Solution 12.

su

The Mohr total stress circle for no-tension limit is as shown above.
su =

sat z 0
2

z = z cr =

2s u
sat

Solution 12.2
From Eq. (12.28), ( x )a = z 2s u + q s

If ( x )a 0 then q s 2s u z cr

If no tension crack develops, z cr = 0, then q s 2s u

Solution 12.3
(a) H 'cr =

4s u
4 15
=
= 5.9m
(20 9.8)
'

(b) Derivation similar to derived equations (12.31) and (12.32) i.e. H 'cr =

4s u
'

If the trench is filled with bentonite slurry of unit weight f then ' = sat f
H 'cr =

4s u
sat f

4s u
4 15
=
= 5.9m
'
(20 9.8)
4s u
4 15
=
= 6.7m
If the trench is filled with bentonite (H 'cr ) bentonite =
sat f (20 11)

(c) If the trench is filled with water (H 'cr ) water =

Additional depth of excavation by using bentonite = 6.7 -5.9 = 0.8 m

Solution 12.4

Depth
m
0
4+
47+

Active
'
'

kN/m3 kN/m3
17
18

17
18

20
30

712

Ka

0.49
0.33
0.33
0.38

17.8

27

0.38

Lateral
Pressure
kPa
0
.49 x 17 x 4 = 33.3
.33 x 17 x 4 = 22.4
.33 x 18 x 3 + 22.4 =
40.2
.38 x (17 x 4 + 18 x
3) = 46.4
.38 x 8 x 5 + 46.4 =
61.6

Passive
Water Depth Kp Lateral
Pressure
kPa m
kPa

Water
kPa

0
0
0

49

12

2.6 2.66 x 8 x 5 = 49
6 106.4

Solution 12.5
All forces are per m length of wall.
Determine K a

30 1

Rankine: = 0, K aR = tan 2 45 cs = tan 2 45

=
2
2 3

Coulomb: = 20, = cs , = 0, = 0 and from equation (12.16)

From computer program utility on CD, K a = 0.3

Determine lateral forces

Smooth wall: use Rankines method
Rankine: PaR =

1
1
1
K aR H 2 =

18 82 = 192 kN
2
2
3

Surcharge q s = 15kPa ; x = K aR q s = 15

1
= 5 kPa
3

Surcharge force = Ps = x 8m = 40 kN
Total lateral force = FaR = PaR + Ps = 192 + 40 = 232 kN
Rough wall: Use Coulombs method.
1
1
K ac H 2 = 0.3 18 82 = 172.8 kN
2
2
Surcharge Ps = 15 0.3 8 = 36kN

Coulomb: Pac =

Total lateral force = Fac = 172.8 + 36 = 208.8 kN

Horizontal component of Fac : (Fax )c = Fac cos= 208.8cos20 =196.2 kN
Vertical component of Fac : (Faz )c = Facsin=208.8sin20=71.4kN

Solution 12.6
All forces are per m length of wall.

15o
10o
PaC (soil)
20o

10o

Water pressure

Use Coulombs method. Determine K aC using the computer program utility at

www.wiley.com/college/budhu
All forces are per m length of wall.
= 30 o , = 15, = 10, = 20
K aC = 0.48 for cs
Before flood:

PaC =

1
K a H 2 = 1 0.48 17.5 52 = 105kN/m
2
2

Horizontal component: PaC cos (20 + 10) = 90.9 kN

After flood:
1
1
Soil: PaC = K a H 2 = 0.48 (17.5 9.8) 52 = 46.2kN
2
2
1
1
Water: PaC = w H 2 = 9.8 52 = 122.5kN
2
2
=
Horizontal component from soil: PaC cos ( + ) = 46.2 cos (20 +10) = 40 kN
Horizontal component from water: PaC cos () = 122.5 cos (10) = 120.6 kN
Total horizontal component = 40 + 120.6 = 160.6 kN

Solution 12.7

No wall friction

With wall friction

Solution 12.8

(a)
= 18 kN m 3 ,

cs = 30 , = 15 , = 0, = 0

From computer program utility: K aC = 0.3

The horizontal component is KaC x cos (15) = 0.29
(b)
=18 kN m 3

cs = 30 , = 15, = 90 60 = 30 , = 0

From computer program utility: K aC = 0.686

The horizontal component is KaC x cos (45) = 0.485
Therefore (b) gives the larger horizontal force

Solution 12.9

Determine the stability of the concrete gravity wall

Backfill: Coarse-grained soil:
cs = 32, = 18 kN m 3 , = 15, concrete = 24 kN m 3
Base soil: Coarse-grained soil:
cs = 30, = 19 kN m 3 , b = 20
Step 1: Determine K aC
From computer program utility on CD: K aC = 0.32
Step 2: Determine lateral forces
1
1
K aC H 2 = 0.32 18 4 2 = 46.1 kN ;
2
2
PaC acts at an angle = 15 to the horizontal
PaC =

