NAME DATE 7 Quadratic Equations and Functions 7-1 Completing the Square Objective: To solve quadratic equations by completing the square. Vocabulary Quadratic equation An equation that can be written in the form ae + bx += O(a ¥ 0). Completing the square Changing the form of a quadratic equation into the form @+ gear. Solving ax? + bx + ¢ = 0 by completing the square (See Examples 2 and 3.) Step 1 Transform the equation so that the constant term c is alone on the right side. Step 2. If-a, the coefficient of the second-degree term, is not equal to 1, then divide both sides by a. Step 3 Complete the square by adding half the coefficient of the first-degree term, (2.)?, to both sides. Step 4 Factor the left side as the square of a binomial Step 5 Complete the solution using the fact that (x + q)® = ris equivalent to req=tvr Example 1 Solve. a @ 2 =5 b. (Sx + 42 = -36 Solution = tVr b. Gr + 4? = Set the solution set is {2+ V5,2 - v3} b@- 1 =5 c Qr- IP =5 b. @ + 4) = 64 cGy +42 = 64 * b. @ +3P = -9 c. Qe + 3)? 4. — 52 = 20 z+) =-18 63y-m=-n 7 ete ‘Study Guide, ALGEBRA AND TRIGONOMETRY, Structure and Method, Book 2 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 105NAME DATE 7-1 Completing the Square (continued) Example 2 Solve x2 ~ & + 2 = O by completing the square, Solution -a&+ 2=0 Step 1 Add —2 to both sides to get ~2 alone on one side, x? — 8x -2 Step 2. Check the coefficient of x2. It is 1, so you are. 1x? — &x -2 ready to complete the square. Step 3 Add the square of half the coefficient of x to both x2 ~ & + 16 = -2 + 16 arte) sides. Thus, add (5®)*, or 16, to both sides. Step 4 Factor the left side as the square of a binomial w= 4 -4=4V8 Step 5 Solve for x as in Example 1 the solution set is {4 + VT4, 4 - 14} Example 3 Solve 3)? + Sy + 9 | Solution 32 + Sy + 9=0 Step 1 3y2 + Sy = Add 9 to both sides. | Seep? ye 3: - Divide both sides by 3 so that a = 1 54 ing (2.7 Sep3 ye Bye B= Complete the square by adding (+)*. EO | Step 4 (y+ 3y =- Factor the left side. | 3 , Step 5 yter Solve. The solution set is (5,8 | Ga a6 the square. 0 92 +274 1S =0 10. 2-5 = 3 AI, 22 8k +5 12, Sn? - 10n +7 =0 13, 3x2 10 = 12 4 yr2-y-3=0 ° 15, 2 + Sk- 10 =0 16. 32 + V+ 4=0 Mixed Review Exercises Simplify. 1 @+304-) 2. QV 3. VIS + VB 4. Giv7? _ a _ fz a = &k +7 56-2 + (-44 9 6 B+ ear ‘Study Guide, ALGEBRA AND TRIGONOMETRY, Structure and Method, Book 2 106 Copyright © by Houghton Mifin Company. All rights reserved.NAME — DATE = 7-2 The Quadratic Formula Objective: To solve quadratic equations by using the quadratic formula. Vocabulary The quadratic formula The solutions of the quadratic equation ax? + bx + ¢ = O(a # 0) are given by the formula bt VR = tac Solution _For the equation Sx? - 4x — 2 = 0,a = 5,6 = —4, andc = -2. Substitute these values in the quadratic formula. ‘Then simplify p= wee VR tae | Ya . = + V4? ~ 42) | 25) = 44 Viera | 10 4+ 10 = 4t2Vid 2+ vid 10 3 + the solution set is {2+ V6, 2 = 78) Example 1 Solve x? — 4x — 2 = 0. | The solutions just obtained are exact and expressed in simplest radical form. | In applications you may want to approximate solutions to the nearest | hundredth. Since VI4 ~ 3.7417 (from a calculator or a square root table), pw 2437417 or pw DEBIT 3 = 1.1483 or = —0.3483, *. the solution set is approximately {1.15, —0.35}. Solve each equation. Give answers involving radicals in simplest. radical form. Lt +2r-4=0 2.2 + 3y-1=0 3. p2 - 5p +3=0 4.24 4r4+2=0 5.22 -2r-2=0 6. 