CCH NHN BIT C CA THUC BVTV QUA BAO B

Cch nhn bit c ca thuc BVTV qua bao bKhi s dng cc loi thuc tr nm bnh, su
ry cho lan, chng ta nn cn nhc la chn cc loi thuc c c t, nhm m bo sc khe
v mi trng xung quanh. V c bn, chng ta c th nhn bit tnh c ca thuc bo v thc vt
theo du hiu mu trn bao b thuc nh sau:
1. Cc k hiu gip ta nhn bit c ca thuc BVTV
Vch mu trn bao b l thuc c nhm I, thuc loi rt c v c
Vch mu vng trn bao b l thuc c nhm II, thuc loi c trung bnh.
Vch mu xanh trn bao b da tri l thuc c nhm III, , thuc loi t c.
Vch mu xanh l cy trn bao b l thuc c nhm IV, thuc loi c.rt nh.
LD50 l k hiu ch c cp tnh ca thuc qua ng ming hoc qua da. Tr s ca n l liu
gy cht trung bnh c tnh bng miligam (mg) hot cht c th gy cht 50% s ng vt th
nghim (tnh bng kg) khi tng lng th trng ca s ng vt trn b cho ung ht hoc b pht
vo da. Gi tr LD50 cng nh th ho cht cng c.
2. Mt s k hiu khc cn ch trn thuc BVTV
Ngoi ra, 1 s biu tng c trn bao b, v chai thuc BVTV nhm m bo tnh an ton khi s
dng thuc nh trang b bo h lao ng khi pha, phun thuc, ct gi thuc... th hin qua cc
biu tng:
m bo tnh an ton khi s dng thuc nh trang b bo h lao ng khi pha, phun thuc, ct
gi thuc

3. Tn thng mi v 1 s t thng gp trn thuc BVTV

Thng thng tn thng mi ca mt sn phm thuc BVTV bao gm 3 thnh phn:

a.

Tn thng mi: Do cng ty sn xut hoc phn phi thuc t ra phn bit sn phm gia

Cng ty ny v Cng ty khc.

b.

Hm lng hot cht: c din gii di cc dng n v o lng khc nhau, v d nh

g/kg; g/L; % (w/w) hoc % (v/v)

c.

Dng thnh phm:

Dng thuc
Nh du
Dung dch
Bt ha nc
Huyn ph
Ht
Dng sa
Thuc phun bt

Ch vit tt
ND, EC
DD, SL, L, AS
BTN, WP, DF, WDG
FL, FC, SC
H, G, GR
EW
D, BR

Ghi ch
Thuc th lng, trong sut. D bt la chy v n.
Ha tan u trong nc, khng cha cht ha sa.
Dng bt mn, phn tn trong nc thnh dung dch huyn ph.
Lc u trc khi s dng
Ch yu ri vo t
Lc u trc khi s dng
Dng bt mn, khng tan trong nc.

CNG DNG V CCH S DNG CC LOI PHN BN L NPK

Trn th trng hin nay c bn kh nhiu loi phn hn hp c cha nhiu nguyn t a lng v
vi lng (vi nhng t l khc nhau). Vi lan chng ta nn chn v s dng cc loi phn sau y:
1.

Phn bn l NPK 30-10-10 (GROWMORE): y l loi phn gip cy tng trng mnh (v
chng c cha nhiu m). Trong thnh phn ca chng cha ti 30% m, nhng ch c 10%
Ln v 10% Kali. Loi phn ny s dng cho cy lan con, chi non mi tch, cy ra r, ny
con, ra l v pht trin thn cy Phn growmore 30-10-10 ny c bn ti Shop Rng Lan nha
cc bn.

2. Phn bn l NPK 10-30-10 (GROWMORE): y l loi kch thch thc y qu trnh hnh thnh
hoa (v chng cha nhiu L n). Trong thnh phn n ca chng ch c 10% m v 10% Kali,
nhng li c n 30% Ln. Loi phn ny s dng cho cy lan trng thnh kch thch
cho cy ra hoa, gip cho pht hoa di, sing hoa v nhiu hoa
3. Phn bn l NPK 10 -10-30 (GROWMORE): Loi phn ny gi cho mu sc ca hoa p v lu
tn, v trong thnh phn ca chng c t l Kali rt cao (30%) so vi hai loi phn kia, mi loi
ch c 10%. S dng khi thy xut hin pht hoa, lm cho cy ng vng, vi hoa di, thng,
hoa p, lu tn Ngoi nhng loi phn va nu trn, trn th trng cn c rt nhiu loi
phn hn hp c t l N, P, K khc nhau, chng ta cng c th chn s dng, nhng phi
m bo nguyn tc l khi cy cn nh phi dng loi phn c t l m cao gip cho cy
tng trng mnh. Khi cy trng thnh phi dng loi phn c t l Ln cao kch thch
thc y qu trnh hnh thnh hoa, phi hoa di v nhiu hoa. V khi cy bt u ra hoa th
phi dng loi phn c t l Kali cao hoa p v lu tn. Cc loi phn ny c bn ti cc
ca hng hoa cnh.

4. Phn bn l NPK 6-30-30 (GROWMORE): Vi hm lng ln, kali cao, cc cht dinh dng
va v trung vi lng cn i gip tng sinh trng, pht trin. Kch thch ra hoa, gi hoa
bn lu; hn ch tc hi ca su bnh, ng ngp, hn hn v sng gi.
5. Kinh nghim bn phn v chm sc lan dendro
T l phn B1 dng ti lan: Cy mi v phun B1 Thi 3 tun, 1cc/2 lt/ tun, tun th t
ngng B1, phun 30-10-10 0.5g/ lt (d kin phun 2 ln 30-10-10 th xen k 1 ln 20-20-20), sau
tng dn ln 1 g/lt khi trng thnh.
Thuc cho lan : D nh 1 thng s phun 1 ln thuc, 1 ln nc vi, 1 ln thuc, 1 ln thuc
tm vi t l:
- 3 loi thuc Topsin, Vicarben, A-V-T (hot cht hexaconnazole), 3 lai lun phin nhau t l
1g/lit.
- Thuc tm 1g/10lit
- Vi bt ly 1 nm pha vi 1 lt nc, ly nc vi trong pha t l 20cc/4lit.