Horizontal component of PaC : (Pax )c = PaC cos = 46.1 cos 15 = 44.5 kN

Vertical component of PaC : (Paz )c = Pac sin = 46.1 sin 15 = 11.9 kN

Surcharge

Fx = K aC qsH cos = 0.32 10 4 cos15 = 12.4 kN

Fz = K aC qsH sin = 0.32 10 4 sin15 = 3.3 kN
Total horizontal force
Rx = 44.5 + 12.4 = 56.9 kN
Step 3: Determine wall stability

Solution 12.10

Step 1: Determine the active lateral force per meter and its location. From computer program utility
K aC = 0.33
Thickness of wall at top of base+ 0.5 + 6/20 = 0.8 m
H = 6m + 1m + 2.5 tan 8 = 7.35m

Soil mass:
Lateral force from soil mass: Pac =

1
1
K aC sat H 2 = 0.33 18.5 7.35 2 = 164.9 kN
2
2

Horizontal component: Pax = PaC cos = 164.9 cos 20 = 155 kN

Vertical component: Paz = PaC sin = 164.9sin 20 = 56.4 kN

Step 2: Determine the resultant vertical for per unit length and its location.
A table is useful to keep the calculation tidy and easy to check

Part

Force

1
2
3
4
5
Paz

0.5 2.5 0.35 18.5 = 8.1

2.5 6.0 18.5 = 277.5
0.5 6.0 24 = 72
0.5 0.3 6 24 = 21.6
1 4.5 24 = 108
56.4
R z = 543.6
155.0

Pax

moment arm
from toe(m)
3.67
3.25
1.75
1.4
2.25
4.5
2.45

moment + (kN/m)
29.7
901.9
126
30.2
243
253.4
(+) = 1584.2
(-) 379.8
M o = 1204.4

Location of resultant vertical component of force from toe is:

1204.4
= 2.22m
543.6
Step 3: Determine eccentricity

x=

B
4.5
x =
2.22 = 0.03m
2
2
Step 4: Determine stability

e=

Rotation:

B 4.5
=
= 0.75 > e ; therefore rotation is satisfactory
6
6

Translation.
T = R z tan b = 543.6 tan 20 = 197.8 kN
T 197.8
=
= 1.3 < 1.5; unsatisfactory
(FS)T =
Pax 155.0

Bearing capacity
R z 6e
543.6 6 0.03
1 + =
1 +
= 125.6kPa
4.5 1
4.5
A
B
Short term loading
qult = 5.14su = 5.14 x 94 = 483.2kPa
q
483.4
= 3.8 > 3 ; therefore bearing capacity is satisfactory for short term loading.
(FS)B = ult =
( z ) max 125.6
Long term loading
For p = 30, N = 16.1 (assuming a layer of granular material will be placed between the base and the
foundation soil)
i = 0.37
1
1
q ult = BN i = 19 4.44 16.1 0.37 = 251 kPa
2
2
q ult
251
=
= 2 < 3 ; therefore bearing capacity is not satisfactory for long term loading.
(FS)B =
( z ) max 125.64
( z ) max =

A drainage system to prevent build up of pore water pressures behind the wall is shown.

Solution 12.11

Step 1: Determine the active lateral force per meter and its location
From computer program utility: K aC = 0.314
Before rainfall
Lateral force from soil mass
P ac =

1
K
2

aC

sat H

1
0 . 314 17 . 9 5 2 = 70 . 3 kN
2

Horizontal component: Fax = Pac cos = 70.3 cos14 = 68.2kN

Vertical component: Faz = Pac sin = 70.3sin14 = 17kN
Surcharge:
Fx = K aC q s H cos = 0.314 5 5 cos 14 = 7.6 kN
Fz = K aC q s H sin = 0.314 5 5 sin 14 = 1.9 kN
Vertical force from surcharge = 5 x 4.1 = 20.5 kN

Paz = 17 + 1.9 = 18.9 kN

Pax = 68.2+ 7.6 = 75.8 kN

Step 2: Determine the resultant vertical force per unit length and its locations.
Part

Force (kN m )

Moment arm
from toe (m)

1
2
3
4

4.1 4.6 17.9 = 337.6

5 x 4.1 = 20.5

2.45
0.2
2.45
2.45

Moment
+ (kNm m )
827.1
9.6
96.5
50.2

Paz

18.9

4.5

85.1

R z = 464.4

Resisting
moment=
5
3
5
2

1068.7

disturbing
moment =

132.7

5 0.4 24 = 48
4.1 0.4 24 = 39.4

Soil: 68.2

Pax

Surcharge: 7.6

Location of resultant vertical component of force from toe is

M o 1068.5 132.7
=
=2m
x=
Rz
464.4
Step 3: Determine eccentricty
e=

B
4.5
x =
2 = 0.25 m
z
2

Step 4: Determine stability

Rotation:

B 4 .5
=
= 0.75 > e, therefore rotation is satisfactory
6
6

Translation
= R z tan b = 464.4 tan 20 = 169 kN

( FS) =

169
=
= 2.2 > 1.5, therefore, translation is satisfactory
Pax 75.8

Bearing capacity
max =

Rz
A

6e 464.4 6 0.25
1 + =
1 +
= 138 kPa
B
4.5
4.5

113.7
19

For cs = 32 , N = 22.5
i = (1

Pax n +1
75.8 3
) = (1
) = 0.59
Rz
464.4

B = B 2e = 4.5 2 0.25 = 4 m
1
1
BN i = 19 4 22.5 0.59 = 504 kPa
2
2
q ult
504
=
= 3.7 > 3 , therefore, bearing capacity is satisfactory
( FS)B =
max 138
q ult =

After rain fall:

Step 1: Determine the active lateral force and its location
H1 = 1.5m, H2 = 3.5m

1.52 8.2 8.6

kPa

7
6
8
9

10

5
water

Lateral force from soil mass

1
1
Pac = K aC sat H12 + K aC sat H1H 2 + K aC H 22 =
2
2
1
1
0.314 (17.9) 1.5 2 + 0.314 (17.9) 1.5 3.5 + 0.314 (17.9 9.8) (3.5) 2 = 6.3 + 29.5 + 15.6 = 51.4 kN
2
2
Water force =

1
9.8 (3.5) 2 = 60.2 kN
2

Horizontal component: Fax = 51.4 cos14 = 50kN

Vertical component: Faz = 51.4 sin 14 = 12.4 kN
Faz = 12.4 + 1.9 = 14.3 kN
Fax = 50 + 60.2 + 7.6 = 117.8kN

Step 2: Determine the resultant vertical force per unit length and its location
The lateral stresses shown on the right of the figure above have been multiplied by cos (14) because we are
using Coulombs analysis.

Part

Force

Moment arm
from toe(m)

(kNm m )

(4.1 x 1.5 x 17.9) + [4.1 x

3.1 x (17.9 9.8)] = 213
48

2.45

521.9

0.2
2.45

9.6
57.1

2.25
1/3
4.5

50.2
16.3
64.4
Resisting moment =
735.8
19
26.4
50.6
17.6
70.2
Disturbing moment =
=183.8

2
3
4
5
Paz

4.1 0.4 (24 9.8) = 23.3 *

5 x 4.1 = 20.5
0.5 x 9.8 x 12 = 4.9
14.3
R z = 319.1

6
7
8
9
10

1.52 x 5 = 7.6
0.5 x 8.2 x 1.5 = 6.2
8.2 x 3.5 = 28.9
0.5 x 8.6 x 3.5 =15
0.5 x 9.8 x 3.52 = 60

2.5
4.25
1.75
1.17
1.17

Moment

*Although seepage effects are neglected, this part of the base in completely bouyant.
Location of resultant vertical component of force from toe is
M o 735.8 183.8
x=
=
= 1.73
Rz
319.1
Step 3: Determine eccentricity
B
4.5
x =
1.73 = 0.52 m
2
2
Step 4: Determine stability
e=

Rotation:

B 4.5
=
= 0.75 > e, therefore rotation is satisfactory
6
6

Translation
= R z tan b = 319.1 tan 20 = 116kN kN
T
116
=
= 1 < 1.5 ;therefore, FS against translation is not satisfactory. Wall is on the
Fax (117.8 4.9)
verge of failure.

( FS) =

Bearing Capacity
R 6e 319.1 6 0.52
max = z 1 + =
1 +
= 120 kPa
A
B
4.5
4.5
P
(117.8 4.9) 3
i = (1 ax ) n +1 = (1
) = 0.27
Rz
319.1
B = B 2e = 4.5 2 0.52 = 3.46 m
1
1
q ult = BN i = (19 9.8 ) 3.46 22.5 0.27 = 97 kPa
2
2

( FS)B =

q ult
97
=
= 0.8 < 3 : therefore, FS against bearing capacity is not satisfactory. Wall will fail.
max 120

Solution 12.12

Coarse grained soil: cs = 29, = 17 kN m 3 , S = 0.9, = 0

Determine embedment depth, d, and M max using FSM
G s + Se
=
1+ e

w , e =

GS

S
w

2.7 1.735
= 1.156
1.735 0.9

G +e
2.7 + 1.156
3
sat = s
w =
9.8 = 17.53 kN m
+
1
e
1
1
.
156
+

= sat w = (17.53 9.8) = 7.73 kN m 3

design =

cs
29
=
= 23.2 ;
Fs 1.25

From Appendix C: K ax 0.45, K x 2.3

Hydrostatic pressures cancel due to even water level
Part
1

Pressure
.45 17 1 = 7.65

Force
.5 7.65 1 = 3.83

Moment Arm
(1.83 + d o )

