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(N) G ixwZZ mebvg I wqvc` GK wekl MVbcwZ gb Pj|

2. PwjZ ixwZ
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wekl I weklYi I GgbwU NU|

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mvay, PwjZ I K_ ixwZi D`vniY

K. mvay ixwZ
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wj `b bvB|
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L. PwjZ ixwZ
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wefwZflY e`vcvavq

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evsjv fvlvi k fvvi

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kvmbvgjI Zv`i wbR^ mvwnZ Ges mswZi e k evsjv fvlvq cek jvf Ki| evsjv fvlv H
me fvlvi kjvK Avcb Ki wbqQ| Gfve evsjv fvlvq h kmvii mgvek nqQ,
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1. Zrmg k

2. Ze k

4. `wk k

5. we`wk k

3. Aa-Zrmg k

1. Zrmg k : hme k msZ fvlv _K mvRvmywR evsjvq GmQ Ges hv`i i~c AcwiewZZ
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(mgvb)]=Zvi mgvb A_vr msZ| D`vniY : P`, m~h, b, feb, ag, cv, gbyl BZvw`|
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kI ejv nq|
3. Aa-Zrmg k : evsjv fvlvq wKQy msZ k wKwr cwiewZZ AvKvi eeZ nq| GjvK ej
Aa-Zrmg k| Zrmg gvb msZ| Avi Aa Zrmg gvb Avav msZ| D`vniY : RvQbv, Qiv,
wMbx, evg, KzwQZ G kjv h_vg msZ Rvrmv, kv, MwnYx, ee, KzrwmZ k _K AvMZ|
4. `wk k : evsjv`ki Avw`g Awaevmx`i (hgb : Kvj, gyv cfwZ) fvlv I mswZi wKQy wKQy
Dcv`vb evsjvq iwZ iqQ| Gme kK `wk k bvg AwfwnZ Kiv nq| AbK mgq Gme ki
g~j wbaviY Kiv hvq bv; wKz Kvb fvlv _K GmQ Zvi nw`m gj| hgbKzwo (wek)Kvjfvlv,
cU (D`i)Zvwgj fvlv, Pyjv (Dbyb)gyvix fvlv| Gi~c-Kzjv, M, Pvv, Uvci, Wve, WvMi, XuwK
BZvw` AviI e `wk k evsjvq eeZ nq|
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gvbyli e k evsjvq Gm vb Ki wbqQ| Gme kK ejv nq we`wk k| Gme we`wk ki
ga Aviwe, dviwm Ges BsiwR kB weklfve DjLhvM| m Kvji mgvR Rxebi cqvRbxq
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fvlviI wKQy k GKBfve evsjv fvlvq Gm MQ| Avgv`i cvkeZx fviZ, gvqvbgvi (evgv), gvjq,
Pxb, Rvcvb cfwZ `kiI wKQy k Avgv`i fvlvq cPwjZ iqQ|

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

K. Aviwe k : evsjvq eeZ Aviwe kjvK `ywU cavb fvM fvM Kiv hvq
(1) agmsv k : Avjvn, Bmjvg, Cgvb, IRy, Kvievwb, KziAvb, wKqvgZ, Mvmj, RvbvZ,
Rvnvbvg, ZIev, Zmwe, RvKvZ, nR, nvw`m, nvivg nvjvj BZvw`|
(2) ckvmwbK I mvswZK k : Av`vjZ, Avjg, Bbmvb, C`, DwKj, IRi, GRjvm, Gjg,
Kvbyb, Kjg, wKZve, KQv, LvwiR, Mvqe, `vqvZ, bM`, evwK, gnKzgv, gyd, gvvi,
ivq BZvw`|
L. dviwm k : evsjv fvlvq AvMZ dviwm kjvK Avgiv wZb fvM fvM KiZ cvwi|
(1)

agmsv k : Lv`v, bvn, `vRL, bvgvR, cqM^i, dikZv, enkZ, ivRv BZvw`|

(2)

ckvmwbK I mvswZK k : KviLvbv, Pkgv, Revbew`, ZvwiL, ZvkK, `dZi, `ievi,

`vKvb, ` LZ, `jZ, bvwjk, ev`kvn, ev`v, eMg, g_i, im` BZvw`|

(3)

wewea k : Av`wg, Avg`vwb, Rvbvqvi, wR`v, bgybv, e`gvm, idZvwb, nvvgv BZvw`|

M. BsiwR k : BsiwR k `yB cKvii cvIqv hvq

(1) AbKUv BsiwR DPviY : BDwbfvwmwU, BDwbqb, KjR, wUb, bfj, bvU, cvDWvi,
cwj, evM, dzUej, gvvi, jvBewi, zj BZvw`|
(2) cwiewZZ DPviY : Avwdg (Opium), Awdm (Office), Bzj (School), ev (Box),
nvmcvZvj (Hospital), evZj (Bottle) BZvw`|

N. BsiwR Qvov Abvb BDivcxq fvlvi k

(1)

cZzwMR

: Avbvim, Avjwcb, Avjgvwi, wMRv, `vg, Pvwe, cvDiwU, cvw`, evjwZ BZvw`|

(2)

divwm

: KvZzR, Kzcb, wWcv, iZviuv BZvw`|

(3)

Ij`vR

: Bvcb, UK&Kv, Zzic, iBZb, niZb BZvw`|

O. Abvb fvlvi k
(1) RivwU

: Li, niZvj BZvw`|

(2) cvvwe

: Pvwn`v, wkL BZvw`|

(3) ZzwK

: PvKi, PvKz, Zvc, `vivMv BZvw`|

(4) wPbv

: Pv, wPwb BZvw`|

(5) gvqvbgvi (evwgR) : dzw, jyw BZvw`|

(6) Rvcvwb

: wiv, nvwiwKwi BZvw`|

fvlv

wgk k : Kvbv Kvbv mgq `wk I we`wk ki wgjb kZ mw nq _vK| hgb ivRvev`kv (Zrmg+dviwm), nvU-evRvi (evsjv+dviwm), nW-gjwf (BsiwR+dviwm), nW-cwZ
(BsiwR+Zrmg) wLv (BsiwR+Zrmg), Wvvi-Lvbv (BsiwR+dviwm), cKU-gvi
(BsiwR+evsjv), P-nw (dviwm+Aviwe) BZvw`|
cvwifvwlK k : evsjv fvlvq cPwjZ we`wk ki fvevbyev`g~jK cwZkK cvwifvwlK k ej| Gi
ewkifvMB G Kvji cqvM|
D`vniY : ARvboxygen; D`hvb-hydrogen; bw_-file; cwkY-training; eevcKmanager; eZvi-radio; gnveevcK-general manager; mwPe-secretary; vZKgraduate; vZKvi-post graduate; mgvw-final; mvgwqKx-periodical; mgxKiYequation BZvw`|
vZe : evsjv fvlvi kmvi `wk, we`wk, msZ- h fvlv _KB AvmyK bv Kb, GLb Zv evsjv
fvlvi wbR^ mc`| Gjv evsjv fvlvi m Ggbfve wgk MQ h, evsjv _K Avjv`v Ki G`i
K_v wPv Kiv hvq bv| hgbUwjdvb, UwjMvd, iwWI, mvUjvBU BZvw` cPwjZ ki KwVbZi
evsjv cwifvlv mw wbqvRb|

wZxq cwiQ`

evsjv evKiY I Gi AvjvP welq

evKiY
lY|
evKiY (= we + Av + K + Ab) kwUi eyrcwMZ A_ weklfve wekmsv : h kv Kvbv fvlvi wewfb Dcv`vbi cKwZ I ^i~ci wePvi-weklY Kiv nq Ges wewfb
Dcv`vbi mK wbYq I cqvMwewa wek`fve AvjvwPZ nq, ZvK evKiY ej|
evKiY cvVi cqvRbxZv : evKiY cvV Ki fvlvi wewfb Dcv`vbi MVb cKwZ I mmei myz
eenviwewa mcK vb jvf Kiv hvq Ges jLvq I K_vq fvlv cqvMi mgq vw wbaviY mnR nq|
evsjv evKiY : h kv evsjv fvlvi wewfb Dcv`vbi MVbcKwZ I ^i~c wekwlZ nq Ges G`i
mcK I myz cqvMwewa AvjvwPZ nq, ZvB evsjv evKiY|

evsjv evKiY AvjvP welq

cZK fvlviB PviwU gwjK Ask _vK| hgb
1. awb (Sound)
2. k (Word)
3. evK (Sentence)
4. A_ (Meaning)
me fvlvi evKiYB cavbZ wbgwjwLZ PviwU welqi AvjvPbv Kiv nq
1. awbZ (Phonology)
2. kZ ev i~cZ ((Morphology)
3. evKZ ev c`g (Syntax) Ges
4. A_Z (Semantics)
G Qvov AwfavbZ (Lexicography) Q` I AjsKvi cfwZI evKiYi AvjvP welq|
1. awbZ
awb : gvbyli evK cZ A_vr Kbvwj, gyLweei, wRnv, Avj-wRnv, Kvgj Zvjy, k Zvjy, `uvZ,
gvwo, Pvqvj, VuvU BZvw`i mvnvh DPvwiZ AvIqvRK awb ejv nq| evK cZRvZ awbi
m~Zg gwjK Ask ev GKKK (Unit) awbg~j (Phoneme) ejv nq|
eY : evK cZRvZ cZKwU awb GKKi Rb cZK fvlvqB jLvi mgq GK GKwU cZxK ev wP
(Symbol) eeZ nq| evsjvq G cZxK ev wPK ejv nq eY (Letter)| hgbevsjvq eK K_vwUi
c_g awbwUi cZxK i~c eenvi Kiv nqQ e, BsiwRZ m awbi Rb eeZ nq B ev b (we);
Avevi Aviwe, dviwm I D`yZ GKB awbi Rb eeZ nq
(e)|

evsjv evKiY I Gi AvjvP welq

awbi DPviYcYvjx, DPviYi vb, awbi cZxK ev eYi webvm, awbmshvM ev mw, awbi
cwieZb I jvc, YZ I lZ weavb BZvw` evsjv evKiY awbZi AvjvP welq|
2. i~cZ
GK ev GKvwaK awbi A_evaK mwjb k Zwi nq, ki z`vskK ejv nq i~c
(morpheme)| i~c MVb Ki k| mB Rb kZK i~cZ (Morphology) ejv nq|
3. evKZ
gvbyli evK&cZRvZ awb mgbq MwVZ kmnhvM m A_evaK evK cevni wekl wekl
AskK ejv nq evK (Sentence)| evKi mwVK MVbcYvjx, wewfb Dcv`vbi mshvRb, weqvRb,
G`i mv_K eenvihvMZv, evKga k ev c`i vb ev g, c`i i~c cwieZb BZvw` welq
evKZ AvjvwPZ nq| evKi ga Kvb c`i ci Kvb c` em, Kvb c`i vb Kv_vq
evKZ Gmei c~Y weklY _vK| evKZK c`gI ejv nq|
4. A_Z
ki A_wePvi, evKi A_wePvi, A_i wewfb cKvif`, hgbgyLv_, MYv_, wecixZv_ BZvw`
A_Zi AvjvP welq|
evsjv evKiYi AvjvPbvq eeZ KwZcq cvwifvwlK k : evsjv evKiYi AvjvPbvi Rb cwZiv
KwZcq cvwifvwlK k eenvi KiQb| G aibi cqvRbxq wKQy cvwifvwlK ki cwiPq wb
c`vb Kiv njv :
cvwZcw`K : wefwnxb bvg kK cvwZcw`K ej| hgb nvZ, eB, Kjg BZvw`|
mvwaZ k : gwjK k eZxZ Ab me kKB mvwaZ k ej| h_v nvZv, Miwgj, `wZ
BZvw`|
mvwaZ k `yB cKvi : bvg k I wqv| cZKwU mvwaZ k ev bvgki I wqvi `ywU Ask _vK|

cKwZ I cZq|
cKwZ : h kK ev Kvbv ki h AskK Avi Kvbv z`Zi Ask fvM Kiv hvq bv, ZvK cKwZ ej|
cKwZ `yB cKvi : bvg cKwZ I wqv cKwZ ev avZz|
bvg cKwZ : nvZj, dzjj, gyLi G kjv weklY Kij Avgiv cvB - nvZ + j = nvZj (euvU),
dzj + Gj = dzjj (dzjRvZ) Ges gyL + i = gyLi (evPvj)| GLvb nvZ, dzj I gyL kjvK ejv
nq cKwZ ev g~j Ask| Gjv bvg cKwZ|

10

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

wqv cKwZ : Avevi Pj, Rgv I wjwLZ G kjv weklY Kij Avgiv cvB Pj&+A= Pj
(Pjgvb), Rg& + Av = Rgv (mwZ) Ges wjL& + BZ = wjwLZ (hv jLv nqQ)| GLvb Pj&, Rg& I
wjL& G wZbwU wqvg~j ev wqvi g~j Ask| GjvK ejv nq wqv cKwZ ev avZz|
cZq : k MVbi Dk k ev bvg cKwZi Ges wqv cKwZi ci h kvsk hy nq ZvK cZq
ej| KqKwU ki cKwZ I cZq weklY Ki `Lvbv njv|
bvg cKwZ

cZq

cZqv k

nvZ

+j

nvZj

dzj

+ Gj

dzjj

gyL

+i

gyLi

wqv cKwZ

cZq

cZqv k

Pj&

+ A

Pj

Rg&

+ Av

Rgv

evsjv k MVb `yB cKvi cZq cvIqv hvq : 1. ZwZ cZq I 2. Kr cZq|
1. ZwZ cZq : kg~j ev bvg ki m h cZq hy nq bZzb k Zwi nq, ZvK ej ZwZ
cZq| hgb-nvZj, dzjj I gyLi ki h_vg j, Gj Ges i ZwZ cZq|
2. Kr cZq : wqvg~j ev avZzi mv_ h cZq hy nq bZzb k Zwi nq, ZvK ej Kr cZq|
D`vniY Pj, Rgv I wjwLZ ki h_vg A, Av Ges BZ Kr cZq|
ZwZ cZq mvwaZ kK ejv nq ZwZv k Ges Kr cZq mvwaZ kK ejv K` k| hgbnvZj, dzjj I gyLi ZwZv k Ges Pj, Rgv I wjwLZ K` k|
DcmM : k ev avZzi c~e KwZcq mywbw` Aeq RvZxq kvsk hy nq mvwaZ ki A_i cwieZb,
mcmviY I msKvPb NwUq _vK| GjvK ejv nq DcmM|
evsjv fvlvq eeZ DcmMjvi wbR^ Kvbv A_ bv _vKjI k ev avZzi c~e eeZ njB
A_evPKZv m~wPZ nq| hgb - civ GKwU DcmM, Gi wbR^ Kvbv A_ bB| wKy Rq ki c~e
hy nq njv civRq| GwU Rqi wecixZv_K| mBi~c `kb A_ `Lv| Gi AvM c DcmM hy
nq njv c`kb A_vr mgKi~c `kb ev weklfve `Lv|
evsjv fvlvq wZb cKii DcmM `Lv hvq: 1. msZ 2, evsjv, 3. we`wk DcmM|
1. msZ DcmM : c, civ, Ac-Gi~c wekwU msZ ev Zrmg DcmM iqQ|

evsjv evKiY I Gi AvjvP welq

11

Zrmg DcmM Zrmg k ev avZzi c~e eeZ nq| hgb, c~Y GKwU Zrmg k| cwi DcmMhvM
nq cwic~Y| n (ni)+NT = nvi-G K` ki AvM DcmM hvM Kij Kxi~c A_i cwieZb
njv j Ki : Av+nvi = Avnvi (LvIqv) we + nvi = wenvi (gY), Dc+nvi=Dcnvi (cvwiZvwlK),
cwi+nvi=cwinvi (eRb) BZvw`|
2| evsjv DcmM : A, Abv, ANv, AR, Av, Ave, wb BZvw` Aeq RvZxq kvsk evsjv DcmM| LuvwU
evsjv ki AvM Gjv hy nq| hgb - A+KvR=AKvR, Abv+wQw (mw kRvZ) = AbvwQw
BZvw`|
3| we`wk DcmM : wKQz we`wk k ev kvsk evsjv DcmMi~c eeZ nq A_i ewP mw Ki|
we`wk DcmM we`wk ki mB eeZ nq| h_v : enW, jvcvv, MinvwRi BZvw`|
(ci DcmM Aavq G m^ wevwiZ AvjvPbv Kiv nqQ)|
AbymM : evsjv fvlvq viv, w`qv, KZK, Pq, _K, Dci, ci, cwZ, gvS, eB, eZxZ, Aewa,
nZz, Rb, KviY, gZv, Ze BZvw` k KLbv Ab ki m hy bv nq ^vaxbfve c`i~c
evK eeZ nq; Avevi KLbv KLbv kwefwi bvq Ab ki m chy nq A_ewP NwUq
_vK| GMyjvK AbymM ejv nq| hgbKej Avgvi Rb Zvgvi G `yfvM| gbvhvM w`q kvb,
kl ch mevi KvR Avme|

Abykxjbx
1| fvlv ejZ Kx evS? evsjv fvlvq mvay I PwjZ ixwZi cv_K eywSq `vI|
2| evsjv fvlvi kjvK KqwU Q wef Kiv hvq? D`vniYmn eYbv Ki|
3| wbPi kjvK &Q Abyhvqx mvRvI (Zrmg, Ze BZvw` wkivbvgi wbP jL)|
ivLvj, mgvU, ev`kvn, eMg, iy, Mn, nvwKg, `v, nvmcvZvj, Pqvi, mgy`, wKZve, wWw,
XuwK, wPwb, jyw, wiv, `eZv, Log|
4| evKiY KvK ej| evKiY Kx Kx welq AvjvwPZ nq?
5| wbPi evKMyjvK Av`k PwjZ ixwZZ cwieZb Ki|
K. GLbI m zj nBZ wdi bvB|
L.
M.
N.
O.
P.

Avwg ZvnvK wPwV wjwLqvwQ|

m Avwme ewjqv fimv KwiZ cwiZwQ bv|
Avwg ZvnvK w`qv KvRwU KivBqv jBqvwQ|
zj cvjvBqv iex`bv_ nBZ cvwie bv|
eZv KwiZ KwiZ wZwb Avb nBqv cwojb|

12

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

Q. my`i gyL `wLqv fzwjqv hvBI bv, `y jvKi wg K_vq fzwjI bv|
R. hvnv`i K_vgZv AMmi nBjvg kl ch ZvnvivB AvgvK wec` dwjj|
S. `yB ez eb gY KwiZwQj, Ggb mgq GK fvjyK Avwmqv Zvnv`i myL nvwRi nBj|
6| wVKZ wUK () wP `vI|
K. evsjv jL fvlvi ixwZ KqwU? - GKwU/ `ywU/wZbwU/PviwU|
L.
M.
N.
O.

mvay ixwZi evKwebvm-AwbqwZ I Awbw`/ AwbqwZ I Awbw`/ AwbqwZ I mywbw`

PwjZ ixwZ-`yeva/mnReva/eZvi AbychvMx|
evsjv fvlvi kmviK Kq fvM fvM Kiv hvq? - wZb fvM/ cuvP fvM/ Pvi fvM
`wk k-msZ RvZ / Ze RvZ/ `kR|

P. Zrmg k gvb- msZ/ dviwm/ D`y

7| K. wbPi kjv _K BsiwR k LyuR ei Ki
wKZve, nvwKg, Avbvim, PvKi, cwj, Kjg, wUb, zj, kvU
L. wbPi kjv _K Aviwe-dviwm k LyuR ei Ki Ges Aviwe ki Wvb Av I dviwm
ki Wvb dv wjL `vI|
iviuv, evZvg, `vivMv, Awdm, Av`vjZ, Kjg, `vqvZ, Lv`v, bvgvR, bwe, cqM^i,
dzUej, `vg, evjwZ, dikZv, enkZ, Cgvb, Mvmj, ge, gvIjvbv|
M.

wbPi kjvi cwZ Qi cvk Wvb w`K h bvg jLv AvQ Zv fzj nj wVK bvgwU emvI|
1. bvn, dikZv, `vRL, ivRv-Aviwe
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

gvvi, jvBewi, evM, KjR-dviwm

P`, m~h, c, ag - cZzwMR
Pzjv, Kzjv, Pvv, wWw-BsiwR
nvZ, Pvgvi, Kvgvi, gv_v `wk
Avjwcb, Avjgvwi, cvDiywU, Pvwe-Zrmg
PvKz, PvKi, `vivMv, Zvc-Ze

8. Avj-vn, Bmjvg, Zmwe, DwKj-ZzwK|

8| wbP evKiYi `ywU msv `Iqv njv| hwU wVK Zvi evg cvk wUK () wP `vI|
1. h kv fvlvi wewfb Dcv`vb, Zvi MVbcKwZ I Zvi ^i~c wek-wlZ nq Ges myz cqvMwewa
AvjvwPZ nq, ZvK evKiY ej|
2.

h kv cvV Kij fvlv i~c coZ, wjLZ I ejZ cviv hvq ZvK evKiY ej|

wZxq Aavq
c_g cwiQ`

awbZ
evsjv fvlvi awb I eY cKiY
Kvbv fvlvi evK& cevnK m~fve weklY Kij Avgiv KZjv gwjK awb (Sound) cvB| evsjv
fvlvZI KZjv gwjK awb AvQ|
evsjv fvlvi gwjK awbjvK cavb `yB fvM fvM Kiv nq : 1. ^iawb I 2. ebawb|
1. ^iawb : h mKj awb DPviYi mgq dzmdzm ZvwoZ evZvm ewiq hZ gyLweeii Kv_vI
Kvbv cKvi evav cvq bv, Zv`iK ejv nq ^iawb (Vowel sound) | hgb - A, Av, B, D
BZvw`|
2. ebawb : h mKj awb DPviYi mgq dymdzm ZvwoZ evZvm ewiq hZ gyLweeii Kv_vI bv
Kv_vI Kvbv cKvi evav cvq wKsev NlY jvM, Zv`iK ejv nq ebawb (Consonant sound)
hgb- K, P, U, Z, c BZvw`|
eY : awb wb`kK wPK ejv nq eY (Letter) |
^ieY : ^iawb `vZK wjwLZ mvsKwZK wPK ejv nq ^ieY| hgb - A, Av, B, C, D, E
BZvw`|
ebeY : ebawb `vZK wjwLZ mvsKwZK wPK ejv nq ebeY| hgb-K BZvw`|
eYgvjv : h Kvbv fvlvq eeZ wjwLZ eYmgwK mB fvlvi eYgvjv (Alphabet) ejv nq| h
eYgvjvq evsjv fvlv wjwLZ nq, ZvK ejv nq ewjwc|
wekl vZe : DPviYi myweavi Rb evsjv ebeY `vwZZ awb A ^iawbwU hvM Ki DPviY
Kiv nq _vK| hgb - K& + A = K, BZvw`| ^iawb mshy bv nj A_vr DPvwiZ eb awbi
cZxK ev eYi wbP nm& ev nj wP ( & ) w`q wjwLZ nq| Gi~c eYK ejv nq nm ev nj eY|

evsjv eYgvjv
evsjv eYgvjvq gvU cvk (50)wU eY iqQ| Zvi ga ^ieY GMvi (11)wU Ges ebeY EbPwjkwU
(39)wU|
1. ^ieY

A Av B C D E F G H I J

2. ebeY

KLMNO

5wU

PQRST

5wU

11wU

14

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

UVXXY

5wU

Z_`ab

5wU

cdefg

5wU

hij

3wU

klmn

4wU

opqr

4wU

st u

3wU
gvU 50wU

wekl vZe : H, J - G `ywU w^i ev hyM ^iawbi cZxK| hgb A + B = AB, A + D = AD

ev I + D = J
^i I ebeYi msw i~c

Kvi I djv
Kvi : ^ieYi Ges KZjv ebeYi `ywU i~c iqQ| ^ieY hLb wbic ev ^vaxbfve eeZ
nq, A_vr Kvbv eYi m hy nq bv, ZLb Gi c~Yi~c jLv nq| GK ejv nq cv_wgK ev c~Yi~c|
hgb A, Av, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J|
GB i~c ev form ki Avw`, ga, A - h Kvbv Aevb emZ cvi| ^iawb hLb
ebawbi mv_ hy nq DPvwiZ nq, ZLb m ^iawbwUi eY msw AvKvi ebeYi m
hy nq eeZ nq| ^ieYi G msw i~cK ejv nq msw ^i ev Kvi| hgb Av-Gi
msw i~c ( v)| g-Gi m Av-Gi msw i~c v hy nq nq gv| evbvb Kivi mgq ejv
nq g G Av-Kvi ( gv )| ^ieYi bvgvbymvi G`i bvgKiY Kiv nq| hgb - Av-Kvi ( v ), B-Kvi
( w ), C-Kvi ( x ), D-Kvi, ( y ), E-Kvi ( ~ ), F-Kvi ( ), G-Kvi ( ), H-Kvi ( ), I-Kvi (-v),
J-Kvi (-)| A-Gi Kvbv msw i~c ev Kvi bB|
Av-Kvi ( v ) Ges C-Kvi ( x ) ebeYi ci hy nq| B-Kvi ( w ), G-Kvi ( ) Ges H-Kvi ( )
ebeYi c~e hy nq| D-Kvi ( y ), E-Kvi ( ~ ) Ges F-Kvi ( ) ebeYi wbP hy nq| I-Kvi
(-v) Ges J-Kvi (-) ebeYi c~e I ci `yB w`K hy nq|
D`vniY : gv, gx, wg, g, g, gy, g~, g, gv, g|
djv : ^ieY hgb ebeYi m hy nj AvKwZi cwieZb nq, Zgwb Kvbv Kvbv ebeYI
Kvbv Kvbv ^i wKsev Ab ebeYi m hy& nj, AvKwZi cwieZb nq Ges KLbv KLbv
mswI nq| hgb-g, g BZvw`| ^ieYi msw i~cK hgb Kvi ejv nq, Zgwb
ebeYi msw i~cK ejv nq djv| Gfve h ebwU hy nq, Zvi bvg Abymvi djvi bvgKiY
Kiv nq| hgb g-G h-djv = g, g- G i-djv = g, g-G j- djv = , g-G e-djv = ^|
i-djv ebeYi ci nj wjLZ nq wbP| g; Avevi i hw` g-Gi AvM DPvwiZ nq, hgb,

awbZ

15

g-G id g Ze jLv nq Ici, ebwUi gv_vq id ( ) w`q| djv hy nj hgb, Zgwb

Kvi hy njI eYi AvKwZi cwieZb NU| hgb n-G D-Kvi=, M-G D-Kvi = , k-G
D-Kvi = , m-G D-Kvi=my, i-G D-Kvi = iy, i-G E-Kvi = i~, n-G F-Kvi=n|
K _K g ch cuwPkwU kawb (Plosive)K DPviY vbi w`K _K cuvPwU Q ev eM fvM Kiv
nqQ| cwZ Qi c_g awbwUi bvgvbymvi m Qi mejv awbK ejv nq H eMxq awb| eMfy
ej G awbi cZxKjvKI H eMxq bvg AwfwnZ Kiv nq| hgbKLMNO

awb

wnme Gjv K

PQRST

UVWXY

Z_`ab

cdefg

awb,

eY

wnme K

eMxq

eY

Zvje

g~ab

DPviYi vbf` ebawbi wefvM

awb Drcv`bi gyLweei DPviYi g~j DcKiY ev DPviK wRnev I I| Avi DPviYi vb
njv K ev wRnvg~j, AMZvjy, g~av ev cvr `g~j, ` ev AM `g~j, I BZvw`|
DPviYi vbi bvg Abymvi ebawbjvK cuvP fvM fvM Kiv nq : 1. K ev wRnvg~jxq
2. Zvje ev AMZvjyRvZ, 3. g~ab ev cvr `g~jxq, 4. ` ev AM `g~jxq Ges 5. I|

VuvU, I

`uvZi cvwU

`g~j, AM `g~j

AMZvjy, k Zvjy

cvvjy, big Zvjy, g~av

AvjwRf

wRnevM

myL wRnev

cv`wRnev, wRnevg~j

10 -

bvmv-Mni

11 -

^i-cje, ^iZx

12 -

dzmdzm

16

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

wbg DPviY vb Abyhvqx evsjv cuwPkwU ebawbi wefvM `Lvbv njv :

DPviY vb

ebawbi eYmg~n

DPviYvb Abyhvqx bvg

wRnevg~j

KLMNO

K ev wRnevg~jxq eM

AMZvjy

PQRS khh

Zvje eY

cvr `g~j

UVWXYliop

g~ab ev cvr `g~jxq eY

AM `g~j

Z_`abjm

` eY

cdefg

I eY

`e : L-Z (r)-K ^Z eY wnme aiv nq bv| GwU Z eYi nm&-wP hy (Z&)-Gi i~cf` gv|
s t u G wZbwU eY ^vaxbfve ^Z eY wnme fvlvq eeZ nq bv| G eY `vwZZ awb Ab
awbi m wgwjZ nq GK DPvwiZ nq| ZvB G eYjvK ejv nq civkqx eY|
O T Y b g-G cuvPwU eY Ges s t u h eYi m wjwLZ nq m eY `vwZZ awb DPviYi mgq
dzmdzm wbtmZ evqy gyLweei QvovI bvmvi w`q ei nq; A_vr Gjvi DPviY bvwmKvi mvnvh
cqvRb nq| ZvB GjvK ej AbybvwmK ev bvwmK awb| Avi Gjvi cZxK ev eYK ejv nq
AbybvwmK ev bvwmK eY|
^iawbi n^Zv I `xNZv : ^iawb DPviYKvj mgqi ^Zv I `N Abymvi n^ ev `xN nq|
hgb- BsiwR full-c~Y Ges fool evKv| k `yUvi c_gwUi DPviY n^ I wZxqwUi DPviY `xN|
n^ eYi DPviY h `xN nq Ges `xN eYi DPviY h n^ nq, KqKwU D`vniY Zv ne|
hgb-Bwjk, wZwik, DwPZ, bZzb-wjwLZ nqQ n^ B-Kvi I n^ - D-Kvi w`q; wK DPviY nQ
`xN| Avevi `xb, C`yj wdri, f~wg-wjwLZ nqQ `xN C-Kvi Ges `xN E-Kvi w`q; wK DPviY n^
nq hvQ| GKwUgv awbwewk ki DPviY memgq `xN nq| hgb-w`b, wZj, cyi BZvw`|
hwMK ^i : cvkvcvwk `ywU ^iawb _vKj `Z DPviYi mgq Zv GKwU mshy ^iawb i~c DPvwiZ
nq| Gi~c GKm DPvwiZ `yUv wgwjZ ^iawbK hwMK ^i, mw^i, mvi ev w-^i ejv
nq| hgb-A + B = AB (eB), A + D = AD (eD), A + G = Aq, (eq, gqbv), A + I = AI
(nI, jI)|
evsjv fvlvq hwMK ^iawbi msLv cuwPk|
Av + B = AvB (hvB, fvB); Av + D = AvD (jvD); Av + G = Avq (hvq, Lvq); Av + I = AvI (hvI,
LvI); B + B = BB (w`B); B + D = BD (wkDwj); B + G = Bq (weq); B + I = BI (wbI, w`I);
D + B = DB (DB, B), D + Av = Dqv (Kyqv); G + Av=Gqv (Kqv, `qv); G + B = GB (mB,
bB), G + I = GI (LI); I + I = II (kvI)|
evsjv eYgvjvq hwMK ^ivcK `yUv eY iqQ: H Ges J| D`vniY : K, e| Ab hwMK ^ii
cZxK ^i~c Kvbv eY bB|

awbZ

17

ebawbi wefvM I DPviYMZ bvg

AvM Avgiv `LwQ h, cuvPwU eM ev Q cZKwUZ cuvPwU eY cvIqv hvq| Gjv awbvcK|
K _K g ch G cuwPkwU ebK k eb ev ebawb ej|
DPviY ewk Abyhvqx k eb awbjvK c_gZ `yB fvM fvM Kiv hvq : 1. ANvl Ges 2. Nvl|
1. h awb DPviYi mgq ^iZx AbyiwYZ nq bv, ZvK ejv nq ANvl awb| hgb- K, L, P,
Q BZvw`|
2. h awb DPviYi mgq ^iZx AbyiwYZ nq, ZvK ej Nvl awb| hgb-M, N, R, S BZvw`|
GjvK Avevi `yB fvM fvM Kiv hvq : K. AcvY Ges L. gnvcvY|
K. h awb DPviYi mgq evZvmi Pvci ^Zv _vK, ZvK ejv nq AcvY awb| hgb-K, M,
P, R BZvw`|
L. h awb DPviYi mgq evZvmi Pvci AvwaK _vK, ZvK ejv nq gnvcvY awb| hgb-L, N,
Q, S BZvw`|
Dawb : k, l, m, n - G PviwU eY `vwZZ awb DPviYi mgq Avgiv kvm hZY Lywk ivLZ
cvwi| GjvK ejv nq Dawb ev wkkawb| G eYjvK ejv nq DeY|
k l m G wZbwU eY `vwZZ awb ANvl AcvY, Avi n Nvl gnvcvY awb|
At awb : h& (Y) Ges e& (W) G `yUv eY `vwZZ awbi DPviY vb k I Dawbi
gvSvgvwS| GRb G`i ejv nq At awb Ges eY `yUvK ejv nq At eY|

awbi DPviY wewa

^iawbi DPviY
B Ges C-awbi DPviY wRnev GwMq Avm Ges DP AMZvjyi KwVbvski KvQvKvwQ cuQ| G
awbi DPviY wRnevi Aevb B-awbi gZv myLB nq, wKy GKUz wbP Ges Av-awbi ejvq
AviI wbP| B C G (A) awbi DPviY wRnev GwMq myLfvM `uvZi w`K Avm ej GjvK ejv
nq myL awb| B Ges C-i DPviYi ejvq wRnev DP _vK| ZvB Gjv DPmyL ^iawb| G
gavewZ myL ^iawb Ges A wbgvewZ myL ^iawb|
D Ges E-awb DPviY wRnv wcwQq Avm Ges cvr Zvjyi Kvgj Aski KvQvKvwQ IV| I-awbi
DPviY wRnev Aviv GKUz wbP Avm| A-awbi ejvq Zvi PqI wbP Avm| D E I A-awbi
DPviY wRnev wcwQq Avm ej GjvK cvr ^iawb ejv nq| D I E-awbi DPviYKvj wRnv
DP _vK ej G`i ejv nq DP cvr ^iawb I gavewZ cvr ^iawb Ges A-wbgvewZ
cvr ^iawb|

18

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

evsjv Av-awbi DPviY wRnev mvaviYZ kvwqZ Aevq _vK Ges Ki w`K AvK nq Ges gyLi
myL I cvr Aski gvSvgvwS ev K`vbxq Ask AewZ ej Av-K K`xq wbgvewZ ^iawb
Ges weeZ awbI ejv nq|

evsjv ^iawbjvi DPviY wbPi QK `Lvbv njv

myL, Ivai cmZ

K`xq, Ivai weeZ

cvr, Ivai MvjvKZ

DP

BC

DE

DPga

wbgga

Av

wbg

Av

k Aevbf` A `yBfve wjwLZ nq

1. ^vaxbfve eeZ A| hgbAgi, AbK|
2. ki ga Ab eYi m wejxbfve eeZ A| hgb Ki, ej| GLvb K Ges i Avi e
Ges j eYi m A wejxb nq AvQ| (K& + A + i& + A; e&+ A + j& + A)|
ki A-awbi `yB iKg DPviY cvIqv hvq
1. weeZ ev ^vfvweK DPviY| hgb Agj, AbK, KZ|
2. mseZ ev I-awbi gZv DPviY| h_v Aaxi, AZzj, gb| G DPviYjvZ A-Gi DPviY
AbKUv I-Gi gZv (Iaxi, IZzj, gvb)|
1. A-awbi ^vfvweK ev weeZ DPviY
(K) ki Avw`Z
1. ki Avw`Z bv-evaK A hgb AUj, AbvPvi|
2. A wKsev Av-hy awbi c~eeZx Aawb weeZ nq| hgb Agvwbkv, AbvPvi, K_v|
(L) ki ga I A
1. c~e ^ii m wgj iL ^imwZi KviY weeZ A| hgb Kjg, eaZv, hZ, kqt|
2. F-awb, G-awb, H-awb Ges J-awbi cieZx A cvqB weeZ nq| hgb ZY, `e,
ah, bvjK, gb BZvw`|
3. AbK mgq B-awbi cii A weeZ nq| hgb MwVZ, wgZ, RwbZ BZvw`|

awbZ

19

2. A-awbi mseZ DPviY

A-awbi weeZ DPviY Pvqvj ewk duvK nq| VuvU ZZ euvKv ev Mvj nq bv| wKz mseZ DPviY
Pvqvji duvK Kg I VuvU MvjvKZ nq I-Gi gZv DPvwiZ nq| mseZ DPviYK weKZ,
AcKZ ev A^vfvweK DPviY ejv wVK bq| mseZ DPviYI ^vfvweK, AweKZ I cKZ
DPviY|
(K) ki Avw`Z
1. cieZx ^i mseZ nj ki Avw` A mseZ nq| hgb AwZ (IwZ), KiyY (KviyY), Ki
(AmgvwcKv Kvi)| wKz mgvwcKv Ki ki A weeZ|
2. cieZx B, D BZvw`i cfve c~eeZx i-djvhy A mseZ nq| hgb cwZfv (cvwZfv),
cPyi (cvPyi) BZvw`| wKz A, Av BZvw`i cfve c~e A weeZ nq| hgbcfvZ, cZq,
cYvg BZvw`|
(L) ki ga I A
1. Zi, Zg, Zb cZqhy weklY c`i A ^i A mseZ nq| hgb wcqZg (wcqZgv),
iyZi (iyZiv) BZvw`|
2. B, D-Gi cieZx ga I A A mseZ| hgb wcq, (wcqv) hveZxq (hveZxqv) BZvw`|
Av : evsjvq Av-awb GKwU weeZ ^i| Gi DPviY n^ I `xN `y-B nZ cvi| Gi DPviY AbKUv
BsiwR dv`vi (father) I Kvg (calm) ki Av (a) -Gi gZv| hgb- Avcb, evwo, gv, `vZv
BZvw`|
evsjvq GKvi (Monosyllabic) k Av `xN nq| hgb KvR ki Av `xN Ges Kvj ki Av
n^| Gi~c hv, cvb, avb, mvR, Pvj, Puv`, euvk|
B C : evsjvq mvaviYZ n^ B-awb Ges `xN C-awbi DPviY Kvbv cv_K `Lv hvq bv| GKvi
ki B Ges C - `yUvB `xN nq| hgb wel, wek, `xb, w`b, kxZ|
D E : evsjvq D Ges E awbi DPviY Zgb Kvbv cv_K `Lv hvq bv| B C-awbi gZv GKvi
k Ges e Ai-wewk ki evi ev cvwK hyvi DPviY mvgvb `xN nq| hgb
Pyj (`xN), Pyjv (n^), fZ, gy, ZzjZzj, Zzdvb, e, ARy, KiyY|
F : ^vaxbfve eeZ nj F-Gi DPviY wi A_ev ix-Gi gZv nq| Avi eb awbi m hy
nq eeZ nj i-djv+ B-Kvi Gi gZv nq| hgb FY, FZz, (ixb, ixZz), gvZ (gvw),
Kw (ww)|
`e : evsjvq FawbK ^iawb ejv Pj bv| msZ GB awbwU ^iawbi~c DPvwiZ nq|

20

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

msZ cqvM AbymviB evsjv eYgvjvq GwU ^ieYi ga iwZ nqQ|

G : G-awbi DPviY `yB iKg : mseZ I weeZ| hgb gN, mseZ/weeZ, Ljv-(Lvjv), weeZ|
1. mseZ
K) c`i A G mseZ nq| hgb c_, NvU, `vl, Y, Avm BZvw`|
L) Zrmg ki c_g ebawbi m hy G-awbi DPviY mseZ nq| hgb `k, cg,
kl BZvw`|
M) GKvi mebvg c`i G mseZ nq| hgb K, m, h|
N) n wKsev AvKviwenxb hyawb ci _vKj G mseZ nq| hgb `n, Kn, K|
O) B ev D-Kvi ci _vKj G mseZ nq| hgb `wL, iYy, ejyb|
2. weeZ : G awbi weeZ DPviY BsiwR KvU (cat) I evU (bat)-Gi G (a)-Gi gZv|
hgb `L (`vL), GKv (GvKv) BZvw`|
G- awbi GB weeZ DPviY Kej ki Avw`ZB cvIqv hvq, ki ga I A cvIqv hvq bv|
K) `yB Ai wewk mebvg ev Aeq c` hgb : GZ, nb, Kb BZvw`| wKz ewZg
h_v, m_v, n_v|
L) Aby^vi I P`we`y hy awbi AvMi G-awb weeZ| hgbLsov, Psov, muvZmuZ,
MuRj|
M) LuvwU evsjv k : hgb LgUv, Xcmv, ZjvcvKv, Zbv, `Ii|
N) GK, GMvi, Zi G KqwU msLvevPK k, GK hy kI : hgb GKPvU, GKZjv,
GKNi BZvw`|
O) wqvc`i eZgvb Kvji Abyvq, ZzQv_ I mvaviY gag cyiyli i~c; hgb `L& (`vL),
`L (`vLv), Lj& (Lvj), Lj (Lvjv), dj& (dvj&), dj (dvjv) BZvw`|
H : G awbwU GKwU hwMK ^iawb| A + B wKsev I + B = AB, IB| A Ges B- G `yUv ^ii
wgwjZ awbZ H-awbi mw nq| hgb K& + A + B = KB, K; e& + B + a = ea
BZvw`| Gi~c e`wkK, HK, PZb|
I : evsjv GKvi k I-Kvi `xN nq| hgb Mv, Rvi, ivM, fvi, Kvb, evb BZvw`| Ab
mvaviYZ n^ nq| hgb mvbv, Kviv, cyivfvM| I-Gi DPviY BsiwR evU (boat) ki
(oa)-Gi gZv|

awbZ

21

ebawbi DPviY
K-eMxq awb : K L M N O G cuvPwU eY `vwZZ awbi DPviY wRnvi Mvovi w`K big Zvjyi
cvr fvM ck Ki| Gjv wRnvg~jxq ev K ckawb|
P-eMxq awb : P Q R S TG cuvPwU eY `vwZZ awbi DPviY wRnvi AMfvM PvcUvfve Zvjyi
myL fvMi m NlY Ki| G`i ejv nq Zvje ckawb|
U-eMxq awb : U V W X Y G cuvPwU eY `vwZZ awbi DPviY wRnvi AMfvM wKwr Dwq
Icii gvwoi Mvovi k AskK ck Ki| Gjvi DPviY wRnv Dv nq ej G`i bvg `g~jxq
cwZewZ awb| Avevi Gjv Icii gvwoi Mvovi k Ask A_vr g~avq ck Ki DPvwiZ nq ej
G`i ejv nq g~ab awb|
Z-eMxq awb : Z _ ` a b G cuvPwU eY `vwZZ awbi DPviY wRnv myL cmvwiZ nq Ges
AMfvM Icii `uvZi cvwUi Mvovi w`K k Ki| G`i ejv nq ` awb|
c-eMxq awb : c d e f g G cuvPwU eY `vwZZ awbi DPviY Ii m Aaii k NU|
G`i I awb ej|

vZe
(1) K _K g ch cuvPwU eM gvU cuwPkwU awb| Gme awbi DPviY wRnvi m Ab evMhi
Kvbv Kvbv Aski wKsev Ii m Aaii ck NU; A_vr G`i DPviY evK&cZi
Kv_vI bv Kv_vI dzmdzmZvwoZ evZvm evav cq ewiq hvq| evav cq c nq ej GjvK
ej ck awb|
(2) O T Y b g G cuvPwU eY `vwZZ awbi DPviY bvK I gyL w`q wKsev Kej bvK w`q
dzmdzm-ZvwoZ evZvm ei nq ej G`i ejv nq bvwmK awb Ges cZxKx eYjvK ejv nq
bvwmK eY|
(3) u P`we`y wP ev cZxKwU cieZx ^iawbi AbybvwmKZvi `vZbv Ki| GRb GwUK AbybvwmK
awb Ges cZxKwUK AbybvwmK cZxK ev eY ej| hgb AuvKv, Puv`, euva, euvKv, kuvm BZvw`|
(4) evsjvq O Ges s eYi `vwZZ awbq Kvbv cv_K jwZ nq bv| hgbiO / is, AnsKvi /
Anvi BZvw`|
(5) T eYi `vwZZ awb AbKUv Bq-Gi DPviY cv awbi gZv| hgb fTv (fzuBqv)|
(6) P-eMxq awbi AvM _vKj T-Gi DPviY ewk eRvq _vK| hgb Rvj, L BZvw`|
(7) evsjvq Y Ges b-eYi `vwZZ awb `ywUi DPviY Kvbv cv_K bB| Kej U-eMxq awbi
AvM hy nj Y-Gi g~ab DPviY cvIqv hvq| hgb Nv, jb BZvw`|

22

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

(8) O s T Y G PviwU eY `vwZZ awb KLbv ki c_g Avm bv, ki ga wKsev kl

Avm| myZivs Gme awbi cZxK eYI ki Avw`Z eeZ nq bv, ki ga ev A eeZ
nq| hgb mN ev msN, evO ev evs, Abv, fTv, Y BZvw`|
(9) b-eY `vwZZ awb ki Avw`, ga I A wZb RvqMvqB eeZ nq| hgb bvg, evbvb,
eb BZvw`|
AcvY I gnvcvY Ges Nvl I ANvl awb
ckawb ev eMxq awbjvK DPviYixwZi w`K _K AcvY I gnvcvY, ANvl I Nvl cfwZ fvM
fvM Kiv nq|
AcvY awb : Kvbv Kvbv awb DPviYi mgq wbtkvm Rvi mshvwRZ nq bv| Gi~c awbK ejv
nq AcvY awb (Unaspirated)| hgbK, M BZvw`|
gnvcvY awb : Kvbv Kvbv awb DPviYi mgq wbtkvm Rvi mshvwRZ nq| Gi~c awbK ejv nq
gnvcvY awb (Aspirated)| hgb L, N BZvw`|
ANvl awb : Kvbv Kvbv awb DPviYi mgq ^iZx AbyiwYZ nq bv| ZLb awbwUi DPviY
Mvxhnxb I g`y nq| Gi~c awbK ejv nq ANvl awb (Unvoiced)| hgb K, L BZvw`|
Nvl awb : awb DPviYi mgq ^iZx AbyiwYZ nj Nvl awb (Voiced) nq| hgb M, N
BZvw`|
AcvY I gnvcvY Ges ANvl I Nvl ck eb I bvwmK ebjvK wbPi QK `Lvbv njv
DPviY vb

Nvl (Voiced)

ANvl (Voiceless)
(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

AcvY

gnvcvY

AcvY

gnvcvY

bvwmK

(Unaspirated)

(Aspirated) (Unaspirated) (Aspirated)

Zvjy

g~av

awbZ

23

At awb : ck ev D awbi Ai A_vr gvS AvQ ej h i j e-G awbjvK At awb

ejv nq Avi eYjvK ejv nq At eY|
h : h-eY `vwZZ awb mvaviYZ myL Zvjy ck Ki DPvwiZ nq| GRb G awbwUK ejv nq
Zvje awb| ki Avw`Z eeZ nj evsjvq Gi DPviY R-Gi gZv| hgb hLb, hveb,
hy, hg BZvw`| ki ga ev A (msZ wbqgvbyhvqx) eeZ nj q DPvwiZ nq| hgb we
+ hvM = weqvM|
i : i-eY `vwZZ awb wRnvi AMfvMK KwcZ Ki Ges Zviv `g~jK GKvwaKevi `yZ AvNvZ
Ki DPvwiZ nq| wRnvMK KwcZ Kiv nq ej G awbK KcbRvZ awb ejv nq| D`vniY
ivnvZ, Avivg, evRvi BZvw`|
j : j-eY `vwZZ awb DPviY wRnvi AMfvMK gyLi gvSvgvwS `gj VwKq iL wRnvi `yB
cvk w`q gyLweei _K evqy ei Ki `qv nq| `yB cvk w`q evqy wbtmZ nq ej GK cvwkK awb
ejv nq| hgb jvj, jZv, Kjie, dj, dmj|
e : evsjv eYgvjvq eMxq-e Ges At-e-Gi AvKwZZ Kvbv cv_K bB| AvM eMxq I AtG `yB iKgi e-Gi jLvi AvKwZI c_K wQj, DPviYI Avjv`v wQj| GLb AvKwZ I DPviY Awfb
ej At-e K eYgvjv _K ev` `qv nqQ| cKZ cve A h I At e- G `yUv
Aa^i (Semivowel)| c_gwU Aq ev Bq (y) Ges wZxqwU Ae ev AI (w)-i gZv| hgb
bIqv, nIqv BZvw`|
Dawb : h ebi DPviY evZvm gyLweei Kv_vI evav bv cq Kej NlYcv nq Ges
wkkawbi mw Ki, mwU Dawb| hgb Avkxl, wkwk, wk BZvw`| wkk `qvi m Gi mv`k
iqQ ej GK wkk awbI ejv nq|
k, l, m - wZbwU D eY| k-eY `vwZZ awbi DPviY vb cvr `gj| l-eY `vwZZ awbi
DPviY vb g~av Ges m-eY `vwZZ awbi DPviY vb `|
jYxq : m-Gi m L i Z _ wKsev b hy nj m-Gi ` DPviY nq| hgb jb, mv,
Av, vcb, mn BZvw`| Avevi evbvb (jLvq) k _vKjI DPviY `-m nq| hgb kwgK
(mwgK), kLj (mLj), ck (cm)|
ANvl AcvY I ANvl gnvcvY g~abawb (U I V)-Gi AvM Gj m-Gi DPviY g~ab l nq| hgb
K, Kv BZvw`|
n : n-eY `vwZZ awbwU KbvjxZ Drcb g~j D Nvlawb| G DawbwU DPviYi mgq Dby
Ki ga w`q evZvm Rvi wbMZ nq| hgb nvZ, gnv, cnjv BZvw`|
s (Aby^vi) : s Gi DPviY O - Gi DPviYi gZv| hgb is (iO), evsjv (evOjv) BZvw`| DPviY
Awfb nq hvIqvq s-Gi e`j O Ges OGi e`j s-Gi eenvi LyeB mvaviY|

24

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

t (wemM) : wemM njv ANvl n-Gi DPviY cv awb| n-Gi DPviY Nvl, wKy t Gi DPviY
ANvl| evsjvq GKgv weqvw` cKvkK AeqB wemMi awb kvbv hvq| h_v Avt, Dt, It, evt
BZvw`| mvaviYZ evsjvq ki A wemM cvqB AbyPvwiZ _vK| hgb weklZt (weklZ),
djZt (djZ)| c`i ga wemM _vKj cieZx eb wZ nq| hgb `ytL (`yL&L), cvZtKvj
(cvZK&Kvj)|
o I p : o I p-eY `vwZZ awb wRnvi AMfvMi Zj`k viv A_vr Dv wcVi viv Icii
`g~j `yZ AvNvZ ev Zvobv Ki DPvwiZ nq| G`i ejv nq ZvobRvZ awb| o-Gi DPviY W Ges
i-Gi `vwZZ awbqi gvSvgvwS Ges p-Gi DPviY o Ges n-Gi viv `vwZZ awbqi `yZ
wgwjZ awb| hgb eo, Mvp, ivp, BZvw`|

mshy ebawb I hy ebeY

`ywU ev Zvi Pq ewk ebawbi ga Kvbv ^iawb bv _vKj m ebawb `ywU ev awb KqwU
GK DPvwiZ nq| Gi~c hyebawbi `vZbvi Rb `ywU ev AwaK ebeY GKwZ nq mshy
eY (ligature) MwVZ nq| mvaviYZ Gi~c MwVZ mshy ebeYi g~j ev AvKwZ cwiewZZ nq| hgb
Zv (Z& + A + K& + Z& + Av = Zv)| GLvb wZxq eY K I Z-Gi g~j i~c cwiewZZ nq
nqQ| evsjv fvlvq mvaviYZ wZbfve mshy eb MwVZ nZ cvi| h_v :
K.

Kvi mnhvM

L.

djv mnhvM

M.

ebeYi m ebeY (djv eZxZ) mnhvM|

K. Kvi mnhvMt ^ieY msw AvKvi ebeYi m hy nj ZvK ej Kvi| A- wfb Ab

`kwU ^iawbi msw i~c nq| myZivs evsjvq Kvi `kwU| Gjv h_vgt
Av-Kvi (v) - evev, gv, PvKv;

F-Kvi (<) KZx, Mn, NZ;

B-Kvi (w) - cvwL, evwo, wPwb;

G-Kvi () Qj, gq, aq;

C-Kvi (x) - bxwZ, kxZ, x;

H-Kvi () ekvL, P, ah;

D-Kvi ( y) - LyKz, eyey, dzdz;

I-Kvi ( v) `vjv, ZvZv, LvKv;

E-Kvi ( ~) - g~j, PY, c~Rv;

J-Kvi ( ) cl, MZg, KZzK|

L.1. djv mnhvM : eb eYi msw i~cK ej djv| djv hy nj eYi AvKvii cwieZb
mvwaZ nq| evsjv ebeYi djv QqwU| hgbY/ b-djv (Y/ / )- wP, iZ, c~ev, Acivn, wely, K| wP-i Ges K-i
e- djv (e)- wekvm, wbt^, wbZ^|

awbZ

25

g- djv (g) Zq, c, AvZv|

h- djv () - mn, AZ, we`v|
i- djv ( )- Mn, eZ, mv|
( id) - eY, eY, ZK, Le|
j- djv (j)- Kv, Avb, Djvm|
L. 2. evsjv ^ieYi m I djv hy nq| h_v Gvcvjv, GvUg, AvUwb, Avjvg awb BZvw`|
L. 3. evsjv hy ebi mv_I Kvi Ges djv hy nq k MwVZ nq| hgb - mbvm, m~, iywYx,
mv, BZvw`|
KwZcq mshy eb eY|
`yB eYi hy:
=K&+K| hgb- cvv, Qv, Pi|
= K&+Z| hgb- i, k, f|
= K&+l| (DPviY K& +L-Gi gZv) hgb- wkv, e, iv|
= K&+m| ev|
= O+K| hgb- A, Kvj, jv|
L= O+L| hgb- kLjv, kL|
= O+M| hgb- A, gj, mxZ|
N= O+N| hgb- mN, jNb|
P= P& +P| hgb- DP, DPviY, DPwKZ|
Q= P&+Q| hgb- DQj, DQj, DQ`|
= R&+R| hgb- Dxeb, DxweZ|
= R&+S| hgb- KzwUKv|
= R& +T| hgb- DPviY M&Mu- Gi gZv) hgb- vb, msv, wevb|
()= T& +P| hgb- Aj, mq, cg|
= T& +Q| hgb-evwZ, evbxq, evv|
= T& +R| hgb- M, ib, Kz|
= T&+S| hgb- Sv, SvU|
[ we. `. Dchy PviwU mshy eYi DPviY b nj I jLvi mgq KLbv b&P (Ab&Pj), b& Q (evb&Qv),
b&R (Mb&R) bS (Sb&Sv) i~c jLv wVK bq| ]

26

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

= U& +U| hgb- AvwjKv, Pvcvavq, PMvg|

= W& +W| hgb- MvwjKv, Dxb, Dqb|
= Y&+U| hgb- Nv, eb|
= Z& +Z| hgb- Dg, we, wP|
= Z&+_| hgb-Dvb, DwZ, Afzvb|
= `& +`| hgb-Dvg, DxcK, Dk|
= `& +a| hgb- DZ, DZ, cwZ|
= `& +f| hgb- De, DU, Dw`|
= b+Z| hgb- A, `, Kv|
`= b+`| hgb- Avb`, m`k, e`x|
= b+a| hgb- eb, ib, mvb|
b= b& +b| hgb- Ab, wQb, wfb|
b= b& +g| hgb- Rb, AvRb|
= c& +Z| hgb- i, ev, wj|
= c& +c| hgb- cvv, cvy, avv|
= c& +m| hgb- wjv, Afxv|
= e& +`| hgb-A, R, k|
= j& +K| hgb- Dv, ej|
= j& +M| hgb- dvyb|
= j& +U| hgb- Dv|
= l& +K| hgb- , cwivi, ewnvi|
= m& +K| hgb- zj, |
= m& +L| hgb- jb|
= m+U| hgb- AvM, kb|
= m& +Z| hgb- A, mv, |
= m& +c| hgb-, `b, av|
= m& +d| hgb- wUK, czwUZ|
= n& +g| hgb- e, evY|
GQvov evsjv fvlvq `yBqi AwaK eY mshvM I wKQz mshy eY MwVZ nq| m~ k eY= K&
+l+g- djv ; ^vZ ki =b+Z+i-djv ( ) +h-djv () BZvw`|

wZxq cwiQ`

awbi cwieZb
fvlvi cwieZb awbi cwieZbi mv_ m| awb cwieZb bvbv cwqvq mb nq| wbg Zv DjL
Kiv njv|
1. Avw` ^ivMg (Prothesis) : DPviYi myweavi Rb ev Ab Kvbv KviY ki Avw`Z ^iawb
Gj ZvK ej Avw` ^ivMg (Prothesis)| hgb zj > Bzj, kb > Bwkb| Gi~c
Av vej, Avcav|
2. ga ^ivMg, wecKl ev ^ifw (Anaptyxis) : mgq mgq DPviYi myweavi Rb mshy ebawbi gvSLvb ^iawb Avm| GK ejv nq ga ^ivMg ev wecKl ev ^ifw| hgbA - iZ > iZb, ag > aig, ^c > ^cb, nl > nil BZvw`|
B - cxwZ > wcixwZ, wKc > wKwjc, wdj > wdwjg BZvw`|
D - gyv > gyKzZv, ZzK > ZziyK, > fziy BZvw`|
G - Mvg > Mivg, cK > ciK, md > mid BZvw`|
I - kvK > kvjvK, gyiM > gyivM > gviM BZvw`|
3. A^ivMg (Apothesis) : Kvbv Kvbv mgq ki kl AwZwi ^iawb Avm|Gi~c
^ivMgK ejv nq A^ivMg| hgb w`k& > w`kv, cvLZ& > cv, e > ew, mZ > mwZ
BZvw`|
4. AwcwbwnwZ (Apenthesis) : cii B-Kvi AvM DPvwiZ nj wKsev hy ebawbi AvM B-Kvi
ev D-Kvi DPvwiZ nj ZvK AwcwbwnwZ ej| hgb AvwR > AvBR, mvay > mvDa, ivwLqv > ivBLv,
evK > evBK, mZ > mBZ, Pvwi > PvBi, gvwi > gvBi BZvw`|
5. AmgxKiY (Dissimilation) : GKB ^ii cybivew `~i Kivi Rb gvSLvb hLb ^iawb hy
nq ZLb ZvK ej AmgxKiY| hgb ac + ac > acvac, Uc + Uc > UcvUc BZvw`|
6. ^imwZ (Vowel harmony) : GKwU ^iawbi cfve k Aci ^ii cwieZb NUj ZvK
^imwZ ej| hgb - `wk > w`wk, wejvwZ > wewjwZ, gyjv > gyjv BZvw`|
K. cMZ (Progressive) : Avw`^i Abyhvqx A^i cwiewZZ nj cMZ ^imwZ nq| hgb
gyjv > gyjv, wkKv > wkK, Zzjv > Zzjv|
L. civMZ (Regressive) : A^ii KviY Av`^i cwiewZZ nj civMZ ^imwZ nq|
hgb- AvLv > AvLyqv > GLv, `wk > w`wk|

28

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

M. gaMZ (Mutual) : Av`^i I A^i Abyhvqx ga^i cwiewZZ nj gaMZ ^imwZ

nq| hgb wejvwZ > wewjwZ|
N. Abvb (Reciprocal) : Av` I A `yB ^iB cii cfvweZ nj Abvb ^imwZ
nq| hgb gvRv > gyRv|
O. PwjZ evsjvq ^imwZ : wMjv > Mjv, wgjvwgkv > gjvgkv, wgVv > wgV, BQv > BQ
BZvw`| c~e^i D-Kvi nj cieZx ^i I-Kvi nq| hgb gyov > gyov, Pyjv > Pyjv
BZvw`| wekl wbqg Doywb > Dowb, GLwb > GLywb nq|
7. mcKl ev ^ijvc : `yZ DPviYi Rb ki Avw`, A ev gaeZx Kvbv ^iawbi jvcK
ejv nq mcKl| hgb emwZ > em&wZ, Rvbvjv > Rvb&jv BZvw`|
K. Avw`^ijvc (Aphesis) : hgb Ajvey > jvey > jvD, Dvi > Davi > avi|
L. ga^i jvc (Syncope) : Aiy > AMy, myeY > ^Y|
M. A^i jvc (Apocope) : Avkv > Avk, AvwR > AvR, Pvwi > Pvi (evsjv), mv > mTSv >
muvS| (^ijvc ezZ ^ivMgi wecixZ cwqv|)
8. awb wechq : ki ga `ywU ebi cii cwieZb NUj ZvK awb wechq ej| hgb
BsiwR evK&m > evsjv evm&K, Rvcvwb wiK&mv > evsjv wim&Kv BZvw`| Abyi~c wckvP > wcPvk, jvd > dvj|
9. mgxfeb (Assimilation) : kga `ywU wfb awb GK Acii cfve A-wei mgZv
jvf Ki| G evcviK ejv nq mgxfeb| hgb Rb > R, Kuv`bv > Kvbv BZvw`|
K. cMZ (Progressive) mgxfeb : c~e awbi cfve cieZx awbi cwieZb NU| A_vr cieZx
awb c~eeZx awbi gZv nq, GK ej cMZ mgxfeb| hgb P > PK&K, cK > cK&K, c >
c, jM > jM&M BZvw`|
L. civMZ (Regressive) mgxfeb : cieZx awbi cfve c~eeZx awbi cwieZb nq, GK ej
civMZ mgxfeb| hgb Zr + Rb > Zb, Zr + wnZ > ZwZ, Dr + gyL > DbyL BZvw`|
M. Abvb (Mutual) mgxfeb : hLb ciii cfve `yUv awbB cwiewZZ nq ZLb ZvK ej
Abvb mgxfeb| hgb msZ mZ > cvKZ mP| msZ we`v > cvKZ wev BZvw`|
10. welgxfeb (Dissimilation) : `yUv mgeYi GKwUi cwieZbK welgxfeb ej| hgb
kixi > kixj, jvj > bvj BZvw`|
11. wZ eb (Long Consonant) ev ebwZv : KLbv KLbv Rvi `qvi Rb ki AMZ
ebi wZ DPviY nq, GK ej wZ eb ev ebwZv| hgb cvKv > cvv, mKvj > mvj
BZvw`|

awbZ

29

12. eb weKwZ : k-ga Kvbv Kvbv mgq Kvbv eb cwiewZZ nq bZzb ebawb eeZ
nq| GK ej eb weKwZ| hgb KevU > KcvU, avev > avcv, avBgv > `vBgv BZvw`|
13. ebPywZ : cvkvcvwk mgDPviYi `ywU ebawb _vKj Zvi GKwU jvc cvq| Gic jvcK ejv
nq awbPywZ ev ebPywZ| hgb eDw`w` > eDw`, eo `v`v > eo`v BZvw`|
14. AnwZ : c`i ga Kvbv ebawb jvc cj ZvK ej AnwZ| hgb dvyb > dvb,
djvnvi > djvi, Avjvwn`v > Avjv`v BZvw`|
15. Awfk~wZ (Umlaut) : wech ^iawb c~eeZx ^iawbi mv_ wgj Mj Ges Z`bymvi cieZx
^iawbi cwieZb NUj ZvK ej AwfkywZ| hgb Kwiqv _K AwcwbwnwZi dj KBwiqv wKsev
wechqi dj KBiv _K AwfkywZRvZ Ki| Gi~c wbqv > b, ewjqv > ej, nvUzqv > nvDUv
> nUv, gvQyqv > gQv BZvw`|
16. i-Kvi jvc : AvaywbK PwjZ evsjvq AbK i-Kvi jvc cvq Ges cieZx eb wZ nq|
hgb ZK > Z, KiZ > K, gvij > gvj, Kijvg > Kjvg|
17. n-Kvi jvc : AvaywbK PwjZ fvlvq AbK mgq `yB ^ii gvSvgvwS n-Kvii jvc nq| hgb
cyivwnZ > cyiyZ, Mvwnj > MvBj, Pvn > Pvq, mvay > mv > mvD, Aviwe Avjvn& > evsjv Avjv, dviwm kvn&
> evsjv kv BZvw`|
A-kywZ I e-kywZ (Euphonic glides) : ki ga cvkvcvwk `yUv ^iawb _vKj hw` G `yUv
^i wgj GKwU w-^i (hwMK ^i) bv nq, Ze G ^i `yUvi ga DPviYi myweavi Rb GKwU
ebawbi gZv At q (Y) ev At e (W) DPvwiZ nq| GB Acavb ebawbwUK ejv
nq q-kywZ I e-kywZ| hgb gv + Avgvi = gv (q) Avgvi > gvqvgvi| hv + Av = hv (I) qv =
hvIqv| Gi~c - bvIqv, LvIqv, `Iqv BZvw`|

Abykxjbx
1| awb I eYi msv jL Ges D`vniYmnhvM G`i cv_K eywSq `vI|
2| DPviY vb Abyhvqx evsjv k ebawbjvK Kx Kx fvM fvM Kiv hvq?
3| w^i ev hwMK ^i KvK ej? D`vniYmn evsjv hwMK ^ijvi MVbcYvjx eYbv Ki|
4| D`vniYmn wbPi eYjvi awb ewk DjL Ki|
O, T, Y, b, k, l, m, s, r, p|

30

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

5| wbPi kjvi wVK DPviY cvk wjL `vI|

wZxq, AvZxq, Aev, wek, weq, mZ, mn|
(bgybv : Sv SbSv, KK KYUK)|
6| msv jL I D`vniY `vI : mgxfeb, wecKl, ^imwZ, AnwZ, AwcwbwnwZ, AwfkywZ|
7| awb cwieZbi h h weavb wbwjwLZ kmg~n MwVZ nqQ, Zv cvkvcvwk wjL `vI|
KcvU, Rj, ew`, Avjv`v|
8| ebxi ga _K wVK m~wU eQ wbq k~bvb c~Y Ki|
(AwcwbwnwZ, awb-wechq, ^iawb jvc, ^ivMg, AwfkywZ, ^imwZ, AmgxKiY, eYwZ)
(K) GKB ^ii cybivew `~i Kivi Rb Av hy nj ZvK ej......|
(L) ki ga B ev D h_vvbi AvM DPvwiZ nj ZvK.....ej|
(M) ki ga `ywU mgawbi GKwU jvc nj ZvK ej......|
(N) Rvi `qvi Rb hLb ki eb awbi wZ DPviY nq ZLb ZvK......ejv nq|
(O) mshy ebawbi gvSLvb ^iawb DPvwiZ nj ZvK-----ej|
9| wbPi eY `vwZZ awbi bvg Wvb cvk jL (hgb Nvl, gnvcvY, K eb)|
e, k, g, `, L, c, V, n,
10| wVK Di wUK () `vI|
U - KeY, g - IeY M - NvleY, P - `eY, N - AcvY KeY|

ZZxq cwiQ`

YZ I lZ weavb
1. YZ weavb
evsjv fvlvq mvaviYZ g~abY awbi eenvi bB| mRb evsjv (`wk), Ze I we`wk ki evbvb
g~ab eY (Y) jLvi cqvRb nq bv| wKz evsjv fvlvq e Zrmg ev msZ k g~abY Ges `b-Gi eenvi AvQ| Zv evsjvq AweKZfve iwZ nq| Zrmg ki evbvb Y-Gi mwVK eenvii
wbqgB YZ weavb|
Y eenvii wbqg
1. U-eMxq awbi AvM Zrmg k me mgq g~ab Y hy nq| hgb Nv, jb, Kv BZvw`|
2. F, i, l - Gi ci g~ab Y nq| hgb FY, ZY, eY, eYbv, KviY, giY, evKiY, fxlY,
fvlY, D BZvw`|
3.