MT S LOI THUC PHNG TR BNH CHO VN LAN

Phng tr cn trng gy hi cho lan: Chng ta c th trng cc loi loi cy c mi nh: hng, qu,
bc h, x quanh vn xua ui cc loi cn trng gy hi hoc dng vi nc ti di mt
l cun tri u trng, trng ca cc loi cn trng gy hi.
Khi cc bin php ny khng c hiu qu th s dng cc loi thuc di y lun phin trnh
ln thuc:
- Nhn : Nissorun, Pegasus, Dimethoate, Mitac, Rufast, Ortus, Comites, Abamectin, Kelthane
- B tr: Videci, Visher, Vifast, Trebon, Banate 40SP, Supracide, Dragon (5cc) + SK99 (20cc)/ bnh 8
lt
- Rp sp, rp bt: Acephate + cht bm dnh
- Rp vy: Malathion, Trebon
Phng tr nm bnh:
- Thi gc v thi r: Viben, Fudasol
- Thi mm: Kasai

- Thi nu: Streptomycin, Tetracylin

- Thi en: Aliette, Ridomil, Vilaxyl
- Bnh m vng, kh chy l, m nu, ho r: Tospin, Viben, Fudasol, Vicarben, Desoral
- en thn: Zin, Zineb, Carbenzim
- Bnh m l: Cabenzim + Dipamate, Cadilac, Thio M, Dipomate
- Bnh thn th, thi nu vi khun: Kasumin, Saipan + Mexyl, Saipan + Alpine, Mexyl + Alpine
Thuc tr nm bnh Aliette:
-

Chng thi r, thi thn, dng tt trong ma ma.

Thuc tr nm CARBENZIM 500FL

- Thuc tr nm ni hp v tc dng rng. Tr tt bnh Thn th trn lan.
- C th dng qut ln ch b bnh, cc vt thi nhn.
- Khng hi.
Thuc tr nm bnh Viben C
-

L thuc tr bnh c tc ng tip xc v ni hp, c ph tc dng rng tr bnh do nm v vi

khun gy ra, Tr thi gc, thi r lan

Thuc tr bnh TopSin M 70WP

- Thuc lu dn, ni hp, c tr nhiu loi bnh trn nhiu cy trng khc nhau. Chuyn tr vng
l.
Thuc tr bnh Antracol
-

Thuc tr bnh ph rng trn cy n qu, rau mu v la.

Rt an ton cho cy, phun c ngay c giai on ra bng.

Thuc tr bnh b sung vi lng km Zn++ d tiu cho cy trng mc o gip km cho cy.

Dng l nui ng, gip tng nng sut, cht lng la.

Tr nm bnh, vi khun sinh hc EXIN 4.5HP

Tr nm bnh dng sinh hoc: khng c hi cho con ngi v mi trng, khng mi.

Thuc tr su Suprathion 40EC

- Tr rp (sp, vy) rt tt, dit c kin, cun chiu.
- Hiu qu lu di.
- Lc b rp, dng 3 ln, mi ln cch nhau 3 ngy.
- Dng bn chi nh rng c vo ch b rp cng tng hiu qu s dng. Sau phun ton cy,
chu.
- Ch : rt hi.
Thuc tr nhn Ortus 5SC
Pha ch thuc tr nm r tin dng cho vn lan c quy m ln:
Pha 1kg Sunfat ng CuSO4 vo 80lit nc ng trong thng nha hoc lu snh, pha 1kg vi bt
vo 20 lt nc. dung dch CuSO4 vo dung dch vi bt khuy u. Dng mt cy inh st sch
nhng vo dung dch pha. Sau khi ly ra nu thy lp ng bm trn inh st bin thnh mu
en th cho thm nc vi vo cho n khi inh st khng b bin thnh mu en na th pha thm
10 lit nc em ra s dng.

MT S SU BNH HI LAN H IP & BIN PHP PHNG TR

Cc biu hin ca vn lan h ip b virus thng thy nh: L c m trong, mu xanh khng
u, c ch xanh nht, c ch xanh m. Hoa c mu khng u xen ln nhng vt trng, hoa nh,
cnh ngn. Cy thng cn ci, khng pht trin c.
A. Su hi trn lan h ip
1. Rp son (Scale insects) ht nha lan:
L loi rp c v mu nu. Loi rp ny thng bm vo l ht nha v thi ra cht c lm hi
cy. Do phi phng tr thng xuyn hn ch kh nng sinh sn ca chng ( loi ny sinh
sn rt nhanh v gy hi ln cho vn lan). Phng tr bng cch tiu dit bng tay hoc dng cc
thuc nh Regent, Lannate, supracide...theo nng khuyn co trn bao b, phun 1 tun 1 ln cho
n khi tiu dit hon ton.
2. B tr (Thrips) ht nha cy lan:

