced. Ang administrative provision ng income tax ay idi-discuss with remedies.
Doon ko siya idi-discuss para kita niyo kung saan ginagamit ang administrative
provisions. Ha? Doon ko idi-didscuss when I take up remedies.
Question on foreign currency account:
Liwanagin natin. Pag ikay may bank account na dollar account, foreign
currency account. I-distinguish natin. If the foreign currency account is at the same
time a remittance account, the code says that the account is exempt from payment
of the 7 % tax. Example. OFW ka. Nagtatrabaho ka sa States. Ang pamilya mo

ay nasa Pilipinas. Kapag nagremit ka ng iyong kinita, hindi ka pwede basta
magremit na nagdedeposit ka ng account mo doon at iwi-withdraw dito. Meron
tayong tinatawag na remittance account na kini-create para lahat ng remittances
doon papasok. Parang Western Union din yan except dito bangko. OK? Yung
account mo na foreign currency but a remittance account is exempt from tax in
recognition of the principle that: All non-residents are not subject to income tax for
income outside. And they remit it, the benefit of the government is in lieu of the tax
to be earned out of the bank account, it is exempt now. Bakit ini-exempt? Kasi
nagbebenefit yung gobyerno dahil ang foreign currency natin dumadami. So the
remittance account, na-withdraw mo. Siyempre remittance account yan, hindi ka
pwede magsave. Walang remittance na nag-stay ang pera kasi ginastos mo kaya
nga pinadala. Si dollar, inilipat mo sa ordinary dollar account. This is no longer a
remittance account. This is expanded foreign currency deposit and therefore, no
longer exempt.
Another situation: Resident Citizen. Ang bangko mo ay nasa labas ng
Pilipinas. Kapag foreign currency deposit doon, yon ang current currency doon.
Pero ang peso ko ay foreign currency doon. Tama? Yung peso account ko sa
ibang bansa ang foreign currency account doon. At ang dollar account ko sa
kanilang bansa is ordinary currency account doon. So kung resident citizen ako at
may peso account ako sa ibang bansa, that is a foreign currency account sa ibang
bansa. Anong posibleng tax doon pag nagbigay ng interest? Kapag nagbigay ng
interest, ita-tax iyon. It may be either in the form of FWT, kasi parepareho lang ang
tax system natin, eh or treated as foreign currency account. Dito sa Pilipinas, may
tax ba yung interest? Oo. Anong tax natin? NIT. Yung foreign currency doon,
peso account at ang dollar account doon, ordinary. Pagdating doon, ordinary yon.
Yung peso account na yun ang foreign currency account doon. May interest
P100. Anong mangyayari sa akin? Resident citizen ako. NIT pereho. Peso and
dollar account outside. Resident citizen ako. NIT. Pareho. Eh, ano ang tawag nya
doon? Pero pag ang pera mo ay pumasok sa Pilipinas na remittance, ibang
usapan. Codal yan. Remittance account, makikita nyo sa bangko, this requires
kasi special permit from the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas for a bank. May authority
dito to accept remittances. OFW nasa Saudi ka. Magbubukas ka doon ng
remittance account sa PNB. Naka-match agad yan. So lahat ng pera mo mamamatch sa account na yan. Ire-remit sa account mo sa Pilipinas, lahat ng pera na
pumapasok sa Pilipinas walang tax. Lahat ng earning nila, money in the foreign
country, walang tax kasi non-resident citizen ka. Kapag pumasok sa remittance
account sa Pilipinas, walang tax. Pero pag ginastos mo, may tax na yan. Kasi
kapag ginastos mo, anong consequence? May kikita. Alangan naman saan mo
gagastusin? Palabas ng Pilipinas ulit? Hindi. Yung inward remittance account,
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nandito ngayon sa isang account. Kapag ikaw, ordinary account lahat ng kinita
nyan passive income. Pag winithdraw mo, ginastos mo, may kinikita na, may tax
doon. Yon ang pinagbabawian ng gobyerno.
Now you see and you will realize tax is a very dynamic topic and subject.
Kelangan lang talaga alam na alam mo yung step-by-step ng transaction kasi in
