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Chapter7
ATOMICORBITALS
Atomicorbitalsareregionsinspacewheretheelectronismostlikelytobefound.
AtomicOrbitalsareof4typesthatdifferin:
theirshape
thenumberoforbitalsthatgrouptogether
theirenergy
I.sOrbitalsarethesimplestorbitals
Theshapeofansorbitalisspherical.
Ansorbital occursalone(thereisonlyonesorbitalinanyparticularenergylevel)
regionswheretheelectrons
aremostlikelytobefound
1s2s1s
onesorbitalinthefirstenergylevel
onesorbitalinthefirstenergylevel
and
onesorbitalinthesecondenergylevel
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Chemistry101
Chapter7
II.porbitals
Theshapeofaporbitalislikeadumbbell
(twolobesarrangedalongastraightlinewiththenucleusbetweenthelobes)
nucleus
porbitalsoccuringroupofthreesetatrightanglestoeachother
(therearethreeporbitalsinanyparticularenergylevel)
III.dorbitals
Theseorbtalshavecomplexshapes
They occuringroupoffive(thereare
fivedorbitalsinanyparticularenergy
level)
IV.forbitals
Theseorbitalshavecomplexshapes
They occuringroupofseven(therearesevenforbitalsinanyparticularenergylevel)
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Chemistry101
Chapter7
IMPORTANTPOINTSTOREMEMBERABOUTORBITALS:
1. Theenergyofthedifferenttypesoforbitalsincreasesinthefollowingorder
spdf
Energyincreases
Rememberthetypeoforbitalsinincreasingenergyorder:
SomePeopleDontForget
2. Orbitalsoccurinaspecificnumberinagroup:
ORBITALS
OCCURINGROUPOF
1(alone)
3. Severalorbitalsofthesametypeform(constitute)anEnergy Sublevel(sometimescalleda
Subshell)
Thereareseveraltypesofsublevels,dependingonthetypesof orbitalstheycontain:
an
a
a
an
ssublevel
psublevel
dsublevel
fsublevel
contains:
contains:
contains:
contains:
onesorbital
threeporbitals
fivedorbitals
sevenforbital
4. Severalsublevelswithclosevaluesofenergyform(constitute)anEnergyLevel (sometimes
calledanElectronShell)
1st EnergyLevelcontains:
2nd EnergyLevelcontains:
3rd EnergyLevelcontains:
4th EnergyLevelcontains:
5th EnergyLevelcontains
onesublevel : 1s
twosublevels : 2s
threesublevels: 3s
four sublevels: 4s
fivesublevels: 5s
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2p
3p
4p
5p
3d
4d
5d
4f
5f,
5g
Chemistry101
Chapter7
TheStructureoftheEnergyLevels
4f
4d 4th EnergyLevel(n=4)
4p
3d
4s
3rd EnergyLevel(n=3)
3p
3s
2p
2nd EnergyLevel(n=2)
2s
1st EnergyLevel(n=1)
1s
Note: Energyvaluesincreasewithincreasingvaluesofn.
Asnincreases:
thespacingbetweensuccessivelevelsdecreases
thestructureoftheenergylevelsbecomesmorecomplex
Result:Fromthe3rd EnergyLevel,thesublevelsstartto overlap:
4sislowerthan 3d
5sislowerthan 4d
6sislowerthan 5d
6sislowerthan 4f
7sislowerthan 5f
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Chemistry101
Chapter7
QUANTUMNUMBERSANDATOMICORBITALS
Eachorbitalisdescribedby3quantumnumbers:
1. PRINCIPALQUANTUMNUMBER(n)
IdentifiestheEnergyLevelinwhichtheorbitalisfound
ncanhaveonlypositivevalues n=1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,..
o thesmallernis,thelowertheenergy
nalsodeterminestheSizeoftheOrbital:
Forexample:
Anorbitalina3rd energylevel(n=3)islargerthanan orbitalinthe2nd energylevel(n=2)
Anorbitalinthesecondenergylevelislargerthananorbitalinthefirstenergylevel(n=1)
EnergyLevelsaresometimesalsoreferredtoasElectronShellsanddesignatedbyletters
(startingfromK,inalphabeticalorder)
Energylevel(n):1
2 3 4 5 6
Energyincreases
ElectronShell:
M N
TheFirstEnergyLevel(n=1)isalsoreferredtoasthe Kshell
TheSecondEnergyLevel(n=2)isalsoreferredtoastheLshell,andsoon.