2 - 6k-1=0 7, 22 = 3y-5=0 8.2244 43=0 Study Guide, ALGEBRA AND TRIGONOMETRY, Structure and Method, Book 2 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved 107NAME DATE 7-2 The Quadratic Formula (continued) Example 2 Solve 2y(4y ~ 5) Solution _First rewrite the equation in the form ax? + bx + ¢ away - 5) = -5 8? = Wy = -5 8)? - 10y +5 0 Then substitute 8 for a, —10 for b, and 5 for ¢ in the quadratic formula, =b + VO = 4ac 2a | 10) & VT? = 4S) 10 + 2ivI5 16 _ Sti j 8 + the slain sets (SS, 8 Give answers involving radicals in simplest rat % 3x2 = -2r- 1 10. 1. Tn? +3 = 2n 12. 13,9 = 2m = 9 ry B24 t 16. 7 3 Solve each equation and approximate solutions to the nearest hundredth. A calculator may be helpful. 17, 32 + dx -2=0 18. Sn? — 2n = 6 19, 22t + 5) = -5 20. 3x(x — 2) = = 1.5 Solve each equation (a) by factoring and (b) by using the quadratic ‘ formula, 21. 2x2 - 50 = 0 2, 32 - 12=0 =0 24, 62 +x - 12=0 Study Guide, ALGEBRA AND TRIGONOMETRY, Struct 108 Copyright ©'by Houghton Mifin Company. All rights re ‘and Method, Book 2 26.NAME —____. DATE 7-3 The Discriminant Objective: To determine the nature of the roots of a quadratic equation by using its discriminant. Vocabulary Discriminant (D) The expression b? ~ 4ac is called the discriminant of the quadratic equation ax? + bx + ¢ = 0. It appears under the radical symbol in the quadratic formula. Roots of a quadratic equation The quadratic formula gives the two roots (or solutions) of the quadratic equation ax? + br + ¢ = 0: =b+ND ang 2a Example 1 Solve. art -3=0 db 4 - 45x45 = Solution _ First evaluate the discriininant. Then use it to find the roots. ax + 7x -3=0. D = P ~ 40-3) = 49 + 12 = 61 Dis positive. , +i gk VET The roots are real and : 2 _ 2 ‘unequal. b. 42 - 4VSx+5=0 D = (~4y5) ~ 4(4\5) = 80 — 80 = Dis zero, = ee sr The roots are real and 214) 8 2 equal. We say there p= NSD = OL 43 LS is a double root. | 2 214) & 2 ex —S5r+9=0 D = (~5? - 4(1)(9) = 25 - 36 = -11 Dis negative. = reD4Va L Ste 2 ‘The roots are imaginary ~(-5 - Y= conjugates n= Ds - S20 Solve each equation using whichever method sents easiest to you. 1.2 - 13 + 42 =0 2, n? - 2n - 35 =0 3. 4p? + 20p + 25 = 0 4.4 — 27 = 16 S. (x + 11)? = 36 6. 3y-y = 6 7. 16x + 25 = 40x 8 Gn — 82n +7) =0 9. Gx — De - 3) = -1 ‘Study Guide, ALGEBRA AND TRIGONOMETRY, Structure and Method, Book 2 Copyright ©'by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved,NAME DATE - 7-3 The Discriminant (continued) Vocabulary ‘The nature of the roots of a quadratic equation Given a quadratic equation with real coefficients and discriminant D: 1. If Dis positive, then the equation has two unequal real roots. 