every step of the way may pagbabagong mangyayari. At depende sa tax. Hindi ka
pwede mag-generalize. Kailangan hihimayin mo unti-unti because every step of
the transaction you will have to think about what is the tax consequence. That is
why avoidance is really an art. Because every step of the way may tax due eh.
You can see from our example. So how will you avoid? There are many ways of
avoiding. I will not teach you yet. Not yet. But there are so many ways that are
legitimate manner of reducing your tax due. If nasa business ka, lalong maganda
yan. But when you become lawyers, come to mama. But not now, because you
have to learn the basic of what is right and what is wrong.
VALUE ADDED TAX (VAT)
VAT is the easiest tax under the NIRC but the most technically worded
provision of the law. Admitted yan. Walang kokontra dyan. Napakadali lang.
Marunong kayong mag-add, mag-multiply? Walang division. Addition and
multiplication at subtraction. Wala ditong division. Value added tax (VAT) is value
added tax. Tax is added to the value. It is a form of indirect tax which is collected
or imposed for:
1. Every/each sale of goods in the course of trade or business;
2. For each sale of service in the course of trade or business; and
3. For each importation of goods. Walang service ha. This time whether trade
or business related or not.
It is a form of tax imposed on each sale of goods in connection with the trade or
business, or each sale of service in connection with trade or business, or each
importation of goods whether related to trade or business or not. These are the
only three transactions covered by VAT.
Meaning of sale
What is the meaning of sale? Sale may refer to actual sale or barter or
exchange. There is transfer of ownership. Sale of goods. Goods will even cover
real property. If you are engaged in development and sale of property, each sale
of real property is considered sale of goods.
Sale of service. There is no employer-employee relationship involved.
Services are rendered and for the services, you are paid.
Sale of service may cover lease, rentals. When there is a lease, there is
sale of service.
Importation of goods. Galing sa ibang bansa at dadalhin sa loob ng
Pilipinas. Kung gagamitin mo sa bahay mo ang iyong inimport, walang pakialam.
Pagdating sa Pilipinas, importation of goods. Paano ini-import? Walang land. By
air and sea. Pagdating niyan sa Bureau of Customs sa Pilipinas, thats
importation. Bago mo ilabas sa warehouse ng Bureau of Customs, magbabayad
ka ng VAT. Kapag inilabas mo, kapag binenta mo, each sale, VATable. Kung
kakainin mo, walang VAT. Pero may VAT ang importation.
Transactions deemed sale
Now, in sale of goods we have Transactions Deemed Sale (TDS).
Transactions deemed sale is found in Section 106 (B). There is no actual sale but
the goods are being sold and subjected to value added tax:
1. Transfer, use, consumption of goods intended originally for sale in the
ordinary course of trade or business. Meron kang restaurant. Ang
binebenta mo ay tapsilog. Araw-ayaw mong niluluto sa bahay mo. Kumuha
ka ng tapsilog na stock. Deemed sold. Because the tapsilog is sold in the
ordinary course of trade or business. Kinain mo, nilamon mo. Deemed
sold. Period.
2. Transfer in favor of creditors. May utang ka na isang libong piso kay Mr. X.
Wala kang pangbayad. Sabi mo kay Mr. X, Kumain ka ng tapsilog arawaraw. Ok sige kasi walang pambayad. Kumain si Mr. X. Bawat tapsilog na
kinakain, deemed sold.
3. Transfer in favor of investors. Hindi mo maisauli ang investment at tubo.
Ang sabi mo, Kumain ka ng tapsilog equivalent to investment. Agree.
Everyday kumakain ng tapsilog. All tapsilogs eaten by the investor deemed
sold.
4. Consignment of goods. Goods not sold within 60 days from the
consignment, all are deemed sold on the 61st day.
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5. Closure of establishment and all stocks remaining shall be deemed sold.