Thng xut hin trong cc gi th c cu to bng x da, v cy mc, dn vn hoc do s dng

qu nhiu cc loi phn hu c di dng xc nh: Bnh du, phn b... B tr l mt vn
thng gp trn cy lan vanda, dendrobiums v t xut hin hn trn lan h ip. Bi v chng kh
nh (khong 1-5 mm), nn rt kh nhn thy bng mt thng. Du hiu cy h ip b nhim b
tr: l b bin dng v cnh hoa b h hi do l ngun thc n ca chng. B tr thng xuyn
tn cng chi v nh tng trng mi ht nha cy.
C th dng cc loi thuc nh Bassa nng 20cc/8lit, confidor... nn phun nga thng xuyn
2ln/ thng.
B tr l rt nh v c th khng c ch cho n khi thit hi ng k c thc hin trn
cy lan.
3. c sn, nht n l lan h ip:
N thng ph hoi n ht cc r non v tit ra nhng cht lm thi cc chi mi mc. Cn ri
thuc dit sn nht vo nhng khi c thi tit qu m.
4. Nhn (red spider mites) lm l h ip ho rng:
L loi cn trng rt nh, khng di hn mm, di knh lp quan st c dng nh con rp, c 8
chn, thng c mu vng lc non ri chuyn thnh mu khi trng thnh, n thng chui trong
b l ca cy, nm kn phn gc l, gy hi lm l ho v rng. Xut hin nhiu vo ma kh, t
hn vo ma ma. Nhn sinh si v pht trin rt nhanh, khi pht hin phi dit tr ngay nu
khng cy s ngng pht trin. Phi dng thuc thng xuyn v lin tc dit c trng thnh
v trng, cc thuc thng dng l: Commite, Nissorun, Polytrin ... dng theo liu lng khuyn
co v xt thng vo lc 8-9 gi sng khi c nng th hiu qu tiu dit cao.
B. Bnh do nm xut hin trn lan h ip
1. Bnh thi en (black rot):
Thng gp vo ma ma nhng vn c m cao hoc ti nc qu nhiu. Bnh ny
thng gy thit hi nghim trng: Cy thng cht nhiu v nhanh chng, nht l i vi cy con.
Bnh thng xut hin gc, r ri v lan dn ln thn cy. Ban u pht sinh chi non lm chi
thi thnh mu nu, khi cm vo th ri khi thn d dng, mm nhng v y nc. Nguyn nhn
l do nm Collectotrichum sp v Phytophthora sp. nhng phn ln l do nm Phytophthora sp. gy
ra. Vic bn phn ho tan khng ht khi ti cho cy s lm cy bm ngn v lm nm bnh d
gy hi. Ngoi ra trong ma ma, nu ti phn c hm lng m cao cng l nguyn nhn gy
bnh.
Phng tr: cy con thng d b bnh hn, nn tch cy b bnh ra ring v s dng thuc nga
cho nhng cy cn li bng cch phun hay nhng c cy vo dung dch thuc nm. cy ln th

ct b phn b thi, nu thi t th rt b t v phun thuc nm vo. Cc thuc dit nm c th s

dng l: Kasumin, TopsinM, CuzateM8, Score,super Tilt...theo nng khuyn co ca thuc.
2. Bnh m vng (Anthracnose):
L c chm trn mu nu , nu chy ri lan rng ra thnh nhiu vng trn ng tm, sau cng s
kh chy. Du vt to nh tu theo tng loi lan v tu theo tng mi trng m nm pht trin, nu
ma nhiu th l s b thi ngay. Nguyn nhn l do nm Glocosporium sp. v Collectotrichum sp.
gy ra. Bnh thng xut hin vo ma ma nn phi phng nga trc, thng x l bng cch
ct b l b bnh v phun cc loi thuc nh : Mancozep, Dithal, Vicaben...theo nng khuyn
co.
3. Bnh kh l (Leaf blight):
Bnh ny thng gp nhiu nh bnh m vng v hai bnh ny thng pht sinh cng mt lc
nn bnh ny cng trm trng hn.
Triu chng: Giai on u l kh sau bin thnh mu nu nht, thng khi u bng mt
chm en trn l, c th t u l kh dn vo hay t gc l lan nhanh ln ri kh ht c l.
Nguyn nhn: do nm thuc ging Phylostica gy ra, pht trin do bo t v pht tn trong khng
kh nh gi.
Phng tr: Phun thuc Score hay Super Tilt 5 ngy/ln cho n khi cy ht bnh.
4. Bnh ho r (Wilt):
Nm Sclerotium rolfsii gy ho r lan h ip
Bnh ho r l bnh thng thng nhng khng km phn quan trng n l tr ngi ln cho nhng
ngi trng phong lan. Bnh ny t xut hin trn a lan.
Triu chng: R kh dn, cy cn nh gp bnh ny c hin tng l a vng t di ln v cht
c cy. i vi cy pht trin tt th cy khng cht nhng r b kh mc v s lm cho cy
chm pht trin, nu r kh nhiu th cy cng yu nhiu.
Nguyn nhn: Do nm Sclerotium rolfsii gy nn, cn gi l nm hch, nhng hch ny c th tn
ti trong mi trng rt lu, khi c iu kin m v nhit cao nhng hch ny pht trin thnh
si nm v gy bnh rt nhanh, nu khng cha tr ngay th c th lm h ht c vn.
Phng tr: C th dng cc loi nh Anvil, Sumi eight ...phun vo phn gc r tun 2 ln khi bt u
chm bnh.
C. Bnh do vi khun trn lan h ip