F, i, l-Gi ci ^iawb, l q e n s Ges K-eMxq I c-eMxq awb _vKj Zvi cieZx b

g~ab Y nq| hgb KcY (F-Kvii ci c&, Zvi ci Y), nwiY (i-Gi ci B, Zvi ci Y,
AcY (i& + c & + A+Y&), jY (K& + l& + A + Y&)| Gi~c iywYx, evY BZvw`|

4. KZKjv k ^fveZB Y nq
PvYK gvwYK MY

evwYR jeY gY

eYy exYv KY KwYKv|

KjvY kvwYZ gwY

vYy Y cyY eYx

dYx AYy wecwY MwYKv|

AvcY jveY evYx

wbcyY fwYZv cvwY

MY KvY fvY cY kvY|

wPY wbY ZY

KdwY (KbyB) ewYK Y

MYbv wcYvK cY evY|

mgvme k mvaviYZ Y-Z weavb LvU bv| Gi~c b nq| hgb wbqb, mebvg, `ybxwZ,
`ybvg, `ywbevi, ciwb`v, AMbvqK| Z-eMxq eYi m hy b KLbv Y nq bv, b nq| hgb A,
M, `b|

32

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

2. l-Z weavb
evsjv fvlvq mvaviYZ g~ab-l awbi eenvi bB| ZvB `wk, Ze I we`wk ki evbvb g~ab-l
jLvi cqvRb nq bv| Kej wKQy Zrmg k l-Gi cqvM iqQ| h-me Zrmg k l iqQ Zv
evsjvq AweKZ AvQ| Zrmg ki evbvb g~ab l-Gi eenvii wbqgK lZ weavb ej|
l eenvii wbqg
1. A, Av wfb Ab ^iawb Ges K I i-Gi ci cZqi m l nq| hgb fwelr (f& + A + e& +
B + ) GLvb e-Gi ci B-Gi eeavb), gyg~ly, Pzvb, wPKxlv BZvw`|
2.

B-Kviv Ges D-Kviv DcmMi ci KZjv avZzZ l nq| hgb AwfmK > AwflK,
mymy > myly, Abym > Abyl, cwZmaK > cwZlaK, cwZvb > cwZvb, Abyvb >
Abyvb, wemg > welg, mymgv > mylgv BZvw`|

3. F Kvii ci l nq| hgb- Fwl, KlK, DrK, `w, mw, BZvw`|

4. Zrmg k i -Gi ci l nq| hgb- elv, NlY, elY|
5. i- awbi ci hw` A, Av wfb Ab ^iawb _vK Ze Zvi ci l nq| h_v : cwivi| wKy
A, Av ^iawb _vKj m nq| h_v cyivi|
6. U-eMxq awbi m l hy nq| h_v : K, , b, Kv, I BZvw`|
7.

KZjv k ^fveZB l nq| hgb-loFZz, ivl, Kvl, Avlvp, fvlY, fvlv, Elv, cl,
Kjyl, cvlvY, gvbyl, Jla, loh, flY, l BZvw`|

vZe
K. Aviwe, dviwm, BsiwR BZvw` we`wk fvlv _K AvMZ k l nq bv| G m^ mZK nZ
ne| hgb
-wRwbm, cvkvK, gvvi, cv BZvw`|
L. msZ mvr cZqhy c`I l nq bv| hgb - AwMmvr, a~wjmvr, fwgmvr BZvw`|

awbZ

33

Abykxjbx
1| YZ weavb I lZ weavb ejZ Kx evS? D`vniYmn AvjvPbv Ki|
2|

mgvme c` YZ weavbi wbqg LvU bv, Ggb cuvPwU D`vniY `vI|

3| kbvb ciY Ki :
(K) U, V, W Ges X eYi ce b hy nj me`vB Y nq|
hgb................(5wU)
(L) A, Av wfb ^iawb Ges K I i-Gi ci cZqi ` m gab l nq|
hgb.................(5wU)
(M) we`wk I `wk ki evbvb l nq bv|
hgb.................(5wU)
4| wbPi kjv Ki jL :
jeb, bk&U, cyivi, mymg, AvbymwK, kb, cvlvK, RvgvY, KziAvY, `yYvg|
5| h evbvbwU wVK Zvi wbP `vM `vI :
(K) KcY, Zb, NUv, eY, nwib, jveY, KwbKv, ewYK, KkK, DrK, Kv, kgv, Abym,
wel, mwilv, cv
(L) Avlvi / Avlvp / Avkvo

KwYKv / KwbKv

cvkv / cvl, cvm

jeY / jeb

ZvlY / Zvkb / ZvmY

`cb / `cY

cwZvb / cwZvY / cwZvb

KjvY / Kjvb

wgjb / wgjY

Yx / bx

PZz_ cwiQ`

mw
msv
mwbwnZ `ywU awbi wgjbi bvg mw| hgb Avkv + AZxZ = AvkvZxZ| wng + Avjq = wngvjq|
c_gwUZ Av + A = Av (v) Ges wZxqwUZ A + Av = Av (v) nqQ| Avevi, Zr + ga =Zba,
GLvb Z + g = b nqQ|

mwi Dk
(K) mwi Dk ^vfvweK DPviY mnRceYZv Ges (L) awbMZ gvayh mv`b| hgb Avkv I
AZxZ DPviY h Avqvm cqvRb, AvkvZxZ Zvi Pq A Avqvm DPvwiZ nq| mi~c wng Avjq
ejZ hi~c kvbv hvq, wngvjq Zvi Pq mnR DPvwiZ Ges kywZgayi| ZvB h Avqvmi
jvNe nq wKz awb-gvayh iwZ nq bv, m mw Kivi wbqg bB| hgb KPy + Av`v + Avjy
=KPv`vjy nq bv| A_ev KPy + Avjy + Av`v = KPvjv`v nq bv|
Avgiv c_g LuvwU evsjv ki mw I ci Zrmg (msZ) ki mw m^ AvjvPbv Kie|
DjL, Zrmg mw g~jZ eY mshvMi wbqg|

evsjv ki mw
evsjv mw `yB iKgi : ^imw I ebmw|
1. ^imw
^iawbi m ^iawb wgj h mw nq ZvK ^imw ej|
1. mwZ `ywU mwbwnZ ^ii GKwUi jvc nq| hgb
(K) A + G = G (A jvc), hgb - kZ + GK = kZK| Gi~c - KZK|
(L) Av + Av = Av (GKwU Av jvc)| hgb kuvLv + Avwi = kuvLvwi| Gi~c i~cv + Avwj = i~cvwj|
(M) Av + D = D (Av jvc)| hgb wg_v + DK = wg_yK| Gi~c wnsmyK, wb`yK BZvw`|
(N) B + G = B (G jvc)| hgb Kzwo + GK = KzwoK| Gi~c awbK, wUK BZvw`|
Avwk + Gi = Avwki (G jvc)| Gi~c - b`xi (b`x +Gi)|
2. Kvbv Kvbv j cvkvcvwk `ywU ^ii kliwU jvc cvq| hgb hv + BQv + ZvB =hvQZvB|
GLvb (Av+B) Gi ga B jvc cqQ|

mw

35

2| eb mw
^i Avi eb, eb Avi eb Ges eb Avi ^i wgwjZ nq h mw nq ZvK eb mw
ej| cKZ evsjv eb mw mgxfeb ( Assimilation)-Gi wbqgB nq _vK| Avi Zv-I gjZ
K_ixwZZ mxgve|
1. c_g awb ANvl Ges cieZx awb Nvl nj, `ywU wgj Nvl awb wZ nq| A_vr mwZ Nvl
awbi c~eeZx ANvl awbI Nvl nq| hgb QvU + `v =Qvo`v|
2. nj i& (e Ai wewk) awbi ci Ab eb awb _vKj i& jy nq cieZx awb wZ nq|
hgb Avi & + bv = Avbv, Pvi + wU = Pvw, ai & + bv =abv, `yi & + QvB = `yQvB BZvw`|
3. P-eMxq awbi AvM hw` Z-eMxq awb Avm Zvnj, Z-eMxq awb jvc nq Ges P-eMxq awbi
wZ nq| A_vr Z-eMxq awb I P-eMxq awb cvkvcvwk Gj c_gwU jy nq cieZx awbwU wZ
nq| hgb bvZ + RvgvB =bvR&RvgvB (Z& + R & = ), e`& + RvZ =evZ, nvZ + Qvwb =
nvQvwb BZvw`|
4.

c-Gi ci P Ges m-Gi ci Z Gj P I Z Gi j k nq| hgb cuvP + k =

cuvk&k| mvZ + k = mvk&k, cuvP + wmKv = cuvk&wkKv|

5.

nj awbi mv_ ^iawb hy nj ^ii jvc nq bv| hgb evb + AvB =evbvB, Pyb +
Avwi =Pybvwi, wZj + GK = wZjK, evi + GK =eviK, wZb + GK =wZbK|

6. ^iawbi ci ebawb Gj ^iawbwU jy nq| hgb KuvPv + Kjv = KuvPKjv, bvwZ + e

=bvZe, Nvov + `o = Nvo`o, Nvov + Mvwo = NvoMvwo BZvw`|
Zrmg ki mw
evsjv fvlvq e msZ k AweKZ Aevq iqQ| Gme kB Zrmg (Zr = Zvi + mg = mgvb)|
Zvi mgvb A_vr msZi mgvb| G kwYi ki mw msZ fvlvi wbqgB mvw`Z nq GmQ|
evsjv fvlvq eeZ Zrmg mw wZb cKvi : (1) ^imw (2) eb mw (3) wemM mw|
1. ^imw
^iawbi m ^iawbi wgjbi bvg ^imw|
1. A-Kvi wKsev Av-Kvii ci A-Kvi wKsev Av-Kvi _vKj Dfq wgj Av-Kvi nq, Av-Kvi
c~eeZx ebi m hy nq| hgbA + A = Av

bi+ Aag = bivag| Gi~c-wngvPj, cvYvwaK, nvi, wnZvwnZ BZvw`|

A + Av = Av

wng + Avjq = wngvjq| Gi~c - `evjq, iZvKi, wmsnvmb BZvw`|

Av + A = Av

h_v + A_ = h_v_| Gi~c AvkvZxZ, K_vgZ, gnvN BZvw`|

Av + Av = Av

we`v+ Avjq = we`vjq| Gi~c- KvivMvi, gnvkq, m`vb` BZvw`|

36

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

2. A-Kvi wKsev Av-Kvii ci B-Kvi wKsev C-Kvi _vKj Dfq wgj G-Kvi nq; G-Kvi ceeZx
ebi m hy nq| hgb
A+B= G
f + BQv = fQv|
Av + B = G h_v + B = h_|
A + C = G cig + Ck =cigk|
Av + C = G gnv + Ck =gnk|
Gi~c cY`y, keYw`q, ^Qv, bik, igk, bi` BZvw`|
3. A-Kvi wKsev Av-Kvii ci D-Kvi wKsev E-Kvi _vKj Dfq wgj I-Kvi nq; I-Kvi ceeZx
eb hy nq| hgb
A+D=I
m~h + D`q = m~hv`q|
Av + D = I h_v + DwPZ = h_vwPZ|
A+E=I
Mn + Ea = Mnva|
Av + E = I
Mv + Ewg = Mvwg|
Gi~c bxjvrcj, Pjvwg, gnvrme, bevpv, djv`q, h_vchy, wnZvc`k, civcKvi, ckvi BZvw`|
4. A-Kvi wKsev Av-Kvii ci F-Kvi _vKj Dfq wgj Ai nq Ges Zv id ( ) i~c cieZx
eYi mv_ jLv nq| hgb
A + F = Ai& `e + Fwl = `ewl|
Av + F = Ai& gnv + Fwl = gnwl|
Gi~c AagY, DgY, mwl, ivRwl BZvw`|
5. A-Kvi wKsev Av-Kvii ci FZ-k _vKj (A, Av+F) Dfq wgj Avi nq Ges evbvb c~eeZx
eY Av I cieZx eY id jLv nq| hgb
A + F = Avi kxZ + FZ = kxZvZ|
Av + F = Avi Zv + FZ = ZvZ|
Gi~c fqvZ, zavZ BZvw`|
6. A-Kvi wKsev Av-Kvii ci G-Kvi wKsev H-Kvi _vKj Dfq wgj H-Kvi nq; H-Kvi c~eeZx
ebi mv_ hy nq| hgb
A+G=H
Rb + GK = RbK|
Av + G = H m`v + Ge = m`e|
A+ H=H

gZ + HK = gZK|

Av + H = H

gnv + Hkh = gnkh|

Gi~c- wnZlx, mee, AZzjkh BZvw`|

mw

37

7. A-Kvi wKsev Av-Kvii ci I-Kvi wKsev J-Kvi _vKj Dfq wgj J-Kvi nq; J-Kvi ceeZx
ebi mv_ hy nq| hgbA+I=J
eb + Ilwa = eblwa|
Av + I = J
A+J=J

gnv + Ilwa = gnlwa|

cig + Jla = cigla|

Av + J = J

gnv + Jla = gnla|

8. B-Kvi wKsev C-Kvii ci B-Kvi wKsev C-Kvi _vKj Dfq wgj `xN C-Kvi nq| `xN C-Kvi
c~eeZx ebi mv_ hy nq| hgbB+B
B+C
C+B
C+C

=
=
=
=

C
C
C
C

AwZ + BZ = AZxZ
cwi + Cv = cixv|
mZx + B` = mZx`|
mZx + Ck = mZxk|

Gi~c wMix`, wZxk, gnx`, kxk, c_xk, AZxe, cZxv, cZxZ, iex`, w`jxki BZvw`|
9. B-Kvi wKsev C-Kvii ci B I C wfb Ab ^i _vKj B ev C vb h ev h() djv nq| h-djv
jLvi mgq c~eeZx ebi mv_ jLv nq| hgb
B + A = h& + A
AwZ + A = AZ|
B + Av = h& + Av
BwZ + Avw` = BZvw`|
B + D = h& + D
AwZ + Dw = AZzw|
B + E = h& + E
cwZ + El = cZl|
C + Av = h& + Av
gmx + Avavi = gmvavi|
B + G = h& + G
C + A = h& + A

cwZ + GK = cZK|
b`x + A^y = b`^y|

Gi~c-cZn, AZwaK, MZi, cZvkv, cZveZb, Av`, h`wc, Afzvb, AZvh, cZzcKvi
BZvw`|
10. D-Kvi wKsev E-Kvii ci D-Kvi wKsev E-Kvi _vKj Dfq wgj E-Kvi nq; E-Kvi c~eeZx
eb awbi mv_ hy nq| hgb
D+D =E
giy + D`vb = gi~`vb|
D+E =E
E+D =E

e + Ea = ena|
ea + Drme = ea~rme|

E+E =E

f + Ea = fa|

38

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

11. D-Kvi wKsev E-Kvii ci D-Kvi I E-Kvi wfb Ab ^i _vKj D ev E vb e-djv nq Ges
jLvi mgq e-djv c~eeZx eYi mv_ jLv nq| hgbD+A =e+A

my + A = ^|

D + Av = e + Av

my + AvMZ = ^vMZ|

D+B =e+B

Aby + BZ = AwbZ|

D+C =e+C

Zby + C = Zbx|

D+G =e+G

Aby + GlY = GblY|

Gi~c- ckag, ckvPvi, Abq, gbi BZvw`|

12. F-Kvii ci F wfb Ab ^i _vKj F vb i nq Ges Zv i-djv i~c c~eeZx ebi m
hy nq| hgb - wcZ + Avjq = wcvjq, wcZ + Av`k = wcv`k|
13. G, H, I, J-Kvii ci G, H vb h_vg Aq, Avq Ges I, J vb h_vg Ae& I Ave&
nq| hgbG + A = Aq& + A

b + Ab = bqb| k + Ab = kqb|

H + A = Avq& + A

b + AK = bvqK| M + AK = MvqK|

I + A = Ae& + A

cv + Ab = ceb| jv + Ab = jeY|

J + A = Ave& + A

c + AK = cveK|

I + Av = Ae& + Av

Mv + Avw` = Mevw`|

I + G = Ae& + G

Mv + GlYv = MelYv|

I + B = Ae& + B

cv + B = cwe|

J + B = Ave& + B

b + BK = bvweK|

J + D = Ave& + D

f + DK = fveyK|

14. KZjv mw Kvbv wbqg Abymvi nq bv, GjvK wbcvZb wm ej| h_v - Kzj + AUv =
KzjUv (KzjvUv bq), Mv + A = Mev (Me bq), c + Ep = cp (cvp bq), Ab + Ab =
Abvb, gvZ + A = gvZ, + I`b = v`b|

2. ebmw
^i-eb, eb-^i I eb-eb h mw nq ZvK eb mw ej| Gw`K _K eb
mwK wZb fvM fvM Kiv hvq| h_v : 1. ebawb + ^iawb 2. ^iawb + ebawb 3.
ebawb + ebawb|

mw

39

1. eb awb + ^iawb
K, P, U, Z&, c&-Gi ci ^iawb _vKj mjv h_vg M&, R&, W& (o &), `&, e& nq| cieZx ^iawbwU
c~eeZx ebawbi m hy nq| hgbK& + A = M

w`K& + A =w`M|

P& + A = R

wYP& + A = wYR|

U& + Av = o

lU& + Avbb = lovbb|

Z& + A = `

Zr + Aewa = Z`ewa|

c& + A = e

myc& + A = mye|

Gi~c- evMxk, Z`, evMvo^i, K`, m`vb`, m`ycvq, m`yc`k, RMw`` BZvw`|

2. ^iawb + ebawb
^iawbi ci Q _vKj D ebawbwU wZ ( Q ) nq| h_v
A + Q = Q

GK + Q = GKQ|

Av + Q = Q

K_v + Qj = K_vQj|

B + Q = Q

cwi + Q` = cwiQ`|

Gi~c gyLQwe, weQ`, cwiQ`, wewQb, AQ`, AvjvKQUv, cwZQwe, cQ`, AvQv`b,
eQvqv, ^Q`, AbyQ` BZvw`|

3. ebawb + ebawb
(K) 1. Z& I `&-Gi ci P& I Q & _vKj Z& I `& vb P& nq| hgb
Z& + P = P

mr + wPv =mwPv|

Z& + Q = Q

Dr + Q` = DQ`|

`& + P = P

wec` + Pq = wecPq|

`& + Q = Q

wec` + Qvqv = wecQvqv|

Gi~c DPviY, kiP`, mPwi, ZQwe, mwP`vb` BZvw`|

2. Z& I `&-Gici R& I S& _vKj Z& I `&-Gi vb R& nq| hgb
Z& + R =

mr + Rb = mb|

`& + R =

wec` + Rvj =wecvj|

Z& + S =

Kzr + SwUKv = KzwUKv|

Gi~c - Dj, Zb, hvexeb, RMxeb BZvw`|

40

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

3. Z& I `&-Gici k& _vKj Z& I `&-Gi j P& Ges k&-Gi j Q DPvwiZ nq| hgbZ& + k = P& + Q = Q

Dr + kvm = DQvm

Gi~c - PjQw, DQLj BZvw`|

4. Z& I `&-Gi ci W& _vKj Z& I `& Gi vb W& nq| hgbZ& + W =

Dr + Wxb = DW&Wxb|

Gi~c enW&Xv|
5. Z& I `& Gi ci n _vKj Z& I `& Gi j ` Ges n Gi j a& nq| hgbZ& + n = `& + a =

Dr + nvi = Dvi|

`& + n = `& + a =

c`& + nwZ = cwZ|

Gic DZ, DZ, ZwZ BZvw`|

6. Z& I ` & Gi ci j& _vKj Z& I `&-Gi j j DPvwiZ nq| hgbZ& + j = j-

Dr + jvm = Djvm|

Gi~c DjL, DwjwLZ, DjL, Dj-Nb BZvw`|

(L) 1. eb awbmgni h Kvbv eMi ANvl AcvY awbi ci h Kvbv eMi Nvl AcvY I
Nvl gnvcvY awb wKsev Nvl AcvY Zvje awb, (h > R), Nvl AcvY I awb (e), Nvl
KbRvZ `gjxq awb (i) wKsev Nvl AcvY I ebawb (e) _vKj c_g ANvl AcvY
awb Nvl AcvYi~c DPvwiZ nq| h_v :
K& + ` = M & + `

evK& + `vb = evM`vb|

U& + h = W& + h

lU& + h = loh|

Z& + N = `& + N

Dr + NvUb = D`&NvUb|

Z& + h = `& + h

Dr + hvM = D`vM|

Z& + e = `& + e

Dr +eb = Db|

Z& + i = `& + i

Zr + i~c = Z`c|

Gi~c -w`wMRq, D`g, D`&Mvi, D`&wMiY, De, evM&Rvj, m`&iy, evM&`ex BZvw`|
2. O, T, Y, b, g ci _vKj ceeZx ANvl AcvY ckawb mB eMxq Nvl kawb wKsev
bvwmKawb nq| h_v :
K& + b = MO + b

w`K& + wbYq = w`M&wbYq ev w`O&wbYq|

Z& + g = `/b+ g

Zr + ga = Z`&ga ev Zba|

mw

41

jYxq : Gi~c mvaviYZ bvwmK ebB ewk cPwjZ| hgb evK& + gq = evO&gq, Zr + gq
= Zbq, gr + gq = gbq, RMr + bv_ = RMbv_ BZvw`| Gi~cDbqb, DbxZ, wPbq BZvw`|
3.

g& Gi ci h Kvbv eMxq awb _vKj g& awbwU mB eMi bvwmK awb nq| hgb
g& + K& = O + K&

kg& + Kv =kv|

g& + P& = T + P&

mg& + Pq = mq|

g& + Z& = b& + Z&

mg& + Zvc = mvc|

Gi~c wK~Z, m`kb, wKbi, mvb, mvb, mbvm BZvw`|

`e : AvaywbK evsjvq g&-Gi ci K-eMxq awb _vKj g& vb cvqB O bv nq Aby^vi (s) nq|
hgb mg& + MZ = msMZ, Ang& + Kvi = AnsKvi, mg& + Lv = msLv|
Gi~c msKxY, msMxZ, msMVb, msNvZ BZvw`|
4. g&-Gi ci At awb h, i, j, e, wKsev k, l, m, n _vKj, g& j Aby^vi (s) nq| hgb
mg& + hg = mshg,

mg& + ev` = msev`,

mg&+ iY = msiY,

mg& + jvc = msjvc

mg& + kq = mskq

mg& + mvi = msmvi,

mg& + nvi = msnvi|

Gi~c evisevi, wKsev, mseiY, mshvM, mshvRb, mskvab, mesmnv, ^qseiv| ewZg : mgvU (mg&
+ ivU)|
5. P& I R&-Gi ci bvwmK awb Zvje nq| hgb
P& + b = P& + T,

hvP& + bv = hvP&Tv, ivR& + bx =ivx|

R& + b = R& + T,

hR& + b = h,

6. `& I a& Gi ci K, P, U, Z, c, L, Q, V, _, d, _vKj `& I a& j ANvl AcvY awb nq|

hgb
`& > Z&

Z`& + Kvj = ZrKvj

a& > Z&

za& + wccvmv =zrwccvmv|

Gi~c rKc, Zrci, Z BZvw`|

7. `& wKsev a&-Gi ci m& _vKj, `& I a& j ANvl AcvY awb nq| hgbwec`& + msKzj = wecrmsKzj| Gi~c - Zrmg|
8. l&-Gi ci Z& ev _& _vKj, h_vg Z& I _& vb U I V nq| hgbKl& + wZ = Kw,

ll& + _& = l|

42

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

9. wekl wbqg mvwaZ KZjv mw

Dr + vb = Dvb

mg& + Kvi = msvi,

mg& + KZ = msZ,

cwi + Kvi = cwivi|

Dr + vcb = Dvcb,

Gi~c &- mswZ, cwiZ BZvw`|

10. KZjv mw wbcvZb wm nq
Av+ Ph = Avh,

Mv + c` = Mv`,

eb& + cwZ = ebwZ

enr + cwZ = enwZ,

Zr + Ki = Zi,

ci& + ci = cii,

gbm& + Clv = gbxlv,

lU& + `k = lvok

GK& + `k =GKv`k,

cZr + Awj = cZwj BZvw`|

3. wemM mw
msZ mwi wbqg c`i AwZ i& I m& AbK ANvl D awb A_vr n awbi~c DPvwiZ
nq Ges Zv wemM(t) i~c jLv nq| i& I m& wemM ebawbgvjvi AMZ| m KviY wemM mw eb
mwi AMZ| ezZ wemM i& Ges m&-Gi msw i~c| wemMK `yB fvM fvM Kiv nqQ :1. i& RvZ wemM I 2. m& - RvZ wemM|
1. i& - RvZ wemM : i vb h wemM nq ZvK ej i - RvZ wemM| hgb : Ai- At, cvZicvZt, cybi - cybt BZvw`|
2. m&-RvZ wemM : m& vb h wemM nq ZvK ej m&-RvZ wemM| hgb : bgm& - bgt, cyim& cyit, wkim& wkit BZvw`|
wemMi mv_ A_vr i& I m&-Gi mv_ ^iawbi wKsev ebawbi h mw nq ZvK wemM mw ej|
wemM mw `yBfve mvwaZ nq : 1. wemM + ^i Ges 2. wemM + eb|
1. wemM I ^ii mw
A-awbi ciwZ (ANvl Dawb) wemMi ci A awb _vKj A + t + A - G wZb wgj I-Kvi
nq| hgb ZZt + AwaK = ZZvwaK|
2. wemM I ebi mw
1. A-Kvii ciwZ m&-RvZ wemMi ci Nvl AcvY I Nvl gnvcvY ebawb, bvwmK awb wKsev
A h, A e, i, j, n _vKj A-Kvi I m&-RvZ wemM Dfq j I-Kvi nq| hgb wZit +
avb = wZivavb, gbt + ig = gbvig, gbt + ni = gbvni, Zct + eb = Zcveb BZvw`|
2. A-Kvii ciwZ i&-RvZ wemMi ci Dchy awbmg~ni KvbvwU _vKj wemM vb i nq|
hgb At + MZ = AMZ, At + avb = Aavb, cybt+ Avq = cybivq, cybt + D = cybiy,
Ant + An = Anin|
Gi~c cybRb, cybevi, cvZiyvb, Afz, cybiwc, AeZx BZvw`|

mw

43

3. A I Av wfb Ab ^ii ci wemM _vKj Ges Zvi m A, Av, eMxq Nvl AcvY I Nvl gnvcvY
bvwmK awb wKsev h, i, j, e, n-Gi mw nj wemM vb i nq| hgbwbt + AvKvi = wbivKvi, Avkxt + ev` = Avkxev`, `yt + hvM = `yhvM BZvw`|
Gi~c wbivKiY, RvwZgq, cv`yfve, wbRb, ewnMZ, `yjvf, `yi BZvw`|
ewZg : B wKsev D awbi cii wemMi m i Gi mw nj wemMi jvc nq I wemMi c~eeZx
n^ ^i `xN nq| hgb wbt + ie = bxie, wbt + im = bxim BZvw`|
4. wemMi ci ANvl AcvY wKsev gnvcvY Zvje eb _vKj wemMi j Zvje wkk awb nq,
ANvl AcvY wKsev ANvl gnvcvY g~ab eb _vKj wemM j g~ab wkk awb nq, ANvl AcvY
wKsev ANvl gnvcvY ` ebi j ` wkk awb nq| hgbt+P/Q=k+P/Q

wbt + Pq = wbq, wkit + Q` = wki`|

t+U/V=l+U/V

abyt + Uvi = abyvi, wbt + Vzi = wbzi|

t+Z/_=m+Z/_

`yt + Zi = `yi, `yt + _ = `y|

5. ANvl AcvY I ANvl gnvcvY K wKsev I eb (K, L, c, d) ci _vKj A ev Av awbi

ciwZ wemM j ANvl ` wkk awb (m&) nq Ges A ev Av eZxZ Ab ^iawbi ciwZ wemM
j ANvl g~ab wkk& awb (l) nq| hgbA Gi ci wemM t + K = m& + K

bgt + Kvi = bgvi|

A Gi ci wemM t + L = m& + L

c`t + Ljb = c`jb|

B Gi ci wemM t + K = l + K

wbt + Ki = wbi|

D Gi ci wemM t + K = l + K

`yt + Ki = `yi|

Gi~c cyivi, gbvgbv, wZivi, PZz`, wbj, wbvc, `ycvc, ewnZ, `ywZ,
Avwevi, PZzvY, evPwZ, fvi BZvw`|
6. Kvbv Kvbv mwi wemM jvc nq bv| hgbcvZt + Kvj = cvZtKvj, gbt + K = gbtK, wkit + cxov = wkitcxov|
7. hy eb awb , wKsev ci _vKj c~eeZx wemM AweKZ _vK A_ev jvc cvq| hgb
wbt + = wbt wKsev wb| `yt + = `yt wKsev `y| wbt + ` = wbt` wKsev
wb`|

KqKwU wekl wemM mwi D`vniY

evPt + cwZ = evPwZ, fvt + Ki = fvi, Ant + wbk = Anwbk, Ant + An = Anin BZvw`|

44

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

Abykxjbx
1| mw ejZ Kx evSvq? evsjv fvlvq mwi cqvRbxqZv Kx? D`vniYmn weklY Ki|
2| mw Kq cKvi I Kx Kx? cZK cKvii GKwU Ki D`vniY `vI|
3| wbPi m~jv AbymiY wZbwU Ki D`vniY `vI|
(K) gab ebawbi ce b gab Y nq|
(L) P& I R&-Gi ci bvwmKawb Zvje T nq|
(M) A-Kvi wfb Ab ^i ci _vKj wemMi j i nq|
4| mw weQ` Ki
DZ, ebwZ, eviK, Av`, mgvU, feb, bqb, Dj, AblY, mvb, bxivM, cvZivk
5| mw Ki
Awf + D`q, wbt + wP, Pjr +kw, hver + Rxeb, ll& + _, wPr + gq, Lvwb + GK, AZt
+ Ge, w`K& +gj|
6| KvbwU wb`k Ki
K. ^i ^i h mw nq ZvK ebmw ej / ^i Avi eb h mw nq ZvK ^imw
ej/ eb Avi ^i h mw nq ZvK eb mw ej|
L. eb mw GK / `yB/ wZb iKgi|
M. ^imw eb eb nq / ^i ^i nq|

ZZxq Aavq
c_g cwiQ`

k cKiY
cyiyl I xevPK k
me fvlvq wjf` kf` AvQ, evsjv fvlvqI AvQ|
evsjv fvlvq e wekl c` iqQ hv`i KvbvwUZ cyiyl I KvbvwUZ x evSvq| h k cyiyl
evSvq ZvK cyiylevPK k Avi h k x evSvq ZvK xevPK k ej| hgb : evc-gv, fvBevb, Qj-gq- KDB gZzi mgq Zvi KvQ wQj bv| G evK evc, fvB I Qj cyiylevPK k;
Avi gv, evb I gq xevPK k| Zrmg cyiylevPK wekl ki m cyiylevPK weklY eeZ
Ges xevPK wekl ki m xevPK weklY eeZ nq| hgb wevb jvK Ges we`ylx
bvix| GLvb jvK cyiylevPK wekl Ges bvix xevPK wekl| wevb cyiylevPK weklY Ges
we`ylx xevPK weklY| wKz evsjv fvlvi msZ evKiYi G wbqg gvbv nq bv| hgb
msZ my`i evjK I my`ix evwjKv evsjvq my`i evjK I my`i evwjKv|

evsjvq cyiyl I xevPK k

1| evsjvq cyiyl I xevPK k g~jZ `yB fvM wef
1. cwZ I cZxevPK A_ Ges

2. cyiyl I gq ev xRvZxq A_|

1. ^vgx I cZxevPK A_ : Avev-Avv, PvPv-PvPx, KvKv-KvKx, RVv-RVx, `v`v-`v`x, bvbvbvbx, b`vB-bb`, `Ii-Rv, fvB-fvex/ew`, evev-gv, gvgv-gvgx BZvw`|
2. mvaviY cyiyl I xRvZxq A_ : LvKv-LyKx, cvMj-cvMjx, evgb-evgbx, fov-fox, gviMgyiMx, evjK-evwjKv, `Ii-bb`|

2| evsjv x cZq
cyiylevPK ki m KZjv cZq hvM Ki xevPK k MVb Kiv nq| Gjv njv : C, wb, bx,
Avbx, Bbx, b|
1. C-cZq : egv-egx, fvMbv/fvMb-fvMbx|
2. bx-cZq : Kvgvi-Kvgvibx, Rj-Rjbx, Kzgvi-Kzgvibx, avcv-avcvbx, gRyi-gRyibx
BZvw`|
3. cyiylevPK ki kl C _vKj xevPK k bx nq Ges AvMi C B nq| hgb : wfLvwiwfLvwibx, Awfmvix-AwfmvwiYx|

46

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

4. Avbx-cZq : VvKzi-VvKzivbx, bvwcZ-bvwcZvbx, g_i-g_ivbx, PvKi-PvKivbx BZvw`|

5. Bbx-cZq : KvOvj-KvOvwjbx, Mvqvjv-Mvqvwjbx, evN-evwNbx BZvw`|
Db-cZq : VvKzi-VvKiyb / VvKzivbx|
AvBb-cZq : bZzb bZzb cZqi cqvM `Lv hvq| hgb : VvKzi-VvKzivBb|
`e : evsjvq KZjv Zrmg xevPK ki ci Avevi xevPK cZq eeZ nq| hgb
AfvMv-AfvMx/AfvwMbx, bb`vB-bbw`bx/bb`x BZvw`|

3| wbZ xevPK k
KZjv k wbZ xevPK| Gjvi cyiylevPK k bB| hgb mZxb, mrgv, Gqv, `vB, maev
BZvw`|
4| KZjv ki AvM bi, gv BZvw` cyiylevPK k Ges x, gv`x, gv`v BZvw` xevPK k
hvM Ki cyiylevPK I xevPK k MVb Kiv nq| hgb bi / gv / jv weovj-gwb weovj; gv
nuvm-gv`x nuvm; gv Nvov-gv`x Nvov; cyiyl jvK-gqjvK / xjvK; eUvQj-gqQj; cyiyl
Kq`x x / gq Kq`x; Guo evQyi-eKbv evQyi; ej` Miy-MvB Miy BZvw`|
5| KZjv cyiylevPK ki AvM xevPK k cqvM Ki xevPK k MwVZ nq| hgb- Kwegwnjv Kwe, Wvvi-gwnjv Wvvi, mf-gwnjv mf, Kgx-gwnjv Kgx, wkx-gwnjv ev bvix wkx,
mb-bvix / gwnjv mb, cywjk-gwnjv cywjk BZvw`|
6| KZjv ki kl cyiyl I xevPK k hvM Ki cyiyl I xevPK k MVb Kiv nq| hgb :
evb-cv, evb-wS, VvKzi-cv, VvKzi-wS, VvKzi `v`v / VvKzi`v-VvKzigv, Mqjv, Mqjv-eD, Rj,
Rj eD BZvw`|
7| AbK mgq Avjv`v Avjv`v k cyiylevPK I xevPK evSvq| hgb : evev-gv, fvB-evb, KZvwMbx, Qj-gq, mvne-wewe, RvgvB-gq, ei-Kb, `yjnv-`yjvBb/`yjwnb, eqvB-eqvBb,
ZvH-gvH, ev`kv-eMg, K-mvix BZvw`|

msZ x cZq
Zrmg cyiylevPK ki ci Av, C, Avbx, bx, BKv cfwZ cZqhvM xevPK k MwVZ nq| hgb1. Av-hvM
(K) mvaviY A_ : gZ-gZv, weevwnZ-weevwnZv, gvbbxq-gvbbxqv, e-ev, wcq-wcqv, c_gc_gv, PZzi-PZziv, Pcj-Pcjv, bexb-bexbv, Kwb-Kwbv, gwjb-gwjbv BZvw`|
(L) RvwZ ev kwYevPK : AR-ARv, KvwKj-KvwKjv, wkl-wklv, wq-wqv, k~`-k~`v BZvw`|

k cKiY

47

2. C-cZq hvM
(K) mvaviY A_ : wbkvPi-wbkvPix, fqsKi-fqsKix, iRK-iRKx, wKkvi-wKkvix, my`i-my`ix,
PZz`k-PZz`kx, lvok-lvokx BZvw`|
(L) RvwZ ev kwYevPK : wmsn-wmsnx, evY-evYx, gvbe-gvbex, ee-eex, Kzgvi-Kzgvix,
gq~i-gq~ix BZvw`|

3. BKv-cZq hvM
(K) hme ki kl AK& iqQ mme k AK& j BKv nq| hgb : evjK-evwjKv, bvqKbvwqKv, MvqK-MvwqKv, meK-mweKv, AavcK-AavwcKv BZvw`| wKz MYK-MYKx, bZK-bZKx,
PvZK-PvZKx, iRK-iRKx (evsjvq) iRwKbx|
(L) z`v_ BKv hvM nq| hgb : bvUK-bvwUKv, gvjv-gvwjKv, MxZ-MxwZKv, cyK-cywKv
BZvw`| (Gjv x cZq bq, z`v_K cZq|)
4| Avbx-hvM Ki : B`-B`vbx, gvZzj-gvZzjvbx, AvPvh-AvPvhvbx (wKz AvPvhi Kg wbqvwRZ A_
AvPvh)| Gi~c : k~`-k~`v (k~` RvZxq xjvK), k~`vbx (k~`i x), wq-wqv/wqvbx BZvw`|
Avbx-cZq hvM Kvbv Kvbv mgq A_i cv_K NU| hgbAiY-AiYvbx (enr AiY), wngwngvbx (Rgvbv eid)|
5. Cbx, bx, hvM : gvqvex-gvqvwebx, KznK-KznwKbx, hvMx-hvwMbx, gavex-gavwebx, `ytLx`ytwLbx BZvw`|

6. wekl wbqg mvwaZ xevPK k

(K) hme cyiylevPK ki kl Zv iqQ, xevPK evSvZ mme k x nq| hgb bZvbx, KZv-Kx, kvZv-kvx, avZv-avx|
(L) cyiylevPK ki kl AZ&, evb&, gvb&, Cqvb _vKj h_vg AZx, eZx, gwZ, Cqmx nq| h_v :
mr-mZx, gnr-gnZx, Yevb-YeZx, i~cevb-i~ceZx, kxgvb-kxgwZ, eywgvb-eywgZx, MixqvbMwiqmx|
(M) Kvbv Kvbv cyiylevPK k _K wekl wbqg xevPK k MwVZ nq| hgb mgvU-mgvx,
ivRv-ivwb, hyeK-hyeZx, ki-kvwo, bi-bvix, ez-evex, `ei-Rv, wkK-wkwqx, ^vgxx, cwZ-cZx, mfvcwZ-mfvbx BZvw`|
we`wk xevPK k : Lvb-Lvbg, gi`-Rbvbv, gvjK-gvjKv, gynZvwig-gynZvwigv, myjZvbmyjZvbv|
wbZ xevPK Zrmg k : mZxb, Aavwbx, KzjUv, weaev, Am~hkv, AiYxqv, mcZx BZvw`|

48

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

`e
(K) KZjv evsjv k cyiyl I x `y-B evSvq| hgb Rb, cvwL, wk, mvb, wkwZ, iy BZvw`|
(L) KZjv k Kej cyiyl evSvq| hgbKweivR, XvKx, KZ`vi, AKZ`vi BZvw`|
(M) KZjv k ay xevPK nq| hgb mZxb, mrgv, maev BZvw`|
(N) wKQy cyiylevPK ki `ywU Ki xevPK k iqQ| h_v `ei-bb` (`eii evb)/Rv (`eii
x), fvB-evb Ges fvex (fvBqi x), wkK-wkwqx| (wkwKv) (ckv A_) Ges wkKcZx
(wkKi x), ez-evex (gq ez) Ges ezcZx (ezi x), `v`v-w`w` (eo evb) Ges ew`
(`v`vi x)|
(O) evsjv xevPK ki weklY xevPK nq bv| hgb : my`i ej`-my`i MvB, my`i Qj-my`i
gq, gR Lyov-gR Lywo BZvw`|
(P) weaq weklY A_vr wekli cieZx weklYI xevPK nq bv| hgb gqwU cvMj nq MQ
(cvMwj nq MQ ne bv)| Avmgv fq Awi (Awiv ne bv)|
(Q) Kzj-DcvwaiI xevPKZv iqQ| hgb : Nvl (cyiyl) NvlRv (Kbv A_), NvlRvqv (cZx A_)|

Abykxjbx
1| cyiylevPK I xevPK k ejZ Kx evS? D`vniYmn eywSq `vI|
2| evsjv ki ci Kx Kx cZq hvM Ki xevPK k MVb Kiv hvq?
3| evsjvq AvMZ Zrmg ki ci Kx Kx cZq hvM Ki xevPK k MVb Kiv hvq?
4| wbZ xevPK ki cuvPwU D`vniY `vI|
5| Ki : weaev x, eMgv
6| cv_K wbaviY Ki
w`w`-ew`, wkwKv-wkwqx, AvPvh-AvPvhvbx, k`v-k`vbx
7| wVK Di wVK () `vI|
(K) wbZ xevPK k gv, Kbv, Qvx, evwjKv, evb/wegvZv, weaev, ev, WvBbx;
(L) wbZ cyiylevPK kevev, `v`v, nwiY, cwZ, wk/XvKx, KweivR, KZ`vi;
(M) msZ bx cZq gvZzjvbx/Bwb cZqgvqvwebx|

wZxq cwiQ`

wiy k
wiy A_ `yevi D nqQ Ggb| evsjv fvlvq Kvbv Kvbv k, c` ev AbyKvi k, GKevi eenvi
Kij h A_ cKvk Ki, mjv `yBevi eenvi Kij Ab Kvbv mcmvwiZ A_ cKvk Ki| G
aibi ki cici `yBevi cqvMB wiy k MwVZ nq| hgb Avgvi Ri Ri jvMQ| A_vr wVK
Ri bq, Rii fve A_ GB cqvM|
wiy k bvbv iKg nZ cvi :

(K) ki wiyw
1. GKB k `yBevi eenvi Kiv nq Ges k `ywU AweeZ _vK| h_v fvjv fvjv dj, duvUv
duvUv cvwb, eo eo eB BZvw`|
2. GKB ki m mgv_K Avi GKwU k hvM Ki eeZ nq| h_v ab-`jZ, Ljvayjv, jvjb-cvjb, ejv-KIqv, LuvR-Lei BZvw`|
3. wiy kRvovi wZxq kwUi AvswkK cwieZb nq| hgb wgU-gvU, wdU-dvU, eKvSKv, Zvo-Rvo, M-m, iKg-mKg BZvw`|
4. mgv_K ev wecixZv_K k hvM| hgb jb-`b, `bv-cvIbv, UvKv-cqmv, abx-Mixe,
Avmv-hvIqv BZvw`|

(L) c`i wiyw

1. `ywU c` GKB wefw cqvM Kiv nq, k `ywU I wefw AcwiewZZ _vK| hgb Ni Ni
jLvcov nQ| `k `k ab ab KiZ jvMj| gb gb AvwgI G K_vB fewQ|
2. wZxq c`i AvswkK awbMZ cwieZb NU, wKz c`-wefw AweKZ _vK| hgb Pvi
nvZ bvZ aiv coQ| Avgvi mvb hb _vK `ya fvZ|

c`i wiywi cqvM

(K) wekl khyMji weklYi~c eenvi
1. AvwaK evSvZ

: ivwk ivwk ab, avgv avgv avb;

2. mvgvb evSvZ

: Avwg AvR Ri Ri eva KiwQ| `LQ Zvi Kwe Kwe fve|

3. ciiZv ev avivevwnKZv evSvZ : Zzwg w`b w`b ivMv nq hvQ| Zzwg evwo evwo nuU Puv`v ZzjQ|
4. wqv weklY

: axi axi hvq, wdi wdi Pvq|

5. Abyi~c wKQy evSvZ

: Zvi mx mv_x KD bB|

6. AvMn evSvZ

: I `v`v `v`v ej Kuv`Q|

50

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

(L) weklY khyMji weklY i~c eenvi

1. AvwaK evSvZ

: fvjv fvjv Avg wbq Gmv| QvU QvU Wvj KU dj|

2. ZxeZv ev mwVKZv evSvZ : Mig Mig wRjvwc, big big nvZ;

3. mvgvbZv evSvZ

: Do Do fve; Kvjv Kvjv Pnviv;

(M) mebvg k
eePb ev AvwaK evSvZ

: m m jvK Mj Kv_vq? K K Gjv? KD KD ej|

(N) wqvevPK k
1. weklY i~c

: Gw`K ivwMi Zv hvq hvq Aev| Zvgvi bB bB fve Mj bv|

2. ^Kvj vqx evSvZ

: `LZ `LZ AvKvk Kvjv nq Gjv|

3. wqv weklY

: `L `L hI| Nywgq Nywgq bj Kxfve?

4. cbtcywbKZv evSvZ

: WK WK nqivb nqwQ|

(O) Aeqi wiyw

1. fvei MfxiZv evSvZ

: Zvi `ytL `L mevB nvq nvq KiZ jvMj| wQ wQ, Zzwg Kx KiQ?