.45 17 = 7.65

7.65 (1.5 + d o ) = 11.48 + 7.65d o

(1.5 + d o ) /2

.45 7.73 (1.5 + d o )

=3.48 (1.5 + d o )

0.5 3.48 (1.5 + d o )2 =

(1.5 + d o )

3.91 + 5.22d o + 1.74d o2

2.3 7.73 d o = 17.78d o

0.5 x 17.18do = 8.89do

(8.61+11.48 d o

+ 3.83d o 2 )
2

(1.96+3.91 d O + 2.61d O + 0.58d O )

Active moment =

Active force 19.22 + 12.87d o + 1.74d o2

4

Moment
(7.01+3.83 d o )

(17.58+19.22 d o

do
3

+ 6.44d o + 0.58d o )
2

2.96 d o

Moment
3

2.38d o 6.44d o 19.22d o 17.58 = 0

Solving for do we get do = 4.73m

Design depth = 1.2 4.73 = 5.68m

Ho

do = 4.73
m
0.95 m
Average passive pressure =

5.25 m

K px [ 1 + (H o 1 + 1.1d o )

= 2.3 [17 x 1+ 7.73 (2.5 - 1 + 1.1 4.73) = 158.3

kPa
Average active pressure = K ax 1.1d o = 0.45 7.73 1.1 4.73 =18.1 kPa
Net force = (158.3 - 18.1) 0.2 4.73 = 132.6kN
2

Active force = 19.22 + 12.87(4.73) + 1.74(4.73) =119 kN

Passive force = 8.89(4.73) 2 =198.9 kN
R =198.9 119 = 79.9 kN <132.6 kN
Therefore depth of penetration satisfactory
The lateral coefficient ratios for FS=1.0 and FS=1.25 are:
(K ax )FS=1 0.34
K1 =
=
= 0.76
(K ax )FS=1.25 0.45

(K px )FS=1.0

3
= 1.3
(Kpx )FS=1.25 2.3
Let z be the distance of zero shear below the excavation
K2 =

Then: 0.76(19.22+12.87+1.74 z ) -1.3 8.89 z = 0

10.23 z 2 9.78z 14.61 = 0

z 2 - 0.96z - 1.43 = 0
0.96

(.96)2 + 4(1.43)

= 1.77 m
2
Maximum bending moment is: 0.76(17.08 + 19.22 1.77+ 6.44 1.77 2 + 058 1.77 3 ) -1.3 2.96

z=

1.77 = 35.3 kN.m

Design depth = 8.98 m = 9 m
Design anchor force = 396.3 kN/m = 400 kN/m

Solution 12.13 (a)

FSM

Anchor force

Solution 12.13 (b)

NPPM

Solution 12.14(a)
FSM

Solution 12.14(b)
NPPM

Solution 12.15
FMM

Design depth = 8.98 m = 9 m

Design anchor force = 396.3 kN/m = 400 kN/m

Anchor force

Solution 12.16

cs = 31, B = 5m, H o = 5.8m

Lateral pressure value = 0.65 H tan 45 cs = 0.65 17.5 5.8 x 0.32= 21 kPa
2

Calculate the forces on struts at each level

All loads are per meter length of wall.

Level 1
A

B1
M B1 = 0 = 1.5A 21 2 1

A = 28 kN

Fx = 0 : A + B1 = 21 2

B1 = 14 kN

Level 2

B2

B2 = C1

C1

21 1.5
= 16 kN
2

Level 3
C2
M C2

= 1.5D 21 2.3

Fx = 0 : D + C2 = 21 2.3

2.3
2

Step 4: Calculate forces on each strut.

A = 28 kN
B = B1 + B 2 = 30 kN
C = C1 + C 2 = 27 kN
D = 37 kN

D = 37 kN
C 2 = 11 kN

Solution 12.17

Fine-grained soil
sat = 19 kN m 3 , cs = 25 , s u = 40 kPa , H o = 6.1m , = 6m
Check the stability against bottom heave
H o 6.1
H

=
= 1.02 , N C = 61 + 0.2 o = 6(1 + .2 1.02) = 7.22 , q s = 0
B
6
B

(FS)heave = N C

su
40
= 7.22
= 2.49 > 1.5; therefore, excavation safe against bottom heave
H o + q s
19 6.1

Determine the lateral pressure diagram

H o
19 6.1
=
= 2.90 < 4,
su
40
Maximum lateral pressure: 0.4 H = 0.4 19 6.1 = 46.4 kPa
0.25H0 =
1.525 m

Step 3: Calculate the forces on struts at each level. All loads are per meter length of wall.
Level 1
A