Tapsilogan sinara mo. Titingnan ngayon kung ilang kilo ng baka ang nasa
refrigerator. Ilang tapsilog ang kayang gawin para doon sa kilo ng baka?
All are deemed sold.
Transactions deemed sale, not applicable in sale of service and importation
This is how its done: Whatever kind of business that you have, if you have
these five transactions, these are all deemed sold. VATable. Subjected to VAT.
There are no transactions deemed sold in sale of service and importation. Ang
importation kasi, ay either imported or hindi. Pag hindi ko dinala sa Pilipinas
walang importation. Kapag nasa gitna pa ng dagat, wala pang importation. Kapag
dumating sa Pilipinas, importation na ang tawag diyan. Kahit tumalon sa barko at
nasa gitna pa lamang ang barko, imporatation. Importation starts from there. Now,
what is the rate? 12% tax added to the value. Basis? Gross selling price for sale of
goods. For the sale of service, the gross receipts. For importation of goods, the
value or the amount determined by the Bureau of Customs.
Output and input tax
In addition to the 12%, we have what we call zero-rated and exempt.
Sasabihin nyo, ang tanga naman ng batas. I-multiply mo ang zero sa limang
milyong piso, zero. Ang exempt wala ring VAT. So what is the difference? Later, Ill
inform you of the distinction between the two and which is more beneficial to the
tax payer. So, you multiply by 12% and the buyer pays. So ito ang magandang
sample: Tapsilog P100. Ibenenta mo sa iyong tindahan. Magkano selling price mo
after adding the cost? P100. Buy tapsilog. Ikaw nagbayad ka ng P100 na selling
price plus 12%, bigyan mo siya ng P112. The P12 is called the output tax from
your end. And he (buyer), calls it input tax. Output tax is the value added tax on
sales and input tax is the value added tax on purchases. OS-IP. Output for sales.
Input for purchases.
Ikaw naman may output kang P12, ano naman ang posibleng mong input?
Bumili ka ng gasolina, nagbayad ka ng kuryente. Pag naggagasolina ka, may tax
dun. Bumili ka ng gasul may VAT. Nagbayad ka ng kuryente may VAT. May
telepono ka, may VAT. Lahat ng purchases mo, 12% ang binabayad mo. Ang
tawag doon sa 12% na binayaran mo ay Input. Ang tawag doon sa binenta mo,
Output. So ikaw may output na 12%, ikaw ay may input na 12%. Kinain mo si
tapsilog. Walang silbi sa iyo si Input. Bakit? Nilamon mo. Walang silbi sa iyo
because you are not engaged in trade or business. And being an end-user, it is
not applicable to you except that it adds up your expense. Let us assume that you
are engaged in delivery of tapsilog to government offices. So you ordered for 1
tapsilog. My business is delivery of tapsilog. Anong mga purchases mo? Gasoline
pag ikaw ay naglalakbay. Maraming purchases. Tama? So itong tapsilog na binili
nya ng P112 at nagcompute ka. Per tapsilog is now P150, cost pa lang sa iyo.
Kayo namili ng tapsilog sa kanya, ikaw nagparasyon ka. P150 may tubo na siya
diyan. Binenta sa iyo plus 12%. Magkano? P150 x 12% = P168. P168 ang
tapsilog. Magkano output mo? P18. Output is P18. Magkano input mo? P12. P18
output less input of P12 is P6. Go to BIR remit the P6 that is VAT payable.
Remedy in case input tax is more than output tax
If marami kang purchases, ibig sabihin your input is more that your sales, if
your input is more than your output, marami kang pinamili kesa nabenta, what will
happen? The excess input you go to BIR, ask for refund. But of course, money will
not be given to you. It will form part of credit, either tax credit for the succeeding
quarter because VAT is computed on a quarterly basis but paid on a monthly
basis. Computed quarterly but remitted to BIR monthly. Ganun yan. So ikaw, if
you have excess input, you may credit for the succeeding quarter, or if at the end
of the year, if you still have excess input, you will credit it with your other
obligations such as income tax due from your business.
Excess output is VAT payable
This is how you do it. Input-output, input-output. Ganun lang ito nang
ganun. And then you remit monthly to BIR. If you have excess output, that is VAT