1. Bnh thi mm (Bacterial Soft and Brown Rot - Erwinia)

Triu chng: T mt chm nh bt ngun t mt du bm trn ngn l do git nc ma qu
mnh gy ra ri lan nhanh thnh mu nu nh b phng nc si, ch cn s tay vo mt t thy
dnh tay, sau s thi ht c chi.
Nguyn nhn: Do vi khun Erwinia Carotovora gy nn, thng gp nhng vn c m cao,
chm sc khng y v pht trin mnh vo ma ma. Thng vi khun ny lm hi cy do cc
vt thng hoc do su b cn, bnh ny ly lan rt mnh, cy c th cht sau 2-3 ngy nhim
bnh.
Phng tr: Ct phn b thi ri em c cy ngm vo dung dch Kasumin 5g/lit trong vng 10 pht
hoc dng Agrimycin hay dung dch 1gam thuc tm pha trong 10 lt nc. Ngng ti nc 2-3
ngy sau khi phun thuc. Trong trng hp b bnh nng, nn ly cy ra khi chu ri ngm vo
nc thuc trn, sau chuyn sang trng vo chu mi. Gi ng chu lan b bnh dng dung
dch foocmol t l 1: 50 pha vi nc v lau sch. Sau cn phun xt li vn lan hon ton ht
bnh.
2. Bnh thi nu (Bacterial Brown Spot)
Triu chng: Xut hin nhng chm mu xanh m trn l, trn, lan rng rt nhanh. T bo ni
bin thnh mu nu hay en, mm nhng v cha y nc. Nu lu cc vt bnh ny s
lan ra c cy rt nhanh.
Nguyn nhn: Do vi khun Phytomonas ? (Acidovorax (syn. / ng danh Pseudomonas) gy ra
cng vi s tn thng c hc trong ma ma.
Phng tr: Hn ch cc nguyn nhn gy tn thng c hc cho cy trong ma ma, gi cho
vn lan khng b qu m. Dng khng sinh trong nng nghip nh Agrimycin phun cho c vn
v ngng ti nc 2-3 ngy. C th dng 1gam Strep- tomycin + 2vin Tetracylin 500 ho tan vo
1,5 lt nc tr bnh cho cy. C th dng theo cch tr bnh nh bnh thi mm trn.
D. Bnh do virus trn lan h ip
Botrytis Petal Blight / Bnh (lm) tn cnh hoa
Cc biu hin ca vn lan b virus thng thy nh: L c m trong, mu xanh khng u, c
ch xanh nht, c ch xanh m. Hoa c mu khng u xen ln nhng vt trng, hoa nh, cnh
ngn. Cy thng cn ci, khng pht trin c. Cattleya thng gp virus gy nn bnh sc
trng hoa. Bnh virus rt d ly lan qua dng c tch chit, qua cc cn trng chm ht gy hi.
Nn cch ly hon ton cy b bnh virus vi nhng cy khc. Khng c cch cha tr no khc
ngoi vic phi t b cy b bnh, kh trng dng c tch chit v v sinh vn.

CC DU HIU BNH TRN L LAN

Nhn vo l lan ngi ta c th bit tnh trng ca cy lan ra sao:
1. L xanh m v qut quo: du hiu thiu nh sng.
2. L vng a cy ci cc: qu nhiu nh sng, qu nng.
3. L cng ct v hi ng mu vng: va nh sng.
4. L b m thi v loang dn: b bnh thi l thi t.
5. L b chm, c sc, c qung: triu chng b vi rt.
6. L b m nhng khng loang: ng nc v b lnh.
7. u l b chy: mui ng trong chu v bn qu nhiu, hoc l gi.
8. L nhn nheo: thiu m hay thi r.

Thiu nng v r khng tt

Thi l

Virus

Virus

L gi

Nhiu phn bn

B lnh

Rp t v b bnh

CHT IU HO SINH TRNG (HORMONES)

Cht iu ho sinh trng l g? Cht iu ho sinh trng l cc hp cht hu c hay nhn to
m tc ng s pht trin v nhn ging. Chng sn sinh trong cy (nh pht trin n) kim sot
s pht trin.
Auxins

Auxins c tc dng tng di cc t bo, pht trin r v chi t hnh thnh. Chng ngn chn s
pht trin chi nhnh (iu ny chi bo m tnh di truyn n nh). Auxins thng thng dng
trong mi trng nui cy m, hoc l phi hp vi cytokinins lc tng di ca thn hoc khng c
cytokinins cho b r.

Tn
Indole-3-Acetic Acid
Indole-3-Butyric Acid
Naphthalene Acitic Acid
Phenylacetic Acid
Dichlorphenoxyacetic Acid
2,4,5-Trichlorphenoxyacetic Acid
Picloram
Dicamba
p-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid

Ch vit tt
IAA
IBA
NAA
PAA
2,4D
2,4,5-T

CPA

Cytokinins
Cytokynins, trc y gi l kinins, ng vai tr chnh trong mi trng nui cy m phn ct t
bo, shoot multiplication v s tng trng ca chi nhnh. Chng gip lm chm s lo ha, v
chng tc ng chuyn ho auxin. Nu vic nui cy qu m yu, tng lng Cytokynin s gip
vic nui trng ngn hn, thn mn kho chc.

Tn
Benzyladenin
6-Benzylaminopurine
Pentyladenin
Dimethylallyladenin
Kinetin
Zeatin
Zeatinriboside
Isopentenyladenine
Isopentenyladenosine
Thidiazuron

Ch vit tt
BA
BAP

Z
ZR
iP
iPA
TDZ

Gibberellins
Gibberellins l mt nhm ca cht liu thin nhin xut hin vi tc dng pht trin t bo v kch
thch s tng di ca thn. Nm 1926 E. Kurasawa (ngi Nht) ghi li rng vic nhim mt loi
nm mc (tn Gibberella fugikuroi), kt qu l ht la pht trin nhanh hn bnh thng. Cht liu
l gibberellic acid, m sau c ngi ta phn lp v kt tinh t c nm mc v thc vt.

Tn
Gibberellic Acid
Chlorcholinchlorid

Ch vit tt
GA
CCC

CC LOI BNH THNG GP HOA PHONG LAN

Trong nui trng hoa lan thng gp nhng dng dch hi ph bin sau:
1. Bnh do vivus:
Bnh do virus gy ra trn hoa lan thng xut hin 2 dng sau: virus gy khm l v virus lm
khn cy.
Virus gy khm l: gy hin tng bin vng trn l v hoa. l non c nhng sc hay m
mu xanh nht hay mu vng xen k vi nhng vt xanh m trn phin l. Trn nhng cy b
nhim nng, cy khng pht trin, b r ci cc. Bnh thng xut hin trong nhng vn lan
km chm sc hoc trn nhng cy lan b tch chit nhiu ln m khng kh trng dng c.
Ry rp chch ht cng l mt trong nhng tc nhn lm ly lan dng bnh ny.
Virus gy khn cy: lm cho cy khng pht trin bnh thng, l tr nn dy hn, c mu xanh
m, mt l g gh, phin l cng.
Bnh do virus khng c thuc c tr. Khi thy trong vn c nhng cy lan c biu hin trn,
cn phi cch ly chm sc ring nu cy b nhim nh. Trong trng hp cy b nhim nng
cn phi t b trnh ly lan sang cc cy kho mnh. Cn ch l phi kh trng dng c
sau mi ln tch chit 01 cy v quan tm n cng tc phng tr ry rp, lm v sinh mt chu
v vn lan thng xuyn.
2.