2. cbtcywbKZv evSvZ

: evi evi m Kvgvb MR DVj|

3. AbyfwZ ev fve evSvZ

: fq Mv Qg Qg KiQ| duvovUv Ub Ub KiQ|

4. weklY evSvZ

: wcjmyR evwZ Rj wgwUi wgwUi|

5. awbebv

: wSi wSi Ki evZvm eBQ| ew co Uvcyi Uzcyi|

hyMixwZZ wiy ki MVb

GKB k Clr cwieZb Ki wiy k MVbi ixwZK ej hyMixwZ| hyMixwZZ wiy MVbi
KqKwU wbqg iqQ| hgb1. ki Avw` ^ii cwieZb Ki

: PycPvc, wgUgvU, RvwiRywi|

2. ki A^ii cwieZb Ki

: gvivgvwi, nvZvnvwZ, mivmwi, R`vRw`|

3. wZxqevi eenvii mgq ebawbi cwieZb : QUdU, wbkwck, fvZUvZ|

4. mgv_K ev GKv_K mnPi k hvM

: PvjPjb, ixwZbxwZ, ebRj, fqWi|

5. wfbv_K k hvM

: WvjfvZ, ZvjvPvwe, c_NvU, AwjMwj|

6. wecixZv_K k hvM

: QvU-eo, Avmv-hvIqv, Rb-gZz, Av`vb-c`vb|

wiyw k

51

c`vZK wiyw
wefwhy c`i `yBevi eenviK c`vZK wiyw ejv nq| Gjv `yB iKg MwVZ nq| hgb1. GKB c`i AweKZ Aevq `yBevi eenvi| h_v fq fq GwMq Mjvg| nvU nvU wewKq
Zvi fiv AvcY|
2. hyMixwZZ MwVZ wi c`i eenvi| h_v nvZ bvZ, AvKvk-evZvm, Kvco-Pvco, `jej BZvw`|
wewkv_K evMavivq wiy ki cqvM
QjwUK PvL PvL iLv| (mZKZv)
dzjjv ZzB Avbi evQv evQv| (fvei cMvpZv)
_K _K wkwU Kuv`Q| (Kvji we vi)
jvKUv nvo nvo kqZvb| (AvwaK)
LuvPvi duvK duvK, cik gyL gyL, bxie PvL PvL hvq|

abvZK wiyw
Kvbv wKQyi ^vfvweK ev KvwbK AbyKwZwewk ki i~cK abvZK k ej| G RvZxq
abvZK ki `yBevi cqvMi bvg abvZK wiyw| abvZK wiyw viv eZ, AvwaK BZvw`
evSvq| abvZK wi k KqKwU Dcvq MwVZ nq| hgb1. gvbyli awbi AbyKvi

fD fD gvbyli DP^i Kvbvi awb| Gi~c Uv Uv, wn

wn BZvw`|

2. RxeRzi awbi AbyKvi :

ND ND (KzKzii awb)| Gi~c-wgD wgD (weovji WvK), Kz

Kz (KvwKji WvK), Kv Kv (KvKi WvK) BZvw`|

3. ei awbi AbyKvi

NPvNP (avb KvUvi k)| Gi~c-gogo (MvQ fO covi k)

SgSg (ew covi k), (evZvm cevni k) BZvw`|

4. AbyfwZRvZ KvwbK
awbi AbyKvi

wSwKwgwK (Jj)| Gi~c Vv Vv (iv`i ZxeZv), KzU KzU

(kixi Kvgo jvMvi gZv AbyfwZ)| Abyi~cfve- wgb wgb, wcU
wcU, wS wS BZvw`|

abvZK wiyw MVb

1. GKB (abvZK) ki AweKZ cqvM : ae ae, Sb Sb, cU cU|
2. c_g kwUi kl Av hvM Ki

: McvMc, UcvUc, cUvcU|

3. wZxq kwUi kl B hvM Ki

: aivawi, SgSwg, SbSwb|

52

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

4. hyMixwZZ MwVZ abvZK k

: wKwPi wgwPi (cvwL ev evbii k), Uvcyi Uzcyi

(ew cZbi k), nvcym cym (MvMvm wKQy LvIqvi k)|

5. Avwb-cZq hvMI wekl wiy MwVZ nq : cvwLUvi QUdUvwb `Lj K nq| Zvgvi eKeKvwb
Avi fvjv jvM bv|

wewfb c`i~c abvZK wiy ki eenvi

1. wekl

: ewi SgSgvwb Avgv`i Awi Ki Zvj|

2. weklY

: bvwgj bf ev`j QjQj e`bvq|

3. wqv

: KjKwjq DVj m_vq bvixi cwZev`|

4. wqv weklY : wPKwPK Ki evwj Kv_v bvwn Kv`v|

Abykxjbx
1| wiyw ejZ Kx evSvq? evsjv fvlvq wiywi cqvRbxqZv Kx?
2| evsjv fvlvq Kx Kx Dcvq wiyw mvwaZ nq?
3| wiyw mvabi wZbwU Dcvq D`vniYmn jL|
4| cuvPwU Ki D`vniY `vI
(K) wecixZv_K hyMixwZ
(L) mnPi hyMixwZ
(M) abvZK hyMixwZ
5| A_ jL I evK cqvM `LvI
Kvb Kvb, ab Rb, AvKvi cKvi, `k we`k, ivZ w`b, Zj eb, Ni msmvi, avb
aviYv, Pjb ejb|
6| mwVK DiwU wjL `vI
K. AbyfwZRvZ abvZK wiyw

: SgSg/wSgwSg

L. AbyKvi Aeqi wiyw

: nq bv/nq

M. wekl wiyw

: fvjvq fvjvq/DuPvq wbPvq

N. wqvq wiyw

: hvq hvq/nuvwU nuvwU

O. wqv weklYi wiyw

: axi axi/Doy Doy

ZZxq cwiQ`

msLvevPK k
msLvevPK k
msLv gvb MYbv ev MYbv viv j aviYv| msLv MYbvi gj GKK GK| KvRB msLvevPK k
GK, GKvwaK, c_g, cv_wgK BZvw`i aviYv KiZ cvwi| hgb : GK UvKv, `k UvKv| GK UvKvK
GK GK Ki `k evi wbj nq `k UvKv|
msLvevPK k Pvi cKvi
1. AevPK,

2. cwigvY ev MYbvevPK,

3. g ev ciYevPK I

4. ZvwiLevPK|

1. AevPK msLv
wZb UvKv ejZ GK UvKvi wZbwU GKK ev GKKi mgw evSvq| Avgv`i GKK njv GK|
myZivs GK + GK + GK = wZb|
Gfve Avgiv GK _K GKk ch MYbv KiZ cvwi| GK _K GKk ch Gfve MYbvi cwZK
ejv nq `k Yvi cwZ|
GK _K `k ch Avgiv Gfve wjL _vwK : GK (1), `yB (2), wZb (3), Pvi (4), cuvP (5), Qq (6),
mvZ (7), AvU (8), bq (9), `k (10)| GLvb hme mvsKwZK wP eeZ nqQ, mjvK ej
A| GK _K bq ch A wjwLZ| `k wjLZ GK wjL Zvi Wvb GKwU kb (10) w`Z nq|
GB kbi A_ evg w`K wjwLZ cY msLvwUi `kY| GwUB `k Yvi cYvjxi wbqg| G aibi
cwZwU `k K GKK ai Avgiv wek ev Kzwo (20), wk (30), Pwjk (40), cvk (50), lvU (60),
mi (70), Avwk (80), beB (90) ch MYbv Kwi| Zvicii `kKi GKKK ejv nq GKk (100)|
Gfve Avgiv `ki Yb I GKKi msKjb Ki wewfb msLv wjL _vwK| hgb : GK `k + GK =
GMvi (10+1=11), GK `k Pvi = P (10+4=14) BZvw`| Gfve `kKi Ni `yB (2) nj ewj
`yB `k = wek (10+10=20) Ges `yB `k GK = GKzk (10+10+1=21)| Gi~c - wZb `k + GK =
GKwk, Pvi `k + GK = GKPwjk BZvw`|
2. cwigvY ev MYbv evPK msLv
GKvwaKevi GKB GKK MYbv Kij h mgw cvIqv hvq, Zv-B cwigvY ev MYbvevPK msLv| hgb
mvn ejZ Avgiv mvZ w`bi mgw eywSq _vwK| m (mvZ) An (w`bY) = mvn| GLvb w`b
GKwU GKK| Gi~cmvZwU w`b ev mvZwU GKK wgj nqQ mvn|
c~YmsLvi YevPK msLv : GKY = GK| hgb GK GK (A_vr 11=1), GiKg-`yq `yB,
mvZ mvZ BZvw`| `yB Y= wY ev `yY| hgb `yB `y Y Pvi (22=4)|

54

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

Abyi~cfve, cuvP `y Y `k (52=10), mvZ `y Y P (72=14)| wZb Y = wZwi| hgb

wZb wZwi bq (33=9)|
Pvi Y = Pvi ev PKv| hgb wZb Pvi ev PKv evi (34=12)
cuvP Y = cuvPv| hgb cuvP cuvPv cuwPk (55=25)|
Qq Y = Qq| hgb wZb Qq AvVvi (36=18)|
mvZ Y = mvZv| hgb wZb mvZv GKzk (37=21)
AvU Y = AvUv| hgb wZb AvUv (ev Z AvUv) Pwek (38=24)|
bq Y = bs ev bq| hgb wZb bs (ev wZb bq) mvZvk (39=27)|
`k Y = `ks ev `k| hgb wZb `ks (ev wZb `k) wk (310=30)|
wek Y = weks ev wek| hgb wZb weks (ev wZb wek) lvU (320=60)|
wk Y = wks ev wk| hgb wZb wks (ev wZb wk) beB (330=90)|
Gi~c Pwjk, cvk, lvU, mi, Avwk, beB, ev k-Gi ciYevPK msLv MYbv Kiv nq|

cYmsLvi bbZv ev AvwaK evPK msLv k

(K) b~b
( 1
4 ) = P_v, wmwK ev cvqv|

wZb fvMi

( 1
3 ) = ZnvB|

`yB fvMi

( 1
2 ) = Aa ev Avav|

AvU fvMi

( 1
8 ) = AvU fvMi GK ev GK Agvsk|
1
1
Zgwb GK cgvsk (
5 ), GK `kgvsk ( 10 ) BZvw`| G mei AviI fvOwZ nj, hgb Pvi fvMi
3 ) = wZb Agvsk BZvw`| GK GKKi ( 3 ) K
wZb ( 3
8
4
4 ) = wZb PZz_vsk| AvU fvMi wZb (
3 ) BZvw`|
cieZx msLvi cb ejv nq| hgb cb wZb = (2 3
),
cb
Qq
=
(5
4
4
GK GKKi

Pvi fvMi

GK

fvM

1
3|
cb A_ cvqv Ask ev GK PZz_vsk ( 1
4 ) Kg| A_vr cb = (1- 4 ) =
4
1
mIqv = 1
4 (mIqv ev mvqv GK)
`o = 1 1 = 1 Kg 2|
2
2
1

AvovB = 2 2 = 1
2 Kg 3|
1 = mvo Pvi BZvw`|
Gjv Qvov Aahy _vKj me mvo ejv nq| hgb 3 1
2 = mvo wZb, 4
2
3. gevPK msLv : GKB mvwi, `j ev kwYZ AewZ Kvbv ew ev e zi msLvi g ev chvq
evSvZ g ev ciYevPK msLv eeZ nq| hgb wZxq jvKwUK WvK| GLvb MYbvq GKRbi
cii jvKwUK evSvbv nqQ| wZxq jvKwUi AvMi jvKwUK ejv nq c_g Ges c_g jvKwUi
cii jvKwUK ejv nq wZxq| Gi~c ZZxq, PZz_ BZvw`|

msLvevPK k

55

4. ZvwiLevPK k : evsjv gvmi ZvwiL evSvZ h msLvevPK k eeZ nq, ZvK ZvwiLevPK k
ej|
hgb-cqjv ekvL, evBk kveY BZvw`| ZvwiLevPK ki c_g PviwU A_vr 1 _K 4 ch wnw`
wbqg mvwaZ nq| evwK k evsjvi wbR^ fwZ MwVZ|
wbP evsjv AevPK, MYbvevPK, c~iYevPK I ZvwiLevPK msLvjv `Iqv njv
A ev msLv
MYbvevPK
c~iYevPK
ZvwiLevPK
1
GK
c_g
cnjv
2
`yB
wZxq
`vmiv
3
wZb
ZZxq
Zmiv
4
Pvi
PZz_
PVv
5
cuvP
cg
cuvPB
6
Qq
l
QDB
7
mvZ
mg
mvZB
8
AvU
Ag
AvUB
9
bq
beg
bDB
10
`k
`kg
`kB
11
GMvi
GKv`k
GMviB
12
evi
v`k
eviB
13
Zi
qv`k
ZiB
14
P
PZz`k
PB
15
cbi
c`k
cbiB
19
Dwbk
Ebwesk
Dwbk
20
wek/Kzwo
wesk
wek
21

GKzk

GKwesk

GKzk

Abykxjbx
1. AevPK I gevPK ki ga cv_K Kx? D`vniYmn eywSq `vI|
2. 1 _K 20 ch msLvi AevPK, MYbvevPK, c~iYevPK I ZvwiLevPK i~c `LvI|
3. wbPi kjvK msLv k `LvI
P_v, beg, qv`k, lvok, AvovB, cb Pvi, mIqv wZb, GKwesk, Ebwesk

PZz_ cwiQ`

ePb
ePb evKiYi GKwU cvwifvwlK k| Gi A_ msLvi aviYv| evKiY wekl ev mebvgi msLvMZ
aviYv cKvki DcvqK ej ePb| evsjv fvlvq ePb `yB cKvi : GKePb I e ePb|
GKePb : h k viv Kvbv cvYx, e ev ewi GKwUgv msLvi aviYv nq, ZvK GKePb ej|
hgb m Gjv| gqwU zj hvq wb|
e ePb : h k viv Kvbv cvYx, e ev ewi GKi AwaK A_vr e msLvi aviYv nq, ZvK e
ePb ej| hgb : Zviv Mj| gqiv GLbI Avmwb|
Kejgv wekl I mebvg ki ePbf` nq| Kvbv Kvbv mgq Uv, wU, Lvbv, Lvwb BZvw` hvM
Ki wekli GKePb wb`k Kiv nq| hgb - MiyUv, evQziUv, KjgUv, LvZvLvbv, eBLvwb BZvw`|
evsjvq e ePb cKvki Rb iv, Giv, jv, wj, jv, w`M, `i cfwZ wefw hy nq Ges me,
mKj, mgy`q, Kj, e`, eM, wbPq, ivwR, ivwk, cvj, `vg, wbKi, gvjv, Avewj cfwZ mgwevaK
k eeZ nq| mgwevaK kjvi ewkifvMB Zrmg ev msZ fvlv _K AvMZ|
cvwYevPK I AcvwYevPK Ges BZi cvwYevPK I DbZ cvwYevPK kf` wewfb aibi e ePbevaK
cZq I mgwevaK k hy nq| hgb(K) iv-Kej DbZ cvwYevPK ki m iv wefwi eenvi cvIqv hvq| hgb- Qviv Ljv `LZ
MQ| Zviv mKjB jLvcov Ki| wkKiv vb `vb Kib|
h aibi k iv hy, m aibi ki kl Kvbv Kvbv mgq Giv eeZ nq| hgb gqiv wSqiv GK nqQ| mgq mgq KweZv ev Abvb cqvRb AcvYx I BZi cvwYevPK kI
iv, Giv hy nq| hgb cvwLiv AvKvk Do `wLqv wnsmvq wccxwjKviv weavZvi KvQ cvLv Pvq|
KvKiv GK weivU mfv Kij|
(L) jv, wj, jv cvwYevPK I AcvwYevPK ki e ePb hy nq| hgb AZjv Kzgov w`q Kx
ne? Avgjv UK| UvKvjv w`q `vI| gq~ijv cyQ bvwoq bvPQ|

(K) DbZ cvwYevPK gbyl ki e ePb eeZ k

MY

`eMY, biMY, RbMY BZvw`|

e`

myaxe`, fe`, wkKe` BZvw`|

gjx

wkKgjx, mv`Kgjx BZvw`|

eM

cwZeM, gweM BZvw`|

ePb

57

(L) cvwYevPK I AcvwYevPK k e ePb eeZ k

Kyj

KweKzj, cwKzj, gvZKzj, eKzj BZvw`|

mKj

ceZmKj, gbylmKj BZvw`|

me

fvBme, cvwLme BZvw`|

mg~n

emg~n, gbylmg~n BZvw`|

(M) AcvwYevPK k eeZ e ePbevaK k

Avewj, Q, `vg, wbKi, cy, gvjv, ivwR, ivwk| hgb-MvMvi iwZ cyKvewj, KweZvQ,
Kzmyg`vg, KgjwbKi, gNKz, ceZgvjv, ZviKvivwR, evwjivwk, KzmygwbPq BZvw`|
`e : cvj I h~_ k `ywU Kej Ryi e ePb eeZ nq| hgb - ivLvj Miyi cvj jq hvq gvV|
nwh~_ gvVi dmj b KiQ|

e ePbi cqvM ewk

(K) wekl ki GK ePbi eenviI AbK mgq e ePb evSvbv nq| hgb - wmsn eb _vK
(GK ePb I e ePb `y-B evSvq)| cvKvi AvgY dmj b nq (e ePb)| evRvi jvK
RgQ (e ePb)| evMvb dzj dzUQ (e ePb)|
(L)

GKePbvZK wekli AvM ARm, AbK, wei, e, bvbv, Xi BZvw` eZevaK k

weklY wnme cqvM KiI e ePb evSvbv nq| hgb- ARm jvK, AbK Qv, wei
UvKv, e gngvb, bvbv K_v, Xi LiP, AXj UvKv cqmv BZvw`|

(M)

AbK mgq wekl I weklY c`i wZ cqvMI e ePb mvwaZ nq| hgb nuvwo nuvwo
m`k| Kuvwo Kuvwo UvKv| eo eo gvV| jvj jvj dzj|

(N) wekl wbqg mvwaZ e ePb|

e evPK mebvg I wekl gqiv KvbvKvwb KiQ| GUvB Kwig`i evwo| iex`bv_iv
cwZw`b Rbvq bv| mKj me Rvb bv|
(O) KwZcq we`wk k, m fvlvi AbymiY e ePb nq| hgb - Avb hvM : eRyM-eRyMvb,
mvne-mvnevb|
wekl `e : Ici ewYZ e ePbevaK cZq I mgwevaK ki AwaKvskB Zrmg A_vr msZ Ges
m KviY AwaKvskB mvay ixwZ I msZ k chvR| LuvwU evsjv ki e ePb Ges PwjZ ixwZZ iv,
Giv, jv, jv, `i - Gme cZq Ges AbK, e, me - Gme ki eenviB ej cPwjZ|
GKBm `yBevi e ePbevPK cZq ev k eeZ nq bv| hgb - me gvbylB A_ev gvbyl A_ev
gvbyliv giYkxj ()| mKj gvbylivB giYkxj (fzj)|

58

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

Abykxjbx
1| ePb KvK ej? evsjv fvlvq ePb Kq cKvi I Kx Kx?
2| evsjv fvlvq e ePb cKvki Dcvq Kx Kx? `kwU e ePbevaK ki D`vniY w`q Zvgvi
ee cwivi Ki|
3| cvwYevPK, AcvwYevPK I DbZ cvwYevPK k hme e ePbvcK k I cZq eeZ nq, Zvi
wZbwU Ki D`vniY `vI|
4| wekl wbqg e ePb MVbi KqKwU wbqgi DjL Ki|
5| fzj _vKj Ki|
Avgv`i zji mKj QvivB AvR mfvq DcwZ| me MiyMYiv gvV Pi eovQ|
cwZwU Mvg Mvg G Lei w`q `vI| fvBMY, Avcwb gbvhvM w`q byb|
6| K. Wvb w`K _K h_vhvM kwU Gb euv w`Ki wkivbvgi Wvb emvI|
GK ePb - Qv, gv, Zvgiv,cvwLjv, Miy, `k
e ePb - jvKiv, Zv`i, abx, Mwie, eovj|
L. Wvb w`K _K e ePbevaK k / kvsk wbq euv w`Ki k hvM Ki
Kzgyg, dj, fvB, `vKvb, mvay
jv, iv, Giv
Kjg, mvi, gv_v, Kvco, eB|

cg cwiQ`

c`vwkZ wb`kK
KqKwU Aeq ev cZq Kvbv bv Kvbv c`i Avkq ev ci mshy nq wbw`Zv vcb Ki,
GMyjvK c`vwkZ Aeq ev c`vwkZ wb`kK ej| evsjvq wbw`Zv vcK cZq BsiwR Definite
Article 'The'-Gi vbxq| ePbf` c`vwkZ wb`kKiI wewfbZv chy nq|
(K) GK ePb - Uv, wU, Lvbv, Lvwb, MvQv, MvwQ BZvw` wb`kK eeZ nq| hgb - UvKvUv, evwoUv,
KvcoLvbv, eBLvwb, jvwVMvQv, PzwoMvwQ BZvw`|
(L) e ePb - wj, jv, jv, wjb cfwZ wb`kK cZq mshy nq| hgb - gvbylwj,
jvKjv, Avgjv, cUjwjb BZvw`|

c`vwkZ wb`kKi eenvi

1.

(K) GK ki m Uv, wU, hy nj Awbw`Zv evSvq| hgb- GKwU `k, m hgbB nvK
`LZ| wKy Ab msLvevPK ki mv_ Uv, wU hy nj wbw`Zv evSvq| hgb- wZbwU
UvKv, `kwU eQi|

(L) wbi_KfveI wb`kK Uv, wU-i eenvi jYxq| hgb-mvivwU mKvj Zvgvi Avkvq em AvwQ|
bvKvwgUv GLb ivL|
(M) wb`kK mebvgi ci Uv, wU hy nj Zv mywbw` nq hvq| hgb - IwU hb Kvi Zwi? GUv
bq IUv Avb| mBUB wQj Avgvi wcq Kjg|
2. MvUv ePbevPK kwUi AvM em Ges Lvbv, Lvwb ci em| Gjv wb`kK I Awb`kK `yB A_B
chvR| MvUv k AvM em Ges mswk c`wU wbw`Zv bv eywSq Awbw`Zv evSvq| hgbMvUv `kB QviLvi nq MQ| MvUv`yB Kgjvjey AvQ (Awbw`)| `yLvbv K^j PqwQjvg
(wbw`)| MvUvmvZK Avg Gbv| GKLvbv eB wKb wbI (Awbw`)|
wKy KweZvq wekl A_ Lvwb wbw`v_ eeZ nq| h_vAvwg AfvMv GbwQ ewnqv bqb Rj e_
mvabLvwb|
3.

UvK, UzK, UzKz, Uv BZvw` c`vwkZ wb`kK wbw`Zv I Awbw`Zv Dfq A_B eeZ nq|
hgb - cvqvUvK `ya `vI (Awbw`Zv)| meUzKz IlyaB Lq djv (wbw`Zv)|

4.

wekl A_, wbw`Zv vcb KqKwU k : KZv, Zv, cvwU BZvw`| hgbKZv : G wZbKZv Rwgi `vg `k nvRvi UvKv gv| `k UvKvi cuvPKZv bvU|
Zv : `k Zv KvMR `vI|
cvwU : Avgvi GKcvwU RyZv wQuo MQ|

60

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

Abykxjbx
1| c`vwkZ wb`kK KvK ej? ePbf` c`vwkZ wb`kK`i Kx i~cf` nq?
2| wU, Uv, Lvbv, Lvwb - G PviwU c`vwkZ wb`kKi cqvM `wLq evK iPbv Ki|
3| k~bvb c~iY Ki
.......... cuvPK,
......... wU,
gyL ........,
`ya ........
4| Ki
`yLvwb bq PviLvwb bq, GKMvUv Qj Avgvi| gyL wKZv UzKUzK jvj| `kLvwbi bvgUzKzb Kx?
`kMvUv eRQ|
5| fzj _vKj Ki jL
(K)

Uv, wU, Lvbv, Lvwb

e ePb eeZ nq|

(L)

iv, Giv, wj, jv

GK ePb eeZ nq|

(M)

UzKz, UzKzb

^Zv evSvZ eeZ nq|

(N)

KZv, Zv, cvwU

ki AvM em|

l cwiQ`

mgvm
mgvm gvb msc, wgjb, GKvwaK c`i GKc`xKiY| A_m^ AvQ Ggb GKvwaK ki GK
m hy nq GKwU eo k MVbi cwqvK mgvm ej| hgb : `ki mev = `kmev, eB I
cyK = eBcyK, bB civqv hvi = ecivqv| evK ki eenvi msc Kivi Dk mgvmi
mw| mgvm viv `yB ev ZZvwaK ki mg^q bZzb A_evaK c` mw nq| GwU k Zwi I
cqvMi GKwU wekl ixwZ| mgvmi ixwZ msZ _K evsjvq GmQ| Ze LuvwU evsjv mgvmi
`vI cPzi cvIqv hvq| mjvZ msZi wbqg LvU bv|
mgvmi cwqvq mgvme ev mgvmwbb c`wUi bvg mg c`|
mg c` ev mgvme c`wUi AMZ c`jvK mgmgvb c` ej|
mgvmhy c`i c_g Ask (k)-K ejv nq c~ec` Ges cieZx Ask (k)-K ejv nq Dic` ev
cic`|
mg c`K fO h evKvsk Kiv nq, Zvi bvg mgvmevK, evmevK ev weMnevK| D`vniY-wejvZdiZ ivRKzgvi wmsnvmb emjb| GLvb wejvZ-diZ, ivRKzgvi I wmsnvmb - G wZbwUB
mgvme c`| Gjvi MVb cwqv I iKg - wejvZ nZ diZ, ivRvi Kzgvi wmsn wPwZ Avmb Gjv nQ evmevK| Gme evmevK wejvZ, diZi, ivRv, Kzgvi, wmsn, Avmb nQ GK
GKwU mgmgvb c`| Avi wejvZ-diZ, ivRKzgvi Ges wmsnvmb mg c`| wejvZ, ivRv I wmsn
nQ c~ec` Ges diZ, Kzgvi I Avmb nQ cic`|
mgvm cavbZ Qq cKvi : , Kgaviq, Zrcyiyl, eexwn, w I Aeqxfve mgvm|
[ w mvgmK AbK evKiYwe` Kgaviq mgvmi Afy KiQb| Avevi KD KD KgaviqKI
Zrcyiyl mgvmi Afy ej gb KiQb| Gw`K _K mgvm g~jZ PviwU : , Zrcyiyl, eexwn,
Aeqxfve| wKy mvaviYfve QqwU mgvmiB AvjvPbv Kiv Mj| GQvov, cvw`, wbZ, AjyK BZvw`
KqKwU Acavb mgvm iqQ| msc mjviI AvjvPbv Kiv nqQ|]

1. mgvm
h mgvm cZKwU mgmgvb c`i A_i cvavb _vK, ZvK mgvm ej| hgb - Zvj I Zgvj
= Zvj-Zgvj, `vqvZ I Kjg = `vqvZ-Kjg| GLvb Zvj I Zgvj Ges `vqvZ I Kjg cwZwU
c`iB A_i cvavb mg c` iwZ nqQ|

62

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

mgvm c~ec` I cic`i m^ evSvbvi Rb evmevK Ges , I, Avi - G wZbwU Aeq c`

eeZ nq| hgb - gvZv I wcZv = gvZvwcZv|
mgvm KqK cKvi mvwaZ nq|
1. wgjbv_K khvM

gv-evc, gvwm-wcwm, wRb-cwi, Pv-wezU BZvw`|

2. weivav_K khvM

`v-Kzgov, Awn-bKzj, ^M-biK BZvw`|

3. wecixZv_K khvM

Avq-eq, Rgv-LPi, QvU-eo, Qj-eyov, jvf-jvKmvb

BZvw`|

4. AevPK khvM

nvZ-cv, bvK-Kvb, eyK-wcV, gv_v-gyy, bvK-gyL BZvw`|

5. msLvevPK khvM

mvZ-cuvP, bq-Qq, mvZ-mZi, Dwbk-wek BZvw`|

6. mgv_K khvM

nvU-evRvi, Ni-`yqvi, Kj-KviLvbv, gvjv-gjwf, LvZvc BZvw`|

7. cvq mgv_K I mnPi

khvM

Kvco-Pvco, cvKv-gvKo, `qv-gvqv, a~wZ-Pv`i BZvw`|

8. `ywU mebvghvM

hv-Zv, h-m, h_v-Z_v, Zzwg-Avwg, GLvb-mLvb BZvw`|

9. `ywU wqvhvM

`Lv-kvbv, hvIqv-Avmv, Pjv-div, `Iqv-_vIqv BZvw`|

10. `ywU wqv weklYhvM :

axi-my, AvM-cvQ, AvKvi-BwZ BZvw`|

11. `ywU weklYhvM

fvjv-g`, Kg-ewk, Avmj-bKj, evwK-eKqv BZvw`|

AjyK : h mgvm Kvbv mgmgvb c`i wefw jvc nq bv, ZvK AjyK ej| hgb `ya-fvZ, Rj-j, `k-we`k, nvZ-Kjg|
*

wZb ev e c` mgvm nj ZvK ec`x mgvm ej| hgb : mvne-wewe-Mvjvg, nvZcv-bvK-gyL-PvL BZvw`|

2. Kgaviq mgvm
hLvb weklY ev weklYfvevcb c`i mv_ wekl ev weklfvevcb c`i mgvm nq Ges cic`i
A_B cavb i~c cZxqgvb nq, ZvK Kgaviq mgvm ej| hgb - bxj h c = bxjc| kv A_P
wk = kvwk| KuvPv A_P wgVv = KuvPvwgVv|
Kgaviq mgvm KqK cKvi mvwaZ nq|
1. `ywU weklY c` GKwU weklK evSvj| hgb - h PvjvK mB PZzi = PvjvK-PZzi|
2. `ywU wekl c` GKB ew ev eK evSvj| hgb - whwb RR wZwbB mvne = RR mvne|

mgvm

63

3. Kvh ciiv evSvZ `ywU KZ weklY c`I Kgaviq mgvm nq| hgb AvM avqv
ci gvQv= avqvgvQv|
4. c~ec` xevPK weklY _vKj Kgaviq mgvm mwU cyiyl evPK nq| hgb - my`ix h
jZv = my`ijZv, gnZx h KxwZ = gnvKxwZ|
5. weklYevPK gnvb ev gnr k c~ec` nj, gnr I gnvb vb gnv nq| hgb - gnr
h vb= gnvvb, gnvb h bwe = gnvKxwZ|
6. c~ec` Kz weklY _vKj Ges cic`i c_g ^iawb _vKj Kz vb Kr nq| hgb
- Kz h A_ = K`_, Kz h AvPvi = K`vPvi|
7. cic` ivRv k _vKj Kgaviq mgvm ivR nq| hgb - gnvb h ivRv = gnvivR|
8. weklY I wekl c` Kgaviq mgvm nj KLbv KLbv weklY ci Avm, wekl AvM
hvq| hgb -wm h Avjy = Avjywm, Aag h bi = bivag|
Kgaviq mgvmi cKvif`
Kgaviq mgvm KqK cKvi - gac`jvcx, Dcgvb, DcwgZ I i~cK Kgaviq mgvm|
1. gac`jvcx Kgaviq : h Kgaviq mgvm evmevKi gac`i jvc nq, ZvK gac`jvcx
Kgaviq mgvm ej| h_v- wmsn wPwZ Avmb = wmsnvmb, mvwnZ welqK mfv= mvwnZmfv, wZ
iv_ ma= wZma|
2. Dcgvb Kgaviq : Dcgvb A_ Zzjbxq ez| cZ Kvbv ezi mv_ civ Kvbv ezi Zzjbv Kij
cZ ezwUK ejv nq Dcgq, Avi hvi m Zzjbv Kiv nqQ ZvK ejv nq Dcgvb| Dcgvb I
Dcgqi GKwU mvaviY ag _vKe| hgb - gii bvq K Kk = giKKk| GLvb gi Dcgvb
Ges Kk Dcgq| KZ njv mvaviY ag| mvaviY agevPK c`i mv_ DcgvbevPK c`i h mgvm nq,
ZvK Dcgvb Kgaviq mgvm ej| h_v - Zzlvii bvq = Zzlvi, AiyYi bvq ivOv = AiyYivOv|
3. DcwgZ Kgaviq : mvaviY Yi DjL bv Ki Dcgq c`i mv_ Dcgvbi h mgvm nq, ZvK
DcwgZ Kgaviq mgvm ej (G mvaviY YwUK Abygvb Ki bIqv nq) G mgvm Dcgq c`wU
c~e em| hgb - gyL P`i bvq = P`gyL| cyiyl wmsni bvq = wmsncyiyl|
4. i~cK Kgaviq : Dcgvb I Dcgqi ga AwfbZv Kbv Kiv nj i~cK Kgaviq mgvm nq| G mgvm
Dcgq c` c~e em Ges Dcgvb c` ci em Ges mgmgvb c` i~c A_ev B hvM Ki evmevK MVb
Kiv nq| hgb- va i~c Abj =vavbj, welv` i~c wmz = welv`wmz, gb i~c gvwS= gbgvwS|
AviI KqK aibi Kgaviq mgvm iqQ| KLbv KLbv mebvg, msLvevPK k Ges DcmM AvM
em cic`i mv_ Kgaviq mgvm MVb KiZ cvi| hgb - Aeq : KzKg, h_vhvM| mebvg :
mKvj, GKvj| msLvevPK k : GKRb, `vZjv| DcmM : weKvj, mKvj, we`k, emyi |

64

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

3. Zrcyiyl mgvm
c~ec`i wefwi jvc h mgvm nq Ges h mgvm cic`i A_ cavbfve evSvq ZvK Zrcyiyl mgvm
ej|
Zrcyiyl mgvmi c~ec` wZxqv _K mgx ch h Kvbv wefw _vKZ cvi; Avi c~ec`i wefw
Abymvi G`i bvgKiY nq| hgb - wec`K Avcb= wec`vcb| GLvb wZxqv wefw K jvc
cqQ ej Gi bvg wZxqv Zrcyiyl|
Zrcyiyl mgvm bq cKvi : wZxqv, ZZxqv, PZz_x, cgx, hx, mgx, bT, Dcc` I AjyK Zrcyiyl mgvm|
1.

wZxqv Zrcyiyl mgvm : c~ec`i wZxqv wefw (K, i) BZvw` jvc nq h mgvm nq, ZvK
wZxqv Zrcyiyl mgvm ej| h_v : `ytLK cv = `ytLcv, wec`K Avcb = wec`vcb, cijvK
MZ = cijvKMZ |
evw A_I wZxqv Zrcyiyl mgvm nq| hgb : wPiKvj evwcqv myLx = wPimyLx| GiKg : Mv-XvKv,
i_`Lv, exRevbv, fvZiuvav, Qj-fzjvbv (Qov), bfj-cov BZvw`|

2. ZZxqv Zrcyiyl mgvm : c~ec` ZZxqv wefwi (viv, w`qv, KZK BZvw`) jvc h mgvm nq, ZvK
ZZxqv Zrcyiyl mgvm ej| h_v : gb w`q Mov = gbMov, kg viv j = kgj, gay w`q
gvLv= gaygvLv, ab AvX = abvX|
Eb, nxb, k~b cfwZ k Dic` njI ZZxqv Zrcyiyl mgvm nq| h_v : GK viv Eb = GKvb,
we`v viv nxb = we`vnxb, vb viv ev vb k~b = vbk~b, cvuP viv Kg = cvuP Kg (GK k)|
K. DcKiYevPK wekl c` c~ec` emjI ZZxqv Zrcyiyl mgvm nq| h_v : ^Y viv gwZ =
^YgwZ| Gi~c-nxiKLwPZ, P`bPwPZ, iZkvwfZ BZvw`|
L.

cec`i ZZxqv wefw viv, w`qv, KZK BZvw` jvc bv nj AjyK ZZxqv Zrcyiyl mgvm nq|
hgb - Zj fvRv = ZjfvRv, Kj QvuUv = KjQvuUv| Gi~c- ZvuZevbv, gvqL`vbv,
cvKvqKvUv (Kvco), nvZKvUv (myZv) BZvw`|

3. PZz_x Zrcyyiyl mgvm : c~ec` PZz_x wefw (K, Rb, wbwg BZvw`) jvc h mgvm nq, ZvK
PZz_x Zrcyiyl mgvm ej | h_v- iyK fw = iyfw, Avivgi Rb K`viv= AvivgK`viv,
emZi wbwg evwo= emZevwo, weqi Rb cvMjv = weqcvMjv BZvw`| Gi~c-Qvvevm,
WvKgvj, PvlKvMR, wkgj, gymvwdiLvbv, nRhvv, gvj`vg, ivbvNi, gvcKvwV, gqzj,
evwjKv-we`vjq, cvMjvMvi` BZvw`|
4. cgx Zrcyiyl mgvm : c~ec` cgx wefw (nZ, _K BZvw`) jvc h Zrcyiyl mgvm nq,
ZvK cgx Zrcyiyl mgvm ej| h_v - LuvPv _K Qvov = LuvPvQvov, wejvZ _K diZ =
wejvZdiZ BZvw`|

mgvm

65

mvaviYZ PyZ, AvMZ, fxZ, MnxZ, weiZ, gy, DxY, cvjvbv, BZvw` cic`i m hy
nj cgx Zrcyiyl mgvm nq| hgb : zj _K cvjvbv = zjcvjvbv, Rj _K gy =
Rjgy BZvw`| G iKg RjLvjvm, euvUvLmv, AvMvMvov, kvcgy, FYgy BZvw`|
Kvbv Kvbv mgq cgx Zrcyiyl mgvmi evmevK Gi Pq BZvw` AbymMi eenvi nq|
h_v- civYi Pq wcq = civYwcq|
5. hx Zrcyiyl mgvm : c~ec` hx wefwi (i, Gi) jvc nq h mgvm nq, ZvK hx Zrcyiyl
mgvm ej| h_v : Pvqi evMvb = PvevMvb, ivRvi cy = ivRcy, Lqvi NvU = LqvNvU|
Abyi~cfve -QvmgvR, `kmev, w`jxki, euv`ibvP, cvUZ, QweNi, Nvo`o, kievwo,
weovjQvbv BZvw`|

vZe
1. lx Zrcyiyl mgvm ivRv j ivR, wcZv, gvZv, vZv j h_vg wcZ, gvZ, vZ nq|
hgb MRbxi ivRv = MRbxivR, ivRvi cy = ivRcy, wcZvi ab = wcZab, gvZvi mev =
gvZmev, vZvi n = vZn, cyi ea~=cyea~ BZvw`|
2. cic` mn, Zzj, wbf, cvq, mn, cwZg - Gme k _vKjI hx Zrcyiyl mgvm nq| hgb cZxi mn =cZxmn, Kbvi mn = Kbvmn, mnv`ii cwZg = mnv`icwZg / mv`icwZg
BZvw`|
3. Kvji Kvbv AskevaK k ci _vKj Zv ce em| h_v- Ai (w`bi) cefvM = cevn|
4.

cic` ivwR, Mvg, e`, MY, h_ cfwZ mgwevPK k _vKj hx Zrcyiyl mgvm nq| h_vQvi e` =Qve`, Yi Mvg=YMvg, nxi h~_ = n xh~_ BZvw`|

5. Aa k cic` nj mgc` Zv c~ec` nq| hgb - c_i Aa= Aac_, w`bi Aa=Aaw`b|
6. wk, `y BZvw` k ci _vKj xevPK cec` cyiylevPK nq| hgb - gMxi wk = gMwk,
QvMxi `y = QvM`y BZvw`|
7. evmevK ivRv k ci _vKj mgc` Zv AvM Avm| hgb - c_i ivRv = ivRc_, nvumi
ivRv = ivRnuvm|
AjyK lx Zrcyiyl mgvm : Nvovi wWg, gvwUi gvbyl, nvZi cvuP, gvgvi evwo, mvci cv, gbi
gvbyl, Kji Mvb BZvw`| wKz, vZvi cy = vZyy (wbcvZb wm)|
6. mgx Zrcyiyl mgvm : cec` mgx wefw (G, q, Z ) jvc nq h mgvm nq ZvK mgx Zrcyiyl
mgvm ej| hgb : MvQ cvKv = MvQcvKv, w`evq wb`v = w`evwb`v| Gi~c - evKcUz, Mvjvfiv,
ZvjKvbv, AKvjgZz, wekweLvZ, fvRbcUz, `vbexi, evew`, e vcPv, ivZKvbv, gbgiv BZvw`|

66

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

mgx Zrcyiyl mgvm Kvbv Kvbv mgq evmevK cic` mgc`i c~e Avm| hgb -c~e
fZ = fZc~e, c~e AkyZ = AkyZc~e, c~e A` = A`c~e|
7.

bT& Zrcyiyl mgvm : bv evPK bT Aeq (bv, bB, bvB, bq) c~e em h Zrcyiyl mgvm nq,
ZvK bT& Zrcyiyl mgvm ej| h_v- b AvPvi = AbvPvi, b KvZi = AKvZi| Gi~c - Abv`i,
bvwZ`xN, bvwZLe, Afve, eZvj BZvw`|

LuvwU evsjvq A, Av, bv wKsev Abv nq| hgb - b Kvj = AKvj ev AvKvj| Z`~c- Avavqv,
bvgyi, AKRv, ARvbv, APbv, Avjywb, bvQvo, Abvev`x, bvevjK BZvw`|
bv-evPK A_ QvovI wekl wekl A_ bT Zrcyiyl mgvm nZ cvi| h_vAfve

wekvm

Awekvm (wekvmi Afve)|

wfbZv

jwKK

AjwKK |

AZv

Kkv

AKkv|

weiva

myi

Amyi|

Ack

Kvj

AKvj

g`

NvU

ANvU|

Gi~c - Agvbyl, AmZ, Af`, Abb, AMg BZvw`|

8.

Dcc` Zrcyiyl mgvm : h c`i cieZx wqvgji m Kr-cZq hy nq m c`K Dcc`

ej| K` c`i m Dcc`i h mgvm nq, ZvK ej Dcc` Zrcyiyl mgvm| hgb - Rj
Pi hv = RjPi, Rj `q h = Rj`, c Rb hv = cR| Gi~c -Mn, mZev`x, B`wRr,
Qjaiv, avgvaiv, cKUgvi, cvZvPvUv, nvofvv, gvwQgviv, QvicvKv, Nicvov, eYPviv,
MjvKvUv, cv-PvUv, cvoveovwb, Qv-cvlv BZvw`|

9.

AjyK Zrcyiyl mgvm : h Zrcyiyl mgvm c~ec`i wZxqvw` wefw jvc nq bv, ZvK AjyK
Zrcyiyl mgvm ej| hgb : Mvq cov = Mvqcov| Gi~c-wNq fvRv, Kj QuvUv, Kji Mvb, Miyi
Mvwo BZvw`|

`e : Mvq-njy`, nvZLwo cfwZ mgc` cic`i A_ cavb i~c cZxqgvb nq bv A_vr njy` ev
Lwo evSvq bv, Abyvb weklK evSvq| myZivs Gjv AjyK Zrcyiyl bq, AjyK eexwn mgvm|

4. eexwn mgvm
h mgvm mgmgvb c`jvi KvbvwUi A_ bv eywSq, Ab Kvbv c`K evSvq, ZvK eexwn mgvm
ej| h_v- e exwn (avb) AvQ hvi = eexwn| GLvb e wKsev exwn KvbvwUiB A_i cvavb
bB, hvi e avb AvQ Ggb jvKK evSvQ|

mgvm

67

eexwn mgvm mvaviYZ hvi, hvZ BZvw` k evmevKi~c eeZ nq| h_v: AvqZ jvPb hvi =
AvqZjvPbv (x), gnvb AvZv hvi = gnvZv, ^Q mwjj hvi = ^Qmwjjv, bxj emb hvi =
bxjembv, wi cwZv hvi = wicwZ, axi eyw hvi = axieyw|
mn wKsev mwnZ ki m Ab c`i eexwn mgvm nj mn I mwnZ Gi j m nq|
hgb: evemn eZgvb = meve, mn D`i hvi = mnv`i > mv`i| Gi~c - mRj, mdj, m`c,
mj, mKjvY BZvw`|
eexwn mgvm cic` gvZ, cZx, cy, x BZvw` k _vKj G kjvi m K hy nq| hgb : b`x
gvZv (gvZ) hvi = b`xgvZK, we (weMZ) nqQ cZx hvi = wecZxK| Gi~c -mxK, AcyK BZvw`|
eexwn mgvm mg c` Aw ki j A Ges bvwf k j bvf nq| hgb : Kgji
bvq Aw hvi = Kgjv, c bvwfZ hvi = cbvf| Gi~c - EYbvf|
eexwn mgvm cic` Rvqv k vb Rvwb nq Ges c~ec`i wKQy cwieZb nq| hgb : hyeZx
Rvqv hvi = hyeRvwb (hyeZx j hye Ges Rvqv j Rvwb nqQ)|
eexwn mgvm cic` P~ov k mg c` P~o Ges Kg k mg c` Kgv nq| hgb : P`
Pov hvi = P`Po, wewP Kg hvi = wewPKgv|
eexwn mgvm mgvb ki vb m Ges mn nq| hgb : mgvb Kgx h = mnKgx, mgvb eY
hvi = mgeY, mgvb D`i hv`i = mnv`i|
eexwn mgvm cic` M k vb Mw ev Mv nq| h_v : myM hvi = myMw, ci bvq
M hvi = cMw, grmi bvq M hvi = grmMv|

eexwn mgvmi cKvif`

eexwn mgvm AvU cKvi : mgvbvwaKiY, evwaKiY, ewZnvi, bT, gac`jvcx, cZqv, AjyK I
msLvevPK eexwn|

1. mgvbvwaKiY eexwn
c~ec` weklY I cic` wekl nj mgvbvwaKiY eexwn mgvm nq| hgb : nZ nqQ kx hvi =
nZkx, Lvk gRvR hvi = LvkgRvR| GiKg : Zme^, DPwki, cxZv^i, bxjK, Rei`w,
mykxj, mykx, e`eL&Z, KgeL&Z BZvw`|

2. evwaKiY eexwn
enyexwn mgvmi c~ec` Ges cic` KvbvwUB hw` weklY bv nq, Ze ZvK ej evwaKiY eexwn|
h_v: AvkxZ (`uvZ) wel hvi = Avkxwel, K_v me^ hvi = K_vme^|
cic` K` weklY njI evwaKiY eexwn mgvm nq| hgb : `yB Kvb KvUv hvi = `y KvbKvUv, euvUv
LmQ hvi = euvUvLmv| Abyi~cfve - Qv-cvlv, cv-PvUv, cvZv-PvUv, cvZvQuov, avgvaiv BZvw`|

68

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

3. ewZnvi eexwn
wqvi cviwiK A_ ewZnvi eexwn nq| G mgvm c~ec` Av Ges Dic` B hy nq|
h_v : nvZ nvZ h hy = nvZvnvwZ, Kvb Kvb h K_v = KvbvKvwb| Ggwb fve -PyjvPywj,
KvovKvwo, MvjvMvwj, `Lv`wL, KvjvKzwj, jvVvjvwV, nvmvnvwm, uZvuwZ, NylvNywl BZvw`|
4. bT& eexwn
wekl c~ec`i AvM bT& (bv A_evaK) Aeq hvM Ki eexwn mgvm Kiv nj ZvK bT&
eexwn ej | bT& eexwn mgvm mvwaZ c`wU weklY nq| hgb: b (bvB) vb hvi = Avb,
e (bvB) nW hvi = enW, bv (bvB) Pviv (Dcvq) hvi = bvPvi| wb (bvB) fzj hvi = wbfzj, bv
(bq) Rvbv hv = bvRvbv, ARvbv BZvw`| GiKg-bvnK, wbicvq, wbSvU, AeyS, AKRv, ecivqv, euk, Ab, eZvi BZvw`|
5. gac`jvcx eexwn
eexwn mgvmi evLvi Rb eeZ evKvski Kvbv Ask hw` mgc` jvc cvq, Ze ZvK
gac`jvcx eexwn ej| hgb: weovji PvLi bvq PvL h bvixi = weovjPvLx, nvZ Lwo
`Iqv nq h Abyvb = nvZLwo| Ggwb fve - Mvq njy`, gwbgyLv BZw`|
6. cZqv eexwn
h eexwn mgvmi mgc` Av, G, I BZvw` cZq hy nq ZvK ejv nq cZqv eexwn |
h_v- GK w`K PvL (`w) hvi = GKPvLv (PvL+Av), Nii w`K gyL hvi = NigyLv (gyL+I),
wbt (bB) LiP hvi = wb-LiP (LiP+G)| GiKg -`vUvbv, `vgbv, GKuq, AKRv,
GKNi, `vbjv, `vZjv, EbcvuRyi BZvw`|
7. AjyK eexwn
h eexwn mgvm c~e ev cic`i Kvbv cwieZb nq bv, ZvK AjyK eexwn ej| AjyK eexwn
mgvm mg c`wU weklY nq| h_v: gv_vq cvMwo hvi = gv_vqcvMwo, Mjvq MvgQv hvi=
MjvqMvgQv (jvKwU)| Gi~c - nvZ-Qwo, Kvb-Kjg, Mvq-cov, nvZ-ewo, gv_vq-QvZv,
gyL-fvZ, Kvb-LvUv BZvw`|
8. msLvevPK eexwn
c~ec` msLvevPK Ges cic` wekl nj Ges mgc`wU weklY evSvj ZvK msLvevPK
eexwn ejv nq| G mgvm mgc` Av, B ev C hy nq| h_v - `k MR cwigvY hvi =
`kMwR, P (Pvi) Pvj h Nii = PPvjv | Gi~c -PvinvwZ, Zcvqv BZvw`|
wKz, m (wZb) Zvi (h hi) = mZvi (wekl)|

mgvm

69

9. wbcvZb wm (Kvbv wbqgi Aaxb bq) eexwn

`y w`K Ac hvi = xc, AMZ Ac hvi = Aixc, bivKvii c h = bic, RxweZ _KI h
gZ = RxebZ, cwZ nqI h g~L = cwZg~L BZvw`|

5. w mgvm
mgvnvi (mgw) ev wgjb A_ msLvevPK ki m wekl c`i h mgvm nq, ZvK w mgvm
ej| w mgvm mgvmwbb c`wU wekl c` nq| hgb : wZb Kvji mgvnvi = wKvj, Pivvi
mgvnvi = Pivv, wZb gv_vi mgvnvi = Zgv_v kZ Ai mgvnvi-kZvx, ceUi mgvnviceUx, w (wZb) c`i mgvnvi-wc`x, BZvw`| Gi~c-AavZz, PZzfyR, PZzi, wgvwnbx,
Zib`x, cfZ, mvZmgy` BZvw`|

6. Aeqxfve mgvm
cec` AeqhvM wbb mgvm hw` AeqiB A_i cvavb _vK, Ze ZvK Aeqxfve mgvm ej|
Aeqxfve mgvm Kej Aeqi A_hvM evmevKwU iwPZ nq| hgb : Rvby ch jw^Z (ch
ki Aeq Av) = AvRvbyjw^Z (ev), giY ch = AvgiY|
mvgxc (bKU), wec&mv (cbtcywbKZv), ch, Afve, AbwZgZv, mv`k, hvMZv cfwZ bvbv A_
Aeqxfve mgvm nq| wbPi D`vniYjvZ Aeqxfve mgvmi Aeq c`wU ebxi ga `Lvbv njv|
1. mvgxc (Dc)

: Ki mgxc = DcK, Kji mgxc = DcKj|

2. wec&mv (Aby, cwZ)

: w`b w`b = cwZ w`b, Y Y = cwZY, Y Y = AbyY|

3. Afve (wbt = wbi) : Avwgli Afve = wbivwgl, fvebvi Afve = wbfvebv, Rji
Afve=wbRj, Drmvni Afve = wbiyrmvn|
4. ch (Av)

: mgy` _K wngvPj ch = Avmgy`wngvPj, cv _K gv_v ch =

Avcv`gK|

5. mv`k (Dc)

: knii m`k = Dckni, Mni Zzj = DcMn, ebi m`k =

Dceb|

6. AbwZgZv (h_v) : ixwZK AwZg bv Ki = h_vixwZ, mvaK AwZg bv Ki =

h_vmva| Gi~c-h_vwewa, h_vhvM BZvw`|
7. AwZv (Dr)

: ejvK AwZv = Dj, kLjvK AwZv = DQLj|

8. weiva (cwZ)

: weiy ev` = cwZev`, weiy Kj = cwZKj|

9. cvr (Aby)

: cvr Mgb = AbyMgb, cvr aveb = Abyaveb|

70

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

10. Clr (Av)

: Clr bZ = AvbZ, Clr iwg = Aviwg|

11. z` A_ (Dc)

: DcMn, Dcb`x|

12. c~Y ev mgM A_

: cwicY, mcY|

(cwi ev mg)
13. `~ieZx A_ (c, ci) : Awi AMvPi = civ| Gi~c -cwcZvgn|
14. cwZwbwa A_ (cwZ) : cwZQvqv, cwZQwe, cwZwe^|
15. cwZ`x A_ (cwZ) : cwZc, cZzi|
DwjwLZ cavb QqwU mgvm QvovI KqKwU Acavb mgvm iqQ| cvw`, wbZ, Dcc` I AjyK mgvm
m^ wbP msc AvjvPbv Kiv njv| Gme mgvmi cPyi D`vniY cvIqv hvq bv| GRb
GjvK Acavb gb Kiv nq|
1. cvw` mgvm : c, cwZ, Aby cfwZ Aeqi m hw` Kr cZq mvwaZ wekli mgvm nq, Ze
ZvK ej cvw` mgvm| h_v : c (cK ) h ePb = cePb| Gi~c -cwi (PZzw`K) h gY =
cwigY, AbyZ (cvZ) h Zvc =AbyZvc, c (cK i~c) fvZ (AvjvwKZ) = cfvZ, c (cK
i~c) MwZ = cMwZ BZvw`|
2. wbZmgvm : h mgvm mgmgvb c`jv wbZ mgvme _vK, evmevKi `iKvi nq bv, ZvK
wbZmgvm ej| Z`_evPK evLvg~jK k ev evKvsk hvM Gjvi A_ wek` KiZ nq| hgb
: Ab Mvg = Mvgvi, Kej `kb = `kbgv, Ab Mn = Mnvi, (welv) Kvj (hg) Zzj (Kvj
eYi bq) mvc = Kvjmvc, Zzwg Avwg I m = Avgiv, `yB Ges beB = weivbeB|

Abykxjbx
1. mgvmi mvnvh Kxfve bZzb k MwVZ nq D`vniY mnhvM eywSq `vI|
2. wekl I weklY c`i Ges weklY I wekl c`i h Kgaviq mgvm nq, D`vniY w`q Zv
eywSq `vI|
3. w mgvm cKZ cve Avjv`v mgvm bq, GwU Kgaviq mgvmiB Afy-AvjvPbv Ki
eywSq `vI|
4. Dcgvb, DcwgZ I i~cK Kgaviq mgvmi msv I D`vniY `vI|
5. Zrcyiyl mgvm Kq cKvi I Kx Kx? D`vniY w`q mejv Zrcyiyl mgvmi bvg Ki|
6. evmevKmn mgvm wbYq Ki : `wZ, avbZ, cMwZ, eZvi, mnwkv|
7. gac`jvcx Kgaviq I gac`jvcx eexwn mgvm KvK ej? D`vniY mnhvM eywSq `vI|

mgvm

71

8. D`vniY `vI
msLvevPK k AvM em h mgvm nq, AjyK Zrcyiyl, eexwn mgvmi mn j m nq, Aeq
c` AvM em h mgvm nq, Dcgqi mv_ Dcgvbi h mgvm nq|
9. wVK DiwUZ wUK () `vI
K. Zrcyiyl mgvm nq -c~ec` wZxqvw` wefw jvc h mgvm nq / mgvb wefw wewk
GKvwaK weklc` h mgvm nq / c~ec` Aeq hvM h mgvm nq|
L. mgvnvi A_ msLvevPK ki m wekl c`i m mgvm nq ZvK ej -` / eexwn /
AjyK / w mgvm|
M. Dcgvb-Dcgqi h mgvm nq ZvK ej -wbZmgvm / cvw` mgvm / Kgaviq mgvm|
10. mgvme k jL Ges Wvb w`K _K wVK mgvmi bvgwU cvk jL
KuvPv A_P wgVv

: ........... Zrcyiyl

gv giQ hvi

: .......... Aeqxfve

gnvb h bwe

: ........... Kgaviq

`k nvZ cwigvY hvi

: ........... eexwn

`ya fvZ

: ........... `

wZb dji mgvnvi

: ........... w|

wejvZ _K diZ

: ........... Zrcyiyl

mg cwiQ`

DcmM
evsjv fvlvq Ggb KZjv Aeqm~PK kvsk iqQ, hv ^vaxb c` wnme evK eeZ nZ cvi
bv| Gjv Ab ki AvM em| Gi cfve kwUi KqK aibi cwieZb mvwaZ nq| hgb1. bZzb A_evaK k Zwi nq|
2. ki A_i c~YZv mvwaZ nq|
3. ki A_i mcmviY NU|
4. ki A_i msKvPb NU| Ges
5. ki A_i cwieZb NU|
fvlvq eeZ Gme Aeqm~PK kvskiB bvg DcmM| hgb - KvR GKwU k | Gi AvM A
AeqwU hy nj nq AKvR - hvi A_ wb`bxq KvR| GLvb A_i msKvPb nqQ|
c~Y (fiv) ki AvM cwi hvM Kivq cwic~Y njv| GwU c~Y ki mcmvwiZ i~c (A_ I
AvKwZZ)| nvi ki c~e Av hy Ki Avnvi (LvIqv), c hy Ki cnvi (gviv), we hy
Ki wenvi (gY) cwi hvM Ki cwinvi (ZvM), Dc hvM Ki Dcnvi (cyivi), mg hvM
Ki msnvi (webvk) BZvw` wewfb A_ wewfb k Zwi nqQ|
G DcmMjvi wbR^ Kvbv A_evPKZv bB, wKz Ab ki AvM hy nj G`i A_`vZKZv ev
bZzb k mRbi gZv _vK|
evsjv fvlvq wZb cKvi DcmM AvQ : evsjv, Zrmg (msZ) Ges we`wk DcmM|

1. evsjv DcmM
evsjv DcmM gvU GKzkwU : A, ANv, AR, Abv, Av, Avo, Avb, Ave, BwZ, Eb (Ebv), K`, Kz, wb,
cvwZ, we, fi, ivg, m, mv, my, nv|
wbP G`i cqvM `Lvbv njv|
DcmM
1.

A_`vZKZv

D`vniY

wbw`Z

A_

AKRv, APbv, Acqv

Afve

AwPb, ARvbv, A_

gvMZ

ASvi, ASvi

DcmM

73

DcmM

A_`vZKZv

D`vniY

2.

ANv

evKv

A_

3.

AR

wbZv (g`)

AR cvovMuv, ARg~L, ARcyKzi

4.

Abv

Afve

Abvew, Abv`i

Qvov

AbvwQw, AbvPvi

Af

AbvgyLv

AvKuvov, Avavqv, Avjywb

5.

6.

7.

Av

Afve

ANvivg, ANvPx

evR, wbK

AvKvVv, AvMvQv

Avo

AvoPvL, Avobqb

Avav, cvq

Avvcv, Avogvov, AvocvMjv

wewk

AvoKvjv (cv_vwjKvjv),
AvoMov (Avvei), AvoKvwV

Avb

bv

AvbKviv

wew

AvbPvb, Avbgbv

8.

Ave

AZv

AveQvqv, AveWvj

9.

BwZ

G ev Gi

BwZKZe, BwZc~e

cyibv

BwZK_v, BwZnvm

Kg

EbcuvRyi, Ewbk

10. Eb (Ebv)
11.

K`&

wbw`Z

K`ej, K`h, K`vKvi

12.

Kz

KzrwmZ/AcKl

KzAfvm, KzK_v, KzbRi, Kzm

13.

wb

bvB/bwZ

wbLyuZ, wbLuvR, wbjvR, wbfuvR, wbiU

14.

cvwZ

z`

cvwZnuvm, cvwZwkqvj, cvwZjey, cvZKzqv

15.

we

wfbZv/bvB ev wb`bxq

wefuB, wedj, wec_

16.

fi

c~YZv

ficU, fimuvS, ficyi, fi`ycyi, fim

17.

ivg

eo ev DrK

ivgQvMj, ivg`v, ivgwkv, ivgevKv

18.

mivR, mie, mwVK, mRvi, mcvU

19.

mv

DrK

mvwRiv, mvRvqvb

20.

my

Dg

mybRi, myLei, myw`b, mybvg, myKvR

21.

nv

Afve

nvwcZk, nvfvZ, nvNi

74

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

vZe : evsjv DcmM mvaviYZ evsjv ki ceB hy nq _vK|

evsjv DcmMhy ki evK cqvM : Avwg AejvZ w`jvg cvwo A_ mvqi| ANvivg evm Ki AR
cvovMuvq| wfvi Pvj Kuvov Avi AvKuvov| AvKvVvi bvq w`jvg KuvVvji MjyB| gv ewjZ cvY Ki
AvbPvb, PvL Avm Rj fi| BwZnvm K_v Kq| EbvfvZ `ybv ej | wbbvBqvi kZK bvI| fi
`ycyi Kv_vq hvI? GZw`b Kv_vq wbLuvR nqwQj?
2. Zrmg (msZ) DcmM
evsjv fvlvq e msZ k e Gm MQ| mB m msZ DcmMI Zrmg ki AvM em
ki bZzb i~c A_i msKvPb mcmviY Ki _vK|
Zrmg DcmM wekwU : c, civ, Ac, mg, wb, Aby, Ae, wbi, `yi, we, Awa, my, Dr, cwi, cwZ, AwZ,
Awc, Awf, Dc, Av|
evsjv DcmM hgb evsjv ki AvM em, Zgwb Zrmg DcmM Zrmg (msZ) ki AvM em|
evsjv DcmMi ga Av, my, we, wb- G PviwU DcmM Zrmg kI cvIqv hvq| evsjv I msZ
DcmMi ga cv_K GB h, h kwUi m DcmM hy nq, m kwU evsjv nj DcmMwU evsjv, Avi
m kwU Zrmg nj m DcmMwUI Zrmg nq| hgb -AvKvk, mybRi, webvgv, wbjvR evsjv k|
AZGe DcmM Av, my, we, wb-I evsjv| Avi AvK, myZx, wec I wb`vN Zrmg k| KvRB Gme
ki DcmM Av, my, we, wb-I Zrmg DcmM|
wbP wekwU Zrmg DcmMi D`vniY `Iqv njv
DcmM
1.

h A_ eeZ
c

cK/mgK

A_

cfve, cPjb, czwUZ

LvwZ

cwm, cZvc, cfve

AvwaK

cMvp, cPvi, cej, cmvi

MwZ

cek, cvb

2.

3.

D`vniY

aviv-ciiv ev AbyMvwgZ

cc, ckvLv,

civ

AvwZkh

civKvv, civv, civqY

wecixZ

civRq, civfe

Ac

wecixZ

Acgvb, AcKvi, AcPq, Acev`

wbK

AcmswZ, AcKg, Acmw, Achk

vbvi

AcmviY, AcniY, Acbv`b

weKZ

AcgZz

DcmM

75

4.

DcmM
mg&

h A_ eeZ
mgK i~c

5.

wb

myL
wbla

mgvMZ, myL
wbew

wbq
AvwZkh

wbeviY, wbYq
wb`vN, wb`viyY

Ae
-

Afve
nxbZv
mgKfve
wb/AavgywLZv
AZv

wbjyl, wbvg
Aev, Aegvbbv
Aeiva, AeMvnb, AeMZ
AeZiY, AeivnY
Aekl, Aemvb, Aejv

7.

Aby

cvr

8.

wbi
`yi

mv`k
cbtcyb
m
Afve
wbq
evwni/ewngywLZv
g`

AbykvPbv, AbyMvgx, AbyR, AbyPi,

AbyZvc, AbyKiY
Abyev`, Abyi~c, AbyKvi
AbyY, Abyw`b, Abykxjb
AbyKj, AbyKv
wbie, wbRxe, wbinvi, wbivkq, wbab
wbaviY, wbYq, wbfi
wbMZ, wbtmiY, wbevmb
`yfvM, `y`kv, `ybvg

we
-

Kmva
wekl i~c
Afve
MwZ
AcKZ

`yjf, `yMg, `yiwZg

weaZ, we, wevb, wee, we
wewb`, weeY, wekLj, wedj
wePiY, wec
weKvi, wechq

my

Dg

myK, myKwZ, myPwi, mywcq, mybxj

mnR
AvwZkh

myMg, mymva, myjf

myPZzi, myKwVb, myaxi, mywbcyY, myZx

Dr

EagywLZv

D`g, DbwZ, Drw, D`Mxe, Dvjb

6.

9.
10.

11.

12.

A_

D`vniY
m~Y, mg, mgv`i

76

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

DcmM

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19

h A_ eeZ

D`vniY

AvwZkh

A_

DQ`, D, Drdzj, DrmyK, Drcxob

czwZ

Drcv`b, DPviY

AcKl

DrKvP, DQLj, DrKU

Awa

AvwacZ

AwaKvi, AwacwZ, Awaevmx

Dcwi

AwaivnY, Awavb

evw

AwaKvi, Awaevm, AwaMZ

cwi

wekl i~c

cwicK, cwic~Y, cwieZb

kl

cwikl

mgK i~c

cwikv, cixv, cwigvY

PZzw`K

cwigY, cwigj

cwZ

m`k

cwZg~wZ, cwZawb

weiva

cwZev`, cwZ`x

cbtcyb

,,

cwZw`b, cwZgvm

Abyi~c KvR

,,

cwZNvZ, cwZ`vb, cZzcKvi

Dc

mvgxc

DcKj, DcK

m`k

Dcxc, Dceb

z`

DcMn, DcmvMi, DcbZv

wekl

Dcbqb (cZv), DcfvM

Awf

mgK

Awfew, Awf, AwffZ

Mgb

Awfhvb, Awfmvi

myL ev w`K

AwfgyL, Awfev`b

AwZ

AvwZkh

AwZKvq, AZvPvi, AwZkq

AwZg

AwZgvbe, AwZcvKZ

Av

ch

AvK, AvgiY, Avmgy`

Clr

Avi, Avfvm

wecixZ

Av`vb, AvMgb

DcmM

77

evK Zrmg DcmMi cqvM

Kvji cfve wbqgi cwieZb NUQ| Imgvb iY exiZi civKvv c`kb KiI civwRZ
njb| mgvMZ myaxRbK mv`i Awfb`b Rvbvbv njv| Zvui cy`i m wPwVc Av`vb-c`vb bB
ej Zvui `ytLi mxgv-cwimxgv bB| `yfvMekZ XvKvi Awaevmxiv AvR `ywfcxwoZ, A_P ZvivB wQj|

3. we`wk DcmM
Aviwe, dviwm, BsiwR, wnw` Gme fvlvi e k `xNKvj ai evsjv fvlvq cPwjZ iqQ| Gi
KZjv LvuwU DPviY Avevi KZjv weKZ DPviY evsjvq eeZ nq| G m KZjv we`wk
DcmMI evsjvq Pvjy iqQ| `xNKvj eenvi Gjv evsjv fvlvq egvjyg wgk wMqQ| egvjyg
kwUZ gvjyg Aviwe k Avi e dviwm DcmM| Gi~c- envqv, ebwRi, ekig, eKvi BZvw`|
wbP KqKwU we`wk DcmMi D`vniY `qv njv|
K. dviwm DcmM
DcmM

h A_ chy

D`vniY

1.

Kvi&

KvR

A_

KviLvbv, KvimvwR, KviPywc, Kvievi, Kvi`vwb

2.

`i&

ga, Aaxb

`icbx, `icvv, `i`vjvb

3.

bv

bv

bvPvi, bvivR, bvgyi, bvLvk, bvjvqK

4.

wbg&

Avav

wbgivwR, wbgLyb

5.

wd

cwZ

wd-ivR, wd-nv, wd-eQi, wd-mb, wd-gvm

6.

e`&

g`

e`gRvR, e`ivMx, e`gvk, e`nRg, e`bvg

7.

bv

eAv`e, eAvj, eKmyi, eKvq`v,

eMwZK, eZvi, eKvi

8.

ei&

evBi, ga

eiLv, ei`v, eiLjvc, eiev`

9.

e&

mwnZ

egvj, ebvg, eKjg

10.

Kg&

KgRvi, KgeL&Z

L. Aviwe DcmM
1.

Avg&

mvaviY

Avg`ievi, Avggvvi

2.