payable. Pay to BIR. Hindi ka nagbabayad sa BIR bawat benta. Kokompyutin mo
yan on a quarterly basis and you remit on a monthly basis, and if at the end of the
year you have excess output, meaning, you have more sales than purchases, then
pay to BIR. But if you have excess input, meaning you have more purchases than
sales, then you also go to BIR and request for refund or credit, the same with your
other tax obligations. So as you are moving along the taxable period, you may
credit it for the succeeding quarter. Very simple and Value Added Tax. Kaya sabi
ko sa inyo, multiplication, addition, subtraction. Walang division na ginagamit. So
yan ang ginagawa nyo.
Relevance of input and output tax to income tax
How relevant is this to income tax? Very relevant! When you compute for
your gross income, the gross income of the taxpayer who is engaged in trade or
business reflects your revenue from your operation. Your output tax represents the
12% of your sales, and therefore, that should jive with gross income. Pag iyan ay
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hindi nag-match with the gross income doon sa output tax mo, you are doing
something.
Now, your input tax represents your expenses, purchases in your trade or
business, and therefore, the 12% input tax should also coincide with your
allowable deductions in the form of expenses. Anu-ano yung mga expenses mo?
Reasonable allowance for wages. Wala yan VAT. Pag nagbayad ka ng wage,
walang VAT. Reasonable allowance for utility: PLDT, Merealco, MWSS, gasolina.
Kapag bumili ka ng may VAT, may input tax ka na 12%. Dapat yun mag-match sa
deduction mo. Nagbayad ka ng renta sa lupa doon sa parlor. Thats a sale of
service. So theres VAT. Input tax ang binayaran mo. Purchases mo yan eh. So
dapat ang input tax mo na kini-claim versus the output tax, mag-match doon sa
expenses mo. Tinitingnan yan ng BIR. Income tax is paid the following year. Ang
bayaran is the following year. The requirement for VAT is quarterly. You compute
but you remit monthly. So from January to December, if you remit in January, BIR
has advance notice of how much your sales are for the month of January. When
you remit in February, March, April, May hanggang December, BIR has an idea
how much your gross sales are, which will represent your gross income. Advance
notice yan sa BIR. Such that, kapag nagbayad ka the following year ng income
tax mo at hindi nag-match doon sa na-file mo sa VAT return, patay ka. You are
doing something. Yan ang relationship niyan. Hindi pwedeng maghiwalay.
Kailangan laging magkabuntot. VAT is a tax on business. So this will match up
with your gross income on the business that you have. Yun ang sinasabi nating
relationship ng income and VAT.
Excess input tax may be credited and applied to VAT liabilites in succeeding
quarter or to other tax liabilities
Zero-rated transactions
Zero-rated transactions. Anong nakasulat? Section 106. What are the zerorated transactions? Yan ay hindi ko ini-expect na memoryahin ninyo. Ano ba ang
zerorated transaction? Tingnan ninyo ang mga examples diyan.
Export sale
Kapag ikaw ay nag-iimport, times 12%. Kapag ikaw ay naglabas, times 0%.
Niloloko tayo. Ay, bakit imumultiply pa ng 0%? Kapag zero-rated kasi, kaya
ginagawang zero-rated, may benepisyo kasi ang gobyerno. Kapag nag-export ka
ng tubig, ang bayad niya padadaanin sa foreign currency ang bayad at
pinadadaan sa bangko. Wala namang nagbabayad na pinadadala sa LBC. So it
goes through the bank and it is in foreign currency.
Benefits of exportation
As you bring water outside, there are two benefits to the government.
1. foreing currency reserve is increased; and
2. we promote locally manufactured products
Comparing it to an importation wherein we destroy locally manufactured products
because of the dating ng mga produktong imported. And secondly, kapag tayo ay
nagbabayad, ang ating foreign currency reserve ay nababawasan.
Sale of gold bars
Now, output less input. Grugrupuhin mo sa isang quarter, ano ba ng aking