2. If Dis zero, then the equation has a real double root. 3. If D is negative, then the equation has two conjugate imaginary roots. Test for rational roots If a quadratic equation has integral coefficients and its, discriminant is a perfect square, or if it can be transformed into an equivalent equation that meets these conditions, then the equation has rational roots. Example 2 Without solving each equation, determine the nature of its roots. a. 4x2 — 19x + 12 =0 b. 2 + 250-4 =0 et = 649 d. 5x2 — 3x + VE =0 Solution _Evaluate the discriminant, and determine whether it is positive, zero, or negative. If it is positive or zero, apply the test for rational roots. a. D = (~19)? — 4(4)(12) = 361 — 192 = 169 = 132 (positive) The coefficients are integers and the discriminant is a perfect square. It passes the test for rational roots. The roots are unequal and rational. b. D = Qv5)2 — 4(1)(-4) = 20 + 16 = 36 = 6? (positive) The discriminant is a perfect square, but the equation doesn't pass the other conditions of the test for rational roots. The roots are unequal and irrational ¢. D = (—6)? — 4(1)(9) = 36 - 36 = 0 = OF (zero) The coefficients are integers and the discriminant is a perfect square. The roots are equal and rational, that is, there is a rational double root. d. D = (-3? — 4(5(-¥6) = 9 — 20V6 = 9 —49, or —40 (negative) The roots are imaginary conjugates. ‘Without solving each equation, determine the nature of its roots. A calculator may be helpful 10, x2 + 10x + 25 = 0 IL y? + 9y- 6 =0 12. Sx? - 6 +2=0 13. an? — dn — 7 = 0 2 - dys B41 16, V2? — 92 17. 522 — 2V10z + 2 = 0 18, 5x2 + 2VSx =. -4 Mixed Review Exercises ' Express in simplest form without negative exponents. Assume all radicals represent real numbers. 1. ots 2, 98 3. G3)! 4. 03)2)0x4y) a aycl B)-4 1 ae es 5. (WR) 6 7. (WIRY 8. (5) ‘Study Guide, ALGEBRA AND TRIGONOMETRY, Structure and Method, Book 2 110 Copyright © by Houghton Mittin Company. All rights reserved.NAME DATE 7-4 Equations in Quadratic Form Objective: To recognize and solve equations in quadratic form. Vocabulary Equation in quadratic form An equation that can be written as affix)? + bYtx)] + ¢ = 0 where a # 0 and fix) is some function of x. Example 1 Solve (2x + 5)? - 32x + 5)— 4 =0. Solution _To transform the equation into a simpler equivalent equation, replace 2x + 5 with a single variable. Let y = 2x + 5. Then y? = (2x + 5)? and the equation becomes y-3y-4=0 o- My +1) =0 Solve by factoring. yea or yer Next, substitute 2r + 5 back in for y and solve for the original variable, x. 4 or -1 4 or -1 Substitute 2x + 5 for y. -1 oo -6 Solve for x. x=-} oor x= 73 : (eee) | “1 the solution set is {—1., ~ 3] Solve each equation. : La + 22-4424 12= b. @ - 42 - 1-4) +12=0 2. a. Qx — 1? ~ Sx - 1) + 0 b. Gx + 2) - SQx + 2) +6=0 3. a, 6 — 32 + Hx - 3) -5=0 b. 61 — 2x? + 71 = 2x) — 0 Example 2 Solve 6x~? - 14-1 - 12 = 0, Solution — Let y = x71, Then y? = (4-1)? = x7? and the equation becomes 62 - Wy - 12 =0 Gy + HQy- 6 =0 Factor. By+2=0 or =0 ye-2 0 or =3 Solve for y. z zoo 3 Substitute x-1 for y. 3 a2 +o =F Solve for x. 1 the solution set is {-3., 4} Study Guide, ALGEBRA AND TRIGONOMETRY, Structure and Method, Book 2 Copyright ©by Houghton Mittin Company. All rights reserved 111NAME DATE ee 7-4 Equations in Quadratic Form (continued) CAUTION Keep in mind that the principal square root of a real number, denoted by the symbol, must be nonnegative. Be on the lookout for extraneous roots. Example 3 Solution Solve 6r — 14Vx — 12 = 0. Let y = Vi. Then y? = x and the equation becomes ay 2 vr = 2 — } is nor a solution, The principal square root cannot be negative. Factor. Solve for y. Replace y by vx. Square both sides. the solution set is {9}. Solve each equation. 