Bnh do vi khun:
Bnh thi nu: Vt bnh mu nu nht, hnh trn, mng nc, v sau chuyn sang mu nu
en. Bnh gy hi trn l, thn, mm gy nn hin tng thi (c mi kh chu).
Nguyn nhn bnh do khum Erwinia carotovora gy ra.
Bnh thi mm: Vt bnh c dng bt nh, ng nc, mu trng c, thng lan rng theo
chiu rng ca phin l. Trong iu kin m cao s gy hin tng thu ng. Trong iu kin
kh ro, m bnh kh, teo tp v c mu trng xm.
Bnh do vi khun Pseudomonas Glagioli gy ra.

3.

Bnh do nm:
Bnh en thn cy con: Vt bnh xut hin gc thn hoc c r, c mu nu, sau lan dn
lm kh on thn gn gc v c r, vt bnh chuyn sang mu en. L chuyn sang mu
vng, cong d hnh. Cy con b bnh thng cht sau 2-3 tun, trong cn hnh thng c vt
mu tm hay hng nht.

Bnh do nm Fusarium oxysporum gy ra.

Bnh m l: Vt bnh thng c hnh thoi hoc hnh trn nh mu xm nu, xut hin mt
di l. Bnh lm vng l, d rng, cy sinh trng km.
Bnh do nm Cercospora sp. gy ra.
Bnh thn th: Vt bnh thng c hnh trn nh, mu nu vng, xut hin t mp l, chp l
hoc gia phin l, kch thc trung bnh 3-6mm. Gia vt bnh hi lm c mu xm trng,
xung quanh c g nh mu nu , trn m bnh c nhiu chm nh mu en.
Bnh do nm Colletotrichicm gloeosrioides gy ra.
Bnh thi hch: Xut hin trn gc thn, vt bnh mu vng nht, chuyn dn sang mu vng
nu, thn cy teo tp, l vng, nhn nheo, cy sinh trng yu, bnh nng s gy cht cy.
Bnh do nm Sclerotium rolfsu gy ra.
Bnh m vng trn cnh hoa: Vt bnh nh, mu en hi lm, hnh trn c vn ng tm.
Bnh gy hi ch yu trn hoa lm hoa km mu sc v mau tn. Trn m bnh thng c lp
nm mu en, gp iu kin nng m ko di s gy nh hng n c b l.
Bnh do nm Alternaria Ap gy ra.
Bnh m nu trn cnh hoa: Vt bnh ban u l mt chm nh mu nu, hi li, v sau lan
rng thnh m ln mu nu nht. Bnh lm hoa mt gi tr.
Bnh do nm Curvularia eragotidis gy ra.
Bnh thi en ngn: Vt bnh ban u l mt im nh, ng nc, c mu nu en. Bnh gy
hi ch yu trn l non, ngn v chi cy lan lm cho nh b thi nhn lan dn xung di lm
l v cung l b thi, d rng. Bnh c th gy thnh dch trong iu kin m cao vi nhit
khong 200C.
Bnh do nm Phytopthora palmivora gy ra.
Bnh m l: Ban u vt bnh l mt m nh mu vng hi lm, pht trin dn theo chiu
dc ca l v v sau c hnh bu dc, gia c mu trng xm, xung quanh c mu nu en.
Gia m bnh v m lnh c mt qung mu nu .
Bnh do nm Phyllosticta sp gy ra.
Bnh tn cnh hoa do nm Botrytis cinerea,
Bnh thi trng r do nm Rhizoctonia solani,

Bnh m vng do nm Cercospora dendrobii gy ra..

Cn c mt s bnh gy ra bi cc nguyn nhn iu kin mi trng hoc dinh dng
khong.
4.

Cn trng gy hi:
B tr: (Thripspalmi v Dichromothrips Corbetti):L loi cn trng nh, c mu vng nht. Chch
ht trn trn l non li nhng m vung mu vng sng, sau chuyn dn sang mu nu
en. Chch ht trn cnh hoa li nhng vt chch trong sut v c mt chm vng gia .
Nhn : L mt dng ve k sinh, di chuyn nhanh, lc nh c mu vng cam, khi trng thnh
c mu . Khi chch ht chng li trn l, hoa nhng m nh mu nu. Thng ph bin
trong nhng vn lan thiu chm sc hoc b kh hn ko di.
Rp: y l loi cn trng gy hi ph bin trn nhiu vn lan, thng tp trung chch ht l
non, chi non, u r, pht hoa, chi hoa, lm cho cy pht trin ci cc, hoa b rng cung
hoc khng n. Rp chch ht to thnh nhng vt vng nu hoc thm en. Sn phm bi tit
ca chng to iu kin cho nm than en pht trin, nht l trong iu kin ma m ko di.
Ph bin nht l:
Rp xanh en: Pleotrichophorus chrysanthemi Theobald.
Rp nu en: Macrosiphoniella sanbornici Gillette.
Rp xanh: Coloradoa rufomaculata Wilson
Su hi: C nhiu loi su hi, nhng thng gp l su khoang (Spodoptera sp), thng cn
ph chi non, pht hoa non.
Oc sn, Nht: l cc loi nhuyn th, thng tp trung cn ph vo ban m. Cc on r non,
cy non, chi, pht hoa l nhng mc tiu cn ph chnh ca cc loi nhuyn th.
* Mt s bin php phng tr: Khi pht hin trong vn lan bt u c nhng cy b nhim bnh
phi theo di v xc nh c th nguyn nhn gy bnh c bin php phng chng thch hp.
i vi cc biu hin do nm bnh gy ra, ty theo tng i tng gy bnh m chn la
phng php cng nh loi thuc phng tr.
Mt s thuc phng chng c th dng nh sau:
* Bnh do nm phn trng v g st: C th dng cc loi Score 250ND:2-3 ml/bnh phun 8 lt
Anvil 5SC:3-4 ml/bnh phun 8 lt