2. SECONDARYQUANTUMNUMBER(l)
AlsocalledAngularmomentumQuantumNumberorAzimuthal QuantumNumber
ldistinguishesorbitalsofdifferentshapes
lidentifiesdifferentsublevels(alsoreferredtoassubshells)
Foragivenn(aspecificenergylevel):lcanhavethefollowingvalues:0,1,2,3,..(n1)
Forexample:
For n=1 (1st energylevel)
l=0(onlyonetypeoforbitalshapeexistswhichisspherical)
(identifiesthe1ssublevel)
For n=2 (2nd energylevel)
l=0:onesphericalorbitalisidentified(2ssublevel)
l=1:threedumbbellorbitalareidentified(2psublevel)
Note:lcannotbe2,sinceitslargestvalueis(n1),whichis1
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Chemistry101
Chapter7
Sublevels(subshells)arecommonlydesignatedbyLetters:
EnergySublevel(l):
ElectronSubshell:
0 1 2
Energyincreases
Itfollows:
1st EnergyLevel
(n=1) l=0
An1ssublevel
1sublevel
2nd EnergyLevel
(n=2) l =0
l=1
A2ssublevel
A2psublevel
2sublevels
(n=3) l=0
l=1
l=2
A3ssublevel
A3psublevel
A3dsublevel
(n=4) l=0
l=1
l=2
l=3
A4ssublevel
A4psublevel
A4dsublevel
A4fsublevel
(n=5) l=0
l=1
l=2
l=3
l=4
A5ssublevel
A5psublevel
A5dsublevel
A5fsublevel
A5gsublevel
3rd EnergyLevel
4th EnergyLevel
5th EnergyLevel
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3sublevels
4sublevels
5sublevels
Chemistry101
Chapter7
3. MAGNETICQUANTUMNUMBER(ml)
Indicatestheorientationinspaceofdifferentorbitalsthatbelong
tothesameenergysublevel(samel),and
tothesameenergylevel(samen)
Theallowedvaluesformlareintegersrangingfrom lto+l
Forexample:
For l=0
(ssubshell)
Thereisonlyoneorbitalinthessubshell
ml=0
For
ml = -1
ml =0
ml =+1
l=1
(psubshell)
Therearethreeorbitalsinthepsubshell
y
ml =+1
ml =-1
p
ml =0
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Chemistry101
n
Principal
Quantum#
1
Chapter7
l
Secondary
Quantum#
0
ml
Magnetic
Quantum#
0
#ofOrbitalsin #ofOrbitalsin
Sublevel
EnergyLevel
1s
2s
1
0
+1
2p
3s
3p
1
3
2
0
1
2
4
Subshell
Notation
1
0
+1
2
1
0
+1
+2
0
1
0
+1
2
1
0
+1
+2
3
2
1
0
+1
+2
+3
3d
4s
4p
4d
5
16
4f
n2 orbitals
nsubshells
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Chemistry101
Chapter7
ASSIGNINGQUANTUMNUMBERS
4f
4d
4p
3d
4s
3p
n=3l=2ml =+1
3s
2p
2s
n=2l=1ml =0
n=2l=0ml =0
1s
Examples:
1. Ifthenquantumnumberofanatomicorbitalis4,whatarethepossiblevaluesofl?
2. Givethenotation(usingletterdesignationsforl)forthesubshellsdenotedbythefollowing
quantumnumbers:
n=6l=2
n=5l=0
n=4
n=6l=1
l=3
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