4 ax - vx +8 =0 b, (x2 — 4)? - 602 - 4) + 8 =0 = or x 6) (or iNé Do all of your work in terms of x. GP + 32) - 18 = 0 2 + 6)? - 3) = 0 2 =3 Eee ae ee 5.0. 5(Z) - (4) 4 b. Sx? — Br o Example 4 Solve x4 + 3x2 - 18 = 0. Solution Method 1 Method 2 Letz = 22, Then 22 = xf and the equation becomes 243-18 @ + Oz — 3) z fore 7 a or 2 x=tV-6 or x “. the solution set is {iv6, —iv6, v3, — v3}. Solve each equation. 6a r+ 22 - 15=0 bx + 2x - 15 =0 8. a, x74 — 7x7? — 18 = 0 be x — Wk - 18 Siudy Guido, ALGEBRA AND TRIGONOMETRY, Structure and Method, Book 2 7. a. 2Gx — 42 - 3Gx - 4) +1 =0 b. ad - a +1=0 9. a. 24 + 2-3 b. 2 + 44 + O& + 4-3 = 0 112 Copyright ©'by Houghton Mittlin Company. All rights reserved.NAME TE 7-5 Graphing y — k = a(x — hj? Objective: To graph parabolas whose equations have the form y ~ k= a(x ~ hy, and to find the vertices and axes of symmetry. Vocabulary Parabola The graph of an equation in the form y — k = a(x ~ h)?, a # 0. Axis of symmetry (or axis) The line about which the two “halves” of a parabola are mirror images. The line x = ‘is the axis of the graph of y — k = a(x — hy. Vertex The point where a parabola crosses its axis. This is its highest or lowest point. The point (/, k) is the vertex of the graph of y — k = atx — hy. Example 1 Graph y ~ 1 = 2% — 3), Label the vertex and axis, Solution _ First, use the definitions to find the vertex and the axis. h=3,andk = 1. the vertex (i, K) is (3, 1), and the axis.x = fis the line x = 3. Next, make a table of values. y= - 341 y I 2 3 Finally, construct the graph by following these steps: Plot the vertex. Draw the axis using a dotted line . Plot the points from the table. |. Using the axis, plot the mirror images of the points in the table. 5. Draw a smooth curve connecting the points. Note: A parabola opens upward when a is positive, and downward when a is negative, Example 2. Graph y — 3 = — (x + 2). Label the vertex and axis. Find all intercepts. Solution 1. Since a = ~1, the parabola opens downward, Since h = —2 and k = 3, the vertex is (—2, 3). The axis of symmetry is the line x = —2. 2. To find the y-intercept, set x = 0 and solve for y. yr 3= -O+ 22 -3=-4 y= -1 © y-intercept Therefore, the graph crosses the y-axis at (0, —1). Since (0, ~1) is on the graph, its mirror image across the axis of symmetry, (—4, ~ 1), is on the graph also. (Solution continues on the next page.) ‘Study Guide, ALGEBRA AND TRIGONOMETRY, Structure and Method, Book 2 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.NAME oe DATE 7-5 Graphing y — k = a(x — h)* (continued) 3. To find any x-intercepts, set y = 0. 0-3=-@+2? 