Lvm

wekl

Lvmgnj, LvmLei, LvmKvgiv, Lvm`ievi

3.

jv

bv

jvRIqve, jvLivR, jvIqvwik, jvcvv

4.

Mi&

Afve

Miwgj, MinvwRi, MiivwR

78

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

M. BsiwR DcmM
DcmM

h A_ chy

D`vniY

1.

dzj

cY

dzj-nvZv, dzj-kvU, dzj-evey, dzj-cvU

2.

nvd

Avav

nvd-nvZv, nvd-wUKU, nvd-zj, nvd-cvU

3.

nW

cavb

nW-gvvi, nW-Awdm, nW-cwZ, nW-gjwf

4.

mve

Aaxb

mve-Awdm, mve-RR, mve-Bb&mci

N. D`y-wnw` DcmM
ni : cZK A_ - niivR, nigvwnbv, niwKwmg, ninvgkv
evK we`wk DcmMi D`vniY
wnme Miwgj _vKj Lvmgnj jvU DVe| envj ZweqZ `LZ Ki wd-ivR nW Awdm Avmv
hvIqv Ki|

Abykxjbx
1| DcmM ejZ Kx evS? evsjv fvlvq Kq kwYi DcmMi eenvi AvQ? cZK kwYi cvuPwU Ki
D`vniY `vI|
2| DcmMi ^vaxb Kvbv A_ bB, wKz A_-`vZKZv AvQ| - wek` evLv Ki|
3| evsjv, Zrmg, we`wk- cZK kwYi wZbwU Ki DcmMi D`vniY w`q evK cqvM `LvI|
4| A_ DjL Ki evK iPbv Ki
`iKvuPv, eiev`, wd-nv, bv-gyi, enW, KviLvbv, jv-RIqve, AbyMgb, AwZew, cwZw`b,
e`bRi
5| cv_K wb`k Ki I evK cqvM `LvI
ebvg-ebvg; myev`-Acev`; envj-envj; weMZ-AvMZ; wbtkvm-ckvm; Abyv-Aev;
6| nj () wP Ges A nj (x) wP `vI|
K. DcmM ^vaxb c` wnme evK eeZ nZ cvi|
L. Ab ki AvM em|
M. DcmMi cfve kwUi Kvbv cwieZb nq bv|
N. DcmMi cfve kwUi A_i cwieZb NU|
7| wbPi KvbwU Kvb aibi DcmM?
wbLv`, cwZw`b, wd-eQi, envqv, AbymiY, Dcnvi, Avjywb, eZwgR, wbLyuZ, dzjevey, wefuB,
Abyev`, cvwZnvum, ivgQvMj, wbgivwR|

Ag cwiQ`

avZz
evsjv I msZ avZzi mvaviY AvjvPbv
evsjv fvlvq e wqvc` iqQ| mme wqvc`i g~j AskK ejv nq avZz ev wqvg~j| AbK_vq
wqvc`K weklY Kij `yUv Ask cvIhv hvq: (1) avZz ev wqvg~j Ges (2) wqv wefw| wqvc` _K
wqv wefw ev` w`j hv _vK ZvB avZz| hgb - Ki GKwU wqvc`| GZ `yUv Ask iqQ: Ki&
+G; GLvb Ki& avZz Ges G wefw| myZivs Ki wqvi g~j ev avZz njv Ki& Avi wqv wefw
njv G | AbK_vq Ki& avZz ev wqvg~ji m G wefw hy nq Ki wqvc`wU MwVZ nqQ|
cPwjZ ekwKQy avZz ev wqvg~j Pbvi GKUv Dcvq njv : eZgvb Kvji Abyvq ZzQv_K gag cyiyli
wqvi i~c j Kiv | KviY, GB i~c Avi avZzi~c GK| hgb -ZzB, Ki&, Lv, hv, WvK&, `L&, jL&
BZvw`| Gjv hgb avZzI, Zgwb gag cyiyli ZyQv_K eZgvb Kvji Abyvi wqvc`I |
avZzi cKvif`
avZz wZb cKvii : (1) gwjK avZz, (2) mvwaZ avZz Ges (3) hwMK ev mshvMg~jK avZz|
1. gwjK avZz
hme avZz weklY Kiv me bq, mjvB gwjK avZz| GjvK wm ev ^qswm avZzI ejv nq|
hgb -Pj&, co, Ki&, kv, n, Lv BZvw`|
evsjv fvlvq gwjK avZzjvK wZb kwYZ fvM Kiv hvq : (K) evsjv, (L) msZ Ges (M) we`wk avZz|
K. evsjv avZz : hme avZz ev wqvg~j msZ _K mvRvmywR Avmwb mjv njv evsjv avZz| hgb
- KvU&, Kvu`, Rvb&, bvP& BZvw`|
L. msZ avZz : evsjv fvlvq hme Zrmg wqvc`i avZz cPwjZ iqQ Zv`i msZ avZz ej|
hgb - K, Mg&, a, MV&, v BZvw`|
GLvb msZ avZz I Zv _K MwVZ c` Ges msZ avZzi GKB A_evaK evsjv avZz I Zv _K
MwVZ c`i D`vniY `qv nvjv|
msZ avZz
mvwaZ c`
evsjv avZz
mvwaZ c`
A&
Ab, AwZ
AvuK&
AvuKv
K_&
K_, Kw_Z
Kn&
KIqv, Knb
Kr
KZb, KwZZ
KvU&
KvUv
K
KZ, KZe
Ki&
Kiv, Ki

80

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

msZ avZz
`&
x
Lv`&
MV&
Nl&
`k&
a
cV&
e&
eya&
i&
ky
v
nm&

mvwaZ c`
`b
q, xZ
Lv`, Lv`K
MwVZ
N, NlY
`k, `kb
aZ, aviY
cVb, cvV, cwVZ
eb
ey, eva
iY, iwZ, ix
keY, kyZ
vb, vbxq
nvm, nvmb

evsjv avZz
Kvu`&
wKb&
Lv
Mo&
Nl&
`L&
ai&
co
evua&
eyS&
ivL&
b&
_vK&
nvm&

mvwaZ c`
Kvu`v, Kvu`yb
Kbv, KbvKvUv
LvIqv, LvIb
Mov, Mob
Nlv
`Lv, `Lb
aiv, aib
cov, cob
evuab, evuav
eySv
ivLv
bv, kvbv
_vKv
nvmv, nvwm

M. we`kvMZ avZz : cavbZ wnw` Ges KwPr Aviwe-dviwm fvlv _K hme avZz ev wqvgj evsjv
fvlvq MnxZ nqQ, mjvK we`kvMZ avZz ev wqvgj ejv nq| hgb - wf gM Lvq| G evK
gvM& avZz wnw` gvO& _K AvMZ| GQvovI KZjv wqvgj iqQ hv`i wqvgji gj fvlv wbYq
Kiv KwVb| G aibi wqvgjK ejv nq AvZgj avZz| hgb - ni H `yqvi `uvwoq K?G evK
ni avZzwU Kvb fvlv _K AvMZ Zv Rvbv hvq bv| ZvB GwU AvZgj avZz|
GLvb KqKwU we`wk avZzi D`vniY `qv njv|
avZz

h A_ eeZ nq

avZz

h A_ eeZ nq

AvuU

k Ki euvav

wdi&

cybivMgb, cybivew

LvU&

gnbZ Kiv

Pvn&

cv_bv Kiv

PuP&

wPrKvi Kiv

weMo

b nIqv

Rg&

NbxfZ nIqv

wfR&

wm nIqv

Szj&

`vjv

Vj&

Vjv

Uvb&&

AvKlY

WvK&

Avnvb Kiv

UzU&

wQb nIqv

jUK&

Szjvbv

Wi&

fxZ nIqv

avZz

81

2. mvwaZ avZz
gwjK avZz wKsev Kvbv Kvbv bvg -ki m Av cZq hvM h avZz MwVZ nq, ZvK mvwaZ
avZz ej| hgb - `L& + Av= `Lv, co+Av= cov, ej+Av=ejv| mvwaZ avZzi m Kvj I
cyiylmPK wefw hy Ki wqvc` MwVZ nq | hgb - gv wkK Pvu` `Lvq| (GLvb `L&+Av+eZgvb
Kvji mvaviY bvgcyiyli wqv wefw q = `Lvq) | Gi~c -kvbvq, emvq BZvw`|
MVbixwZ I A_i w`K _K mvwaZ avZz wZb kwYZ wef :
K. bvg avZz, L. chvRK (wbR) avZz, (M) KgevPi avZz|
K. bvg avZz : wekl, weklY Ges AbyKvi Aeqi ci Av cZq hvM Ki h bZzb avZzwU MwVZ
nq Zv-B bvg avZz| hgb -m NygvQ| Nyg& _K bvg avZz Nygv| agK& _K bvg avZz agKv |
hgb AvgvK agwKI bv|
L. chvRK avZz : gwjK avZzi ci ciYv_ (AciK wbqvwRZ Kiv A_ ) Av cZq hvM Ki
chvRK avZz ev wYR avZz MwVZ nq| hgb - Ki& + Av= Kiv (GLvb Kiv GKwU avZz) | hgb m wbR Ki bv, Avi GKRbK w`q Kivq| Abyi~cfve- co + Av=cov; wZwb QjK covQb|
M. KgevPi avZz : gwjK avZzi m Av cZq hvM KgevPi avZz mvwaZ nq| GwU evKga
Kgc`i Abymvix wqvi avZz| h_v - `L&+ Av=`Lv; KvRwU fvjv `Lvq bv| nvi&+Av=nviv; hv wKQy
nvivq wMbx ejb, Kv eUvB Pvi|
KgevPi avZz ej Avjv`v bvgKiYi cqvRb bB| KviY, GwU chvRK avZziB Afy| hgb`Lvq Ges nvivq chvRK avZz|
3. mshvMg~jK avZz : wekl, weklY ev abvZK Aeqi m Ki&, `, cv, Lv, Qvo BZvw`
gwjK avZz mshy nq h bZzb avZz MwVZ nq, Zv-B mshvMg~jK avZz| hgb - hvM (wekl c`) +
Ki& (avZz) = hvM Ki (mshvMg~jK avZz)| evK- wZbi m cvuP hvM Kiv| mveavb (wekl) +n
(avZz) = mveavb n (mshvMg~jK avZz)| evK- GLbI mveavb nI, bZzev AvLi Lvivc ne|
mshvMg~jK avZzRvZ wqv mKgK I AKgK `yB-B nZ cvi| wbP mshvMg~jK avZz hvM MwVZ
KqKwU wqvc`i D`vniY `Iqv njv|
1. Ki&-avZz hvM
K. wekli m

fq Ki&, jv Ki&, Y Ki&

L. weklYi m

fvjv Ki&, g` Ki&, myLx Ki&

M. wqvevPK wekli m

q Ki&, `vb Ki&, `kb Ki&, ivbv Ki&

N. wqvRvZ (K`) weklYi m

mwZ Ki&, wMZ Ki&

O. wqv-weklYi m

Rjw` Ki&, ZvovZvwo Ki&, GK Ki&

82

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

P. Aeqi m

bv Ki&, nvu Ki&, nvq nvq Ki&, wQ wQ Ki&

Q. abvZK Aeqi m

Lvu Lvu Ki&, eb eb Ki&, Ub Ub Ki&

R. abvZK kmn wqv weklY MVb :

PU Ki&, avu Ki&, nb nb Ki&

2. n-avZz hvM

eo n, QvU n, fvjv n, ivwR n, myLx n

3. `-avZz hvM

Di `, XvKv `, `vMv `, Reve `, Kvb `, `w `

4. cv-avZz hvM

Kvbv cv, fq cv, `ytL cv, jv cv, e_v cv, Ui cv

5. Lv-avZz hvM

gvi Lv, wngwkg Lv, QvuK Lv, Nlv Lv,

6. KvU&avZz hvM

mvuZvi KvU&, fswP KvU&, wRf KvU&

7. Qvo-avZz hvM

Mjv Qvo, WvK Qvo, nvj Qvo,

8. ai&-avZz hvM

Mjv ai&, NyY ai&, cPv ai&, gv_v ai&, Mvu ai&|

Abykxjbx
1| avZz ejZ Kx evS? wqvc` `L mnR avZz Pbvi Dcvq Kx?
2| avZz Kq cKvi I Kx Kx? msZ gj avZz I evsjv gj avZzi ga cv_K Kx? D`vniYmn eywSq `vI|
3| wbPi mvwaZ c`mgni avZz wbYq Ki Ges mvwaZ avZzwU Zrmg nj Zvi evsjv i~c Ges evsjv nj
Zvi Zrmg i~c wbYq Ki evK cqvM `LvI :
Lv`, Kw_Z, eyS, bvPb, K_v, `k, kLv, `kb
4| mvwaZ avZz Kx? mvwaZ avZz Kq fvM wef? G`i bvg jL|
5| wewfb c`i m Ki ev Lv avZzi mshvM hwMK wqvc` MwVZ nq - D`vniY `vI|
6| K. Kvb&wU wVK? avZz- `yBcKvi/ wZb cKvi/ Pvi cKvi
L. we`wk avZz Kvb&wU ? KvU& / Kr / Uvb&
7| Wvb w`K _K k Gb wVK msvi cvk emvI
gwjK avZz ----- K, Pj&, co, Lv`&, AvuU
mvwaZ avZz ----- kvbvq, emvq, gyPovbv
hwMK avZz---- Di `, gvi Lv, fq cv|

beg cwiQ`

Kr cZqi wevwiZ AvjvPbv

Zvgiv j KiQ h, wqvg~jK ejv nq avZz, Avi avZzi m cyiyl I KvjevPK wefw hvM Ki
MVb Kiv nq wqvc`| avZzi m hLb Kvbv awb ev awb-mgw hy nq wekl ev weklY c`
Zwi nq, ZLb (1) wqvg~j ev avZzK ejv nq wqv cKwZ ev cKwZ; Avi (2) wqv cKwZi m h
awb ev awbmgw hy nq, ZvK ej Kr-cZq| hgb- Pj& (wqv cKwZ)+ Ab (Kr-cZq)=
Pjb (wekl c`)| Pj& (wqv cKwZ) + A (Kr-cZq)=Pj (weklY c`)|
cKwZ K_vwU evSvbvi Rb cKwZi AvM wP eenvi Kiv nq| G cKwZ wPwU eenvi Kij
cKwZ kwU jLvi cqvRb nq bv| hgb -co+ Dqv =coyqv| bvP&+Db = bvPyb|
Kr-cZq mvwaZ c`wUK ejv nq K` c`| hgb - Icii D`vniY coyqv I bvPyb K` c`|
Zrmg ev msZ cKwZi mI Abyi~cfve Kr-cZq hvM K` c` mvwaZ nq| hgb Mg&+Ab=Mgb, K+Ze=KZe |
Kvbv Kvbv Kr-cZq hvM Kij Kr-cKwZi Avw`^i cwiewZZ nq| G cwieZbK ejv nq
Y I ew |
1. Y : (K) B, C-j G, (L) D, E-j I Ges (M) F-j Ai& nq| hgb - wPb&+Av=Pbv
(B j G njv); bx+Av=bIqv (C j G); ay+Av =avqv (D j I) ; K+Zv = KiZv>
KZv (F j Ai&)|
2. ew : (K) A-j Av, (L) B I C-j H, (M) D I E j J Ges (N) F-j Avi& nq|
hgb - cP& + A (YK) = cvPK (cP-Gi A j Av); wk+ A() = kke (B j H); hye+
Ab= heb (D j J); K+NY= Kvh (F j Avi&)|

evsjv Kr-cZq

Kr-cZqhvM k MVb: evsjv

1. (0) k~b-cZq : Kvbv cKvi cZq-wP ewZiKB wKQy wqv-cKwZ wekl I weklY c`
i~c evK eeZ nq| Gi~c j (0) k~b cZq aiv nq| hgb - G gvKgvq Zvgvi wRZ& ne
bv, nvi&-B ne| Mvg Lye ai& cvKo PjQ|
2. A-cZq : Kej fveevP A-cZq hy nq| hgb - ai&+ A=ai, gvi +A=gvi| AvaywbK
evsjvq A-cZq me DPvwiZ nq bv| hgb - nvi& + A=nvi, wRZ&+ A = wRZ|

84

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

Kvbv Kvbv mgq A-cZqhy K` ki wZ cqvM nq| hgb - (Avmb mveZv A_ wZcv)
Kvu`& + A = Kuv`Kuv` (Pnviv)| Gi~c - co+A=coco, gi&+A=gigi (Aev) BZvw`| KLbv
KLbv wZcv K` c` D-cZq nq| hgb - Wze&+D= WzeyWzey| Do+D = DoyDoy|
3.

Ab&-cZq: wqvevPK wekl MVb Ab cZqi eenvi nq| hgb - Kvu`& + Ab= Kvu`b
(Kvbvi fve)| Gi~c - bvPb, evob, Szjb, `vjb|

wekl wbqg
(K) Av-Kviv avZzi m Ab& j Ib nq| hgb - Lv+Ab=LvIb, Qv+Ab=QvIb,
`+Ab=`Ib|
(L) Av-Kviv chvRK (wYR) avZzi ci Avb cZq hy nj Avbv nq| hgb - Rvbv+Avb=
Rvbvbv| Gi~c -kvbvbv, fvmvbv|
4. Abv-cZq : `yj&+ Abv= `yjbv> `vjbv| Lj&+ Abv=Ljbv|
5. Awb, (weK) Dwb-cZq: wPi&+Awb=wPiwb>wPiywb| euva&+Awb=euvawb > euvaywb|
AuvU+Awb=AuvUwb> AuvUzwb|
6. A-cZq: weklY MVb A cZq nq| hgb - Do+A =Do, Wze&+A=Wze|
7. AK-cZq : gyo+AK=gvoK| Sj&+AK=SjK|
8. Av-cZq : wekl I weklY MVb Av cZq nq| hgb co+Av=cov (cov eB)| Gi~c iuva
(wekl), iuvav (weklY), Kbv, ePv, dvUv BZvw`|
9| AvI-cZq : fveevPK wekl MVb AvI cZq hy nq| hgb- cvKo+AvI= cvKovI,
Po +AvI=PovI|
11. Avb (Avbv) cZq : wekl MVb chvRK avZz I KgevPi avZzi ci Avb/Avbv cZq nq|
hgb - Pvj& =Avb =Pvjvb/Pvjvbv| gvb&+ Avb = gvbvb/gvbvbv|
12. Avwb-cZq: wekl MVb chy nq| hgb - Rvb& + Avwb=Rvbvwb, b&+Avwb=bvwb,
Do& + Avwb=Dovwb, Do+Dwb=Doywb|
13. Avwi ev Avix weK wi/Dwi-cZq : hgb - Wze&+Avwi / Dwi=Wzeyix| Gi~c -aybvix, c~Rvix
BZvw`
14. Avj-cZq : gvZ&+Avj = gvZvj, wgk&+Avj =wgkvj|
15. B-cZq : wekl MVb B cZq chy nq| h_v-fvR&+B = fvwR, eo+B= ewo|
16. Bqv > Bq-cZq : weklY MVb Bqv/ Bq cZq eeZ nq| hgb - gi& +Bqv=gwiqv
(giZ czZ), ej& + Bq=ewjq (evKcUz)| Gi~c - bvwPq, MvBq, wjwLq, evwRq, KBq
BZvw`|

KZ-cZq

85

17. D-cZq : wekl I weklY MVb D cZqi cqvM nq| h_v - WvK& + D= WvKz, Svo +
D= Svoy, Do+D= Doy (wZ DoyDoy)
18. Dqv weK I - cZq : wekl weklY MVb Dqv Ges I cZq nq| h_v - co +
Dqv= coyqv > cov, Do+ Dqv= Doyqv > Dov, Do+I +Dov (wPwV)|
19. Zv-cZq : weklY MVb Zv cZq nq| hgb - wdi&+Zv = wdiZv> diZv, co + Zv=
coZv, en&+ Zv = enZv|
20. wZ-cZq : wekl I weklY MVb wZ cZq nq| hgb - NvU&+wZ=NvUwZ,
evo+wZ=evowZ| Gi~c - KvUwZ, DVwZ BZvw`|
21. bv-cZq : wekl MVb bv cZq hy nq| hgb - Kvu`& + bv = Kvu`bv > Kvbv,
ivua&+bv=ivuabv> ivbv| Gi~c-Sibv BZvw`|

Kr-cZq hvM k MVb : msZ

1. AbU&-cZq : (U Br (wejy) nq, Ab _vK) : bx+AbU&= bx+Ab>b+Ab (Ym~) = bqb,
ky+ AbU&= ky+Ab (Y I mwi dj) = keY| Gi~c - vb, fvRb, bZb, `kb BZvw`|
2. -cZq (K& Br Z _vK) : v+ (v+Z) = vZ, Lv+=LvZ|

wekl wbqg
(K) -cZq hy nj wbwjwLZ avZzi A^i B Kvi nq| hgb - cV&+=(cV&+B+Z) =
cwVZ| Gi~c -wjwLZ, wew`Z, ewZ, PwjZ, cwZZ, jywZ, zwaZ, wkwZ BZvw`|
(L) cZq hy nj, avZzi AwZ P I R j K nq| hgb- wmP&+=(wmK&+Z) wm|
Gi~c-gyP&+=gy, fyR&+=fy|
(M) G Qvov cZq ci _vKj avZzi ga wewfb iKgi cwieZb nq| GLvb Gi~c KqKwU cKwZcZqi D`vniY `Iqv njv| hgb- Mg&+ = MZ, M'&&+ = Mw_Z, Pyi&+ = P~Y,
wQ`&+=wQb, Rb&+=RvZ, `v+=`, `n&+=`, eP&+=D, ec&+=D,
gyn&+=gy, hya&+=hy, jf&+=j, ^c&+=my, mR&+=m, nb&+= nZ BZvw`|
3. w-cZq (K Br wZ _vK) : Mg&+ w=Mg&+wZ=MwZ (GLvb g jvc nqQ)|

wekl wbqg
(K) w-cZq hvM Kij Kvbv Kvbv avZzi A ebi jvc nq| h_v- gb&+w=gwZ,
ig&+w=iwZ|
(L) Kvbv Kvbv avZzi Dcav A-Kvii ew nq, A_vr Av-Kvi nq| hgb - kg&+w=kvw
(mwm~ g>b), kg&+w=kvw|
(M) P Ges R j K nq| hgb -eP&+w=Dw, gyP&+w=gyw, fR&+w=fw|

86

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

(N) wbcvZb wm : M+w=MxwZ, wma&+w=wmw, eya&+w=eyw, kK&+w=kw|

4. Ze I Abxq cZq : Kg I fveevPi avZzi ci (K) Ze I (L) Abxq cZq nq|
(K) Ze : K+Ze=KZe, `v+Ze=`vZe, cV&+Ze=cwVZe|
(L) Abxq : K+Abxq=KiYxq, i&+Abxq = iYxq| Gi~c-`kbxq, cvbxq, keYxq, cvjbxq BZvw`|
5. ZP&-cZq (P Br Z _vK) : c_gv GKePb Z j Zv nq| hgb`v+ZP&=`v+Z=`v+Zv= `vZv gv+ZP&=gvZv, x+ZP&=Zv|
wekl wbqg : hya& +ZP=hya&+Zv=hvv|
6. YK-cZq (Y Br AK _vK) : cV&+YK=cV&+AK=cvVK| g~j ^ii ew nq A vb
Av nqQ| hgb-bx=YK=(b+AK-c_g ^ii ew) bvqK, M+YK=MvqK,
wjL&+YK= jLK BZvw`|
wekl wbqg
(K) YK-cZq ci _vKj wYR avZzi B Kvii jvc nq| hgb - c~uwR+YK=c~RK| Gi~cRbK, PvjK, veK|
(L) Av-Kviv avZzi ci YK cZq nj avZzi kl q Avm| h_v-`v+YK=`vqK, we- av+YK=weavqK|
7. NY-cZq [N,Y-Br, h (h-djv) _vK] : Kg I fveevP NY& nq| h_v- K+NY&=Kvh>Kvh,
a+NY&=avh| Gi~c -cwinvh, evP, fvR, hvM, nvm BZvw`|
(`e : AvaywbK evsjv evbvb id+h+h=h nq bv, h nq|)
8. h-cZq : Kg I fveevP hvMZv I JwPZ A_ h cZq chy nq| h hy nj Av-Kviv
avZzi Av-Kvi j G-Kviv nq Ges h q nq| hgb - `v +h=`v>`+h>q=`q|
nv+h=nq|
Gi~c -weaq, ARq, cwigq, Abygq BZvw`|
wekl wbqg : ebv avZzi h cZq j h-djv nq| h_v-Mg&+h=Mg, jf&+h=jf|
9. wYb-cZq (Y Br, BY& _vK, Bb& C-Kvi nq) : Mn + wYb=Mvnx, cv+wYb=cvqx| Gi~cKvix, `vnx, mZev`x, fvex, vqx, Mvgx| wKz wYb hy nj nb avZzi j NvZ nq| h_v
- AvZ-nY&+wYb=AvZNvZx|
10. Bb& cZq (Bb&)=C-Kvi nq) : kg&+Bb&=kgx|
11. Aj&-cZq (j Br, A _vK) : wR+Aj&=Rq, w+Aj& = q| Gi~c-fq, wbPq, webq, f`,
wejq| ewZg : nY&+Aj&=ea|

K` weklY MVb KwZcq Kr-cZq

1. Bz-cZq : Pj&+Bz = Pwjz| Gi~c -wqz, ewaz|
2. ei-cZq : Ck&+ei=Cki, fvm&+ei =fv^i| Gi~c-bki, vei|
3. i-cZq : wnb+m&+i=wnsm, bg&+i=bg|

KZ-cZq

87

4. DK/EK-cZq : fy+DK=(f+DK) =fveyK, RvM+EK=(RvMi+EK) RvMi~K|

5. kvbP&-cZq (k I P Br, Avb weK gvb _vK) : `xc&+ kvbP&=`xcgvb| Gi~c Pj&+kvbP&=Pjgvb, ea&+kvbP&=eagvb|
6. NT-cZq [(K` wekl MVb), N& Ges T Br, A _vK] : em&+NT&=evm, hyR&+NT&=
hvM, za&+NT&=va, Ly`&+NT&=L`, wf`&+NT&=f`|
wekl wbqg : ZR&+NT&=ZvM, cP& +NT&=cvK, P&+NT&=kvK|
wKz, bw`+Ab=b`b| G Av hvM b`bv nq bv|

Abykxjbx
1|
2|

3|
4|
5|
6|

7|
8|

9|

avZz I wqv cKwZi cv_K D`vniY mnhvM eywSq `vI|

k~bvb c~Y Ki
(K) wqv cKwZi m h awb ev awbmgw hy nq ZvK ej-----|
(L) Kr-cZqmvwaZ c`wUK ejv nq-----|
Y I ew ejZ Kx evS?
wbPi cZqjvi KvbwU Br nq jL|
AbU&, Avb&, kvbP&, ZP&, wYb&, NT&, NY&, w,
wbPi Kr-cZqmvwaZ kjvi ewk wb`k Ki| cV&+=cwVZ, kg&+w=kvw,
P&+NT&=kvK, bx+ZP&=bZv
cKwZ I cZq wbYq Ki|
bvPyb, Sibv, wbeywbey, Pbv, gvZvj, fZ, wjwLZ, ey, PiY, Dw, AbyivMx, weavqK,
RvMi~K
avZz I cZq wbYq Ki
Rgvbv, Wivbv, nvuKvbv, jUKvbv, Sibv
hwU wVK Zvi Wvb wUK () wP `vI
K. wqvg~jK/ wqvi KvjK/wqvc`K/ AwqvevPK c`K ejv nq wqvcKwZ|
L. K`c`K / wqvc`K/wqv weklYK/wqv cKwZi m h awb ev awbmgw
hy nq ZvK ej Kr cZq|
M. Kr cZqnxb c`K/ Kr cZq mvwaZ c`K / wqvg~jK ejv nq K`c`|
cKwZ I cZq wbYq Ki
NvUwZ, SjK, ivuaywb, Svoy, `kb, gy, gy, D, fvR, Rq

`kg cwiQ`

ZwZ cZq
1. QjwU eo jvRyK|
2. eovB Kiv fvjv bv|
3. Nivwg WK Ni Qq b|
Icii jvRyK, eovB kjv MwVZ nqQ Gfve : jvRyK= jvR + DK; eovB=eo+AvB; Nivwg
= Ni+Avwg| jvR eo I Ni kjvi ci h_vg DK, AvB I Avwg (cZq) hvM Ki
bZzb k MwVZ nqQ|
ki m (kl) hme cZq hvM bZzb k MwVZ nq, Zv`i ZwZ cZq ejv nq|
`e : jvR eo I Ni- G kjvi mv_ Kvbv k/wefw hy nq wb| wefwnxb bvg kK
ejv nq cvwZcw`K| cvwZcw`K ZwZ cZqi cKwZ ej cvwZcw`KK bvg cKwZI ejv nq|
avZz hgb Kr-cZqi cKwZ, Zgwb cvwZcw`KI ZwZ cZqi cKwZ| cZq hy nj avZzK ejv
nq wqv cKwZ Ges cvwZcw`KK ejv nq bvg cKwZ|
ZwZ cZqjv wewfb A_ eeZ nq| evsjv fvlvq ZwZ cZq wZb cKvi|
K. evsjv ZwZ cZq
L. we`wk ZwZ cZq|
M. Zrmg ev msZ ZwZ cZq |

(K) evsjv ZwZ cZq

1. Av-cZq
(K) Aev_ : Pvi + Av = Pviv, K + Av = Kv|
(L) en`v_ : wWwO + Av= wWOv (mwWOv gayKi)|
(M) m`k A_ : evN+Av=evNv, nvZ + Av=nvZv| Gi~c : Kvj -Kvjv (wPKb Kvjv), Kvb-Kvbv|
(N) ZvZ AvQ ev Zvi AvQ A_ : Rj + Av=Rjv, Mv` + Av=Mv`v| Gi~c : ivM -ivMv,
Pvj- Pvjv, jyb-jybv>jvbv|
(O) mgw A_ : wek -wekv, evBk-evBkv (gvmi evBkv> evBk|
(P) ^v_ : RU+Av=RUv, PvL-PvLv, PvK-PvKv|
(Q) wqvevPK wekl MVb : nvwRi -nvwRiv, Pvl-Pvlv|
(R) RvZ I AvMZ A_ : gwnl>fBm-fqmv (wN), `wLb-`wLbv> `Lb (nvIqv)|

ZwZ cZq

89

2. AvB-cZq
(K) fveevPK wekl MVb : eo+AvB=eovB, Pov +AvB=PovB|
(L) Av`iv_ : Kvby+AvB=KvbvB, wbg+AvB=wbgvB|
(M) x ev cyiylevPK ki wecixZ evSvZ : evb+AvB= evbvB, bb`-b`vB, RVv-RVvB (gv)|
(N) mgYevPK wekl MVb : wgVv +AvB=wgVvB|
(O) RvZ A_ : XvKv+AvB=XvKvB (Rvg`vwb), cvebv-cvebvB (kvwo)|
(P) weklY MVb : Pvi -PvivB (gvj), gvMj-gvMjvB (civUv)|
3. Avwg/Avg/Avgv/wg-cZq
(K) fve A_ : BZi+Avwg =BZivwg, cvMj+Avwg = cvMjvwg, Pvi+Avwg =Pvivwg,
evu`i+Avwg =evu`ivwg, dvwRj +Avgv=dvRjvgv|
(L) ew (RxweKv) A_ : VK+Avgv=VKvgv (VKi ew ev fve), Ni+Avwg=Nivwg|
(M) wb`v vcb: RVv+Avwg=RVvwg, Qj+Avwg=Qjwg|
4. B/C-cZq
(K) fve A_ : evnv`yi +B = evnv`ywi, Dg`vi-Dg`vwi|
(L)

ew ev eemvq A_ : Wvvi-Wvvwi, gvvi-gvvwi, cvvi-cvvwi, evcvievcvwi, Pvl-Pvwl|

(M)

gvwjK A_ : Rwg`vi-Rwg`vwi, `vKvb-`vKvwb|

(N)

RvZ, AvMZ ev m^ evSvZ : fvMjcyi-fvMjcywi, gv`vR-gv`vwR, ikg-ikwg,

miKvi-miKvwi (m^ evPK)|

5. Bqv> G-cZq
(K) ZrKvjxbZv evSvZ : mKvj + G=mKj, GKvj+G=GKj, fv`i +Bqv = fv`wiqv>
fv`yi (KBgvQ)|
(L)

DcKiY evSvZ : cv_i -cv_wiqv> cv_yi, gvwU -gU, evwj- ej|

(M)

DcRxweKv A_ : Rvj-Rvwjqv>Rj, gvU-gyU|

(N)

bcyY evSvZ : Lyb-Lywbqv> Lyb, `gvK-`gvK, bv (bKv) - bvBqv> bq|

(O)

AeqRvZ weklY MVb : UbUb- UbUb (vb), KbKb -KbKb (kxZ), MbMb -MbMb
(Avb), PKPK- PKPK (RyZv)|

90

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

6. Dqv> I-cZq
(K) ivMM A_ : Ri +Dqv = Riyqv>Riv| evZ+Dqv=evZzqv> eZv (Nvov)|
(L)

hy A_ : UvK -UKv|

(M)

mB DcKiY wbwgZ A_ : Lo-Lov (LovNi)|

(N)

RvZ A_ : avb-abv|

(O)

mswk A_ : gvV-gVv, Mvu-MvuBqv> Muqv|

(P)

DcRxweKv A_ : gvQ-gvQyqv> gQv|

(Q)

weklY MVb : `uvZ-`uZv (nvwm), Quv`-Qu`v (K_v), Zj-Zjv> Zjv (gv_v), KzuRKzuRv (jvK)|

7. D-cZq : weklY MVb : Xvj +D = Xvjy, Kj+D=Kjy|

8. DK-cZq : weklY MVb : jvR-jvRyK, wgk-wgK, wg_v-wg_yK|
9. Avwi/Avix/Aviy-cZq : weklY MVb: wfL-wfLvwi, kuvL-kuvLvwi, evgv-evgviy|
10. Avwj/Avjv/Avwj/Avjx>Gj-cZq : wekl I weklY MVb: `uvZ-`uvZvj, jvwV-jvwVqvj> jVj,
ZR-ZRvj, avi-avivj, kuvm-kuvmvj, RgK-RgKvjv, `ya-`yavj> `yaj, wng-wngj,
PZzi- PZzivwj, NUK-KvUKvwj, wmu`-wmu`j, MuvRv-MuRj|
11. Dwiqv>Dwoqv/Do/i-cZq : nvU-nvUzwiqv> nvUzi, mvc-mvcywoqv>mvcyo, KvV-KvVzi|
12. Do-cZq : A_nxbfve : jR-jRyo|
13. Dqv/Iqv>I-cZq: mwKZ A_ : Ni+Iqv = Nivqv, Rj+ Dqv=Rjyqv>Rjv (`ya)|
14. AvwUqv / U-cZq : weklY MVb : Zvgv-ZvgvwUqv> ZvgvU, SMov-SMovU, fvovfvovU, ivMv-ivMvU|
15. AU>U-cZq : ^v_ : fiv -fivU, Rgv-RgvU|
16. jv-cZq : (K) weklY MVb : gN-gNjv
(L) ^v_ : GK-GKjv, Ava-Avajv|
(L) we`wk ZwZ cZq
1.

Iqvjv > Avjv (wnw`) : evwo-evwoIqvjv (gvwjK A_), w`wj-w`wjIqvjv (Awaevmx A_),
gvQ-gvQIqvjv (ew A_), `ya-`yaIqvjv (ew A_)|

2.

Iqvb>Avb (wnw`) : Mvwo-Mvovqvb, `vi -`vivqvb|

3.

Avbv>Avwb (wnw`) : gybwk-gybwkqvbv, wewe-weweAvbv, wn`y-wn`yqvwb|

ZwZ cZq

91

4.

cbv (wnw`): cvwb-cvbmv> cvbm, GK-GKmv, Kvj (Kvj)-Kvjmv>Kvjm|

6.

Mi> Ki (dviwm) : KvwiMi, evwRKi, mI`vMi|

7.

`vi (dviwm) : Zuve`vi, Lei`vi, eywU`vi, `bv`vi, PwK`vi, cvnviv`vi|

8.

evR (` A_ -dviwm) : KjgevR, awoevR, auvKvevR, MjvevR+B=MjvevwR (wekl)|

9.

ew` (e`&-dviwm) : Revbew`, mvwiew`, bRiew`, Kvgie`|

10. mB : gZv A_ : RyZmB, gvbvbmB, PjbmB, UKmB|

`e : wUcmB I bvgmB k `yUvi mB cZq bq| GwU mwn (A_-^vi) k _K Drcb|
(M) msZ ZwZ cZq
, w, , wK, BZ, Bgb, Bj, B, Cb, Zi, Zg, Zv, Z, bxb, bxq, eZzc&, web&, i, j cfwZ
msZ ZwZ cZqhvM h mg k MwVZ nq, mjv evsjv fvlvq eeZ nq | GLvb KZjv
msZ ZwZ cZqi D`vniY `qv njv|
KqKwU mvaviY m
1. h ki m (A)-cZq hy nq, Zvi g~j ^ii ew nq| h_v- bMi+=bvMi, gayi
+=gvayh|
ew : (1) A-vb Av, (2) B, C-vb H, (3) D, E-vb J Ges (4) F-vb Avi nIqvK ew ej|
2. h ki m (A) cZq hy nq, Zvi cvwZcw`Ki A^ii D-KviI I-Kvi cwiYZ nq|
I +A mwZ Ae nq| h_v-iy+=Mie, jNy+ =jvNe, wk +=kke, gay +=gvae,
gby + =gvbe|
3. `ywU ki viv MwVZ mgvme ki A_ev DcmMhy ki m ZwZ cZq hy nq
DcmMmn ki ev k `ywUi g~j ^ii ew nq| h_vcijvK +wK =cvijwKK|
myfM+=mfvM|
cfZ+wK=cvfwZK|
mefwg+ =mvefg|
ewZg : el k cic` nj c~ec`i msLvevPK ki g~j ^ii ew nq bv| h_v-wel +wK=
wevwlK| msLvevPK k bv _vKjI wbqggZv g~j ^ii ew nq| hgb -el + wK=evwlK|
4. h cZq hy nj cvwZcw`Ki A wZ A, Av, B Ges C Gi jvc nq| h_v - mg&+h =mvg,
Kwe +h =Kve, gayi +h =gvayh, cvPx+h=cvP|
ewZg : mfv+h=mf (mvf bq)|

92

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

KqKwU msZ ZwZ cZq

1. BZ-cZq : DcKiYRvZ weklY MVb
Kzmyg +BZ=KzmywgZ, Zi+BZ=ZiwZ, KK+BZ=KwKZ|
2. Bgb&-cZq : wekl MVb
bxj+Bgb=bxwjgv| gnr+Bgb=gwngv|
3. Bj&-cZq : DcKiYRvZ weklY MVb
c+Bj&=cwj, Ewg +Bj& =Ewgj, db+Bj&=dwbj|
4. B-cZq : AwZkvqb
iy+B=Mwi, jNy+B=jwN|
5. Bb& (C)-cZq : mvaviY weklY MVb
vb +Bb&= vwbb&

myL+Bb&=mywLb&|

Y+Bb&=wYb&

gvb+Bb&=gvwbb&|

mgvm Bb& cZqv ki ci Zrmg k _vKj Bb& cZqv ki b& jvc cvq| hgb - vbxMY,
wYMY, mywLMY, gvwbRb BZvw` |
KZKviKi GK ePb Bb& cZq C i~c MnY Ki| hgbvb+Bb& (C) -vbx, Y+ Bb&(C) Yx BZvw`|
x wj Bb& cZqv ki ci C-hy nq Bbx i~c MnY Ki| hgbvb+Bbx-vwbbx, Y+Bbx =wYbx BZvw`|

6. Zv I Z-cZq : wekl MVb

ez+ Zv =ezZv, ky+Zv = kyZv|
ey+Z=ezZ, iy+Z = iyZ|
Nb+Z=NbZ, gnr+Z = gn|
7. Zi I Zg-cZq : AwZkvqb
gayi-gayiZi, gayiZg| wcq-wcqZi, wcqZg|
8. bxb (Cb&)- cZq : ZrmwKZ A_ weklY MVb
meRb+bxb=meRbxb, Kzj+bxb =Kzjxb, be+bxb=bexb|
9. bxq (Cq) -cZq : weklY MVb
Rj+bxq =Rjxq, evqy+bxq =evqexq, el+bxq =elxq|

ZwZ cZq

93

wekl wbqg : ci-ciKxq, ^-^Kxq, ivRv-ivRKxq|

10. eZzc& (er) Ges gZzc& (gr)-cZq [c_gvi GK ePb h_vg evb& Ges gvb& nq] : weklY MVb
Y+eZzc&=Yevb, `qv+eZzc& = `qvevb|
kx+gZzc&=kxgvb, eyw+gZzc&=eywgvb|
11. web (ex) cZq : AvQ A_ weklY MVb
gav+web&=gavex, gvqv+web& = gvqvex, ZRt+web&= ZR^x, hkt +web&=hk^x|
12. i-cZq : wekl MVb
gay+i=gayi, gyL+i=gyLi|
13. j-cZq : wekl MVb
kxZ +j = kxZj, erm +j= ermj|
14. (A) cZq
(K) AcZ A_

: gby+ =gvbe, h`y +=hv`e|

(L) DcvmK A_

: wke+ = ke, wRb+=Rb|Gi~c: kw-kv, ey-e, wez-ee|

(M) fve A_

: wk + = kke, iy+ =Mie, wKkvi+=Kkvi|

(N) mK evSvZ : cw_ex+ = cvw_e, `e+=`e, wP (GKwU bi bvg)+ =P|

wbcvZb wm : m~h+=mi (mvaviY wbqg myi+ (A) =mi)|

15. (h) cZq

(K) AcZv_

: gbyt +=gbyl, Rg`wM+=Rvg`M|

(L) fvev_

: my`i+=m`h, k~i+=kh| axi+=ah, Kzgvi + =Kgvh|

(M) weklY MVb

: ceZ + = cveZ, e`+ =e`|

16. w (B)-cZq : AcZ A_

iveY+w=ivewY (iveYi cy), `ki_+w=`vkiw_|
17. wK (BK)-cZq
(K) ` ev ev A_

: mvwnZ +wK=mvwnwZK, e`+wK=ew`K, wevb+wK=evwbK|

(L) welqK A_

: mgy`+wK=mvgyw`K, bMi-bvMwiK, gvm -gvwmK, ag-avwgK, mgi

mvgwiK, mgvR-mvgvwRK|

(M) weklY MVb

: ng +wK=ngwK, AKvr+wK=AvKwK|

18. q (Gq)-cZq
fwMbx+q=fvwMbq, AwM+q=AvMq, wegvZ (wegvZv) +q=egvq|

94

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

Abykxjbx
1| ZwZ cZq ejZ Kx evS? ZwZ cZqK k cZq ejv hvq wK? D`vniYmn eywSq `vI|
2| cvwZcw`KK bvg cKwZ ejv nq Kb?
3| wbwjwLZ LuvwU evsjv ZwZv kmg~n Kx A_ Kvb Kvb cZq eeZ nqQ, Zv
cvkvcvwk wjL `vI|
nvwRiv

Rjv

wgVvB

jRyo

PvgPv

`iKvwi

UKv

wg_yK

Nivqv

XvKvB

4| `ywU Ki D`vniY `vI|

(K) (A) cZq hy nj cKwZi (cvwZcw`Ki) ^ii ew nq|
(L) cZq hy nj g~j^ii ew QvovI cvwZcw`Ki A^i D-Kvi _vKj Zv I-Kvi nq|
(M) ZwZv ki cKwZ `ywU k MwVZ nj A_ev kwU DcmMhy _vKj Dfq B
(DcmMmn) g~j^ii ew nq|

5. cKwZ I cZq wbYq Ki|

Kve, fvwMbq, evwbK, evqexq, meRbxb, myLx, KzmywgZ, dwbj, kxZj, gayi, Kzjxb, cveZ,
e, mh, ciyl, gavex|

6. wVK DiwUZ wUK () wP `vI

K. cvwZcw`K ejv nq- wefw hy c`K / mgmgvb c`K/ wefwnxb c`K|
L. evsjv fvlvq ZwZ cZq - `yB cKvi / wZb cKvi / Pvi cKvi
M. Iqvjv (`yaIqvjv) - evsjv / we`wk/ Zrmg ZwZ cZq
N. Do (jRyo) - evsjv / we`wk/ Zrmg ZwZ cZq
O. BZ (KzmywgZ) evsjv / we`wk / Zrmg ZwZ cZq|

GKv`k cwiQ`

ki kwY wefvM
wewfb `wKvY _K ki kwY wefvM nZ cvi|
1. MVbg~jK kwY wefvM : (K) gwjK I (L) mvwaZ
2. A_g~jK kwY wefvM
: (K) hwMK, (L) i~wp Ges (M) hvMi~p
3. Drmg~jK kwY wefvM : (K) Zrmg, (L) Aa-Zrmg (M) Ze (N) `wk I (O) we`wk|
1. MVbg~jK kwYwefvM K. gwjK k : hme k weklY Kiv hvq bv ev fO Avjv`v Kiv
hvq bv, mjvK gwjK k ej| gwjK kjvB nQ fvlvi g~j DcKiY| hgb Mvjvc, bvK, jvj, wZb|
L. mvwaZ k : hme kK weklY Kiv nj Avjv`v A_evaK k cvIqv hvq, mjvK
mvwaZ k ej| mvaviYZ GKvwaK ki mgvm nq wKsev cZq ev DcmM hvM nq mvwaZ
k MwVZ nq _vK| D`vniY : Puv`gyL (Puv`i gZv gyL), bxjvKvk (bxj h AvKvk), Wzeywi
(Wze&+Dwi), Pj (Pj& + A), ckvmb (c+kvmb), Miwgj (Mi+wgj) BZvw`|

2. A_g~jK kwYwefvM
A_MZfve kmg~n wZb fvM wef| h_vK. hwMK k
L. i~p ev i~wp k
M. hvMi~p k
K. hwMK k : hmKj ki eyrcwMZ A_ I eenvwiK A_ GKB iKg, mjvK hwMK k
ej| hgbMvqK = M + YK (AK) - A_ : Mvb Ki h|
KZe = K + Ze - A_ : hv Kiv DwPZ|
eveyqvbv = evey + Avbv - A_ : eveyi fve|
gayi = gay + i -A_ : gayi gZv wgw Yhy|
`wn = `ywnZv+ -A_ : Kbvi cy, bvwZ|
wPKvgviv = wPKv+gviv -A_ : `Iqvji wjLb|
L. i~wp k : h k cZq ev DcmMhvM g~j ki A_i AbyMvgx bv nq Ab Kvbv wewk A_
vcb Ki, ZvK i~wp k ej| hgbnx=n + Bb, A_-n AvQ hvi; wKz nx ejZ
GKwU cK evSvq| MelYv (Mv+GlYv) A_- Miy LuvRv| eZgvb A_ evcK Aaqb I
chvjvPbv|

96

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

G iKgeuvwk

- euvk w`q Zwi h Kvbv ez bq, kwU myii wekl ev`h, wekl A_ chy nq|

Zj - ay wZjRvZ n c`v_ bq, kwU h Kvbv Dw c`v_RvZ n c`v_K evSvq| hgbev`vg-Zj|

cexY - kwUi A_ nIqv DwPZ wQj cK i~c exYv evRvZ cvib whwb| wKz kwU AwfZvmb
eq ew A_ eeZ nq|
m`k - k I cZqMZ A_ msev`| wKz i~wp A_ wgvb wekl|
M. hvMi~p k : mgvm wbb h mKj k m~Yfve mgmgvb c`mg~ni AbyMvgx bv nq Kvbv
wewk A_ MnY Ki, Zv`i hvMi~p k ej| hgbcR c Rb hv (Dcc` Zrcyiyl mgvm)| kevj, kvjyK, cdzj cfwZ bvbvwea Dw` c Rb
_vK| wKz cR kwU GKgv cdzj A_B eeZ nq| ZvB cR GKwU hvMi~p k|
ivRcyZ - ivRvi cy A_ cwiZvM Ki hvMi~p k wnme A_ nqQ RvwZwekl|
gnvhvv - gnvmgvivn hvv A_ cwiZvM Ki hvMi~p ki~c A_ gZz|
Rjwa - Rj aviY Ki Ggb A_ cwiZvM Ki GKgv mgy` A_B eeZ nq|
3.

Drmg~jK kwY wefvM : evsjv fvlv Aavq evsjv fvlvi kfvvi cwiQ` G welq wek`
AvjvPbv Kiv nqQ|

Abykxjbx
1| MVb Abymvi evsjv fvlvi kmg~n Kq fvM wef nZ cvi| wefvMjvi bvg jL|
2| A_MZfve ev A_i wePvi-weklY evsjv fvlvi kmg~n Kq fvM wef nZ cvi, D`vniYmn
DjL Ki|
3| wbwjwLZ kmg~n i~wp, hvMi~p I hwMKGB wZbwU Q c` QK Abymvi mvRvI|
fvwMbq, Rjwa, ivRcyZ, ivRcy, euvwk, Zj, m`k|
i~wp

hvMi~p

hwMK k

4| wbgwjwLZ kjvi eyrcwMZ Ges eenvwiK A_ jL|

K) m`k

L) nwiY

M) cexY

N) gnvhvv

5| wbPi kjv KvbwU Kvb kwYZ co jL|

bxwjgv, GK, RbK, nvZ, Qjaiv, mvc, Avmgvb-Rwgb, envqvcbv, mvcywoqv, nvZ-cv,
jvRyK, mvsevw`K, cvMjvwg, evwoIqvjv, Pv evMvb|

PZz_ Aavq
c_g cwiQ`

c`-cKiY
`ytmvnmx Awfhvxiv gvbyli wPib Kbvi ivR Puv`i `k cuQQb Ges gjMnI hvIqvi Rb
Zuviv czZ nQb|
Icii evKwUZ iv (Awfhvx + iv), Gi (gvbyl + Gi), i (Kbv + i), G (gjMn + G)
cfwZ wPjvK wefw ejv nq|
evK eeZ cZKwU kB GK GKwU c`|
c`jv cavbZ `yB cKvi : meq c` I Aeq c`|
meq c` Pvi cKvi : 1. wekl 2. weklY 3. mebvg 4. wqv| myZivs c` gvU cuvP cKvi : wekl,
weklY, mebvg, wqv Ges Aeq|
c`

(K) meq c`

1. wekl,

2. weklY

(L) Aeq c`

3. mebvg

4. wqv

AvjvP evKwUZ
1. wekl c`

: Awfhvx, gvbyl, Kbv, ivR, `k, gjMn

2. weklY c`

: `ytmvnmx, wPib, c zZ

3. mebvg c`

: Zuviv

4. wqvc`

: cuQQb, nQb, hvIqvi (AmgvwcKv wqv)

5. Aeq c`

: Ges, Rb

wekl c`
Kvbv wKQyi bvgK wekl c` ej|
evKga eeZ h mg c` viv Kvbv ew, RvwZ, mgw, e z, vb, Kvj, fve, Kg ev Yi
bvg evSvbv nq Zv`i wekl c` ej|

98

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

wekl c` Qq cKvi
1. msv (ev bvg) evPK wekl (Proper Noun)
2. RvwZevPK wekl (Common Noun)
3. e z (ev `e) evPK wekl (Material Noun)
4. mgwevPK wekl (Collective Noun)
5. fveevPK wekl (Verbal Noun)
6. YevPK wekl (Abstract Noun)

wekl c`
1. bvgevPK

2. RvwZevPK

3. `eevPK

4. mgwevPK

5. fveevPK

6. YevPK

1. msv (ev bvg) evPK wekl : h c` viv Kvbv ew, fMvwjK vb ev msv Ges M
wekli bvg wevwcZ nq, ZvK msv (ev bvg) evPK wekl ej| h_v(K) ewi bvg

: bRiyj, Igi, Avwbm, gvBKj

(L) fMvwjK vbi

: XvKv, w`wj, jb, gv

(M) fMvwjK msv

: (b`x, ceZ, mgy` BZvw`) gNbv, wngvjq, Avie mvMi

(N) Mi bvg

: MxZvwj, AwMexYv, `k we`k, wekbwe

2. RvwZevPK wekl : h c` viv Kvbv GKRvZxq cvYx ev c`v_i mvaviY bvg evSvq, ZvK
RvwZevPK wekl ej| hgb gvbyl, Miy, cvwL, MvQ, ceZ, b`x, BsiR|
3. ezevPK ev `eevPK wekl : h c` Kvbv Dcv`vbevPK c`v_i bvg evSvq, ZvK e zevPK
ev `eevPK wekl ej| GB RvZxq e zi msLv I cwigvY wbYq Kiv hvq| h_v eB, LvZv,
Kjg, _vjv, evwU, gvwU, Pvj, wPwb, jeY, cvwb|
4. mgwevPK wekl : h c` ekwKQy msLK ew ev cvYxi mgw evSvq, Zv-B mgwevPK
wekl| h_v mfv, RbZv, mwgwZ, cvqZ, gvnwdj, SuvK, eni, `j|
5. fveevPK wekl : h wekl c` Kvbv wqvi fve ev KvRi fve cKvwkZ nq, ZvK fveevPK
wekl ej| h_v Mgb (hvIhvi fve ev KvR), `kb (`Lvi KvR), fvRb (LvIqvi KvR), kqb
(kvqvi KvR), `Lv, kvbv|
6. YevPK wekl : h wekl viv Kvbv e zi `vl ev Yi bvg evSvq, Zv-B YevPK wekl|
h_vgayi wgZi Y gayiZv, Zij `ei YZvij, wZ `ei `vl ev Y wZZv,
ZiyYi Y-ZviyY BZvw`| Z`~c : mif, ^v, heb, myL, `ytL|

c`-cKiY

99

weklY c`
weklY : h c` wekl, mebvg I wqvc`i `vl, Y, Aev, msLv, cwigvY BZvw` cKvk Ki,
ZvK weklY c` ej|
Pj Mvwo
: wekli weklY|
KiyYvgq Zzwg : mebvgi weklY|
`yZ Pj
: wqv weklY|
weklY `yB fvM wef| h_v1. bvg weklY I 2. fve weklY|
1. bvg weklY : h weklY c` Kvbv wekl ev mebvg c`K wekwlZ Ki, ZvK bvg weklY
ej| h_vwekli weklY : my mej `nK K bv fvjvevm?
mebvgi weklY : m i~cevb I Yevb|

bvg weklYi cKvif`

K.
L.
M.
N.
O.
P.

i~cevPK
YevPK
AevevPK
msLvevPK
gevPK
cwigvYevPK

bxj AvKvk, meyR gvV, Kvjv gN|

PKm jvK, ` KvwiMi, Vvv nvIqv|
ZvRv gvQ, ivMv Qj, Luvov cv|
nvRvi jvK, `k `kv, k UvKv|
`kg kwY, mi cv, c_gv Kbv|
weNvUK Rwg, cuvP kZvsk fwg, nvRvi Ubx RvnvR, GK KwR Pvj,
`y wKjvwgUvi iv v|
Q. AskevPK
: AaK mw, lvj Avbv `Lj, wmwK c_|
R. Dcv`vbevPK
: ej gvwU, gU Kjwm, cv_yi g~wZ|
S. ckevPK
: KZ`~i c_? Kgb Aev?
T. wbw`ZvvcK : GB jvK, mB Qj, Qvwek gvP|
wewfbfve weklY MVbi cwZ
K. wqvRvZ
: nvivbv mw, Lvevi cvwb, AbvMZ w`b|
L. AeqRvZ
: AvQv gvbyl, Dcwi cvIbv, nVvr eojvK|
M. mebvg RvZ
: KeKvi K_v, Kv_vKvi K, ^xq mw|
N. mgvmwm
: eKvi, wbqg-weiy, vbnviv, PPvjv Ni|
O. exvg~jK
: nvwmnvwm gyL, Kuv`Kuv` Pnviv, WzeyWzey bKv|
P. AbyKvi AeqRvZ

:
:
:
:
:
:

: KbKb kxZ, kbkb nvIqv, wawKwawK Avb, UmUm dj, ZKZK gS|

100

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

Q. K`

: KZx mvb, Rvbvkvbv jvK, cvq-Pjv c_, Z mw, AZxZ Kvj|

R. ZwZv

: RvZxq m`, bwZK ej, gVv c_|

S. DcmMhy

: wbLyuZ KvR, AcZ m`, wbRjv wg_|

T. we`wk

: bvvbvey` Aev, jvIqvwik gvj, jvLivR mw, `icwb ZvjyK|

2. fve weklY : h c` wekl I mebvg wfb Ab c`K wekwlZ Ki Zv-B fve weklY|
fve weklY Pvi cKvi : 1. wqv weklY, 2. weklYi weklY ev weklYxq weklY 3. Aeqi
weklY 4. evKi weklY|
weklY c`
1. bvg weklY
1. wqv weklY

2. weklYi weklY

2. fve weklY
3. Aeqi weklY

4. evKi weklY

1. wqv weklY : h c` wqv msNUbi fve, Kvj ev i~c wb`k Ki, ZvK wqv weklY ej| h_v
K. wqv msMVbi fve : axi axi evqy eq|
L. wqv msMVbi Kvj : ci GKevi Gmv|
2. weklYxq weklY : h c` bvg weklY A_ev wqv weklYK wekwlZ Ki, ZvK weklYxq
weklY ej| h_vK. bvg weklYi weklY : mvgvb GKUz `ya `vI| G evcvi m AwZkq `ytwLZ|
L. wqv-weklYi weklY : iKU AwZ `yZ Pj|
3. Aeqi weklY : h fve-weklY Aeq c` A_ev Aeq c`i A_K wekwlZ Ki, ZvK
Aeqi weklY ej| h_v waK& Zvi, kZ waK& wbj h Rb|
4. evKi weklY : KLbv KLbv Kvbv weklY c` GKwU m~Y evKK wekwlZ KiZ cvi,
ZLb ZvK evKi weklY ejv nq| hgb
`yfvMg `k Avevi bvbv mgmvRvj Ave nq coQ| evweKB AvR Avgv`i KwVb cwikgi
cqvRb|

weklYi AwZkvqb
weklY c` hLb `yB ev ZZvwaK wekl c`i ga Y, Aev, cwigvY cfwZ welq Zzjbvq GKi
DrKl ev AcKl eywSq _vK, ZLb ZvK weklYi AwZkvqb ej| hgb hgybv GKwU `xN b`x,
cv `xNZi, wKz gNbv evsjv`ki `xNZg b`x| m~h, cw_ex I P`i ga Zzjbvq m~h eng, cw_ex
P`i Pq eni Ges P` cw_ex Acv z`Zi|

c`-cKiY

101

K. evsjv ki AwZkvqb
1. evsjv ki AwZkvqb `yqi ga PvBZ, Pq, nBZ, nZ, Acv, _K BZvw` k eeZ
nq| Gme `yqi ga ZviZg evSvZ c_g weklwU cvqB lx wefwhy nq _vK Ges
g~j weklYi ci Kvbv cwieZb mvwaZ nq bv| h_v
Miyi _K Nvovi `vg ewk|
evNi Pq wmsn ejevb|
2. ei ga AwZkvqb : AbKi ga GKi DrKl ev AcKl evSvZ g~j weklYi Kvbv
cwieZb nq bv| g~j weklYi c~e mePvBZ, mePq, me _K, mevcv, mevwaK cfwZ k
eenvi nq| h_v
beg kwYi Qv`i ga Kwig mePq eywgvb| fvB`i ga wegjB mePvBZ wePY| ci
ga wmsn mevcv ejevb|
3. `ywU e zi ga AwZkvqb Rvi w`Z nj g~j weklYi AvM AbK, AwaK, ewk, A, Kg,
AwaKZi cfwZ weklYxq weklY hvM KiZ nq| h_v
cdzj Mvjvci PvBZ AbK my`i| wNqi Pq `ya ewk DcKvix| Kgjvi PvBZ cvwZjey A QvU|
4. KLbv KLbv lx wefwhy k lx wefwB Pq, _K cfwZ ki Kvhmvab Ki| hgb
G gvwU mvbvi evov|
L. Zrmg ki AwZkvqb
1. Zrmg ki AwZkvqb `yqi ga Zi Ges ei ga Zg cZq hy nq _vK| hgb
iyiyZi-iyZg| `xN-`xNZi-`xNZg|
wKy Zi cZqhy weklYwU kywZKUz nj Zi cZq hvM bv Ki weklYi c~e AwaKZi kwU
hvM KiZ nq| hgb Ak n x Acv AwaKZi mykx|
2. ei ga AwZkvqb Zzjbxq e zi DjL bv KiI Zg cZq hy nZ cvi| hgb gNbv
evsjv`ki `xNZg b`x| `kmevi gng eZB mwbKi `xv|
3. Zrmg ki AwZkvqb `yqi ga Zzjbvq Cqm& cZq Ges ei ga Zzjbvq B cZq hy
nq| evsjvq mvaviYZ Cqm& cZqv kjv eeZ nq bv| hgb
g~j weklY