nabenta na may VAT? Kunin sa isang quarter diyan, ano ba ang pinamili ko na
may VAT? Kunin. I-match nyo. Pag sobra ang output, go to BIR, VAT payable.
Pag ang sobra ay input, punta ka sa BIR, refund. Miss Kim Ynarez. Or hindi kaya
as you are moving along the quarters of the year, i-credit mo na agad ang excess
input. Pwede. Kapag sa dulo nag-excess ka, Oi Ms. Kim Ynarez, i-aaplly ko po
ito sa aking income tax due. Sayang naman. Pwede ba? Pwede! Yun ang tax
credit. Yan ang mga pwedeng mangyari sa inyo. Mahirap ba ang VAT? Hindi.
Napakadali.
Nagbenta ng ginto sa Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas. Dumadami ang ating

reserve para sa paglililok ng salapi. Kailangan natin yan. So kapag nagbenta ka,
may benepisyo ang gobyerno. Dahil nagbigay ka ng benepisyo sa gobyerno, sa
halip na times 12%, times 0%.
VAT on sale of service

Now we go to Section 108. Sale of service. Madami din yan. Sample na
lang natin. Walang zero-rated sa importation, ha? Wala. Zero-rated lang sa sale of
goods and service. Sa sale of service. Noong unang panahon, 10 years ago, yung
repacking, yung sachet, dito yun nauso sa Asia. So mga 10-15 years ago, meron
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bagong industriya sa Pilipinas. Ang kanyang ginagawa ay mag-repack. Sa ibang

bansa, sa US halimbawa, mahal ang service na iyan. So ang ginagawa ng mga
producer ng toothpaste sa US, ipadadala sa Pilipinas ng naka balde-balde na
toothpaste. Ang trabaho sa Pilipinas mag-repack. Pagka-repack, naka-sachet,
ibabalot sa kahon ilalabas ulit ng bansa. Ang bayad sa Pilipinas for the service ay
foreign currency coursed through the BSP. Yun nanaman. Nakinabang nanaman
ang Pilipinas. Yan nanaman ang halimbawa ng times 0%.
Effectively zero-rated sales
Ang isang effectively zero-rated ay hindi talaga zero-rated. Kaya lang,
upon the recommendation of the Secretary of Finance, the President may declare
a particular transaction as effectively zero-rated. Perfect example are the
industries within the economic zones. The transations therein are not exactly zerorated. If you look at the Code, they are treated as effectively zero-rated because of
certain conditions.
Distinctions between zero-rated transactions and exempt transactions
Now, how do we distinguish zero-rated from exempt. These are the
distinctions: In zero-rated, the transaction is not subject to VAT at all stages and
the input tax is allowed to be credited against the output tax. Exempt transactions
are not subject to VAT only at a particular stage and the input tax is not allowed to
be credited.
Let us look at Section 109. Yan ang mga exempt. These transactions are
not subject to VAT. Only at a particular stage. After that stage, provided in the law,
VATable na. Unlike zero-rated na kahit anong stage, times 0%. Tingnan natin ang
Section 109.
I. Sale or importation of agricultural and marine food products in their
original state
Number 1. Mr. A. May baboy siya sa bakuran. Binili ito ng alive. VATable?
Exempt. Si baboy na oink-oink kinatay niya. Itininda niya sa palengke. Pork chop,
liempo laman-loob, pigi, ulo. Nakalatag. Binili. Si dead na baboy na chop-chop na.
VATable? Exempt. Ang natira na part ng baboy na hindi nabenta, ginawa niyang
tocino, BBQ flavor at longganisa. Isinabit sa palengke. Binili ang longganisa.
VATable? No. Exempt. Nakasulat. Binili ang porkchop, prinito at sinerve with itlog
and kamatis, porksilog. Kinain mo sa restaurant niya. VATable. Kapag niluto mo,
VATable. Si longganisa ganun din. Binili mo sa kanya. Exempt. Kapag niluto mo si
longganisa, binenta mo sa restaurant. Binili mo, kinain mo. VATable.
II. Sale of residential unit, low-cost housing unit