3 ty3=x42 x Since V3 ~ 1.7, the x-intercepts are: x= -24170 or x= -2-17 x= -03 or x= -37 4. Plot the vertex (—2, 3) and the intercepts. ‘Then complete the curve using symmetry. Note: There are no x-intercepts when the graph is all above or all below the x-axis. Graph each equation. Label the vertex and axis of symmetry. Find all intercepts. ley = -42 By-2= -2 dy ede de y= 1F 6 y= Gt Ly d= 36 + By 2= -~ - 37 SyH W.y-3=-te-2F Wy + 2=j6 +P Example 3 Find an equation for the parabola with vertex (—3, 2) and containing (1, 8). Solution Substitute (—3, 2) for (h, &) in the equation y — k = at — hi): y—2 = ale = (= 3% y-2= ae + 3P ‘Since the parabola contains the point (1, 8), the coordinates of this point must satisfy the equation. Substitute (1, 8) for (x, y) and solve for a: 8-2=a(l +37 16a a= 8 +, an equation of the parabola is y = 2 = 30 + 32 Find an equation y - k = a(x — h)? for each parabola described. 12, Vertex (0, 6); 13. Vertex (2, 3): 14, Vertex (4, —7); contains (1, 3) contains (1, ~2) contains (8, 1) Mixed Review Exercises ‘Without solving each equation, determine the nature of its roots. 1, 3? - Sx +#4-=0 2.42 + 12 +9=0 Barta n Solve each equation over the complex numbers. 4xtve-12=0 5. ax + 8 + 5=0 6 xt 6 +8=0 Study Guide, ALGEBRA AND TRIGONOMETRY, Structure and Method, Book 2 114 Copyright © by Houghton Mittin Company. All rights reserved. — -NAME : DATE 7-6 Quadratic Functions Objective: To analyze and graph a quadratic function, and find its minimum or maximum value. Vocabulary Quadratic function A function that can be written in either of two forms. General form: fix) = ax? +bx + c (a # 0) Completed-square form: fix) = atx — hy? + k (a # 0) ‘The general form can be transformed into the following form. BB 4ac) =o fo (- EM) = oe - 3) This isthe equation of a parabola with vertex (h, &) = (-2., - Maximum or minimum value (of a quadratic function) The y a coordinate at the vertex of the graph of that funetion, that is, when x = ~ 2, You can tell whether the y-coordinate is a maximum or a minimum value by applying the following test Let fix) = ax? + bx + c,a #0, Ifa < 0, the graph of f opens downward, and f has a maximum value. Ifa > 0, the graph of f opens upward, and f has a minimum value. Example 1 Graph fix) = 3(x — 1)? + 2. Solution —_Replace fix) with y: fe) =30 - 2 +2 y =30 - WF +2 yn 2=30 — 17 The last equation is the equation of a parabola with vertex (1, 2) and axis x = 1, and it opens upward. Example 2a, Show that the graph of ffx) = 2x? — 8x + 3 is a parabola, b. Find the vertex and graph the parabola. the graph is a parabola, since the last equation is in the form y - k = a(x — HY. d. Since h = 2 and k = —5, the vertex is (2, 5). Since a = 2, a is positive and the parabola ‘opens upward. Solution a. You must show that f can be written in the form y — k = a(x — A)? Step 1 »Replace fix) with y. y = 22 - ar +3 Step 2 ‘Subtract the constant term from both sides. y-3 tte Step 3 Factor so that the coefficient of x? is 1 yr 202 - 4x) Step 4 Complete the square in x. yr3 42-4 = 42 - 44 4) yrs = Ar - 2? ‘Study Guide, ALGEBRA AND TRIGONOMETRY, Structure and Method, Book 2 Copyright © by Houghton Miffin Company. All rights reserved.NAME DATE 7-6 Quadratic Functions (continued) Graph each function. Follow the method of Example 1. L fy =? -2 2. fa) = 2-2 3. Ae) = (+ BPS 4. fi) = Ax - 32 - 5 5. fix) — 2 + 12 6. fix) = 5 - fe +32 Graph each function by finding its vertex. Follow the method of Example 2. 