caset ae NEW SPANISH GRAM. a ae ELEMEN T s OF THE Wh Ss SPANISH LANGUAGE: CONTAINING An ‘Easy and Compenpious Metuop to Speak and Write it corre@tly. wits Several Ufeful REMARKS on the moft particular Idioms and Fun- “damental Rules, thewing how to make ufe“of them, as well in Speaking as in Writing. The whole ‘extraéted from the beft Obfervations of Spanish GRAMMARIANS, and particularly of the Rovat S pawisu Acapemy of Mapnip. To WHICH 18 ADDED An ENGLISH GRAMMAR, - For the Use of Spantarps, A NEW EDITION ‘By RAYMUNDO DEL PUEYO,-M. A. Teacher of the Spanisu LaNGuace. Ne parva averferis ineft fua gratia parvis, Dam. ee LONDON: Printed for F. WINGRAVE, Succeflor to Mr. Nourss, in the Strand. 1792, aval del (owe js ya / _GLCOSrEED 5 FEB 1&2 nr CONTENTS. | PA R T OL Cuarl Of Grammar, and its Parts — Page Cuap. Il.—Of Letters, and their Pronunciatin — 6 Cur. ILL—Of the Declenfion of Articles and Nouns 12 CuarlV.—OfVeris — — — »— 39 PART IL. -Cuarp. L—Of Syntax — - — 144 Cuap. IL—Of Nouns - — 148 Cur. II—Of the Conprudtion of Nouns Subjtantive 153 Cuar. 1V.—Of Pronouns, and their Conftruttion — 158 Cuar. V.—Of Verbs, and their Conftruflion —— 167 . | Cuap. VL—Of Prepoftins = — 183 CuarViL—OF Adverts, Cojuntion, and Ire tions — 187 Lift of Verss-in Three Columns, The Firft, the Words which ‘govern the Prepofition ; the Second, of the Prepofitions gom Surned and the Third givet an ‘Example of the Words which are governed by the Prepafitins = — = — 215 AVocasurany, containing fuch Words as maf frequently | accurin common ufe — 250 Obfervations. to ferve as a Supplement to the ‘Syntax — 282 Familiar Phrafes = = — 323 Faniliar Dialogues, Spanifo and Englip = — — — 350 Corta compenofa Aarte pera oes: la Lengua In- slfa 417 Lift of Englifh Irregular Verbs | — — 442 Short Diagues i = —- —45 Ovfervacionet = me — 455 A2 PRO-PROLOGO at LECTOR. REYO la gega gentilidad, que era ciega la Fortuna, fin duda porque eran ciegos los que * fin llegar 4 penetrarla, intentaron dibuxarla. Efta mifma ceguedad tienen algunos de los muchos, que defean aprender los idiomas extrangeros, quienes * Mevados de la corriente de fu loca prefumpcion, no- quieren adocenarfe 4 las reglas de un maeftro idoneo, Pocos habra que nieguen la utiladadde la Gram- matica fi fe confidera como media indifpenfable pa+ ra aprender alguna Lengua extrafia: pero muchos dudaran tal vez que fean receffarios todos los rudi- “ ‘mentos de élla pareciendoles fuficiente el conoci~ miento que quiza tendran de Ja Latina, No lo penfaban afi los Griegos ni los Romanos pues fin embargo de que para ellos eran tan comunes la Lengua Griega y Latina como para cada uno lo es la fuya propria tenian grammaticas y efcuelas para eftudiarlas, conocian la utilidad y necefidad del ufo pero conocian tambien que con-" venia perfeccionarle con el arte. Si afi lo prattica- ban eftas naciones con las Lenguas nativas quanta : mas“PREFACE ,; T was ufual with the ancients to paint Fortune without eyes ; no doubt, becaufe they wha fo at= tempted to reprefent her were too blind to pene- trate the motives upon which fhe a¢ted: the fame may be faid of thofe, who defire to cultivate an acquaintance with foreign languages, but, from too much confidence in themfelves, are above fubmit- ting to the Rules of Grammar, and a Matter, how. "ever qualified. Few will deny the -utility of Grammar, when they confider it as indifpenfibly neceffary for learning a Foreign Tongue. But many feem to ‘doubt the neceffity of ftudying its particular rudi- ments, from an opinion, that a previous knowledge of the Latin’ will of itfelf fufficiently anfwer their purpoies. The ancient Greeks and Romans, however, were of a different opinion, for although the Greck and ‘Latin Languages were as common to them as every vernacular language is to its refpective nation, they had, notwithftanding, Grammars and public fchools for the fole purpofe of ftudying them. They well’ knew the neceffity and advan- tages of practice, but at the fame time they were » A 3: fentivlePROLOGO at LECTOR. mas Jo deben praiticar los que hoy defean aprender las extrafias ? Perdoname lector mio fi te hablo con efta claridad pues he -encontrado con algunos de mis difcipulos, que teniendo por fejudez pueril el fuge- tarfe 4 las reglas, que prefcribe la, Gramatica, han querido imediatamente componer, fin faber toda- via el orden, y concierto, que deben tener entre fi las partes de la oracion, ni la fintaxis particular del idioma, qug fe proponen aprender. Pero que es-lo que acontece 4 eftos tales? En lugar de an- helar al adelantamiento, pierden el dinero y la pa- ciencia aburren 4 fus maeftros, y al cabo de algun tiempo fe hallan muy atrafados del progreffo que fin duda hubieran hecho fi fe hubieffen fometido de buena fé, baxo la inftrucion-del zelofo maeftro. Los rudimentos de la Grammatica, fon la lave que abre la puerta 4 fu inteligencia, ella nos hace ver el maravillofo artificiode la lengua, enfenafidonos de que ‘partes confta, fus nombres, definiciones, y Oficios, y como fe juntan y enlazan, para formar cl texido de la oracion. Sobre ninguna de eftas cofas fe hace reflexion antes de entender el arte y afi es dificil que fin el hablemos con propiedad, exactitud, y pureza. CornPREFACE fenfible that art and ftudy are neceffary to perfec- tion. If thefe ‘enlightened people applied with fo.much labour to their native tongues, how much more neceffary is it to thofe who defire to learn a foreign one at.this day? ' The reader will pardon my {peaking with fo “much fincerity ; but in the courfe of my employ- ment as a profeffor, I have met with many, who, » regarding fubjection to the Rules of Grammar as a puerile tafk, have been.defirous of compofing even without knowing the order and conneétion between the different Parts of Speech, or the particular Syntax of the Language which they intended to learn. But what is the confequente of fuch con- dug? Inftead of making any progrefs, they throw away their time and money; diftraét their teacher, and, at the end, find themfelves very far from the improvement which they would have undoubtedly - made if they had fubmitted themfelves to the in- ftrudtions of an intelligent mafter. Grammar is the key: by which alone a door can ‘be- opened to the underftanding of fpeech. It is Grammar which reveals the admirable art of language, which unfolds its various conftituent parts, its names, definitions, and refpective offices, and unravels, as it were, the threads of which the web of {peech is compofed. Thefe reflections feldom occur to any one before his acquaintance with the art ; yetit is certain, that without a knowledge of Grammar, it is very difficult to fpeak with propriety, precifion, or purity. x To -PROLOGO at LECTOR. | Con efta intencion he procurado quanto mis tareas cotidianas me han permitido corregir la Gtamatica de Del Pino, 6 por mejor decir, compo- nerla de nuevo. Pues rara palabra he obfervado en ella, que no haya merecido mi correccion,-u abo- lucion total, fub{ticuyendo otra propia en fu lugar, acortando muchos dialogos verdaderarnente in- dignios de la eftampa, y del oido del difcipulo ino- cente que los eftudia. . Tres Editiones de la Gramatica Efpafiola, é In- glefa han fido publicadas en efta ciudad de Lon- dres, por Eftivens, Pineda, y Del Pino; fabemos que todos eftos authores fueron eftrangeros. No obftante, efte ultimo tenia alguna idea de la Lengua Efpafiola pero como para publicar un tal libro, rio folamente fe requiere, que el author fea nativo en-el idioma que publica, fino tambien gra- matico de ambas lenguas, propia, y Latina, no es de-maravillar, que las edicciones anteriores 4 efta hayan eftado’ IMenas de crafos, y abfurdos errores. Incompletas, y faltas enteramente tanto del accento, como de Ja verdadera pronunciacion Efpafiola para Jos que defean aprender efta hermofa lengua. Uno de los puntos principales, que dichos au» thores dexaron en el tintero, y en que confifte la Farte effencial de 1a Synraxis, dé Ia Gramma- acaPREFACE To obtain this end, I have, as far as a multipli_ city of diurnal engagements have permitted me, eorreéted Del Pino’s Grammar of the Spanith Language; or, to {peak more properly, compofed it anew, as there are few words, which it was not neceffary to correct or entirely expunge; and fub- fticute in their place others more proper, efpecially in.the dialogues, many of which I have been under the neceffity of confiderably curtailing, as unwor- thy of the prefg and of the ear of the ee Student. Three Editions of a Spanith and Englith Gram- mar have been publifhed in London; viz. by Stevens, Pineda,. and Del Pino. It is fufficiently known that all thefe authors were foreigners. This laft indeed had fome notion of the Spanifh Language ; but as for an undertaking of this na- ture, it is requifite not only that the language Should be that of the Author’s own native country, but that he fhoutd be intimately acquainted with the idioms, both of his own and of the Latin Language. It is not at all furprifing that the former editions have been fo replete with inaccu- racies and abfurdities ; that there fhould have been fo many omiffions and fo many errors, both in the accent and in the true pronunciation of the Spanifh s it muft alfo be confeffed, that this is prejudicial ta thofe who are defirous of learning this beautiful ‘language, One of the principal points which thefe authors have omitted, and which conftitutes a great part of the Spanith Syntax, is the government of prepofi~ 9 Mons,PROLOGO at LECTOR. tica Efpafiola es faber, que prepoficiones piden defpues de fi algunos verbos, y otras partes de la -oracion ; para efte fin me he valido de Ia Grama- tica de la Academia de Madrid de la qual he ex- trahido una lifta alphabetica que ordeno en tres columnas ; en.la primera pongo los verbos, y pala- bras que rigen prepoficion ; en la fegunda las pre- poficiones regidas ; y en la tercera las palabras re~ gidas de las prepoficiones. Con lo qual apenas ° habra duda alguna fobre el regimen de, que no fe pueda falir a primera vifta, : EI defeo que tengo (le€tor mio) de fervirte me compele 4 prefentarte en breve tiempo un libro de Exercicios que actualmente eftoy componiendo 4 toda priefa pues confidero la gran necefidad que de el tienes 4 efte fe feguira otro para la inftruc- cion de ambos fexos fobre la humana fociedad, con reglas fixas fobre los puntos mas neceffarios de la Grammatica, y en tiempo mas oportuno te ferviré con un Diccionario, que procurare extraher de los mexores authores Efpajioles, é Inglefes porque 4 la verdad que tanta neceffidad tienes de ¢l uno como de el otro. . 2 La Gramatica que ahora te offrezco efta bien corregida, revifta, y muy aumentada, Por ella prometo inftruirte en poco tiempo fi con docili- dad te fugetares 4 {ys rudimentos. Vale. ‘Ne quis tanquam parva, faltidiat Grammatices elementa. Non quia magna: fit opere confonantes a vocalibus difcernere, eafque in femivocalium numerum mutarumque pastiri; fed quia inte- . HoraPREFACE tions by verbs, and other parts of fpeech, To re- medy this inconvenience, I have availed myfelf of the Grammar lately publifhed by the Spanifh Aca- demy of Madrid, from which I have extraéted an alphabetical lift, divided into three columns: in the firft I have placed the verbs, and words, which govern the prepofition ; in the fecond, the prepofi- tions governed; and in the third, the words go- verned by the prepoficions ; by the help of which, there can be hardly any doubt refpecting the go- vernment of ‘the prepofitions, which may not be eafily folved at firft fight. The defire I have of affifting the learner of the Spanifh Language has induced me to compofe a” Book of Exercifes, which will be publifhed with all convenient expedition, as I am convinced, from experience, of the’ neceffity there is for fuch a work. This probably will be fucceeded by another, with certain Rules.on the moft neceffary points of Gram- mar; and, at a more convenient time, I fhall pub- lith a Diétionary compofed from the beft Spanifh and Englith authors ; for there feems to be as much need of the one as of the other, The Grammar which I now offer to the Public, is revifed, corrected, and confiderably improved 5 and I promife'myfelf, that he who attends dili- gently to its rules, will make great progrefs i ina fhort time. Yale. riora velut facri hujus a decentibius, apparebit multa rerum fabs tilitas, quze non modo acuta ingenia puerilia, fed exercere altii- fam quoque cruditionem ac fcieatiam polit. Quincr.ADVERTISEMENT... . TH E Editor of this Grammar begs Leave to acquaint the Pyblic, be teaches the Spanith and Italian Languages grammatically, on very moderate Terms, having made the latter bis particular Study during feveral Years Refidence at Roine.—He alfo, for the Convenience of bis Scholars, peaks Latin, French, ond Englifo. oe Lhe Author may be beard of at F. Wingrave’s, in the Strand, THE,THE ELEMENTS OF THE SPANISH GRAMMAR. PART I. CHAP. I Of Grammar, and its Parts. S a great many are not verfed in the Latin tongue, I thought it neceffary to begin by the. explanation of terms ufed' by the beft Gram- marians; which being well known, there is no difficulty to underftand Grammar, : Definitions. Grammar is the art of {peaking and writing a danguage correctly. ‘The Spanisy Grammar, as all other books, is compofed of words, all words are compofed of let- ters, and all letters are either Vowels or Confonants. Vowels are five, A, E, I, O, U; they are fo called, becaufe they form a found of themfelves 5 the other letters are called Confonants, becaufe they - form @ found with one of the Vowels.” ~ ~ &B A2 Th ELEMENTS of All words are either a Noun, or Pronoun, or Verb, Participle, Prepofition, Adverb, Conjunétion, In- terjection, or Article: , Many words joined together make a fentence or Propofition; as, Peter is my, friend, Pedro es mi amigo. A Noun is a thing we fee or feel, or of which we may form a difcourfe; as, the earth, a table, a look- ing-gla/s ; la tler’a, una mefa, un efpejo. Nouns are of two forts, Subftantives' and Adjec- tives, A Noun Siabftantive is fo called, becavfe it fub- fiftsof itfelf, and fignifies fomething alone ; but the Noun Adjective mutt be joined to another noun, to _have a meaning; as, a black borje, un caballo ne- gro. Horfe is the Subftantive, and d/ack the Ad- jective. A A Noun Subftantive is either proper or com- mon: Proper, as Alexander, Frederic, George, Mary, London, Madrid; Alexandro, Frederico, Jorge, Maria, Londres: Common, as king; lord, man, woman, table; Rey, Sefior, hombre, mugér, ‘&c. All Proper Nouns are declined in Spanifh with thefe particles, de, a; but the Common Nouns are + declined with ‘the articles ¢/, Ja, and /o. The ufe of Articles is to thew of what gender, . of what number, and in what cafe are the nouns, ‘There are three Genders, Mafculine, Feminine, and Neuter; and only two Numbers, Singular and Plural. . ‘The Nouns have fix Cafes, Nominative, Geni- tive, Dative, Acéufative, Vocative, and Ablative. The Nominative Cafe names the thing, or the perfon ; as, the fun foines; el fol luce. The fun is the Nominative. : The Genitive Cafe thews that either one thing proceeds from another, or belongs to it; as, the coach of the King ; the water of the river: el coche del Rey; el agua del rio. . : The Dative gives ; as, 1 give'a book to my wafer doy un libro 4 mi amo. g cthe SPANISH GRAMMAR. ° 3 To my majter is in the Dative Cafe, becaufe I give * the book to him. The Accufative Cafe is governed bythe Verb Ac- tive; as, the King loves the Engli/b, el Rey ama 4 los Inglefes. The Englio are in the Accufative Cafe, becaufe they are governed by the Verb Adtive, love. The Vocative calls; as, Peter, come bither, Pe- dro ven aca. Peter is in the Vocative Cafe, becaufe I call him. The Ablative takes away from; as, J took it from “Fobn, Jomé lo de Juan. From Fobn is in the Ab- ‘lative Cafe, becaufe the thing is taken from him. Obferve; that in the Spani/b tongue the Nomina~" tive is not diftinguifhed from the Accufative, nor the Genitive from the Ablative, unlefs it be by the fenfe; becaufe the article of the Nominative Cafe is like that of the Accufative, and the article of the ‘Genitive does not differ from that of the Ablative, as you may fee in the declenfion of Nouns. All Nouns are either Mafculine or Feminine ; the ‘Mafculine takes the article ¢/, and the Feminine the sarticle Ja; the Neuter takes the article /o. A Pronoun is a word which is ufed in the place of a Noun, Subftantive; as for example, give me, da me; give bim, da le; give us, da nos. Me, bim, us, are in the place of a proper Noun Sub- ftantive, viz. Fobn, Paul, Peter; Juan, Pablo, -Pedro. Pronouns are of fix forts, Pofitives, Demonftra- . tives, Perfonals, Interrogatives, Relatives, and In- definites; as you may fee in the Declenfion of Pro- nouns. A Verb is a word that fhews either a being, or an ation, or a paffion; as for example, to be good, to beat, to be beaten ; fer bueno, golpear, fer golpeado. To be good fhews a being; to beat thews an ation ; -and to be beaten a paffion. If the aétion remains in its fubjeét, then the Verb is neuter, of reciprocal; as, I fleep, duermo, \ re Joice, se alegro, Ba KR4° The ELEMENTS of A Verb has five Moods, viz. Indicative, Inpe- rative, Optative, Subjunétive, and Infinitive ; and fix Tenfes, which may be reduced to four, viz. Prefent, Paft, Future, and Imperative. ! The Indicative fhews either the thing or perfon ; as, The fun thines, ef fol luce ; 1 {peak, yo hablo. The Imperative bids; as, Speak to me, babla me; Come hither, ven acd. The Optative withes ; as, God grant that I may fpeak to the King, guiera Dios que bable al Rey. The Subjunétive is fo called, becaufe it is placed under a. conjunction; as, Wben 1 have received my money, I will pay you, giando aya recibido mi di- néro, pagaré a vm. And the Infinitive determines not circumftance of time ; as, To fpeak, béblar; to love, amdr. The Tenfes are, the Prefent Tenfe, the Imper- fe&t, the Preterperfe&t Definite, the Preterperfe& Indefinite, the Preterpluperfeét, and the Future. The Prefent fhews, that either a perfon or thing . is prefent; as, My matter teaches, mi maeffro en- Jeia; The {pring brings forth flowers, /a primavéra produce flores. The imperfeét fhews that the a¢tion is interrupt- ed; as, I did dance when my father entered into my chamber, yo baylaba quando mi padre entré en mi ‘apofento. The Preterperfect Definite fhews, that either the ation is paft above a day, or that it is determined by fome circumftance of time; as, The great Fre- deric conquered all Saxony, ef gran Frederico con- uifté toda la Saxonia ; ¥ {poke yefterdayto the King, beble ayer al Rey. ao The Preterperfect Indefinite fhews that the a@tion is paft, without fignifying any circumftance of times as, I have fpoken to the King, bé bablado al Rey: But if it marks any circumftance of time, either it is of the fame day, or a Pronoun Demontftrative goes before it; as, I have {poken to-day to the King, é Lablade oy al Rey; 1 have fuffered much this year, 4¢ padecidp mucha ofte aiio. Ththe SPANISH GRAMMAR. 