`yqi Zzjbvq

ei Zzjbvq

jNy

jwNqvb

Kbxqvb

Rvqvb

kq

kqvb

k|

jwN
(evsjvq eenvi bB)

Kwb

102

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

D`vniY : wZb fvBqi ga iwngB R Ges Kwig Kwb| msLvjvi jwN mvaviY wYZK
ei Ki|
4. Cqm& cZqv Kvbv Kvbv ki xwj i~c evsjvq cPwjZ AvQ| hgb fqmx cksmv|

GKB c`i wekl I weklY i~c cqvM

evsjv fvlvq GKB c` wekl I weklY i~c eeZ nZ cvi| hgb
fvjv

g`

cyY

wbkx_ :

kxZ

mZ

weklY i~c

- fvjv evwo cvIqv KwVb|

wekl i~c

- Avcb fvjv mevB Pvq|

weklY i~c

- g` K_v ejZ bB|

wekl i~c

- GLvb Kx g`Uv Zzwg `Lj?

weklY i~c

- Zvgvi G cyY cPv mdj nvK|

wekl i~c

- cyY gwZ nvK|

weklY i~c

- wbkx_ ivZ evRQ euvwk|

wekl i~c

- Mfxi wbkx_ cKwZ my|

weklY i~c

kxZKvj Kzqvkv co|

wekl i~c

- kxZi mKvj Pviw`K Kzqvkvq AKvi|

weklY i~c

- mZ c_ _K mZ K_v ej|

wekl i~c

- G GK weivU mZ|

mebvg c`
wekli cwieZ h k eeZ nq, ZvK mebvg c` ej|
mebvg mvaviYZ BZvc~e eeZ wekli cwZwbwa vbxq k| hgb n x cvwYRMZi meenr
cvYx| Zvi kixiwU hb weivU GK gvsmi c|
wZxq evK Zvi kwU c_g evKi n x wekl c`wUi cwZwbwa vbxq ki~c eeZ nqQ|
ZvB, Zvi kwU mebvg c`| wekl c` Aby _vKjI wekl wekl c`i cwieZ mebvg
c` eeZ nZ cvi| hgb
K. hviv `ki WvK mvov w`Z cvi, ZvivB Zv mwZKvii `kcwgK|
L. avb fvbZ hviv wkei MxZ Mvq, Zviv wi j cuQZ cvi bv|

c`-cKiY

103

mebvgi kwYwefvM
evsjv fvlvq eeZ mebvgmg~nK wbwjwLZ KqKwU fvM fvM Kiv nq _vK|
(1) ewevPK ev cyiylevPK : Avwg, Avgiv, Zzwg, Zvgiv, m, Zviv, Zvnviv, wZwb, Zuviv, G,
Giv, I, Iiv BZvw`|
(2) AvZevPK : ^qs, wbR, Lv`, Avcwb|
(3) mvgxcevPK : G, GB, Giv, Bnviv, Bwb BZvw`|
(4) `~iZevPK : H, Hme|
(5) mvKzjevPK : me, mKj, mgy`q, Zver|
(6) ckevPK : K, wK, Kx, Kvb, Kvnvi, Kvi, wKm?
(7) Awbw`ZvvcK : Kvb, Kn, KD, wKQy|
(8) ewZnvwiK : Avcbv Avcwb, wbR wbR, Avcm, cii BZvw`|
(9) mshvMvcK : h, whwb, huviv, hviv, hvnviv BZvw`|
(10) Abvw`evPK : Ab, Aci, ci BZvw`|

mebvg c`
1. ewevPK

2. AvZevPK

3. mvgxcevPK

4. `~iZevPK

5. mvKyjevPK

6. ckevPK

7. Awbw`ZvvcK

8. ewZnvwiK

9. mshvMvcK

10. Abvw`evPK

mebvgi cyiyl
cyiyl GKwU cvwifvwlK k| wekl, mebvg I wqviB cyiyl AvQ| weklY I Aeqi cyiyl bB|
evKiY cyiyl wZb cKvi|
1. Dg cyiyl : ^qs evB Dg cyiyl| Avwg, Avgiv, AvgvK, Avgv`i BZvw` mebvg k Dg cyiyl|
2. gag cyiyl : cZfve Dw ew ev kvZvB gag cyiyl| Zzwg, Zvgiv, ZvgvK, Zvgv`i,
Zvgvw`MK, Avcwb, Avcbviv, Avcbvi, Avcbv`i cfwZ mebvg k gag cyiyl|

104

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

3. bvg cyiyl : AbycwZ A_ev civfve Dw ew, e z ev cvYxB bvg cyiyl| m, Zviv, Zvnviv,
Zv`i, ZvnvK, wZwb, ZuvK, Zuviv, Zuv`i cfwZ bvg cyiyl| (mg wekl kB bvg cyiyl)|
cyiyl

1. Dg cyiyl

2. gag cyiyl

3. bvg cyiyl

ewevPK mebvgi i~c

cyiylf` ewevPK mebvgjvi i~c
i~c

mvaviY

Dg cyiyl

gag cyiyl

bvg cyiyl

Avwg, Avgiv, AvgvK, Zzwg, Zvgiv, ZvgvK, m, Zviv, Zvnviv, ZvK, ZvnvK
Avgvw`MK, Avgvi, Zvgvw`MK, Zvgvi,
Avgv`i;
Zvgv`i
KweZvq: gvi, gviv
Avcwb, Avcbviv,
AvcbvK, Avcbvi,
Avcbv`i

mgvZK

wZwb, Zuviv, Zuvnviv, Zuv`i, Zuvnv`i,

Zuvnvw`MK, Zuv`iK, ZuvnvK, ZuvK,
Bwb, Gui, Guiv, Bunv`i, Gu`i, BunvK,
GuK, Dwb, Iui, Iuiv, Iu`i
Bnv, Bnviv, GB, G, Giv, Dnv, Dnviv,
I, Iiv, I`i

ZzQv_K ev
NwbZv-vcK

mebvgi wefwMvnx i~c : evsjv mebvgmg~n KZKviK wfb Abvb KviK wefwhy nIqvi c~e GKwU
wekl i~c cwiMn Ki| mebvgi G i~cwUK wefwMvnx i~c ejv nq|
KZKviK mebvgi g~j i~cwUB eeZ nq Ges GK c_gv wefwhy GK ePb aiv nq|

mvaviY
Avwg
Zzwg
m
h

K, wK, Kx

KZKviK c_gvi GK ePb

mgvZK
ZzQv_K

Abvb KviK wefwMvnx i~c

mgvZK
ZzQv_K

Avcwb
wZwb
whwb
Bwb
Dwb

Avcbv
Zuvnv, Zuv
huvnv, huv
Bunv, Gu
Dunv, Iu

ZzB

G
Dnv
K, wK, Kx

Zvgv, Zv
Zvnv, Zv
hvnv, hv
Bnv, G
Dnv, I
Kvnv, Kv

c`-cKiY

105

vZe
1. PwjZ fvlvq
(K) ZzQv_ Zvnv vb Zv, hvnv vb hv, Kvnv vb Kv, Bnv vb G, Dnv vb I Av`k nq|
(L) mgv_ Gjvi mv_ GKwU P`we`y mshvwRZ nq| h_v Zvnv + `i = Zvnv`i (mvay) > Zv`i
(PwjZ)| (mgv_) Zuvnv + `i = Zuvnv`i (mvay) > Zuv`i (PwjZ)|
2. KiY KviK AbymM eenvii c~e g~j mebvg ki m i, Gi ev K wefw hvM Ki wbZ
nq| hgb ZvnvK w`qv, ZvK w`q, Zvnvi viv, Zvi viv, AvgvK w`q|
3. lx wefw A_ Cq-cZqhy mebvgRvZ weklY ay Zrmg mebvgi B eeZ nq| h_v:
gr+ Cq = g`xq, fer + Cq = fe`xq, Zr+ Cq = Z`xq|
4. Kx mebvgwU Kvbv Kvbv KviK wKm ev (lx wefwhy nq) Kxmi i~c MnY Ki| h_v:
Kx + viv = Kxmi viv, Kx + _K = Kxm _K, Kxmi _K|

mebvgi wewk cqvM

1. webq cKvk Dg cyiyli GK ePb `xb, Aag, ev`v, meK, `vm cfwZ k eeZ nq| h_v
Avv Ki `vm, kvw bivag| `xbi AviR|
2. Q`e KweZvq mvaviYZ Avgvi vb gg, Avgv`i vb gv`i Ges Avgiv vb gviv
eeZ nq| hgb K eywSe e_v gg| gv`i Mie, gv`i Avkv, Av gwi! evsjv fvlv|
z` wk gviv, Kwi Zvgvwi e`bv|
3. Dcvmi cwZ mvaviYZ Avcwb vb Zzwg chy nq| hgb (Dcvmi cwZ f) cfz, Zzwg iv
Ki G `xb meK|
4. Awfb`bc iPbvqI AbK mgq mvwbZ ewK Zzwg m^vab Kiv nq|
5. Zzwg : NwbRb, AvcbRb ev mgeq mv_x`i cwZ eenvh|
ZzB : ZzQv_ eeZ nq, NwbZv evSvZI Avgiv ZvB eenvi Kwi|

Aeq c`
b eq = Aeq| hvi eq ev cwieZb nq bv, A_vr hv AcwieZbxq k ZvB Aeq| Aeq ki mv_
Kvbv wefwwP hy nq bv, mjvi GK ePb ev e ePb nq bv Ges mjvi x I cyiylevPKZv
wbYq Kiv hvq bv|
h c` me`v AcwieZbxq _K KLbv evKi kvfv eab Ki, KLbv GKvwaK c`i, evKvski ev
evKi mshvM ev weqvM m^ NUvq, ZvK Aeq c` ej|
evsjv fvlvq wZb cKvi Aeq k iqQ evsjv Aeq k, Zrmg Aeq k Ges we`wk Aeq k|

106

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

1. evsjv Aeq k : Avi, Avevi, I, nuv, bv BZvw`|

2. Zrmg Aeq k : hw`, h_v, m`v, mnmv, nVvr, A_vr, `evr, eis, cyb, AvcvZZ, ezZ
BZvw`| Ges I myZivs Zrmg k njI evsjvq Gjvi A_ cwiewZZ nqQ| msZ
Ges ki A_ Ggb, Avi myZivs A_ AZ, Aek| wKz Ges = I (evsjv), myZivs = AZGe
(evsjv)|
3. we`wk Aeq k : AvjeZ, eZ, Lye, kvevk, Lvmv, gvBwi, gvinvev BZvw`|

wewea Dcvq MwVZ Aeq k

1.
2.
3.
4.

GKvwaK Aeq khvM : K`vwc, bZzev, AZGe, A_ev BZvw`|

Avb` ev `ytL cKvkK GKB ki `yBevi cqvM : wQ wQ, waK& waK&, ek ek BZvw`|
`ywU wfb khvM : gvUK_v, nqZv, hnZz, bBj BZvw`|
AbyKvi khvM : Kz Kz, b b, ND ND, kb kb, Qj Qj, Kb Kb BZvw`|

Aeqi cKvif`
Aeq cavbZ Pvi cKvi : 1. mgyPqx, 2. Abbqx, 3. AbymM, 4. AbyKvi ev abvZK Aeq|
Aeq
1. mgyPqx Aeq

2. Abbqx Aeq

3. AbymM

4. AbyKvi ev abvZK Aeq

K. mshvRK L. weqvRK M. msKvPK K. wefwm~PK L. wefw i~c eeZ

1. mgyPqx Aeq : h Aeq c` GKwU evKi m Ab GKwU evKi A_ev evKwZ GKwU c`i
m Ab GKwU c`i mshvRb, weqvRb ev msKvPb NUvq, ZvK mgyPqx Aeq ev m^evPK
Aeq ej|

K. mshvRK Aeq
(i) DPc` I mvgvwRK ghv`v mKjB Pvq| GLvb I AeqwU evKwZ `ywU c`i mshvRb KiQ|
(ii) wZwb mr, ZvB mKjB ZuvK kv Ki| GLvb ZvB AeqwU `ywU evKi mshvRb NUvQ|
Avi, AwaKz, myZivs kjvI mshvRK Aeq|

L. weqvRK Aeq
(i) nvmg wKsev Kvmg Gi Rb `vqx|
GLvb wKsev AeqwU `ywU c`i (nvmg Ges Kvmgi) weqvM m^ NUvQ|
(ii) gi mvab wKsev kixi cvZb| GLvb wKsev AeqwU `ywU evKvski weqvRK|
Avgiv Pv KiwQ eU, wKz KZKvh nZ cvwiwb| GLvb wKz Aeq `ywU evKi weqvRK|
ev, A_ev, bZzev, bv nq, bqZv kjv weqvRK Aeq|

c`-cKiY

107

M. msKvPK Aeq : wZwb wevb, A_P mr ew bb| GLvb A_P AeqwU `ywU evKi ga fvei
msKvP mvab KiQ| wKz, eis kjvI msKvPK Aeq|
AbyMvgx mgyPqx Aeq : h, hw`, hw`I, hb cfwZ KqKwU k mshvRK Aeqi KvR Ki _vK|
ZvB Zv`i AbyMvgx mgyPqx Aeq ej| hgb1. wZwb GZ cwikg Kib h Zvi ^vf nIqvi Avkv AvQ|
2. AvR hw` (kZ evPK) cvwi, GKevi mLvb hve|
3. Gfve Pv Kie hb KZKvh nZ cvi|
2. Abbqx Aeq : h mKj Aeq evKi Ab c`i m Kvbv m^ bv iL ^vaxbfve bvbvwea
fve cKvk eeZ nq, Zv`i Abbqx Aeq ej| hgbK. DQvm cKvk

: gwi gwi! Kx my`i cfvZi i~c!

L. ^xKwZ ev A^xKwZ vcb : nuv, Avwg hve| bv, Avwg hve bv|
M. mwZ cKvk

: Avwg AvR AvjeZ hve| wbqB cvie|

N. Abygv`bevPKZvq

: Avcwb hLb ejQb, ek Zv Avwg hve|

O. mg_bm~PK Reve

: Avcwb hv Rvbb Zv Zv wVKB eU|

P. hYv cKvk

: Dt! cvq e jMQ| bvt! G K Amn|

Q. NYv ev weiw cKvk

: wQ wQ, Zzwg GZ bxP!

Kx Avc`! jvKUv h wcQy Qvo bv|

R. m^vab

: IMv, AvR Zviv hvm b Nii evwni|

S. mvebvq :

mskq msK m`v Uj

cvQ jvK wKQy ej|

T. evKvjsKvi Aeq : KqKwU Aeq k wbi_Kfve eeZ nq evKi kvfveab Ki, G`i
evKvjsKvi Aeq ej| hgb1. KZ bv nvivbv wZ RvM AvRI gb|
2. nvqi fvM, nvqi jv, Kv_vq mfv, Kv_vq mv|
3. AbymM Aeq : h mKj Aeq k wekl I mebvg c`i wefwi bvq em KviKevPKZv cKvk
Ki, Zv`i AbymM Aeq ej| h_v IK w`q G KvR ne bv| (w`q AbymM Aeq)|
AbymM Aeq c`vbqx Aeq bvgI cwiwPZ|
AbymM Aeq `yB cKvi : K. wefwm~PK Aeq Ges L. wefw i~c eeZ AbymM|

108

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

4. AbyKvi Aeq : h mKj Aeq Ae ie, k ev awbi AbyKiY MwVZ nq, mjvK AbyKvi ev
abvZK Aeq ej| h_veRi awb- Ko Ko

gNi MRb - o o

ewi Zzgyj k - Sg Sg

wmsni MRb - Mi Mi

mvZi awb - Kj Kj

Nvovi WvK - wPuwn wPuwn

evZvmi MwZ - kb kb

KvKi WvK- Kv Kv

cvZvi k - gi gi

KvwKji ie - Kz Kz

b~cyii AvIqvR - iyg Szg

Pywoi k - Uzs Uvs

AbyfwZg~jK AeqI AbyKvi Aeqi kwYfz| h_v

Suv Suv (cLiZvevPK), Luv Luv (k~bZvevPK), KP KP, KU KU, Uj gj, Sj gj, PK PK, Qg Qg, Ub
Ub, LU LU BZvw`|
cwiwk
K. Aeq weklY : KZjv Aeq evK eeZ nj bvg-weklY, wqv-weklY Ges weklYxq
weklYi A_evPKZv cKvk Ki _vK| G`i Aeq weklY ejv nq| h_vbvg-weklY : AwZ fw Pvii jY|
fve-weklY : Avevi hZ ne|
wqv-weklY : Ab Pj hvq|
L. wbZ m^xq Aeq : KZjv hyMk ciii Ici wbfikxj, mjv wbZ m^xq Aeq i~c
cwiwPZ| hgb : h_v-Z_v, hZ-ZZ, hLb-ZLb, hgb-Zgb, hi~c-mi~c BZvw`| D`vniY-h_v
ag Z_v Rq| hZ MR ZZ el bv|
M. Z (msZ Zm&) cZqv Aeq : GiKg Zrmg Aeq evsjvq eeZ nq| h_v - agZ ejwQ|
`yfvMekZ cixvq dj KiwQ| AZ Zvgvi hvIqv DwPZ| vbZ wg_v ewjwb|
GKB Aeq ki wewfb A_ eenvi
1. Avi - cybivew A_

I w`K Avi hve bv|

wb`k A_

ej, Avi Kx PvI?

wbivkvq

m w`b wK Avi Avme?

evKvjsKvi

Avi wK evRe euvwk?

c`-cKiY

109

2. I - mshvM A_
mvebvq

:
:

Kwig I iwng `yB fvB|

AvR ew nZI cvi|

Zyjbvq
^xKwZ vcb

:
:

IK ejvI hv, bv ejvI Zv|

LZ hve? MjI nq|

nZvkv vcb

GZ PvZI njv bv|

3. wK/Kx-wRvmvq

Zzwg wK evwo hvQ?

weiw cKvk
mvKyj A_
weo^bv cKvk

:
:
:

Kx wec`, jvKUv h wcQz Qvo bv|

wK Avgxi wK dwKi, GKw`b mKjKB hZ ne|
ZvgvK wbq Kx gykwKjB bv cojvg|

:
:

GLb hI bv|
wZwb hveb, bv nq Avwg hve|

:
:
:
:

Avi GKwU wgw LvI bv LvKv| Avi GKUv Mvb MvI bv|
wZwb bv wK XvKvq hveb|
Kx KiB bv w`b KvUvQ!
Qj Zv bv, hb GKUv wnUjvi|

5. hb - Dcgvq
cv_bvq
Zzjbvq

:
:
:

gyL hb cdzj|
Lv`v hb Zvgvi gj Kib|
Bm&, Vvv hb eid|

Abygvb

jvKUv hb Avgvi cwiwPZ gb njv|

mZKxKiY

mveavb Pj, hb cv wcQj bv co|

e cKvk

Qj Zv bq hb bbxi cyZzj|

4. bv-wbla A_
weK cKvk
Av`i cKvk ev Abyiva
mvebvq
weq
Zzjbvq

Abykxjbx
1| cZKwU cki PviwU Dii ga mevg DiwUi cvk wUK () wP `vI|
(i) c` Kq cKvi?
K. Pvi
M. Qq
L. cuvP
N. mvZ

110

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

(ii)

wekl c` Kq cKvi?
K. wZb
L. Pvi

M.
N.

cuvP
Qq

(iii) fveweklY Kq cKvi ?

K. `yB
L. wZb

M.
N.

Pvi
cuvP

(iv) mebvg c` Kq cKvi?

K. `k
b. bq

M.
N.

AvU
mvZ|

Aeq c` Kq cKvi?
K. wZb
L. Pvi

M.
N.

cuvP
Qq

(vi) KvbwU mshvMvcK mebvg?

K. hviv-Zviv
L. Zviv

M.
N.

Giv
Kviv

(v)

(vii) Kvb evK weklYi weklY iqQ?

K. axi Pj
M.
L. m Yevb
N.

Nvov Lye `yZ Pj

gU Kjwm|

(viii) KvbwU fveevPK wekl?

K. fvRb
L. mif

L.
N.

wPwb
RbZv|

K. meyR gvV

M.

ej gvwU

L. ZvRv gvQ

N.

AaK c_|

(ix) KvbwUZ eevPK wekl iqQ?

(x)

Kvb evKi gvUv AiwU Ab^qx Aeq?

K. ZvK w`q G KvR ne bv|

M.

Zzwg fvjv Qv ZvB ZvgvK mevB fvjvevm|

L. ew co SgSg|

N.

Dt e jMQ|

c`-cKiY

111

2| c` ejZ Kx evS? c` cavbZ Kq fvM wef nZ cvi?

3| wbgwjwLZ evKjvZ h mg wekl c` eeZ nqQ mjv cKvif` Abymvi mvRvI|
K. bRiyj evsjv`ki wPiiYxq Kwe|
L. Zuvi Kve cwZfv RvwZK gywi c_ c`kb KiQ|
M. VvKvVzwK jM Mj eiMvKwoZ|
N. Rxeb, heb, ej mKjB NyPvq Kvj, Avqy hb cc bxi|
4| bvg weklYK Avgiv Kq fvM fvM KiZ cvwi? cZKwU fvMi D`vniY `vI|
5| wbw`Zv vcK, ck evPK, bvg weklYi D`vniY `vI|
6| wqv, Aeq I mebvgRvZ weklY c`i D`vniY `vI Ges evK cqvM `LvI|
7| weklYi AwZkvqb ejZ Kx evS? LuvwU evsjv weklY ki AwZkvqbi welqmg~n wek`
AvjvPbv Ki|
8| evKMVb AwZkvqbi fzj _vKj Ki|
gNbv evsjv`ki AwaKZg `xNZi b`x| nx Ak Acv ejei| mfvq Zvi fqvmb cksmv
nqwQj| fvB`i ga gywgbB mevcv wePYZg|
9| Kvb Kvb mebvgi mgvZK i~cwU eeZ nq? D`vniYmn eywSq `vI|
10| ZzB I Zzwg mebvgi eenviwewa jL|
11| ^iwPZ evK D`vniY `vI|
msKvPb Aeq, mvebv I mwZ cKvk Ab^qx Aeq, AbyfwZMvn AbyKvi Aeq|
12| wewfb A_ I Ges bv Aeqi eenvi `LvI|
13| wbgwjwLZ kjvi wekl I weklY Dfq c` i~c evK cqvM `LvI|
abx, mvay, Kvj, gay, my`i, Mvjvc, cyY
14| evK cqvM `LvI|
fveevPK, wekl, weklY, i~cevPK weklY, `~iZvcK mebvg, Aeq, wbZm^xq Aeq,
mgyPqx Aeq|

wZxq cwiQ`

wqvc`
1. Kwei eB coQ|
2. Zvgiv AvMvgx eQi gvawgK cixv `e|
coQ Ges `e c` `yUv viv Kvbv Kvh mv`b Kiv evSvQ ej Giv wqvc`|
h c`i viv Kvbv Kvh mv`b Kiv evSvq, ZvK wqvc` ej|
evKi AMZ h c` viv Kvbv cyiyl KZK wbw` Kvj Kvbv Kvhi msNUb evSvq, ZvK
wqvc` ej| Icii c_g D`vniY bvg cyiyl Kwei KZK eZgvb Kvj cov Kvhi msNUb cKvk
KiQ| wZxq D`vniY gag cyiyl, Zvgiv fwelr wqv msNUbi mvebv cKvk KiQ|
wqvc`i MVb : wqvg~j ev avZzi m cyiyl Abyhvqx Kvjm~PK wqvwefw hvM Ki wqvc` MVb
KiZ nq| hgbcoQ - co avZz + Q wefw|
Aby wqvc` : wqvc` evKMVbi Acwinvh A| wqvc` wfb Kvbv gbvfveB m~Yi~c cKvk
Kiv hvq bv| Ze KLbv KLbv evK wqvc` Dn ev Aby _vKZ cvi| hgbBwb Avgvi fvB = Bwb Avgvi fvB (nb)|
AvR cP Mig = AvR cP Mig (AbyfZ nQ)|
Zvgvi gv Kgb? = Zvgvi gv Kgb (AvQb)?
evK mvaviYZ Ges AvQ avZz MwVZ wqvc` Dn _vK|
wqvi cKvif`
wewea A_ wqvc`K wewfb fvM fvM Kiv nq _vK|
1. fve cKvki w`K w`q wqvc`K `yB fvM fvM Kiv hvq-K, mgvwcKv wqv, Ges L. AmgvwcKv
wqv|
K. mgvwcKv wqv : h wqvc` viv evKi (gbvfvei) cwimgvw vwcZ nq, ZvK mgvwcKv wqv
ej| hgb - Qjiv Ljv KiQ| G eQi ebvq dmji wZ nqQ|
L. AmgvwcKv wqv : h wqv viv evKi cwimgvw NU bv, evi K_v Am~Y _K hvq, ZvK
AmgvwcKv wqv ej| hgb1. cfvZ m~h DVj ...................
2. Avgiv nvZ-gyL ayq ...................

wqvc`

113

3. Avgiv weKj LjZ ...................

GLvb, DVj ayq Ges LjZ wqvc`jvi viv K_v kl nqwb; K_v m~Y nZ AviI ki
cqvRb| ZvB G kjv AmgvwcKv wqv|
Dchy evKjv c~Y gbvfve vcb Kij `uvove1. cfvZ m~h DVj AKvi `~i nq|
2. Avgiv nvZ gyL ayq coZ emjvg|
3. Avgiv weKj LjZ hvB|
c~Yv evK MVb KiZ nj mgvwcKv wqv AekB eenvi KiZ ne| mvaviYZ Bqv (cwoqv), Bj
(cwoj), BZ (cwoZ) G (co), j (coj), Z (coZ) wefwhy wqvc` AmgvwcKv wqv|
K. wqv

1. mgvwcKv wqv

2. AmgvwcKv wqv
L. wqv

1. AKgK,

2. mKgK

3. wKgK

4. chvRK wqv

5. hwMK wqv

6. wgk wqv

2. mKgK wqv I AKgK wqv : h wqvi Kg c` AvQ Zv-B mKgK wqv| wqvi mv_ Kx ev KvK
ck Kij h Di cvIqv hvq, Zv-B wqvi Kgc`| Kgc`hy wqvB mKgK wqv| hgb-evev
AvgvK GKwU Kjg wKb w`qQb|
ck : Kx w`qQb?

Di : Kjg (Kgc`)|

ck : KvK w`qQb?

Di : AvgvK (Kgc`)|

w`qQb wqvc`wUi Kg c` _vKvq GwU mKgK wqv|

h wqvi Kg bB, Zv AKgK wqv| hgb-gqwU nvm| Kx nvm ev KvK nvm ck Kij
Kvbv Di nq bv| KvRB nvm wqvwU AKgK wqv|
wKgK wqv : h wqvi `ywU Kgc` _vK, ZvK wKgK wqv ej|
wKgK wqvi eyevPK Kg c`wUK gyL ev cavb Kg Ges ewevPK Kgc`wUK MY Kg ej| evev
AvgvK GKwU Kjg wKb w`qQb evK Kjg (e) gyLKg Ges AvgvK (ew) MY Kg|
mgavZzR Kg : evKi wqv I Kgc` GKB avZz _K MwVZ nj H Kgc`K mgavZzR Kg ev

114

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

avZ_K Kgc` ej| hgb- Avi KZ Ljv Lje| g~j Lj avZz _K wqvc` Lje Ges Kgc`
Ljv DfqB MwVZ nqQ| ZvB Ljv c`wU mgavZzR ev avZ_K Kg|
mgavZzR Kgc` AKgK wqvK mgKg Ki| hgbGgb myLi giY K giZ cvi?
ek GK Nyg NywgqwQ|
Avi gvqvKvbv Ku`v bv Mv evcy|
mKgK wqvi AKgK i~c : cqvM ewk mKgK wqv I AKgK nZ cvi| hgbAKgK
mKgK
Avwg PvL `wL bv|
AvKvk Puv` `wL bv|
QjUv Kvb kvb bv|
QjUv K_v kvb|
Avwg ivZ Lve bv|
Avwg ivZ fvZ Lve bv|
AKvi Avgvi Lye fq Ki|
evevK Avgvi Lye fq Ki|
3. chvRK wqv : h wqv GKRbi chvRbv ev Pvjbvq Ab KZK AbywZ nq, mB wqvK
chvRK wqv ej| (msZ evKiY GK wYR wqv ejv nq)
chvRK wqv : h wqv chvRbv Ki, ZvK chvRK KZv ej|
chvR KZv : hvK w`q wqvwU AbywZ nq, ZvK chvR KZv ej| hgbchvRK KZv
chvR KZv
chvRK wqv
gv
wkK
Puv` `LvQb|
(Zzwg)
LvKvK
Kuvw`I bv|
mvcyo
mvc
Ljvq|
vZe : chvRK wqv i~c eeZ nj AKgK chvRK wqv mKgK nq|
chvRK wqvi MVb : chvRK wqvi avZz = g~j wqvi avZz+ Av| hgb g~j avZz nvm& + Av = nvmv
(chvRK wqvi avZz)| nvmv +Qb wefw = nvmvQb (chvRK wqv)|
4. bvgavZz I bvgavZzi wqv : wekl, weklY Ges abvZK Aeqi ci Av cZqhvM hme avZz
MwVZ nq, mjvK bvgavZz ejv nq| bvgavZzi m cyiyl ev Kvjm~PK wqv-wefw hvM bvgavZzi
wqvc` MwVZ nq| hgbK. eZ (wekl) + Av (cZq) = eZv (bvgavZz)| h_vwkK QvwUK eZvQb (bvgavZzi wqvc`)|
L. euvKv (weklY) + Av (cZq) = euvKv (bvgavZz)| h_vKwwU euvwKq ai (bvgavZzi wqvc`)|
M. abvZK Aeq : Kb Kb -`uvZwU e_vq KbKbvQ| duvm - ARMiwU duvmvQ|

wqvc`

115

Av-cZq hy bv nqI KqKwU bvgavZz evsjv fvlvq gwjK avZzi gZv eeZ nq| hgbdj- evMvb ek wKQz wjPz djQ|
UK - ZiKvwi evwm nj UK|
Qvcv- Avgvi ey eBUv QcQ|
5| hwMK wqv : GKwU mgvwcKv I GKwU AmgvwcKv wqv hw` GK GKwU wekl ev mcmvwiZ A_
cKvk Ki, Ze ZvK hwMK wqv ej| hgbK. ZvwM` `Iqv A_
:
NUbvUv b ivL|
L. wbiiZv A_
:
wZwb ejZ jvMjb|
M. Kvhmgvw A_
:
Qjgqiv kyq coj|
N. AvKwKZv A_
:
mvBib eR DVj|
O. AfZv A_
:
wkvq gb msvigy nq _vK|
P. Abygv`b A_
:
GLb hZ cvi|
6| wgk wqv : wekl, weklY I abvZK Aeqi m Ki&, n&, `, cv, hv, KvU&, Mv, Qvo, ai&,
gvi&, cfwZ avZzhvM MwVZ wqvc` wekl wekl A_ wgk wqv MVb Ki| hgbK. wekli Di (ci)
: Avgiv ZvRgnj `kb Kijvg| GLb Mvjvq hvI|
L. weklYi Di (ci)
: ZvgvK `L wekl cxZ njvg|
M. abvZK Aeqi Di (ci) : gv_v wSg wSg& KiQ| Sg& Sg& Ki ew coQ|

wqvi fve (Mood)

1.
2.
3.
4.

m~h A hvQ|
GLb evwo hvI|
m coj cvk KiZ|
Zvgvi KjvY nvK|

Icii evKjvZ wqv msNwUZ nIqvi wewfb ixwZ cKvk cqQ|

wqvi h Aevi viv Zv NUvi aib ev ixwZ cKvk cvq, ZvK wqvi fve ev cKvi ej|
wqvi fve ev aib Pvi cKvi
1. wb`kK fve (Indicative Mood)
2. Abyv fve (Imperative Mood)
3. mvc fve (Subjunctive Mood)
4. AvKvv cKvkK fve (Optative Mood)

116

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

wqvi fve

1. wb`kK

2. Abyv

3. mvc

4. AvKvv cKvkK

1. wb`kK fve : mvaviY NUbv wb`k Kij ev wKQz wRvmv Kij wqvc`i wb`kK fve nq|
h_vK. mvaviY wb`kK

Avgiv eB cwo| Zviv evwo hve|

L. ck wRvmvq

Avcwb wK Avmeb? m wK wMqwQj?

2. Abyv fve : Av`k, wbla, Dc`k, Abyiva, Avkxev` BZvw` m~wPZ nj wqvc`i Abyv fve
nq| hgbK. Av`kvZK

L. wblavZK

M. Abyivam~PK

N. Dc`kvZK

eZgvb Kvj

Pzc Ki|

fwelr Kvj

Zzwg Kvj hI|

eZgvb Kvj

Abvq KvR Kiv bv|

fwelr Kvj

wg_v eje bv|

eZgvb Kvj

QvZvUv w`b Zv fvB|

fwelr Kvj

Avcbviv Avmeb|

eZgvb Kvj

gb w`q co|

fwelr Kvj

^vi cwZ `w iLv|

3. mvc fve : GKwU wqvi msNUb Ab GKwU wqvi Ici wbfi Kij, wbfikxj wqvK mvc
fvei wqv ejv nq| hgbK. mvebvq : wZwb wdi Gj mewKQzi gxgvsmv ne| hw` m coZ Ze cvk KiZ|
L. Dk evSvZ : fvjv Ki coj mdj ne|
M. BQv ev Kvgbvq : AvR evev euP _vKj Avgvi GZ K nZ bv|
4. AvKvv cKvkK fve : h wqvc` ev mvRvmywR Kvbv BQv ev AvKvv cKvk Ki, ZvK
AvKvv cKvkK fvei wqv ejv nq| hgb-m hvK| hv nq nvK| m GKUz nvmyK| ew Avm AvmyK|
Zvi gj nvK|

wqvc`

117

Abykxjbx
1| bewK ck
cZKwU cki PviwU Ki Di `Iqv nqQ| wVK DiwUZ wUK () wP `vI|
(i) Kvb evKwUZ mgavZzR Kg iqQ?
K. Avwg Nyg _K RMwQ

L. Avwg ek GK Nyg NywgqwQ|

M. Avwg ek Nyg w`qwQ|

N. Zvgvi fvjv Nyg nqwQj Zv?

(ii) KvbwU wgk wqv?

K. Mvjvq hvI

L. KbKbvQ|

M. eR IVv

N. `LvQb|

(iii) Kvb evKwU Abyv fve cKvk KiQ?

K. Avwg evwo hvB|

L. gb w`q jLvcov Ki|

M. cwikg Kij mdj ne|

N. Zvi gj nvK|

(iv) Kvb evKwUZ bvgavZzi wqvc` iqQ?

K. gv wkK Puv` `LvQb|

L. Avgiv KzZzewgbvi `kb Kijvg|

M. wkK QvK eZvQb|

N. Zzwg hZ cvi|

(v) Kvb evKwU mvc fve cKvk KiQ?

K. AvgvK eB `vI|

L. hw` m hZ, Avwg AvmZvg|

M. Zvgvi BQv c~Y nvK|

N. iev fvjv Mvb Ki|

(vi) Kvb evKwUZ hwMK wqvc` iqQ?

K. Zzwg GLb Mvb KiZ cvi|

L. Avwg GBgv Gjvg|

M. wkK gnv`q evsjv covQb|

N. nvwg`K `L Lywk njvg|

(vii) Kvb evKwU wKgK wqv viv MwVZ?

K. Pj LjZ hvB|

L. Avi gvqvKvbv Ku`v bv|

M. AvgvK eBUv `vI|

N. mvcyo mvc Ljvq|

118

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

(viii) Kvb evKwUi wqv mKgK?

K. Pzc Ki _vK|

L. AvKvki Puv` hb gvwUZ bgQ|

M. AvKvk Puv` DVQ|

N. wkwU Kuv`|

(ix) Kvb evKwU chvRK wqv viv MwVZ?

K. gv_v wSg wSg KiQ|

L. Zvgvi cwikgi dj djQ|

M. gv wkwUK nvmvb|

N. wkwU Kuv`|

(x) Kvb evK AmgvwcKv wqv AvQ?

K. G b`xZ cPzi gvQ AvQ|

L. Avgiv nvZ-gyL ayq eovZ ei ne|

M. i~cK_vi M kvb|

N. Zzwg Kv_vq hvQ?

2| wqvc`i msv jL Ges D`vniY `vI|

3| evsjv evK MVb Kvb Kvb avZzMwVZ wqvc` Dn _vKZ cvi? D`vniY `vI|
4|

mKgK I AKgK wqv, mgvwcKv I AmgvwcKv wqvi cv_K Kx? D`vniY mnhvM wek` evLv Ki|

5| k~bvb c~iY Ki
K. wKgK wqvi eevPK Kgc`wUK ejv nq ...... Ges ewevPK Kgc`wUK ejv nq ....|
L. evKi wqv I Kgc` GKwU _K MwVZ nj H Kgc`K ejv nq ........|
6| chvRK wqv Ges bvgavZz wqvc`i D`vniY `vI|
7| hwMK wqv KvK ej? hwMK I wgk wqvi cv_K jL|
8| hwMK wqv MVbi Dcvq Kx? D`vniY mnhvM eywSq `vI|
9| wqvi fve ejZ Kx evS? evK MVb Ki mvc fvei wqvc`i wZbwU D`vniY `vI|
10| AvKvv cKvkK fve ejZ Kx evS? evK MVb Ki AvKvv cKvkK fvei cqvM `LvI|

ZZxq cwiQ`

Kvj, cyiyl Ges Kvji wewk cqvM

Kvj : wqv msNUbi mgqK Kvj ej|
1. Avgiv eB cwo| cov wqvwU GLb A_vr eZgvb msNwUZ nQ|
2. Kvj Zzwg kni wMqwQj| hvIqv wqvwU c~e A_vr AZxZ mb nqQ|
3. AvMvgxKvj zj e _vKe| e _vKv KvRwU ci ev fwelZ mb ne|
myZivs, wqv, eZgvb, AZxZ ev fwelZ mb nIqvi mgq wb`kB wqvi Kvj|
G wnme wqvi Kvj cavbZ wZb cKvi : 1. eZgvb Kvj, 2. AZxZ Kvj Ges 3. fwelr Kvj|
wqvc` : wqvg~j A_vr avZzi m Kvj mgq I cyiyl vcK (wqv) wefwhvM wqvc` MwVZ nq|
K. cyiylf` wqvi i~ci cv_K `Lv hvq| hgbAvwg hvB| Zzwg hvI| Avcwb hvb| m hvq| wZwb hvb|
(mvaviY fwelr Kvj bvg cyiyl I gag cyiyli wqvi i~c Awfb|)
L. ePbf` wqvi i~ci Kvbv cv_K nq bv| h_vAvwg (ev Avgiv) hvB| Zzwg (ev Zvgiv) hvI| Avcwb (ev Avcbviv) hvb| m (ev Zviv) hvq|
wZwb (ev Zuviv) hvb|
M. mvaviY, mgvZK, ZyQv_Kf` gag I bvg cyiyli wqvi i~ci cv_K nq _vK
(Dg cyiyl nq bv)| hgb
mvaviY

mgvZK

Dg cyiyl

Avwg hvB

--

--

gag cyiyl

Zzwg hvI

Avcwb hvb

ZzB hv

Zvgiv hvI

Avcbviv hvb

Zviv hv

m hvq

wZwb hvb

GUv hvq

Zviv hvq

Zuviv hvb

Gjv hvq|

bvg cyyiyl

ZzQv_K/Nwbv_K

Kvji cKvif`
wqv msNUbi cavb Kvj eZgvb, AZxZ I fwelrK wbgwjwLZ KqKwU fvM fvM Kiv hvq :
1. eZgvb Kvj

K. mvaviY eZgvb ev wbZe eZgvb

L. NUgvb eZgvb
M. cyivNwUZ eZgvb

120

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

2. AZxZ Kvj

K. mvaviY AZxZ
L. wbZe AZxZ
M. NUgvb AZxZ
N. cyivNwUZ AZxZ|

3.

fwelr Kvj

K. mvaviY fwelr
L. NUgvb fwelr
M. cyivNwUZ fwelr

eZgvb Kvj
1. mvaviY eZgvb Kvj : h wqv eZgvb mvaviYfve NU, Zvi KvjK mvaviY eZgvb Kvj ej|
hgb- m fvZ Lvq| Avwg evwo hvB|
K. wbZe eZgvb Kvj : ^vfvweK ev AfZv evSvj mvaviY eZgvb Kvji wqvK wbZe
eZgvb Kvj ej| h_vmvq m~h A hvq| (^vfvweKZv)
Avwg ivR mKvj eovZ hvB| (AfZv)
wbZe eZgvb Kvji wewk cqvM|
(1)

vqx mZ cKvk

Pvi Avi wZb mvZ nq|

(2)

HwZnvwmK eZgvb

AZxZi Kvbv HwZnvwmK NUbvq hw` wbZe eZgvb Kvji

cqvM nq, Zvnj ZvK HwZnvwmK eZgvb Kvj ej|
hgbeveii gZzi ci gvqyb w`wji wmsnvmb AvivnY Kib|

(3)

Kvei fwYZvq

gnvfviZi K_v AgZ mgvb|

Kvkxivg `vm fb b cyYevb|

(4)

AwbqZv cKvk

K Rvb `k Avevi myw`b Avme wK bv|

(5)

hw`, hLb, hb cfwZ ki cqvM AZxZ I fwelr Kvj vcbi Rb mvaviY

eZgvb Kvji eenvi nq| hgbew hw` Avm, Avwg evwo Pj hve|
mKjB hb mfvq nvwRi _vK|
wec` hLb Avm, ZLb Ggwb KiB Avm|

Kvj, cyiyl Ges Kvji wewk cqvM

121

mvaviY eZgvb Kvji wewk cqvM

(1)

AbygwZ cv_bvq (fwelr Kvji A_) : GLb Ze Avwm|

(2)

cvPxb jLKi DwZ w`Z (AZxZ Kvji A_) : Px`vm ejb, mevi Dci gvbyl
mZ, Zvnvi Dci bvB|

(3)

ewYZ welq cZxfZ KiZ (AZxZi j) : Avwg `LwQ, evPvwU ivR ivZ Kuv`|

(4)

bB, bvB ev wb khvM AZxZ Kvji wqvq : wZwb MZKvj nvU hvb wb|

L. NUgvb eZgvb Kvj : h KvR kl nqwb, GLbI PjQ, m KvR evSvbvi Rb NUgvb eZgvb Kvj
eeZ nq| h_v-nvmvb eB coQ| bxiv Mvb MvBQ|

NUgvb eZgvb Kvji wewk cqvM

(1)

evi cZ DwZ NUgvb eZgvb Kvj eeZ nq| h_v-ev ejjb, kyi AZvPvi
`k AvR wecb, ab-m` jywZ nQ, w`K w`K Avb RjQ|

(2)

fwelr mvebv A_ : wPv Kiv bv, KvjB AvmwQ|

M. cyivNwUZ eZgvb Kvj : wqv c~e kl nj Ges Zvi dj GLbI eZgvb _vKj, cyivNwUZ eZgvb
Kvj eeZ nq| hgbGevi Avwg cixvq DxY nqwQ|
GZY Avwg A KiwQ|

AZxZ Kvj
1. mvaviY AZxZ : eZgvb Kvji c~e h wqv mb nq wMqQ, Zvi msNUb KvjB mvaviY AZxZ
Kvj| hgbc`xc wbf Mj| wkKvwi cvwLwUK wj Kij|

mvaviY AZxZi wewk eenvi

(1)

cyivNwUZ eZgvb j : GY Rvwbjvg, Kzmyg KxU AvQ|

(2)

wekl BQv A_ eZgvb Kvji cwieZ : Zvgiv hv Lywk Ki, Avwg we`vq njvg|

2. wbZe AZxZ : AZxZ Kvj h wqv mvaviY AfZv A_ eeZ nq, ZvK wbZe AZxZ Kvj
ej | hgbAvgiv ZLb ivR mKvj b`x Zxi gY KiZvg|

wbZe AZxZi wewk eenvi

(1)

Kvgbv cKvk : AvR hw` mygb AvmZ, Kgb gRv nZ|

122

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

(2)

Ame Kbvq : mvZvk nZ hw` GKk mvZvk|

(3)

mvebv cKvk : Zzwg hw` hZ, Ze fvjvB nZ|

3. NUgvb AZxZ Kvj : AZxZ Kvj h KvR PjwQj Ges h mgqi K_v ejv nqQ, ZLbI KvRwU
mgv nqwb-wqv msNUbi Gi~c fve evSvj wqvi NUgvb AZxZ Kvj nq| hgbKvj mvq ew cowQj| Avgiv ZLb eB cowQjvg| evev Avgv`i covbv `LwQjb|
4. cyivNwUZ AZxZ Kvj : h wqv AZxZi e c~eB msNwUZ nq wMqQ Ges hvi ci AviI wKQz
NUbv NU MQ, Zvi KvjK cyivNwUZ AZxZ Kvj ejv nq| hgbmevi ZvK myB `LwQjvg| KvRwU wK Zzwg KiwQj?
(K) AZxZ msNwUZ NUbvi wbwZ eYbvq : cvwbc_i ZZxq hy GK j mb gviv wMqwQj|
Avwg mwgwZZ mw`b cuvP UvKv bM` w`qwQjvg|
(L) AZxZ msNwUZ wqvi ciiv evSvZ kl wqvc` cyivNwUZ AZxZ Kvji cqvM nq| hgbew kl nIqvi c~eB Avgiv evwo cuQwQjvg|

fwelr Kvj
mvaviY fwelr Kvj : h wqv ci ev AbvMZ Kvj msNwUZ ne, Zvi KvjK mvaviY fwelr Kvj
ej| h_vAvgiv gvV LjZ hve|
kxNB ew Avme|

mvaviY fwelr Kvji wewk cqvM

(1) Avc cKvk AZxZi j fwelr Kvj eenvi nq| hgb-K RvbZ, Avgvi fvM Ggb ne?
mw`b K RvbZ h BDivc Avevi gnvhyi fwi evRe?
(2) AZxZ Kvji NUbv mwKZ h wqvc` m`ni fve eZgvb _vK, Zvi eYbvq mvaviY fwelr
Kvji eenvi nq| hgb - fvejvg, wZwb GLb evwo wMq _vKeb| Zvgiv nqZ wekbwe
co _vKe|

1. NUgvb fwelr wqvi i~c

bvg cyiyl mvaviY

: -BZ _vwKe/-Z _vKe| (KwiZ _vwKe/KiZ _vKe)|

bvg cyiyl I gag cyiyl : -BZ _vwKeb/-Z _vKeb| (KwiZ _vwKeb/KiZ _vKeb)|
(mgvZK)
gag cyiyl mvaviY

: -BZ _vwKe/-Z _vKe| (KwiZ _vwKe/KiZ _vKe)|

gag cyiyl ZzQv_K

: -BZ _vwKe/-Z _vKwe| (KwiZ _vwKwe/KiZ _vKwe)|

Dg cyiyl

: -BZ _vwKe/-Z _vKe| (KwiZ _vwKe/KiZ _vKe)|)

Kvj, cyiyl Ges Kvji wewk cqvM

123

h KvR fwelr Kvj PjZ _vKe Zvi KvjK NUgvb fwelr ej|
j Kivi welq, GLvb g~j wqvi m AmgvwcKv wqvi -BZ / -Z wefw hy nq Ges mB m
_vK& avZzi, mvaviY fwelr Kvji wqvwefw hy nq|
vZe : g~j avZzi m -BZ/Z-wefw hvM h AmvgvwcKv wqv mw nq, Zv AcwieZbxq Ges
Kvbv KvjevPK bq| g~j avZzi m fwelr Kvji Kvbv i~c wqv wefwB hy nq bv| A_i w`K
_K NUgvb fwelZi wqvc` mw nqQ gb Kiv hZ cvi| i~ci w`K _K Gjv mvaviY
fwelZi wqvi i~c gv| ZvB AbK NUgvb fwelZi wqvc`i i~c AvQ ej ^xKvi Kib bv|
2. cyivNwUZ fwelr wqvi i~c : h wqv meZ NU wMqQ, mvaviY fwelr KvjevaK k eenvi
Ki Zv evSvZ cyivNwUZ fwelr Kvj nq|
cyivNwUZ fwelr Kvji A_ cKvki Rb g~j avZzi m AmgvwcKv wqv wefw-Bqv/G hvM Ki
Ges hvK& I Mg& avZzi m mvaviY fwelZi wqvwefw hy Ki hwMK wqvc` Zwi nq| h_v wMq _vKe/hvBqv _vwKe|

Abykxjbx
1| cZK cki wVK DiwUZ wUK () wP `vI
(i)

Kvb evK cyivNwUZ AZxZ Kvji wqv AvQ?

K. Avgiv wMqwQ
L. Zzwg hZ _vK

(ii) Kvb evKwU NUgvb eZgvbi wqv viv MwVZ?

K. G K_v RvbZ Zzwg
L. `L Gjvg Zvi|

M. m wK wMqwQj?
N. mLvb wMq `L Gmv|

M. K hb AvmQ
N. Avevi Avwme wdi|

(iii) Kvb evKwU HwZnvwmK eZgvbi wqvc` viv MwVZ?

K. Avwg ivR zj hvB
M. Kb h Zzwg Avm bv
L. eveii ci gvqyb ev`kv nb|
N. ivR `wi nq Kb?
(iv) m nqZ Gm _vKe GLvb Kvb Kvji cwieZ mvaviY fwelr Kvj eeZ nqQ?
K. cyivNwUZ eZgvb
M. cyivNwUZ fwelr|
L. NUgvb AZxZ
N. mvaviY AZxZ|
(v) KvR kl Kivi Rb m Av`vRj Lq jMQ-GLvb wqv c`wUi Kvj nQK. mvaviY eZgvb|
M. cyivNwUZ eZgvb
L. NUgvb eZgvb
N. HwZnvwmK eZgvb|

124

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

(vi) mvZvk nZ hw` GKk mvZvk-GLvb nZ Kvb Kvji wqv?

K. cyivNwUZ AZxZ
M. mvaviY AZxZ
L. cyivNwUZ eZgvb
N. wbZe AZxZ|
(vii) wk j kwn`i i evsjv`k ^vaxb nqQ| evKwU Kvb Kvji?
K. mvaviY eZgvb
M. cyivNwUZ AZxZ
L. wbZe eZgvb
N. cyivNwUZ eZgvb|
(viii) wZwb MZKvj XvKv hvb wb-wqvwU Kvb Kvji?
K. cyivNwUZ eZgvb
M. cyivNwUZ AZxZ
L. mvaviY eZgvb
N. HwZnvwmK eZgvb|
(ix) KvbwU wbZe AZxZi D`vniY?
K. Avwg ivR mKvj eovB
L. Avwg ivR eovZ hve

M. ZvgvK ivR hZ ne
N. Avwg ivR zj hZvg|

(x) KvbwU cyivNwUZ eZgvbi D`vniY?

K. Avwg Zvi m K_v Kq _vwK
L. Avwg K_v KBe bv

M. Avwg Zvi m K_v KqwQjvg

N. Avwg Zvi m K_v KqwQ|

2| Kvj ejZ Kx evSvq? wqvi Kvj cavbZ Kq fvM wef? Zv`i bvg jL|
3| cyiyl evKiYi GKwU cvwifvwlK k|-DwwU eywSq jL|
4| cyiylf` wqvi cqvM wewfbZv `Lv hvq, wKy ePbf` Kvbv cv_K `Lv hvq bv|D`vniY mnhvM DwwU weklY Ki|
5| ^iwPZ evK wbZe eZgvb Kvji PviwU wewk cqvM `LvI|
6| wbgwjwLZ evKMyjvZ Kx Kx A_ eZgvb Kvji wewk cqvM nqQ Zv wb`k Ki|

7|

K.

G RMZ nvq, mB ewk Pvq, AvQ hvi f~wi f~wi|

L.

GKevi we`vq ` gv Nyi Avwm|

M.

wPvi KviY bB, KvjB ZvK gRv `LvwQ|

N.

m MZ gvmI KvR hvM`vb Ki wb|

O.

GZY eywSjvg, cxwZi Drm cvw_e m`|

wbZe AZxZ Kvji wqvi wewk eenvi `wLq PviwU evK iPbv Ki|

PZz_ cwiQ`

mgvwcKv, AmgvwcKv I hwMK wqvi cqvM

mgvwcKv, AmgvwcKv I hwMK wqvi msv I D`vniY wqvc` mK AvjvPbv (PZz_ Aavq,
wZxq cwiQ`) `Iqv nqQ| GLvb mgvwcKv, AmgvwcKv, hwMK wqvi MVb I cqvM ewP
mK ejv ne|

mgvwcKv wqv
mgvwcKv wqvi MVb
mgvwcKv wqv mKgK, AKgK I wKgK nZ cvi| avZzi m eZgvb, AZxZ ev fwelr Kvji
wefw hy nq mgvwcKv wqv MwVZ nq| h_vAvbvqvi eB co| (wqv - mKgK, Kvj - eZgvb)|
gvmy` mvivw`b LjwQj| (wqv - AKgK, Kvj - AZxZ)|
Avwg ZvgvK GKwU Kjg Dcnvi `e| (wqv - wKgK, Kvj-fwelr)|

AmgvwcKv wqv
AmgvwcKv wqvi MVb
avZzi m Kvj wbic-Bqv (q), -BZ (Z) A_ev -Bj (j) wefw hy nq AmgvwcKv wqv
MwVZ nq| hgb - `wi` cvBj ab nq MexZ| hZ Kij iZ gj| ZvK LyuR wbq AvmZ
Pv Kie|

AmgvwcKv wqvi KZv

AmgvwcKv wqv NwUZ evK GKvwaK cKvi KZv (KZKviK) `Lv hvq1.

GK KZv : evKwZ mgvwcKv I AmgvwcKv wqvi KZv GK ev Awfb nZ cvi| h_v - Zzwg
PvKwi cj Avi wK `k Avme? cj (AmgvwcKv wqv) Ges Avme (mgvwcKv wqv) Dfq
wqvi KZv GLvb Zywg|

2.

Amgvb KZv : evKwZ mgvwcKv I AmgvwcKv wqvi KZv GK bv nj mLvb KZvjvK

Amgvb KZv ejv nq| hgb-

K.

kZvaxb KZv : G RvZxq KZv`i eenvi kZvaxb nZ cvi| D`vniY - Zvgiv evwo Gj Avwg
iIbv ne| GLvb Gj AmgvwcKv wqvi KZv Zvgiv Ges iIbv ne mgvwcKv wqvi KZv
Avwg| Zvgv`i evwo Avmvi Ici Avgvi iIbv nIqv wbfikxj ej G RvZxq evK KZci
eenvi kZvaxb|

126

L.

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

wbic KZv : kZvaxb bv nqI mgvwcKv I AmgvwcKv wqvi wfb wfb KZc` _vKZ cvi|
m c_g KZc`wUK ejv nq wbic KZv| hgb - m~h AwgZ nj hvx`j c_ Pjv yiy
Kij| GLvb hvx`i c_ Pjvi m m~h AwgZ nIqvi Kvbv kZ ev mK bB ej
m~h wbic KZv|

AmgvwcKv wqvi eenvi

1.

Bj > j wefwhy AmgvwcKv wqvi eenvi

K. Kvhciiv evSvZ

PviUv evRj zji QywU ne|

L. ck ev weq vcb

GKevi gij wK KD di?

M. mveZv A_

GLb ew nj dmji wZ ne|

N. mvcZv evSvZ

wZwb Mj KvR ne|

O. `vkwbK mZ cKvk

Rwbj gwiZ ne, Agi K Kv_v Ke?

P. wewawb`k

GLvb cPvic jvMvj dR`vwiZ mvc` ne|

Q. mvebvi weK

AvR MjI hv, Kvj MjI Zv|

R. cwiYwZ evSvZ

ewZ wfRj mw` ne|

2. Bqv > G wefw hyw AmgvwcKv wqvi eenvi

K. AbiZv ev chvq evSvZ

nvZ-gyL ayq coZ em|

L. nZz A_

QjwU Kzm wgk b nq Mj|

M. wqv weklY A_

PuwPq K_v ejv bv|

N. wqvi AwewQbZv evSvZ

`qi K_v Kwnqv Kwnqv Mvwnqv Mvb|

O. fveevPK wekl MVb

mLvb Avi wMq KvR bB|

P. Aeq c`i Abyi~c

XvKv wMq evwo hve|

3. BZ >Z wefw hy AmgvwcKv wqvi eenvi

K. BQv cKvk

GLb Avwg hZ PvB|

L. Dk ev wbwg A_

gjv `LZ XvKv hve|

M. mvg_ evSvZ

LvKv GLb nuvUZ cvi|

N. wewa evSvZ

evjKvj we`vfvm KiZ nq|

O. `Lv ev Rvbv A_

igjv MvBZ Rvb|

P. AvekKZv evSvZ

GLb Ub aiZ ne|

mgvwcKv, AmgvwcKv I hwMK wqvi cqvM

4.

127

Q. m~Pbv evSvZ

ivwb GLb BsiwR coZ wkLQ|

R. weklYevPKZvq

jvKUvK `ovZ `Ljvg|

S. wqvevPK wekl MVb

ZvgvK Zv G Mvg _vKZ `wLwb|

T. AbymMi~c

Kvb `kZ ZiyjZv mKj `ki PvBZ kvgj|

U. wekli m Abq mvab

`wLZ evmbv gvMv Zvgvi PiY|

V. weklYi m Abq mvab

cdzj `LZ my`i|

BZ > Z wefw hy wqvi wZ cqvM

K. wbiiZv cKvk

KvwUZ KvwUZ avb Gjv eilv|

L. mgKvj evSvZ

muDwZZ c` `ex ivwLZ ivwLZ|

muDwZ nBj mvbv `wLZ `wLZ|

UxKv : ixwZwm cqvMi mgvwcKv wqv AbycwZ _K AmgvwcKv wqvi eenvi evK MwVZ
nZ cvi| hgb Miy gi RyZv `vb| Avyj dzj KjvMvQ|

hwMK wqv
hwMK wqvi MVb wewa : AmgvwcKv wqvi ci hv, co, `L&, jvM&, dj&, Avm&, DV&, `, jn&, _vK&,
cfwZ avZz _K mgvwcKv wqv MwVZ nq Dfq wgwjZfve hwMK wqv Zwi Ki, Gme hwMK
wqv wekl A_ cKvk Ki| hgb
1.

2.

hv-avZz
K. mgvw A_

ew _g Mj|

L. Aweivg A_

MvqK Mq hvQb|

M. gk A_

Pv Rywoq hvQ|

N. mvebv A_

GLb hvIqv hZ cvi|

K. mgvw A_

GLb q co|

L. evw A_

K_vUv Qwoq coQ|

M. AvKwKZv A_

GLbB Zzdvb Gm coe|

N. gk A_

Kgb hb gbgiv nq cowQ|

co-avZz

128

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

`L&-avZz
K. gbvhvM AvKlY

Gw`K Pq `L|

L. cixv A_

jeYUv PL `L|

M. dj mvebvq

mvneK ej `L|

K. mvebvq

AvR weKj ew AvmZ cvi|

L. AfZvq

Avgiv G KvRB Ki AvmwQ|

M. Avmb mgvw A_

QywU dzwiq AvmQ|

K. AbygwZ A_

AvgvK hZ `vI|

L. c~YZv A_

KvRUv kl Ki w`jvg|

M. mvnvh cv_bvq

AvgvK AUv eywSq `vI|

K. wb`k vcb

Gevi Kvco-Pvco wQq bvI|

L. cixv A_

Kw cv_i mvbvUv Kl bvI|

K. m~YZv A_

m`kjv Lq dj|

L. AvKwKZv A_

Qjiv nm djj|

K. gvbqZv evSvZ

FYi evSv fvix nq DVQ|

L. Afvm A_

ay ay wZwb iM IVb|

M. AvKwKZv A_

m nVvr PuwPq DVj|

N. mvebv A_

Avgvi Avi _vKv nq DVj bv|

O. mvg_ A_

Gme K_v Avgvi mn nq IV bv|

K. Aweivg A_

LvKv Kuv`Z jvMj|

L. m~Pbv wb`k

GLb KvR jvM Zv `wL|

Avm&-avZz

w`-avZz

wb-avZz

dj&-avZz

DV&-avZz

jvM&-avZz

mgvwcKv, AmgvwcKv I hwMK wqvi cqvM

129

10. _vK&-avZz
K. wbiiZv A_

Gevi fveZ _vK|

L. mvebvq

wZwb nqZv ej _vKeb|

M. m`n cKvk

m-B KvRUv Ki _vKe|

N. wb`k

Avi `iKvi bB, Gevi em _vK|

Abykxjbx
1| mwVK DiwUZ wUK () wP `vI
(i)

Kvb evKi wqvwU mvebv cKvk KiQ?