B1
1
1.525
0.575

M B1 = 0 = 1.8A - 1.525 46.4 0.575 +

+ 0.575 46.4

3
2

2
1
Fx = 0 : A + B1 = 1.525 46.4 0.575 46.5 = 62.1
B1 = 36.5 kN
2
Level 2

B2

C1

A = 25.6 kN

B 2 = C1 =

1
1.8 46.4 = 41.8 kN
2

Level 3
C2

D
1
1.525
0.675

M C 2 = 0 = 1.8D 1.525 46.4 0.675 +

+ 0.675 46.4

3
2

2
1
Fx = 0 : C 2 + D = 1.525 46.4 0.675 46.4 = 66.7 kN
2
Step 4: Calculate forces on each strut.
A = 25.6 kN, B = B1 + B 2 = 78.3 kN, C = C1 + C2 = 41.8 + 37.6 = 79.4 kN,
D = 29.1 kN

D = 29.1 kN

C 2 = 37.6 kN

Solution 12.18
All calculations are per m length. Calculate the allowable tensile strength of the geotextile.
With FS ID = 1.5, FS CR = 2, FS CD = 1.3 and FS BD = 1.3
Tult
45
Ta =
=
= 8.88 kN/m
FS ID FS CR FS CD FS BD 1.5 2 1.3 1.3

Calculate the vertical spacing

29

K aR = tan 2 45 cs = tan 2 45
= 0.35
2
2

Lateral stress due to surcharge = K aR q s = 0.35 15 = 5.2 kPa.

x = K aR z + K aR q s = 0.35 z + 5.2 = 0.35 17.5 z + 5.2 = 6.13z +5.2

( x )max

= 6.13H + 5.2 = 6.13 6 + 5.2 = 42 kPa

(S z )min

From equation (12.73) with (FS)sp = 1.3, we get

Ta
8.88
=
= 0.163m = 163mm
K aR ( z + q )(FS)sp 42 1.3

Check spacing requirement at mid-height (z=3)

x = 6.13 3 + 5.2 = 23.6 kPa
Sz =

8.88
= 0.29m = 290mm
23.6 1.3

Use S z = 150mm for the bottom half of the wall and 300mm for the top half of the wall.
Determine length of reinforcement required at the base for translation.
From computer program utility: K aC = 0.31 ( cs = 29, = 20) and
(K aC )x = K aC cos = 0.3 cos 20 = 0.29
1
(K aC ) H 2 + (K aC ) q s H = 1 0.29 17.5 b 2 + 0.29 15 b = 117.5 kN
2
2
= 0.5s u = 0.5 72 = 34 kPa < 50 kPa, therefore use s w = 34 kPa

Pax =
sw

Eq. (12.70): Lb =

Pax ( FS )T
sw

Eq. (12.71): Lb =

117.5 1.5
= 5.2m
34

( K aC ) x 0.5H

tan b

qs
( FS )T

15

0.29 0.5 6 +
1.5
17.5

= 5.85m
=
tan (16 )

Use L b = 6m

29

For top layer: L r = (H z ) tan 45 cs = (6 0.3) tan 45

= 3.36m
2
2

K aR S z ( FS )t
0.35 0.3 1.3
=
= 0.19m
Le =
2 tan i
2 tan 20
L = 3.36 + 0.19 = 3.55m

Determine the total length of reinforcement at each level for internal stability
z(m)

Sz

LR

Le

L used (m)

0.30

0.15

3.36

0.09

3.45

0.45

0.15

3.27

0.09

3.36

0.60

0.15

3.18

0.09

3.27

0.75

0.15

3.09

0.09

3.19

0.90

0.15

3.00

0.09

3.10

1.05

0.15

2.92

0.09

3.01

1.20

0.15

2.83

0.09

2.92

1.35

0.15

2.74

0.09

2.83

1.50

0.15

2.65

0.09

2.74

1.65

0.15

2.56

0.09

2.66

1.80

0.15

2.47

0.09

2.57

1.95

0.15

1.16

0.09

1.26

2.10

0.15

1.12

0.09

1.21

2.25

0.15

1.08

0.09

1.17

2.40

0.15

1.03

0.09

1.13

2.55

0.15

0.99

0.09

1.08

2.70

0.15

0.95

0.09

1.04

2.85

0.15

0.90

0.09

1.00

3.00

0.15

0.86

0.09

0.95

3.30

0.30

0.77

0.19

0.96

3.60

0.30

0.69

0.19

0.88

3.90

0.30

0.60

0.19

0.79

4.20

0.30

0.52

0.19

0.70

4.50

0.30

0.43

0.19

0.62

4.80

0.30

0.34

0.19

0.53

5.10

0.30

0.26

0.19

0.45

5.40

0.30

0.17

0.19

0.36

5.70

0.30

0.09

0.19

0.27

6.00

0.30

0.00

0.19

0.19

Check external stability

Stability against translation is already satisfied.
Check bearing capacity
( z )max = H o = 17.5 6 = 105 kPa
Short term
q ult = 5.14 s u = 5.14 72 = 370 kPa