* Bnh thi en ngn, m l: C th dng cc loi: Aliette 80NP:20 gr/bnh phun 8 lt Ridomil
MZ 72 WP:20 gr/bnh phun 8 lt Daconil 500 SC15 gr/bnh phun 8 lt
* Bnh thn th, m l, thi hch, mc xm hi hoa.C th dng Topsin M 70 WP5-10 gr/
bnh phun 8 lt Benlate20 gr/bnh phun 8 lt
* Bnh l c r, nm gy hi trong gi th: C th dng Anvil 5 SC3-4 ml/ bnh phun 8 lt Rovral
50 Wp10 gr/bnh phun 8 lt
* Cn trng gy hi: B tr: Dng Decis;Danitol; BT. Rp: Dng Supracide;Karate; ApplaudMipe. Su khoang: Dng Decis ; Sumicidin ; Polytrin ;
Oc sn, nht: Ri vi gn chu hoa, t b
Cc loi thuc tr su hi nn dng theo liu lng khuyn co.
i vi cc loi nm bnh nn thng xuyn phun phng bng cc loi thuc ph thng nh
Zineb, Boordeaux, Kasumin.theo nh k 7-10 ngy ln.
Mt s dng bnh do vi khun gy ra c th dng thm cc loi khng sinh nh Streptomocin
(100-150 ppm) phng tr.
Qua kho st mt s vn a lan b h hi trong nhng nm gn y, chng ti nhn thy vic
s dng gi th dn cy xay nhuyn, trn vi phn d lm gi th chnh ang c s dng
hu ht cc vn a lan ti Lt. Gi th loi ny nhanh phn hy, kt vn v ngm nc
rt cao nn gy h hi 100% b r ca cy lan, gy nn hin tng thi c, thi t. Bn
cnh , mt s vn lan khng bo m thng thong y chu nn tnh trng ng gi
th din ra cng mnh m hn. Khc phc tnh trng ny, tt nht l thay mi ton b gi th
sau khi ta b nhng c lan b h hi, ta r h thi, x l bng Benlate C (ngm c, r trong
dung dch benlate 25% trong 30 pht, ro, trng v ni mt 7-10 ngy, sau chm sc
bnh thng).

KINH NGHIM TR BNH HO R HI PHONG LAN

Hi: Ti c chi mt s gi lan H ip v ng Lan, dng rt p, b r khe mu trng xm
nhn rt hp dn. Nhng vo ma ma va qua khng r ti sao ch sau mt s t ma di
ngy th thy c nhng r b ho kh xp, khng cn cng chc nh trc, v sau chng
chuyn dn sang mu nu en ri mc ra. Xin cho bit l hin tng g? Liu c nh hng
n vic ra hoa ca cy lan khng? Nu c xin c ch dn cch khc phc?

Tr li:
Hin tng m cc bn m t rt ging triu chng ca bnh ho r (Wilt), nu ng nh vy
th y l bnh ho r do nm Sclerotium rolfsii sacc gy ra.
Bnh thng gy hi nhiu trn mt s ging lan nh Phalaenopsis (H ip): Dendrobium
(ng lan); Cattleya (Ct lan)...Vi nhng ging c b r to, khe, chc nh Vanda (Vn lan)...
bnh thng hi t hn. i vi nhng cy lan cn nh va mi c ra ngi nu r b hi th
b l s vng dn, nu nng c th b cht. Vi nhng cy lan trng thnh ang pht trin
tt th t b cht hn, nhng r kh v mc s lm cho cy chm pht trin, yu t, ci cc v
chc chn s nh hng n vic ra hoa sau ny.
Thng bnh tn cng u tin an r gn vi gc cy (ni m r tip xc nhiu vi cht
trng) v ni y c m cao (nht l nhng ngi dng v ca tri da kh hay cm x da
lm cht trng, khi ma hoc ti, nc b gi li nhiu trong ). Cn phn r nm xa gc do
khng tip xc vi cht trng, thang kh, kh ro nn t b bnh tn cng hn. Sau khi gy hi
an r gn gc bnh tip tc lan dn xung pha chp r, lm cho c b r b h hi (nh IV4a, IV-4b). Nhng r mi b bnh nu khng ch vn tng l r bnh thng, v lc r
cha c bin i nhiu v mu sc, kch thc, nhng nu s tay bp nh th thy r b kh
xp nhe, ch khng ti, cng chc nh r bnh thng. Khi tut b lp ngai ca r b bnh
ra th phn li r bn trong vn cn dai chc. Nu gp thi tit ma m nhiu th ch b bnh b
mc v chuyn dn sang mu nu en.
hn ch tc hi ca bnh cc bn c th p dng mt s bin php sau y:
-Nu tri ma di ngy lin tc nn dng vi Nilon che pha trn gin lan hn ch bt nc
ma xi xung chu lan.
-V cht trng, khng nn dng cc vt liu c tnh gi nc lu di nh v da kh, cm x
da...nn dng dn si, than ci cht trng khng gi nc nhiu d to iu kin cho bnh
pht sinh, pht trin.
-Vo nhng thi im c m khng kh cao nn gim bt lng nc ti v c ti trong
ngy.
-Khng nn treo cc chu lan st st nhau gin lan lun c thng thang, gim bt m
khng kh trong gin lan, ng thi hn ch s ly lan ca bnh t chu ny sang chu khc.
-Khng nn che chn qa kn xung quanh gin lan lun c thng thang, c nhiu nh
sng tn x tt cho cy lan.
-Khng nn dng nhiu phn bn c hm lng m cao, lm cho cy xanh mt, b r mm
yu, sc chng vi bnh km.