Real estate developer. Low-cost housing unit. You buy from him. VATable?
Exempt. Ikaw, bumili ka ng lima sa kanya. Buy and sell ka of low-cost housing
unit. Ikaw tumira ka. When you buy from him 5 units, VATable? Exempt. Now the
housing units are in your possession. Tinirahan mo. Binenta mo kay Mr. Blue.
VATable? No. You are not engaged in trade or business. May tax ka? 6% CGT.
Can you be exempt? Yes, if all the requisites for exemption are present.
Ikaw naman bumili ka ng lima sa kanya all low-cost housing units,
VATable? Exempt. 109. You sell the 5 units. VATable? Yes. Subject to CGT? No,
because this is an ordinary asset from your end.
III. Rentals of residential unit
Lease of residential units when the rental do not exceed P10,000. Owner
of 10 units leases to 10 lessees. Rental from each is P9,999.99. VATable?
Exempt. This is exempt under the Tax Code. When you sell the apartment units,
VATable? Yes. If the rent is P10,500. VATable? Yes. Nandoon kasi yan sa mga
examples niya. Kaya kailangan basahin ninyo para lang alam ninyo kung
hanggang saan ba ang exempt at ang hindi. Pwede din kuwentong kutsero
katulad ng ginagawa natin kasi pagminemorize, masisisra ang ulo natin. Kasi yung
example ko, kuwento yan ng codal para makita niyo. Hindi yung codal lang ang
iniintindi. So ano pa ang stage ang exempt?
Lets go to Letter V. Basahin ninyo ang letter V. Ito ang example niyan, ha?
Ang tindahan ko ay tindahan ng kandila. Ang gross sales ko ay P1,000,000.
VATable? Hindi. Kasi ang nakasulat diyan, wala sa listahahn at hindi nag-exceed
sa P1,500,000 ang gross sales. Exempt. Am I liable for tax? Yes. If you are
exempt under letter V, exempt ka sa VAT pero ang ii-impose sa iyo ay percentage
tax equivalent to 3% of your gross sales.
Ang tindahan ko ay tindahan ng kandila. Ang gross sales ko ay
P1,600,000. VATable? Yes. Hindi na ako exempt.
Uulitin natin para makita ninyo ang Letter V. Unang sinabi ko ay ang
tindahan ko ay tindahan ng kandila. Ang gross sales ko walang P1,500,000.
VATable? Exempt. Yan ang letter V. Sumunod, ang tindahahn ko ay tindahan ng
kandila. Ang gross sales ko ay P3,000,000. VATable? Oo. Hndi na exempt.
May piggery ako. Baboy. Ang baboy ko 20,000. I sold the 20,000 baboy at
P10,000 each. Magkano yan? P2,000,000. VATable? Yes or no? Nakalagay sa
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109. Kanina, kapag nagbaneta ka ng baboy, exempt. Ngayon gawin nating 20,000
baboy, isang libo bawat isa. Magkano yun? P2,000,000. Lagpas P1,500,000.
VATable? Yes or no? Bakit No? Mentioned in the preceeding paragraph. So kung
nasa listahan ng A-U, exempt. Basta yan ang dinidescribbe niyong sale. Kapag
wala sa listahahn ng A-U at hindi nag-exceed ng P1,500,000, exempt. Ano ang
konklusyon? Pag wala sa listahan ng A-U at nagexceed ng P1,500,000, VATable.
Kaya ang tindahahn ko ng kandila ng P3,000,000 ang gross sales ay VATable.
Naiintindihan?
Another distinction
transactions
between
zero-rated
transactions
and
exempt
The other disitinction is in zero rated transaction. The input tax is allowed
to be credited against the output tax. In exempt transaction, the input tax is not
allowed to be credited against the output tax. Anong ibig sabihin noon? Alin ang
may benepisyo ang gobyerno? Zero rated. Ang exempt walang benepisyo ang
gobyerno. Sa zero-rated may benepisyo ang gobyerno kaya binibigyan din ng
benepisyo ang taxpayer. Ito lagi ang example ko. Napakasimple pero nakakatawa.
In exempt transactions, input tax is not allowed to be credited against output
tax
We have 3 baboys. For the 3 baboys, inalagaan mo, pinakain mo,
gumastos ka. Bumili ka ng tubig. Magkano? P500. VATable? VAtable ng 12%.
Nagbayad ka ng input tax. Magkano? P60. Bumili ka ng kuryente. Magkano?