( FS)B

q ult
370
=
= 3.5 > 3: okay
( x )max 105

Long term:
For = 28 , N = 11.5
117.5 3
) = 0.54
105 6
1
1
qult = BN i =
18 6 11.5 0.54 = 335kPa
2
2
335
= 3.2 > 3 ; Okay
( FS )B =
105
i = (1

Solution 12.19
Assume s z = 0.5m, s y = 1m

K aR = tan 2 45 cs = 0.35
2

K o = 1 sin cs = 1 sin 29 = 0.52

At base: K = K aR = 0.35
tr =

K ( H + qs ) sz s y ( FS )tr
wf y

0.35 (17.5 6 + 15 ) 0.5 1 3

0.075 2.5 10

t corrosion = 0.025 50 = 1.25mm

t design = 3.36 + 1.25 = 4.61mm

Use t = 5mm
Determine length of reinforcement required at base.
K aC = 0.29, (K aC )x = 0.27
Eq. (12.70) Lb =

Pax ( FS )T 117.5 1.5

=
= 5.2m
sw
34

15

0.27 0.5 6
1.5
17.5

Eq. (12.71): Lb =
= 5.45m
tan 20
0.35 0.5 1 1.3
Eq. (12.68): L e =
= 4.17m
2 0.075 tan 20

Since L b > Le, use L b = 5.5m

Calculate length of reinforcement required.
z (m)
0.50

Sz(m)
0.5

K
0.50

Le
5.97

Lr
1.42

L (m)
7.4

Lused(m)
7.5

1.00

0.5

0.49

5.80

1.33

7.1

7.5

1.50

0.5

0.47

5.63

1.25

6.9

7.5

2.00

0.5

0.46

5.47

1.17

6.6

6.5

2.50

0.5

0.45

5.30

1.08

6.4

6.5

3.00

0.5

0.43

5.13

1.00

6.1

6.5

3.50

0.5

0.42

4.97

0.92

5.9

6.5

4.00

0.5

0.40

4.80

0.50

5.3

5.5

4.50

0.5

0.39

4.63

0.25

4.9

5.5

5.00

0.5

0.38

4.46

0.00

4.5

5.5

5.50

0.5

0.36

4.30

-0.25

4.0

5.5

6.00

0.5

0.35

4.13

-0.50

3.6

5.5

Check external stability

Bearing capacity
( z )max = H o = 17.5 6 = 105 kPa

= 336 10 5 m = 3.36mm

Short term
q ult = 5.14 72 = 370 kPa

( FS)B

q ult

( x )max

370
= 3.5 > 3; okay
105

Long term
Long term:
For = 28 , N = 11.5
117.5 3
) = 0.54
105 6
1
1
18 6 11.5 0.54 = 335kPa
qult = BN i =
2
2
335
= 3.2 > 3 ; Okay
( FS )B =
105
i = (1

Solution 12.20
Assume spacing and width of ties.
S y = 1m w = 300mm S z = 1m

Calculate required thickness of reinforcement

K o = 1 sin cs = 1 sin 29 = 0.52

29

K aR = tan 2 45 cs = tan 2 45
= 0.35
2
2

4
4

Eq. (12.75): At base, K = 0.35 + 0.521 = 0.41

6
6

tr =

K ( H + q S )S z S y (FS)tr
wf y

0.41(17 4 12 ) 1 1 3
5

= 131.2 10 5 m = 1.3mm

0.3 2.5 10
t corrision = annual corrosion rate design life = 0.025 50 = 1.25mm
t design = calculated thickness + corrosion thickness = 1.3 + 1.25 = 2.55mm

Use t = 3mm
Determine the length of reinforcement required at base
From computer program utility: K aC = 0.29, cs = 29 , = 20
(K aC )x = K aC cos = 0.29 cos 20 = 0.27
12

0.27 0.5 4 + 3
17

From Eq. (12.71) L b =

= 6.02m
tan 20
For internal stability the effective length at the wall base is:
K aR S z S y (FS) t 0.35 1 1 1.3
Eq. (12.68): L e =
=
= 2.08 m < 6.02 m
2 w tan i
2 0.3 tan 20
Use a length of 8m and tie into each wall face.
Pax = 0.5 x 0.35 x 17 x 42 = 47.6 kN/m

Check external stability

Check bearing capacity
( max ) = H = 17 4 = 68 kPa
For cs = 29 , N = 22.5
47.6 3
) = 0.76
68 8
1
1
17 8 22.5 0.76 = 1163kPa
qult = BN i =
2
2
q
1163
= 17 > 3; therefore bearing capacity is satisfactory.
( FS)B = ult =
68
( x )max

i = (1

Solution 12.21

See spreadsheet solution on the next page for NPPM.