5 ‘The Preterpluperfecét Tenfe is fo called, becaufe the action, being entirely paft, cannot be inter- rupted; as, I had danced when my father entered imto my chamber, bavia baylado quando mi padre entré en mi apofento, ‘The Future Tenfe thews the Time to come; as, I will rife to-morrow, me levantare. mafiana. : All Verbs aré conjugated; that is, they have feveral terminations; as, I love, thou loveft, &c. we thall love, yo amo, el ama, nofotros amarémos. There are three Perfons in the Singular, and three in the Plural, viz. I, thou, he; we, you, they; 70, tu, el; nofotros, vofotros, éllos. The Singular denotes one thing, or one perfon, and the Plural more than one; as, @ man, un hom- bre; there is the Singular: des hombres, u.mas ; two men, or mores there is the Plural. The Participle is fo called, becaufe it is derived from a Verb and always is ended in ado, in the Verbs of the firft Conjugation ; and inédo in thofe sof the fecond and tnird, as amado, loved; from amar, to love; offendido, offended, from offender, to offence: this is the Participle paffive. ‘There is one-aétive which is always ending in ante or ente, as amante, loving ; dormiente, fleeping = ButI am of Opinion that thofe Participles in Englifh, Joving and fleeping, are peculiar to the Englith language, becaufe fome difference ought to be be- tween the Gerund and the Participle active; loving, anfwers to the Spanifh Gerund amando, and fleep- ing, dormiendo, to the Gerund of the Verb dormir ; therefore the true fignification of dormiente is, in Englifh, he who fleeps, and not fleeping ; amante, he who /oves, and not /oving. There are four Auxiliary Verbs in Spanith, To have, tenér, or bavér; and To be, fér, star. They are fo called, becaufe they help to conjugate all other Verbs; as you may fee in the Conjugation of Verbs. An Adverb is 4 word which is joined to a Verb, and either iacreafes or diminifhes its aftion or pal- : B3 > Sony6 Th ELEMENTS of fion; as, 1 love virtue greatly; Lam littleloved of you. Greatly increafes the paffion of love towards virtue, and /ittle diminifhes your love towards me. A Conjunétion is a word which joins featences and words togethers as, I have feen your father and mother, bé vito fu padre y Ju madre; better be vifta & fus padres. A Prepofition is 4 word which is put before a Noun or Pronoun; as, Under the bed, debaxo de Ja cama; In your chamber, en fu apofento; With me, con migo. . An Interje€tion is a word which difcovers fome fudden emotion of the mind; as, Alas! unhappy that I'am, ay! defdicbado de mi; Ha! how cruel . you are, Ha! quo cruél es vond; better, ba! cruél.. An Article-is a particle, or.a little word which ferves to fhew of what gender, of what number, and jn what cafe is a Noun; they are fifteen in all, viz. el, la, lo, del, de la, de lo, al, a Id, 2 Io, los, las, de Jos, de las, a los, & las; as you may fee in the De- clenfion of Nouns. CHAP. I. of Letters, and their Pronunciation. HE letters of the Spani/b language are twen- ty-eight, viz. : A,B, C, CH, D, E, F, G, H, J, K,L,LL,M, N,N, 0, P, QR, S, T, U, V, X, Y, Z. They are pronounced thus: . @, be, ce, che, de, e, eft, ge, ache, i, jota or ijota, ka, ele, elle, eme, ene, efit, 0, pe, qu OF Cu, ere, efféy te, & vocdl, v confonante, equis, y griéga, zeta. The reafon why the Engtih find fo much diffi- culty in the pronunciation of the Spanifh, French, and the Jtalian Languages, is, becaufe the Englifo do Pronounce their Vowels otherwife than thole , , ©the SPANISH GRAMMAR. °7 . He then that will pronounce well the Spanib tongue, ought to pronounce well thefe Vowels, - 3 > :*aw, a, 8; 0, 00. As for the Confonants, there is not fo much diffi- culty; they are pronounced in the Spani/h tongue as in the Englifh, except ll, g, b, x, x, j, f, and #, which are peculjar to the Spa#ih language. Of Vowels. 4 is pronounced as above; and as the Engli Pronounce it in thefe words, Jaw, all, call, fa Madama, ama, llama. . E is always pronounced as the Englifb do pro- nounce it in thefe words, dengfit, relation. Tis pronounced as the Engli/b do pronounce their double ee, in thefe words, freel, fleep, jeep. O is pronounced as they pronounce it in thefe words, more, fone, fore; as, oigo, olivo. U is pronounced as they pronounce ¢o in thefe words, good, cook, cool. 1 is pronounced as two ce; as, ayudar, to help; " ayiino, fat. *,° When two Vowels meet together in Spanifo words, they muft be pronounced diftinétly, as a- mainar, catr, acaecér, 8cc. ° When there are two ¢é in a word, both are alfo plainly and diftin@ly pro- nounced ; ‘as, creér, to believes deér, torread, Ge. Of Confonants. . B. This letter is pronounced’ as in other Jan- guages, clofing the lips, as in the Englifh word, day. C, before the letters ¢, i, is pronounced like a th; as, cédro, a cedar-tree ; ciervo, a ftag; cien, ciento, an hundred. When before a, 0, z, it is pronounced as k; as, caballo, horfe; cofre, trunk; culébra, {nake; culantro, coriander. a ‘When follows the letter ¢, it is pronounced as in the Englifh, much, mucho, ® Thefe Zale letters denote the fimailar fouds in Exglfp of Wx Vowels in SpaniB, , Bs Upon do 3 as8 The ELEMENTS of Upon the ¢, formed with a {mall curve under it, I am of opinion, with the Royal and learned Academy of Madrid, that it is fuperfluous in our language; and as fuch its ufe muft be avoided, placing the z in its ftead in every. word where ¢ ufed tobe. But as is found in old Spanif authoss, I think it proper to acquaint the-curious, that its pronunciation is near the’fame as that of c, when before ¢, i, becaufe ¢ was invented to fupply the combination in the Vow- ¢ls, a, 0, %. Z is pronounced almoft as the Englifb pronounce th. D has the fame found in Spanifp as in the other languages, without exception. F is pronounced always as in Englifa. *G is only guttural before the Vowels ¢, i, y, as in género, fort; gigante, giant; but g before the Vowels a, 0, #, is not afpired, and is pronounced as in Englifh ; as,gallo, a cock ; gobierno, government. ‘When g comes before #, then it is pronounced, as in ignorar, to unknow; ignoto, unknown ; magndnimo, magnanimous. * His generally fo lightly afpired, that in many words it can fcarce be perceived; as in bablér, to fpeak; barriéo, carrier. Hafter ¢ is pronounced as in Englifb; much, mucho, &c. . K. The Spaniards make ufe of this letter only in conformity to the etymology of the words derived, from other languages, and is pronounced as in Englifp. . . Land Yl. The fingle / is pronounced in Spanifb as in Englih ; but the double // is pronounced as in _ Italian, gi, or Ud in French, which founds as if ani was after the firft/; as in Uevdr, lordr, vafallo; Z is never doubled in the end of words. M, N,_ are pronounced as in Englifo; but this H, called ‘con tilde, or efie, is pronounced efe or a little with the nofe; as Sefior, Sir; mata, dexte- rity. But the proper found and pronunciation of this letter wants a mafter, and cannot be explain- ed fo well by writing as by Wearing, 7 athe SPANISH GRAMMAR. 9 P,Q, R, are pronounced as in other languages, and a? Englifo. - Oat 8, 1, Z, are always pronounced in Spanifh ftrongly, and as two fin Englifo. T has the fame pronunciation as in Englifb. Z like tb. X is afpired as the jota, j, in the beginning of the words; as.in xarave, juice, &%c. But when the x is followed by a Confonant in the middle of the wotds, then it mutt be pronounced like the Engl ; as, ex- citér,to excites excomulgar, to excommunicate ; exbe- redér, to difinherit, &c. When you have read all thefe rules, take every - Confonant one after another, and join them with every Vowel, thus: Ba, be, bi, bo, bu. Ca,, ce, ch, 60, che Cha, che, chi, cho, chu. Da, de, di, do, du. Fa, fey fy fo fu. Ga, ge, gi, Bey gu. : Gua, gue, gui. Ha, be, bi, bo, bu. Jas ts jis joy jt La, le, liz lo, Mu Lia, We, Wi, Wo, In i Ma, me, mi, mo, mu. Na, ne, ni, 10, mu, Na, i, ti, fio, itu. Pa, pe, pi, po, pit. Qua, que, qui. Ra, re, ri, ro, rt. Sa, fee fy. fy fu. Ta, t, ti, “to, tu. Va, ve, Vi, V0) Vue Xa, xe, xi, x0, xu. . Zlhy * Bly Bip 2, Zhe Obferve, that tho’ you have good and clear rules to read well the Spenjh tongue, yet no man wi everyo The ELEMENTS of ever.be able to obtain by himfelf its true and perfect pronunciation, becaufe the true pronunciation of a language depends more upon the ear than upon gules; therefore I advife to take a good matter for fome months, i Of Accents. . The Spanifh have two accents, the Grave (*) and the Acute (‘). The Grave defcends obliquely from the left to the right, and is ufed in the Spani/h tongue, on the Vowels 4, 2,2, 2, 2, when they make a fenfe by themfelves, and upon the fyllable before one fhort. ‘The accent called Acute defcends from the right to the left, and ferves to prolong the pronunciation ; as, montaiiés, highlander; daylé, he danced; bay- lard, he will danée: and to denote the quantity of the fyllable ; as, cdntaro, pitcher ; cantéra, 1 would fing; cantaré; he will fing; libro, a book; /ibré, he difcharged or gave a bill, Of Points. As a tanguage is better underftood'when it is well pointed, therefore we ought not to neglect it in writing. There are eight forts of points,’ the Comma (,) which makes diftinétion between fentences and pro- pofitionis; the’ Colon (:), which denotes the end of a phrafe, its petiod being not quite finifhed; the Semicolon (;), which does not miuch differ from the Colon; the Point final'(.), which ends a Period, as. you may fee in this example: . Quando vi 4 vd. mé alegré infinito, pero mi ale- gria fe acab6 luego que, of la, muerte de fu pa- * dre: When I faw you, I was very glad; but my jay ended, as foon as I beard of the death of your father. The Point of Interrogation (?), which is placed after a queftion; as, From whence do you come? And the point of Admiration (!), which fhews. an afto- anithinents as, Good-God! is it poffible! Alas! &c... ’ . & Paren-the SPANISH GRAMMAR: | IE A Parenthefis, thus (), ferves to feparate a claufe, without which the fpeech may have a perfect fenfey. to the end that it may-be more plain; as, vi a mi- amigo (¢fto fe quede fecreto) quien citaba trifte ; 1 faye my friend (that muft be fecret) who was dull. Dierefis (") is a Greek word, called by the Print-. ers crema, and fignifies a fevering or divifion, and ferves to feparate two Vowels, which might be join-. ed in one fyllable, and to note that both are to be: ° pronounced plainly, and with diftinétion ; and this mark is to be put on the i; as, elogiente, eloquent; Sreqiente, frequent; and this only in the words where x is pronounced openly. Of the Capital Letters. Capital Letters are.always ufed in the beginning . of any writing, paragraph, period, or fpeech; after a final point; in all the proper names of perfons, provinces, kingdoms, diftrifts, cities, towns, vil- lages, mountains, rivers, fountains, &¢. and in all titles of honour, dignity, and authority ; as, Kiagy Prince, &c. Of Etymology. The beft of thofe authors who have treated on Ety- mologies in a regular order and method, was Jf- dore of Seville, whofe rules ave been adopted by the Royal Academy of Madrid; and I followed them too in the New Englifb and Spanijp, and Spanijh and, Englifo DiGtionary, which I have lately printed, and to which I refer the curious. Of Numbers. In Spanifo, as in other languages, there are two Numbers, viz, Singular, {peaking of one thing, or one perfor. Plurat, speaking of more than one. When12 Th ELEMENTS of + ‘When the Noun ends with one of the Vowels, a, ¢, 4, 0, #, the Plural is formed by adding only an 5 to it; as, ca/a, houfe; cafas, houfes ; bombre, man; hombres, men; albeli, gilliflower; albelis, gilli~ flowers; caballo, horfe; caballos, horfes ; ¢fpiritu, fpirit ; /piritus, fpirits. But when the Noun ends ‘with ay, or a Confonant, then the Plural is made by adding xs to the Singular; as from: /y, law; deyes, laws ; verdad, truth; verdddes, truths, 8c. CHAP. I. . Of the Declenfian of Articles, and Nouns, Of the Spanisn Articles. HERE are three Articles in the Spanifh lan- guage, as in the Latin, viz. the Article Maf- culine, Feminine, and Neuter. The Article Mafcu- - line is e/, and is made ‘ufe of before the Nouns of Mafculine Gender ; the Article Feminine is /a, and is put before the Nouns of Feminine Gender; the Neutral Article is /o, and is ufually placed before the Nouns Subftantives formed from Adjectives; for there are no Neuter Nouns in Spanifh, being all ei~ ther of Mafculine or Feminine Gender. ” Declination of the Mafculine Article. Singular Number. Plural Number. Nom. el, the Nom. los, the Gens del, ox de el, of the . Gen. de los, of the Dat. acl, or al, to the Dat. a los, to the Acc. el, the Ace. los, the Ab), del, or deel, from the. Abl. de los, from the. Femininethe SPANISH GRAMMAR. 13 Feminine Article, Singular Number. Plural Number. Nom. la, the Norm. las, the Gen. dela, of the Gen, de las, of the : Dat. ata, to the Dat. alas, to the Ace. Na, the Acc, tas, the Ab), de la, from the. Abl. de las, from the. Neuter Article. Nominative, lo, the Genitive, de lo, of the Dative, alo, to the Accufative, You the Ablative, de 10, from thes Exampves. A Noun Mafciiline declined with the Articles. Si ‘Number. Nominative; el Rey, the King . Genitivny del, or de'el Rey, of the Ring Dative, a el, or al Rey, to tl it ‘Accufative, el Rey, the King Ablative, del, or de el Rey, from the King. ' Plural Number. Nominative, los Reyes, the Kings Ganitior, de los Reyes, of the Rings Dative, i los Reyes, to she Kings ‘Aceufative, los Reyes, the Kings Ablative, de los Reyes, from the Kings, yf Noun Feminine with the Articles. Singular Number. Nominative, la Reyna, the Queen Genitive, de la Reyna, of the Queen Dative, ila Reyna, to the Queen. feptie, i Reyna, the Queen. lative, de la Reyna, frem the Queen. ‘ fr Q Ford,14 -Th ELEMENTS of Plural Number. Nominative las Reynas, the Queens Genitive, de las Reynas, of the Queens _ . Dative, 4 las Reynas, to the Queens Accufative, Yas Reynas, the Queens Ablative, de las Reynas, from the Queens. ‘Thus.are declined all the other Nouns Mafculine and Feminine with the Article. The Proper Nouns of men are nevér declined with the faid Articles, Example of Adjettives made Subftantives with the Article Neuter, lo. Nominative, lo hermofo, that which is handfome Gertie, de'lo hermafo, of thet whic is Bandfome Dative, 410 hermolo, to that which is handjome Accufative, lo hermofo, that whith is handfeme Ablative, de lo hermofo,' from that which is handjome. Aill the Adjeétives may be ufed in this manner as Subftantives, in the Spamifh language, adding the Ar- ticle /o before their Mafculine Gender.’ Obferve, That the Vocative has no Article, and it is defigned fo, é hombre, O man; 6 Pedro, O Peter. OF Pronouns. Pronouns are words ufed inftead of names or nouns, to avoid the repetition of them. There are fox forts of Pronouns, viz. Perfonals, Poffeffives, Demonftratives, Relatives, Interroga- tives, and Indefinites. Of Pronouns Perfonal. Thefe are called Perfonals or Primitives, becaufe they exprefs’ the perfon or, thing before named. There are three-Pronouns Perfonal, yo, I; #u, thou; 4% he; or ella, the. : : a 4 . Thethe Spanisn Grammar. 45 The fit is declined thas: Plural. Nom. nofotros, we Gen, de nofotros, of us Dat. & nofotros, to us Ace. nofotros, us ‘Abl, de mi, from me, ‘Abl, de nofotros, from us. The fecond Perfonal declined. Singular. Plural. ‘Nom. tu, thou Nom. vofotros, ye Gen, de ti, of thee Gen, de vofotros, of ye Dat. ati, to thee “Dat. 4 vofotros, te ye Mec, te, the Acc. vofotros, ye Abl. de ti, from thee, Ab), de volorros, from ye. The third Perfonal. Sing. Mate. Plur. Mafcul. Nom. el, be Nom. ellos, they Gen. de el, of bim Gen, de ellos, of them Dat. el, to bin Dat. i ellos, to them Acc, le, bim Acc, Nes, or los, them “Abl, de cl, from him. Able de ellos, from them, Sing. Femin. Plur, Femin, Nom. ella, fhe Nom. elas, they ‘Gen. de ella, of her Gen, de elias, of them Dat. aclla, tober . Dat. i ellas, to them Ait, lay ber Acc, 128, them bl, de ella, from ber, ‘Abl, de ellas, from them, The Perfonal Reciprocal, common t0 both Genders, is declined thus: Gen, de fi milmo, or fi mifma, of himfelf, or of herfel Dats 3 Giinifino’ or AG mili, te fis in a ae « Ae ty infill ox berflf Abl, defi mimo, or de fi mifmna, from bim/alf,, or from berfalf. -Obferve, that no/étros and vo/étros make nofatras- ead vy/ttres in the Feminine Gender. oF16 Th ELEMENTS of Of Pronouns Pofefive. They are fo called becaufe they are derived from thofe above mentioned, and denote poffeffion. ‘Thefe are three of thefé Pronouns anfwering to the three perfons, viz. mio, miné; tuyo, thine; /uyo, hiss auefiro, ovr; vuefiro, your; fu, their; with their Feminine Gender mia, tuya, fuya, nucfira, vuefra, fu. It muft be obferved that thefe Pronouns, mio, tayo, Sua, are never placed before Subftantives; and fo it - cannot be faid mio libro, but mi libro, my book; tw Kibro, thy book ; fu libro, hisbook.. Thus may you fee, that mi; tu, fe, are always ufed before Subftan- tives of both Genders, for the Singular; and mis, tus, Sus, for the Plural. , Mio, tuyo, fuyo, is only made ufe of in queftioning, anfwering, affirming, or denying ; as it will be explained by examples ‘and rules in the Syntax, . “Of Pronouns Demonftrative. There are three principal Demonftratives; the . firlt is effe, this; the fecond, ef, that; and the third, aquel, that. But obferve, that efe fhews the thing or perfon that is juft near.or by us: and ¢fé fhows » the thing that is a little farther, or near the perfon, and aguel fhows what is very diftant from the perfon who fpeaks, or is fpoken to. Tbefe Pronouns are declined thus: Singular. Mafe. Fen, Neut. Nom. efte efta efto This Gen deefte deefta deefto. Of this Dat; 2ehte a efta a efto To this Acc. chte efta eto This Ab}, de cfie de cite de efto From this. : a Porkthe SpaNtsH GRAMMAR. 7, 7 Plural. Mae. Fem. No Net. Nom. eftos effas Thofe Gen, de eftos de eftas Of thy fe Dat. 3 eftos a eftas ‘2 thee Mic, eftos eftas . Thee Ail, de eftos de eftas From thift. Singular. pik fe Fem. Neut: Nom. efle effa effo That _ Gen, de effe deeffa deeflo Of that Dat. ieffe aefla deffo 0 that Ac. effe efla effo That. Abl. de ee de effa de eflo From that. J Plural. Majo.’ Fem. Nom. effos effas Gen. de effos de effis Efe Dat. i effos aeffas ° 2 thyfe Acc, fos effas Thofe Abl. de effos de effas From thofe. Singular. oft Fim. Neut. Nom. es quella aquello That Gen, de aquel de aquella de aquello Of thas Dat, 4 aquel @aquella a aquello ‘0 that Mit, aquel aquella aquello. That Abl, Yeaquel _ de aquella de aquello From that. Plural. Mafe. Fem. Nom, aquellos aquellas Thofe Gen. de aquellos de aquellas. * Of tee Dat. a aquellos 4 aquellas thife Act. aquellos ——_aquellas Thofe : ‘Abi de aquellos de aquellas From theft. Obferve, that from the Pronouns ¢fe, ef, are formed agusfie, mafe. thiss aquefta, fem. wis; aquefto, Cc neut.18 The ELEMENTS of neut. this; and aqueffe, mafe. that; aqueffa, fem. that; aqueffo, neut.that. They are made ufe of only by poets, inftead of efe, this, or ef, that, and fignify the fame ; but in profe they are too low and obfolete. The words ofro, otra, are often joined to ¢ffe, this, and eff, that, taking off the laft ¢; as, effotro, eflotra, efotro, effotra, Example: Eftotro bombre, this other man; ¢fotra muger, this other woman.; effotro bom- bre, that other man ; effotra muger, that other wo- man. . 