vi Contents Standard Test Signals 49 Periodic Signals 51 3.1 Complex Form Representation 33 Line Spectra 54 Aperiodic Signals 56 Bandwidth 57 Modulated Signals 60 26.1 Amplitude Modulation — 67 62 Angle Modulation 63 26.3 Frequency Modulation — 64 2.64 Phase Modulation — 66 Sampled Data 67 Pulse Modulation — 68 29 Pulse Code Modulation 69 Exercises 70 Suggested Further Reading 71 Electrical Measuring Systems 30 Introduction — 72 3.1 Measurement of Current 3.1.1 Permanem Magnet Moving Coil Instruments 3.1.2 Other Current-Measuring Systems 78 32 Measurement of Voliage 78 3.2.1 de Potentiometer Network 79) 3.22 Electronic Voltmeters Si 3.3. Measurement of Resistance 3.3.1 Indicating Ohmmeters $7 3.3.2 Wheatstone-Bridge Networks 89 34 Measurement of Impedance 95 33 Electronic Amplifiers 102 3.8.1 Difference or Balanced Amplifiers 142 3.52 Electrometer Amy 3.5.3 Feedback Amp 3.54 Operational Amplifiers 106 3.55 Isolation Amplifiers 1/6 3.56 Charge Amplitiers 118 3.5.7 Power Amplifiers 421 3.6 Measurement of Phase Angle 123 3.6.1 Phase-Sensitive Detectors 125 3.7 Frequency Measurement 127 3.8 Timeslnterval Measurements 129 Exercises 130 Suggested Further Reading — 131 72-432