z is the moment arm.
ESA is used for sand and TSA is used for the clay.
Design depth = 1.2 d o
Determination of net available force
Ppav = Average passive pressure = K px q s (H o + 1.1d o ) + K px 1 H o + 2S u + 2 (1.1d o )
Paav = Average active pressure = 5z = 5 1.1d o
Net force = Ppav Paav 0.2d o

Bending moment
Assume maximum bending moment occurs below excavation level. Let z be the location of the point of
maximum bending moment (zero shear force) from the excavation level.
z =

+ z) 1
z
z 1
1
z
z 1

H
+ K ax 1 H o2 o + z + K ax 1 H o z + 5z z 2s u z z 2
3
2 2
3
2 2
2

3
2
2
z
1
5
1
1
= 0 : K a q s (H o + z ) + K ax 1 H o2 + K ax 1 H o z + z 2 2s u z 2 z 2 = 0
2
2
2
2
z

K ax q s (H o + z )

(H o

Use a spreadsheet to solve for z. In Excel, use Tools Goal Seek to find z.
See next page for the solution for d
d = 12.26 m
Design d = 1.2 x 12.26 = 14.7 m

qs

20

2.5

cs

'

27

deg

js

7.2

kN/m3

0.0

kN/m

deg

aj

7.2

kN/m

b
h
Depth to water

deg

7.2

kN/m3

0
10

m
m

pj
uc
Pw

0.0
0.0

kPa
kN

17

kN/m3

8.17

0
12.26

d
clay below excavation

27

a
b
su

0
0
50
Part
1
2
3
4
5
water
6

Drained
Pressures
8.0
68.0
68.0
0.0
76.0
0.0
Sum
236.9

0.4

Kp
Below
excavation
Ka

2.5

0.4
2.5

Kp

m
m

anchor
9.2

kN/m3

aj

9.2

kN/m

pj
sw
sw

9.2
25
25

kN/m3
active
passive

'

19

cs

Above
excavation
Ka

deg
deg
kPa

d
Force
20.0
340.0
0.0
0.0
931.8
0.0
1291.8
1452.1

la
1.25
6.67
10.00
10.00
8.63
6.59

M
25.0
2266.7
0.0
0.0
8041.8
0.0
10333.5

10.67

15499.6
(FS)r

1.50

5
6

Solution 12.22
0.5m

10

Granular backfill

6m

2
1.4m

Compacted sand
3

0.8m

k aR =

0.7m

0.7m

3m

cos10 cos 2 10 cos 2 28

1
= 0.3861
=
k pR cos10 + cos 2 10 cos 2 28

0.2
1 1 sin

o
= 46.85 o

=
+ + sin
=

= tan 1
1
.
91
,
p

4 2 2 2
6

sin
k pR =

cos( ) 1 + sin 2 + 2 sin cos p

cos cos sin sin 2

2

= 2.4377

WS2

W1
W2

W3

WS1

W1 = 0.5 6 23.5 = 70.5kN at1.25m from toe

W2 = 0.5 0.2 6 23.5 = 14.1kN at 0.93m from toe
W3 = (0.8 + 0.7 + 3) 0.7 23.5 = 74kN at 2.25m from toe
Ws1 = 3 6 18 = 324kN at 3.0m from toe
Ws2 = 0.5 3 0.529 18 = 14.3kN at 3.5m from toe
1
(0.38)(18)(6 + 0.7 + 3 tan10) 2 = 178.8 kN
2
Pax = 178.8cos(10) = 176kN
PaR =

Paz = 178.8sin(10) = 31kN

R z = 70.5 + 14.1 + 74 + 324 + 14.3 + 31 = 527.9kN
cb = 20o , Base resis tan ce T = 527.9 tan 20 = 192kN
192
= 1.1
176
Unsatisfactory in translation

(FS)T =

M o = 70.5 1.25 + 14.1 0.93 + 74 2.25 + 324 3 + 14.3 3.5 + 31 4.5

1

176 7.23
3

= 1005kN m
B
4.5
e= x =
1.9 = 0.35
2
2
B 4.5
=
= 0.75 > 0.35 safe
6
6

x=

Unlikely to fail by rotation.

Bearing Capacity:
max =

RZ
A

6e 527.9 6 0.35
1 + =
1 +
= 172kPa , = 35, N = 37.1
B 4.5 1
4.5

n +1

2 +1

H
176

'
i = 1
= 1
= 0.3 , B = 4.5 2 0.35 = 3.8m
V
527.9

1
q ult = BN i = 0.5 18 3.8 37.1 0.3 = 381kPa
2
(FS) BC =

381
= 2.2 < 3.0
172

Unsatisfactory in bearing capacity.