5 Theré are two other Pronouns, which have only a Plural Number, as fignifying two, which are ambos and entrambos, both. To the firft of them is often added a dos, that is, ambos @ dos, both toge~ ther; and extrambos imports much the fame. Pronouns Relative and Interrogative. Que is interrogative, and fignifies what; it has no Plural; it is common to both Genders. * Quien, who, is alfo intertogative, making guienes in the Plural: it is likewife common to both Gen-. ders. Quien es eff hombre? Who is that man? Quien es effamuger? Who is thatwoman? Quienes fon effos bombrés? Who are thofe men? Quienes fon effas mugeres? Who are thofe women. Qual fignifies which; as, gual de ellos? which of them? It makes gua/es in the Plural, being com- mon to both Genders. The Pronoun cuyo, cuya, or de quien, whofe, is either interrogative or relative, making cuyos, cuyas, in the Plural; as Pedro, cuyo libre tengo, &c. Peter, whofe book I have; or cuya es efa pluma? whofe pen is this? or, de quien es efta pluma? Obferve, that the faid four Pronouns, gze, quien, euyo, and qual, are alfo relative 5 as, el bombre.que he vifta, the man which I have feen ; él fujeto quien Jo dice, the perfon who fays it; ef Rey cuyo palacio es. _bermyfo; the King whofe palace is handfome. When gual is relative, then él, Ja, aind fo, are joined to it, as Lenitying,the SPANIsH GRAMMAR. 19 fignifying wbo; but /o qual is expreffed by the which. hefe two joined together are declined as follows Sing. Majr. Fem. Nat. Nom. elqual — laqual’ —loqual_ Which Gen. decl.qual. delaqual deloqu.l Of which Dat. Aelqual alaqual Aloqual To which Ae. Aquallaqual —. loqual Which. ‘Abi, deel qual delaqual de lo qual Frem which. Sing. Map. Fem. No Natt. Nom. los quales as quales Which Gen. de los quales de las quales which Dat, Alosquales *las quales 2 which Acc.’ Jos quales las quales Which ‘Abl, de los quales de las quales From which. Obferve, that when the word quiera is added to guien or gual, it quite alters the meaning ; guien- quiere fignifying whoever, or any perfon ; and gual- gsiera any one, whether man, or woman, or thing. Of Pronouns Indefinite. The Imperfect or Indefinite Pronouns are thefe ; alguno, alguna, fome ; ninguno, ninguna, none; algo, fomething; cada, uno, every one ; cada, each ; nadie, nobody ; giro, otra, another; tal, fuch; tanto, fo much; quanto, how much; mucho, mucha, much, or many ; fulano, or zutano, fuch one ; todo, toda, all. : : Obferve, that cada, algo, nadie, fulano, and zutano, haye no Plural; but the others make their Plural by adding an s, or ¢s. + GHAP. IV. Of VERBS. Verb is a part of {peech that fignifies to be, to do, or to fuffer; as, fer hombre, to be amany amo, | love; foi amado, 1 am loved. It is conju- gated through Moods and Tenfes, By Moods, the . C2 Veto20 Th ELEMENTS ¢ . Verb is changed according to the circumftances; as, yo bablo, I {peak, is the Indicative; bable tu, fpeak” thou, the Imperative, €c, Tenfes are the diftinc- tion and variety of times; as, vexia, 1 was comings; vine, I came, &e. Verbs are divided into Perfonals (fo called be- caufe. they have perfons), as, yo amo, 1 love; te _ amas, thou lovelt, &c. and Imperfonals (becaufe without perfons) as, conviene, it is convenient; con= Sta, it is plain. ‘The Perfonals are ‘divided i into Aftive; Neuter, Paffive, Reciprocal, Adtive fignifies to do; as, enfenér, to teach; leér, to read;_and may be made paffive by the aux- iliary Verb fer, and the Participle Paffive of the Verb; as, fer enfeRado, foi enfeiiddo, &c. .- Paflive fignifies to fuffer; as, /oi amédo, But note, that in the third perfon Singular, and the third of the Plural, they are conjugated not only with the Aux- iliary fer, but even with the Particle /e; as, Dios es amddo, or Dios fe ama, God is beloved; bueno es que la virtid fea ballada, or fe halle en un Principe, it is good that virtue may be found in a Prince; que. Tos buéncs Jean amédos, or fe amen, that the virtuous may be loved. By which you may fee, that the Participle Paffive.is varied in the conjugation of thie. Verb, faying, yo foi dmado,1 am loved; nofotros fomos amados, we are loved. Neuter, properly, is that awhich fignifies neither ation nor paffion; as, colorér, to colour; cvorear, to recover a colour, or to give colour; corrér, to tun; afentir, to affent. ‘This Verb makes a per- fet fenfe by itfelf, in which it differs from the Active; as; duermo, I fleep; nieva, it {rows (im- perfonal). The Verb Aétive fays the fame thing in the Adive and Paffive Voices; as, yo amo a Dios, or ‘Divsthe SPANISH GRAMMAR. 23 Dios es amado de mi, which cannot be faid by the Neuter in a proper manner. - The Neuter is either Subftantive, as, /er, to be, or abfolute (fo called for its making a fenfe by itfelf) by aétion, as b/a/phemér, to blafpheme; Jueve, it rains (imperfonal) ; or by paffion, as coloredr, to be red ; ennegrecer, to blacken. The Verb Reciprocal is that which returns the fenfé backward, and is conjugated thus; apercibirfe, to be prepared or provided for; me apercibo, ‘I pre- pare myfelf; ¢ apercibes, thou prepareft thyfelf; and always has the Particle /¢ in che Infinitive. Note, That in the Spani/h language one Verb may be made affive, paffive, neuter, and reciprocal, by the different fenfes that may be applied to it; as acoflar, to pat one in his bed, is active, and is made paffive by the Verb Auxiliary gar, and the Parti- ciple Paffive; as, effoi acoftado, 1 am put in my bed, When it fignifies to follow one’s party or opinion, or to declare partially for a Prince, it is neuter ; as, Pedro dexido el fervicio de Francia, acofté ala parte de Efpaiia, and better, fe enlifté en las banderas dé Eppana, Peter having left the French fervice, en- lifted himfelf in the Spanif fervice; and when it fignifies to come near to a place, as, acofar fe aqui, to come near to this place, then it is reciprocal; as, Si te acuefias aqui, te mataré, if you come near to this ~ place, I will kill you. Some of the Verbs are regular ({o called for their being'confined to rules), and others irregular (fo called becau(e they have no rule); but as their irre- gularity is various, fometimes in the Prefent Tenfe of the Indicative; in the Preterperfeét, Future, in the Imperative; Preterimperfects, and Future of the -Optative, and otherwife in their Participles; I thal] take care to mention it in the Conjugations, €3 _22 Th ELEMENTS of Of Conjugations. «There ate three Conjugations in the Spanifb tongue, viz. 1, in ar, amér, to love. 2. in ér, bas, 4 refpondér, to anfwer, 3. in ir, Subir, to go up. So that the Spanifb Verbs are to be looked for in the DiGionaries by their Infinitives. Of Moods, ‘The Moods are- fix, as in Latin, viz. the Indica- tive, or that which fhows or declares; the Jmpera- tive, or that which commands; Optative, or that which withes, or defires; Subjundfive, which fup. pofes fomething ; Potential, or that by which fome~ thing is expedted; and the Infinitive, which leaves all undetermined, Of Tenjes, : The Fenfes, which are the times of action or paf. fion, are three properly, being the Prefent, the Patt, *, and the Time to come; and with thofe made by circumlocution, are ten in the Indicative Mood, viz, the Prefent, Preterimperfeat, three Preterperfects, the Plufperfect, and four Futures; and in the Op- tative Mood there are-nine, viz, the Prefent, three Preterimperfedts, Preterperfect, twa Preterplufper- feéts, and two Futures, Of the Indicative Mood. The Prefent Tenfe of all Conjugations of Regu. lar Verbs is formed by changing ér, ér, or ir, of the Infinitive, into 0; as from amdr, fay dmo; from leér, Ko; from cumplir, cimplo, This Tenfe ex- tends itfelf to q future time; as, méfana es dia de Jefea, tq-morrow is a holiday. . a . ©the SPANISH GRAMMAR. 23 The Preterimperfect of the firt Conjugation is formed by changing the infinitive dr into dda; as - from amér, améba, } did love, or I was loving; and in the fecond and third Conjugation is formed by changing é and ér into ia; as from perdér, perdia; from pedir, pedia.” The firlt Preterperfe&t of the fit Conjugation is made by changing the infinitive ar into é; as, amar, amé; but of the fecond and third Conjugations by changing ér and ir into i, as perdér, perdt, pedir, pedi. Vhis Tenfe is called Definite, becaufe it is a time perfeétly palt and exprefied ; as, é més pafddo Sablé con el, 1 {poke with him laft month. The fecond Perfeét of. all the Conjugations is formed of the Auxiliary Verb bavér, and the Par- ticiple Paflive of the Verb treated of; as, b¢ bablédo, L have fpoken; bé perdido, 1 have loft; b? pedido, T have afked. The third Perfe&t is formed in the fame manner, as, buve bablado, &c. but not fo frequently ’ufed in Spanifo as the other two. Note, That thefe two latter are called Preterper- feéts Indefinite, for their time is not determined ; as, le bé bablado, | have {poken to him; but we do not fay when. So that the difference between the firft Preterperfect and the others is, that the former Should exprefs time, and the latter not; befides that the firft extends itfelf farther than the others (which are referred to time but lately paft), You may fay, de bablé dos aos ba, 1 {poke to him two years ago; bur you cannot fay, seb? babléido dos aiios bd, \ have fpoken to him two years ago; becaufe bé bablada does only extend to a time fo lately paft, that it ap~ pears to have fomething of the prefent, Thefe are Valera’s obfervations, which I advife the reader to obferve, in order to avoid the frequent equivocations that happen in {peaking and writing, ‘The Preterplufperfeét thus: bavia hablido, bavia perdido, bavia pedido, 1 had fpoken, loft, &c. The firft Future is formed of the |nfiniiwe, add C4 ‘ we24 Th ELEMENTS of ‘' ing é after the r of the prefent Infinitive; as of ba- blar,. adding é, fay bablaré; from perdér, perderés from pedir, pedirés putting always the accent on the laft letter. The fecond Future with the Auxiliary bé-tengo, or debo, and the Infinitive Mood with de before it; as bé or tengo de dér, 1 am to give; debo de dar, or debo dar, 1 am obliged, I mutt give,’ The third thus: bavré de hablar, 1 fhall be obliged to fpeak, &e. The fourth (which properly is the fecond Preter plufperfect) thus: bavia de bablar, 1 had, or I was to fpeak ; bavias de bablér, thou was to fpeak, &c, Of the Imperative. ‘The Imperative is made of the third perfon of the prefent Indicative Mood, and of the prefent Optar tive; as, ama tu, love thou; éme el, let him love; Pierde tu, lofe thou; pierda el, let him lofe, &e. So that the third perfon of the Indicative is the fecond of the Imperative, and the third of the Im- perative is the firft of the Optative; the fecond Plural is formed fram the Infinitive, by changing into d; as of amér, fay améd, let ye love; perdér, pirdéd; pedir, pedid. Of the Optative, Potential, and Subjuntlive Moods. Optative, or that withes or defires, has always an~ .nexed.an Adverb; as, éxala, 0 fi, pleguieffe a Dies, would to God, I pray God, or God grant; adngue, no dbftante que, fin embargo que, although, notwith- ftanding. Potential properly has no figns in Spanijb, but in Englifo has thefe, ¢an,, may, might, could, foould, or ought, which are equal to thefe Spani/h expreffions, puede fer que, es mengfler que, as fome authors will ‘have it. Subjundive has always fome Conjunétion annexed ; 85, ff Fmd, que, quando, if, as, that, when ; as como yo . émes,the SPANISH GRAMMAR. 25 &me, as L.may love; but the Tenfes are all alike in thefe three Moods. The Prefent of the Optative is formed by the Prea fent of the Indicative, changing o into ¢ in the firft Conjugation, and into @ in the fecond and third’ Conjugations; as from amo, fay ame, pierdo, pierda, pido, pida. The firft and fecond Preterimperfeéts are formed from the firft perfon of the Preterperfeét of the In- dicative; as from. amé in the firft Conjugation, changing é into dra, or afé, is made améra, amaffe. In the fecond and third’ Conjugations, add to the Preterperfect éra or eff; as from perdi, perditra, perdiefe; from fubi, fay fubitra, fubieffe. The third Preterimperfect is formed from the In- finitive, adding ia; as from amér, fay amaria; from keér, leeria; from fubir, fubiria. 5 Obferve here, that thefe Tenfes have two ways to explain the fecond perfon Plural; as, amariades, or amarais, amaffedeis, or amaffeis; and fo in the other two Conjugations. Obferve likewife, that thefe three Tenfes vary one from another, fpeaking in a right method; though there is fuch a confufion in explaining them, that there is hardly any difference made by the Spaniards, - Some authors adapt them to the three Moods, viz. améra to the Optative, amaf to the Subjunctive, and amaria to the Potential ; as, dxala yo améra la virtéd, God grant that I might love virtue; como yo amaffe a Dios, el me amaria, as 1 could love God, he would love me, Other authors, as Tomingue, Ceffér in Gram. Rud. and Villalba, are of opinion, that améra denotes the difpofition of a thing, or the readinefs for an action; amafe the beginning of it; and amaria the poflibi-~ lity to obtain it; or, as Teredio fays, the firft Im- perfect is a Tenfe of motion ex, gua, from whence, ahd related to the medium; as, de los veinte peffos &e diera diez para comprarfe un veftidg, of the twenty pieces of eight, I would give him ten, that he ee wy26 Th ELEMENTS of buy himfelf a fuit of- clothes: the fecond a Tenfe Medium, or in quo; as, como le ballafe haciendo le que dixe, as 1 fhould find him in doing what I told him; and the third a conditional Tenfe; as, Jo ba- tia, como el fuéra bueno, 1 would do it, if he would be good. Note, Amara or amajfe are generally the fames but amaria agrees to the meaning of thofe two times, always follows them and concludes the fen- tence, except in fome particular cafes, where any of them can be alone: thefe cannot be underftood with- out a proper Spanifh matter. One thing is certain amidtt all thefe, that aungye ~ como, oxala, &c. follow the two firlt Preterimper- fects, and the third Imperfect TFenke is ufed by wey of interrogation or fufpenfion, faying, baria v. m. ¢fto, would you do this? O. gue bien lo baria yo! O that I could do it well! or with fi. The Preterperfect is formed from the Auxiliary Verb bavér, and the Participle Paffive thus; baya anddo, bayo-perdide, baya pedido, when I have loved, “The firft-Plufperfect thus: buviéra amédo, when "Thad loved. The fecond, buviefe amido, when I had loved. The firft Future is made of the firft Preterim- perfect by changing @ into ¢; as, amira, amére; perdiéva, perdiére; piditra, pidiére; with the fame accent on all the fyllables. ~ The fecond Future of the firft Imperfe@, by changing ra into re, and the Participle Paflive; as from huviéra amédo, fay in the Future, buviére amé- do. So, that there are nine Tenfes in the Optative .Mood, as well as in the Subjunétive and Potential, Of the Infinitive Mood. Infinitive fignifies to do, to-fuffer, or to be, and has neither Number, nor Petfon, nor Nominative Cafe, before; as, amér, ta love; perdér, to lofe; Leaf to afk, . When,the SpanisH GRAMMAR. 27 ‘When two Verbs come together without any No~ minative Cafe between them, then the latter will be in the Infinitive Mood; as, dé/eo aprendér, 1 defire to learn;. and often the Infinitive fupplies the Nominative Cafe; as, amar a Dios y bacér bien ab priximo, fon los dos afos principéles de un Cbriftiéno, ‘to love God, and to do good to our neighbour, are the two principal aétions of a Chriftian. Anciently, when /e, 4a, les, las, los, were added’ to the Infinitive, then r was often changed into /, as amalle for amérle, perdelle for perderle, decille for decirle, to love him, to lofe him, to tell him; but it is now out of ufe. But when me, te, fe, nos, 8c. follow the Infinitive immediately, then they are pro. nounced as monofyliadles; as, decirle; decirfelo, Se, - Of the Auxiliary Verbs, Auxiliary Verbs take their etymology of the Latix auxilium, auxilio, help; fo called becaufe they are wanted for, and help to, the Conjugation of other Verbs, There are auxiliary or helping Verbs in all the living languages, and in the Spanifb there are more than in any -other;- as podér, tenér, folér, ir, Bcc. without which we cannot rightly explain the meaning of fome fenfes; but there are three principal, viz. aver, (inftead of which we ufe likewife the Verb tenér) to have; eftar and fer, to be. The two firkt ferve for the Aétive, Neuter, and Reciprocal Verbs; bavér ferves alfo far the Paffive Verbs in their com- pound Tenfes, as in the Preterperfect, Plufperfect, 8, and the Verb /ér ferves for the Paffive Verbs; and as the other Verbs cannat be conjugated with- © out thefe, we think it Sroper to begin with them, AGeneralTh ELEMENTS of 28 Jer ae fee ta “pautafun fgre a soopenfeey gfends samp op jo sata yeaa | pt sowas2y sromary - mE “ey sted ope opug 1 | ap Boq-vog | “pimag | safer Set ye ‘dOOW FAILINIANT awncun {| tonay Cea § [ue sey teoay Je $ trouyrlay seyy py“ ‘acest |ovepenay fo opts +e cma lag 1S i spapadwataig puo9s “pyndupmaig yy 1 Seog soya ‘dOOW FAILVLdQ 40 TarLonalang earls ft ‘aoom BAILY UTdW : oi ag “00 ey 4 | 3 set Lear to ff ory ‘gue omy | ofaye sg ot | mege Srey Ceouangs | eqn egqecege Some} = “seo + antl “mag Sani dag” id “ug Spayndinang *eaadaynag aur], wWajaig “GOOoW FAILVOIGNT safe y, opduusf sags us ‘suorivintuon uprueds sags 291 fo sqa4 avjnioy fo uorpusmsy 21 fo smaqrg 1a ® ethe SRANISH GRAMMAR. 29 Of the Auxiliary Verbs, The Conjugation of the Auxiliary Verb havér, To have, The Indicative Mood. Prefent. ’ Sing. Plur. yo he have ) (nofotros hémos, or habémos) We have tu has Thou haf? & 3 vofotros habéis Ye have eth He bas J [ellos han Theyhave. feterimperfedt Sing. iti The hadft He had oe We had Pler. bs Ye had They bad. Preterperfect.. Thave bad i Thou baft bad He bas had hubfmos We have bad Plur. frag hufitis Ye have bad ron They have bad. Second Preterperfeét. yo he T have had Sing.2 tu has Thou bat had el ha habido 4 He bas bad nofotros hémos | We bave had Plur.4 vofotros habéis Ye have had ellos han Ess have had. The third Preterperfedt, yo buvé bavido, is not ufed in Spanifh. Preterpluperfect. 5 habia T hath bad Sing.4 habias Thou hadft bad habia habido | He bad bad hafiamos N00 4 We had had Plur. | habiais Ye had had : habian They had had. Fukgo «The ELEMENTS of Firt Future, hatré T foall ot will have Sing. } habras Thou foalt or wilt have hard He foall ot will have dS habréis Ye fall or will have habran They foall or will have. ‘The other Futures are. Second F. yohé de habée =I mut have Third, habré de haber I foall be obliged ta have Fourth, habia de habér I was to have. {rer We foall ot will bave * The Imperative Mood. . | § hayas tu Have thou Sing. j aya el ‘Have be, or let him ave haydmos nofotros Have we, of let us have Plur. Jhabéd vofotros Have ye, or let ye have hayan ellos Have they, ot let them have. Optative and Subjunétive Mood. Prefent. Oxala, plega a dios, como. haya Sing. béyas When I may bave héya ° _ Chaydmos Plur.} heysis _ 4 When we may have. bayan Three Preterimperfects. hubiéra, bubiéfle, habria ) When I mizht, could, Sing. 4 bubiéras, hubiéffes, habrias & or /bould have hubiéra, huvieffe, habria : hubiéramos, hubiéffemos, habriamos ) When we. Plut. 4 hubiérais ‘hubiéfleis, habriais | might,could,o® hubiéran, hubiéffen, habrian J fbould have. Preterperfe&. hay4 hays’, When Thad, ox when I have had haya . haydmos habido haydis When we bave bat, bc. hayan © This Imperative isnot in ufe-csw } and that of the Verb tent is ufedte Mgnify the fame. Trethe SPANISH GRAMMAR. 31 Two Preterpluperfedts. huviéra, or huviéfle Sing. d.huviéras, or huviéfles huviéra, or huviéfle havido $40" when I 7 buviéramos, or buviéffemos ("*¥!