The fires of nuclear fission

10 7

100

4
568
gasoline

2
300

568

Radioactive



radioactive decay



depleted enriched

50


2


meltdown

2
{ }

2c8103c1955 1879

2 21016 9


30

Fritz strassmann Otto Hahn 1938

Ba
56
23892 137
88Ra
StrassmannHahn


Lise Meitner

Bryn MawrLise Meitner3

1959

1938
Otto Frisch

fission
1939211Nature

Hahn and strassmann were forced to conclude that isotopes of barium are
formed as a consequence of the bombardment of uranium with neutrons , At
first sight,this result seems very hard to understand ..
On the basis , however ,of present ideas about the behavior of heavy nuclei, an
entirely different .

Picture of these new disintegration processes suggests it self .It seems there
for possible that the uranium nucleus may ,after neutron capture,divide it self

in to two nuclei of roughly equal size .The whole fissionprocess can thus
described in an essentially classical way .
Niels Bohr

109
Mtmeitnerium
Marie Curie

Marie Sklowdowska Curie4

805


5

 2.5

92
146 99,3

146 92 238
134 0,7
14392235
3

235 238
fissionable

235

235
0.1

2

235
1000 1
1310110001
8103
E=M.C2
2

281033 101
22161093 101
2213109

13109
10109


TNT3300013109
3300
9.5700000
8.7
0.1235

3 2

U- 235

2355

critical mass
15235
235

235

65 55


nuclear reactor

UO2

200

10

11

235

Cd 1942





6

Primary coolant
8Callaway
H3BO3

235
12


150

113562callaway

Callaway8

Seabrook
13

30398000

22
2

Meltdown
China Syndrome1979




1986424 7

1980 1970 4
pripyat
30120000


4

14

H2

94000

15

49

radioactive
Scientific Amerian



10
10

16

10
405
Ci

100



15000060


31
250

17

 200000
200110
700



131

20001215
3

4
2.3


358

TMI1979
Three Mile Island

18

 Seabrook
400
23 13

11

Seabrook11

137
38

19

 Seabrook NAESCO
360
FB- 111

Czech2001

235

235 53
238 9795

0.7

20

U-235235
53
U-U-235
238



90highly enriched uranium
235

U- 235 15

U- 235
U-238
U-238U-235
3

U-235

U-238
UO2 UO3
hexUF6
56
F2UF4hex

21

U-238U-235
UF6UF6

gaseous diffusion
235

0,4 UF6
238 UF6

nonfissionable
4
Tennessee Oak Ridge
OhioPortsmothKentuckyPaducan
12

22

KentuckyPaducahhex12
2002

UF6




235
depleted uraniur
UF6700000
KentuckyPaucah




23



235
highly enriched uranium


238 239
e0-1

1940

Colombia
Spent nuclear fuel Washingtion Hanford

U- breeder reactor
PU- 239 238
1945616


Nagasaki
breeder 239

24

 239 reactor
235

Spent Fuel
PU-
PU-239 239

PUO2

0.000001
PUO2

239

1981

1991

UN 1998

U-235 Pu-239

25

 1981

20000

600

600
40000

Aniata Nilsson
2001IAEA

70 2001

20011993 370
9

26

23913


radioactivity
spentfeel

radioactivity
Antoine Henri Becquerel 1896

Marie Curie

Radioactivity 1899
Ernest Ruther Ford

. (


2000 1

27

 2

2

UV Visible IR

234238 radioactive decay
14U-238
14 Pb-206

28

23814

83

1979TMI

29

DNA

15Background radiation

Background radiation 15
82

14238
30


Isaac
26

10 3 Asimov

14 14 10 3.5
146103.5

Sv Sievert
rem roentgen equivalent man


100Svrem
0.0111001

Sv rem
0.250
250
0.50.25
5025
10.5
10050
21
200100
52
500200
5
500

mremMSv
MSv110000001
mrem10001
M Sv

31

 2

MSv/yr
MSV260
MSV 0000000