K. ew _g Mj

M. ZvovZvwo Pj, ew AvmZ cvi

L. GzwY ew Gm coe

N. m Mvb KiZ cvi|

(ii) Kvb evK AmgvwcKv wqvwU AbymM i~c eeZ nqQ?

K. Rbfwg ^Mi PvBZ k

M. Ggb PvIqv PvBZ bB

L. m Avgvi w`K PvBZ _vK

N. Kx PvBZ BQv Ki?

(iii) Kvb evK Amgvb KZv AvQ?

K. m hZ hZ _g Mj

M. m Ku` Ku` ejj

L. evwjKvwU Mvb Ki Pj Mj

N. m Gj Avwg hve|

(iv) Kvb evKi KZv wbic?

K. AvKvk Puv` DVj Avv fvO

M. ewZ wfRj Kb, mw` ne

L. ew nqQ ZvB Avgiv hve bv

N. Zzwg hw` hvI, m hve|

(v) Kvb evK AmgvwcKv wqv ck wRvmvq eeZ nqQ?

K. Zzwg wK GLb hve?

M. Rwbj gwiZ ne|

L. gij wK KD di?

N. AvR MjI hv, Kvj MjI Zv|

(vi) Kvb evK AvekKZv evSvZ BZ > Z wefw hy AmgvwcKv wqv eeZ nqQ?
K. ZvgvK `LZ PvB

M. LvKv GLb coZ cvi

L. Avwg GLvb _vKZ Avwmwb

N. GLb Ub aiZ ne|

130

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

(vii) Kvb evK cixv A_ hwMK wqv eeZ nqQ?

K. Kw cv_i mvbv Kl bvI

M. GLb fveZ _vK

L. AvgvK KiZ `vI

N. Avgiv cixv w`q AvmwQ|

(viii) Kvb evK wb`k A_ hwMK wqv eeZ nqQ?

K. wZwb nqZv em _vKeb

M. AbK KvR KiQ, GLb em _vK

L. KvR Ki m em _vKe

N. Zzwg wK GLb em _vKe?

(ix) Kvb evK Bqv (>G) wefw hy AmgvwcKv wqv wqvi AwewQbZv evSvQ?
K. K_v Kq `L

M. ivRkvnx wMq wdi Avme

L. Mvb Mq Mq c_ PjQ

N. GLb wMq Kx Kie?

(x) Kvb evK AmgvwcKv wqv wbwg A_ cKvk KiQ?

K. `LZ `LZ m Gm Mj

M. cixv w`Z XvKv hve

L. gqwU MvBZ Rvb

N. m LZ fvjvevm|

2| mgvwcKv I AmgvwcKv wqvi cv_K Kx? D`vniY w`q eywSq `vI|

3| GK KZv, mgvwcKv I AmgvwcKv wqvi D`vniY `vI| wbic KZv KvK ej?
4| AmgvwcKv wqvZ Kx Kx wefwwP hy _vK? ^iwPZ evK G`i cqvM `LvI|
5| wbwjwLZ evKmg~n Kx Kx A_ Bj ev j wefwi cqvM nqQ eywSq jL|
K. QywU nj `k hve|
L. ew nj fvjv dmj nq|
M. Rwbj gwiZ ne|
N. Zvi K_v bj nvwm cvq|
O. PvPv MjI h KvR ne, Avwg MjI mB KvR ne|
6| D`vniY `vI|
K. wqv msNUbi AweQ` cevn-----BZ ev Z wefw|
L. nZz A_----Bqv ev G wefw|
M. AbymM i~c----BZ ev Z wefw|

mgvwcKv, AmgvwcKv I hwMK wqvi cqvM

7| wbwjwLZ A_ Bqv ev G wefw hy AmgvwcKv wqvi eenvi `LvIK. wewa evSvZ|

L. wqvi wbiiZv cKvk|
M. kLv A_|
N. wqvi wekl MVb|
O. mgKvjZv evSvZ|
P. Dcg A_|
Q. AvekKZv A_|
8| hwMK wqv ejZ Kx evS? hwMK wqvi MVbwewa msc jL|
9| wbwjwLZ evKi ga gvUv nid wjwLZ c`mg~n Kvb Kvb A_ hwMK wqvi eenvi
nqQ?
K) mvBib eR DVj|
L) mv Nwbq Gj|
M) wbhvwZZivB GKw`b gv_v DuwPq DVe|
N) bq Lq Gm|
O) nVvr Nyg fO hvq|
P) G KvK WK GbwQm?
Q) ZviciB wbiyk nq hvB `xN w`bi Rb|
10| AmgvwcKv wqvhvM k~bvb c~iY KiK) Kuvw`Z-----Rxeb Mj|
L) eo hw`-----PvI, QvU nI Ze|
M) LvKvK-----`Lj-----w`I|
N) bvwmgv wK Mvb-----RvbZ?
O) AvR ew----cvi|
P) -----WK w`I|
Q) -----KwiI KvR-----fvweI bv|
R) myLi-----G Ni euvwaby Abj----Mj|

131

cg cwiQ`

evsjv Abyv
K. Kvj GKevi Gmv|
L. ZzB evwo hv|
M. gv Ki gvi Aciva|
Icii evKjvi c_g evK Abyiva, wZxq evK Av`k Ges ZZxq evK cv_bv evSvQ|
Av`k, Abyiva, AbygwZ, cv_bv, Abybq cfwZ A_ eZgvb Ges fwelr Kvj gag cyiyl wqvc`i
hi~c nq ZvK Abyv c` ej|

Abyv c`i MVb

1. gag cyiyli ZzQv_K ev Nwbv_K mebvgi Abyvq wqvc` Kvbv wefw hvM nq bv| g~j
avZzwUB wqvc` i~c eeZ nq| hgb gag cyiyl ZzQv_K ev Nwbv_K ZzB (eB) co| Zviv (eB)
co|
wKz Abyiva, Av`k ev Abyi~c A_ mgvZK gag cyiyli mebvg Avcwb ev Avcbviv Ges mvaviY
gag cyiyli mebvg Zzwg ev Zvgiv c`i m h Abyv c`i eenvi nq, ZvZ wefw hy
_vK| hgb
mgvZK gag cyiyl- Avcwb (Avcbviv) Avmyb (Avm&+Db)|
mvaviY gag cyiyl Zzwg (Zvgiv) Avm (Avm& + A)|
2. cvPxb evsjv ixwZZ gag cyiyli Abyvq wqvi m n hvM Kivi wbqg wQj| GB n eZgvb
A Ges I Z i~cvwiZ nqQ| hgb
K. Kin [=Ki] Avcb KvR, ZvZ wKev fq jvR|
L. Aag mvbi gvMv `n [`vI] c`Qvqv|
3. K. Dg cyiyli Abyv c` nZ cvi bv| KviY, KD wbRK Av`k KiZ cvi bv|
L. AcZ ej bvg cyiyli Abyv nq bv| Ze GB gZ mKj mg_b Kib bv|
4. K. gag I bvg cyiyli eZgvb Abyvi i~ct
aib

mebvg

wefw

D`vniY/wqvc`

1. mgvZK

Avcwb, Avcbviv, wZwb, Zuviv

Db, b

hvDb, hvb

2. mvaviY

Zzwg, Zvgiv

A, I

Ki, Kiv, hvI

3. ZzQv_K/Nwbv_K

ZzB, Zviv

0 (k~b)

Ki&, hv

4. mvaviY

m, Zviv

DK

KiyK

vZe : K. wb`kK fvei mvaviY eZgvb Kvji mgvZK gag cyiyli wefw = Gb| hgb Avcwb `Lb|

evsjv Abyv

133

mgvZK gag cyiyli Abyv c`i wefw Db| hgbAvcbviv `Lyb|

L. PjwZ fvlvq avZzi g~j ^i G-Kviv ev I-Kviv nj D cv_K jvc cvq| hgb bb, jb,
wbb < jDb, jvb|
M. gag I bvg cyiyl fwelr Kvji Abyvi i~c :
aib

mebvg

wefw

wqvc`

mvay

PwjZ

mvay

PwjZ

-Beb

-eb

Kwieb

Kieb

-BI

-I

KwiI

Kiv

ZzQv_K/Nwbv_K ZzB, Zviv

-Bm

-m

Kwim, LvBm

Lvm

mvaviY

-Be

-e

Kwie

Kie

mgvZK

Avcwb, Avcbviv,
wZwb, Zuviv

mvaviY

Zzwg, Zvgiv

m, Zviv

`e : NUgvb eZgvb Abyv Ges NUgvb fwelr Abyv

1. NUgvb eZgvb Abyv : g~j wqvc`i m -BZ/-Z wefw hy nq AmgvwcKv wqvc` MVb Kiv
hvq| GB AmgvwcKv wqvc` Ges _vK& avZzi m (mvaviY) eZgvb Abyvi wefw hy Ki h wqvc`
nq, Dfq wgj hwMK wqv Drcb Ki| GB hwMK wqv NUgvb eZgvb Abyvi A_ cKvk Ki|
hgb(m)-BZ/-Z + -DK (KwiZ/KiZ _vKzK)|
(wZwb/Avcwb) -BZ/-Z + Db (KwiZ/KiZ _vKzb)
(Zzwg)-BZ/-Z + -A-I (KwiZ/KiZ _vK/_vKv)|
(ZzB)-BZ/Z + - 0 (KwiZ/KiZ _vK&)
g~j avZzi m AmgvwcKv wqv wefw-BZ/-Z hy nq; Gi~c wefw hy AmgvwcKv wqv me`v
AcwiewZZ Aevq _vK| GB AmgvwcKv wqv Ges mvaviY eZgvbi Abyvi wqvwefw hy _vK&
avZz (NUgvb eZgvb Abyvi) wgj hwMK wqv Drcb Ki| GB hwMK wqv NUgvb eZgvb Abyvi
A_ cKvk Ki|
_vK& avZzi m hy wqvwefwjvB Abyv A_ cKvk Ki| g~j wqv _K Drcb AmgvwcKv wqvwU
NUgvbZv cKvk mvnvh Ki|
2. NUgvb fwelr Abyv : Dchy KviYB NUgvb fwelr Abyvi Rb c_K wqvwefwi AwZ
^xKvi Kiv AbvekK| hgb-BZ/-Z+ - Beb/- eb (KwiZ _vwKeb/KiZ _vKeb)|
-BZ/ -Z + BI - G/-I (KwiZ _vwKI/KiZ _Kv)|
-BZ/ - Z + -Bm (KwiZ _vwKm/KiZ _vwKm)|
-BZ/ -Z+ - Be/-e (KwiZ _vwKe/KiZ _vKe)|

134

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

vZe
K) fwelr Kvji Abyvq Dg cyiyl eeZ nq bv|
L) mgvZK gag cyiyli mvaviY fwelZi wqvi i~cwU mgvZK gag cyiyli fwelr Abyvq eeZ nq|

K. eZgvb Kvj
(1) Av`k
(2) Dc`k

:
:

(3) Abyiva

(4) cv_bv
(5) Awfkvc

:
:

KvRwU Ki dj| Zvgiv GLb hvI|

mZ Mvcb Kiv bv|
Kov iv` Nvivdiv Kwim bv|
cvwZm b wkjvZj ccvZv|
Avgvi KvRUv GLb Ki|
AUv eywSq `vI bv|
Avgvi `iLvUv coyb|
gi, cvwc|

:
:
:
:

m`v mZ eje|
Pv Ki, meB eySZ cvie|
ivM nj Ilya Lve|
Kvj GKevi Gmv (ev AvwmI ev Avwme)|

L. fwelr Kvji Abyv

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

Av`k
mvebvq
weavb A_
Abyiva

Abykxjbx
1| cwZ cki PviwU Dii wVK DiwUZ wUK () wP `vI|
(i) Kvb wqvwU fwelr Kvji Abyvq mvebv evSvQ?
K. ivM nj Ilya LZ ne

M. Pv Ki, eySZ cvie

L. m`v mZ eje

N. Kvj Gmv|

(ii) ZzQv_K ev Nwbv_K gag cyiyli fwelr Kvji Abyvi PwjZ ixwZi wefw KvbwU?
K. -Bm

M. -I

L. -m

N. -BI

(iii) mvaviY gag cyiyli eZgvb Kvji Abyvi PwjZ ixwZi wefw KvbwU?
K. -Db

M. -I

L. -b

N. k~b

evsjv Abyv

135

(iv) ILvb hvm bv| Kvb A_ Abyvi eenvi nqQ?

K. Av`k

M. Abyiva

L. Dc`k

N. weavb

(vii) Lv`v Avcbvi gj Kiyb| - Kx A_ Abyvi eenvi nqQ?

K. Av`k
M. Dc`k
L. cv_bv
N. Abyiva|
(viii) ag I bvqi c_ Pjv|- Kx A_ Abyvi eenvi nqQ?
K. Av`k
M. Abyiva
L. Dc`k
N. weavb|
(ix) Zvi mebvk nvK| - Kx A_ Abyvi eenvi nqQ?
K. cv_bv
M. Awfkvc
L. Dc`k
N. Av`k|
(x) AvgvK mvnvh Kiyb| - Kx A_ Abyvi eenvi nqQ?

2|
3|
4|
5|

K. Abyiva
M. Av`k
L. cv_bv
N. Dc`k|
Abyv ejZ Kx evS? Kvb Kvb A_ Abyv c`i eenvi nq?
eZgvb Kvji Abyvi wefwmg~n jL|
fwelr A_ Abyv c` gag cyiylB mxgve|-G DwwU eywSq `vI|
evK MVb Ki
K. Abyiva eZgvb Abyv
L. vebvgq fwelr Abyv
M. Awfkvc eZgvb Abyv

N. Dc`k eZgvb Abyv|

6| Kvb Kvb A_ Abyvi eenvi nqQ, wbgwjwLZ evKjvi cvk jL|
K) IMv AvR Zviv hvm b Nii evwni|
L)

Ze hw` `qv Ki, gv Kiv gvi Aciva|

M)

iLv gv `vmi gb, G wgbwZ Kwi c`|

N)

Lv`v Zvgvi nvqvZ `ivR Kiyb|

O)

m Rvnvbvg hvK|

l cwiQ`

wqv-wefw : mvay I PwjZ

Avwg hvB|
Avcbviv hveb|
m hvQ|
Zuviv hvwQjb|
Ici hv-avZzi m B, eb, Q I wQjb wefw hy Ki mgvwcKv wqvc`jv MwVZ
nqQ|
avZzi Di h mKj eY ev eYmgw hy nq mgvwcKv wqv MVb Ki, H mg eY ev eYmgwK
wqv wefw ejv nq|
1.

wefwmg~n wqvi Kvj, cyiyl I evPf` wewfb i~c cwiMn Ki| hgbAvwg hvB-mvaviY eZgvb Kvj Dg cyiyli wqvc`|
Avcbviv hveb-mvaviY fwelr Kvj (mgvZK) gag cyiyli wqvc`|

2.

mvay I PwjZ ixwZf`I wqvwefwi cwieZb nq| h_vmvay

3.

PwjZ

Avcwb fvZ LvBqvQb|

Avcwb fvZ LqQb|

Zvnviv evwo hvBZQ|

Zviv evwo hvQ|

chvRK wqvZI wqvwefwi Abyi~c cwieZb mvwaZ nq| hgbmvay ixwZ (chvRK)

PwjZ ixwZ (chvRK)

Avwg ZvnvK w`qv KvRwU KivBqvwQ|

Avwg ZvK w`q KvRwU KwiqwQ|

iZ gwYK Mvb wkLvBZwQj|

iZv gwYK Mvb kLvwQj|

avZzi MY : MY ki A_ kwY| wKy avZzi MY ejZ avZzjvi evbvbi aib evSvq| avZzi MY
wVK KiZ `ywU welq j ivLZ nq| hgb(K) avZzwU KqwU Ai MwVZ?
(L) avZzi c_g eY mshy ^ieYwU Kx?
nIqv wqvi avZz 0 n (n& + A)| n GKvi avZz Ges c_g eY n&-Gi mv_ ^ieY A hy AvQ|
myZivs n-Avw`MYi ga j-avZz (wqvc`-jIqv) coe|

wqv-wefw : mvay I PwjZ

137

evsjv fvlvi mg avZzK wekwU MY fvM Kiv nqQ| h_v1| n-Avw`MY

:
n (nIqv), j (jIqv) BZvw`|
2| Lv-Avw`MY
:
Lv (LvIqv), av (avIqv), cv (cvIqv), hv (hvIqv) BZvw`|
3| w`-Avw`MY
:
w` (`Iqv), wb (bIqv) BZvw`|
4| -Avw`MY
:
Pz (Puvqvbv), by (bvqvbv), Qz (Quvqv) BZvw`|
5| Ki&-Avw`MY
:
Ki& (Kiv), Kg& (Kgv), Mo (Mov), Pj& (Pjv) BZvw`|
6| Kn&-Avw`MY
:
Kn& (Knv), mn& (mnv), en& (env) BZvw`|
7| KvU&- Avw`MY
:
Muv_&, Pvj&, AvK&, euva&, Kuv`&, BZvw`|
8| Mvn&-Avw`MY
:
Pvn&, evn&, bvn& (bvnvb<mvb) BZvw`|
9| wjL&-Avw`MY
:
wKb&, wNi&, wRZ&, wdi&, wfo&, wPb& BZvw`|
10| DV& Avw`MY
:
Do, b&, dzU&, LyuR&, Lyj&, Wze&, Zzj& BZvw`|
11| jvdv-Avw`MY
:
KvUv, WvKv, evRv, AvMv (AMmi nIqv) BZvw`|
12| bvnv-Avw`MY
:
Mvnv BZvw`|
13| wdiv-Avw`MY
:
DuPv, jyKv, Kzov (KzovQ) BZvw`|
14| Nyiv- Avw`MY
:
wQUv, wkLv, wSgv, wPiv BZvw`|
15| avqv-Avw`MY
:
kvqv, LuvPv, Lvqv, MvQv, hvMv BZvw`|
16| `ov-Avw`MY
:
cuQv, `ov BZvw`|
17| PU&Kv-Avw`MY
:
mg&Sv, ag&Kv, KP&jv BZvw`|
18| weM&ov-Avw`MY
:
wnuP&ov, wQU&Kv, wmU&Kv BZvw`|
19| Dj&Uv- Avw`MY
:
`yg&ov, gyP&ov, Dc&Pv BZvw`|
20| Qvejv - Avw`MY :
KuvPKv, KuvKov, Kv`jv BZvw`|

avZz-wefwi i~c
eZgvb Kvj
Kvj
1. mvaviY
2. NUgvb
3. cyivNwUZ
4. Abyv

bvg cyiyl
(mvaviY)
m
mvay
PwjZ
-G
-G
-BZQ -Q
-Q
-BqvQ -GQ
-DK

bvg I gag
(mgvZK)
mvay
PwjZ
-Gb
-Gb
-BZQb -Qb
-Qb
-BqvQb-GQb

-DK -Db

-Db

gag cyiyl
(mvaviY)
Zzwg
mvay
PwjZ
-A
-A
-BZQ
-Q
-Q
-BqvQ -GQ
-A
-I
-A

ge : -BZQ, -Q, -BqvQ, -GQ, wefwjvi wP A-Kviv|

gag cyiyl
(ZzQ)
ZzB
mvay
PwjZ
-Bm&
-Bm&
-BZwQm& -wQm&
-wQm&
-BqvwQm&-GwQm&
-g~javZz-g~javZz

Dg cyiyl
Avwg
mvay
PwjZ
-B
-B
-BZwQ -wQ
-wQ
-BqvwQ -GwQ

138

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

AZxZ Kvj
bvg cyiyl

bvg I gag cyiyl

gag cyiyl

gag cyiyl

(mvaviY)

(mgvZK)

(mvaviY)

(ZzQ)

Zzwg

ZzB

Kvj

wZwb

m
5| mvaviY

mvay
-Bj

6| wbZe

-BZ

7| NUgvb
8| cyivNwUZ

PwjZ mvay
-j -Bjb

Avcwb
PwjZ mvay
-jb -Bj

Avwg
PwjZ mvay
-wj -Bjvg

PwjZ
-jvg
-jyg
-Zvg
-BwZm& -wZm& -BZvg
-Zzg
-BZwQwj -wQwj -BZwQjvg-wQjvg
-wQwj
-BqvwQjvg-GwQjyg
-BqvwQwj -GwQwj -BqvwQ -GwQjvg

PwjZ mvay
-j -Bwj

-Z -BZb
-Zb -BZ
-Z
-Zv
-BZwQj -wQj -BZwQjbwQjb -BZwQj -wQj
-wQj
BqvwQj -GwQj -BqvwQjb-GwQjb -BqvwQj-GwQj

Dg cyiyl

`e : ci, Q _vKj Ki& avZzi i jvc cvq| (KwQj, KwQwj)|

fwelr Kvj
9| mvaviY

-Be

-e -Beb

-eb -Be

-e -Bwe

10| Abyv

-Be

-e -Beb

-eb -BI

-I -Bm

-we -Be -e -ev

-Bm

`e : -Bj, -j, -BZ, -BZwQj, -wQj, -GwQj wefwjv DPviY A-Kviv|

Ki& avZzi i~c (mi&, Mo, Pj& cfwZ Ki-Avw`MY)

Kvj

m
Ki

1| mvaviY eZgvb
2| NUgvb eZgvb
3| cyivNwUZ eZgvb
4| eZgvb Abyv/
AvKvOv
5| mvaviY AZxZ
6| wbZe AZxZ
7| NUgvb AZxZ
8| cyivNwUZ AZxZ
9| mvaviY fwelr
10| fwelr Abyv

Ki
KwiZQ
KwiqvQ
KiyK

wZwb

PwjZ mvay
Ki
KiQ
KiQ
KiyK

Kib
KwiZQb
KwiqvQb
Kiyb

Avcwb
PwjZ
Kib
KiQb
KiQb
Kiyb

Kwij
Kij Kwijb
Kijb
KwiZ
KiZ KwiZb
KiZb
KwiZwQj KiwQj KwiZwQjb KiwQjb
KwiqvwQj KiwQj KwiqvwQjb KiwQjb
Kwie
Kie Kwieb
Kieb
Kwie
Kie Kwieb
Kieb

Zzwg

ZzB

mvay

PwjZ

mvay

Ki
KwiZQ
KwiqvQ
Ki

Ki
KiQ
KiQ
Ki

Kwim
KwiZwQm
KwiqvwQm
Ki&

Kwij
Kij
KwiZ
KiZ
KwiZwQj KiwQj
KwiqvwQj KiwQj
Kwie
Kie
KwiI
Kiv

Avwg
PwjZ
Kwim
KiwQm
KiwQm
Ki&

Kwiwj
Kiwj
KwiwZm
KiwZm
KwiZwQwj KiwQwj
KwiqvwQwj KiwQwj
Kwiwe
Kiwe
Kwim
Kwim

mvay

PwjZ

Kwi
KwiZwQ
KwiqvwQ
0

Kwi
KiwQ
KiwQ
0

Kwijvg
Kijvg
KwiZvg
KiZvg
KwiZwQjvg KiwQjvg
KwiqvwQjvg KiwQjvg
Kwie
Kie
0
0

wekl `e : wZbwU Kvji `kwU wgK i~ci Rb Avgiv avZyi~c mvab Gici Kvji cwieZ 1, 2,
3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 Ges 10 wgK msLvjv eenvi Kie|
Ki, KwiZQ, KiQ, KwiqvQ, KiQ - kjv kl awbi DPviY A-Kviv|

wqv-wefw : mvay I PwjZ

139

hv-avZzi i~c
(Avw`eY Av-Kvi hy-Lv, hv, cv, av cfwZ Lv-Avw`MY)
mvay

PwjZ

1| hvq| hvb| hvI| hvBm| hvB|

2| hvBZQ| hvBZQb| hvBZQ| hvBZwQm| hvBZwQ|
3| wMqvQ| wMqvQb| wMqvQ| wMqvwQm| wMqvwQ|
4| hvDK (hvK)| hvb| hvI| hv|
5| Mj (hvBj)| Mjb (hvBjb)| Mj (hvBj)|
Mwj (hvBwj)| Mjvg (hvBjvg)
6| hvBZ| hvBZb| hvBZ| hvBwZm&| hvBZvg|
7| hvBZwQj| hvBZwQjb| hvBZwQj| hvBZwQwj|
hvBZwQjvg|
8| wMqvwQj| wMqvwQjb| wMqvwQj| wMqvwQwj| wMqvwQjvg|
9| hvBe| hvBeb| hvBe| hvBwe| hvBe|
10| hvBe| hvBeb| hvBI| hvBm|

1| hvq| hvb| hvI| hvm| hvB|

2| hvQ| hvQb| hvQ| hvwQm| hvwQ|
3| MQ (wMqQ)| wMqQb| (MQb)
wMqQ (MQ)| wMqwQm (MwQm)| wMqwQ (MwQ)|
4| hvK| hvb| hvI| hv|
5| Mj| Mjb| Mj| Mwj| Mjvg|
6| hZ| hZb| hZ| hwZm| hZvg|
7| hvwQj| hvwQjb| hvwQj| hvwQwj|
hvwQjvg|
8| wMqwQj| wMqwQjb| wMqwQj|
wMqwQwj| wMqwQjvg|
9| hve| hveb| hve| hvwe|hve|
10| hve| hveb| hI (hqv)| hvm|

`e : wMqvQ, Mj, wMqvwQj, hvBe, hvQ, wMqQ, MQ, hZ, hvwQj, wMqwQj, hve-kjvi DPviY A-Kviv|

wjL avZzi i~c

(Av`eY B-Kvi hy-wKb wNi, wRZ& wdi, wfo, wPb cfwZ wjL&-Avw`MY)
mvay
PwjZ
1|
2|
3|
4|
5|
6|
7|
8|

wjL| wjLb| wjL| wjwLm| wjwL|

wjwLZQ| wjwLZQb| wjwLZQ| wjwLZwQm| wjwLZwQ|
wjwLqvQ| wjwLqvQb| wjwLqvQ| wjwLqvwQm| wjwLqvwQ|
wjLyK| wjLyb| wjL| wjL&|
wjwLj| wjwLjb| wjwLj| wjwLwj| wjwLjvg|
wjwLZ| wjwLZb| wjwLZ| wjwLwZm| wjwLZvg|
wjwLZwQj| wjwLZwQjb| wjwLZwQj| wjwLZwQwj| wjwLZwQjvg|
wjwLqvwQj| wjwLqvwQjb| wjwLqvwQj| wjwLqvwQwj| wjwLqvwQjvg|

9| wjwLe| wjwLeb| wjwLe| wjwLwe| wjwLe|

10| wjwLe| wjwLeb| wjwLI (wjwLqv)| wjwLm|

1|
2|
3|
4|
5|
6|
7|
8|

jL| jLb| jL| wjwLm| wjwL|

wjLQ| wjLQb| wjLQ| wjLwQm| wjLwQ|
wjLQ| wjLQb| wjLQ| wjLwQm| wjLwQ|
wjLyK| wjLyb| jL| jL&|
wjLj|wjLjb| wjLj| wjLwj| wjLjvg|
wjLZ| wjLZb| wjLZ| wjLwZm| wjLZvg|
wjLwQj| wjLwQjb| wjLwQj| wjLwQwj| wjLwQjvg|
wjLwQj| wjLwQjvg| wjLwQj| wjLwQwj|
wjLwQjvg|
9| wjLe| wjLeb| wjLe| wjLwe| wjLe|
10| wjLe| wjLeb| wjLv| wjwLm|

`e : wjL, jL, wjwLqvQ, wjLQ, wjLQ, wjwLZ, wjLj, wjwLZwQj, wjLwQj, wjwLZ, wjLZ-kMyjvi DPviY A-Kviv|

140

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

` (w`) avZzi i~c

(Av`eY B-Kvi hy - wb BZvw` w`-Avw`MY)
mvay
PwjZ
1| `q| `b| `vI| w`m| `B|
1| `q| `b| `vI| w`m| w` (w`B)|
2| w`ZQ| w`ZQb| w`ZQ| w`ZwQm| w`ZwQ| 2| w`Q| w`Qb| w`Q| w`wQm| w`wQ|
3| w`qvQ| w`qvQb| w`qvQ| w`qvwQm| w`qvwQ|
3| w`qQ| w`qQb| w`qQ| w`qwQm| w`qwQ|
4| w`K| w`b| `vI| `|
4| mvay ixwZi gZv
5| w`j (w`jv)| w`jb| w`j| w`wj| w`jvg|
5| mvay ixwZi gZv
6| w`Z| w`Zb| w`Z| w`wZ| w`Zvg|
6| mvay ixwZi gZv|
7| w`ZwQj| w`ZwQjb| w`ZwQj| w`ZwQwj| w`ZwQjvg| 7| w`wQj| w`wQjb| w`wQj| w`wQwj| w`wQjvg|
8| w`qvwQj| w`qvwQjb| w`qvwQj| w`qvwQwj| w`qvwQjvg| 8| w`qwQj| w`qwQjb| w`qwQj| w`qwQwj| w`qwQjvg|
9| w`e| w`eb| w`we| w`e|
9| `e| `eb| w`we| `e|
10| w`e| w`eb| w`I (w`qv)| w`m|
10| `e| `eb| w`I (w`qv)| w`m|

DV& avZzi i~c

(Av`eY D-Kvi hy - Do, b&, cyU&, LyuR&, Lyj&, Wze&, Zzj& BZvw` DV&-Avw`MY)
mvay
1|
2|
3|
4|
5|
6|
7|

DV| DVb| DV| DwVm| DwV|

DwVZQ| DwVZQb| DwVZQ| DwVZwQm| DwVZwQ|
DwVqvQ| DwVqvQb| DwVqvQ| DwVqvwQm| DwVqvwQ|
DVKz| DVyb|DV| DV& |
DwVj| DwVjb| DwVj| DwVwj| DwVjvg|
DwVZ| DwVZb| DwVZ| DwVwZm| DwVZvg|
DwVZwQj| DwVZwQjb| DwVZwQj| DwVZwQwj|
DwVZwQjvg|
8| DwVqvwQj| DwVqvwQjb| DwVqvwQj| DwVqvwQwj|
DwVqvwQjvg|
9| DwVe| DwVeb| DwVe| DwVwe| DwVe|
10| DwVe| DwVeb| DwVI (DwVqv)| DwVm&|

PwjZ
1|
2|
3|
4|
5|
6|
7|

IV| IVb| IV| DwVm| DwV|

DVQ| DVQb| DVQ| DVwQm| DVwQ|
DVQ| DVQb| DVQ| DVwQm| DVwQ|
DVzK| DVzb| IV| IV& |
DVj| DVjb| DVj| DVwj| DVjvg|
DVZ| DVZb| DVZ| DVwZm| DVZvg|
DVwQj| DVwQjb| DVwQj| DVwQwj|
DVwQjvg|
8| DVwQj| DVwQjb| DVwQj| DVwQwj|
DVwQjvg|
9| DVe| DVeb| DVe| DVwe| DVe|
10| DVe| DVeb| DVv| DwVm|

`e : DV, IV, DVQ, DwVj, DwVZwQj, DVwQj, DwVqvwQj-kjv DPviY A-Kviv|

wqv-wefw : mvay I PwjZ

141

-avZz (Av`eY D-Kvi hyy-Puzy, by, Qzu BZvw` -Avw`MY)

mvay
1| kvq| kvb| kvI| m| B|

PwjZ
1| kvq| kvb| kvI| m| B|

2| BZQ| BZQb| BZQ| BZwQm| BZwQ| 2| Q| Qb| Q| wQm| wQ|

3| &BqvQ| BqvQb| kyBqvQ| BqvwQm| &BqvwQ|

3| qQ| qQb| qQ| qwQm| qwQ|

4| K| kvb| kvI| kv|

4| mvay ixwZi gZv|

5| Bj| kyBjb| Bj| &Bwj| Bjvg|

5| j| kyjb| j| wj| jvg|

6| BZ| BZb| BZ| kyBwZm| kyBZvg|

6| g| kyZb| Z| wZm| Zvg|

7| BZwQj| BZwQjb| BZwQj| BZwQwj|

7| wQj| wQjb| wQj| wQwj|

BZwQjvg|

wQjvg|

8| BqvwQj| BqvwQjb| BqvwQj| BqvwQwj| kyBqvwQjvg| 8| qwQj| kyqwQjb|| qwQj|

qwQwj| qwQjvg|
9| Be| Beb| Be| Bwe| Be|

9| kve| kveb| kve| we| kvev|

10| Be| Beb| BI (Bqv)| Bwe|

10| kve| kveb| qv| m|

`e : BQ, BZQ, BqvQ, qQ, Bj, j, BZ, Z, BZwQj, wQj, kyBqvwQj, qwQj,
BZ- kjv DPviY A-Kviv|

chvRK avZzi i~c

1| chvRK avZzi PwjZ i~c mvab KLbv KLbv g~j avZzi m ay chvRK i~cwU hy nq|
hgb- wkK QvwUK covBqvQb| - mvay i~c|
[ co + Av= cov (chvRK avZz) + BqvQb (wefw)|
wkK QvwUK cwoqQb - PwjZ i~c|
[ co + 0 (A_vr chvRK-cKiYi Av hy njv bv) + BqQb = cwoqQb- PwjZ
i~c|] PwjZ i~c AviI KqKwU avZzi cwieZb jYxqn-avZz
: `uvovI, ZvgvK nIqvwQ|
wkL&-avZz
: K ZvgvK Mvb kLvQ?
b&-avZz
: G Kx K_v kvbvwj i!

142

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

chvRK avZzi wefw

eZgvb Kvj
Kvj wefvM

1| mvaviY

mvay
*q

2| NUgvb

*BZQ *Q

*BZQb * Qb *BZQ * Q

*BZwQm * wQm

*BZwQ

3| cyivNwUZ

*BqvQ *BqQ

*BqvQb * BqQb| *BqvQ * BqQ

*BqvwQm *BqwQm

*BqvwQ *BqwQ|

4| Abyv

*DK

*b

*Bm

PwjZ
*q

*K

wZwb

Avcwb

mvay
*b

PwjZ
*b

*b

Zzwg
mvay
*I

*I

ZzB
PwjZ mvay
*I *Bm

*I

Avwg
PwjZ mvay
*m *B

PwjZ
*B
*wQ

*m

AZxZ Kvj
5| mvaviY

*j *Bjb
*jb *Bj
*j
* jv
6| wbZe *BZ
*Z *BZb
*Zb *BZ *Z
*Zv
7| NUgvb
*BZwQj
*wQj *BZwQjb *wQjb *BZwQj *wQj
8| cyivNwUZ *BqvwQj
*BqvwQjb
*BqvwQj
0 BqwQj
0 BqwQjb
0 BqwQj

9| mvaviY
10| Abyv

*Bj

*Be
*DK

*e
*K

*Beb
*eb

fwelr Kvj
*eb *Be *e
*eb *BI *qv

*Bwj

*wj *Bjvg *jvg

*BwZm

*wZm *BZvg *Zvg

*BwZwQwj
*wQwj *BZwQjvg *wQjvg
*BqvwQwj
*BqvwQjvg
0 BqwQwj
0 BqwQjvg

*Bwe
*Bm&

*we
*m

*Be*e

*ev

vZe : avZzi chvRK i~c mvab ZviKv wPi (*) j g~j avZzi ci (Av-Kvi) mshvwRZ ne,
wKy 0 j ne bv|

wqv-wefw : mvay I PwjZ

143

Ki avZzi chvRK i~c

m

wZwb

Avcwb

Zzwg

mvay

PwjZ

mvay

PwjZ mvay

PwjZ

Kivb

KivI

KivI KivBm

Kivm KivB

Kvj

mvay

PwjZ

1| mvaviY eZgvb

Kivq

Kivq Kivb

2| NUgvb eZgvb

KivBZQ KivQ KivBZQb KivQb KivBZQ

3| cyivNwUZ eZgvb KivBqvQ KivqQ KivBqvQb KwiqQb

KivBqvQ

ZzB

Avwg
mvay

KivQ KivBZwQm KivwQm KivBZwQ

KwiqQ KivBqvwQm KwiqwQm

KivBqvwQ

PwjZ
KivB
KivwQ
KwiqwQ

KwiqQ
4| Abyv/AvKvv KivK

KivK

Kivb

Kivb

KivI

KivI KivBm

Kivm

KivB

KivB

eZgvb
5| mvaviY AZxZ

KivBj

Kivj

KivBjb

Kivjb

KivBj

Kivj KivBwj

Kivwj

KivBjvg

Kivjvg

6| wbZe AZxZ

KivBZ

KivZ

KivBZb

KivZb

KivBZ

KivZ KivBwZm

KivwZm

KivBZvg

KivZvg

7| NUgvb AZxZ

KivBZwQj KivwQj

KivBZwQjb KivwQjb

KivBZwQj

KivwQj KivBZwQwj

KivwQwj

KivBZwQjvg KivwQjvg

8| cyivNwUZ AZxZ

KivBqvwQj KwiqwQj KivBqvwQjb KwiqwQjb

KivBqvwQj

KwiqwQj KivBqvwQwj KwiqwQwj

KivBqvwQjvg KwiqwQjvg

9| mvaviY fwelr KivBe Kive

KivBeb

10| fwelr Abyv KivK

Kivb

KivK

Kiveb

KivBe

Kive KivBwe

Kivwe

Kivb

KivBI

Kivqv KivBm

Kivm&

KivBe

Kive

cwiwk : avZzi PwjZ i~c mvab KwZcq cwieZb

1. g~j^i A-Kviv
Kn& avZz : KBZvg, KBjvg, KBwZ, KBwZm, KqwQm BZvw`|
2. g~j^i Av-Kviv
(K) Lv-avZz : Ljvg (LvBjvg), Ljb (LvBjb), Lj, Lj, (LvBj), LqQ BZvw`|
(L) hv-avZz : Mj (hvBj), wMqwQj, hZ-hZv (hvBZ), hZwQj, hvwQj (hvBZwQj) BZvw`|
(M) Mvn& (M)-avZz : (PwjZ i~c)- MvBZ, MvBjvg, MqwQ, MqwQjvg, MqQ, MvBj,
MvBwZm, MvBwQm, MvBe, Mve, MvBe, Mve BZvw`|
3. g~j^i B ev C-Kviv : wkL& avZz (PwjZ i~c)-kLv, kLb, kL (wkL), wkwLm, wkLjvg,
kL BZvw`|
4| g~j^i D-Kviv : b& avZz- kvbv, kvbb, kvb, bjvg, bwQ, bZvg, bwQm, kvbvI
BZvw`|
5| g~j^i G-Kviv : `, (w`) avZz-w`B, `q, `b, w`b, `vI, w`jvg, w`qwQjvg, w`Zvg (w`Zzg),
`e (`ev), w`Q, w`wQjyg, `vI, `, w`b, w`K, w`qv (w`ev) BZvw`|
6| g~j^i I-Kviv : av-avZz-avq, avb, avI, aywQm, ayBwe, ayqwQj, avm, BZvw`| evwK
mejv D-Kvi hy avZzi i~ci bvq|

144

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

chvRK avZzi PwjZ i~c mvab KqKwU cwieZb

(ebxi ga mvay i~cwUI `Lvbv njv)
(K) g~j^i A-Kviv : n - nBqQ (nIqvBqvQ), nBqwQm (nIqvBqvwQm), nBqwQjyg
(nIqvBqvwQjvg), nIqvwQ (nIqvBZwQ), nqvqv (nIqvBI)|
(L)

g~j^i B-C-Kviv : nj chvRK avZzi PwjZ i~c KLbv B-Kviv Ges KLbv GKviv nq| hgb (mvay) wkL > (PwjZ) kL (avZz)|

i~c mvab : wkLvB-kLvB-wkLyB| kLvI-wkLvI| kLvjyg,-wkLvjyg| kLvj-wkLvj| kLvZzgwkLvZzg| kLvwZm-wkLwZm| kLvZ-wkLvZv| kLvwe-wkLvwe| wkLvwQ-wkLwQ (wkLvwQ)|
kLvQ-wkLyQ| kLvwQj-wkLwQj| kLvI-kLvI| kL-wkLv|
(M) g~j^i D-Kviv : Gi `yUv i~c `Lv hvq| ebxi ga wZxq i~cwUI `Lvbv njv|
b-avZzi i~c mvab : bvB (kvbvB)| kvbvI (bvI)| bvb (bvb)| kvbvq (bvq)| bvwb
(kybvwb)| bvjyg (bvjyg)| kvbvZzg (bvZzg)| kvbvwZm (bwZmbvwZmbywZm)| kvbve
(bve)| kvbvQ (bvQ)| kvbvI (kvbvI)| kvbvm (bvm) BZvw`|
evK MVb : Avnv! Kx nIqvUvB bv Zzwg nIqvj| `uvovI, ZvgvK kLvwQ| ZzB Avi AvgvK Kx wkLywe?
ivR ZvgvK KZ i~cK_v kvbvB| Kx K_v kybvwj gvi IK Zzwg Kx bvQ?

KqKwU Am~Y avZz

evsjv fvlvq KqKwU avZzi mKj Kvji i~c cvIqv hvq bv| mvaviY mnKvix wqv MVb G`i KqKwU
i~c cvIqv hvq gv| hgb
1.

Av-AvBj>Gj| AvBjb>Gjb| AvBj>Gj| AvBwj>Gwj| AvBjvg>Gjvg| Avq (Abyv)|

2.

AvQ& - (eZgvb Kvj): AvQ, AvQb, AvQ, AvwQm, AvwQ| (AZxZ Kvj) wQj, wQjb, wQj,
wQwj, wQjvg|

3|

bn& avZz-(eZgvb Kvj) : bb, bn, bnb > bb, bn, bI, bnm, bwnm, bm, bwn, bB|

4|

eU& avZz - (eZgvb Kvj) : eU, eUb, eU, ewUm, ewU|

5|

_vK& (in&) avZz (eZgvb Kvj) _vK, _vKb, inb, _vK, (iI), _vwKm, (im, ivm, iwnm),
_vwK (iB), _vK (iq) BZvw`|

AZxZ Kvj : iwnZ (iBZ), iwnZb (iBZb), iwnZvg (iBZvg-iBZzg) BZvw`|

fwelr Kvj : iwne, (iBe, ie), iwneb (iBeb), iwnwe (iBwe), iwne (iBev), iwnm (ivm,
ivmv)|

wqv-wefw : mvay I PwjZ

145

evK MVb : Kv_vKvi Rv`yKi Gwj GLvb| AvBj ivmKzj cfb eM| Kgb AvwQm? Kv_vq
wQwj? m ewwU Zzwg bI| GKv `wL Kzjea~, K eU Avcwb? AvwR Ni GKjvwU cviev bv iBZ|
ivmv, ZvgvK gRv `LvwQ| n_v bq, n_v bq, Ab Kv_v, Ab Kvb Lvb|

Abykxjbx
1|

cZK cki PviwU Di `Iqv nqQ| wVK DiwUi cvk wUK () wP `vI :
(K) evsjv fvlvi avZzi i~c KqwU?
K. 18wU

L.

20wU

M. 19wU

N.

21wU

(L) Kvb Qi mejv avZz DV&-Avw` MYi Afy?

K. b& LyuR&, Wze,, Zzm&

L.

mn&, Kn&, em&, b&,

M. wjL&, wKb&, evn&, Wze&

N.

wKn&, Wze&, wjL&, b&

(M) Ki&-avZzi Dg cyiyl cyivNwUZ AZxZ PwjZ i~c KvbwU?

K. KiZvg

L.

KwiqvwQjvg

M. KwiZvg

N.

KwiqwQjvg

(N) hv-avZzi gag cyiyl wbZe AZxZi PwjZ fvlvi i~c KvbwU?
K. wMqwQj

L.

hZ

M. hvwQwj

N.

hvBZ

(O) `-avZzi c_g cyiyl NUgvb eZgvbi PwjZ ixwZi i~c KvbwU?
K. w`ZQ

L.

w`Z

M. w`Q

N.

w`qwQj

K. Av, eU, wkL& hv

L.

AvQ, Zv, wkL, hv

M. Av, _vK&, AvQ, eU&

N.

_vK&, eU, Av, wkL&

(P) Kvb Qi mejv avZz Am~Y avZz?

(Q) chvRK Ki&-avZzi cyivNwUZ AZxZ Kvji c_g cyiyli PwjZ i~c KvbwU?
K. Mj

L.

wMqvwQj

M. hZ

N.

wMqwQj

146

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

(S) bn&-avZzi mvaviY eZgvb Dg cyiyli PwjZ i~c KvbwU?

K. bwn

L.

bn

M. bB

N.

bq

2|

avZz KvK ej? avZz KZ cKvi I Kx Kx? cZK cKvi avZzi `yUv Ki D`vniY `vI|

3|

bvgavZz ejZ Kx evS? bvgavZz Kxfve MwVZ nq, evK Gi eenvi `LvI|

4|

msv jL Ges wek`fve eywSq `vI|

wYR avZz, Ac~Y avZz, mshvMg~jK avZz

5|

wbgwjwLZ avZzjvi mvay I PwjZ i~c jL|

ej&, wkL&, `, b&, hv, Kn&, co, wjL&|

6|

b&-avZzi wYR-cKiYi i~cjv jL|

7|

evK cqvM `LvI|

(K) wZbwU NUgvb Kvji Mvn& avZz|
(L) Ki&-avZzi fwelr wYR i~c|
(M) Mvn&-avZzi eZgvb Kvji PwjZ i~c|

mg cwiQ`

KviK I wefw Ges m^ I m^vab c`

KviK : KviK kwUi A_ hv wqv mv`b Ki|
evKwZ wqvc`i m bvgc`i h mK, ZvK KviK ej|

KviK Qq cKvi :
1. KZKviK
4. mc`vb KviK
2. Kg KviK
5. Acv`vb KviK
3. KiY KviK
6. AwaKiY KviK
GKwU evK QqwU KviKi D`vniY* eMg mvnev cwZw`b fuvovi _K wbR nvZ Mwie`i Pvj w`Zb|
GLvb
1.
eMg mvnev

wqvi m KZm^
2.
Pvj

Kg m^
3.
nvZ

KiY m^
4.
Mwie`i

mc`vb m^
5.
fuvovi _K

Acv`vb m^
6.
cwZw`b

AwaKiY m^
wefw : evKwZ GKwU ki m Ab ki A^q mvabi Rb ki m h mKj eY hy nq,
Zv`i wefw ej| hgb Qv` em gv wkK Puv` `LvQb|
evKwUZ Qv` (Qv` + G wefw), gv (gv + 0 wefw), wkK (wk + K wefw), Puv` (Puv` + 0
wefw) BZvw` c` wewfb wefw hy nqQ| wefwjv wqvc`i m bvgc`i mK vcb
KiQ|
wefw wP bv nj mLvb k~b wefw AvQ gb Kiv nq|

evsjv k-wefw
0 k~b wefw (A_ev A-wefw), G, (q), Z (G), K, i,) i, (Giv) - G KqwUB LuvwU evsjv k
wefw| G Qvov wefw vbxq KqKwU Aeq kI KviK-m^ wbYqi Rb evsjvq cPwjZ iqQ|
hgb-viv, w`q, nZ, _K BZvw`|
evsjv k-wefw mvZ cKvi : c_gv, wZxqv, ZZxqv, PZz_x, cgx, lx Ges mgx|
GK ePb Ges e ePb f` wefwjvi AvKwZMZ cv_K `Lv hvq| hgb-

148

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

wefwi AvKwZ
GK ePb

e ePb

c_gv

: 0, A, G, (q), Z, GZ|

iv, Giv, wj (jv), MY|

wZxqv

: 0, A, K, i (Gi), G, q, Z|

w`M, w`MK, w`Mi, *`i|

ZZxqv

: 0, A, G, Z, viv, w`qv (w`q), KZK|

w`Mi w`qv, `i w`qv, w`MK viv, w`M

KZK, wji viv, wjK w`q, * jv
w`q, wj KZK, * `i w`q|

PZz_x

: wZxqvi gZv|

cgx

: G (q, q), nBZ, *_K, *Pq, *nZ| w`M nBZ, `i nBZ, w`Mi Pq,
wj nBZ, wji Pq, *`i nZ, *`i
_K, *`i Pq|

lx

: i, Gi|

*w`Mi, `i, wji, MYi, jvi|

mgx

: G, (q), q, Z, GZ|

w`M, w`MZ, wjZ, MY, wji ga,

jvZ, jvi ga|

wZxqvi gZv|

ZviKv wPwZ wefwjv Ges ebxZ wjwLZ k PwjZ fvlvq eeZ nq|

wefw hvMi wbqg

(K) AcvYx ev BZi cvwYevPK ki e ePb iv hy nq bv; wj, jv hy nq& hgb-cv_ijv,
Miywj|
(L) AcvwYevPK ki Di K ev i wefw nq bv, k~b wefw nq| h_v Kjg `vI|
(M) ^iv ki Di G wefwi i~c nq - q ev q| G vb Z wefwI hy nZ cvi|
hgb gv+G =gvq, Nvov + G = Nvovq, cvwb + Z = cvwbZ|
(N) A-Kviv I ebv ki Di cvqB iv vb Giv nq Ges lx wefwi i j Gi hy
nq| hgb jvK + iv = jvKiv| wevb (ebv) + iv = wevbiv| gvbyl +Gi = gvbyli|
jvK + Gi =jvKi| wKy A-Kviv, Av-Kviv Ges G-Kviv LuvwU evsjv ki lxi GK
ePb mvaviY i hy nq, Gi hy nq bv| hgb eoi, gvgvi, Qji|

KviK I wefw Ges m^ Ges m^vab c`

149

KZ KviK
evKwZ h wekl ev mebvg c` wqv mb Ki Zv wqvi KZv ev KZKviK|
wqvi m K ev Kviv hvM Ki ck Kij h Di cvIqv hvq, Zv-B KZKviK| hgb LvKv
eB co| (K co? LvKv - KZKviK)| gqiv dzj Zvj| (Kviv Zvj? gqiv KZKviK)|

KZKviKi cKvif`
K. KZKviK evKi wqv mv`bi ewP ev ewk Abyhvqx Pvi cKvii nq _vK :
1. gyL KZv : h wbR wbRB wqv mv`b Ki m gyL KZv| hgb Qjiv dzUej LjQ|
gyljavi ew coQ|
2. chvRK KZv : g~j KZv hLb AbK Kvbv KvR wbqvwRZ Ki Zv mb Kivq, ZLb ZvK
chvRK KZv ej| hgb wkK Qv`i evKiY covQb|
3. chvR KZv : g~j KZvi KiYxq Kvh hvK w`q mvw`Z nq, ZvK chvR KZv ejv nq| Icii
evK Qv chvR KZv|
Z`yc ivLvj (chvRK) MiyK (chvR KZv) Nvm LvIqvq|
4. ewZnvi KZv : Kvbv evK h `yUv KZv GK GK RvZxq wqv mv`b Ki, Zv`i ewZnvi
KZv ej | hgb
evN-gwnl GK NvU Rj Lvq|
ivRvq-ivRvq jovB, DjyLvMovi cvYv|
L. evKi evP ev cKvkfw Abymvi KZv wZb iKg nZ cvi| hgb1. Kg evPi KZv (Kg c`i cvavbm~PK evK) : cywjk viv Pvi aZ nqQ|
2. fve evPi KZv (wqvi cvavbm~PK evK) : Avgvi hvIqv ne bv|
3. Kg-KZevPi KZv (evK Kgc`B KZvbxq) : euvwk evR| KjgUv jL fvjv|

KZKviK wewfb wefwi eenvi

K) c_gv k~b ev A wefw

: nvwg` eB co|

L) wZxqv ev K wefw

: ewkiK hZ ne|

M) ZZxqv ev viv wefw

: di`mx KZK kvnbvgv iwPZ nqQ|

N) lx ev i wefw

: Avgvi hvIqv nq wb|

150

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

(O) mgx ev G wefw

Muvq gvb bv, Avcwb gvoj|

evc bv wRvm, gvq bv mvl|

cvMj Kx bv ej, QvMj Kx bv Lvq|
evN-gwnl Lvbv GKNvU Lve bv|
q-wefw :

Nvovq Mvwo Uvb|

Z-wefw :

MiyZ `ya `q|

eyjeywjZ avb LqQ LvRbv w`e Kxm?

KgKviK
hvK Avkq Ki KZv wqv mb Ki, ZvK KgKviK ej|
Kg `yB cKvi : gyL Kg, MY Kg| hgbevev AvgvK (MY Kg) GKwU Kjg (gyL Kg) wKb w`qQb|
mvaviYZ gyL Kg eevPK I MY Kg cvwYevPK nq _vK| GQvovI mvaviYZ Kg KviKi MY
Kg wefw hy nq, gyL Kg nq bv|

Kg KviKi cKvif`
K) mKgK wqvi Kg : bvwmgv dzj ZzjQ|
L) chvRK wqvi Kg : QjwUK weQvbvq kvqvI|
M) mgavZzR Kg : Lye GK Nyg NywgqwQ|
N) Dk I weaq : wKgK wqvi `ywU cii AcwZ Kgc` _vKj cavb KgwUK ejv nq
Dk Kg Ges AcwZ KgwUK ejv nq weaq Kg| hgb`yaK (Dk Kg) gviv `y (weaq Kg) ewj, njy`K (Dk Kg) ewj nwi`v (weaq Kg)|

KgKviK wewfb wefwi eenvi

(K) c_gv ev k~b ev A wefw : Wvvi WvK|
AvgvK GKLvbv eB `vI| (wKgK wqvi gyL Kg)
iex`bv_ cojvg, bRiyj cojvg, Gi myivnv LyuyR cjvg bv|
(M A_ wewk MKvi cqvM)
(L) wZxqv ev K wefw
i wefw

: ZvK ej|
: Avgvi Zzwg Kwie vY, G bn gvi cv_bv|

KviK I wefw Ges m^ Ges m^vab c`

151

(M) lx ev i wefw

: Zvgvi `Lv cjvg bv|

(N) mgxi G wefw

: wRvwme Rb Rb| (exvq)

KiY KviK
KiY kwUi A_ : h, mnvqK ev Dcvq|
wqv mv`bi h, DcKiY ev mnvqKKB KiY KviK ejv nq|
evKwZ wqvc`i m Kxmi viv ev Kx Dcvq ck Kij h DiwU cvIqv hvq, Zv-B KiY
KviK| hgb
bxiv Kjg w`q jL| (DcKiY -Kjg)
RMZ KxwZgvb nq mvabvq| (Dcvq - mvabv)

KiY KviK wewfb wefwi eenvi

(K) c_gv ev k~b ev A wefw

Qviv ej Lj| (AKgK wqv)

WvKvZiv Mn^vgxi gv_vq jvwV giQ| (mKgK wqv)

(L) ZZxqv ev viv wefw

w`qv wefw
(M) mgx wefw ev G wefw

jvj viv Rwg Pvl Kiv nq|

gb w`qv Ki me we`v DcvRb|

dzj dzj Ni fiQ|

wkKvwi weovj Muvd Pbv hvq|

Z wefw

GZ kVZv, GZ h e_v,
Zey hb Zv gayZ gvLv| bRiyj|
jvKUv RvwZZ ee|

q wefw

Pvq me nq|
G myZvq Kvco nq bv|

mc`vb KviK
hvK ^Z ZvM Ki `vb, APbv, mvnvh BZvw` Kiv nq, ZvK (msZ evKiY Abyhvqx) mc`vb
KviK ej| e bq ewB mc`vb KviK|
(AbK eqvKiY evsjv evKiY mc`vb KviK ^xKvi Kib bv; KviY, KgKviK vivB mc`vb
KviKi KvR my`ifve mv`b Kiv hvq|)
mc`vb KviK wewfb wefwi eenvi

152

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

(K) PZz_x ev K wefw : wfLvwiK wfv `vI| (^ZZvM Ki bv w`j Kg KviK ne| hgb
avcvK Kvco `vI|)
(L) mgx ev G wefw : mrcv Kbv `vb Ki| mwgwZZ Puv`v `vI| ARb `n Avjv,
gZRb `n cvY|
vZe : wbwgv_ K wefw hy nj mLvb PZz_x wefw nq| hgb-ejv h co Gj, RjK Pj|

Acv`vb KviK
hv _K wKQz wePzZ, MnxZ, RvZ, weiZ, Avi, `~ixfZ I iwZ nq Ges hv `L KD fxZ nq,
ZvKB Acv`vb KviK ej| hgbwePzZ :

MvQ _K cvZv co|

gN _K ew co|

MnxZ

myw _K gyv gj|

`ya _K `B nq|

RvZ

Rwg _K dmj cvB|

LRyi im o nq|

weiZ

cvc weiZ nI|

`~ixfZ :

`k _K ccvj Pj MQ|

iwZ :

wec` _K euvPvI|

Avi

mvgevi _K cixv iy|

fxZ

evNK fq cvq bv K?

Acv`vb KviK wewfb wefw QvovI nBZ, nZ, _K, w`qv, w`q BZvw` AbymM eeZ nq|
Acv`vb KviK wewfb wefwi cqvM
(K) c_gv ev k~b ev A wefw : euvUv-AvjMv dj MvQ _vK bv|
gb co mB R `ycyi cvVkvjv cjvqb|
(L) wZxqv ev K wefw

: evevK e fq cvB|

(M) lx ev Gi wewf

: hLvb evNi fq mLvb m nq|

(N) mgx ev G wefw

: wec` gvi Kwie vY, G bn gvi cv_bv|

jvKgyL bwQ| wZj Zj nq|
q wefw :

UvKvq UvKv nq|

KviK I wefw Ges m^ c` I m^vab c`

153

wewfb A_ Acv`vbi eenvi

(K) vbevPK

: wZwb PMvg _K GmQb|

(L) `~iZvcK : XvKv _K PMvg `ykv wKjvwgUviiI ewk|

(M) wbc

: wegvb _K evgv djv nqQ|

AwaKiY KviK
wqv mv`bi Kvj (mgq) Ges AvaviK AwaKiY KviK ej| AwaKiY KviK mgx A_vr G q
Z BZvw` wefw hy nq| h_vAvavi (vb)

: Avgiv ivR yj hvB| G evwoZ KD bB|

Kvj (mgq)

: cfvZ m~h IV|

AwaKiY wZb cKvi : 1. KvjvwaKiY|

2. AvavivwaKiY|
3. fvevwaKiY|
hw` Kvbv wqvevPK wekl Ab wqvi Kvbvi~c fvei Awfew cKvk Ki, Ze ZvK fvevwaKiY
ej| fvevwaKiY me`vB mgx wefwi cqvM nq ej GK fve mgx ejv nq| hgb
m~hv`q AKvi `~ixfZ nq| Kvbvq kvK g`xfZ nq|
AvavivwaKiY wZb fvM wef : 1. HK`wkK, 2. AwfevcK Ges 3. elwqK|
1. HK`wkK : wekvj vbi h Kvbv Ask wqv msNwUZ nj ZvK HK`wkK AvavivwaKY ej| hgb
cyKzi gvQ AvQ| (cyKzii h Kvbv GKvb)
eb evN AvQ| (ebi h Kvbv GK Ask)
AvKvk Puv` DVQ| (AvKvki Kvbv GK Ask)
mvgxc A_I HK`wkK AwaKiY nq| hgbNvU bKv euvav AvQ (NvUi KvQ)| `yqvi `uvovq cv_x,
wfv `n Zvif (`yqvii KvQ), ivRvi `yqvi nvwZ euvav|
2. AwfevcK : Dw e hw` mgM Avavi ev Ki weivRgvb _vK, Ze ZvK AwfevcK
AvavivwaKiY ej| hgbwZj Zj AvQ| (wZji mviv Askevcx)
b`xZ cvwb AvQ| (b`xi mg Ask ev Ki|)

154

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

3. elwqK : welq wekl ev Kvbv wekl Y KviI Kvbv `Zv ev gZv _vKj mLvb elwqK
AwaKiY nq| hgb : ivwKe A KuvPv, wKy evKiY fvjv|
Avgv`i mbviv mvnm `yRq, hy AcivRq|

AwaKiY KviK Abvb wefw

(K) c_gv ev k~b wefw : Avwg XvKv hve| evev evwo bB|
(L) ZZxqv wefw

: wLwjcvb (Gi wfZi) w`q Ilya Lve|

(M) cgx wefw

: evwo _K b`x `Lv hvq|

(N) mgx ev Z wefw : G evwoZ KD bB|

AwaKiY AbymMi eenvi
Nii ga K i? Zvgvi Avmb cvwZe nvUi gvS|

cwiwk
1| wewfb KviK k~b wefw

2.