°° [had had, &c. Plur.d huviérais, or huviéffeis huviéran, or huviéffen J . - Firft Future. . huvigre Sing. 3 huviéres huviére huviéremos >for when I fall have, bcc. Plur. 2 buviéreis huviéren J Second Future. huviére Sing. havieres huviére aioe Hor when I foall babe ba: huvigremos pbavilos) gin 1 as Plur-4 huviéreis jn Infinitive Mood. Prof. batér To have : Perf. habér havido To have bad “Fut, haér de havér To have hereafter Gerund. hafiéndo Having Partic. habido Had Note, That the Spanifo Academy has changed davér into babér ; but ag this is againft the practice both of ancient and modern authors, I thought proper to conjugate and’ retain bavér. The other Auxiliagy Verbs, eltax and fer, To be, Indicative Mood. . Prefent Tenfe. yo eftét yofi Lam Sing. J tu eftis tu éres Thou art el eft elés cis ‘nofotroseftimos nofotro:fémos { Iie are Plur. 5 vofotros eftdis vofotros {Gis | Ye are - ellos eftin ——* ellos fon \ They are. 7 ‘Prerer-32 ‘Th ELEMENTS of Preterimperfect. ‘yo eftéba yo éra Twas Sing. 4 tu eftébas tu éras Thou waft el eftéba el éra He was vofotros eftdbais vofotros érais | Ye were Nnofotros eftébamos nofotros éramos We were Puur. ellos eftéban ellos éran. They were, Firft. Preterperfect. eftive fui T have been Sing.4 eftuvifte fuitte Thou hoff been eftivo fue. | —-He bath been eftuvimos fuimos We have been Plur.4 eftuvifteis fuifteis . Y¢ have been eftuviéron fuéron They have been. Second and third Preterperfect, héor biive eftédo hé or hiive sido b Sing. 2 hasorhuvitte eftédo his or huvitte sido ¢ 5 99, hd or hiivo eftédo 4 or htivo sido) 4% “Ce hémos, or huvimes eftédo hémos or [huvimos sido Plar J bavéis or huvifteiseftédo haveis or hu- (J bave lr [vifteis sido (been, cc: han or huviéron eftédo hdnor huvié- [yon sido J Preterpluperfeét. haviaeftédo —_havia sido Sing. 4 havias eftédo _havias sido havia éftido _havia sido ‘Thad b & haviamos eftido haviamos sido ee Plur.3 haviais eftédo _haviais sido . havian eftédo -havian sido Firft Future. cftaré ——feré Sing.) cltarés —_ferds eftars fer Sttarémos {exémos $1 Mall or will by 8c. Phar | eftaréis —_feréis eftaran fern Second -the SPANISH GRAMMAK., 33 Second Future, he or tengo de eftér he de fer ‘has de eftar has de fer I muft be, bes ha de eftét ha de fer, &e, : Third Future. havré de eftér, or {Er I foal be obliged to be, &c. Fourth Future. ~ havia de eftdr, or fr Thad to be, ot Iwas to be, &cs Imperative Mood. Sing, § 84 tu fé tu Be thor 17") efté el féa el Let bim be’ eftémos nofotros fedmos nofottos Let us be Plur.1 Cad volotros {éd volotros Be ye * Leftén ellos fein ellos Let them ben, Subjunétive Mood. Si or como, or oxala. eRe fea Sing peftes fea cfté fea : ehémos feamos ¢ 2% when Lam, Ses Plur.d efigis fedis j efién féan ‘Three Preterperfeéts. eta, evi, | fudry fu or eltarfa feria” ) If Twat, Sing, Jettuviéras, ettvietes, | fuéras,fude,( T lould, B or eftarias ferfas coats, eftuviéra, eftuvielle, | fusca, fuéile i or eftaria ferfa eftariamos _[fuéffemos, feriémos eee fuérais, fuéileis, full “4 eftaridis feriais e eftuviéran, tert | fuéran, fuéflen, | orn pe eftarian ferian acl ee eftuvidfemos, | fuéramos 9 77 gy. Sing. ( ‘Preter-34 The BLEMENTS Preterperfec. héyaeftéde “haya sido Sing. hays eftédo —hdyas sido hiya cftédo* haya sido (If or when I have hay imos eftido haymos sido’ been, 8c. Plur. bey eftédo haydis sido hdyaneftado hdyan sido Firft and fecond Preterpluperfett. hubiéra or hubiéffe eftédo or sido hubiéras er hubiéffes . hubiéra or hubiéffe If or when I hubiéramos or hubiéflemos had been, &c. hubiérais or hubiéffeis hubiéran or hubieflen Firft Future. l {ct eftuviére fuére l Sing. Plur. ” Sing. eftuviéres ures : eftuviére. fuére (If I foal or fhould be, or eftuviéremos fuéremos 7 when I bad beens Plur.d eftuviéreis — fuéreis efluviéren __fuéren * © Second Future. hubiére — eftédo or sido Sing. hubiéres hubiére When I foalt or foowld hubiéremos have been. Plur.d hubiéreis hubiéren ér quando havré, eftado or sfdo. Infinitive Mood. Prof. eftér fer To be Perf. havéreftido —ihavér sido ‘To have been Fut. havér de eftér havér de fr To be hereafter Gerund. eftindo fiéndo Being Part, — eftédo sido Been, Obfervations upon the Verbs fér and eftar. There is a confiderable difference between thefe Verbs, far and /ér, fignifying both to de. In Eng~ 1 hethe SpaNisH GRAMMAR. 35 Jip there is no word to diftinguifh them.” Sér figni- fies the proper and infeparable effence of a thing, its quality or quantity; as, /ér bombre, to be man; /ér wvaliente; to be courageous ; fer alto, to be tall; /ér chico, to be little; but efar denotes a place, or any adjun& quality ; as, ¢fér en Londrés, to be in Lon- don; ¢ftér con falid, to be in health; ear enfer-* mo, to be fick. So ¢ftér is ufed to exprefs and de- note any affection or paffion of the foul, or any ac- cidental quality of a thing; as, ear, enojado, to be angry; ofa mefa es buéna, pero ofté mal besha, this table is good, but it is ill made; where you miay fee « the effential being of the table expreffed by the Verb Jér, and the accidental by the Verb ¢far. - Of Verbs. Verbs are divided into Perfonals and Imperfonals. The Perfonals are fubdivided into Active and Paf- five, Neuter and Reciprocal. A Verb Aétive expreffes to do; as, enfeflar, to teach; amér, to love; and is made Paffive by the Auxiliary Verb /ér; as, /éi enfetiado, 8c. Neuter is that which fignifies neither aétion nor paffion; as, affertir, to affent; corrér, to run. The Verb Reciprocal is that which returns the fenfe backward; as acoftar/e, &c. The Spanifb tongue hath three Conjugations, viz. - 4, in ar; cantér, to fing. 2. in ér; > as, 4 refpondér, to anfwer. 3. in ir; recibir, to receive. Example of the firft Conjugation of Verbs Regular in ix. Indicative Mood. Prefent. yo canto Lfng Sing. tu cantas Thou fingef el canta He fings vofotros cantéis Ye fing nofotros cantémos V2 ying Plaur. ellos cantun They fing. Dia36 Th ELEMENTS of Imperfegt. ' : yo cantéba Sing. + tu cantabas . el cantéba I did fing, Sc. vofotros cantdbais nofotros cantébamos Plar. ellos cantéban irft Preterperfe&, yo canté Sing.} tu cantatte el canté . Fnofotros eantimos p//unes e+ Plur.4 vofotros cantafteis ellos cantéron. Second Perfe&t, ‘yo he cantédo Sing. 9 tu has cantédo el ha cantido. nofotros hémos cantédo Plur. + vofotros havéis ‘cantédo ellos han cantado Plufperfeét. yo havia Sing. tu havias el havfa nofotros haviamos, Plur. Thave fung, &e. cantédo) I had fung, &e. vofotros haviais ellos havian Firft Future, yo cantare Sing. 4 tu cantaras | el cantaré . nofotros cantarémos p / all or will fing, Bec. Plur.2 vofotros cantaréis © Cellos cantarén Second Future. ___ [yohé or tengo de cantar Sing. 3 tu has or tienes de cant4r l Twill fng, ot I muft fing, ox 1 am to fing. el ha or tiene de cantar nofotros hémos cr tenemos de cantar, Plur. 4 vofotros haveis or teneis decantaér “(ellos han or tienen de cantér Triad,the SPANISH GRAMMAR. 37 Third Future, yo havré Sing. } ta havrds ( el havrd Toall be obliged to nofotras havrémos @7° SAN Fig Bee, Plur. 3 vofotros havréis ellos havrdn Fourth Future, yo havia Sie} tu havias \ el havia z. JL was to fing, nofotros haviamos p2° cantare” acc, a. Par.) vofotros haviais ellos havian Imperative Mood. 2 canta tu Sing thou Sing. reg ein fi cantémos nos Let us fing Plur.\cantd vos Sing ye canten ellos Let them fing. Optative and Subjundtive Moods, with their figns, oxald, aunqué, would God, althqugh. Prefent Tenfe, yo c&nte Sing. } tu céntes | el cante nofotros cantémos ¢ Mbough F fing. Plur. 4 vofotros cantéis ellos cénten ‘Three Preterimperfedts, . fe cantéra, cantéffe, cantarfa ing. 4 tu cantéras, cantaflés, cantarias ) . el cantéra, cantéife, cantaria — ( Aithough F alid nofotros cantéramos, cantéffemos, p/i8> OF I could, Ph T ffould, ox T r. cantariamos tariats (7 Auld, o£ volotros cantarais, cantéfleis, can- \¥™l4 Sng» Be ellos cantéran, cantéffen, cantarjan’ D3 Parte,38 The ELEMENTS of Perfeét. yo hiya tu béyas el haya Sing. f a hayémos ay seth Jung, Plur, 4 vootros haydis ellos héyan Firft and fecond Pluperfect. sine $e ge or hai 71 ing. 9 tu hubiéras or hubiéffes . el hubiéra or hubiéffe Feral i hhubiéramos or hubiéffemos vofotros hubiérais or hubiéfleis ellos hubiéran or hubiéffen cantido) had fung, Pur, ee Firft Future, cantére inf cantéres [anes I fralt fing; 8c. cantare nofotros cantéremos oe cantéreis | auras we foall fing, &c ellos cantéren Sing. Phar. Second Future. Fhubiére Sing. Jive . pubigre g peantidos Although I bave jung.” Plar. } bubiéreis tubiéren Indicative Mood. Pref. cantér To fing Perf. paver cantédo ‘To bave fung . Fut. —haver de cantér To be obliged to fing Gerund. cantindo Singing Part. cantédo Sung, tg, All Regular Verbs, whofe Infinitive is termi- pated in dr, are conjugated in the fame manner as his Verb cantér. Regular.the SPANIsH GRAMMAR. 39 Regular Verbs in ar. Apartér, to fet afide © allandr, to jmooth ayundr, to faft apelar, to appeal accommodar, to adj aprovechar, t0 profit arraftrar, to aras amenazér, to threaten afrentir; to affront aventurar, fo venture amedrentir, to put in fear alzdr, to take up atér, to tie azotar, to whip alumbrar, to ight alabar, to praife alquilér, to let adelantar, to forward anim4r, to encourage alejér, ta fet at a diflance accufar, te accufe aparejar, to make ready acabar, to finifb ampardr, fo protec? apear, to alight abordér, to board arrebatar, to fnatch arrancar, to tear up amanfar, to tame ayudar, to belp amér, to love adorar, to adore Befér, to dift borrdr, fo blot out bailar, to dance bambaledr, to totter curér, to cure cortér, to cut cabar, to dig cazdr, to bunt canfar, to tire calli, to be filent condendr, ¢2 condemn cridr, to breed cafar, to marry conformér, to conform. Difparar, to difcharge disfamar, to defame defaisr, t9 challenge defarraigar, to root up defampardr, to forfake defpreciér, to de/pife dexir, to leave ee defnudir, ta frip domér, to tame danzar, to dance defengaiidr, to undeceive defpavilér ta velay to fauff the candle defpavilér 10s ojos, to awake defpojir, to firip Echar, to put out efpantér, to frighten eftimar, to ¢/feem encantér, 10 enchant efternudar, to fneexe empeiidr, to engage entrar, to come in embidr, to fend enojar, te anger efcaramuzér, to ftirmi enfanch4r, to widen barajér, to fbuffie at cards, to Fidt, to truft quarrel or embroil Comprar, to buy cantar, to fing cenér, 0 fap conteltér, 10 contef? D4 fabricar, to manufadure facilitar, to facilitate fallificdr, te falfify fatigér, to tire fomentér, to foment 2 foment te,40 Ganér, to gain gaftér, to fpend ocean ee court gobern4r, to govern guardar, to keep Horidr, to glory allar,: to find hurtér, to feal honrér, to honour hablér, to fpeak Injuridr, i0 revile ignorér, to be ignorant - fas to fwear Jamar, to-call Jlorér, to weep Jevantér, to raife lavér, to wah lifongedr, to flatter Matér, to ia manchir, to flain mandér, to command menofprecir, to undervalue maltratér, to mifufe mirér, to look Th ELEMENTS of Nadér, to fivim narrar, to relate naturalizér, to naturalize navegér, to fail Olvidér, to feraet ojedr, to ogle, or look over obfervar, to obferve ocultér, to conceal Peledr, to fight agar, to Palledr, ‘a woale Procurar, to procure rfidr, to contend chufér, to refufe . reculdr, to draw back rezar, to pray retirdr, to retire Separar, to. Separate faquedr, to plunder fudar, to fweat fitiar, to befege Tartamudedr, to ftammer tapar, to cover Firft Conjugation of Verbs Irregular in ar, to be ‘particularly conjugated. Dir, from date, Latin, To give, Indicative Mood. Prefent Tenfe, yo doy I give Sing.2 tu das Thou give? el dé He gives nofotros damos = We give Plur.2 vofotros dais ‘Ye give ellos dén They give Preterimperfedt. yo diba, Ge, J did give (as in Regnier Vers) Fukthe SPANISH GRAMMAR, 41 Firft Preterperfect. yo di Igave Sing. tw ditte ‘how gavel ‘Lel dio He gave nofotros dimos = We gave Plur.4 vototros difteis Ye gave ellos diéron They gave. Second and third Perfect. yo hé or huvé dado, &%c. I have given, &e, Preterpluperfeét. yo havia dido, &%. I bad given, &c. Firft Future. yo daré Sing. + tu dards ] dard A aye sorros darémos (1 AU gives ot I willgive, Sc. Plur.4 vofotros dareis ellos darén Second Future. yo hé dedér or tengo dewér I will give or muf? give, Go 9b CThied Future. yo havi de dér J foall by obliged to give. Fourth Future. yohaviade dar I was to give. Imperative Mood. Sin j dé tu Givé thou Sy déel Let him give démos nos Let us give Plur.2 dad vos Give ye {# cllos Let them give, Subjunctive Mood, with the figns, comé, oxalé, 8c. Prefent Tenfe. yo dé (asin Regulars) When I do give, Be Taree42 The ELEMENTS of Three Imperfeds. Sing $77 Sst Hill daria jing. J" diéras, diéfles, darfas : diéra, ‘diéMe, daria logs I might, diéramos, diéffemos, dariamos 7°" ae Plur.d — digrais, diéfleis, dariais would give, Be. diéran, diéffen, darian J Q Preterperfect. ' yo haya dado, &¢, When I bad given, &c. Firft and Second Preterpluperfeét. "yo hubiéra or hubicile dado Wen I had given. Firft Future. yo diére Sing. tu diéres el diére Nanas dierémos (772 Z foall give, &c. Paf vofotros dieréis ellos diéren - Second Future. yo hubiére dédo, 8c, , When 1 foall or will bave given, Infinitive Mood. Prof de To give Preter. —havér dédo To have given Fut. havér de dar To give hereafter Gerund. dando Giving Part. Paff. dado Given. The Irregular Verb contér, To count, Indicative Mood. Prefent. cdento J count Sing.) cGentas ‘Thou counteft cdenta He counts contamos We count Piur. 5 contais Ye count cdentan They count. Ampertethe SpantsH GRAMMAR. 43 Tonperfedt (as in Regulars.) ¢ontdba, Gh 1 did count. contabas Firft Perfe&. conté I counted Sing. contatte Thou, Sc. conté ‘contamos Plur.4 contafteis contéron Second Perfect, hé contédo I have counted, Bice has contédo, &c, Preterpluperfect. hfvia contédo Thad counted, &c. havias contaédo, &c, Firft Future. ‘yo contaré Sing. 4 tu contarés el contara - . nofotros contarémos (/ 4! or will count, Bes Pu. § vofotros contaréis ellos contarén Second Future. he de contér I muft count, &e. Third Future, havré de contér I foall be obliged to count, 8c. Fourth Future. hévia de contér I was to count, &c. Imperative Mood, Sing. foene ty Count thou * UL cuente el Let him count contémos nofotros Let us count Pie} contéd vofotros Count ye cuenten ellos Let them count. Optative44 The ELEMENTS of Optative and-Subjunétive Moods. ‘ Prefent Tent. cuente . Sing. 5 cuentes T count, &c. cuente, &e. Plur. Contemos, conteis, cuenten. ‘The three Imperfedts. contra, contafle, contaria, I did count, &c. (as in Ren gulars.) Preterperfect. haya contado, &. I have counted. Two Pluperfeéts. : hubiera or hubiefle contado I had counted. hubieras or hubieffes contado, &c. (as in Regulars.) Firft Future. yocontére I all count Sing. tu contares el contare, &%c. (as in Regulars.) Second Future. : yo bubiére contade 2 J will have counted, Sic. (as in Regus tu hubiéres, &e. Jars.) Infinitive Mood. Pref.’ contér To count Perf. bavér contdo To have counted Fut. havér de contér To count bereafter Gerund. _ contando Counting Part. Paff. contado Counted. The irregularity of the following Verbs, conju- gated as the Verb contér, confifts only in the Prefent of the Indicative, Imperative, and Prefent of the Subjunétive Moods, changing the 0 of the penultima inte we in the three Perfons Singular, and third Plural of the faid prefent Tenfes and Moods, itive, Prof. Ind. Preterfeét. 10g to bed acuefta acatté to wager apueta _-apothe acardes,” the Spanisu GRAMMAR. 43 Infinitive. Pref. Ind. Preterperfedt. acordér, to remember wg lee sete confolir, to comfort confuelo confolé defollér, to flay defuello defollé degollér, to bebead degiiello degollé entontrar, to meet encuentro encontré esforz4r, to firengthen —_esfuerzo esforzé forzar, to force fuerzo forzé hollar, to trample on huello hollé moftrar, to faow mueftro moftré provir, to try pruevo prové refollér, to breathe refuello refollé foltar, to let lof fuelto folté fondr, to foun fueno foné toftdr, to tog? tuefto tofté volar, to fly vuelo volé @ Obferve, That the greater part of the Verbs having the Vowel o in the penultima, and ending in ar, are Irregulars. The Verbs whofe Infinitives end in car, terminate the firlt perfon of their firft Preterperfect in gue, and the third Perfon Singular and Plural of the Impera- tive in gue and quen, and all the perfons of the Pre- fent of the Subjunctive ; as, arrancér, to pluck out — embarcér, to embark boledr, to overturn fect, to dry tocar, to touch abarcir, to undertake , atacdr, to attack ahorcdr, to hang Bokér makes the Prefent Indicative bue‘co, buelcas, buelcas bolcames, bolcais, buelcan. . The Verbs whofe Infinitives end in gér are termi- nated, in the perfons and tenfes mentioned above, in gue and guen; as, pagar, £0 pay embargir, to feize apagir,. to extinguifh — rogar, to pray regér, to water agregar, to aggregate Prefent Indicative. Riego, riegas, riega; regamos, re- gais, riegan. Rogar makes in the prefent indicative Ruego, “ ruegas, ruega; rogamos, rogais, ruegan. To the Verbs having ane in the penultima of the Infinitive Mood, we muft add an before the faid ¢ in the three firft perfons Singular, and the thixd of . the46 ‘Th ELEMENTS of the Plural, in the Prefent of the Indicative, Impe- - rative, and Subjunctive; as, Ind. Subj. acertér, to fucceed acierto acierte cerrér, to fbut cierro cierre confeffir, to conféft confielfo —_confieffe, The Verb andar, to go, is irregular’in the firft ‘Perfeét of the’ Indicative Maod, and Imperfeéts and Future of the Subjunétive Mood; and it is a gene- ral rule, when the firft Perfeé&t of the Indicative Mood is irregular, the Imperfects and Future of the Subjunétive follows the irregularity of the Perfeét of the Indicative, as in the Verb andar. ft Preterperf. ft Imperf. Subj. Fut. Subj. anduve anduviera anduviere, &c. anduvifte _anduviéras, &e. andiivo anduvimes \ ad Imperf. ~ anduviftéis anduvie anduviéron —_anduvieffes, &e. Of the Verbs Paffive. The Verbs Paffive are formed from the Adtive, adding to the Auxiliary Verb the Participle Paffive, as in the Indicative, . Prefent Tenfe. foy Lam loved Sing.9 eres } amado J tim art ued es “He is loved fomos We are loved Plur. Js amados j Ye are loved fon They are loved. - And fo throughout the other Moods and Tenfes, © Of the Reciprocal Verbs. The Verbs called Reciprocal have all the Pro- noun /e after the Infinitive Mood, as Jibrar fe. : Andicanivethe SpanisH GRAMMAR. 47 Indicative Mood. Prefent Tenfe, me libro tu te libras L. el fe libra nos librémos T free myfilf, Bes 08 librais. fe libran Sing. Plur, Imperfect. v ‘me libréba 1 te librabas fe librab: . aoe pte my 0s librabais fe libraban Sing. Plur. a Senaee Firft Preterperfect. ine re Sing. fe librafte fe librs nos librémos T freel mypilf, be. Plur.4 0 librétteis fe libraron : Second Perfeé. me he librédo Lfreed myfelf, Sco te has librédo, &. And fo in all the Tenfes and Moods but in ‘ The Imperative. sap, § libra te Sing-J bra pnif te . Glibrémos nos $ Free thou thy/elf, &e. Pur} ra vos ws libren fe Of Verbs Imperfonal belonging to the frft Conjugation. Some of the Imperfonals are Aétive, fome Paflive. The Active are conjugated in this manner. Nevar,“48. Te ELEMENTS of Nevar, To /now. Indicative. | Profert, nigva Ie frows Inperfelt. nevaba Ie did fuow aft Perfelt, —— nevd Tt fuowved ad & 3d Perf. ha or huvo nevado It bas fnowed Pluperfeét. havia nevédo Tt had fnowed Future. navaré Lewill fw, And fo on, putting only the third perfon in every Tenfe and Mood. In this manner are conjugated the following. : atronar, to thunder ahumér, to /moak granizar, to hail conftér, to be plain, or clear helar, to freeze importar, to import, to be ne= relampaguedr, to lighten ceffary Prefent Indicative. TTruena, it thunders; tronaba, it did thunder helét, to freexe ; yelay it freezes. Imperfett, claba, it did frieze ; €l6, it freened; clard, it will freene. The Paflive Imperfonals are conjugated, adding the Particle /e before or after the Verb; as. Indicative, Pref. fe nota Ie is noted 1 Imperf. fe notaba Tt was noted Pepe fenots | Lit has been noted Pluperfife havianotado It had been noted : Future. fe notara St will be noted. And fo in other Tenfes and Moods: Obferve, that all the Verbs, but only the Regu= lars Paffive, may be conjugated by the Auxiliary Verb ¢fér, and the Gerund of the other Verb, through all the Moods and Tenfes; as, i Indicative. Pref. eltoyhablando I'am fpeaking eftas hablando ‘how art /peaking, &ce Imperf. eftaba hablando I was fpeaking, bc. Perf. eftuvé hablando I have been fpeaking. The fame mutt be obferved in the two other Conjugations in er and ir, Secondthe SpantsH GRAMMAR. 