458 System—f> Gas Fig. 7.1 Surroundings Thermodynamics versus mechanics Mechanics deals with motion of the body (system) as a whole and its extemal K.E. and P.E, Thermodynamics deals with the motion of particles of the body and its internal K.E. and PE, 7.1 THERMODYNAMICAL TERMS (@ Thermodynamical system: A thermodynamical system is an assembly of large number of particles which can be described by thermodynamic variables like pressure (P), volume (V), temperature (7). (i) Surroundings: Everything outside the system which can have a direct effect on the system is called surroundings. The gas cylinder in the kitchen is the thermodynamic system and the relevant part of the kitchen is the surroundings. An adiabatic wall: The wall which prevent the passage of matter and energy. Diathermic wall: It prevent the passage of matter but allow the passage of energy. An aluminium can is an example ofa container whose walls are diathermic. (¥) _Anisolated system: In this type of system neither the mass nor the energy can be exchanged with the surroundings. (vi) Equation of state: The relationship between the pressure, volume and temperature of the thermodynamical system is called equation of state, For example: PV =nRT. 7.2 INTERNAL ENERGY There are intermolecular forces in real gases, so they possess internal potential energy (U,). If the volume of the gas increases, work is to be done by the gas against intermolecular attraction and so its potent ; k I energy increases | Up =—~ |. The ‘molecules of a gas are always in motion. The motion may be translational, rotational or vibrational, Hence molecules of gas possess intemal kinetic energy (U,). With increase in temperature the average kinetic energy of the gas molecules also increases. 3 [Up = SRT (monoatomic gas)]- Thus internal energy of a system is the sum of its internal kinetic and internal potential ‘energy. The intemal energy (U) can be written as: 7.3 INTERNAL ENERGY OF AN IDEAL GAS In ideal gases there are no intermolecular forces, so internal potential energy of an ideal gas is zero. The internal energy of an ideal gas is only due to its internal kinetic energy, so we can write U= Uy, As internal kinetic energy is the function of temperature, so internal energy of an ideal gas depends only on temperature. More about internal energy 1, Internal energy of an ideal gas; u = Sar for monoatomic gas 5 UW, GRE for diatomic gas