(K) KZ KviK

iwng evwo hvq|

(L) Kg KviK

Wvvi WvK|

(M) KiY

NvovK PveyK gvi|

(N) Acv`vb

Mvwo kb Qvo|

(O) AwaKiY

mvivivZ ew nqQ|

wewfb KviK mgx ev G wefw

(K) KZKviK

jvK ej| cvMj Kx bv ej|

(L) Kg KviK

G Aaxb `vwqZfvi AcY Kiyb|

(M) KiY

G Kjg fvjv jLv nq|

(N) Acv`vb

Avwg wK WivB mwL wfLvwi ivNe?

(O) AwaKiY

G `n cvY bB|

m^ c`
wqv c`i m mK bv iL h bvgc` evKwZ Ab c`i m mKhy nq, ZvK m^ c`
ej| hgb gwZbi fvB evwo hve|

KviK I wefw Ges m^ c` I m^vab c`

155

GLvb gwZbi m fvB-Gi mK AvQ, wKy hve wqvi mv_ m^ bB|

vZe : wqvi m m^ c`i m^ bB ej m^ c`K KviK ejv nq bv|

m^ c`i wefw
(K) m^ c` i ev Gi wefw hy nq _vK| h_v : Avwg + i = Avgvi (fvB), Lvwj` +
Gi + Lvwj`i (eB)|
(L) mgqevPK A_ m^ c` Kvi > Ki wefw hy nq| h_v
AvwR + Kvi = AvwRKvi > AvRKi (KvMR) | c~e + Kvi + c~eKvi (NUbv)
Kvwj + Kvi = KvwjKvi > KvjKvi > KvjKi (Qj)|
wKy Kvj ki Di ay Gi wefwB hy nq| hgb : Kvj + Gi = Kvji| evK : m KZ
Kvji K_v|

m^ c`i cKvif`
m^ c` e cKvii nZ cvi| hgb(K) AwaKiY m^

ivRvi ivR, cRvi Rwg|

(L) Rb-RbK m^

MvQi dj, cyKzii gvQ|

(M) KvhKviY m^

AwMi Dvc, ivMi K|

(N) Dcv`vb m^

i~cvi _vjv, mvbvi evwU|

(O) Y m^

gayi wgZv, wbgi wZZv|

(P) nZz m^

abi AnsKvi, i~ci `gvK|

(Q) evw m^

ivRvi QzwU, kiZi AvKvk|

(R) g m^

cuvPi cv, mvZi Ni|

(S) Ask m^

nvwZi `uvZ, gv_vi Pzj|

(T) eemvq m^

cvUi `vg, Av`vi evcvwi|

(U) fMvsk m^

GKi wZb, mvZi cuvP|

(V) KwZ m^

bRiyji AwMexYv gvBKji gNbv`ea Kve|

(W) Avavi-Avaq

evwUi `ya, wkwki Ilya|

(X) Af` m^

vbi AvjvK, `ytLi `nb|

156

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

(Y) Dcgvb-Dcgq m^ :

bbxi cyZzj, jvnvi kixi|

(Z) weklY m^

myLi w`b, hebi Pvj|

(_) wbaviY m^

mevi miv, mevi QvU|

(`) KviK m^

(1) KZ m^

ivRvi Kzg|

(2) Kg mg

cfzi mev, mvayi `kb|

(3) KviK m^

PvLi `Lv, nvZi jvwV|

(4) Acv`vb m^

evNi fq, ewi cvwb|

(5) AwaKiY m^

Zi avb, `ki jvK|

m^vab c`
m^vab kwUi A_ Avnevb| hvK m^vab ev Avnevb Ki wKQz ejv nq, ZvK m^vab c` ej|
hgb- In gvwS, AvgvK cvi Kiv| mygb, GLvb Gmv|
vZe : m^vab c` evKi Ask| wKy evKwZ wqvc`i m Kvbv m^ _vK bv ej
m^vab c` KviK bq|
1.

AbK mgq m^vab c`i c~e IMv, Ii, n, IMv, Awq cfwZ AeqevPK k em
m^vabi m~Pbv Ki| hgb IMv, Zviv Rqawb Ki| Ii, AvR Zviv hvm b Nii
evwni| Awq wbigj Dlv, K ZvgvK wbiwgj?

2. AbK mgq ay m^m~PK AeqwU Kej m^vab c`i KvR Ki _vK|

3. m^vab c`i ci AbK weqm~PK wP `Iqv nq| GB aibi weqm~PK wPK m^vab
wP ejv nq _vK|
wKy AvaywbK wbqg m^vab wP _vb Kgv (,) wPi cqvMB ewk nq| hgb Ii LvKv,
hvevi mgq GKUv K_v b hvm&|

Abykxjbx
1| cZK cki PviwU Ki Di `Iqv nqQ| mevg DiwUZ wUK () wP `vI|
(1) Kvb evK ewZnvi KZv iqQ?
K. gv wkK Puv` `LvQb

M. evN-gwnl Lvbv GKNvU Lve bv

L. ivLvj Miyicvj jq hvq gvV

N. ZvgvK coZ ne

KviK I wefw Ges m^ c` I m^vab c`

157

(2) Kvb evKwUZ KgKviK k~b wefw nqQ?

K. wkK gnv`q QvK covQb

M. Zviv ej Lj

L. Wvvi WvK

N. Avwg XvKv hvwQ

(3) Kvb evKwUZ wbwgv_ PZz_x wefwi cqvM `Lvbv nqQ?

(4)

K. ZjvcvKvK fq cvB

M. wfzKK `vb Ki

L. ZvK WK Avb

N. ejv h co Gj RjK Pj

Kvb evK fve mgx-i cqvM iqQ?

K. m~hv Pviw`K AKvi AveZ nq

M. wec` gvi iv Ki

L. jvK KZ K_v ej

N. ARb `n Avjv

(5) Kvb evK KiY KviK k~b wefwi D`vniY `Iqv nqQ?
K. Avwg zj hvwQ

M. Qjiv gvV ej Lj

L. m XvKv hve

N. ZvovZvwo Wvvi WvK

(6) Kvb evK fveevPi KZvi D`vniY `Iqv nqQ?

K. m Mvg hve

M. QzwU nj Nv evR

L. ZvK Mvg hZ ne

N. Avgvi hvIqv ne bv

(7) Kvb evK weaq Kg iqQ?

K. ZvK Avgiv wPwb bv

M. wRvwme Rb Rb

L. `yaK Avgiv `y ewj

N. jvj viv Rwg Pvl Kiv nq

(8) Kvbv evK KZvq G-wefwi D`vniY `Iqv nqQ?

K. cvMj Kx bv ej

M. dzj dzj evMvb fiQ

L. eb evN AvQ

N. ARb `n Avjv

2| KviK ejZ Kx evS? KviK wbevPb k wefwi cqvRbxqZv Kx? D`vniYi mvnvh evLv Ki|
3| evsjv k wefwjvi bvg jL Ges ePb Abymvi Zv`i mvRvI|

158

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

4| k~bvb c~iY Ki|

K. AcvYx ev BZi cvwYevPK ki e ePb -------- wefw hy nq bv|
L. ^iv ki Di G wefwi i~c nq q A_ev --------|
M. evsjv k, A, Av Ges G-Kviv k lxi GK ePb ay i hy nq, --- hy nq bv|
5| msv jL Ges D`vniY `vI|
(K) chvRK KZv

(L) Kg-KZevPi KZv (M) weaq Kg

(O) MY Kg

(P) AwfevcK AwaKiY

(N) fve mgx

(Q) bvgavZzR KgKviK|

6| wbgwjwLZ evKmg~ni gvUv Ai wjwLZ c`jvi KviK I wefw wbYq Ki|

(1) AvR Avi Avgvi hvIqv ne bv|
(2) Mvqvjv Miy `vnb Ki|
(3) wbRi Pvq eo nI|
(4) wkKvwi weovj Muvd Pbv hvq|
(5) evevK e fq cvB|
(6) euvUv-AvjMv dj MvQ _vK bv|
(7) jvKUv Kvbvq f coj|
7| evK D`vniY `vI|
(K) Acv`vb KviK k~b wefw

(L) Acv`vb KviK G wefw

(M) KiY KviK Z wefw

(N) KZKviK Z wefw

8| wewfb KviK k~b wefwi D`vniY `wLq evK MVb Ki|

9| m^ c`K KviK ejv hvq wKbv, D`vniYmn eywSq jL|
10| LuvwU evsjv m^vab c`i eenvi `wLq `ywU evK iPbv Ki|
11| wewfb KviK mgx wefwi eenvi `LvI|

Ag cwiQ`

AbymM ev KgcePbxq k
evsjv fvlvq h Aeq kjv KLbv ^vaxb c` i~c, Avevi KLbv k wefwi bvq evK eeZ
nq evKi A_ cKvk mvnvh Ki, mjvK AbymM ev KgcePbxq ej|
AbymMjv KLbv cvwZcw`Ki ci eeZ nq, Avevi KLbv ev K Ges i wefwhy ki ci
em| hgbwebv : `ytL webv myL jvf nq wK gnxZ? (cvwZcw`Ki ci)
mb : gq~ixi mb bvwPQ gq~i| (lx wefwhy ki ci)
w`q : ZvgvK w`q Avgvi Pje bv| (wZxqvi K wefwhy ki ci)
evsjv fvlvq e AbymM AvQ| hgb
cwZ, webv, wenb, mn, Ici, Aewa, nZz, ga, gvS, ci, wfb, eB, eZxZ, Rb, Rb, ch
Acv, mnKvi, Zi, cvb, bvg, gZv, wbKU, AwaK, c, viv, w`qv, w`q, KZK, m,
nBZ, nZ, _K, Pq, cvQ, wfZi, fZi BZvw`|
G`i ga viv, w`qv (w`q), KZK, nBZ (nZ), Pq, Acv, ga cfwZ KqKwU AbymM
wefwi~c eeZ nq| KviK cKiY G`i D`vniY mwbwe nqQ|

AbymMi cqvM
webv/web :

KZ KviKi m - Zzwg webv (web) Avgvi K AvQ?

wewb

KiY KviKi m wewb myZvq Muv_v gvjv|

wenb

D`g wenb Kvi cyi gbvi_?

mn

mnMvwgZv A_ wZwb cymn DcwZ njb|

mwnZ

mgm~ A_ kyi mwnZ mw PvB bv|

mb

weiyMvwgZv A_ `skbZ kb wen hyS fzR mb|

Zzjbvq gvqi m G gqi Zzjbv nq bv|

3.

Aewa

ch A_ mv Aewa Acv Kie|

4.

ci

^ weiwZ A_ G NUbvi ci Avi GLvb _vKv Pj bv|

ci

`xN weiwZ A_ kiZi ci Avm em|

1.

2.

160

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

5.

cvb

cwZ, w`K A_ H Zv Ni cvb QyUQb|

ay Zvgvi gyLi cvb Pvwn evwni nby|

6.

7.

gZv

bvq A_ eKzei gZv KvR Kiv bv|

Zi

gZ A_ G Rbi Zi we`vq wbjvg|

mgZv A_ ivRvi c me wKQzB me|

mnvq A_ Avmvwgi c DwKj K?

8.

gvS

ga A_ mxgvi gvS Amxg Zzwg|

GK`wkK A_ G `ki gvS GKw`b me wQj|
YKvj A_ wbgl gvSB me kl|

9.

gvSvi

evw A_ AvQ Zzwg cfy, RMr gvSvi|

KvQ

wbKU A_ Avgvi KvQ Avi K Avme?

Kg KviK K evSvZ ivLvj avq Avwm evYi KvQ|

10.

cwZ

cZK A_ gY cwZ cuvP UvKv jvf `e|

w`K ev Ici A_ wb`viyY wZwb AwZ AwZ, bvwn `qv Ze cwZ|

11.

nZz

wbwg A_ -Kx nZz GmQ Zzwg, Kn wevwiqv|

Rb

wbwg A_ G ab-m` Zvgvi Rb|

mnKvi

m A_ AvMn mnKvi Kwnjb|

ekZ

KviY A_ `yfvMekZ mfvq DcwZ nZ cvwi wb|

Abykxjbx
1| cZK cki PviwU Dii mevgwUZ wUK () wP `vI|
(1) AbymM mvaviYZ Kv_vq em?
K. ki c~e

M. ki ga

L. ki ci

N. evKi kl

KviK I wefw Ges m^ c` I m^vab c`

161

(2) AbymM Kx?

K. k-wefw

M. DcmM

L. wqv-wefw

N. Aeq

(3) kiZi ci Avm em| GLvb ci AbymMwU Kx A_ cKvk KiQ?

K. `xN weiwZ

M. weiwZ

L. A weiwZ

N. bKU

(4) Kx nZz GmQ Zzwg, Kn wevwiqv| nZz AbymMwU Kx A_ cKvk KiQ?

K. evcvi

M. wbwg

L. cv_bv

N. cm

(5) G `ki gvS GK w`b me wQj| GLvb gvSAbymMwU Kx A_ eeZ nqQ?

K. me

M. ga

L. GK`wkK

N. evw

(6) Zvgvi Zi GbwQ gvjv Muvw_qv| GLvb Zi kwU Kx A_ cKvk KiQ?

K. gZ

M. ga

L. wbKU

N. wbwg

(7) `skbZ kb wen hyS fzR mb|GLvb mb kwU Kx A_ cKvk KiQ?

K. weiyMvwgZv

M. cwZ

L. m

N. nZz

(8) web ^`kx fvlv, wgU wK Avkv| GLvb web Kx A_ cKvk KiQ?
K. m

M. ewZiK

L. cqvRb

N. AvewkKZv

(9) AvQ Zzwg cfz, RMr gvSvi| GLvb gvSvi kwU Kx A_ eeZ nqQ?
K. evBi

M. ga

L. evw

N. m

162

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

(10) AbymM Kx Ki?

K. wefwi KvR Ki

M. ki A_ Zi Ki

L. ki A_i cwieZb Ki

N. evKi A_ cKvk mvnvh Ki

2|

AbymM ejZ Kx evS? evsjv fvlvq AbymMi cqvRbxqZv eywSq ej|

3|

AbymM Ges LuvwU evsjv k wefwi cv_K D`vniYmn wb`k Ki|

4|

evsjv fvlvq Kvb Kvb AbymM KviK-wefw i~c eeZ nq _vK?

wbgwjwLZ evKmg~n ~jvi wjwLZ AbymMjv h A_ eeZ nqQ Zv cwZwU evKi Wvb
w`K jL|
(K) kiZi ci Avm ng|
(L) eKzei gZ ejQ|
(M) Mwiei c K_v ejvi jvK bB|
(N) mv Aewa Acv Kie|
(O) gvqi KvQ K_vwU ave|
(P) wbgl Zi BQv Ki weivU Djvm|
mKj UzU hvBZ QzU Rxeb DQvm|
(Q) Ii mb Avgvi Avwo|
(R) gb cwZ hZ Zv nBeK `i|
(T) mKji Zi mKj Avgiv,
cZK Avgiv cii Zi|

Mneevcbv I Mncwiek

163

cg Aavq
c_g cwiQ`

evK cKiY
evKi jY I cKvif` : fvlvi g~j DcKiY evK Ges evKi gwjK Dcv`vb k|
h myweb c`mgw viv Kvbv welq evi gbvfve m~Yi~c cKvwkZ nq, ZvK evK ej|
KZjv c`i mgwZ evK MwVZ njI h Kvbv c`mgwB evK bq| evKi wewfb c`i ga
cviwiK mK ev A^q _vKv AvekK| G QvovI evKi AMZ wewfb c` viv wgwjZfve GKwU
AL fve c~Y i~c cKvwkZ nIqv cqvRb, ZeB Zv evK ne|
fvlvi wePvi evKi wbgwjwLZ wZbwU Y _vKv PvB| hgb
(1) AvKvv

(2) Avmw Ges

(3) hvMZv

1. AvKvv : evKi A_ cwivi fe evSvi Rb GK c`i ci Ab c` kvbvi h BQv Zv-B

AvKvv| hgb - P` cw_exi Pviw`K- GUzKz ejj evKwU m~Y gbvfve cKvk Ki bv, AviI
wKQz BQv _vK| evKwU Gfve c~Yv Kiv hvq : P` cw_exi Pviw`K Nvi| GLvb AvKvvi wbew
nqQ ej GwU c~Yv evK|
2. Avmw : gbvfve cKvki Rb evK kjv Ggbfve ci ci mvRvZ ne hvZ gbvfve cKvk
evavM bv nq| evKi A_mwZ ivi Rb mykLj c`webvmB Avmw| hgb
Kvj weZiYx ne Drme zj Avgv`i cyivi AbywZ| jLv nIqvZ c` mwbek wVKfve bv
nIqvq kjvi AwbwnZ fvewU h_vh_ cKvwkZ nq wb| ZvB GwU GKwU evK nq wb| gbvfve c~Y
fve cKvk Kivi Rb c`jvK wbgwjwLZ fve h_vvb mwbwe KiZ ne| hgb
Kvj Avgv`i zj cyivi weZiYx Drme AbywZ ne| evKwU Avmwmb|
3. hvMZv : evKwZ c`mg~ni AMZ Ges fveMZ wgjebi bvg hvMZv| hgb - elvi ewZ
cvebi mw nq| - GwU GKwU hvMZvmb evK| KviY, evKwUZ c`mg~ni A_MZ Ges fveMZ
mg^q iqQ|
wKy elvi i` cvebi mw Ki| - ejj evKwU fvecKvki hvMZv nvive| KviY, i` cveb
mw Ki bv|
ki hvMZvi m wbgwjwLZ welqjv RwoZ _vK
(K) ixwZwm A_evPKZv : cKwZ-cZqRvZ A_ k me`v eeZ nq| hvMZvi w`K _K
ixwZwm A_i cwZ j iL KZjv k eenvi KiZ nq| hgb

164

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

ixwZwm

cKwZ + cZq

cKwZ + cZqRvZ A_

1. evwaZ

AbyMnxZ ev KZ

eva + BZ

evavcv

2. Zj

wZj RvZxq

wZj +

wZjRvZ mn c`v_, wekl Kvbv kmi im|

(L) `yevaZv : AcPwjZ, `yeva k envi Kij evKi hvMZv web nq| hgb - Zzwg Avgvi
m cc KiQv| (PvZzix ev gvqv A_, wKy evsjv cc kwU AcPwjZ)|
(M) Dcgvi fzj cqvM : wVKfve Dcgv AjsKvi eenvi bv Kij hvMZvi nvwb NU| hgb
Avgvi `q-gw`i Avkvi exR D njv| exR Z ecb Kiv nq, gw`i bq| KvRB evKwU nIqv
DwPZ : Avgvi `q- Avkvi exR D njv|
(N) evj-`vl : cqvRbi AwZwi k eenvi evj `vl NU Ges Gi dj k Zvi hvMZvY
nvwiq _vK| hgb
`ki me AvjgMYB G evcvi Avgv`i mg_b `vb Kib| AvjgMY e ePbevPK k| Gi m
me kwUi AwZwi eenvi evj-`vl mw KiQ|
(O) evMavivi k cwieZb : evM&aviv fvlvwekli HwZn| Gi h_Q cwieZb Kij k Zvi hvMZv
nvivq| hgb - AiY iv`b (A_ : wbj Ave`b)-Gi cwieZ hw` ejv nq|, eb `b Ze
evMavivwU Zvi hvMZv nvive|
(P) iyPvjx `vl : Zrmg ki m `kxq ki cqvM KLbv KLbv iyPvjx `vl mw Ki|
G `vl `y k Zvi hvMZv nvivq| Miyi Mvwo, ke`vn, govcvov cfwZ j h_vg Miyi
kKU, kecvov, gov`vn cfwZi eenvi iyPvjx `vl mw Ki|

Dk I weaq
cwZwU evK `ywU Ask _vK : Dk I weaq|
evKi h Ask KvDK Dk Ki wKQz ejv nq, ZvK Dk Ges Dk m^ hv ejv nq,
ZvK weaq ej| hgb
LvKv GLb

eB coQ

(Dk)

(weaq)

wekl ev weklvbxq Abvb c` ev c`mgwhvM MwVZ evKvskI evKi Dk nZ cvi|

hgb
mr jvKivB cKZ myLx|

- wekli~c eeZ weklY|

wg_v K_v ejv LyeB Abvq|

- wqvRvZ evKvsk|

evK cKiY

165

Dki cKvif`

. GKwU gv c`wewk KZc`K mij Dk ej|

. Dki m weklYvw` hy _vKj ZvK mcmvwiZ Dk ej|
Dki mcmviY:

mcmviY

Dk

1. weklY hvM-

KzLvZ

`my`j

aiv coQ|

2. m^ c`hvM

nvwmgi

fvB

GmQ|

3. mgv_K evKvsk hvM-

hviv AZ cwikgx,

ZvivB

DbwZ Ki|

4. AmgvwcKv wqvweklY hvM-

PvUzKvi cwieZ nqB

eo mvne

_vKb|

5. weklY vbxq evKvsk hvM-

hvi K_v Zvgiv ej _vK,

wZwb

GmQb|

weaqi mcmviY:

Dk

mcmviY

weaq

1. wqv weklY hvM-

Nvov

`yZ

Pj|

2. wqv weklYxq hvM-

RU wegvb

AwZkq `yZ

Pj|

3. KviKvw` hvM-

fyebi

NvU NvU

fvwmQ|

4. wqv weklY vbxq evKvsk hvM- wZwb

h fveB nvK

Avmeb|

5. weaq weklY hvM-

Avgvi wekl

Ai ez (nb)|

Bwb

weaq

MVb Abyhvqx evKi cKvif`

evK wZb cKvi : (1) mij evK, (2) wgk ev RwUj evK, (3) hwMK evK|
1. mij evK : h evK GKwU gv KZv (Dk) Ges GKwU gv mgvwcKv wqv (weaq) _vK, ZvK
mij evK ej| h_v - cyKzi cdzj Rb| GLvb cdzj Dk Ges Rb weaq|
G iKg : ew nQ| Zvgiv evwo hvI| LvKv AvR mKvj zj wMqQ| mngqx Rbbx (Dk)
^xq mvbK cvYvcv fvjvevmb (weaq)| wekweLvZ gnvKweiv (Dk) H`RvwjK kwmb
jLbx viv AgiZvi mxZ iPbv Kib (weaq)|
2. wgk ev RwUj evK : h evK GKwU cavb LevKi GK ev GKvwaK AvwkZ evK cii mvc
fve eeZ nq, ZvK wgk ev RwUj evK ej| h_v
AvwkZ evK

cavb LevK

1. h cwikg Ki,

m-B myL jvf Ki|

2. m h Aciva KiQ,

Zv gyL `LB eySwQ|

AvwkZ LevK wZb cKvi : (K) wekl vbxq AvwkZ LevK, (L) weklY vbxq AvwkZ LevK,
(M) wqv weklY vbxq AvwkZ LevK|

166

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

K. wekl vbxq AvwkZ LevK (Noun clause) : h AvwkZ LevK (Subordinate clause)
cavb LevKi h Kvbv c`i AvwkZ _K wekli KvR Ki, ZvK weklvbxq AvwkZ
LevK ej| h_v :
-Avwg gvV wMq `Ljvg, Ljv kl nq wMqQ| (wekl vbxq LevK wqvi Kgi~c eeZ)
Z`yc : wZwb evwo AvQb wK bv, Avwg Rvwb bv| evcviwU wbq NuvUvNuvwU Kij dj fvjv ne bv|
(L) weklY vbxq AvwkZ LevK (Adjective clause) : h AvwkZ LevK cavb LevKi
AMZ Kvbv wekl ev mebvgi `vl, Y Ges Aev cKvk Ki, ZvK weklY vbxq AvwkZ
LevK ej| h_v :
-jLvcov Ki hB, Mvwo Nvov Po mB| (AvwkZ evKwU mB mebvgi Aev cKvk KiQ)|
Z`yc : LuvwU mvbvi PvBZ LuvwU, Avgvi `ki gvwU|
abavb cy fiv, Avgv`i GB emyiv|
h G mfvq AbycwZ, m eo `yfvMv|
M) wqv-weklY vbxq LevK (Adverbial clause) : h AvwkZ LevK wqvc`i vb, Kvj
I KviY wb`kK A_ eeZ nq ZvK wqv-weklY vbxq AvwkZ LevK ej| hgb
hZB Kwie `vb, ZZ hve eo|
Zzwg Avme ej Avwg Acv KiwQ|
hLvb AvKvk Avi mgy` GKvKvi nq MQ, mLvbB w`KPevj|
3. hwMK evK : cii wbic `yB ev ZZvwaK mij ev wgk evK wgwjZ nq GKwU m~Y evK
MVb Kij ZvK hwMK evK ej|
vZe : hwMK evKi AMZ wbic evKjv Ges, I, wKy, A_ev, A_P, wKsev, eis, Z_vwc
cfwZ Aeq hvM mshy ev mgw^Z _vK| hgb
bZv RbMYK DrmvwnZ Kijb eU, wKy, Kvbv c_ `LvZ cvijb bv|
e gwjb Kb, Kn wRvmv Kwij m avcvK Mvwj cvo, A_P aZ e Zvnvi Mn cwic~Y|
D`qv cwikg Kie, Z_vwc Abi vi ne bv|

evK i~cvi
A_i Kvbv i~c i~cvi bv Ki GK cKvii evKK Ab cKvi evK i~cvi Kivi bvgB evK
i~cvi|

evK cKiY

167

K. mij evKK wgk evK i~cvi

mij evKK wgk evK cwiYZ KiZ nj mij evKi Kvbv AskK LevK cwiYZ KiZ nq
Ges Dfqi mshvM weavb m^m~PK (hw`, Ze, h, m cfwZ) c`i mvnvh D LevK I cavb
evKwUK cii mvc KiZ nq| h_v :
1. mij evK

fvjv Qjiv wkKi Av`k cvjb Ki|

wgk evK

hviv fvjv Qj, Zviv wkKi Av`k cvjb Ki|

2. mij evK

Zvi `kbgvB Avgiv cvb Kijvg|

wgk evK

h-B Zvi `kb cjvg, m-B Avgiv cvb Kijvg|

3. mij evK

wfyKK `vb Ki|

wgk evK

h wfv Pvq, ZvK `vb Ki|

L. wgk evKK mij evK i~cvi : wgk evKK mij evK i~cvi KiZ nj wgk evKi Acavb
LevKwUK msKzwPZ Ki GKwU c` ev GKwU evKvsk cwiYZ KiZ nq| h_v :
1. wgk evK

hv`i eyw bB, ZvivB G K_v wekvm Kie|

mij evK

wbevaiv/eywnxbiv G K_v wekvm Kie|

2. wgk evK

hZw`b RxweZ _vKe, ZZw`b G FY ^xKvi Kie|

mij evK

AvRxeb G FY ^xKvi Kie|

3. wgk evK

h mKj c gvsm fvRb Ki, Zviv AZ ejevb|

mij evK

gvsmfvRx c AZ ejevb|

M. mij evKK hwMK evK i~cvi

mij evKK hwMK evK cwiYZ KiZ nj mij evKi Kvbv AskK wbic evK i~cvi
KiZ nq| Ges h_vme mshvRK ev weqvRK Aeqi cqvM KiZ nq| hgb
1. mij evK
hwMK evK

:
:

wZwb AvgvK cuvP UvKv w`q evwo hZ ejjb|

wZwb AvgvK cuvPwU UvKv w`jb Ges evwo hZ ejjb|

2. mij evK
hwMK evK

:
:

cixvq DxY nIqvi Rb GLb _KB Zvgvi cov DwPZ|

GLb _KB Zvgvi cov DwPZ, ZeB cixvq DxY nZ
cvie|

3. mij evK
hwMK evK

:
:

Avwg e K wkv jvf KiwQ|

Avwg e K KiwQ, dj wkv jvf KiwQ|

168

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

N. hwMK evKK mij evK i~cvi KiZ nj

(1) evKmg~ni GKwU mgvwcKv wqvK AcwiewZZ ivLZ nq|
(2) Abvb mgvwcKv wqvK AmgvwcKv wqvq cwiYZ KiZ nq|
(3) Aeq c` _vKj Zv eRb KiZ nq|
(4) Kvbv Kvbv j GKwU evKK nZzevaK evKvsk cwiYZ KiZ nq| h_v :
(1) hwMK evK

mZ K_v ewj wb, ZvB wec` cowQ|

mZ K_v bv ej wec` cowQ|

(2) hwMK evK

mij evK

:
:

Zvi eqm nqQ, wKy eyw nq wb|

Zvi eqm njI eyw nq wb|

(3) hwMK evK

mij evK

:
:

gN MRb Ki, Ze gq~i bZ Ki|

gN MRb Kij gq~i bZ Ki|

mij evK

O. hwMK evKK wgk evK i~cvi

hwMK evKi AMZ cii wbic evK `ywUi c_gwUi c~e hw` wKsev hw`I Ges wZxqwUi
c~e Zvnj (Zvnv nBj) wKsev Z_vwc Aeqjv eenvi KiZ nq| hgb
(1) hwMK evK
wgk evK

:
:

`vl ^xKvi Ki, ZvgvK Kvbv kvw `e bv|

hw` `vl ^xKvi Ki, Zvnj ZvgvK Kvbv kvw `e bv|

(2) hwMK evK

wgk evK

:
:

wZwb AZ `wi` wKy Zuvi AtKiY AwZkq DP|

hw`I wZwb AZ `wi`, Z_vwc Zuvi AtKiY AwZkq DP|

mvc Aeqi mvnvhI hwMK evKK wgk evK cwieZb Kiv hvq| h_v :
hwMK evK
:
G Mvg GKwU `iMvn AvQ, mwU cvVvbhyM wbwgZ nqQ|
wgk evK
:
G Mvg h `iMvn AvQ, mwU cvVvbhyM wbwgZ nqQ|

P. wgkevKK hwMK evK i~cvi

wgk evKK hwMK evK cwieZb KiZ nj LevKjvK GK GKwU ^vaxb evK cwieZb Ki
Zv`i ga mshvRK Aeqi eenvi KiZ nq| hgb
(1) wgk evK
hwMK evK

:
:

hw` m Kvj Avm, Zvnj Avwg hve|

m Kvj Avme Ges Avwg hve|

(2) wgk evK

hwMK evK

:
:

hLb wec` Avm, ZLb `ytLI Avm|

wec` Ges `ytL GK mgq Avm|

(3) wgk evK

hwMK evK

:
:

hw`I Zuvi UvKv AvQ, Z_vwc wZwb `vb Kib bv|

Zuvi UvKv AvQ, wKy wZwb `vb Kib bv|

evK cKiY

169

evK weklY
msv : evKi wewfb Ask c_K Ki Zv`i cviwiK m^ wbYq cYvjxK evK weklY ej|

K. mij evKi weklY

1. gnvivR vabi cy kvKwmsn heb msmvi ZvM Kib|
2. Bmjvgi c_g Lwjdv nRiZ Avey eKi (iv) `xb Bmjvgi Rb Zuvi h_vme^ `vb KiwQjb|
Ici wjwLZ evK `ywUK (1) Dk, (2) Dki mcmviK, (3) weaq, (4) weaqi mcmviK
- G PviwU Ask weklY KiZ ne|

weklY
Dki mcmviK

Dk

weaqi mcmviK

weaq

(1) gnvivR vabi cy

kvKwmsn

heb msmvi

ZvM Kib|

(2) Bmjvgi c_g Lwjdv

nhiZ Avey eKi (iv)

`xb Bmjvgi Rb

`vb KiwQjb|

Zuvi h_vme^

L. wgk evKi weklY

wgk evKi weklY KiZ nj
1. c_g cavb evKwU c`kb KiZ nq|
2. LevK (jv) c`kb Ki Zv`i m cavb evKi m^ DjL KiZ nq|
3. cavb Ges Acavb LevKi ga Kvbv mshvRK c` _vKj ZvI `LvZ nq| hgb-Avwg wi
Kijvg h, Gi~c A eq evjKK cvVve bv| GLvb cavb evK-(1) Avwg wi Kijvg; mshvRK
c`-h; wekl-vbxq LevK - (2) A eq evjKK cvVve bv|

weklY
Dki mcmviK Dk

weaqi mcmviK

weaq

(1)

Avwg

A eq evjKK

wi Kijvg

(2)

(Avwg)
cvVve bv|

Ges

(Dn)

mshvRK ev mvc Aeq

170

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

M. hwMK evKi weklY

hwMK evKi weklY KiZ nj
1. cZKwU ^vaxb ev wbic evKK mij evKi bvq weklY KiZ ne|
2. Kvbv mshvRK Aeq _vKj Zv c`kb KiZ ne| hgb - ZvM Ges vb gvbylK gywi c_
cwiPvwjZ Ki| GLvb `ywU evK AvQ| hgb
(1) ZvM gvbylK gywi c_ cwiPvwjZ Ki|
(2) vb gvbylK gywi c_ cwiPvwjZ Ki| evK `ywUi mshvRK Aeq Ges|

weklY
Dki mcmviK

Dk

weaqi mcmviK

weaq

(1)

ZvM

gvbylK gywi c_

cwiPvwjZ Ki

(2)

vb

gvbylK gywi c_

cwiPvwjZ Ki

mshvRK Aeq
Ges

evK mscY
GKvwaK c` ev DcevKK GKwU k cKvk Kiv nj, ZvK evK mscY ej| GwU evK msKvPb
ev GK K_vq cKvkiB bvgvi| GLvb evK msKvPbi D`vniY `Iqv Mj|
evK mscYi ev evK msKvPbi D`vniY
AKvj cK nqQ hv - AKvjcK|
Awi mg eZgvb - cZ|
AwfZvi Afve AvQ hvi - Abwf|
AnsKvi bB hvi - wbinsKvi|
AbKi ga GKRb - AbZg|
AbyZ (ev cvZ) RbQ h - AbyR|
Avw` _K A ch - Av`, Av`vcv|
AvKvk eovq h - AvKvkPvix, LPi|
AvPvi wbv AvQ hvi - AvPviwb|
AvcbvK K` Ki hvi wPv - AvZKw`K|
AvcbvK h cwZ gb Ki-cwZb|
Avjvn&i AwZ wekvm AvQ hvi - AvwK|

evK cKiY

171

Avjvn&i AwZ wekvm bB hvi - bvwK|

BwZnvm iPbv Kib whwb - HwZnvwmK|
BwZnvm welq Awf whwb - BwZnvmev|
Bw`qK Rq KiQ h - wRZw`q|
Clr Avwgl (&Avul) M hvi - AvulU|
DcKvixi DcKvi h ^xKvi Ki - KZ|
DcKvixi DcKvi h ^xKvi Ki bv - AKZ|
DcKvixi AcKvi Ki h - KZN|
GKB gvZvi D`i RvZ hviv -mnv`i|
GK _K iy Ki gvMZ - GKvw`g|
Kg mv`b cwikgx - KgV|
Kvbv fveB hv wbeviY Kiv hvq bv - Awbevh|
Pyi myL msNwUZ -Pvyl|
RxweZ _KI h gZ - RxebZ|
Zj k Kiv hvq bv hvi - AZjkx|
w`b h GKevi Avnvi Ki - GKvnvix|
b nIqvB ^fve hvi - bki|
b`x gLjv h `ki - b`xgLjv|
bKv viv RxweKv wbevn Ki h - bvweK|
cv _K gv_v ch - Avcv`gK|
dj cvKj h MvQ gi hvq - Ilwa|
we`k _vK h - cevmx|
wekRbi wnZKi - wekRbxb|
gZi gZv Aev hvi - gyg~ly|
hv `gb Kiv hvq bv - A`g|
hv `gb Kiv KKi - `y`gbxq|
hv wbeviY Kiv KKi - `ywbevi|
hv c~e wQj GLb bB - fZc~e|
hv evjKi gZvB myjf - evjmyjf|
hvi DcwZ eyw AvQ - cZzrcbgwZ|

172

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

hvi me^ nvwiq MQ - menviv, Zme^|

hvi Kvbv wKQz _KB fq bB - AKzZvfq|
hvi AvKvi KzrwmZ - K`vKvi|
hv webv hZ jvf Kiv wMqQ - AhZj|
hv evi evi `yjQ - `v`yjgvb|
hv `xw cvQ - ``xcgvb|
hv mvaviYi ga `Lv hvq bv Ggb - AbbmvaviY|
hv c~e `Lv hvq wb Ggb - A`c~e|
hv K Rq Kiv hvq - `yRq|
hv K jvf Kiv hvq - `yjf|
hv Aaqb Kiv nqQ - AaxZ|
hv Rj Pi - RjPi|
hv j Pi - jPi|
hv Rj I j Pi - DfPi|
hv ejv nq wb - Aby|
hv KLbv b nq bv - Awebki|
hv gg k Ki - ggkx|
hv ejvi hvM bq - AK_|
hv AwZ `xN bq - bvwZ`xN|
hvi esk cwiPq Ges ^fve KDB Rvb bv - AvZKyjkxj|
hvi cKZ eY aiv hvq bv - eYPviv|
hv wPv Kiv hvq bv - AwPbxq, AwP|
hv Kv_vI DuPz Kv_vI wbPz-ezi|
hv mb KiZ e eq nq-eqej|
hv Lye kxZj ev D bq - bvwZkxZv|
hvi wekl LvwZ AvQ - weLvZ|
hv AvNvZ cvq wb - AbvnZ|
hv Dw`Z nQ - D`xqgvb|
hvi Ab Dcvq bB - Abbvcvq|
hvi Kvbv Dcvq bB - wbiycvq|

evK cKiY

173

hv gk ewaZ nQ- ewaz|

hv c~e kvbv hvq wb - AkyZc~e|
h bB gb ivLZ cvi - kywZai|
h ev _K DrLvZ nqQ - Dv|
h bvix wbR ei eiY Ki bq - ^qseiv|
h MvQ dj ai, wKy dzj ai bv - ebwZ|
h ivM wbYq KiZ nvZo gi - nvZzo|
h bvixi mvb euvP bv - gZermv|
h MvQ Kvbv KvR jvM bv - AvMvQv|
h MvQ Ab MvQK Avkq Ki euvP - ciMvQv|
h cyiyl weq KiQ - KZ`vi|
h gqi weq nq wb - Ab~pv|
h gvMZ iv`b KiQ - iviy`gvb |
h fwelZi wPv Ki bv ev `L bv- AcwiYvg`kx|
h fwelr bv feB KvR Ki - AwegkKvix|
h welq Kvbv weZK (ev wemsev`) bB - Awemsev`x|
h eb wnsm RyZ cwic~Y - kvc`msKzj|
whwb eZv `vb cUz - evMx|
h mKj AZvPviB mq hvq - mesmnv|
h bvix exi mvb cme Ki - exicm~|
h bvixi Kvbv mvb nq bv - ev|
h bvix Rxeb GKgv mvb cme KiQ - KvKev|
h cyiyli Pnviv `LZ my`i - my`kb|
h ie b GmQ - ievZ|
jvf Kivi BQv - wjv|
f Y Rb hvi - YRbv|
myL AMmi nq Af_bv - cZz`&Mgb|
mKji Rb chvR - meRbxb|
nbb Kivi BQv - wRNvsmv|

174

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

Abykxjbx
1| cZK cki PviwU Dii mevgwUZ wUK () wP `vI
(1) fvlvi g~j DcKiY Kx?
K. awb

M. evK

L. k

N. eY

(2) evK GK c`i ci Ab c` kvbvi BQvK Kx ej?

K. Avmw

M. AvKvv

L. hvMZv

N. Avmw

(3) kecvov kwUZ Kx `vl `Lv hvq?

K. iyPvjx

M. AvKvvi fzj cqvM

L. Dcgv cqvM fzj

N. `yevaZv

(4) KvbwU evMavivi k cwieZbRwbZ fzji D`vniY?

K. Nvovi wWg

M. Mixmbi UvKv

L. Mvovq Mj`

N. NvUKi wW^

(5) Kvb evKvskwU iyPvjx `vlhy?

K. Nvovi Mvwo

M. ke`vn

L. NvUKi Mvwo

N. govcvov

(6) DcKvixi DcKvi ^xKvi Ki h-Gi msw i~c KvbwU?

K. DcKvi-^xKvix

M. KZN

L. AKZ

N. KZ

(7) b nIqv ^fve hvi -GK K_vq Kx ne?

K. Awebki

M. b^fve

L. bki

N. web

(8) hv c~e `Lv hvq wb - GK K_vq Kx ne?

K. A`

M. Ac~e

L. `c~e

N. A`c~e

evK cKiY

175

2| evK ejZ Kx evS? Kvbv GKwU mv_K evK MVb Kx Kx Y ev ewk _vKv AvekK?
msc eywSq jL|
3| ki hvMZv wePvi ixwZgZ KwVb KvR, Kbbv ki hvMZvi m AbK welq RwoZ
_vK| -G DwwUi mg_b Zvgvi ee wjwce Ki|
4| Kx Kx Dcvq weaqi mcmviY nZ cvi? ^iwPZ evK Dcvqmg~ni D`vniY `vI|
5| msv jL Ges D`vniY `vI :
(K) wgkevK, (L) AvwkZ LevK, (M) weklY vbxq LevK, (N) wqv-weklY vbxq LevK
6| hwMK evK I mij evKi ga mK Kx? D`vniYhvM eywSq `vI|
7| wbgwjwLZ evKjvK wb`wkZ ebxhy evK i~cvi Ki
(K) mZ K_v ej wb, myZivs wec` coQ| (mij evK)
(L) Aciva ^xKvi Ki, ZvgvK Kvbv kvw `e bv| (wgk evK)
(M) hw`I Zuvi UvKv AvQ, Z_vwc wZwb `vb Kib bv| (hwMK evK)
(N) hLb `yw`b Avm ZLb `ytLI Avm| (hwMK evK)
(O) h wfv KiZ GmQ, ZvK wfv `vI| (mij evK)
(P) ZvK `Lv gvB Avgiv Pj Mjvg| (wgk evK)
8| wbgwjwLZ evK wZbwU weklY Ki :
(K) huviv mwZKvi Kgx, ZuvivB Rxebhy Rqx nb|
(L) gvbe-mevq AvZvrmM Ki|
(M) cw_K weePbv Kijb h, c_Pvix gwnjvwU So-ewi ga wec` coQb|
9| evK mscY ejZ Kx evS? Kx Kx Dcvq evKvski mscY nZ cvi? D`vniYmn wek`
AvjvPbv Ki|
10| wVK DiwUZ wUK () wP `vI :
(K) AvKvk Pi eovq h

: AvKvkPvix/wPj/LPi|

(L) h DcKvixi AcKvi Ki : AcKviK/KZN/AKZ|

(M) hv `gb Kiv hvq bv

: `y`g/`y`gbxq/ A`g|

(N) hv `xw cvQ

: m`xcb/`xwgvb/``xcgvb|

176

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

(O) hv ejv nq wb

: AKw_Z/Aby/AevP|

(P) hvi Kvbv Dcvq bB

: bvPvi/Abycvq/wbiycvq|

(Q) nbb Kivi BQv

: nbbQv/wRNvsmv/wRvmv|

11| GK k cwiYZ Ki Ges H k viv mv_K evK iPbv Ki :

(K) mKji viv AbywZ|
(L) jvf Kivi BQv|
(M) h gvMZ Kuv`Q|
(N) h welq Kvbv weZK bB|
(O) hv ejvi hvM bq|
(P) hvi ^vfvweK eY aiv hvq bv|
(Q) hvi AvKvi KzrwmZ|
(R) h MvQ Ab MvQi Ici wbfi Ki euvP|
(S) hv AvNvZ cvq wb|
(T) h ev _K DrLvZ nqQ|

wZxq cwiQ`

ki hvMZvi weKvk I evM&aviv

evsjv fvlvq Ggb e k AvQ, hv`i AvwfavwbK A_i m eenvwiK A_i h_ cf` AvQ|
efve G aibi cv_K ` nq _vK| hgb(1) wkixwZ ev ixwZwm cqvMNwUZ : QvwUi gv_v fvjv| GLvb gv_v ejZ `ni Awekl
evSvq bv, evSvq gav|
(2) ki A_ msKvP : Bwb Avgvi eevwnK| GLvb eevwnK k weevn m~ mwKZ A_ bv
eywSq Qj ev gqi ki mwKZ ewK evSvQ|
(3) ki A_vi cvwZ : gqi kievwo Z cvVvbv nqQ| GLvb Z kwUi AvwfavwbK
A_ msev` bv eywSq DcXKb A_ evSvQ| GK bZzb A_i Avwefve ejv Pj|
(4) ki DrKl cvwZ : kxivgK cignsm| GLvb cignsm ki m nuvmi Kvbv mK
bB, Gi A_ mbvmx|
(5) ki AcKl (ev AavMwZ) evSvZ : RvVvwg Kiv bv| GLvb RvVvwg ki m RvVvi
(wcZvi eo fvBqi) Kvbv mK bB; kwU aZv A_ eeZ nqQ|
KvRB `Lv hvQ h, ki eenvi `yB cKvi : (1) evPv_ I (2) jv_|
1. evPv_ : h mKj k Zv`i AvwfavwbK A_ eeZ nq, AvwfavwbK A_B Zv`i evPv_|
2. jv_ : h mKj k Zv`i AvwfavwbK A_ eeZ bv nq, Ab A_ eeZ nq, H Ab
A_jv Zv`i jv_|

evM&aviv ev evKixwZ
Kvbv k ev k-mgw evK eeZ nq A_i w`K w`q hLb ewkc~Y nq IV, ZLb m
mKj k ev k-mgwK evM&aviv ev evKixwZ ejv nq|

gyL khvM evM&avivi D`vniY

(K) G Qj eski gyL iv Kie

(mvb euvPvbv)

(L) ay ay QjUvK gyL KiQ Kb?

(Mvjg` Kiv)

(M) Gevi wMwbi gyL QyUQ|

(MvwjMvjvRi Avi)

(N) UK Lq gyL ai AvmQ|

(gyLi ^v` b nIqv)

(O) Lv`v gyL Zzj PvBj AekB eemvq jvf ne|

(AbyMn jvf Kiv)

178

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

wekl ki cqvMf` A_ cv_K

1. nvZ
(K) nvZ Avmv

KvR KiZ KiZB KvR nvZ Avme| (`Zv)

(L) nvZ Uvb

nvZ wUq em AvQ Kb? (Kvh weiwZ)

(M) nvZ Kiv

mvneK nvZ KiZ cvijB KvR ne| (Avq Avbv)

(N) nvZ Qvov

UvKvjv nvZ Qvov Kiv bv| (nPyZ)

(O) nvZ _vKv

G evcvi Avgvi Kvbv nvZ bB| (cfve)

`e : evM&aviv MVb wewfb c`i eenviK ixwZwm cqvMI ej|

nvZ ki ixwZwm cqvM

(K) nvZi cuvP (kl m^j)

: G UvKv KwUB wQj Avgvi nvZi cuvP|

(L) nvZ nvZ (Awej^)

: nvZ nvZ G KvRi dj cveb|

(M) nvZ Lwo (we`vi)

: G gvmB LvKvi nvZ Lwo ne|

(N) nvZ Kjg (^n, KvhKi fve)

: nvZ-Kjg wkv KZvwe wkvi Pq `xNvqx|

2. gv_v
(K) gv_v aiv

ivM wekl

(L) Muvqi gv_v

gvoj|

(M) gv_v e_v

AvMn

(N) gv_v LvIqv

kc_ Kiv|

(O) gv_v `Iqv

`vwqZ MnY

(P) gv_v Nvgvbv

(Q) gv_vwcQy

RbcwZ

gv_v ki ixwZwm cqvM

fvebv Kiv|

evK MVb

ivvi gv_vq

(wgjb j|

ivvi gv_vq Zvi m `Lv|

gv_v Mig Kiv

ivMvwbZ nIqv|

ivMi gv_vq K_vUv ejwQ|

ivMi gv_vq

nVvr vaekZ|

gv_v Mig Ki Avi Kx ne?

gv_v nuU Kiv

jvq gv_v wbPy Kiv|

gv_v nuU ne Kb?

gv_v DuPy Ki Pjv

Mefi Pjv|

gv_v DPuy KiB PjZ PvB|

ki hvMZvi weKvk I evM&aviv

179

weklY ki ixwZwm cqvM

1. KuvPv
KvuPv Avg

AcwicK Avg|

KuvPv LvZv

Lmov|

KuvPv K_v

iyZnxb K_v|

KuvPv BU

A` BU|

KuvPv Nyg

A Yi Nyg|

KuvPv Pyj

Kvjv Pyj|

KuvPv eqm

AcwiYZ eqm|

KuvPv mvbv

wbLv` ^Y|

evK MVb : KuvPv mvbvi gZv Zvi Mvqi is|

KuvPv (Avbvwo) jvKB KuvPv (AwbcyY fve) KvR Ki _vK|
evK cvKv weklY ki ixwZwm cqvM
cvKv K_v (kl wmvmPK) PvB|
cvKv e`ve (vqx) Ki GmwQ|
G nQ cvKv iuvaywbi (`) ivbv|
BuPo cvKv (AKvj cwicK) Qj`i K_v Amn|
GKevi cvKv nvZi (` jLKi) jLv|
Avwg wK Zvgvi cvKv avb gB w`qwQ (nK b Kiv) h, Avgvi m kyZv KiQ?
Kiv wqvc`i ixwZwm cqvM
gb Kijvg Gevi Zx_ hve| (msK Kiv)
m dzUej Ljvq bvg KiQ| (hk^x nIqv)
UvKv Ki bvg wKbZ PvI? (LvwZ jvfi Pv Kiv)
PvKwi cvIqvi Kvbv Rv Ki DVZ cvwi wb| (myhvM cvIqv)
aiv wqvc`i ixwZwm cqvM
Kvb aiv

KY g`b Kiv|

gb aiv

cQ` nIqv|

`vl aiv

Aciva MYbv Kiv|

AvMyb aiv

Avb jvMv|

c_ aiv

Dcvq `Lv|

gvI aiv

`vwqZ bIqv|

nvZ-cvq aiv

Abyiva Kiv|

Muv aiv

GKuyqwg Kiv|

Mjv aiv

K iy nIqv|(K_v e nq hvIqv)

180

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

`e : kvZK I c`vZK evM&avivi A_i cv_K NU| hgb-

{MvMvqmIqvmIqv

Af nIqv
`n mn nIqv|

{ MvMvqjvMvjvMv

gbvhvM `Iqv|
AbyfZ nIqv|

cov
{cvq
cvq cov

gv cv_bv Kiv|
Lvkvgy`|

Avmv
{ nvZ
nvZ Avmv

Af nIqv|
Avq nIqv|

aiv
{ivM
ivM aiv

ivM wbYq|
ivMvv nIqv|
evM&avivi eenvi

AKvj Kyv (Ac`v_, AKRv)

AKvj Kzv QjUvi Ici G KvRi `vwqZ w`I bv|

Av cvIqv (gviv hvIqv)

AbK ivMfvMi ci kqZvbUv kl ch Av cqQ|

AM hvv (wPiw`bi Rb cvb) WvKvwZ gvgjvi Avmvwg nIqvq Kwig Mvg _K AM hvv KiQ|
AMva Rji gvQ (myPZzi ew)

mij gb njI jvKUv Avmj AMva Rji gvQ|

AaP` (Mjv avv)

kqZvbUvK AaP` w`q we`vq Ki `vI|

Ai lw
Ai bwo

(GKgv Aej^b)

weaevi GKgv mvb Zvi Ai lw/Ai bwo|

AwMkgv (wbiwZkq z)

wZwb va AwMkgv njb|

AwMcixv (KwVb cixv)

RvwZK G AwMcixvq DxY nZB ne, fq cj Pje bv|

AKvi wXj gviv (Av`vR KvR Kiv) AKvi wXj gi me KvR wVK fve Kiv hvq bv|
AKj cv_vi (fxlY wec`)

AKj cv_vi Avjvn&B GKgv mnvq|

Abyiva XuwK Mjv (Abyiva `yi~n KvR mb KiZ mwZ vcb) Abyiva XuwK Mjv Avgvi
c me bq, Avwg G KvR KiZ cvie bv|
A`i cwinvm (fvMi wbziZv)

A`i cwinvm ivRvI wfLvwi nq|

Awe`v fqsKix (mvgvb we`vi AnsKvi) wKQyB Rvb bv, Avevi `gvK KZ Awe`v fqsKix Avi wK|
AbwaKvi PPv (mxgvi evBi c`c) KviI ewMZ welq wbq Avwg AbwaKvi PPv Kwi bv|
AiY iv`b (wbj Ave`b)

KcYi wbKU Puv`v PvIqv AiY iv`b gv|

AwnbKzj m^ (fxlY kyZv)

`yfvBqi ga AwnbKzj m^ `uvwoqQ|

ki hvMZvi weKvk I evM&aviv

181

AKvi `Lv (w`knviv nq cov)

G wec` Avwg h me AKvi `LwQ|

Agvemvi Puv` (`yjf ez)

Zvgvi `Lv cvIqvB fvi, Agvemvi Puv` nq coQ|

AvKvk Kzmyg (Ame Kbv)

g~LivB AvKvk Kzmyg wPv Ki|

AvKvk cvZvj (cPyi eeavb)

abx I `wi`i ga AvKvk cvZvj cf`|

Avj mjvwg (wbeywZvi `)

webv wUKU ijMvwoZ Po Avj mjvwg w`Z njv|

AvOyj dzj KjvMvQ (nVvr eojvK)

hyi evRvi ``vi UvKv cqmv KvgvB Ki AbKB AvOyj

dzj KjvMvQ nqQ|

AvKvki Puv` nvZ cvIqv (`yjf ez cvw) nvivbv QjK wdi cq evc-gv hb
AvKvki Puv` nvZ cjb|
Av`vq KuvPKjvq (kyZv)

Zvi m Avgvi Av`vq KuvPKjvq mK, m Avgvi `ykgb|

Av`v Rj Lq jvMv (cvYcY Pv Kiv) KvRwU kl Kivi Rb m Av`v Rj Lq jMQ|

Avj og (nZeyw, wZ)

BuPo cvKv QjUvi K_v b Avgvi Avj og|

Avgov KvVi XuwK (Ac`v_)

I nQ abxi `yjvj, Avgov KvVi XuwK, IK w`q wKQyB ne bv|

AvKvk fO cov (fxlY wec` cov) evsK dj KiQ b Zvi gv_vq AvKvk fO coj|
AvgZv AvgZv Kiv (BZZ Kiv, wav Kiv) AvgZv AvgZv bv Ki K_vq `vl ^xKvi Ki|
AvUKcvj (nZfvM)

QjUv GwZg, AvUKcvj|

AvVvi gvm eQi (`xNmZv)

Zvgvi Zv AvVvi gvm eQi, Kvbv KvRB ZvovZvwo KiZ cvi bv|

Avjvji Nii `yjvj (AwZ Av`i b cy) eojvKi Ni `y-GKRb Avjvji Nii `yjvj wgjeB|
AvKvk Zvjv (AwZwi cksmv Kiv) PvUzKviiv abx ew`i K_vq K_vq AvKvk Zvj|
Avlvp M (AvRwe KQv)

Puv` hvIqvi K_vUv GKmgq wQj Avlvp M|

Bu`yi Kcvj (wbZv g` fvM)

Avgvi gZv Bu`yi Kcvj jvKi `vg GK KvbvKwoI bv|

BuPo cvKv (AKvjcK)

AZeo gvbylUvi mv_ ZK KiQ, Kx BuPo cvKv Qj evev|

BZi wekl (cv_K)

mwKZvi wbKU me gvbylB mgvb, BZi wekl bB|

Dg gag (cnvi, wcUzwb)

Mn PviUvK Dg gag w`q Qo w`j|

DobPx (AwgZeqx)

Ggb DobPx nj `yw`b UvKvKwo me kl ne|

Dfq msKU

kvLi KivZ `L|

182

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

Djyeb gy Qovbv (Avb g~jevb `e c`vb)

DovwPwV ( ebvwg c)

ZvK m`yc`k `vb, Djyeb gy

Qovbvi gZvB wbj|

WvKvZiv Rwg`vi evwoZ DovwPwV w`q

WvKvwZ KiwQj|

Do Gm Ryo emv (AbwaKvixi AwaKvi) jvKUvi gvZewi `Lj Mv Rj hvq| I

GLvbKvi jvK bq, Do Gm Ryo emQ|
GKzi gv_v gyovbv (GKB ^fvei)

mKjB GKzi gv_v gywoqQ `LwQ, cixvq mevB dj KiQ|

GKPvLv (ccvwZZ, ccvZ`y)

GKPvLv jvKi KvQ mywePvi cvIqv hvq bv|

GK gvN kxZ hvq bv (wec` GKeviB Avm bv) AvgvK duvwK w`j, gb iLv, GK
gvN kxZ hvq bv|
GjvcvZvwo (wekLjv)

GjvcvZvwo wj Qyuoj ky`ji wZ KiZ cvie bv|

Gmcvi Imcvi (gxgvsmv)

Pyc Ki _K jvf Kx, Gmcvi Imcvi GKUv Ki dj|

GKv`k enwZ (mfvMi welq)

GLb Zvi GKv`k enwZ, ayjvgyVvI mvbvgyVv nQ|

Gjvwn Kv (weivU AvqvRb)

eo evwoZ weq, mZv GK Gjvwn Kv ne|

Kjyi ej` (GKUvbv LvUzwb)

Kjyi ej`i gZv msmvii PvKvq Nyi giwQ|

K_vi K_v (iyZnxb K_v)

KviI gb AvNvZ `Iqvi Rb GK_v ewj wb, GUv GKUv

K_vi K_v|

Kcvj div (mfvM jvf)

jUvwii wUKU wKb m Zvi Kcvj divZ Pvq|

KZ avb KZ Pvj (wnmve Ki Pjv) wbRK Zv Avi DcvRb KiZ nq bv, KZ avb KZ Pvj
nq eySe Kgb Ki|
Kovq Mvq (m~Y, cyivcywi)

m Kovq Mvq Zvi cvIbv eyS wbj|

Kvb Lvov Kiv (gbvhvMx nIqv)

Avwg Kx ewj Zv kvbvi Rb m Kvb Lvov Ki iBj|

KuvPv cqmv (bM` DcvRb)

KuvPv cqmv cvI wK bv, ZvB LiP KiZ eva bv|

KuvVvji Avgm (Ame ez)

H nvowK Kie `vb, KuvVvji Avgm Avi wK|

KcgyK (NiKzbv, mxgve vb mb) Zzwg Zv Kcg~K, Ni nZ Avwbv we`k|

KZv`yi (cwicvwU)

K_vevZvq, cvlvKcwiQ` KZv`yi njI m

Atmvik~b|

ki hvMZvi weKvk I evM&aviv

KvVi cyZzj (wbRxe, Amvi)

183

ivRv KvVi cyZzji gZv wmsnvmb emwQjb, cavbgxB

`k kvmb KiZb|

K_vq wPuo fRv (duvKv eywjZ Kvhmvab) KvRwU KivZ nj bM` wKQy Xvj, ay K_vq wPuo
fR bv|
Kvb cvZjv (mnRB wekvmceY)

Kvb cvZjv jvKi Aaxb KvR Kiv KwVb|

KvQv wXjv (Amveavb)

KvQv wXjv jvKK Kvbv eo `vwqZ w`Z bB|

KzjKvVi Avb (Zxe Rvjv)

Zvgvi K_vi LuvPvq Avgvi mviv `n KzjKvVi Avb RjQ|

KuPv LyuoZ mvc (mvgvb _K Amvgvb cwiwwZ) evcviUv wbq ewk bvovPvov Kij KuPv LyuoZ
mvc eive|
KDKUv (mvgvb)

I GKevi KDKUv jvK bq, Ii m jvMZ hI bv|

KuP Mym (cybivq Avi)

meUvB fzj nqQ, Avevi KuP Mym KiZ ne `LwQ|

K gvQi cvY (hv mnR gi bv)

jvKUv GZ AZvPviI gi wb, K gvQi cvY `LwQ|

Lqi Luv (PvUzKvi)

Zzwg Zv eo mvnei Lqi Luv, wZwb hv ejb Zzwg ZvB ej|

L cjq (Zzgyj Kv, fxlY evcvi) mvgvb NUbv _K Ggb L cjq ne fvwe wb|
MwjKv cevn (A AbyKiY)

MwjKv cevn hviv Mv fvwmq `q, Avwg Zv`i `j bB|

M`vB jwi Pvj (AwZ axi MwZ, Avjmwg) Ggb M`vB jwi Pvj Pjj Ub dj Kie|
MYk Dvbv (DV hvIqv, dj gviv) KgPvix`i Pywii dj `vKvbUv MYk DwqQ|
MjMn (cii evSv^i~c _vKv)

Kviv MjMn nq _vKv h Kx K, Zv Avgvi wejY Rvbv AvQ|

Muvqvi Mvwe` (wbeva A_P nVKvix) m hgb Rw` Zgwb ivMx, Zvi gZv Muvqvi Mvwe`K wbq
c_ Pjv hvq bv|
Mvjvq hvIqv (b nIqv, AatcvZ hvIqv) Kzm co QjUv Mvjvq MQ|
Mvei MYk (g~L) bv Rvb jLvcov, bv AvQ eyw QjUv GKevi Mvei MYk|
MvQ Zzj gB Kvov (Avkv w`q Avkvm f Kiv)

AvgvK GwMq w`q mi coQ, GKB

ej MvQ Zzj gB Kvov|

Mvq dzu w`q eovbv (Kvbv `vwqZ MnY bv Kiv) Mvq dzu w`q eovj msmvi Pje Kgb Ki?
Muvd LRyi (wbZv Ajm)

Muvd LRyi jvK w`q Kvbv KvRB nq bv|

184

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

Mvovq Mj` (iyZ fzj)

A wgje Kgb Ki? MvovZB Zv Mj`|

o evwj (Avkvq bivk)

Avkv KiwQjvg gvgvi mw cve, GLb `LwQ m o evwj|

Ni fvOvbv (msmvi web Kiv)

Zvgvi gZv Ni fvOvbv e Avi `wL wb|

NvUi gov (AwZ e)

UvKvi jvf NvUi govi m gqi weq w`I bv|

NvovivM (mvai AwZwi mva)

gvm wZb nvRvi UvKv gvBb cq Mvwo wKbZ PvI, GKB

ej Mwiei NvovivM|

Nvov wWwOq Nvm LvIqv (gaeZxK AwZg Ki KvR Kiv) eo eveyK bv Rvwbq eo mvneK
ejv, Nvov wWwOq Nvm LvIqvi gZv|
Pz`vb Kiv (Pywi Kiv)

K Avgvi KjgUvi Pz`vb Kij?