49 Second Conjugation of Regular Verbs. Indicative. Prefent. yo vendo pelt Sing. dtu vendes ‘Thou fel'sf-* el vende He fills nofotrosvendémos We fell Plur. j vofotros vendeis Ye jell ellos venden They fell. Imperfeét. yo vendia I did fell sin St vendias Thou Lin fll el vendia He did fel vofotros vendiais Ye did fell nofotros vendiamos We did fell Plr. } ellos vendian They aid fell. Firft Perfedt. - yo vendi Ltd Sing. j tu vendifte thou foldeft . el vendio He fila vofotros vendifteis Ye fold . nofotros vendimos We fold Plur. ellos vendiéron = They fold. Second and third ee 0 he or huve Sing. 9 tu has or huvifte el ha or huvo I have fold, nofotros hémos or huvimos (VM ae, : Plur.2 vofotros haveis or huvifteis ellos han or hubiéron. Preterpluperfect. yo havia Sing. fe havias . clheria St vendidod I bad fold, bc. nofotros haviamos Plur, } vofotros haviais elles havian ‘Future,Th ELEMENTS of Future, 50 yo venderé Sing. } tu venderds el vendera A nofotros venderémos ('/ ball or will fll, Se, Plur. 2 vofotros venderéis ellos venderin Imperative. Si { vénde tu Sell thou "8 U vénda el Let bim fell vendimos nos Let us fell Plur.dvendéd vos Sell ye vendan ellos Let them fell. ‘ Optative and Subjunétive Moods. Prefent. . yo vénda * Sing. 2 tu véndas el vénda nofotros vendamos (/ "47 Ji &c. + Plur. 2 vofotros vendais ellos vendin perfects. Teould, 'yo vendiéra, vendita venderia Sing.9 tu vendiéras, vendiéffes, venderias Soould, or el vendiéra, vendiéfle, venderia nof.vendiéramos,vendiéflemos,venderiamos f would Pir vofotros vendiérais, vendiéfleis, venderiais | fell, ellos vendiéran, vendiéflen, venderfan &e. Preterperfea. yohayavendido I have fil &e. Preterpluperfect. yo hubiéra'er hubiéfle vendido ‘I had fald, &c. Firft Future. yo vendiére sine} Xa veniges el vendiére : , ‘nos vendiéremos > /ball or will fall, &c: . Plur. 3 vos vendieréis ellos vendiéren Secondthe SPANISH GRAMMAR. 5r Second Future. yo hubiére vendido T fpalt have fold tu hubiéres, &e. ‘hou foalt bave fald, 8c. Infinitive Mood. Profent. —_vendér To fit Perfelt. —havér vendido To have fold Future. havér de vendét To fell hereafter Gerund. __vendiéndo Selling Part. Paff. vendido Sold. After the fame manner as the Verb vendér are conjugated all the other Regular Verbs of the fecond Conjugation ending in ér; as the following: acometér, to attack efcondér, to hide bevér, to drink emprendér, to undertake Darrér, to fweep ~ metér, to put in correfpondér, to correfpond —ofendér, to offind comér, to eat prometér, to promife corrér, to run refpondér, to anfiwer concedér, te grant reprehendér, to reprove cometér, to commit temér, to fear. devér, to owe Of Verbs Irregular of the fecond Conjugation in ér. cabér, te be contained trahér, to bring hacér, to do, to make tenér, to have or to bold podér, to be able fabér, t0 know poner, to put or to place vér, to fee. querér, to will or to love, or to chufe Conjugation of the Verb cabér, To be contained. Indicative Mood. Prefent Tenfe, yo quépo Sing. j tucabes | ed >I am contained, 8c. Plar, } vos cabéis ellos caben Eq Longer.52 The ELEMENTS of Imperfeet. cabia Twas contained cabias, fc. Thou waft, &c. Rerfe&. cup Sing} iit ] pate I have been contained, &c. cupimos Plur. d cupifteis cupiéron Second Perfect. he or huve cabido have been contained, &c. . Pluperfe&t. havia cabido, I bave been contained, Bcc. Firft Future. cabré Sing. 9 cabris . sabi : ; cs os [Uallor will be contained, Buc. . Pur.) cabréis cabran Imperative Mood. Sing. [oabe tt Be thoie contained 778° quepa el Let him be contained quepdmos nofotros Let us be containe Plur.d cabéd vofotros Let ye be contained quepan ellos Let them be contained. Subjunétive and Optative Moods. Prefent. yoquep2 I may be contained tu quepas Thu, &c. Imperfedts. cupiéra, cupiéffe, cabria Sing. 4 cupiéras, cupiéiles, cabrias I could, cupiéra, cupiélfe, cabria would, oF cupiéramos, cupiéffemos, cabriamos -pbould be cons Plur. 4 cupiérais, cupieileis, cabriais tained, Sc cupiéran, cupiéflen, cabrian \ Pericds,- the SPANISH GRAMMAR. 53 Perfe&. haya cabido hayas cabido, &c, Thave been contained, fie. Pluperfect. bubiéra or hubiefle cabido, &e, J had been contained, 8c. Fir Future. yo cupiére tu cupis el cu Sing. } vofotros cupieréis Plar. j ellos cupiéren nofotros cupierémos T foall or will be contained, be, Second Future. yo hubiére cabido T foall bave been contained, 8c,’ Infinitive Mood. Profent. — cabér Perfft. —_havér cabido Future. havér de cabér Gerund, __ cabiéndo Part. Poff. cabido 1 Ta be contained To have been contained To be contained hereafter Being contained Contained, The Irregular Verb hacer, To do, or to make. Indicative Mood. Prefent Tenfe, yo hago Ido or I make Sing.3 tu haces Thou doef! ot makeft el hace He does nos hacémos We do Plur. free hacéis Ye do . ellos hacen. ‘They do. Troperfed, yo hacia Sing. j tm hacfas 5 : cl hacia os Pi did or Idid matey Sc. Plur,S vos haciais ellos. hacfan . ‘ES Fisk54 The ELEMENTS of Firft Perfect. yo hize \ sin $ iu hizitte : : dl hizo nos hizimos (7 Ades Sice Plur. 5 vos hizifteis ellos hiziéron Second Perfeét. yo he hecho I have done or made, 8c, ‘tw has hecho, &c. , Pluperfeét. yohaviahecho I have done or made, 8c. Firft Future. haré Sing. j tu harés el hara sae tarémos (1 Jal! do or make, 8c. Plur. j vos haréis ellos harén Imperative Mood. Si {pee tu Do or make thou "78° haga el Let him do or make hagmos nos Let us make or do Plur. faced vos Let ye do ot make ye hagan ellos Let them do ot make. Subjundtive and Optative Moods. yo haga — I may do or make _ tu hagas, Thou &c. : Imperfeéts. . figs hiziéffe, harta Sing. 9 hiziéras, hiziélfes, harias hiziéra, hiziéle, harfa Tfoould, could, hiziéramos, hiziflemos,hariamos pO woud de or Plur.3 hiziérais, hiziéffeis, hariais ee hiziéran, hiziéffen, harién Perked,the SPANISH GRAMMAR. 55 Perfedt. yohayahecho I bave made or dene, 8c. Pluperfeet, yo hubiéra or hubiéffe hecho ‘J had made, &c, Firft Future, . yo hiziére Sing. j tu hiziéres el hiziére nos hiziéremos Pir § vos hiziéreis ellos hiziéren I foall do or make, &c. Second Future. yohubiérehecho J fhall have done or made, &c. Infinitive Mood. Prefent. hacér To do ot make Perfeét. aver hecho To have done Future. havér de hacér To do hereafter Gerund, _ haciendo Doing ot making Part. Paff hecho Done or made. After the fame'manner are conjugated the follow. ing Verbs; de/bacér, to undo ; contrabacér, to coun- terfeit ; rebacér, to make again. The Irregular Verb podér, To be able. The Indicative Mood. Prefent Tenfe. yo puédo Tam able or I can Sing. j tu puédes Thow art able or thou canft Cel puéde He can or be is able {ve podémos We canor we are able Plur,jvos podéis = Ye can or ye are able ellos puéden They can or are able. Imperfect. odia I could or was able fas Thow could? ot waft able 3 Sing. ia He could ox was able iamos We could or were able fais Ye could or were able lian They could ot were able. - E4 Bk PEER Pir}y6 Te ELEMENTS of , Firft Perfect. © 0 pide Sing. {i pudifte el pido ~ Enos pydimos Plur. 4 vos puditteis ellos pudiéron T could or have been able. Second Perfect. yo he podido have been able, 8c. tu has podido, &c. Pluperfeet, havia podido I bad been abley 8c, Future. podré Sing.) podrés See os (Ufa! or will be able, &e. Plur. j podréis podria Subjunétive and Optative Moods, Prefent. puéda Sine puédas uéda ire I may be able, Bey poddis puédan J Imperfeas, : putigra pudiéfle, podria a) Sing. 4 pudiéras, pudiéfles, podrias I could, pudiéra, pudiéffe, ‘podia ld, oF pudiéramos, pudiélfemos, podriamos ( would be Pur} pudiérais, pudiéfleis, podriais able, &cy pudiéran, pudiéffen, podrian Perfect. yo haya podido, &c. I bave been able, Bc. Pluperfect. Aubiéra or hubiéfle odie, &$e, I bave been able, &e, Bukthe SPANISH GRAMMAR. 57 Firft Future. pudiére sine} pudiéres eee T foall ot will be able, 8c Phar. Jui pudiéren Second Future. hubiére pudido, &. I fall bave been able, &c, Infinitive Mood. Profent. —_podér To be able Perfed. havér podido To have been able Future. havér de podér Fo be able hereafter Gerund. __ pudiéndo Being able Part. Paff: podido Been able. The Irregular Verb ponér, To place. : Indicative Mood. Prefent. A yo pongo lace si. J pones ou place el pone He places vofotros ponéis Ye place nolotros ponémos We place Plur. ellos ponen They place. Imperfee. ponia I did place, &c. ponias, &c, Firlt Perfeét. yo pute Sing. } ty putts : ere T placed, Bic. nofotros pusimos Plur. ) vofotros pufitteis ellos pufiéron Second Perfee, yo he puefto Thave placed, &c. iu has pucho, &e, 7 Pretere58 The ELEMENTS of Preterpluperfect. havia puefto Thad put, &e. . Firft Future. yo pondré = J hall or will put, 8c. Second Future, he de ponér I muft put, &c. Third and Fourth Future. havré de ponér I foall be obliged to put havia de ponér I was.to put. Imperative Mood. Sh pon tu Put thou “78 ) ponga el Let him put ponéd vofatros Put ye pongdmos nofotros Let us put Pur} pongan ellos Let them put, " Subjundtive and Optative Moods. Prefent Tenfe. ponga Sing. pongas pongémos T may put, &c, Parton pongan héca pf Imperfeéts. pufiéra, pufiéfle, pondria Sing. | pufiéras, pufiéiits, pondrias J faulds pufiéra, puliéffe, pondria Boles) pufiéramos, pufiéffemos, pondriaraos ‘mich 'y OF Plur.4 pufiérais, pufiéffeis, pondriais - eitbuts pufiéran, pufiélen, pondrian Se Preterperfeét, haya pucfto ‘I had put, &e, : Preterpluperfeats. : hubiéra or hubiéffe puetto I bad put, bees : Fakthe SpANisH GRAMMAR. 59 Firft Future. pufiére, Sin pte fie i puligremos (72H or will put, &ce Plur. j pufiéreis pufiéren Second Future. hubiére puefto IT fall have put. Infinitive Mood. Prefent. —_ponér To put Perfect. —_hhaver puefto To have put Gerund. _ poniendo’ Putting. Part. Paff. puetto Put. After the fame manner are conjugated the fol- lowing Verbs: anteponér, to prefer imponér, to impofe componér, to compafé, or to proponér, to propo/e mend reponér, to put again, difponér, to difpofe and any other Verb derived from ponér. The Irregular Verb querér, To will, to love, or to chufe. + Indicative Mood. Prefent Tenfe. _ F yo quiéro Twill or love Sing. tu quiéres Thou willeft or loveft el quiére He wills or loves . nofotros quéremos We will or love Plur. j vofotros queréis Ye will or love ellos quiéren They will or love. Preterimperfeét. queria I did will or love Sing. } querias Thou didf will or love queria He did will or love queriamos = We did will or love Phir. } queriais Ye did will or love queriéa They did will ox love. Fisk60. The ELEMENTS of Firlt Preterperfe&t. quife I willed or loved ; Sing. quisitte You willed or ved quifo He willed ot loved quisifteis Ye wiiled or loved quifiéron They willed or loved. Second Perfeé. heorhuve querido = have willed or loved, 8c. quisimos = We willed or loved Pir} : Preterpluperfect, havia querido J had willed of loved, &c. Firft Future. uerré Sing.} querrés querré , ANerrémos ('/ Ball will or love, de. : Pie gure ON cerréa Second Future. yohe de querér J mu/? will or love, Sc. . . Third Future. havré de quérer I fall be obliged to love, xc. Fourth Future, bavia de querér Twas to love. Imperative Mood. Sing. 5 Tiere te Will you or love you 778+) quiéra el Let bim will or love querémos nofotros Let us will or love Plu. J quered vofotros Hill ye or love quiéran ellos Let them will or love, Optative and Subjunétive Moods. Prefent Tenfe. quiéra Sing. quiéras quiéra (querémos Phir, } querdis | quiéran I may leur, Sic, Theethe SPANISH GRAMMAR. 61 Three Imperfedts. quifiéra, quifieffe, querria Sing.4 quifiéras, quifiefles, querrias I foould, quifiéra, quifiéffe, querria would, or quifigramos, quifiéffemos, querriamos [coud love, Par ute quifiéfleis, querriais &e. quifiéran, quifiéffen, querrian Preterperfect. yohayaquerido J had defired or loved, &c. , Preterpluperfcct. hubiéra or hubiéffe querido J bad defired or loved, Bq Firft Future. quifiére Sing. 3 quifiéres quifiére : UMineremos (1 Aall will or lave, Bic. Plur. ) quifiéreis quifiéren + Second Future. hubiére querido, &c. ball be willing, or foall love, Bice Infinitive Mood. Pref. -querér To will or to love Prater, aver querido To have willed ot loved Fut. haver,de querer To will or to love hereafter Gerund, queriendo — Wil'ing or loving Part. querido Willed ot loved. Lhe Irregular Verb trahér, To bring. Indicative Mood. Prefent ie yo trahigo bring sin} trahes Thou lrin off el trahe He brings : nofotros trahémos We bring Plur.) vofotros trahéis Ye bring ellos trahen They bring “Prerer-62 The ELEMENTS of Preterimperfe&. trahia 1 did bring Sing.) trahias Thou didft bring trabia He did bring trahiamos We did bring Plur.d trabiais Ye did bring trahian They did bring. Firft Preterperfeét. traxe I brought Sing.3 tréxifte Thou broughteft + Ctréxo He brought traximos We brought traxifteis Ye brought | Plyr. j traxéron They brought, Second Perfe&t. he or huve trahido I have brought, &c. Preterpluperfect. havia trahido I had brought, &c, Firft Future. traheré il or will bring Sing.) traherés ‘hou wilt bring, 8c. traherd He will bring traherémos We will bring lar. traheréis Ye will bring traberdn They will bring. Second Future. he de trahér I muft bring, &c. Third Future, havré de trahér J will be obliged to bring, &e. * Fourth Future. haviade trahér I was to bring, 8c. Imperative Mood, aay, § thdhe tu Bring tho Sings § rahiga el Let bim bring trahigd4mos nofotros Let us bring ° Plur. } trahéd vofotros Let ye bring trahigan ellos Let them bring. Opraineshe SPANIsH GRAMMAR. 63 Optative and Subjunétive Moods. Prefent Tenfe. trahfg Sing. fic trabiges trahiga trahigamos Plur. d trabigais trabigan T may bring, 8c. Preterimperfects. = traxéra, traxéfle, traheria 7] Sing to traxéffes, traherias I would, traxéra, traxéffe, traheria Soould, oF traxerdmos, traxellémos, traheriamos (could bring, Plar. j traxerdis, traxefféis, traheriais &c. traxéran, traxéflen, traherian Preterperfect. hiya Sing) ge Baye nos Sttahidod I hove braugb, &. Pir Sra hayan “Two Preterpluperfeéts. hubiéra or hubiéfle crabido sin} hubs or hubifes hubiéra or hubiéffe : hubiéramos or hubieffEmos p/Aadbrowght, &¢, Plur. Yhubiérais or bubiéfleis hubiéran or hubiéffen Firft Future. traxére Sing. j traxéres —-——r Plur, 2 traxeréis Jem Second Future. hubiére trahido I foal have brought, &c. + Infinitive64 The ELEMENTS of Infinitive Mood. Prefent. — trahér To bring Perfee. hhaver trabfdo. ‘To bave brought Future. —hhavér de trahér_ To bring hereafter Gerund, _trahiéndo Bringing Part, Paff. trabido - Brought. After the fame manner are conjugated the Com- ind Verbs, retrabér, contrabér, to contract; diftra- bér, to diftra&t; atrabér, to attract, Fe. The Irregular Verb fabér, To know. Indicative Mood. Prefent Tenfe. yo T know Sing. tu fabes Thou knoweft - el fabe He knows nos fabémos We know Plur. j vos fabéis Ye know ellos faben They know. Imperfeet. fabia I did know Sing. fis Thou didft know fabia He did know fabiamos We did know Plur. } fabiais Ye did inow fabién They did know, Firft Perfe&t. fape T knew Sing. finite Thou knews He knew fupimos’ We bnew Plur.d fupitteis Ye knew fupiéron They knew. Second Perfeét. hé or hiibe fabido I have Anown Sing.) has fabido Thou bat known ha fabido He has known hemos fabido Plur, th véis fabido han fabido We have known Ye have known They have known, ‘Prerer-th Spanish GRAMMAR. 65° Preterpluperfeét. havia Sing.d havias FS baviamos haviais l havian Firft Fature. fabré T foal or will know Sing. 4 tabris u foalt ox wilt know ; Fabra, He foall or will know fabrémos We fall or will know Plur. ee Te frall or will know They foall ot will know, Second Future. hédefabér I muff new, Bc. Third Future. havré de fabér I will be obliged to know, Fourth Future. * haviade fabér = 1 was to know, &c. Imperative Mood. 7 Sing, ) be tu Know thou 708+) Spa el Let bim know fepimos nofotros Let us know Plur,} 264 volotros Know ye HT U Span ellos Let them know * Subjunétive and Optative Moods. Prefent Tenfe. fépa sin / fepdmos T may knew, 8c. Plus. fepais fépan F : ‘Three66 The ELEMENTS of: Three Imperfects. fupiéra, fupiéffe, fabria Sing. 4 fupiéras, fupiéffles, fabrias fupiéra, fupiéfle, fabria fupiéramos, fupiéflemos, fabriamos Pler | Fromld, coulo, ‘or foorld knew, be, fupiérais, fupicffeis, fabriais fupiéran, fupiéffen, fabrian Preterperfect. haya fab§do Sing. | hayas fabido : haya fabido hayémmos fabido ¢'/ b2ve Anown, Bc. Plur.) hayéis fabido . Lhéyan fabido . Preterpluperfeét, bir o bile fbiéo 7 hubiéras or hubieffes hubira or hui mos or hubiéffemos is or hubiéffeis pubigean oy hubielen Sing. Plus. .._ Firft Future, fupiére Sing. 3 {apiéres fupiére fupiéremos { /all or will dxow, Be. fupiéreis fupiéren Plur. Second Future. ent fabido Sing. bubiéres fabido hubiére fabido hubiéremos fabido (7 Mal! have known, Bcc. Plur.) hubiéreis fabido hubiéren fabido “ Infinitive Mood. Profint. fabér To bu a Perfil, havér fabido Te have known - fidure haves de fabée To know hereafter a “3 Gerund,the ‘Spanisu GRAMMAR. “fabiéndo Gerund. Part.Paff. fabido 67 Knowing. Known, The Irregular Verb ver, To fee. Indicative Mood. Prefent Tene. , Sing. 9 tu vés me oli vé hee fo He fees nofotros yémos We fee vofotros ¥éis Ye fee ellos vén They fee. Imperfeét. : veia 1 did fee Sing. } veias Thou didft fee veia He did fee veiamos. We did'fee Plur. veiais Ye did fee veian They did fee. _ _,Obferve, that via in that Tenfe is never ufed, although it is found in all the Spanifo and Englifh Grammars. Vide, in the firft Perfect, is likewife not in yfe. Fir Preterperfe. vio vimos Plar. 5 vitteis viéron, . vi Sing. | vitte ou faweft - He faw We few Ye jaw They few, Second Perfect. ha vifta ~ he vifto Sing: ) has vito bémos vifto Plur. } haveis vito ban vifto Fa L have fern Thou haft feen He has feen We have feen Ye bave fien They barve feen. Protege68 Te ELEMENTS of Preterpluperfect. 7 havia Sing. j havias havia Pp villo 2 I bad jen, 8c. Plur. fre havian Firft Future. veré Tfoall ox will fee Sing. j vers . ‘Thou foalt or wilt foe verd He fhall ox will fie verémos ° We foall or will fee Plur, freee Ye foall or will fue verén They foall ox will fae Second Future. he de vér I muft fee Sing. Phas de vée ‘Thou mu foe ha de vér He muf fee hemos de vér We muff fee Plur. fra devér Ye mujt fee han de vér They mist fr. The two other Futures as above in the other Verbs. Imperative Mood. Sve tu See thou Sing-{ Yenc Let him fee véd.vofotros See ye vedmos nofotros Let us fee Plur. véan ellos Let them fee. Subjunétive and Optative Moods. Prefent Tenfe, yo véa 1 sin} tu véas el véa nofotros vemos (/ 47 /es fee. Plur. 2 vofotros. vedis ellos véan Lonpertesthe SPANISH GRAMMAR. 