7. gx) =P + Oe 8. h(x) = 2? + 4x — 2 9, fix) = -2 - ae $1 10. h(x) = 12x - 2x? I, fis) = 3x2 - 12x + 12 12. gtx) = 52 +241 Example 3 Given the function fix) = —3x? — 6x + 3, find (a) its maximum value or minimum value, (b) the vertex of its graph, (c) its domain, (d) its range, and © its zeros, Solution _a. Since a = —3, a < O and fas a maximum value. This maximum is the ot - value of f when x = — 3 1 Find the maximum value by substituting ~ 1 for x in the original funetion. A=) = -HH1P - (-1) +3 = -34643=6 ©, the maximum value of fis 6. . From part (a), we can conclude that the vertex is (1, 6). . fis defined for all real values of x. So the domain D = {real numbers} d. We know from part (a) that the maximum value of this function is 6. So the range R = {y:y 5 6} e. The zeros of f are the same as the roots of fx) = 0, that is, the zeros are the x-intercepts of the graph of f. Let flx) = 0, and use the quadratic formula to find the roots. fix) = —32 - 6 +3 oo) 0 = -3¢ - 6 +3 p= TOO VI EDA) oy cvzo = 648 =6 - eee ~ Solve the following equations. Check each answer as in Example 1. 232 +u-4=0 Le sr-6 3.324 5=- 4.42-7=0 Example 2 Solution nd the sum of the roots and the product of the roots, ‘Then use these values in the formula for a quadratic equation given in Theorem 1 sum of roots = 23 4 product of roots = . 22 — (eum of rootsix + (product of roois) = 0:2 - 4x + To clear fractions, multiply both sides of the equation by 9. J the quadratic equation is 9x2 — 12x + 1 = 0. Study Guide, ALGEBRA AND TRIGONOMETRY, Structure and Method, Book 2 : 417 Copyright © by Houghton Miftin Company. All rights reservedNAME, - DATE — 7-7 Writing Quadratic Equations and Functions (continued) Find a quadr: ic equation with integral coefficients having the given roots. 5.3.5 91+ V5,1- V5 , -3iN3 12. § - 21,5 + 2 Example 3 Find a quadratic function fx) = ax? + bx + c such that the minimum value of fis 4 and the graph of f has x-intercepts — 1 and 7. Solution The x-intercepts of the graph of fare also the roots of the equation fix) You can use them to write the equation, The sum of the roots is —1 + 7 and the product of the roots is —1(7) = 7, so fis) = a? = 6x ~ 7). Since the minimum value of fis ~4, the y-coordinate of the vertex of the graph is —4. To find the x-Coordinate of the vertex, note that the axis of symmetry intersects the x-axis at a point midway between the x-intercepts. This means the x-coordinate of the vertex is the average of the x-intercepts: 147 2 Therefore, the vertex is (3, —4). Since the vertex lies on the graph of f, you can substitute its coordinates in the equation of fto find a. fix) = a2 - 6 - 7) —4= dG? - 6-3-7) = 16a Find a quadratic function fix) = ax? + bx + c for each parabola described. 15. Maximum value 2 16. Minimum value ~ 18 17. Maximum value 4 x-intercepts —3 and 1 avintercepts — 1 and 5 a-intercepts 0 and 6 Mixed Review Exercises Sketch the graph of each equation. Ly -1=(@- 37 2. x + Sy =6 yeoteart 4.y=2 ind the domain and zeros of each function, If there are no zeros, say so. S.ga)=Se4+3 GA =P-&+3 TRY =-1 &HW= 7 ‘Study Guide, ALGEBRA AND TRIGONOMETRY, Structure and Method, Book 2 118 Copyright © by Houghton Miflin Company. Al rights reserved,