Puv`i nvU (Avb`i cvPyh)

abRb Payix mvnei msmvi hb Puv`i nvU|

wPwbi ej` (fvievnx wK dj jvfi Askx`vi bq) msmvi wPwbi ej`i gZv LU giwQ, wKQyB
cvB bv|
PvLi evwj (Pzk~j)

eLvU QjUv mKji PvLi evwj|

PvLi c`v (jv)

Zvgvi `LwQ PvLi c`v bB; Kgb Ki G KvR Kij?

QKov bKov (mv `i)

wbjvgi gvj, ZvB QKov bKovq wew nq Mj|

Qvcvlv (AZ Mwie)

Avgvi gZv Qvcvlv jvKi Kvbv kL _vKZ bB|

wQwbwgwb Ljv (b Kiv)

cii UvKvq wQwbwgwb LjZ jv Kij bv?

Qji nvZi gvqv (mnRjf e z) iZnvi Qji nvZi gvqv bq h PvBjB cve|
RMvwLPywo cvKvbv (Mvjgvj evavbv) evcviUv RMvwLPywo cvwKq m mi coj|
wRjvwci cuvP (KzwUjZv)

fvjvgvbyl gb njI Zvi fZi iqQ wRjvwci cuvP|

Svc eyS Kvc gviv (myhvM gZv KvR Kiv) Svc eyS Kvc gviZ ciQ ejB m KZKvh nqQ|
UbK bov (PZbv`q nIqv/eyS IVv) eemvq wZ nZB Zvi UbK boj|
VvU eRvq ivLv (Afve Pvcv ivLv)

Afve cojI wZwb VvU eRvq iL PjQb|

VuvUKvUv (envqv)

Zvgvi gZv VuvU KvUv Qj Avi `wL wb, gyLi Ici G

K_v ejj|

Wzgyii dzj

Agvemvi Puv` `L|

ki hvMZvi weKvk I evM&aviv

185

XvK XvK o o (Mvcb ivLvi Pv) XvK XvK o o Ki jvf Kx, evcviUv Lyj ej|
XvKi KvwV (gvmvne)

Lqi Lv `L|

ZvjKvbv (eZvj nIqv)

PvL Pkgv, Avi Pkgv LyuR eovQ,AvQv ZvjKvbv jvK|

Zvmi Ni (Yvqx e)

VzbKv ezZ ^v_i mvgvb AvNvZB Zvmi Nii gZv fO hvq|

Zvgvi wel (A_i Kz cfve)

nVvr eo jvK wK bv, ZvB Zvgvi wel weeKnxb nq coQ|

_ eb hvIqv (wZ nIqv)

Zvgvi Kv `L Avwg Zv _ eb Mjvg|

`v-Kzgov

AwnbKzj `e|

`nig gnig (Nwb mK)

mvnei mv_ Zvgvi hLb GZ `nig gnig, ZLb

KvRUv Kwiq `vI fvB|

`ygyLv mvc (`yRbK `yiKg K_v ej ciii ga kZv mwKvix) jvKUv GKUv `ygyLv mvc;
Avgv`i `yRbK `yiKg K_v ej `yRbi ga kZv mw
KiQ|
`yai gvwQ (mymgqi ez)

myw`b h `yai gvwQ, `yw`b Zvi mvvr gj bv|

aivK miv vb Kiv (mKjK ZzyQ fvev) eojvK nqQ ej aivK miv vb Kiv bv|
awi gvQ bv QyuB cvwb (Kkj Kvhvvi) G evcvi Avgvi fwgKv ne awi gvQ bv QyuB cvwb|
bbxi cyZzj (kgwegyL)

QjwU GKevi bbxi cyZzj, GKUz cwikgB nuvwdq IV|

bqQq (AcPq)

m evwo wewi UvKvjv bqQq Ki djj|

bB AuvKov (GKuq)

Ggb bB AuvKov Qj Avi Zv `wL wb evev hv eje ZvB!

cUj Zvjv (Av cvIqv)

kqZvbUv cUj ZzjQ, Gevi Muvqi jvKi nvo Ryove|

cvji Mv`v (`jcwZ)

cywjk cvji Mv`vK aiZ cvi wb, mvaviY gvbyli nvZ

nvZKov cwiqQ|

cyKziPywi (eo iKgi Pywi)

wKQz KgPvix cyKziPywi Ki cwZvb jvjevwZ RvwjqQ|

dci `vjvwj (AwZwi PvjevwR)

meLvb dci `vjvwj Pj bv, RvqMv eyS KvR KiZ nq|

dvob `Iqv (wUwb KvUv)

K_vq K_vq dvob w`j KvR Kiv `vq nq DVe|

eK avwgK/weovj Zc^x (f mvay)

gyL agi K_v ejjI jvKUv Avmj eK avwgK|

eYPviv (KcU ew)

jvKUv eYPviv, Zvi Avmj i~c aiv hvq bv|

evwji euva (Avqx ez)

eoi wcwiZ hb evwji euva|

euv nvZi evcvi (Nyl MnY)

G Awdmi wKQz KgPvix euv nvZi evcvi wmn |

186

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

evNi `ya/PvL (`ytmva ez)

UvKvq evNi `ya gj|

wemwgjvq Mj`

Mvovq Mj` `e|

eywi XuwK (wbiU g~L)

nuyKvwU evovq iqQ `uvovq eUv eywi XuwK|

evOi Avaywj (mvgvb m`)

GB mvgvb KUv UvKv evOi Avaywj Avi wK|

evOi mw` (Ame NUbv)

Rji ev z NyNyK `LvQ Rji fq, evOi Avevi mw`!

fivWzwe (mebvk)

Avwg Kviv fivWzwe Kwi wb h mevB Avgvi wei jMQ|

fZi evMvi (Ah_v kg)

Rxebfi fZi evMvi LU Mjvg, jvf wKQyB njv bv|

wfR weovj (KcUvPvix)

mgvRi wfR eovj`i Pbv mnR bq|

fkwi KvK (`xNRxex)

x, cy, Kbv mevi gZzi ciI e fkwi KvKi gZv

euP AvQ|

gMi gyjyK (AivRK `k)

GUv wK gMi gyjyK cqQ h hv Lywk ZvB Kie?

gwYKvb hvM (Dchy wgjb)

hgb ei, Zgwb Kb, GKevi gwYKvb hvM|

gb bv gwZ (Awi gvbe gb)

gvbyli gb Zv e`jB _vK; K_vq ej gb bv gwZ|

gvQi gvqi cykvK (KcU e`bveva) wbRi cyi gZzZ GKduvUv PvLi cvwb coj bv, G h
gvQi gvqi cykvK|
wgQwii Qywi (gyL gay Ai wel)

bZ gayi njI Zvi K_vjv wgQwii Qywii gZv AiK

we Ki|

hi ab (KcYi Kwo)

hi abi gZv m Zvi UvKvKwo AvMj AvQ, GK

cqmvI `vb Ki bv|

ivNe evqvj (meMvmx gZvmxb ew) mgvRcwZiv ivNe evqvj nq Mwiei mebvk Ki|
iveYi wPZv (wPi Akvw)

iveYi wPZvmg RwjQ `q gg|

ivkfvwi (Mxi cKwZi)

Avgv`i eo mvne Lye ivkfvwi jvK, Zuvi mv_ eySmyS

K_v ejv|

iyB-KvZjv (c` ev bZvbxq ew) `ki myhvM myweav iyB-KvZjvivB ewk fvM Ki|
jdvdv `yi (evBii VvU eRvq iL Pjb whwb) GB jdvdv `yi jvKwUK `L wK gb nq
h, Bwb Kc`Kk~b?
kuvLi KivZ (Dfq msKU)

mZK_v ejj evevi wZ, Avevi wg_vK_v ejj gvqi wZ,

Avgvi nqQ kuvLi KivZi Aev|

ki hvMZvi weKvk I evM&aviv

187

kvc ei (Awb B jvf)

AvgvK dj hvIqvq Avgvi ivRMvi njv nvRvi UvKv GKB

ej kvc ei|

mvbvq mvnvMv

gwY Kvb hvM `e|

mvx Mvcvj (wbwq `kK)

Zvgv`i GB cvwievwiK Kjn Avgvi mvx Mvcvj nIqv

Qvov Dcvq bB|

nvU nuvwo fvOv (Mvcb K_v cKvk Kiv) AvgvK NuvwUI bv ejwQ, Zv nj Avwg nvU nuvwo fO `e|
nvZUvb (Pywi Afvm)

`vwg wRwbmc mveavb iL, QjUvi nvZUvb Afvm AvQ|

nvo nvfvZ (nZfvM)

me nvwiq QjwU GKevi nvo nvfvZ Gi wKQy ne bv|

nvj cvwb cvIqv (myweav Kiv)

eemvq AbK PvB Zv Kijvg, wKz nvj cvwb cjvg bv|

mgv_K k
hme k GKB A_ cKvk Ki, Zv`i mgv_K ev GKv_K k ej| iPbvi gvayh mwi Rb GKUv
A_KB wewfb evK wewfb k viv cKvk Kiv cqvRb| KweZvq Gi cqvM ewk| GLvb KZjv
mgv_K ki D`vniY `Iqv njv :
AKvi - Auvavi, Zgmv, wZwgi|
AvKvk - A^i, MMb, bft, evg|

cw_ex - Aebx, aiv, aiYx, awix, emyiv,

f, gw`bx|

Avb

- AwM, Abj, cveK, ew, Zvkb|

ceZ

- APj, Aw`, wMwi, cvnvo, fai, kj|

Cki

- Avjvn, Lv`v, RM`xki, avZv,

wcZv

- Avev, RbK, evev|

cy

- Qj, Zbq, b`b, myZ|

- MfavwiYx, cm~wZ, gv, Rbbx|

weavZv, fMevb, mwKZv, mv|

Kvb

- KY, keY|

gvZv

Pzj
PvL

- AjK, Kzj, Kk, wPKzi|

- Aw, Py, bqb, b, jvPb|

KvwKj - cifZ, wcK|

Miy
- Mv, Mvfx, aby|

Rj
Zxi

- A^y, Rxeb, bxi, cvwb, mwjj|

- Kj, ZU, mKZ|

Puv`

- P`, wbkvKi, weay, kkai, kkv,

myavs, wngvs|

w`b
`eZv
`n

- w`em, w`ev|
- Agi, `e, myi|
- Mv, Mv, Zby, kixi|

ivRv
m~h

- bcwZ, bicwZ, fcwZ|

- Avw`Z, Zcb, w`evKi, fvi,
fvby, gvZ, iwe, mweZv|

ab

- A_, we, wefe, m`|

^M

- `ejvK, `yjvK, enkZ,

188

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

b`x
bvix

- ZwUbx, mvZ^Zx, mvZw^bx|

- Aejv, Kvwgbx, gwnjv, xjvK, igYx|

mvc - Awn, Avkxwel, bvM, dYx, fzR,

mc

gZz

- BKvj, Bnjxjv-mseiY, BnjvK

ZvM, wPiwe`vq, RvbvZevmx nIqv,

mgy` - AYe, Rjwa, Rjwbwa, cvivevi,

evwiwa, iZvKi, mvMi, wmz|

`nZvM, cZcvw, cijvKMgb,

jvKviMgb, kl wbtkvm ZvM, ^Mjvf|

nvwZ - Ki, ev, fzR, n|

evK cqvM
? Kx hvZbv wel, eywSe m wKm, Kfz Avkxwel `skwb hvi|
? MMb Dw`j iwe jvwnZ eiY|
? w`em Avjm wb`v AwZ `lYxq|
? Aejv mejv AvR bn Zv `yejv|
? cP gvZ Zvc MwjQ Zzlviwc|

wewfbv_K k
GKB ki bvbv cKvi A_ _vKj ZvK wewfbv_K k ej| D`vniY1| A (1) msLv

UvKvi A KZ ne?

(2) AuvK

AUv Kl|

(3) wP

c`v (c`wP) AbmyiY Ki|

(4) Kvj

wkkyKbvwUK A wbq Rbbx Av`i KiQb|

(5) bvUKi cavb cwiQ` GB bvUKi l Ai c_g `kwU Lye KiyY|

2| APj (1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)

MwZnxb
GKwb
gwK, Aeenvh
AcPwjZ
wbevn Kiv KwVb
ceZ

kixi APj nq coQ|

Cki APj fw nvK|
G APj UvKv K be?
nvRvi UvKvi GB bvUwU APj|
A_i Afve msmvi APj nq MQ|
DPj ewjqv APj evwoby cwoby AMva Rj|

ki hvMZvi weKvk I evM&aviv

189

3| Ai (1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

gb
Ab
eeavb, cv_K
AvZxq

A i gg weKwkZ Ki|
wZwb `kvi wMqQb|
GLvb _K GKNv Ai evm Qvo|
A i gg weKwkZ Ki, AiZi n|

4| KU (1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

KzwUj
RwUj
KcU, Rvj
ceZk

Zvi KU eywi m cvie Kb?

GUv KU ck, Di `Iqv KwVb|
KU mvx mv w`Z m Gm aiv coQ|
ceZKU AvivnY Kiv `yi~n|

5| Y

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

ag
wqv
DrKl
DcKiY
`wo

`ei Y RvbZ nq|

Ilya Y KiQ|
Zzwg Zv wbRi YKxZb KiQ|
wkvi Y AbK|
gvwSiv bKvi Y Ub GmQ|

6| ag

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

mrKvR, cyYKvR
Awnsmv cig ag|
mybxwZ
GUv agmsMZ KvR|
mc`vq wekli DcvmbvcwZ BZvw` cZK agB gvbyli PwiK DbZ Ki|
^fve
gvbyl I ci ag c_K|

7|c (1) `j
(2) gvmva
(3) Puv`i q ev ew Kvj
(4) cvwLi Wvbv
(5) weq msLv

Zzwg Kvb c?
`yB c wbq gvm|
GLb Kc|
hv`i c AvQ Zv`i cvwL ej|
QjwU Zuvi c_g ci mvb|

wecixZv_K k
GKwU ki wecixZ A_evPK kK wecixZv_K k ej|
ki ce mvaviYZ A, Ab, Abv, Ac, Ae, `yi, b, bv, wb, wbi cvqB bv-evPK ev wblaevaK A_
cKvk Ki| ZvB ki weivav_K k ZwiZ GB DcmMjv wKQyUv mvnvh Ki| Ze MVbMZ w`K
_K ki wecixZv_K kjv cvqB gj ki m mKkb| D`vniY :

190

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

wecixZv_K

wecixZv_K

wecixZv_K k

KvR

AKvR

mq

eq

AvKlY

weKlY

DcPq

AcPq

DbZ

AebZ, AbybZ

c_

wec_

KZ

AKZ, KZN

DrKl

AcKl

ev`x

weev`x

KRv

AKRv

hk

Achk

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PZb

APZb

mej

`yej

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myKZ

`yZ

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Rvbv

ARvbv

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Avb

myjf

`yjf

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Aag

mykxj

`ytkxj

Zvj

eZvj

bki

Awebki

Avmj

bKj

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jx

Ajx

Avw K

bvw K

uk

euk

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Akv

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AM

cvr

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Awk

LyuZ

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LuvR

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Ai

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Ai

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Dg

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Avei, Rg

Avkv

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Drmvn

wbiyrmvn

AwZew

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DgY

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Awf

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A_

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AvPvi

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wbab, `wi`

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AvZxq

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wcQ

Av`i

Abv`i

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bxivM

Avc`

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AbvekK

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Avcb

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Avwej

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Av`vb

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m^j

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Avw`

BQv

AwbQv

mim

bxim

Avwefve

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Awb

mvKvi

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Avg`vwb

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DcwZ

AbycwZ

AuvwV

kuvm

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eq

ki hvMZvi weKvk I evM&aviv

k
wecixZv_K
A
we
Abyi
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AbyivM
weivM
Wvev
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wZivi cyivi
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q
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191

k
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wecixZv_K
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iy
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k
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192

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

evK wecixZv_K ki cqvM

hy Rq-civRq wbavwiZ ne|
eemvq jvf-wZ AvQB|
Rxeb nvwm-Kvbv chvqg Avm|
mvMi Rvqvi-fvUv cvwbi nvm-ew NU|
nvjKv Avi fvwi hjv avqvgvQv Ki|
Kv_vq ^M, Kv_vq biK, K ej Zv e`i?
G RMr niY-c~iYi gjv|
Ljvq nvi-wRZ _vKeB|
civaxb nq myLfvMi Pq ^vaxb nq `ytL fvM KivI fvjv|
QjwU eoB Pj, wKz gqwU Kgb axiwi|
meji m` AZvPvi `yej Avi KZw`b mBe?
mvnm w`q fqK Rq Ki|

Abykxjbx
1| cZKwU cki PviwU Ki Di `Iqv njv| wVK DiwUZ wUK () wP `vI|
(1) Kvh weiwZ A_ Kvb evM&avivwU chvR?
K. nvZ Kiv
M. nvZ Uvb
L. nvZ _vKv
N. nvZ Avmv
(2) cQ` nIqv A_ ixwZwm cqvM KvbwU?
K. Muv aiv
M. gvI aiv
L. gb aiv
N. c_ aiv
(3) Kvb evM&avivwUi A_ envqv?
K. wPwbi e`j
M. Kvb KvUv
L. wRjvwci cuvP
N. VuvU KvUv
(4) mebvk evSvZ Kvb evM&avivwU cqvRb?
K. fivWzwe
M. cyKzi Pywi
L. evwji euva
N. gMi gyjyK
(5) Kvb evM&avivwUi A_ mvb euvPvbv?
K. gyL QvUv
M. gyLiv
L. gyL Kiv
N. gyL aiv|

ki hvMZvi weKvk I evM&aviv

193

(6) Kvb evM&avivwUi A_ weivU AvqvRb?

K. Kcvj div
M. AvaKcvj
L. Kovq Mvq
N. GjvwnKv
(7) Gmcvi Imcvi evM&avivwUi A_ Kx?
K. Gw`K A_ev Iw`K
M. GB cvo A_ev IB cvo
L. gxgvsmv
N. G iKg A_ev IB iKg
(8) Mvei MYk evM&avivwUi A_ Kx?
K. Mveii gZv AveRbv
M. PvjvK
L. evKv
N. g~L
(8) Mvovq Mj` evM&avivwUi A_ Kx?
K. ewk fzj
M. iyZ fzj
L. fzj wRwbm
N. A fzj
(10) Mvjvq hvIqv evM&avivwUi A_ Kx?
K. b nIqv
M. Amr KvR Kiv
L. Lvivc KvR hvIqv
N. `vli KvR Kiv
2| evsjv ki eenvi evPv_ I jv_ ejZ Kx evSvq?
3| ki AvwfavwbK A_i m Zvi eenvwiK A_i h aibi cv_K `Lv hvq, Zv D`vniY
mnhvM evLv Ki|
4| evM&aviv ev evKixwZ ejZ Kx evS? gyL A_ev nvZ ki ixwZwm cqvM `wLq cuvPwU evK
iPbv Ki|
5| weklvbxq I weklYvbxq evKvski cqvM `wLq PviwU Ki evK MVb Ki|
6| wbwjwLZ ixwZwm evKvskjvi A_ cvkvcvwk wjL `vI :
cvKv nvZi jLv
|
Mvq evZvm jvMv
gv_v KvUv hvIqv
|
Mv Xj `Iqv
nvZ wUq emv
|
nvZ `Iqv
nvZ cvq aiv
|
eyK jvMv
(7) A_i cv_K `LvI
Mv jvMv
bvg KvUv
WvK `Iqv
Mvq jvMv
bvg KvUv
WvK `Iqv

{
{ nvZnvZAvmvAvmv

{
{ gbgbKivKiv

{
`Iqv
{ gv_v
gv_vq `Iqv|

194

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

8| Wvbcvk k `Iqv AvQ| Zvi Ici wfw Ki evM&aviv hvM euv cvki k~bvb c~iY Ki|
(K) jvKUvi PvLi ............ bB| (jv)
(L) fvBqi m ........... m^| (fxlY Miwgj)
(M) GZ kvKZvci ciI h euP AvwQ Zvi KviY Avgvi Zv ...........| (hv mnR gi bv)
(N) ............ jvKK eo KvRi `vwqZ w`Z bB| (Amveavb)
(O) cii UvKv nvZ cjB AbK ............ Ki| (b Kiv)
(P) Ggb ............ jvK KgB `Lv hvq| (wbj)
(Q) Zvgvi KvKviLvbv `L Avwg Zv ......... eb MwQ| ( wZ nIqv)
(R) evBi agi K_v ej eovjI jvKUv Avmj ......| (f)
(S) Avwg fiv Zix Kwi.......... (mebvk)
(T) mgvRcwZivB ........... nq Mwiei mebvk Ki| (gZvkvjx ew)
(U) K hb Avgvi KjgUvi ....... KiQ| (AcniY)
9| Dfq mvwii mvgm weavb Ki|
(1) nvo nvfvZ
(2) fZi eMvi
(3) evwji euva
(4) bB AuvKov
(5) Zvmi Ni
(6) o evwj

(1) Ah_v kg
(2) GKuq
(3) Yvqx
(4) Avqx e z
(5) Avkvq bivk
(6) nZfvM

10| wbwjwLZ evM&avivmg~n viv mv_K evK iPbv Ki|

(1) Agvemvi Puv`
(1) KuPv LyuoZ mvc
(2) AvKvk Kzmyg
(10) MwjKv cevn
(3) Avlvp M
(11) Zvmi Ni
(4) Mvovq Mj`
(12) bq Qq
(5) Puv`i nvU
(13) evwji euva
(6) wPwbi ej`
(14) ivkfvwi
(7) Wzgyii dzj
(15) iyB KvZjv
(8) Kjyi ej`
(16) nvZUvb

evP Ges evP cwieZb

195

ZZxq cwiQ`
evP Ges evP cwieZb
1. iex`bv_ MxZvwj wjLQb|
2. iex`bv_ KZK MxZvwj wjwLZ nqQ|
3. Avgvi LvIqv njv bv|
Icii c_g evK KZvi, wZxq evK Kgi, ZZxq evK wqvi cvavb iqQ|
evKi wewfb aibi cKvkfwK ejv nq evP|
evP cavbZ wZb cKvi : (1) KZevP (2) KgevP I (3) fveevP|
KZevP : h evK KZvi A_-cvavb iwZ nq Ges wqvc` KZvi Abymvix nq, ZvK KZevPi
evK ej| hgb Qviv A KiQ|
1. KZevP wqvc` me`vB KZvi Abymvix nq|
2. KZevP KZvq c_gv ev k~b wefw Ges Kg wZxqv, lx ev k~b wefw nq| h_v wkK
Qv`i covb| ivwM c_ meb Ki|
KgevP : h evK Kgi mv_ wqvi m^ cavbfve cKvwkZ nq, ZvK KgevP ej| hgbwkKvwi KZK evN wbnZ nqQ|
1. KgevP Kg c_gv, KZvq ZZxqv wefw I viv w`qv (w`q), KZK AbymMi eenvi Ges wqvc`
Kgi Abymvix nq| h_v AvjKRvvi KZK cvim `k wewRZ nq| PviUv aiv coQ|
2. KLbv KLbv Kg wZxqv wefw nZ cvi| h_v- AvmvwgK Rwigvbv Kiv nqQ|
fveevP : h evP Kg _vK bv Ges evK wqvi A_B weklfve e nq ZvK fveevP ej|
1. fveevPi wqv me`vB bvg cyiyli nq| fveevPi KZvq lx, wZxqv A_ev ZZxqv wefw chyw
nq| hgb
(K) Avgvi (KZvq lx) LvIqv njv bv|
(bvg cyiyli wqv)
(L) AvgvK (KZvq wZxqv) GLb hZ ne|
(bvg cyiyli wqv)
(M) Zvgvi viv (KZvq ZZxq) G KvR ne bv|
(bvg cyiyli wqv)
2. KLbv KLbv fveevP KZv Dn _vK, Kg vivB fveevP MwVZ nq| hgbG c_ Pjv hvq bv|
Gevi Ub IVv hvK|
Kv_v _K Avmv nQ?
3. g~j wqvi m mnhvMx wqvi mshvM I wewfb A_ fve evPi wqv MwVZ nq| hgb- G
evcvi AvgvK `vqx Kiv Pj bv| G ivv Avgvi Pbv bB|

196

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

evP cwieZb

KZevP _K KgevP
wbqg : KZevPi evKK KgevP cwiewZZ KiZ nj(1) KZvq ZZxqv (2) Kg c_gv ev k~b wefw Ges (3) wqv Kgi Abymvix nq|
vZe : KZevPi wqv AKgK nj mB evKi KgevP nq bv|
KZevP
KgevP
(K) wevbK mKjB Av`i Ki|
(K) wevb mKji viv Av`Z nb|
(L) Lv`vZvqvjv wekRMr mw KiQb|
(L) wekRMr Lv`vZvqvjv KZK m nqQ|
(M) gyeviK cy K cvV KiQ|
(M) gyeviK KZK cyK cwVZ nQ|
jYxq : KZevP eeZ Zrmg wgkwqvwU KgevP hwMK wqvRvZ wqvweklY i~c eeZ nq|

KZevP _K fveevP
wbqg : KZevPi evKK fveevP cwiewZZ KiZ nj(1) KZvq lx ev wZxqv wefw nq Ges (2) wqv bvg cyiyli nq| hgbKZevP
fveevP
(K) Avwg hve bv|
(K) Avgvi hvIqv ne bv|
(L) ZzwgB XvKv hve|
(L) ZvgvKB XvKv hZ ne|
(M) Zvgiv KLb Gj?
(M) Zvgv`i KLb Avmv njv?

KgevP _K KZevP
wbqg : KgevPi evKK KZevP cwiewZZ KiZ nj(1) KZvq c_gv, Kg wZxqv ev k~b wefw chy nq Ges (2) wqv KZv Abyhvqx nq| hgb
KgevP
KZevP
(K) `my`j KZK MnwU jywZ nqQ|
(K) `my`j MnwU jyb KiQ|
(L) nvjvKz Luv KZK evM`v` wea nq| (L) nvjvKy Luv evM`v` asm Kib|

fveevP _K KZevP
wbqg : fveevPi evKK KZevP i~cvwiZ KiZ nj(1) KZvq c_gv wefw chy nq Ges (2) wqv KZvi Abymvix nq| hgbfveevP
KZevP
(K) ZvgvK nuvUZ ne|
(K) Zzwg nuvUe|
(L) Gevi GKwU Mvb Kiv nvK|
(L) Gevi (Zzwg) GKwU Mvb Ki|
(M) Zvi hb Avmv nq|
(M) m hb Avm|

KgKZevP
h evK Kgc`B KZvbxq nq evK MVb Ki, ZvK KgKZevPi evK ejv nq| hgb

evP Ges evP cwieZb

197

KvRUv fvjv `Lvq bv|

euvwk evR G gayi jMb|
mywZ Kvco AbK w`b UK|

Abykxjbx
1| wVK DiwUZ wUK ( ) wP `vI|
(1) KgevP KZvi Kvb wefw nq?
K. c_gv
M. wZxqv
L. ZZxqv
N. lx
(2) fveevPi KZvq Kvb wefw nq?
K. lx
M. c_gv
L. wZxqv
N. lx ev wZxqv
(3) KZevP Kg Kvb wefw nq?
K. wZxqv
M. kb
L. lx
N. wZxqv, lx ev kb
(4) KgevP Kg Kvb wefw nq?
K. c_gv
M. ZZxqv
L. wZxqv
N. KLbv c_gv, KLbv wZxqv
(5) `vlx QvwUK Rwigvbv Kiv nqQ| GLvb QvwUK Kvb KviK Kvb wefw?
K. KZvq wZxqv
M. KiY wZxqv
L. Kg wZxqv
N. AwaKiY wZxqv
(6) KZevPi wqv Kx nj KgevP nq bv?
K. mgvwcKv
M. mKgK
L. AmgvwcKv
N. AKgK
(7) fveevPi evKK KZevP i~cvwiZ Kij KZvq Kvb wefw nq?
K. wZxqv
M. ZZxqv
L. c_gv
N. lx
(8) Kwig cy K cvV KiQ| evKwUK KgevP cwiYZ Kij neK. cy K Kwig KZK cvV nQ| M. cy K KZK Kwig cwVZ nQ|
L. Kwig KZK cy K cwVZ nQ| N. Kwig KZK cy K cvV KiQ|

198

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

(9)

Zzwg KLb Gj? evKwUK fveevP cwiYZ Kij KvbwU ne?

K. Zvgvi viv KLb Avmv njv?
M. Zzwg viv KLb Avmv njv?
L. Zzwg KLb Avmv njv?
N. Zvgvi KLb Avmv njv?
2| evKi wewfb cKvkfwKB evP ejv nq| G DwwUi mg_b evKi wewfb cKvkfwi
D`vniY `vI|
3| KZevP I KgevPi gwjK cv_K msc eywSq jL|
4| evK D`vniY `vI|
K) fveevPi KZvq lx, wZxqv A_ev ZZxqv wefw nZ cvi|
L) KZevPi wqv AKgK nj Zvi KgevP nq bv|
M) KZevPi Zrmg wgkwqvwU KgevP wqvRvZ weklY (Participle) i~c eeZ nq|
5| KgKZevP ejZ Kx evS? D`vniYhvM wek` AvjvPbv Ki|
6| evPvi Ki|
(K) KZevP _K KgevP
K) AvjKRvvi cvim `k Rq Kib|
L) gnvKwe di`mx kvnbvgv gnvKve iPbv KiQb|
M) wkKvwi evN giQ|
N) Avwg eBwU cowQ|
(L) KgevP _K KZevP
K) Kvdjv `my`j viv Avv njv|
L) cwZ Cmv iygxi Zveavb ZvRgnj wbwgZ nqQ|
M) e`evm KZK gnvfviZ iwPZ nqwQj|
N) wcZv KZK cy weZvwoZ nqQ|
7| KZevPi evKK fveevP Ges fveevPi evKK KZevP cwieZb Ki|
K) Avwg GKvB hve|
L) Gevi GKLvbv Mvb nvK|
M) AvR Avi Zvgvi LvIqv ne bv|
8| evPi eenvi fzj _vKj Ki jL|
K) wcZv KZK Avwg GKwU Kjg `vb Kiv nBqvwQ|
L) AvwR wbSzg ivZ K euvwk evR|
M) Zvgvi hvIqv nDK Avwg hvIqv ne bv|
N) QvMY Zvgvw`M KZK evKiYi cvV bv nDK|
O) kvmb Kiv ZvKB mvR, mvnvM Ki h|

PZz_ cwiQ`

Dw cwieZb
Kvbv K_Ki evK Kgi bvgB Dw| Dw `yB cKvi : cZ Dw I civ Dw|
h evK evi K_v AweKj DZ nq, ZvK cZ Dw ej| h_v wZwb ejjb, eBUv Avgvi
`iKvi|
h evK evi Dw Abi RevwbZ i~cvwiZfve cKvwkZ nq, ZvK civ Dw ejv nq| h_v :
wZwb ejjb h eBUv Zuvi `iKvi|
Dw cwieZbi wbqg
1. cZ DwZ evi eeUzKz DiY wPi ( ) Afz _vK| civ DwZ DiY wP
jvc cvq| c_g DiY wP vb h GB mshvRK AeqwU eenvi KiZ nq| evKi mwZ
ivi Rb DwZ eeZ evi cyiyli cwieZb KiZ nq| hgbcZ Dw : LvKv ejj, Avgvi evev evwo bB|
civ Dw : LvKv ejj h, Zvi evev evwo wQjb bv|
2. evKi A_-mwZ ivi Rb mebvgi cwieZb KiZ nq| hgbcZ Dw : iwk` ejj, Avgvi fvB AvRB XvKv hvQb|
civ Dw : iwk` ejj h, Zvi fvB mw`bB XvKv hvwQjb|
3. cZ Dwi KvjevPK c`K civ DwZ A_ Abymvix KiZ nq| hgbcZ Dw : wkK ejjb, Kvj Zvgv`i QywU _vKe|
civ Dw : wkK ejjb h, ciw`b Avgv`i QywU _vKe|
4. cZ Dwi evKi mebvg Ges Kvjm~PK ki civ DwZ wbwjwLZ cwieZb msNwUZ nq|
cZ
GB
Bnv
G
AvR
K)

cZ Dw

civ
mB
Zvnv
m
mw`b

cZ
AvMvgxKvj
MZKvj
MZKj
ILvb

civ
ciw`b
AvMiw`b
c~ew`b
HLvb

: Qj wjLwQj, kni Lye Mig coQ|

civ Dw : Qj wjLwQj h, kni Lye Mig cowQj|

cZ
GLvb
GLb

civ
mLvb
ZLb

200

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

A_ev, Qj wjLwQj kni Lye Mig coQ|

L) cZ Dw

: Kwig ejwQj, Avwg evRvi hvwQ|

civ Dw

: Kwig ejwQj h, m evRvi hvQ|

M) cZ Dw

: gbmyi ejj, Avwg XvKv hve|

civ Dw

: gbmyi ejj h, m XvKv hve|

cZ DwZ Kvbv wPi b mZi DwZ _vKj civ DwZ Kvji Kvbv cwieZb nq bv| hgbK) cZ Dw

: wkK ejjb, cw_ex MvjvKvi|

civ Dw

: wkK ejjb h, cw_ex MvjvKvi|

L) cZ Dw

: evwbK ejjb, Py^K jvnvK AvKlY Ki|

civ Dw

: evwbK ejjb h, Py^K jvnvK AvKlY Ki|

7| ckevaK, Abyvm~PK I AveMmPK cZ DwK civ DwZ cwieZb KiZ nj cavb

LevKi wqvK fve Abymvi cwieZb KiZ nq| hgb-

ckevaK evK
K) cZ Dw
civ Dw
L) cZ Dw
civ Dw

: wkK ejjb, Zvgiv wK QywU PvI?

: Avgiv QywU PvB wK bv, wkK Zv wRvmv Kijb|
: evev ejjb, Ke bvMv` Zvgv`i dj ei ne?
: Avgv`i dj Ke bvMv` ei ne, evev Zv RvbZ PvBjb|

Abyvm~PK evK
K) cZ Dw
civ Dw
L) cZ Dw
civ Dw

: nvwg` ejj, Zvgiv AvMvgxKvj Gmv|

: nvwg` Zv`i ciw`b AvmZ (ev hZ) ejj|
: wZwb ejjb, `qvKi fZi Avmyb|
: wZwb (AvgvK) fZi hZ Abyiva Kijb|

AveMm~PK evK
K) cZ Dw
civ Dw
L) cZ Dw
civ Dw

: jvKwU ejj, evt! cvwLwU Zv PgrKvi|

: jvKwU Avb`i mv_ ejj h, cvwLwU PgrKvi|
: wfLvwiYx `ytLi mv_ ejj, kxZ Avgiv KZB bv K cvwQ|
: wfLvwiYx `ytLi mv_ ejj h, Zviv kxZ eoB K cvQ|

Dw cwieZb

201

Abykxjbx
1| cZKwU cki PviwU Di `Iqv nqQ| mevgwUZ wUK () wP `vI|
(1) LvKv ZvgvK ejj, Avgvi evev evwo bB| Gi civ Dw neK. LvKv ZvgvK ejj h, Zvi evev evwo bB|
L. LvKv ZvgvK ejj h, Zvi evev evwo wQjb bv|
M. LvKv ZvgvK ejj h Zvgvi evev evwo bB|
N. LvKv ZvgvK ejj h, Avgvi evev evwo wQjb bv|
(2) ingvb AvgvK ejj, Avwg GzwY AvmwQ| civ DwZ neK. ingvb AvgvK ejj h Avwg GzwY hvwQ
L. ingvb AvgvK ejj h m GzwY AvmQ|
M. ingvb AvgvK ejj h, Zzwg ZzwY hvQ|
N. ingvb AvgvK ejj h m ZywY hvQ|
(3) nvwg` ejj, Zvgiv AvMvgxKvj Gmv| civ DwZ neK. nvwg` Zv`i ciw`b AvmZ ejj|
L. nvwg` Zv`i ejj h Zviv hb AvMvgxKvj Avm|
M. nvwg` ejj h Zvgiv ciw`b Gmv|
N. nvwg` Zv`i ejj h Zviv hb ciw`b Avm|
(4) Kwig ZvgvK ejj, Avwg MZKvj XvKv wMqwQjvg| civ DwZ Kx ne?
K. Kwig ZvgvK ejj h m MZKvj XvKv wMqwQj|
L. Kwig ZvgvK ejj h m AvR XvKv wMqwQj|
M. Kwig ZvgvK ejj h, Zzwg MZKvj XvKv wMqwQj|
N. Kwig ZvgvK ejj h m AvMiw`b XvKv wMqwQj|
(5) iev AvgvK ejj, fvB, Zzwg Ke GLvb Avme? civ DwZ neK. iev AvgvK fvB m^vab Ki ejj h Avwg Ke GLvb Avme|
L. iev AvgvK fvB m^vab Ki RvbZ PvBj h Avwg Ke mLvb hve|
M. iev AvgvK fvB m^vab Ki ejj h Avwg Ke mLvb hve|
N. iev AvgvK ejj, Zzwg Ke mLvb Avme|

202

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

2| Dw ejZ Kx evS? Dw Kq cKvi I Kx Kx?

3| cZ DwK civ DwZ cwiewZZ KiZ nj wbgwjwLZ wekl j h cwieZb msNwUZ
nq, Zv cvkvcvwk wjL k~bvb c~iY Ki|
(K) cZ Dwi..... DV hvq Ges c_g DiY wP vb ....... mshvRK AeqwU emvZ nq|
(L) cZ Dwi mebvg c` civ DwZ evKi....... iv Ki cwieZb KiZ nq|
(M) cZ Dwi vbevPK I KvjevPK k civ DwZ........... nq|
(N) cZ Dwi cavb LevKi wqv eZgvb ev fwelr Kvji nj civ DwZ Zv........
........................ Kvji wKsev.............. KvjiI nZ cvi|
4| msc Reve `vI : cZ Dwi Kvb Kvb j civ DwZ Kvbv cwieZb nq bv?
5| wbwjwLZ cZ Dwjv civ DwZ cwieZb Ki|
(K) m ejj, Zv wK nq? ZvgvK GLb hZ w`Q K? `qv Ki Avgvi m Pj|
(L) mbvcwZ ejjb, gnvivR Avgiv _vKZ Avcwb Kb hy hveb? AvRB k`i ew`
Ki Avbe| AbyMn Ki Avcwb Avgv`i hZ AbygwZ w`b|
(M) wkK ejjb, cw_ex MvjvKvi| cw_exi gvavKlY kwi RbB dj gvwUZ co|
(N gv ejjb, mygb, `wi bv Ki Pj Gmv| coZ emv| gb w`q cov| Kvj Zvgvi
cixv gb bB?
(O) wb`yK jxQvov iUvBj, cvwL gwiqvQ| fvwMbvK WvwKqv ivRv ewjjb, fvwMbv, Kx K_v
wb| fvwMbv ewjj, gnvivR, cvwLUvi wkv cyiv nBqvQ| ivRv avBjb, I wK Avi
jvdvq? fvwMbv ewjj, Avi ivg| Avi wK Do? bv| `vbv bv cvBj Avi wK
PuPvq? bv| ivRv ewjjb, GKevi cvwLUvK Avb `wL|

cg cwiQ`

hwZ ev Q`wPi wjLb Kkj

evKi A_ myfve evSvi Rb evKi ga ev evKi mgvwZ wKsev evK AveM (nl,
welv`), wRvmv BZvw` cKvk Kivi Dk evK-MVb hfve weiwZ w`Z nq Ges jLvi mgq
evKi ga Zv `Lvbvi Rb hme mvsKwZK wP eenvi Kiv nq, Zv-B hwZ ev Q`wP|
wbP wewfb cKvi hwZwPi bvg, AvKwZ Ges Zv`i weiwZ Kvji cwigvY wb`wkZ nj :
hwZ wPi bvg

AvKwZ

weiwZ-Kvj-cwigvY

Kgv

1 (GK) ejZ h mgq cqvRb|

mwg Kvjb

1 ejvi wY mgq|

`uvwo (cYQ`)

GK mK|

wRvmv wP

weq wP

Kvjb

Kvjb Wvm

:-

Wvm

nvBdb

_vgvi cqvRb bB|

BjK ev jvc wP

_vgvi cqvRb bB|

DiY wP

GK DPviY h mgq jvM|

evKU (ebx-wP)

()

_vgvi cqvRb bB|

{}

_vgvi cqvRb bB|

[]

_vgvi cqvRb bB|

hwZ ev Q`-wPi eenvi

1. Kgv {cv`Q` (,)}
K) evK cvVKvj myZv ev A_-wefvM `Lvbvi Rb hLvb ^ weiwZi cqvRb, mLvb
Kgv eeZ nq| hgb myL PvI, myL cve cwikg|

204

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

L) cii m^hy GKvwaK wekl ev weklY c` GKm emj kl c`wU Qvov evwK
mejvi ciB Kgv eme| hgb myL, `ytL, Avkv, bivk GKB gvwjKvi cy?|
M) m^vabi ci Kgv emvZ nq| hgb iwk`, Gw`K Gmv|
N) RwUj evKi AMZ cZK LevKi ci Kgv eme| hgb Kvj h jvKwU GmwQj,
m Avgvi c~ecwiwPZ|
O) DiY wPi c~e (LevKi kl) Kgv emvZ ne| hgb mvne ejjb, QywU cveb bv|
P) gvmi ZvwiL wjLZ evi I gvmi ci Kgv eme| hgb 16B cl, eyaevi, 1399 mb|
Q) evwo ev iv vi b^ii ci Kgv eme| hgb 68, bevecyi ivW, XvKv-1000|
R) bvgi ci wWwMmPK cwiPq mshvwRZ nj mjvi cZKwUi ci Kgv eme| hgb
Wi gyn` Gbvgyj nK, Gg.G. wc-GBP.wW|
2. mwg Kvjb ( ; )
Kgv Acv ewk weiwZi cqvRb nj, mwg Kvjb em| h_v msmvii gvqvRvj Ave Avgiv; G
gvqvi euvab wK mwZB `y`?
3. `uvwo ev cYQ` (|)
evKi cwimgvw evSvZ `uvwo ev c~YQ` eenvi KiZ nq| h_v kxZKvj G `k AvenvIqv
_vK|
4. ckevaK wP (?)
evK KvbvwKQy wRvmv Kiv nj evKi kl ckevaK wP em| hgb Zzwg GLb Gj? m wK
hve?
5. weq I m^vab wP (!)
`qveM cKvk KiZ nj G m^vab c`i ci (!) wPwU em| hgbAvnv! Kx PgrKvi `k|
Rbbx! Avv `n gvi hvB iYj|
wKz AvaywbK wbqg m^vab j Kgv wPi eenvi Kiv nq|
6. Kvjb (:)
GKwU Ac~Y evKi ci Ab GKwU evKi AeZviYv KiZ nj Kvjb eeZ nq| hgbmfvq mve njv : GKgvm ci bZzb mfvcwZi wbevPb AbywZ ne|

Dw cwieZb

205

7| Wvm wP ()
hwMK I wgk evK c_K fvevcb `yB ev Zvi ewk evKi mgbq ev mshvM evSvZ Wvm wP eeZ
nq| hgbZvgiv `wi`i DcKvi Ki- GZ Zvgv`i mvb hve bv -evoe|
D`vniY ev `v cqvM KiZ nj Kvjb Ges Wvm wP GKm eeZ nq| hgb-c` cvuP
cKvi:wekl, weklY, mebvg, Aeq I wqv|

8. nvBdb ev mshvM wP (-)

mgvme c`i Askjv wewQb Ki `Lvbvi Rb nvBdbi eenvi nq| hgb G Avgv`i kvAwfb`b, Avgv`i cxwZ-Dcnvi|

9. BjK () ev jvc wP
Kvbv eY wekli jvc evSvZ wejy eYi Rb () jvcwP `Iqv nq | hgbgv_vi ci RjQ iwe (ci=Ici)
cvMwo evuav hvQ Kviv? (Kviv=Kvnviv)
10. DiY wP ( )
evi cZ DwK GB wPi Afy KiZ nq| h_v-wkK ejjb, MZKvj Zzi fqvbK
fwgK nqQ|

11. evKU ev ebx wP ( ), { }, [ ]

GB wZbwU wPB MwYZkv eeZ nq| Ze c_g ebxwU wekl evLvgjK A_ mvwnZ eeZ
nq _vK| hgb - wcyivq (eZgvb Kzwgjv) wZwb RbMnY Kib|

evKiwYK wP
weklfve evKiY wbwjwLZ wPjv eeZ nq|
(K) avZz evSvZ () wP : v =v avZz|
(L) cieZx k _K Drcb evSvZ (<) wP: Rvu`ij < Rbvij|
(M) ceeZx k _K Drcb evSvZ (>) wP: Mv > MvO|
(N) mgvbevPK ev mg evPK evSvZ mgvb (=) wP : bi I bvix = bibvix|

206

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

Abykxjbx
1| cZKwU cki PviwU Dii ga mevgwUZ wUK () wP `vI|
(i) evK Kgv (,) _vKj KZY _vgZ nq?
K. 12 mK
L. 34 mK

M. GK mK
N. GK ejZ h mgq jvM

(ii) evK mwgKvjb (;) _vKj KZY _vgZ nq?

K. 1 ejZ h mgq jvM
M. 1 mK
L. 1 12 ejvi wY mgq
N. 2 12 mK
(iii) evKi kl `vuwoi ci KZY _g cii evK coZ nq?
K. 1 mK
M. 2 mK
L. 1 12 mK
N. mK
(iv) nvBdb (-)-Gici KZY _vgZ nq?
K. 1 mK

M. 2 mK

L. mK

N. _vgvi cqvRb bB|

(v) m^vabi ci Kvb wP em?

K. mwg Kvjb

M. `vuwo

L. Kgv

N. Kvbv wPB bq

(vi) avZz evSvZ Kvb wP em?

K. <

M.

L. -

N. >

(vii) ceeZx k _K Drcb evSvZ Kvb wP em?

K. >

M.

L. <

N. :

(viii) cieZx k _K Drcb evSvZ Kvb wP em?

K.

M. >

L. :

N. <

Dw cwieZb

207

2| hwZwP ev Q`wP ejZ Kx evS? evsjv fvlvq hwZwPi AvekKZv Kx? msc AvjvPbv Ki|
3| Avgiv evK MVbi Kx Kx Q`wPi eenvi Ki _vwK? cZKwU wPi bvg, i~c Ges
ZwbZ weivgi Kvj-cwigvY wb`k Ki|
4| ^iwPZ evK eenvi `LvI :
(K) weq wP I m^vab wP

(M) Wvm wP I nvBdb wP

(L) DiY wP I jvc wP

(N) avZzi wP I mgvbevPK wP|

5| msc Reve `vI :

(K) Kvjb I Kvjb-Wvm wP eenvii cv_K Kx?
(L) m`n ev e evSvZ Zzwg Kvb cKvii hwZwPi eenvi Kie?
(M) Kvb Kvb Kgv wP eenvi KiZ nq?
6| wbgwjwLZ AbyQ`wUZ hwZwP ewmq Avevi jL|
cfvZ njv mvnive gq`vb Gm nvuKjb Bivbkvn KvqKvDm Avwg cwZkva wbZ GmwQ Bivb kvn
Pyc Kb Dg Ze wK Bivbx dR Ggb cvn&jvqvb bB h Avgvi m A cixv KiZ cvi|

l cwiQ`

evKi kwY wefvM

^ifw I evM&fw
1. A-b-K A-b-K w`b AvM evsjv`k weRq wmsn bvg Lye mvnmx GK ivRcy wQjb|
2. cKwZ Kx my`i mvRB bv mRQ!
3. Zve evcvi!
4. `ytL webv myL jvf nq wK gnxZ?
5. Avgvi gv_v bZ Ki `vI n Zvgvi PiYayjvi Zj|
6. `xNRxex nI|
7. mevi evm i fvjv|
8. DV em |
Icii c_g evKwU weewZg~jK; wZxq I ZZxq evK `ywU weqm~PK; PZz_ evKwU ckm~PK; cg
evKwU cv_bvg~jK; h evKwU Avkxev`evaK; mg evKwU Abyivag~jK; Ag evKwU Av`km~PK|
nvwm-Kvbv, myL-`ytL, AveM-DQvm, Abyiva-cv_bv, Av`k-wgbwZ, kvmb-wZivi K^ii
bvbv fwZ DPviYi ga cKvwkZ nq|
wekl Rvi w`q K_v ejv, K^ii IVv-bvgv, Kvucb, Ub Ub k DPviY BZvw`i viv evKi
wekl wekl A_ I fve cKvk Kiv me| wewfb fwZ Kawb DPviYi dj h awb-Zi mw
nq, Zv bvbv cKvi fve I A_ mw Ki| GB awb-Zi ev ^iZiK ^ifw ej| GB
^ifwB evM&fwi wfw|
^ifwi viv h k I evK m I DPvwiZ nq, ZvK wjwLZ AvKvi Ges DPvwiZ Aevq evM&fw
ejv hZ cvi|
evK wjwjwLZ KqKwU kwYZ wef nZ cvi|
1. weewZg~jK evK (Assertive sentence) : mvaviYfve nuv ev bv evPK evK | weewZg~jK evK
`yB cKvi nZ cvi : nvu evPK evK (Affirmative sentence) Ges bv evPK evK (Negative
sentence)|
D`vniY- nuv evPK evK : m XvKv hve| Avwg ejZ PvB|
bv evPK evK : m XvKv hve bv| Avwg ejZ PvB bv|

evKi kwY wefvM

209

2. ckm~PK evK (Interrogative sentence) : G aibi evK ck wevmv Kiv nq | h_v :

Kv_vq hvQ? Kx coQ? Kb GmQ? hve bvwK?
3. weqm~PK evK (Exclamatory sentence) : h evK AvhRbK wKQy evSvq ZvK weqm~PK
evK ej| h_v :
Zve evcvi ! mgy`i m Kx fxlY MRb, XDjv cvnvoi P~ovi gZv DuPy- Avwg Zv fq gwi!
ii, Avgiv wRZwQ!
4. BQvm~PK evK (Optative sentence) : G aibi evK fRbK cv_bv, Avwkm, AvKvv Kiv
nq| h_v :
Zvgvi gj nvK| Cki ZvgvK Rqx Kiyb| cixvq mdj nI| `xNRxex nI|
5. Av`k evPK evK (Imperative sentence) : G aibi evK Av`k Kiv nq| h_v :
wkK gnv`q kwYK Gj DV `vuove| PycwU Ki em| DV `vuovI | `ki ^vaxbZv ivi Rb
hy Ki|
^ifw Z_v evM&fwi mvnvh va, Av`i, Avb`, `ytL, weiw, weq, jv, NYv cfwZ wewfb
cKvi AbyfwZ cKvk Kiv hvq| h_v :
1. mvaviY weewZZ
2. wRvmvq
3. weq cKvk
4. va cKvk
5. Av`i evSvZ
6. Avb` cKvk
7. `ytL cKvk
8. weiw cKvk
9. fxwZ c`kb
10. jv cKvk
11. wavi w`Z
12. NYv cKvk
13. Abyiva cKvk

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

m AvR hve |
m AvR hve?
m AvR hve!
Avwg ZvgvK `L be|
e wKq MwQm i|
ek ek, Lye fvjv nqQ!
Avnv, MvQ _K co cv fOQ!
Avt, fvjv jvMQ bv, GLb GLvb _K hvI Zv|
hvwe wK bv ej?
wQt wQt, Zvi m cvij bv|
wQt, Zvgvi GB KvR!
Zzwg GZ bxP!
KvRwU Ki `vI bv fvB|

14. cv_bv

Cki Zvgvi gj Kiyb|

Q` I weiwZm~PK wPjv evM&fwi wjwLZ AvKvi cKvk mvnvh Ki| `vuwo, Kgv, ckevaK I
weqm~PK wP evKi fve I A_evai Rb DcKviK|

210

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

Abykxjbx
1| PviwU Dii mevgwUZ wUK () wP `vI
(1) KvbwU Av`km~PK evK?
K. ZvgvK emZ ejwQ|

M. Zzwg wK eme?

L. GLvb Gm|

N. emj Lywk ne|

(2) m wK hve -GwU Kx aibi evK?

K. Av`km~PK

M. weewZg~jK

L. weqm~PK

N. ckm~PK

(3) Avwg ZvgvK n Kwi| GwU Kx aibi evK?

K. ckm~PK

M. weqm~PK

L. weewZg~jK

N. Av`kg~jK|

(4) KvbwU ckm~PK evK?

K. Kx LjvB Ljj

M. Avwg Lje bv

L. Zzwg AekB Lje

M. Zzwg wK LjQ

(5) ZvgvK AvRB hZ ne| GUv Kx aibi evK?

K. weqm~PK

M. Av`km~PK

L. cv_bvg~jK

N. weewZg~jK

(6) Kx mvsNvwZK evcvi| - GUv Kx aibi evK?

K. weewZg~jK

M. ckg~jK

L. weqm~PK

N. AbyivaevPK

(7) Kv_vq hvQ - GUv Kx aibi evK ?

K. weqm~PK

M. ckg~jK

L. weewZg~jK

N. Abyivag~jK

evKi kwY wefvM

211

(8) GLvb Gm| - GUv Kx aibi evK ?

K. AbyivavcK

M. weewZg~jK

L. Av`kg~jK

N. weqm~PK

(9) evM&fw Kx?

K. kfw

M. bvbv fwZ DPviY

L. evKfw

N. gyLfw

(10) KvbwU weqm~PK evK?

K. Kx Kie?

M. mKji gj nvK|

L. Rqx nI|

N. Kx my`i dzj!

2| ^ifw KvK ej ?
3| evM&fw ejZ Kx evS?
4| evM&fw Abyhvqx Kq cKvi evK MVb me?
5| evMfwi mvnvh Kx Kx aibi evK MVb Kiv hvq?
6| Av`km~PK evK KvK ej? D`vniY `vI|
7| wemqm~PK evK ejZ Kx evS? G aibi `ywU evKi D`vniY `vI|
8| weewZg~jK evK KvK ej? G aibi evK Kq cKvi I Kx Kx? D`vniYmn jL|
9| cv_bvg~jK evK KvK ej D`vniYmn jL|
10| va cKvkK Ges Avb`evPK evKi D`vniY `vI|

mg cwiQ`

evK c` mscbvi g
(Syntax)
evKi Afz c`jv Dchy vb emvbvB c` msvcbvi g| GK KD KD c`g ej
_vKb|

wbqgvewj
1. mvaviY evKi c_g mmviKmn Dk (ev KZv) Ges evKi kl mmviKmn weaq (ev
wqvc`) eme| hgb
gbvhvMx

QvivB

ixwZgZ

covkvbv Ki|

(mcmviK)

KZc`

(mmviK)

(wqvc`)

wKz evKK kwkvjx Kivi Rb Gi ewZgI nZ cvi| hgb

jvKwU wQj AZ PZzi|
2. m^ c` wekli c~e eme | hgb - Nii Qj Ni wdi GmQ|
A_ mwZ ivi Rb ev Q`i Abyiva m^ c` ciI emZ cvi| hgb
n Avw` Rbbx wmz, emyiv mvb Zvgvi|
3. KviK-wefwhy c` ev AmgvwcKv wqvc` weklYi AvM em| hgb
jvKwU eenvi LyeB f`| ivRkvnxi Avg LZ PgrKvi|
4. weaq weklY me`vB wekli ci em| h_v : jvKwU h vbx ZvZ m`n bB|
5. evKi c_g KZv, ci Kg Ges kl wqvc` em| hgb - Avwg kvnbvgv cowQ|
(K) KweZvq Gi ewZg nZ cvi| hgb - jn bgvi, my`i Avgvi|
(L) evK Rvi w`Z MjI wbqgi ewZg nZ cvi| hgb - Rvwb, Zvgvi gyiv` KZUzKz|
6. ec`gq weklY AekB wekli c~e em| hgb - Zvgvi `vuZ ei-Kiv nvwm `Lj meviB
wc Rj hvq|

evK bv ev b Aeqi eenvi

(K) mgvwcKv wqvi ci em | h_v - Avwg hve bv | Avwg fvZ LvB b, iywU LvB|
(L) AmgvwcKv wqvi c~e em| h_v - bv PvBZ `vbi Kvbv ghv`v bB|

evK c` msvcbvi g

213

(M) weklYxq weklY i~c weklYi c~e em hgb - bv fvjv, bv g`|

(N) hw` w`q evK Avi Kij bv mgvwcKv wqvi c~e em | ghb : Zzwg hw` AvR bv hvI, Zv
nj LyeB wZ ne|

bv (bT eZxZ) Ab A_
K. weKv_ : wRvmvevPK evK - Zzwg evwo hve, bv Avwg hve?
L. Abyiva ev Av`k A_ (wbi_K fve evKi kl) : GKUv Mvb MvI bv fvB|

Abykxjbx
1| cZKwU cki PviwU Ki Di `Iqv njv| mePq DrK DiwUZ wUK () wP `vI
(i) evK mgvwcKv wqvc` Kv_vq em?
K. c_g

M. Dki c~e

L. kl

N. Aeq c`i ci

(ii) AmgvwcKv wqvc` evKi Kv_vq em?

K. c_g

M. weklYi c~e

L. kl

N. wekli ci

(iii) evK weaq-weklY Kv_vq em?

K. c_g

M. weklYi c~e

L. kl

N. wekli ci

(iv) evK ec`gq weklY Kv_vq em?

K. c_g

M. mebvgi c~e

L. wekli c~e

N. kl

(v) bv kwU evK Kv_vq em?

K. mgvwcKv wqvi c~e

M. AmgvwcKv wqvi ci

L. mgvwcKv wqvi ci

N. weklYi ci|

214

evsjv fvlvi evKiY

(vi) evK KviK-wefwhy c` Kv_vq em?

K. c_g

M. wekli c~e

L. kl

N. weklYi AvM

(vii) m^ c` evK Kv_vq em?

K. wekli c~e

M. wekli ci

L. weklYi c~e

N. weklYi ci|

2| evK c` msvcbi g ejZ Kx evS? Gi Dk Kx ? msc eywSq jL|

3| evK c` msvcbi g welq cvuPwU wbqg AvjvPbv Ki|
4| bv AeqwU hw` bT eZxZ Ab A_ evK chy nq, Ze mwU Kx Kx A_ eeZ nZ cvi?
D`vniYmn AvjvPbv Ki|
5| evK D`vniY `vI :
(K) evK Rvi w`Z Mj wqvc` evKi c_gI eeZ nZ cvi|
L) vb I Kvji A_ wek`fve evSvbvB AwaKiY KviKi Dk, KvRB evK AwaKiY
KviKi Aevb Kvbv euvavaiv wbqg bB|