69 Imperfects, [views viéfle, veria Sing. 5 viéras, viéffes, verias ‘ viéra, viéfle, veria T could, I would, I viéramos, viéffemos, veriamos ¢ bould fee, Bc. Plar. ven viélleis, veriais viéran, viéflen, verfan : may, Pa 2 sie hagas BEmos (vito Fave fen, Be: Par, Jey hayan -bvifto.d I had feen, 8c. Par) Wb bubiéran or hee Firft Future. viére . sin vigres viére e vigremos [2 all or will fee, &c. Plur. fret viéren ” Second Future. hubiére 8 sin} hubiéres pubiere ng Pvilto d Z/ball have fern, Bcc. PS nbc hubigren Infinitive Mood, Prof, ver Tofee Perf. havér vito. To have feen Fut. hhavér de vér, To foe hereafter Gerund. _ viendo Seeing Part. Paff vito Sen, F3 oF70 The ELEMENTS of Of the Verbs ending in cérs The following Verbs, whofe Infinitives end in * cér, are terminated in zco in the Prefent Indicative Mood, in the firft Perfon; but all the other Per fons are conjugated without adding that z. The Third Perfon Singular of the Imperative -Mood ends in zea, the firft Perfon Plural in zcamos, and the third Perfon’Plural in zcan. The Termination of all the“Perfons of the Pre-- fent Subjunétive Mood is as follows: ca zcamos Sing. 4 zcas Plur. 5 zedis za zcan. And in all other Tenfes or Moods z is not ufed bé= fore ¢, although a great many of thofe Verbs are de- rived from the Latin; as you may fee in the fol~ lowing. 5 All the Prefents of Indicative and Subjunétives of the following Verbs end in the firft Perfons. In- dicative and Subjunctive adolezco, adolexca; ézco, exca; and fo go on. Indicative. Prefent. —. Preterperfect. Adolecér, to grow fick adolezco —_adoleci agradecér, to thank agradezco —_agradeci amanecér, to rife foon ampanezco— amaneci apetecér, t0 defire apetezco _—apeteci Compadecér, to pity compadezco -compadeci conocér, to know conozco | conoci crecér, to grow crezco creci Desfallecér, to faint desfallezco desfalleci defvanecér, to vanifh defvanezco — defvaneci Encarecér, to grow dearer encarezco —_encareci eftablecér, to oflablifh eftablezco _eftableci enflaquecér, to grow lean enflaquezco eniflaquect empobrecér, to grow poor empobrezco empobreci. - enriquecér, to grow rich enriquezco—_enriqueci endurecér, to grow hard endurezco _endurect angrandecér, to magnify engrandezco engrandect entritkecéry,th Spanise GRAMMAR. 71 . Indicative, Prefent. —- Preterperfedt. entriftecér, to grow melancholy entriftezco entrifteci ennoblecér, to ennoble ennoblezco — ennobleci enfoberbecér, te grow proud enfoberbezco enfoberbeci emmudecér, to grow dumb emmudezco emmudeci Fenecér, to finifh fenezco _- feneci fallecér, to fail or die fallezco falleci florecér, t0 flourifh florezco floreci fortalecér, fo firengthen —fortalezco —_fortaleci favorecér; te favour favorezto _favoreci Merecér, to deferve merezco mereci Nacér, to be born, nazco naci Obedecér, to obey. obedezco obedeci Pacér, ta feed pazco paci perecér, to perifd perezco pereci . padecér, te fuffer padezco padeci Parecér, to appear . Parezco pareci! Conjugation of the Verb Irregular tenér, To bave, or . to bold. a Indicative. Prefent Tene. tengo I have or hold Sing. | tienés Thou haf tire He bar oo tenémos We have Plur.Jteneis. Ye bave tienen Thy bave. Imperfett. . tin Had Sing. tenias a ba 6 {i He had teniamos We bad Plur\teniais Ye bad tenian ‘Thy bad. Fa ‘Preter-72 Th ELEMENTS of Preterperoft tuve Sing. 9 tavitte the badft o jes He bad tuvifteis Ye had tuvimos We bad Plur. tuvigron Thay bad, Second Perfeét. he tenido “I bave had Sing. 9 has tenido Thou baft bad ha tenido, &c. He bas bad, &c. Pretepluperfeet, havia tenido Thad bed Sings} havis tenido Thou b hinds Heneibat haviais tenido Ye bad bad haviamos tenido We bad had Pir havian tenido ‘They hdd had. Firft Future. tendré I frall ot will have Sing.) tendrés ‘Thou foalt or wilt have tendra He fall or will have tendrémos We foall or will have Plur.d tendreis Ye foal ot will have tendrén They foall ot will have. Second Future. he de tenér T muf bave, &c, has de tenér, &c, Third Future. havia de tenér T was to have, &c. havias de tener, &c. Fourth Futare. . 7 havré de tenér IT foall be obliged to have. Amperative Mood. 4» § ten tu Have or bold thou Sing | renga el Let bim have teng4mos nofotros Let us bave Plur. 2 tened vofotros Have ye tengan ellos Let them baue. Optainethe SPANISH GRAMMAR. 73 Optative and Subjunétive Moods, tenga “Sag. tengas - tenga Creme teas PLmay Baoey Bic. Plur. j tengais tengan Preterimperfea, tuviéra, tuviéfles, tendria Sing.) taviéras, tuviélfes, tendrias T could, tuviéra, tuviéfle, tendria uld, or tuviéramos, tuviéffemos, tendriémos (would have, Plar.+ tuvierais, tuviéffeis, tendriais &c. tuviéran, tuviéflen, tendrian Prete haya tenido Sing. {re hayas tenido ra tenido pa tenido (bate bad Beld, ec Pie f hayais tenido hayan tenido Firft and fecond Preterpluperfeats. huviéra or huviéffe Sing. Shove or huviéffes huvigra or huviéfle I bad had, huviéramos or huviéffemos ¢ i404 or beid, dco. Plur. 2 buviérais or huviéffeis buviérau or huviéflen Firft Future. taviére Tfvall have or bold Sing. j tuviéres’ Thou foalt have tuviére He foal have tuviéremos We pball have Plur.dtuviéreis Ye foall have tuviéren They fballl have, Second Future. hybiére Sing. hubiéres hubiére ido & 1 Ball or will have o hubigremes p teide 9 “pz Plur. io hubiéreis $ Infinitive74 Th ELEMENTS of Infinitive Mood. Prefent. tenér To have or to, hold Perfe@. havértenido To have had or held Future. havér de tenér Ta have hereafter Gerund. _ teniendo Having or holding Part. Pafftenido Had ot held. Like this Verb are conjugated its + compounds through all Moods and Tenfes; as, mantenér, to'maintain foltenér, 10 fisfain detenér, to detain contenér, to contain, retenér, to retain Of the Verbs in gér. The following Verbs, whofe Infinitives end in ér, make the Prefent of the Indicative and Sub- junétive Moods by changing g into j; the fame in the third Perfon Singular, and the firft and third Perfons Plural of the Imperative Mood.. > Infinitive. Indicative, Prefent. | Preterperf. encogér, to fbrink encojo "- — “encogi recogér, te gather, recojo recogi acogér, to entertain acojo acogi efcogér, to chufe efcojo | = efcogi coger, 10 catch cojo cogi. Of the Irregulars with an o in the penultima, or the loft fillable but one. Conjugation of the Verb volvér To turn. ° Indicative Mood. Prefent Terfe, vuelvo T turn . Sing} vuelves 1 Thou turng? vuelve He turns volvémos We turn Plar, 3 volvéis Ye turn oo vuelven They turn. Arye.the SPANISH Grammar. 75 Imperfeét. volvia 1 did turn sing} volvias Thow did? turn volvia He did turn volviamos We did turn Plur. j volviais Ye did turn volvian ‘They aid turn. ~ Firft Preterperfect. j volvi T turned 8i1 volvifte Thou turned) a volvio He turned os volvimos We turned Plur, Peet Ve turned volviéron They turned. Second Preterperfedt. he : Sing.2 has ; ha have turned, hémos or havémos pV" 4 "Bc, : Pies havéis han L Preterpluperfeet. havia Sing. 4 havias havia haviamos Plur. j haviai: avian * vuelto d Thad turned, &0. L Firft Future. volveré Sing.} volverés Ut or will turn 2u foalt or wilt turn volvera He feall or will turn volverémos We fhall or will turn Plur. 2 volveréis Ye foall or will turn volverin Thuy fball or will turn, Second Future. hedevolvér = I miuf? turn has de volvér Thou muff turn, 8c. The Third and Fowrth Futures as in the other Verbs. Imperative76 he ELEMENTS of Imperative Mood. oy § vuelve tu Turn thou Sint vuclva el La bim tun, volvimos nofotros Let us turn Plur. 2 volvéd vofotros = Turn ye vuelvan ellos Let them turn. Optative and Subjunétive Moods. Prefent. a vuelva Sing. vaelvas vuelva : "— Cvolvamos (747 tur Sec. Plar. 4 volvais : vuelvan Imperfeats. volviéra, volviéffe, volveria Sing.) volviéras, volvéfles, volverias 1 cul, volviéra, volviéffe, volveria foould, or volviéramos, volviéflemos, volveriamos ( wouldturm, Plur.d volvierais, volviéfleis, volveriais &e. volvigran, volviéfien, volverian Preterperfe&t. haya _ Sing. }hayas br vuelts 4 I have turned, Sc. Plur.d hayais tan J , Two Pretetpluperfeéts. . hubiéra or hubiéfle Sing. 4 hubiéras or hubiéffes hubiéra or hubiéfle I bad turned, hubiéramos or hubieffemos Be Pir} vuelto hubiérais or hubiéffeis hubiéran or hubiéffen Fokthe SPANISH GRAMMAR. 77 Firft Future. volviére Sing. valvires volviére 7 vovigremos y foal! or will turn, 8:ce Plur. 5 volviéreis volviéren Second Future, hubiére Sing) he hs hubiére T fall or will bave turned, hubigremos ¢ Yael) 3.0" Plur. Pravin hubiéren , Infinitive Mood. Prifert. _volvér To turn Perfet. —havér vuelto" To have turned Future, havér de volvér To turn hereafter Gerund, _ volviendo Turning Part. Paff. vuelto Turneds The following Verbs are conjugated in the fame manner as the Verb volvér, by changing the o of the penultima, or laft fyllable but one, into we in the three Perfons Singular, and third Plural, of the Prefent, Indicative, Imperative, and Subjunctive “Moods. . Indicative. Subjunfive. Prefent. . refent. Qolér, #0 w/e fuelo fuela cozér, to boil cuezo cueza dolér, to grieve duelo duela olér, to fell huelo huela Obferve, that the following are varied thus: Indicative. Subjunfive. Prefant. Prefent. caér, to fall caigo caiga roér, te grow roigo roiga vale, fe be worth valgo valgas a78 ‘The ELEMENTS of Inthe following Verbs an # is added before the ¢ of the laft fyllable but one, in the three Perfons Sin- gular, and third Plural of the Prefent Indicative, Imperative, and Subjunctive Moods. : Indicative. Subjundtive. Prefent. Prefent, ” defendér, to defend « dehendo defienda hendér, to cleave hiendo - —_hienda cernér, to fift cierno sierna “entendér, to underftand _entiendo entienda shedér, to flink hiedo hieda perdér, tolofe = piefdo pierda Of Verbs Paffive of the fecond Conjugatiqn. The Verbs Paffive are formed in the fame rhanner as thofe of the firft Conjugation, with ane of the Auxiliaries /ér, and the Parti¢iple Paflive oe the Verb conjugated, thus: ‘Indicative. Prefent, fof querido Lam loved Sing. j eres querido Jr art loved ‘es querido He ie loved « fomos queridos We are loved Plur, jes queridos j Ye are loved fon queridos They are lived Preterimperit&. era querido Twas loved Sing. Js querido Thou waft loved era querido He was loved éramos queridos We were loved Plur.d erais queridos Ye were loved Levan queridos They were loved: Ply fui. or he onigrer™ Bing.) fuihe or has fidg querido i have been loved, 8¢cy fui.or ha fida,querido, &e. : "+ ;:Aad fo in the other Tenfes and Moods. ofthe SpanisH GRAMMAR. 79 Of Verbs Reciprocal. Thefe Verbs are conjugated as thofe of the firft Conjugation; as, Ofender fe, To offend one’s felf. Indicative. Prefent. me ofendo I offend myfilf. Sing. fr ofendes Thou, &c. feofende * nos ofendemos Plur. J 05 ofendeis fe ofenden Tmmperfest. , me ofendia Sing. j te ofendias fe ofendia 5 nos ofendidmos oe Plur. 2 0s ofendiais fe ofendian Ly Perfect. me ofendi : sig Je ofendifte fe ofendio I offended myflf, nos ofendimos Bic. Plur.d os ofendifteis fe ofendiéron J Imperative. sap, § ofende te Offend thou thy/elf Sing. { ofenda fe ct him fe Maflp ofendamos nos Let us offend ourfelues Plur. 2 ofended os Offa ye euros . ofendan fe et themoffend themfelves. Obferve, that the Perfons may be doubled, as, Jo me Yendo, te te-ofendes > or thus; ofendome, a defte,8 The ELEMENTS of defte, ofende fe, &cs by putting the Pronoun after , the Verb. Of Verbs Imperfonal. The Imperfonals of this Conjugation are, Havér, To be in what concerns a place, &c. Indicative. Prefent Tenfe. hay or nohay There is, or there is not, ot there art. Imperfeat. havia There was, or there were. Firft Preterperfect. hivo There was, or there has been. "Second Perfect. hi havido There bas been. Pluperfe&. haviahavido There bad been. : Future. havré There will or foall be. Second Future. hé de havér There muft be. And fo of the other Futures. ~ Imperative. haya Let it be. Optative. oxalé que haya God grant that there be. Imperfeéts. que huviéra, huviéffe, or havria That shere could, would, or foould be. : Perfeét. que haya havido - That there has been. ‘Properie.,7 ’ the Spanish Grammar. &t . Pluperfeét. ‘ Que huviéra havido That there bad beens Future. | que huviéré ~ TBat there fball b2. Obferve, that the Spanijh expteffes the Inper~ {onal Verbs as the Latin; but in Englif they are obliged to add there or it; and in French they ufé to put i, &e, Exampizs. Hay mycha gente en Londres, there are a great ma- ny people in London; havia tres cientos foldados en el caftillo, there were three hundred’ foldiers in the cattle; bavo muchas mugeres en la iglofia, there were many women in the church, Sér, To be, in what concerns the effence or qualities of things. Indicative. Profint. es,noes —_ It is, it is nets Imperfeg. era Te was. Perfia. fué dt bas been. And fo in the other Tenfes. ExaMPLes Es tiempo de levantar, it is time to get up; erd Siempo de ir, it was time to go; fue noche, it has been night ; feré verdad, it will be true. So the Verb /é is conjugated with menefer; as, Es menéfter bacér efto, this muft be done; era me- ’ nefter eferibér, it was heceflary to wtite; yo iria fi Jira mendfer, I would go, if it fhould be neceMary. G 382 Th ELEMENTS of * The Verb Imperfonal placér, To pleaje. Indicative Mood. Prefent. place Tt pleafes jab, placia iE did dalle Fir? Perfett. plugo It pleafed Second Prrfea. ba placido t pleafed Futurt | placera i will fe Imperative. Plega Let it pleafe, &c. Liovér, To rain. Llueve It rains Liovia It did rain Llovié It rained Ha llovido Zt has rained Lloveré It fhall or will rain. Imperative. Llueva Let it rain, Hedér, To ftink. Hiede It flints Hedié —It'did flink Hedio Ht flunk Hedera It will flint, &c. Olér, To /mell. This Verb, as well as Mover, changes the o into ue in the Prefent Tenfes. Huecle Tt finells ' Holia Tt did fmell Huela Let jt fnell Que huela That fi may fmelle : Acontecér, acaecér, To beppen, are conjugated. in the fame manner. Acontece, acaece Tt happens, &e. + Perteneckt,the SPANISH Giammar. 83 Pertenecér, To belong 5. the fame. * Pertenece e Tt belongs, 8c. The Reciprocal or Paffive ‘Imperfonals are cone jugated as the Verb Jeérje, To be read. Selee or léefe It is read Se leia Tt was read Se leid It has been read. And fo are conjugated faber/e, To be knowin Se fabe, or fabe fe It is known Se fabia, or fabia fe Lt was known Se fupo, or'fupo fe Tt has been known Se fabrd, or fabr4 fe. It will be known. Imperative. - Sepa fe Let it be known. Hacer fe, To be mace. ~Se hace It is made Sehacia Jt wat made Se hizo Tt bas been made 7 Se hara It will be made. Obferve, that all the Verbs, Regular and Irregu- lar, of the fecond Conjugation, are, as well 2s thofe of the firft, conjugated in Spanih as in Engiifh, with the Auxiliary Verb ¢fér, To de, and the Gerund of the Verb; as, ‘Indicative. Prefent Tenfe. eftoy leyendo J am reading Sing. elias leyendo Thon art reading leyendo He is reading eftimos leyendo . Wearereading Pur) eftaisleyendo — “*giftare reading eftan leyenda — Fbiy ave'veading. Ga . BENNY84 And {fo in all the Moods and Tenfes, and likewife Th ELEMENTS of 7 in the Imperfonals ; as, Eft lloviendo It rains Eftaba loviendo Tt did rain Eftivo lloviendo Ut bas rained, or it was raining Ha eftado lloviendo = It has been raining | Havia eftado lloviendo It bad been raining Eftaré loviendo Tt will be raining. And fo in all the Tenfes. Of Verbs Regular of the third Conjugation in ir; as, r Sufrir, To fuffer. Indicative Mood. Prefent Tenfe. fafro ufftr Sing fies hi ou fuffereft fafre He fiers fufrimos We fuffer , “Plur.faftis Ye fuffer fafren They fuffers Preterimperfeat. fufrfa Sine ie 1 fufria was fuffering, ox I did fuffer fuftamos fae os Abe Plur. 9 fafriais fafrian Fir Preterperfeét. futcé Sing. Yisite fuftio futtimos { 1 Suffered, Se. Plur. 9 faftiftéis fufriéron Second and third Preterperfect. he or huve Sing es ee futtidad # hav fuffred, Par a : han, ‘Pretethe SPANISH GRAMMAR. 85 Preterpluperfect. havia Sing. 4 havias . Cbavia hayiamos Pilani havian fufrido 4 I had fuffered, &c. Firft Future, mos } Zeal or will fuffer, Sc. Plur.d fufriréis fufrirén, Second Future. he de fufrir sine has de fufrir hha de fufrir hémos de fufrir Pir} haveis de fufrir han defutir Lam to ot I muft fuffer, bc. ‘The third and fourth as in the other Conjugations, Imperative Mood. 5 fufre tu Suffer thou Sing. {Titra el oe fufir fufrémos nofotros Let us fuffer Plur.4 fufrid vofotros Suffer ye fafran ellos Let them fuffer. Subjunétive and Optative Moods. Prefent Tenfe. fafra 71 Sing es | ec fatimos $2 mar Sirs Be. Plur. } rae fufran G3 ‘Thee,86‘ Te ELEMENTS of Three Imperfects. , fufriéra, fufriélfe, fufriria ; Sing. J fufriéfles, fuftirias ] I might, fafriéra, fufriéfle, {ufriria (oould, oF fufrigramos, (ufriéllemos, fuftidmos Pwuould fuffer, Plur Jiscrs fufriéfiis, fufririais &e, fufriéran, fufriéffen, fufririan Preterperfect. haya 7 : Sing. j hayas haya Ugur chayémos futrido ¢ Plur. Jryae haan L and fecond Preterpluperfeéts. huviéra or huviéffe i) Sing. J have or buviéffes (shad pufered, huviéra or buviéfle —- Ucey, jor Lpould siemens (“ have fuffered, Phar. have fuffered, Sc. huviérais or huviéffeis ie huviéran or buviéffen Firft Future, ' fufriére Sing.9 fuftiéres . fufriére A fifrércmos bi Spall or will fuffer, Bc. Plur. 2 fuftiéreis fufriéren jj Second Future. buviére do} I hall or will have fufferedy : havicremos $ fue J ae ei Pe} ne huviéren L Infinitive Mood. Profent. — fuftir To fuffer Preterperf. havér fuftido — To“have fuffired Fut havér de fufitr To /uffr hereafter Gerand. _ {ufriendo Suffering Pat Puff fuftido Suffered. Oblerve,“the SpANISH GRAMMAR. 8% Obferve, that all the other regular Verbs of the - third Conjugation are conjugated in the fame manner as the above Verb Jufrir ; as, /abir, to go up; abur- rir, to moleft; acudir, to come, to apply, &e. The Participle Paffive of the following Verbs is” irregular; eeribir, to write; é/crito, written; abrir, to open; abierto, opened; cubrir, to cover; cubi- erto, covered; defcubrir, to difcover; defcubierto, difcovered; encubrir, to conceal; encubierte, con- cealed, &e, The Irregular Verbs of the third Conjugation in irs as, Venir, To come. Indicative Mood. Prefent Tenfe. ° vengo I come Sing. viénes Thou comeft viéne He comes venimos We come ‘ Per) venis Ye come viénen They come, Preterimperfett. venia I did come Sing. venias Thou didft come venia, He did come, Bie. veniamos Plu. } veniais venian . Firft Preterperfed. ” { vine I came . sin} venifte Thou came/ft vind He came » Cvenimos We came Plur. frente Ye came viniéron They came Ge Second88 Th ELEMENTS of Second and third Perfeéts. he or hive Sing. {ts ba hémos venido 4 I have come, Bic. Plur. {rer . han Preterpluperfee, havia haviamos haviais sn nef “ Pvenido 4 I hed come, 8c, : Hirt Future, vendré vendras veadré I foall or will come, 8:0. sing} vendrémos Pian) ven vendran Second Future. hi de venir hémos de venir (2% come cc. haveis de venir han de venir hé de venir Sing.4 has de venir Par. | ‘ ‘The third and forth as in the other Verbs. Imperative Mood, ven tu Come thou Sing. J venga el Let him come vengimos nofotros Let us come Plur.4 venid vofotros Come ye, vengan ellos Let them come. ‘ Subpniinethe SPANISH GRAMMAR, "89 Subjunétive and Optative Moods, Prefent Tenfe. venga Sing. 3 vengas venge I may came, 8:00 vengémos Plur. frees vengan ‘Three Preterimperfe&ts. iéras, viniéfies, vendrias iniéra, viniéfle, vendria viniéra, viniéffe, vendria sin} iéffen, vendrfan Preterperfect. haya Sing. f hayas, T might, cou + | foould, "or ia \éffemos, vendriamos wad cme, eis, vendriais be, haya venidod Z have come, 8c. haydmos Plur.4 haysis hayan Firft and fecond er Z huviéra or huviéfle Sing. huviéras or huvielfes huviéra or huviéffe huviéramos er huviéffemos Plur. 2 huviérais or huvigfleis huviéran or huviéflen [7 bail come, or J foould | {E> Firft Future. viniéremos (2 Plur. 2 viniéreis vyjniéren all or will come, Bc. Second90. The ELEMENTS of .