-Khi cy nhim bnh cn ct b ht nhng r b bnh treo chu lan cch ly ra mt khu
ring sau dng mt trong cc lai thuc nh: Benlate 50WP; Fundozol 50WP; Bendazol
50WP; Vicarben 50BTN; Topsin-M 50WP; Derosal 50SC... phun xt. Sau khi phun xt thuc
nn b mt vi c ti thuc khng b ra tri.
CCH PHNG TRNH TNH TRNG THIU HT DINH DNG CA LAN
Hoa lan khng ch cn nc, khng kh m cn cn cc cht dinh dng khc nhau t gi th,
phn bn c th sinh trng v pht trin mnh. Nu thiu cc cht dinh dng nh m,
ln, kali lan s tr nn cn ci, thiu sc sng v khng th no ra hoa c.
1. m:

Vi cy lan m l mt trong nhng yu t cc k quan trng cho cy, lan b thiu m s chm
snh trng thm ch l ngng sinh trng. Thiu m trong thi gian di lan s kh phn cnh,
l khng c mu xanh m l mu vng, khng c bng v l s rng dn, tuy nhin cy li
khng b cht.
khc phc tnh trng ny khi trng lan mi ngi phi ch m bo cc nguyn t N, P,
K cho cy trong thi gian trc khi chng ra chi. Khi cy c nhng biu hin thiu m chng
ta phi nhanh chng b sung bng cch s dng cc loi phn hu c c lng m cao
bn cho cy.
2. Ln:

Nhng cy lan c chi chm mc, km pht trin hoc r lu mc ra chnh l biu hin ca vic
thiu ln. Khng ch vy, khi lan b thiu ln s c cc hin tng khc nh: l cy s c mu
xanh m, vin bn ngoi hi cun li, cnh v gn l chuyn mu tm, chi hoa phn ha t.
Trong nhng trng hp cy b thiu ln ko di v trm trng th cc b phn ca cy c th b
cht.
Vi trng hp ny chng ta cng cn phi m bo cc nguyn t N, P, K cho cy khi trng.
Khi cy b bnh nn s dng Calcium Superphosphate khong 2 3% hoac85la2 dng
Monobasics Potassium Phosphate pha long xt cho cy.
3. Kali

Nu thiu kali lan s sinh trng yu, kh nng chng chi vi bnh tt rt km, vin v nh l
chuyn sang mu vng v nu, trn l c nhiu m mu xanh. Nu tnh trng nghim trng
hn th l s b cun cong, en v sau s kh ho.

Hy cn bng 3 nguyn t N, P, K cho cy, nu thy lan c hin tng thiu nhiu ln sau khi
bn 2 3 ln m th phi ngay lp tc quay li cn bng 3 nguyn t trn. Chng ta cng c
th s dng dung dch ha tan K2SO4 0,5 1% v phn thm phn bn Kali Aishi pha long
1:500 1.000 phun trn mt l ca lan.
4. Magie:
Vi cc gc lan thiu magie s xut hin nhng ng gn l thiu mu xanh lc hoc l , da
cam. Cc gc gi s chuyn sang vng hoc trm trng hn l b hoi t nhng trn din tch
nh. Vi nhng trng hp ny hy s dng dung dch Mg3(PO4)2 0,15 0,2% phun cho
cy v t 3 5 ngy phun mt ln.
5. Mangan:

Mangan cng l mt trong nhng cht dinh dng cn thit cho lan, nu b thiu lan s c
nhng m chy nng, gc gi rt d ho a. Hin tng ny thng xy ra vi nhng loi t
trung tnh, t vi hay t ct.
khc phc tnh trng ny hy s dng phn bn ln b mt l ca cy, kt hp cng vi
dung dch manganous hupophosphite 0,3% v ch nn bn khong 2 3 ln.
6. Canxi
Trng hp cy lan b thiu canxi th phn l s nhn v c hnh mc cu hoc i khi chng
cun cong hoc cun xung lng l. Phn l non b hoi t r rt v cc chi non cng b cht
theo. Trng hp ny xy ra khi t c tnh chua khin cho gc cy khng th hp th c

cc cht dinh dng nh canxi. Khi cy thiu canxi nn s dng nc vi hoc rc bt xng
m bo cy c th sinh trng nh bnh thng.
7. Km:
Khi thiu km lan s b bin hnh phin l, l gi v mu xanh km, cung l s c nhng m
ging nh b g st dnh v s lan rng n nh l. Mun ngn chn tnh trng ny chng ta c
th dng Zinc Phoshate Zn3(PO4)2 0,1 % phun ln mt l cy, cch t 3 5 ngy th phun mt
ln.
8. St:
Khi thiu st lan s khng cn gi c mu xanh na v l non s c mu vng hoc chuyn
sang trng. Nu t mt hoc t canxi vi, t khng thong kh th cy s gp tnh trng
thiu st. Khi mun khc phc tnh trng ny chng ta hy lm ti xp t thng xuyn, tng
thong kh cho cy nhm gip cc vi sinh vt c li cho hot ng ca cy. Hoc c th s
dng thm dung dch Fe3(PO4)2 0,5% phun ln l cy.
LAN B THOT HI NC, PHI LM SAO?
Lan b thot hi nc do phn r b gy, kh trong qu trnh vn chuyn s c nguy c cht rt
cao nu khng bit cch trng v chm sc chng. Lm th no cy vn c th sng tt
trong nhng trng hp nh vy? Di y l mt s iu bn cn lu khi trng lan m
chng b thot hi.
1. Chm sc gin cch