Mo 1005
=
= 1.9
Rz 527.9

Solution 12.23
(a) Refer excel spreadsheet Soln 12.23.xls for computations
12.23 (a)

Help

Geotextile mechanical stabilized earth wall

Kac

0.3

phi

30degrees Ko

20degrees

tr

1.43

mm

18

fy

450

Mpa

qs

15kPa

corrosion rate

6m

50mm

Sz

0.50m

Sy

1m
z(m)

Sz

0.50

0.50

1.00

KaR

0.3333FS

0.5t (use standard size)

LR

4.00

0.025

mm/yr

design life

75

yr

tcorrosion

1.9

mm

t design

3.30

Le

0.486 1.72

17.81

19.52

0.50

0.472 1.63

17.30

18.93

1.50

0.50

0.458 1.55

16.79

18.34

2.00

0.50

0.444 1.47

16.28

17.75

2.50

0.25

0.431 1.38

15.77

17.16

3.00

0.25

0.417 1.30

15.26

16.56

3.50

0.25

0.403 1.22

14.75

15.97

4.00

0.25

0.389 1.00

14.25

15.25

4.50

0.25

0.375 0.75

13.74

14.49

5.00

0.25

0.361 0.50

13.23

13.73

5.50

0.25

0.347 0.25

12.72

12.97

6.00

0.25

0.333 0.00

12.21

12.21

(b) Refer excel spreadsheet Soln 12.23.xls for computations

12.23 (b)

Help

Geotextile mechanical stabilized earth wall

Kac

0.3

phi

30degrees

sp

1.3

20degrees

ID

1.5

18

CR

qs

15kPa

CD

1.3

6m

BD

1.3

Tult

58.5

kN

Tall

11.5

kN

Pax

KaR

0.33FS

116.7098kN

Sz

219mm

Sy

390mm
z(m)

Sz

LR

Le

0.50

0.50

3.18

0.30

3.47

1.00

0.50

2.89

0.30

3.18

1.50

0.50

2.60

0.30

2.90

2.00

0.50

2.31

0.30

2.61

2.25

0.25

2.17

0.15

2.31

2.50

0.25

2.02

0.15

2.17

2.75

0.25

1.88

0.15

2.03

3.00

0.25

1.73

0.15

1.88

3.25

0.25

1.59

0.15

1.74

3.50

0.25

1.44

0.15

1.59

3.75

0.25

1.30

0.15

1.45

4.00

0.25

0.54

0.15

0.68

4.25

0.25

1.01

0.15

1.16

4.50

0.25

0.40

0.15

0.55

4.75

0.25

0.72

0.15

0.87

5.00

0.25

0.58

0.15

0.73

5.25

0.25

0.20

0.15

0.35

5.50

0.25

0.29

0.15

0.44

5.75

0.25

0.07

0.15

0.22

6.00

0.25

0.00

0.15

0.15

Solution 12.24

9 kN/m
Masonry
wall

Wall rotation
is limited to
0.005H0

10 kPa load from home site

0.5m

Granular backfill
4m

1.25m

0.75
0.75

3.5m

Properties:
Assume unit weight of concrete is 23.5 kN/m3

Since wall rotation is limited to 0.0005H0 . Use at rest condition, K 0 = 1 sin 'cs = 0.53
Lateral pressure distribution on the wall is shown below (a) due to surcharge (b) due to soil

5.25m

27.8kN
127.9 kN

2.625 m
1.75 m
0.53x10= 5.3 kPa

4.5

0.53x17.5x5.25= 48.7

Weight of concrete (Wc) = 142.7 KN

Weight of soil (Ws) = 286.7 KN
Total force in vertical direction Rz = 142.7+286.6+ 9 +10 x 3.5= 473.3 kN
Total force in horizontal direction Rx = 27.8+127.9=155.7 kN
Overturning moment (M0) about toe= 296.8 kN.m
Resisting moment about toe = 962.4 kN.m
Resultant moment = 665.6 kN.m
Base resistance T =473.3 x tan (25) = 220.7 kN
FS against translation = 220.7/155.7 = 1.4 < 1.5. Not satisfactory .
Distance from toe to centroid = 665.6/473.3 = 1.41
e = 4.25/2 1.41 = 0.72
B/6 = 0.71 < 0.72 . Centroid lies approximately at middle third.
Max. vertical stress = (473.3/4.25) x (1 +6 x 0.72/4.25) = 224.6
i = (1-155.7/473.3)^3 = 0.36
qult = 0.5 x 17.5 x (4.25 2 x 0.72) x 61.4 x 0.36 = 543.5
FS against bearing capacity = 543.5/224.6 = 2.4
Unsatisfactory in bearing capacity.
Redesign.
By changing the width of the footing base from 4.25 to 4.75 m using the spreadsheet program retwall.xls,
we get the following factors of safety
Translation = 1.6, bearing capacity = 3.2
Note: You can trick the spreadsheet to use Ko by adjusting the friction angle of the backfill so that Ko =
0.53. A value of friction angle of 17.8 deg. will give a Ko of 0.53.
\\