- ~ Future. . ; huviére . Sing.9 huviéres . ’ se | venido eth ny be.” Pi. huviéreis frevect Infinitive Mood. Profent. veo To come * \Perfelt. . havér venfdo ‘To have come Future. ° havér de venir To come hereafter - Gerand. __ viniendo Coming : Part. Pi. venido Come The compounds of this Verb venir ate declined in every refpect, in all Moods and ‘Tenfes, as their original; as, convenir, to agree; fobrevenir, to be- come; makes ‘convengo, fobrevengo, in the Prefent Indicative Mood, &c. The Irregular Verb decir, To fay. Indicative Mood. Prefent Tenfe. igo L fay . Sing. jis Fd Josef oe dice He fays decimos We fay décis - Ye dicen» They fay. Plar. — decia Sing. | decias decia 7 \ ceidmos i did fay, &c. deciais decian Plar. i 7 Wkthe SPANISH GRAMMAR. 91 Firft Preterprfe Laid ixe Sing.) dixie aideft dixo tel Seimos WE laid faves Ye jaid dixéron ‘They faid, Second and third Preterperfeéts. he dicho I have faid Sing.) has dicho’ Thou baft faid ha dicho «He has faid i hemos dicho i havéis dicho han dicho They have faid, Plar. - Preterpluperfeet. me havias Sing. bavia dicho J I had faid, &e, haviamos haviais havfan Firft Future. diré J foall or will fay dirés Thou foalt or wilt fay ; He foall ox will fay a We fall or will fay Sig. Plur. d diréis Ye frall oF will Jay diran They foall ot will fay. Second Future. hé de decir Sing. has de decir : ha de decir 1 am to fay, or I muft fay, hémos de decir &e, haveis de coal han de decir Plur. Imperative Mood. Sing. § 84 Say thou ings Sag a el Lat them fa fay digdmos nofotros Let us fay Pur) decid vofotros Say ye digan ellos Let them fay Subyunfive92 Th ELEMENTS of Subjunétive and Optative Moods, Prefent Tenfe. 7 diga Sing.4 digas ai digimos $14 [0 8. Plar. 9 digais digan Preterimperfe&ts. P dey, dil dite 7] ing. 2 dixéras, dixéffes, dirias ' a dixéra, dixéfle, dirfa [7 mites a dixéramos, dixéflemos, diriamos { 7" Plar.d dixérais, dixéflcis, diriais ia ce dixéran, dixéflen, dirfan Preterperfect. f haya Sing. 4 hayas haya 4 dicho q T have faid, &: haydmos Plar. free hayan L ‘The two Preterpluperfeéts. huvigra or huvieffe 7} sin} huviéras or huvielles I bad buviéra or huviéfle dicho Jo" Aula buviérais or huvieffeis &e. huviéramos or huviéflemos have fat Plur. huviéran or huviéflen Firft Future, dixére Sing. 9 dixéres dixét . dinéremos ¥1 J2all or will fay, 8c. Phar. Jone dixérenthe SPANISH GRAMMAR. 93 Second Future, huviére sine} huviéres huviére . . huvigremos p dicho 4 Z/ball have aid, Sc. Plur. j huviéreis huviéren l Infinitive Mood. nt. decir To fay 2. —_havér dicho re ave faid "te havér de decir ‘ohaveta fay, to fay hereafter. nd. _ diciendo Saying eee . Paff. dicho Said. bferve, that the compounds dé/decir, to unfay, contradecir, to contradiét, are in all points con- ted like decir; but bendecir, to blefs, and mal-' > to curfe, make in the Participle Paffive den- bleffed, and maldito, curfed. Formerly shey bendecido and maldecido, but it is now quite out fe, and only faid by country people, &c. ‘The Irregular Verb ir, To go. Indicative Mood. Prefent Tenfe. v6i I sing fri how goof : v4 le goes vamos We go Plur. } vais Ye go van They go. aa ___ Preterimperfect. i Sing.dibas 4 iba ibamos bY did be Ke. Plur. j ibais itn J Finkgz Th ELEMENTS of Subjunétive and Optative Moods, Prefent Tenfe. : diga Sing.) digas dij digdinos I may fay, 8c. Pie en digan Preterimperfeéts. sine, ose Snel ita ing. 4 dixéras, dixéffes, dirias : dixéra, dixéle, dirfa I mighty could, dinéramos, dixéflemos, ditiamos f 22, °° fo Plur.d dixérais, dixéffeis, diriais fay, ee. dixéran, dixéflen, dirfan Preterperfect: haya Sing. hayas hi 7 - haydmos > dicho { Thave feidy Se, Plar. frees L hayan ‘The two Preterpluperfects. huviéra or huviéffe 71 sin.) huviéras or huviéfles I bad faid, huviéra or huviéffe — huviéramos or huviéflemos ( “°° 4 have faid, Plar, ¥ huviérais or huviéffeis &e. huviéran or huviéffen Firft Future, dixére 7] Sing. $ dixéres dixére : dixcremos p4 all or will fay, 8c. Phar. Janse dixéren Seco\ the SPANISH Grammar. 93 Second Future, huviére f Sing.4 huviéres huviére , . huvitre «4 dicho q Tfoall bave fait, Bcc. Pler. J povice j huvigren l . Infinitive Mood. Profint. deci To fay Puja, hverdicho Ty’ bove fod Future havér de deci Tohaveto fay, to fy hereafter. Gerund. _ diciendo Saying Part. Paff dicho Said Obferve, that the compounds dée/decir, to unfay, and contradecir, to contradict, are in all points con- jugated like decir ; but bendecir, to blefs, and mai-' decir, to curfe, make in the Participle Paffive Jenx- dito, bleffed, and maldito, curfed. Formerly shey faid bendecido and maldecido, but it is now quite out of ufe, and only faid by country people, &c. The Irregular Verb ir, To go. Indicative Mood. Prefent Tenfe. a voi 1 Sing. j vis Thou goo : va He goes vimos Wego Plur.d vais %e go van They go. ww Preterimperfect. iba Sing. j ibas 4 iba . ibamos $7 did £0, ee, Plur. Jin —- iban Firk94 The ELEMENTS of - Firft Preterperfect. So. fut I went Sing. fuifte Thou wenteft fué He went * (fuimos We went Plur.d fuifteis Ye went . fuéron =‘ They went. Second and third Preterperfedts, c hé or huve’ i Sin} has . L a ido-J Ihave gene, &e. Plur, ) havéis han" Preterpluperfect. havia Sing. fren havia haviamos Pp - Pir} haviais havian ido J I had gone, Bec " Firft Future. iré Sing. 4 irés ira irémos Plur, firs J irfn I fall or will go, 8c. Second Future. . hé de fr Sigg. } has de ir ha de fr hémos de ir Plur. j havéis de fr han de ir Lam to g0, 08 1 muf go. The other two Futures as in the firftConjugation. ALnnperatiye. the SPANISH GRAMMAR. - ‘Imperative Mood. : vé tu ’ Go thou Sing. { vaya el Let bim go waydmos nofotros, Let us go Plur. {ia volotros’ Gaye vayan ellos Let them go. Subjunétive and Optative Moods. ° Prefent Tenfe. vaya Sing. 3 vias vaydmos Plur.4 vayais | - vayan a Preterimperfedds, fuésa, fuélle, iria . Sing. j fuéras, fuélles, irfas 95 fuéra, fuélle, iia {J could, faould, oF fuérais, fuéfleis, iriais fuéramos, fuélfemos, iriamos Prvould go, &c. Plur. fuéran, fuélfen, irfan Preterperfect. haya f Sing. fo | Beyzmos Sido 4-1 bave gone, Bc. Plur.} haydis hayan Preterpluperfeats. ‘hufiéra or hubiéffe Sing. j huiras or bufiefls | | 7 pag gone, hufiévamos or huéiéffemos Ken Plur.4 hugiérais or hufiéfleis * hufierdn or hubiéffen Firft Future. fuére Sing. Jisces ] Fee mos 1 shall ot will go, Be. ~ Pier.) fuéreis fuéren_ - Ft hufiéra or hutiéffe f ido J foouldbave gone, , ort Second96 The ELEMENTS of Second Future. + (huviére . . Singh J f huvigre ido 4 I foall bave gone, Be: Plir.9 huviéreis L huviéren Infinitive Mood. Profent. it Perfelt. havér ido Future. havér de ic . Gerund. _yento Part. Paffido Tbe Irregular Verb oir, To bear. Indicative Mood, Prefent Tene. Sing. Sons Tha ing. 4 oyes u Beary ad ore He hears # oimos |= We hear Plur, 4 ofs Ye bear oyen ° They hear. Preterimperfects. ofa Sing.) ofas ofa 5 po ios bi did hear, Bice Plur. 4 oiais ofan Fitft Preterperfect. T heard Sing. [ite Thou beardeft oyd He heard oimos = We heard Plur.3 oifteis Ye heard oyéron They beard.th SPANISH GRAMMAR. 97 Second and third Preterperfedts, he or buve’ f Sing} -. oto d Tbave beard, Bee: Plar. Jhavéis * fare {| Preterpluperfeé. havia ~ Sing. havias al oido} I had heard, bei haviais havian Plur, ") Future. oirés oird eee if ‘foal ox will bear; 8c: oiréis oirdn Sing. ft | ra me Second Future, hé de ofr sin} has de oft ha de oft hemos de or p/w bears Sc. Plur.d havéis de oir han de ofr J ‘The third and fourth as ih other Verbs. Imperative Mood: A oye tu. Hear thou Sing. f oga el Let him hear 7 Oigémos nofotros Let us bear Plur. oid volotros Hear ye ofgin ellos Let them hear. H Subjuntie98 The ELEMENTS of Subjundtive and Optative Moods. . Prefent Tenfe, ' oiga s Sing. 4 oigas oigtmos I may hear, 8c. Plur. ) cigsis can Three Preterimperfets. oyéra, oyéffe, oirfa sin} i oyéras, oyéfles, fas . gras, oY I might, could, oyéra, oy ele oyéramos, oyéllemos, oiriamos pal ool Plur.d oyérais, oyélleis, oiriais ear, ice oyéran, oyéffen, oirian Preterperfect, haya Sing} ape h , hayamos poido T have heard, &ic. Plur. 9 hayais haya : Preterpluperfetts, huviéra or huviélfe Sig ve or huviéffes ] [ T had beard, : , huviéra or huviéffe i erulihaee huviéramos or huviéflemos ; Plur. Jovi or huviéffeis heard, Bc. huviéran or huvieffen Firft Future, oyére sin} oyéres oyére , Cee mos b/ fall or wil ear, Bee Plur. ) oyéreis oyéren . Second Future, * huviére Sing. Jove . 71 pee \ cided I foal bave heard, 8c. Plur.2 huviéreis haven SN Anhatinethe SPANISH GRAMMAR. 99 Infinitive Mood. Prefent. ofr ‘To bear Perf, —_havér ofdo Yo have heard Future. havér de of ‘Yo bear hereafter Gerund, _oyendo fearing Part. Aétive. oyente ‘He who is bearing Part. Pafive.cido Heard. The Irregular Verb herir, To wound, to ftrike, or to . burt. Indicative Mood. Prefent Tente. . higro “1 wound : Sing. 3 higres - Thaw woundeft higre. —. He wounds + herimos We wound Pier} hes Ye wound . Unigten They wound. Tmpere. herfa , Sings) his pera Up ae} ‘heriamos pi 2id wound, Se, Pie} heriais herfan Fir Preterperfeét. herf : Sing. j herifte hirié , Par Sic = Second Preterperfe&s he herido I have wounded,- bcc, has herfdo, &e. 7 / 720225 A . Preterpluperfeét. hava herido, &. I had wounded, Bees : Ha Fuk Ttwounded, be.100 6The ELEMENTS of " Firft Future. : heriré sn ] . hex Ur pall or will wyund, &e. . Cherirémos Plur. 2 beriréis heriran Second Future. : he de herir, &. I'muff wound, 8c. The third and fourth as in the other Verbs. Imperative Mood. Si hiére tu * Wound thop "78-1 hiéra el Let him wiund herid vofotros = Woued ye - hitémos nofotros Let us wound Plur. hiéran ellos Let them ‘wound, Subjundtive and Optative Moods, Prefent. higra Sing a ee Hee Mime be Pi} a hiéran J Preterimpertfedts. is hiriéffe, heritfa 7] Sing.) hiviéras, hiriéles, heritfas. hiriéra, hiriéffe, heriria (Leruld fold, or woyld wound, 8c. hiriéramos, hiriéffemos, heririambs Par) ay hiriéffeis, heririais hirigran, hiriéffen, herirfan_ : Preterperfect. sr herfdo, Ge "I have swoumded, Bic. ‘Preterpluperfeats. Auviéra or huvélle heride, & Se - Thad or foould have wounded, %E. : . Foraxe,the SPANISH GRAMMAR. Fature. iriéremos iriéreis hiriéren 101 I foall or will wound, &c. Second Future. huviere herfdo, &c. T foall have wounded, 8c. Infinitive Mood. Prefent. herir Perfeét. _ havér herido Future. , havér de herir, Gerund. _ hiriendo Part. Paff: herido To wound To have wounded To wound hereafter Wounding Wounded. Tbe Irregular Verb dormir, To fleep. Indicative Mood. c Prefent Tenfe. : duérmo ep Sing. js duérmes ie fleepeft duérme He fleeps dormimos We fleep Plur. 3 dormis Ye fey duérmen © They flep. Preterimperfect. dormia I did fluep Sing. 4 dormias Thou didft fleep dormia He did fleep dormiamos We did fleep -Plur. ji dormiais Ye did jlecp dormian They did fleep, Firtt Preterperitt . dormi I fp Sing. } dormifte a esp durmié He fipt dormimog We flept Plur.Adormiftéis Ye lept eat : a flept. Secondyon, Th ELEMENTS of Second and third Preterperfedts. re has ‘ he dormido J I have fept, be. han J > Preterpluperfeds. dormido J I bad fept, &ca, Fir Future, «g, -Gdormiré Sig) dormirds dormiré ; dormied aos (7 [Ball or will feep, Sec. Plur. j dormiréis dormirén Second Future, hé de dormir Sing. 4 has de dormir ha de dormi tee erracrmie 22m te fleep, or I mu fleep 2c. Plur. havéis de dormir | han de dorinir ‘The other Futures as in the other Verbs. Imperative Mood. Sing, [ duérme tu Sleep thow "78 Yduérmael Lat him fleep ~ durmamis nofotros Let ws. Plur. fecal vofotros Sleep ye duérman ellos Let them fleep. Z| Subjpndine:the SPANISH GRAMMAR. 103 Subjunétive and Optative Moods. o Prefent Tenfe. duérma Sings) durmas duérma : durmamos (147 Meeps ec. Plur, 9 durméis : duérman ‘Three PreterimperfeBs. durmiéra, durmiéffe, dormirfa I might, Sing. durmiéras, durmiéfles, dormirias could, durmiéra, durmiéffe, dormiria would, durmiéramos, durmiéffemos, dormiriamos (or fbould Plur.} durmierais, durmiéffeis, dormiriais. | flep, durmiéran, durmiéfen, dormirfan Bc. Preterperfect. : hiya Sing. 3 héyas : rFzraos dormido J 7 bave flept, &e. Pier} ap hayan . Two Preterpluperfe&ts. huviéra or huviéffe Sing. Jove or huvieles Thad fest, " Unuviéra or huvieffe dormédo J or ould huviéramos or huviéflemos aan Plur. 5 huviérais or huviéfleis &e. za huviéran or huvieffen B . Firft Future, + (durmigre . . Sing. durmiéres : et : : durmiéremos [Jail or will fleep, 8c. Plur.d durmiéreis -— Udurmiéren Second H4104, The ELEMENTS of Second Future. huviére Siag. 5 huviéres ‘ huviére ‘do J J fall or will Have huviéremos ( rmido.< gc. fits Plur.) beviéreis : . huviéren on Infinitive aa Prefent. dormir Perfett. havér dormido ch here Future, hard de domi. Ta fp reefer Gerund. __durmiendo Sleeping Part. Adive. dormiénte Sleeper Part, Paffive. dormido Slept. The Irregular Verb morit, To die. 5 Indicative Mood. Prefent Tenfe. muéro I die Sing. 9 muéres Thou diet muére He aies morfmos We die * Plur. >} moris Ye die muéren They die Preterperfect. moria I did die Sing. 9 morias Thou didf die moria He did die moriamos We did die : Plur.4 moriais Ve did die morfan Thy did die. Firft Preterperfeet, Sing. (mori JL died morifte Thou die murié- He died moriftéis Ye died : morimos We died Plur. muriéron They died. Second,the SPANISH GRAMMAR. 105 Second Preterperfeé. {6i muérto Lam dead Sing. 9 éres muérto Thou art dead es muérto He is dead fomos muértos We are dead ‘ Plur.> fois muértos Ye are dead fon muértos They are dead. Preterpluperfect. . ‘éra muérto Iwas dead Sing.4 éras muérto Thou waft dead éra muérto He was dead ramos muértos We were dead Plur, Jes muértos —-¥¢ were dead éran muértos- They were dead. Fir Few ‘moriré Sing.) morirés moriré ae eet T foal or will die, 8c. Plur. 4 moriréis moriran Second Future. hé de mori Sing.» bas de morie ha de morfe : hémos de morte (7 7 ™¥/? dies Seca Plur.9 havéis de mori han de morir Imperative Mood. Sin pee tu Die thou 8) muéra el * Let bim die murdmos nofotros Let us die Pir} morid vofotros Die ye muéran ellos Let them die. Subjuniive106 The ELEMENTS of ‘. Subjunétive and Optative Moods. ~~ Tenfe. ‘ ‘muéra Sing.) muéras muéra mureine. Le dis &e. Plur.} murdis muéran Three Imperfeas. muriéra, muriéffe, moritia : Sing {imu muriéffes, morirfas J could, muriéra, mutiéffe, moriria id, oF muriéramos, muriéflemos, moririamos (would diey Plur.} muriérais, muriéfleis, moririais &e. muriéran, muriéffen, moririan Preterperfect, fea Sing.) eas muérto fea fezmos Lam dead, Bc. Plur.} fedis & muértos én J ‘Two Preterpluperfeéts. 9 - fuéra, fuéife Sing. 3 fuéras, fuéfles muérto fuéra, fuéffe fuéramos, fuéffemos pitas dead, Bc. Plur. 9 fuérais, fuélleis muértos fuéran; fuéflen J Firft Future. ‘muriére Sing. } miuriéres Imuriéremos J [Jail or will die, 8c. Plur. 2 muriéreis muriéren 7 Second Future. fugre muérto, &. ‘I fhall be dead, &c. Anhnitivethe Spantsn GRAMMAR. 107 Infinitive Mood. Prefint. mori To die Perfect. — {ér muérto - To be dead Future, —havér de motic To die hereafter Gerund. _ muriendo Dring Part. Paff. muétto ~ Dead. The Irregular Verb fervir, To ferve. Indicative Mood. Prefent Tenfe. sirvo Lrve Sing. 9 sieves bow fervet sive He ferves fervimos We ferve Phar, } fervis Te frve sirven They ferve. Preterimperfe&. fervia fervia : : ferviamos ' p / did ferve, Been ne ferviais fervian Firft Preterperfe&t fervi : Sing. 4 fervitte fervié fervimos { 1/erved, Sc. Plur.4 fervitteis ; fervigron Second Preterperfe&, hé sine | 8 os bietvidod I have ferced, &c. Plur.4 havéis han ‘Pretere108 Th ELEMENTS ¢f. Preterpluperfect. havia havias havin tervidod I had ferved, &e. wk haviamos haviais havian Firft a ferviré il oF will ferve fervirds The Soa't or wilt ferve fervird He foall ot will ferve fervirémos We foall or will ferve Jemics Ye pall or will ferve fervirin Thy fall or will ferve. Second Future. he de fervir, &c, I muf? ferve, &e. ‘Third Future. haviade fervir, &e. T'was to ferve, &c. Fourth Future. havré de fervir, &c. I fhall be obliged ta ferve, 8c. Sing. Plur. Imperative Mood. Sing, § fitve tu Serve thou *& ) firva el Let bim ferve firvamos nofotros Let us ferve Plur,d fervid vofotros Serve je firvan ellos Let them ferve. Subjunétive and Optative Moods. Prefent Tenfe. : sirva sie} a || sirva firvamos Plur. 4 sirvais sirvan I may ferve, &e. ‘Threethe SPANISH GRAMMAR. 109 Three Imperfeéts. . jéra, firviélfe, ferviria Sing. ras firviéfles, fervirias I might, firviéra, firville, ferviria could, fbould, firviéramos, firviéflemos, ferviriémos ( or would Plur.4 fuvigrais, frvielleis, ferviriais Serve, &e. firviéran, firviéffen, fervirian Preterperfects “th Sing. tes ha - . hayémos fervido < I have ferved, ic. Plur.d haydis : : hayan Preterpluperfe@s., . huviéra, huviéfle =~ y 7 Sing. huviéras, huviéffes . huviéra, huviéfle Servite J Tad &¢ foould have erved, 8c. 4 huviérais, huviélleis, huviéran, huviéffen Firft Future. firviére Sing. firviéres firvie : tee pall or wile, Be. Plur. 4 firviéreis Givigrent 34) Second Future. huviére fervido, &, ‘I fball have ferved, &c. huvigramos, huviélfemos Plur. Infinitive Mood. Prefint. —_fervie To ferve Perfett. havér fervido To have ferved Future. hhavér de fervie To ferve hereaftir Gerund. _ firviendo Serving Part. Aétive. firviente He who ferves Part. Paffve. fervido. . Served, : 5 The10 Th ELEMENTS of | The following Verbs are conjugated after the “ fame manner as the above Verb fervir, through all - Moods and Tenfes. concebfr, to conceive feguir, to follow gemir, to figh renir, to feold medir, to meafure veltir, to at pecir, to afk reir, to laugh perfeguir, to profecute Obferve, that /eguir and its compounds make jige in the Prefent Indicative Mood, and figa, figas, figa, &c, in the Subjunétive Mood. The Verbs elegir, fingir, ungir, to chufe, to feign, to anoint, make elijo, finjo, unjo, in the Prefent In- dicative Mood; and e/ja, fiyja, unja, in the Sub- junétive and Optative. .