260100
260300
260900

MSv 0000000

MSv260
MSv400
MSv40
MSv000000000
MSv100
MSv5000
MSv100


MSv00000000
MSv30

MSv0000000
MSv 0.09
MSv0.3
MSv1
MSV0.2

MSv 13000

1


1000
2000
3000

2

MSv70MSv300MSv700

3
4
5
6
X
X
X
X

7
95

8
80
80

X
32

MSv 3600
MSv3000
82
background radiation

X


0.01

MSv200k+ -40k-4040

32

1 MSv250000 0.25
70

16

33

16

ALinear

16 B

34

radioactive decay

234 234 238

14

half life
239

24400
24400 239
24400
73200
17

35

Pu-23917



238
4.5

24234

24400239
8.5
231
0.00016

214

3
12.3

36

8I131
Gravehyperthyroidism

18

13118

thyroxin
thyroid

90

2Sr2A
2Ca
90
28.990

90131

Sr -90 I-131
37


19 131

19

5730 C-14 14
N -1414

1014
1212
CO2
14
1414
W.F.Libby 1950 5730
C-12 C-14

14

38




10
14
radiodating

50

John Ahearne1997 6physics today

HLW

biob sphere

mixed waste HLW

HLW
HLW
reprocessing

39

HLW
HLW99

1996

350000
9900
9


HLW SNF

235 4 3
5 3

238 239
137 131
90



SNF34000199711

52000 2005

20

40

20
10Seabrook
25
25

John Ahearne
SNF
1960 1950
SNF


reprocessing
1975 1967
2000SNF
Jimmy Carter 1977


41

HLW
1957
2010
100000


2010
Atomic depleted
1945energy Act
UF6453592
20 103
SNF
HLW




21

42

21

2000

HLW

1970
22
1998

43

Seabrook22
2002
HLW

305
305
NaCL
NaCl

10000HLW
background
radiation

10500300
13790

44

3
HLW3









10000
0.007

250

850

2005
2010
2035
2060
2316
3000

12010

102010
312010

622010

1999810Science times New York Times

10
background radiation

239 Vitrification
1150

23

45

HLW45423

13

New Mexico
10000

10000
10

HLW

N.I.M.B.Y

46



Mescalero Apaches
1995
309

2002

655

transuranic

NevadaYucca
24HLW

Nevada Yucca 24
HLW

Yucca
DFIWarner North1999

47

 Yucca
HLW Yucca

N.W.P.A 1982
1998
YuccaN.W.P.A.A1987
HLW

DOE
1998
14
427
DOE HLW 24
54
70000
8000SNF
253
20
HLW
400001997N.W.P.A

2002

Jim Gibbons

48

 5080543
Nevada
Dennis Hastert Illinois
15

Illinois
11
Clinton

1998

N.I.M.T.O
2002
2010Yucca
10000
100

50003000

LLW
90 HLW

49

 LLWLow Level radioactive waste

HLW
SNF
LLW


LLW



LLW
2030
4.5
LLW
LLW HLW
2510

LLW25

50





N.I.M.B.Y

LLW
WashingtonRichlandCarolinaBarnwell
70
30

Utah CliveHawaii,Alaska
LLW 35
19861970
1992

2001

LLW
1997
TaiPower

60000
2
2261150

51

 LLW
18NRC

44017

4

2002
30

MW

1855
2

9998
14
6
2167
3
8
63203
59

21141
19

1755
4

2548
14
43505
53
2
1364
2
4
20793
30

12970
16
3
52

 9460
12528
98060

11
33
103

Worldnuclear association,www.world_nuclear.org

26

53


26

592001
76

5 36
40



2001 26
144 2

fossil fuel


39

2010

54

1000001900



Robert Managing the Hazards of Technology
W.Kates

55

 Oak Ridge W.Alex Gabbard

10

1982Gabbard
1971 801 616



2516 2040
2351000145000

CO2


1000
CO24.5

70 1000

Gregory Choppin

Jeff Johnson

235

56

14 10 1 1160 Seabrook
10000
SO2 300
100

NOx


60 40 235 2
1000

15200
15 1988 8



Alan Crane

energy
Rocky Gregory kats Bill keepin efficiency

382

57

 Oak Ridge

IAEA Hans Blix

19791960

600
1200 1000


3060
James Lake
20438DOE
4000
19903NRC
6NRC
108

58

45


1957

283 2004Chemistry in Context7
Mc.graw.hill323
WWW.mhhe.com/acs4


MScOrganicchemistry

59

60