P1,000 X 12%. Input tax mo ay P120. Ano pa ang gusto niyo? Nagbayad ka ng
telepono kasi nag-oorder ka. Telephone expense P100 X 12% is equal to P12.
Total na binayaran mong input tax is P192 for the 3 baboys, so P64 per baboy. Si
baboy 1, ibenenta mo ng oink-oink alive ng P5,000. Exempt. Zero output. Baboy 2
ibenenta mo rin pero kinatay mo, niluto mo at ibenenta mo sa restaurant mo.
Nakabenta ka ng P10,000 X 12%. VATable output is P1,200. So sa isang taon sa
lahat ng trasaction mo, output less input. Output is P1,200 less input of magkano?
P192? NO! The input tax attributable to baboy 1 is an exempt transaction, is not
allowed to be credited against the output tax therefore P64 X 2 = P128. Kaya ang
VAT payable is P1,072. Pay to BIR. VAT payable. Thats exempt transaction. Input
tax is not allowed to be credited against output tax.
In zero-rated transactions, input tax is allowed to be credited against output
tax
tax. But there is a big difference. P1,200 is the output but in zero-rated
transactions, the input tax attributable to the zero-rated transaction is allowed to be
credited against the output tax. Therefore, your total input tax is P192. So P1,200
P192 = P1,008. Your VAT payable is lower because you were allowed to credit
the input tax atttributable to the zero-rated transaction. Since the government
benefited from your zero-rated transaction, the government gives you something in
return by allowing you to credit the input tax attributable to the zero-rated
transaction against the output tax. Yan ang ibig sabihin ng distinctions. The
example is very simple para lang makita ninyo but whatever kind the transaction
we have, this is the procedure. Ang difference lang ay hundred of thousands. Sa
malalaking businesses, billions of pesos ang pinag-uusapan. But everything
follows the same procedure.
Effect of failure to register for VAT when registration is required
What is the effect of registration for VAT? Hindi ba kapag nakakita kayo ng
business establishments, may mga diploma sa business? Makikita niyo doon VAT
exempt. Meron din VAT-registered. Anong effect? Kapag ikaw ay required na
magrehistro for VAT purposes and you do not register, that is the worst scenario.
Because if you are required to register and you failed to register, you cannot
collect the 12% output. Hindi ka pwede magpatong ng 12%. And your input tax
from your purchases will not be allowed as a credit. In the end you shoulder the
12% from your own project. Thats the worst scenario.
Effect of registration for VAT when registration is not required
Now, what if you are not required to register at nagpabibo ka? I want to
register for VAT. Ide-deny ba ng BIR? No! Now if you are not required and you
register, then you must collect the 12% for every sale. At hindi pwedeng sabihin ng
mga bumibili sa iyo na, Hoy, hindi ka naman dapat nagparehistro, hindi na ako
magbabayad ng 12%. Hindi pwede because you are registered, you will be
treated as a regular VAT-registered taxpayer. Now, what happes to your input tax?
Then you can credit. So para kang rehistrado talaga. So kung gusto mong
magpabibo, eh di magparehistro ka. Basta hindi pwede na since hindi ka naman
dapat magparehistro eh percentage tax na lang ang babayaran mo. Hindi pwede,
registered ka eh. Yun ang requirements ha? Now, kapag hindi ka rehistrado at
kailangan mo magparehistro, then ikaw ang magbabayad from your own pocket
kasi you failed to collect the output. So you shoulder the output. And secondly,
yung input naman na nagasto mo, hindi mo pwede i-credit.
Let us presume the same scenario but this time you exported the baboy.
Binili ng Japanese. Pinadala mo si baboy 1. P5,000 X 0% is equal to P0 output
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Best proof for purposes of tax credit