Bn s lm g khi cy hoa lan b thot hi nc? Hn vic u tin mi ngi lm l s em

chng ngm ngay vo chu nc phi khng. Vic lm ny c th gip cy lan ca bn c th
xanh ti tr li nhng ch l hin tng gi m thi, chng ta cn phi thc hin x l th

cy mi c th sng v sinh trng bnh thng c. Nu nh lan b thot hi nghim trng

s khin r b thi, cht th bn cn phi tm hiu nguyn nhn c bin php x l tt nht.
Phn tht ca r cha hm lng nc ln, s thot nc lm r kh, hp th nc nhanh
chnh l nguyn nhn ln khin lan b cht. Khi cy b thot hi nc chng s c hin tng
ht nc rt nhanh vic ny khin phn r ca cy b trng phnh ln. Nu li b ngm trong
nc lu s khin b r b tn thng nng v cy lan s cht.
x l vic ny chng ta nn thc hin x l gin cch i vi nhng cy b thot hi nc.
C th thc hin theo cch sau: t nhng cy lan b thot hi trn nn t, ti phun sng
cho cy, thc hin ti gin cch 1 ting 1 ln. Thc hin ti n khi no thy phn v r
mm, r v l cy c kh nng ht nc nh thng v chng s hi phc li trng thi ban
u.
2. Tiu c
Nhng cy lan sau khi b thot hi nc s tr nn yu hn rt nhiu, sc khng ca chng
cng km nn d mc cc loi bnh v b su hi tn cng. Thc hin tiu c cho cy s l
bin php tt nht phng tr bnh cho cy. Hy ct b nhng phn b su hi trn cy lan v
tin hnh phun thuc dit khun cho cy.
Vi nhng mi trng c m cao s l iu kin thun li su bnh v vi khun xm
nhp vo cc c quan, b phn ca cy. C th s dng thuc Broad Spectrum Fungicide
pha long vi t l 1:600 800, thm gim n pha nc t l 1:200 ti lin tc t 1 3 ln sau
khi kh.
3. Sau khi trng chu ngng chm sc

Vi nhng cy sau khi b thot hi nc s khng th no thch nghi c vi vic ht nc

ngay lp tc, vic trng trong chu c th khin cy yu hn. Tuy nhin, bn vn c th trng
trong chu nhng trc tin phi em gi th i ti m. Khi trng vo chu cn phi quan
st v ch k vic iu tit m cho cy, trnh nh sng.
4. Tng cng dng cht, thc y hi phc cho cy
S dng thuc kch thch tng trng pha long theo t l 1:1000 v ti lan, cch 3 ngy ti 1
ln, ch nn ti trn l ca lan. Sau khong 1 tun phn r s phc hi li v c th dng Lan
Khun Vng 500 n v v Triacontanol 2.000 n v bn cho cy, sau 10 ngy thc hin
ti li ln na.
CC LOI PHN BN DNH CHO LAN
S dng phn bn cho lan l mt trong nhng yu t cn thit m bo s sinh trng ca
lan. Bn phn nhm cung cp cho cy nhng dng cht, cc yu t vi lng cy khe
mnh v kch thch s ra hoa. Phn bn dnh cho lan c rt nhiu loi khc nhau, nhng ngi
ta chia ra lm 3 loi chnh l phn bn dng v c, hu c v dng kh.
Phn ha hc cn c gi vi ci tn l phn v c, trong loi phn ny c nhiu thnh phn
dinh dng cn thit cho s sinh trng ca lan. Ngi ta chia phn ha hc ra thnh 2 loi l
a lng v vi lng da trn cc thnh phn nguyn t cu thnh, cn khi cn c theo chng
loi nguyn t hm cha th n c phn phc hp v phn n nguyn.
1. Phn a lng:

Bao gm rt nhiu thnh phn vi lng khc nhau nh: st, magie, ng, km, molypden,
brum Loi phn ny kh tt cho cy lan, khi bn chng ta thy hiu qu tc ng kh nhanh,
phn tan trong nc rt tt, d s dng v tnh vt l tt.

2. Phn vi lng:
y l tn gi chung cho nhng loi phn bn c cha vi lng n nht, loi phn ny hiu
qu rt nhanh v tt, tuy nhin chng li d sinh hi do ch c thnh phn vi lng n nht. Khi
cn bn thc cho r ca cy lan chng ta c th s dng phn m nh amoni clorua, amoni
nitrat, amoni sunphat, amoni hydro cabonat
3. Phn n nguyn:
Khuyt im ca loi phn n nguyn l d gy su bnh cho cy lan, th nhng n li c tc
dng rt nhanh cho s sinh trng ca cy.
4. Phn hn hp:
y l loi phn c cha hai hoc ba nguyn t dinh dng nh nito, pht pho, kali, cng c
mt s loi c thm c cc nguyn t vi lng, chng c chia thnh 2 dng l lng v rn.
Loi phn ny thch hp cho vic bn thc r ngoi cho cy lan.
5. Phn bn hm:

Vo u nhng nm 60 ca th k XX ngi ta sn xut ra nhng th h phn bn hm u

tin ti M. Loi phn bn ny c cng dng gim s phn gii ca phn bn t 4 14 thng.
Ti Nht, phn CSR cng c sn xut vi tc dng khc phc kh nng tan nhanh ca phn
bn ha hc, thi gian i ngn, gip tit kim lng phn bn t 40 60%. Hin nay, trn th
trng c mt s loi phn bn hm ph bin nh:

+ Phn bn hm ca M sn xut: phn s cung cp nhng ht khng ch cc thnh phn phn

bn, sau khi c bn xung 18 ting n s gii phng cc thnh phn v to nn s bo ha.
Chng ta ch cn bn phn mt ln v hiu qu c th ko di n 2 nm. Cc thnh phn cu
to nn phn bn hm ny bao gm N, P, K, Mg c chia theo t l 17:40:6:12. Ty thuc vo
kch thc ca chu lan s dng s lng phn bn cho ph hp, vi chu nh s dng t
4 8 ht, chu va t 8 10 ht, vi chu ln th 10 12 ht.
+ Phn bn Scott do m sn xut: loi phn bn ny cha N:P:K theo t l 20:4:10, n khng
cha Mg nh cc loi phn khc. Hm lng N trong phn bn Scott l cao nht, chng ta c
th s dng phn bn ny kch thch s ra hoa ca cy.
+ Phn hu co do i Loan sn xut: nu mun kch thch s pht trin ca l mi ngi c th
s dng loi phn vi sinh ny, n s rt hiu qu v ko di n 60 ngy.