Now, what is the best proof of crediting input with the output? Yung mga
resibo to show your purchases na naka-indicate yung 12% VAT as your input. So
yun ang mga supporting documents for crediting of input against output. Without
those receipts, sorry hindi kayo pwede mag-credit.
Input and output tax, not material to an end-user
Kapag ikaw ang end-user, lugi ka talaga. If you are not engaged in trade or
business, end-user ka lang, lugi ka kasi walang bisa ang input na binabayaran mo.
Ito ang nature ng VAT: indirect tax kasi ito. So it does not matter whether nagpurchase ka from VAT or non-VAT registered entity because end-user ka. Magmamatter yun kung ikaw ay hindi end-user. So input tax is only material to a taxpayer
who is also engaged in trade or business. But if you are not, sorry. Parang tayo.
Kapag nag-gagasolina tayo, walang bisa ang 12% nating binabayaran. Bakit? Eh
hindi tayo VAT-registered eh.
x------------------------------------------------------------------------------------x
God may be Glorified!
Lead Transcriptionist : Michael Quesada

Transcriptionists
: Patricia David and Amerissa Base
Technical Logistics
: Miguel Llave
Lay-out
: Carlo Tibayan1 and Michiko Cosico
Over-all Chairman
Vice-Chairpersons for Academics
Vice-Chairperson for Logistics
Vice-Chairperson for Finance
Vice-Chairperson for Secretariat
Vice-Chairperson for Recruitment
That in all things,
Jan Raphael Salud

Jonalyn Porquez
Michael Quesada
Cristina Elaine Mangrobang
Amerissa Base
Patricia David
Kathleen May Clareza
Unauthorized reproduction and distribution of this material is strictly

prohibited.
The Red Chronicles, Lay-out Artist


SBCA 2011 Acads Lumbera Tax Notes - Washout Watermark

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SBCA 2011 Acads Lumbera Tax Notes - Washout Watermark

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1

Jan Raphael Salud

Vice-Chairperson for Logistics

Real Property Tax/ Real Estate Tax

on application of exemption of governmental agencies. What are these specific

e.g. Lay-out of building owned by DSWD

1) Government agencies to which the state exercises governmental functions

2) Governmental agencies to which the state exercises proprietary functions

KFC, McDo, Jollibee

Government Owned and Controlled Corporations (GOCCs)

Deductions that may be claimed by a purely compensation income earner

Donation to DSWD may be claimed as deduction by business income earner

Portion rented to KFC, McDo,

Is the government educational institution subject to or exempt from

Tuition fee paid by students is income

Income of Government-Owned Or Controlled Corporations

Donation not allowed as a deduction if donor is a purely compensation

Donation allowed as a deduction if donor is engaged in trade or business

Kung si Lumbera is a corporation or individual earning business income,

Now the Constitution states that, All churches, charitable institutions,

Requirement for exemption from RPT

Income realized from projects is subject to income tax

So what makes the exemption? The USE, regardless of ownership. So

Now, yung mga tao diyan kinukupkop ay nag-aaral ng technical or

Portion rented to KFC, McDo,

Rental income is subject to tax

Allowable deduction for gift

If my taxable income for the year 2011 is P1,000,000 and I donated

Determination whether organization is a religious institution

Real property of religious institution exempt from real estate tax

Again, the requirements are that: in the articles of incorporation, it is

Properties and income of a religious institution

Income of Church, not subject to income tax

Portion rented to KFC, McDo, Jollibee

So lets take the case of the Church, Katolikong Simbahan. Roman

Income of the priest and income tax consequence

Non-stock non-profit educational institutions

Non-stock, non-profit educational institutions. Lets change this to a school.

Determination whether school is a non-stock non-profit educational

When School is Subject to or Exempt from Real Estate Tax

Gift given to the Church, not subject to estate or donors tax

When gift may be claimed as a deduction by the donor

So yan ang eskwelahan, dagdagan natin (portion rented to KFC, McDo,

When property located outside the school campus is subject to or exempt

Portion rented out to KFC, McDo, Jollibee

Application of the constitutional provisions

So balik tayo, building 1, building 2, park, dorm1, canteen1-exempt from

Dorm and canteen inside school, operated by concessionaire

Rental income from KFC, McDo, and Jollibee

Dorm outside campus, maintained by concessionaire, subject to real estate

Payment of students for dorm and canteen

These two (dorm 2 and canteen 2), operated and maintained by

Interest income of the school

Donation given to school, not subject to income tax

Gift as a deduction from gross income of donor

Next, Proprietary Educational Institutions. Sa madaling sabi, what are the

Kasi nire-recognize ng batas ang kontribusyon ng pag-aaral ng edukasyon

Paragraph 2 of Constitutional Provision No. 2

Dorm and canteen outside the PEI

Now, parehong pareho. RDL School of Cosmetology. Yan ang skwelahan

Dorm2 and canteen2 if operated by the school exclusively and we can

Portion rented to KFC, McDo, and Jollibee

Income from tuition fee