-. Salir, to go,out. Prefent Indicative, Salgo, fales, Sale, falimos, falis, falin. Imperative, Sal, Jalga, “falgamos, felis Jalgan. | Subjun@ive and Optative, Salga, falgas, falga, falgdmos, falgais, falgan. The reft regular. : Conducir, to conduct. Condiizco, condices, conditce, conducimos, conducts, condiicen. Preterperfeét, Con~ dixe, conduxifte, conditxo, conduximos, conduxiftéis; conduxéron. Prefent Optative and Subjunétive, Conduzca, conduzcas, &c. Preterimperfects, Con- duxéra, conduxéfz, &c. Future, Conduxére. In the fame manner are conjugated introducir, to intredace traducir, to tranflate reducir, to reduce producir,- te produce, « inducir, t9 inducethe SPaNisH GRAMMAR. SIE Of Verbs Paffve. Sér gida, To be beard, “Indicative. _ fot ofdo Sing. éres oido €s ofdo fémos ofdos Lae &e, Plur.d {Gis oidos . fon oidos Imperfed. ‘€ra ofdo Sing. 3 éras ofdo éra oido Eramos ofdos ("2 a8 Aeardy Bre ” Plur. érais ofdos éran oidos Preterperfec. fui ofdo . Sing. } fuifte ofdo fu ofdo - ne futmos ofdos (120 been beards Bt. Plur.d fuiftéis ofdos fuéron ofdos And fo through all the Tenfes. and Moods. Reciprocal Verbs, Ir fe, Zo go, Indicative Mood. Prefent Tenfe. me voy Igo Sing. te vas Thou gosft fe va, He goes nos vémos Ve go Plur.4 os vos Ye go fe van They go. + 7 ‘Preter-mz «The ELEMENTS of Preterpluperfest. me iba I did go Sing. te ibas Thou didft go fe iba He did go nos ibimos We did go Plur. 30s ibis - Ye did go fe iban They did go. Preterperfect. me fui I went Sing. 4 te-fuifte Thou wenteft fe fué He went Plur. Sing. cfs os fuiftéis Ye went fo fuimos We went fefuéron they went. Preterpluperfect. me havia ido J had gone, 8: te havias ido, &e. Firft Future. . . ‘me ire Lfrall or will go te irgs Thou foalt or wilt go fe ira He foall or will ga» ‘nos irémos We fhall or will go Plur. 3.08 iséis Ye frall or will go ~ Uteiran They foall or will ge. : Imperative Mood. vay § Vete Go thou Sine f vaya fe Let him go os Go ye vaydmos nos Let us ga Plur.3 id vayan fe And fo on through the other Tenfes, Let them go. Imperfonal Aétives. Convenir, To be conveniznt. Prefer jt. Indicative. conviéne Tt is convenient | Umperfet. convenia It was convenient Fitte SPANISH GRAMMAR. “113 Bioad Prop. aconventdo. $1 at Bem convenient Future. convendr4 Tt forall or will be convenient Imperative. convénga Let it be convenient. And fo through the third Perfon of the other Moods. Obferve, that this Verb convenir is given here as imperfonal, only in this fignification, of being con- venient, or proper ; for convenir, when it fignifies to . . agree, has all its Perfons, Of the Imperfonal Pafives. Efcribirfe, To be written, Indicative. Prefent. —efcribe fe It is written Inperfett. - elcribia fe Ft was written Firf Perf. efcribio fe 7 Second Perf. fe ha efcrito } te hasbeen writen Pluperf. fe havia efcrito It bad been written, Future. — efcribiré fe Tt will be written. After. the fame manner are conjugated Decirfe, To be faid. Se dice or dice fe It is faide Referirfe, To be related. Serefiére or refiére fe It is related. “The Verbs of this Conjugation are likewife con- jugated with the Verb ¢far, and the Gerund; as, Eftéi efcribiendo I am writing Eftéi oyendo 1am hearing Eftéi viniendo Lam coming Eftéi gimiendo am fighing i Efi refiriendo Lam’ relating And fo through all the Perfons, Tenfes, and Moods. I of114 Th ELEMENTS o Of Adverbs. An Adverb is a part of fpeech indeclinable, with- out Gender, Number, or Cafe, and ferves only to , , declare the manner or circumftances of the aétion or paffion. Exampie When I fay amole tiernamente, L love him tenderly, the word siernamente, tenderly, expreffes the cir- cumftance of the Verb amér, to love. There are feveral forts of Adverbs, expreffing the quality, quantity, time, &c. as may be feen by the follewing, ‘ Adverbs of Quality. Thefe Adverbs are derived in Spanifb, as in Eng- dip, from the Adjeétives, and are formed by adding mente to the Feminine Gender of Adjectives of two terminations, and by only adding mente to the other Adjeétives of one termination ; as from Jueno, buena, good, take the Feminine duena, and to it add mense, you fhall have the Adverb duenamente, goodly, with goodnefs, From the Adjectives of one termination the Adverbs are formed by adding mente ; as from facil, ealy ; cruél, cruel; feliz, happy ; facilmente, eafily ; crue/mente, cruelly ; felizmente, happily ; alta- . mente, highly ; duenamente, or bien, wells bermofa- mente, handfomely ; feramente, fiercely ; ferézmente, ferocioufly ;_fantamente, holily, &c. Adverbs of Quantity. Mucho, much Mas, more Poco, little Menos, /e/3 Demafiado, too much Harto,' encugh, Obferve,,the Spanish GRAMMAR. 115 Obferve, that barto and demafiado muft agree in ‘Gender with the Subftantives, though they are Ad- verbs ; therefore you mutt fay, barta agua, water enough ; demafiada paciencia, too much patience, Ee. Adverbs of Time. Abéra, now Hoy, to-day Abiér, yeflerday Mahina, to-morrow ‘Anteahiér, the day before Mucho hé, long fince ‘yeflerday Poco hi, lately Antes, before Luégo, direéily . Asin, yet, even Niinca A meniido, often Jamis f sever Entonces, then Quando, when Siempre, always Mientrés, whil Repentemente, fudderily Tarde, late ‘Temprino, early A la tarde, in the evening. Adverbs of Place. Aqui, bere Delanté, before Alt, there Detrds, bebind Abs, in this place Aparte, afide ‘Adonde, where Arriba, above ‘Acé, bither Abaxo, below Acullf, youder Cérca, near De donde, from whence _ Cabe, clafe by De aqui, from hence * Junto, adjoining De alli, from thence En frente, facing Dentro, within Lexés, far off En, in Encfma, upor Foéra, oxt Debaxo, waderneath, , Adverbs of Affirmation. Si. Verdaderaménte, truly Ciétto, traly Tambien, alfo Ciértamente, certainly Antes, rather. En verdad, in truth Of Denying. . No, a0, or not Ni, neither | Nada, nothing Tampoco, neither I2 OF416 The ELEMENTS o& Of Number. Una véz, oncé Muchas véces, often Dos véces, twice Pocas véces, feldem Tres véces, three times A mentido, often, Of Shewing. 7 HE aqui, bebold bere, Of Encouraging. Ea, éa pués, make then. Of Wifring. Oxala, would to God O Gi, O if it would be. Of Afing. Porqué, why De donde, from whence Que, what Quando, when Donde, where \ Como, bow Adonde, whither Acafo, perhaps. Of Doubting. Quiz4, perbaps Por ventiira, peradventure. 4 Of Order. Priméramente, fir/tly All cabo, at the end Defpues, after Finalmente, in fine Al fin, at the end A lo dltimo, daft, Be. Of Likenefs. Come, as AGI, fo Cali, almgt _ Tan, tanto, fa much, Sco Of Comparifon. Mis, more Mejér, better Menos, left Peér, worfe Junto, together te A monténes, in heaps. Nee,the SPANISH GRAMMAR. 117 Note, That the Adjectives are fometimes taken . a8 Adverbs, and then they retain the Mafculine Gen- der ; as Primeré voy alld, firft I go there. Of Conjunétions. Conjunétions are a part of fpeech that join words, and put fentences together. Some Conjunétions are copulative, as uniting words, and connecting the fenfe ; others are disjunétive, dividing the fenfe, and only joining the expreffions; others are conditional, fhewing the caufes of things; others rational or. con- clufive, which fome call collective or relative ; and others adverfative, by which is demonftrated, that what we fay cannot hurt. Conjunétions Copulative are y and 4, fignifying and. Yis put before all words, excepting thofe that begin with i, before which you muft put ¢; as, Jos Eppaiibles é Inglifes, the Spaniards and the Englifh s los Francéfes é Italiénos, the French and Italians ; ¢omo, as; tambien, allo. Conjunétions Disjunctive are, ni, neither 5 6 or #, or, either ; y4, either ; as, yd efto, yd aquello, ei~ ther this or that. Caufative are, porqué, why, wherefore, &e. Conditional ; fr, if ; dado que, granting that. Exceptive; fino, if not; mas, but; de otra ma= nera, or de otro medo, otherwife. There are others of another fort ; as, v Jo menos, at leaft; aunque, although ; todavia, yet notwith. ftanding, neverthelefs, Of Prepofitions. Pr epofitions are a part of fpeech moft commonly fét before a Noun or Pronoun, or Verb ; as, delante del Rey, before the King, Ge. \ 13 The416 The ELEMENTS o Of Number. Una véz, once Muchas véces, efee Dos véces, twice Pocas véces, feldom Tres véces, three times A mentido, often. Of Shewing. = Hé aqui, bebold bere. Of Encouraging. Ea, éa pués, make then. Of Wipring. Oxala, would to God O fi, O if it wauld be. Of Afking. Porqué, why De donde, from whence Que, what Quando, when Donde, where \ Como, how Adonde, whither Acafo, perbaps. Of Doubting. Quizd, perbaps Por ventira, peradventure. Of Order. Priméramente, fir/lly Al cabo, at the end Defpues, after Finalmente, in fine Al fin, at the end A lo iiltimo, Jaftly, Bcc. Of Likenefs. Como, as AGi, fo Cali, almot . Tan, tanto, fe much, dc. Of Comparifon. . Ms, more Mejor, better Menos, lef Peér, worfe Junto, together a A monténes, ix heaps. Note,the SPANISH GRAMMAR. 117 Note, That the Adjectives are fometimes taken , as Adverbs, and then they retain the Mafculine Gen- der ; as Primeré voy allé, firft I go there. Of Conjunétions. Conjunétions are a part of {peech that join words, and put fentences together. Some Conjunétions are copulative, as uniting words, and conneéting the fenfe ; others are. disjunétive, dividing the fenfe, and only joining the expreffions; others are conditional, fhewing the caufes of things; others rational or. con- clufive, which fome call collective or relative ; and others adverfative, by which is demonftrated, that what we fay cannot hurt. Conjunétions Copulative are y and 4, fignifying and. Y is put before all words, excepting thofe that begin with i, before which you mutt put ¢; as, Jos Ejpaiiéles é Inglifes, the Spaniards and the Englifb ; Jos Francéfes é Italidnos, the French and Italians ; ¢omo, as; tambien, allo. . Conjunétions Disjunctive are, mi, neither ; 6 o1 z, or, either ; yd, either ; as, ya effo, yé aquello, ci- ther this or that. Caufative are, porgué, why, wherefore, &e. Conditional ; f, if ; dado que, granting that. Exceptive ; fino, if not; mas, but; de otra ma- nera, or de otro mcdo, otherwife. There are others of another fort ; as, % Jo menos, at leaft; aunque, although ; todavia, yet notwith~ ftanding, neverchelefs, . Of Prepofitions. Prepofitions-are a part of fpeech moft commonly fet before a Noun or Pronoun, or Verb ; as, delante del Rey, before the King, &e. \ ' 13 The‘8 The ELEMENTS of ‘The following Prepofitions govern the Genitive Cafe. Antes, before ; as, antes del dia, before day-break ; antes de efcribir, before writing. Delante, before ; as, delante de Dios, before God ; delante de mi cafa, before my houfe. Dentro, within ; as, dentro de Ja iglefia, within the church. Detrés, behind; as, detrés del palacio, behind the palace. Debaxo, or baxo, under ; as, baxo de la mefa bay un perro, under the table there is a dog; efféba, de- béxo de un arbol, quando Hovié, 1 was under a tree when it rained. Encima, upon ; as, eucima del agua, upon the wa- ter; encima de la mefa, upon the table. Al derredér, or rededér, round about, about ; as, af @erredér de la ciudéd, round about the city ; ¢#éban al rededér de treinta, they were about thirty. Cerca, near ; as, Rochefter oft cerca de Londres, Rochefter is near London. Acerca, concerning, or near; as, yo he de ablér com vm acerca de un negocio particulér, mutt {peal with you concerning a private affair ; los dias acerca de Navidéd, fon mui frios, the days about Chriftmas are very cold, or near Chriftmas. Fuéra, out, or befides ; eftivo fuéra toda la noche, he was out all night; fuéra de effo, hay mucho mas, befides this, there is much more, En frente, over-againft, facing ; as, en frente de mi cafa, over-again{t my houfe ; en frente de la ight Jia, facing the church, Prepofitions governing the Accifative. Ante, before, in the prefence; as, abiér parecie ante mi, yefterday he appeared before me. Entre, among, between ; as, bay mucha differencia entre los dos, there is a great deal of difference be- : a ‘uweenthe SPANISH.GRAMMAR.: 119 tiveen them two; entre los hombres, pocos piexfan antes de bablér, among men, few think before {peaking. Sobre, upon ; as, toda lo que tengo, fobre mi lo lleva, all that I have I carry upon me, or about me. Segiin, according to; as, /egén las leyes del reino, according to the laws of the kingdom. Hofta, until, even to; as, me pafeeré, bafta las quatro de Ja tarde, I will walk until four o’clock in the afternoon ; bafta maitana, till to-morrow ; iré con= um bafta Madrid, 1 will go along with you as far as Madrid, even to Madrid. Hacia, towards ; as, vive hacia el rio, he lives to- wards the river, about the river. Por, for, by, through ; as, haga um efte por amor de Dios, do this for God’s fake ; encontré mi amigo, quando paffaba por la calle, | met my friend when I paffed through the ftreet ; /p baré por mi palabra, por mi vida, por mi fés 1 will do it, by my werd, by my life, by my faith. En, in; as, epero y créo en Dios, l hope and ber ieve in God. Contra, againft ; as, bablé mucho abier contra el gobierno, he {poke a great deal ycfterday againft the government. . Of Interjettions, « An Interjeétion is a part of fpeech that difcovers the mind to be feized or affected with fome paffion, as of joy, pain, admiration, &c. To exprefs mirth, they make ufe in Spanifb of 4; as, A! que bien jugarémos, Ab! how'we will play. . ‘To exprefs admiration, vaiga me Dios ! God help me!. To exprefs pain or grief, 4y de mi! Alas for met Withing, oxalé, would to God, &. O; as,0 Dios! O dolor! QO God! O pain! &ec. 14 Obfervations\ 120 Th ELEMENTS of Odfervations upon fome Spanith expreffions and . ” phrafes. All languages have fome peculiar expreffions, which cannot be expreffed by the fame words in an- other tongue; therefore I thought proper to fay fomething about thofe words and phrafes found in the Spanijh tongue. * In the firft place, the Prepofition des is infeparable from fome other words, and never to be ufed but in compofition, as fignifying nothing by itfelf; but be- ing joined to another word, denotes a privation of what the other fignifies ; thus, bovra is honour, and defoonra is difhonour ; dicha, happinefs ; de/dicha, misfortune. Des has the fame effect, when joined with Verbs ; as, bacér, to make, to do; defbacéx, to undo; armar, to arm; defarmar, to difarm. En fignifies commonly in, as, en cafa, in the houfe ; en /a calle, in the {treet : but in fome cafes it has a very particular meaning; as, fdr en cuerpé, fignifying literally to be in body ; but the true fenfe of it is, to be without either a coat or cloak, for a man; and for a woman, to be without a veil; fo that the body is more expofed to view without an upper garment. Effér en piernas, literally to be in legs, fignifies to be bare-legged ; that is, the legs expofed without ftockings, , Eftér en carnes, verbally is to be in flefh ;:but the true meaning of it is, to be quite naked. E/far en cuéros, to be in fkin, fignifies alfo to be ftark-naked. ‘When this Prepofition en is before an Infinitive in Spanifb, then it is an Fnglifo Gerund ; as, confifte en hablar bien, it confifts in fpeaking well ; but when it is found before a Gerund, it fignifies after, and at in Englifo; as, en cenando, after {upper ; én confeffando Ja verdad, after you confefs the truth, En fignifies alfo as foon ; as, en acabando iré, as foon as ] have . done,the SPANISH GRAMMAR. 121 done, I will go ; en difpertando me levantaré, when J awake, I will get up. Hidalgo is a gentleman, a man of good birth, bes - ing a contraction of bijo de algo, fon of fomething, that is, of a perfon of note, or remarkable for fome- thing ; not for much money, which in Spain does not make a gentleman, but far fomething honour- able, as virtue, learning, wifdom, or courage. Vueftra mercéd is generally contracted into ufted. and uftédes in’ {peaking, and in writing expreffed by thefe letters, V. M. and V. M.S. This is a polite expreffion, being always ufed where there is any ci- vility, the Spaniards never faying tw, thou, to one another, excepting a mafter to a fervant, a father to his children, a brother to his brother, &c. The common word therefore in difcourfe between any people of fathion or good manners is u/téd for vueftra mercéd ; which expreilion is like Your Worfhip in Englije ; for in {peaking to a nobleman in Spain they ufe vueftxa Seioria, contracted into u/sia, your Lordhhip ; vueftra Excellencia, contracted into ufflen- cia, for your Excellency, 8c. Thereis another refpectful way of fpeaking, which is, by calling a man by his name, though fpeaking to him ; as. Sea fervido de fentarfe el Senor Don Juan, May it pleafe Don Yobx to fit down, &c. where we may obierve, that the word Don is peculiar to the Spanifp, and was formerly given only to Knights and perfons of diftinétion; but now it is very common. . Se..6r is like the Latin Dominus, either Sir or Lord, and therefore equivocal ; for they fay, Si Seiér, Yes, Sir, to the leaft gentleman, as we do Sir to the King, and to any other; yet Se#ér is a Lord: for though in fpeaking we fay, Seiér Don Juan, Seiér Don Pe- dro, yet a letter muft not be fuperfcribed AI Seiér Don Pedro, unlefs he be a Lord ; becaufe then it im- plies dignity, and in common fpeaking it does not: fo in fpeaking to. fay, Es un Senér, or Es un gran Seo ier, implies that he is a Lord, or a.great Lord. 7 However,122 Th ELEMENTS | However, in the beginning of a letter we ufe Mud Senér mio, without giving the title of Lord, but only meaning My good Mafter, or Good Sir. Fuléno, fuléna, zuténo, xuténa, or their diminu- tives, fulanillo, fulanito, 8c, are words ufed to fig-. nify a perfon without name, as when they fay fuch aone; the two firft being ufed to exprefs two dif- tin& perfons, as, fuch a one and fuch aone. The firft of thern ‘is always ufed, if only one perfon be fpoke of; ‘and the fecond never but when there is occafion to mention two, They are likéwife ufed in the Feminine Gender. Obferve, that moft of the Adverbs formed of the Adjeétives, are turned likewife in Spanifo by the Prepofition con, and the Subftantive ; as, felizmente, happily, is the fame as con felicidad, with ‘hhappinefs atrevidamente, boldly ; con atrevimiento, with bold- nefs; elegantemente, elegantly ; con elegancia, with elegance ; corte/mente, politely ; com cortefia, with politenefs: liberalmente, liberally ; con liberalidad, with liberality, &c. ‘The three degrees of comparifon are alfo found among the Adverbs ; as, hermafamente, handiomely ; mas bermofamente, bermefifimamente. Ay, Hay, Abi. . ‘There are feveral who make no difference between dy the Interjection, h4y the Verb Imperfonal, bavér,’ and abi the Adverb ; but there is a great one in their being {pelt and pronounced right. ‘he Interjeétion “Ay, Alas, mutt have the accent upon the é,-and be - pronounced long; the Verb Imperional b4y, there is, is written with an accent upon the'é, and pronoun- ced accordingly ; the Adverb abi, there, has the age cent upon the 7, which is pronounced long. Of Para and Por. As the young learners confound thefe two Ad. verbs, it appears neceflary to make the following obferyations. Para,. the Spanish GRAMMAR, 123 Para, for, fignifies alfo to, when it is found be~ fore the Infinitive, in Spanjf, and it ferves to de- note and exprefs the utility of, or detriment to, any thing ; as, ¢ffa pluma es para ¢fcribir, this pen is to write ; efte libro es para mi hermano, this book is for my brother. In Spanifh we make ufe of de, 2, para or por, be- fore the Infinitive, when only in Englih to is made ufe of; but it is with this diftin&tion, that de is put before the Infinitive after the- Verbs venir, havér, te- nér, volvér, &c. or a noun; as, vengo de paffear, 1 ‘come from walking ; bé de bacér effo, 1 mutt do this; que tengo de bacér ? what mutt Ido? vuelvo de apu- rarle fobre efte negocio, 1 come from preffing him up~ on this affair ; cuidado de bacér efta obra bien, take care to do this work well. A is made ufe of before the Infinitive, when after a Verb expreffing motion ; as, vay 4 frabajér, 1 am going to woik ; determine le vm 2 bacér me el favor fe /e pido; engage him to make me the favour I afk im, Para is put before the Infinitive of the Verb when it expreffes any habit, cuftom, ule, Pc. as, Dios nos bizo para amarle, God made us for to love him; firvo é Dios para gozér del primio, 1 ferve God to ‘enjoy the reward; para que, for what ; porque, why 5 as, para que es effo? for what is this? porque lo ba becho afsi? why did he make it fo? Para que figni- fies allo that, or in order that; as, para que venga @ verme, that he may come and fee me; para poco, good for little, of fhort capacity. Con fignifies with, and is joined with the Pro- nouns mi, ti, fi, in this manner ; con migo, with me; con tigo, with thee ; con figo, with himfelf. This Prepofition con is often preceded by para, and then it fignifies erga in Latin, or towards in Englifh; as, JSeimos piadéofos pare con los pobres, let us be tender, merciful, towards the poor; para con migo xo es cicr- ta,ing Th ELEMENTS of to, in my opinion, it is not certain ; para con todos es liberal, he is generous with all, or towards all. Por fometimes denotes that the thing is not yet done; as, ¢ffa obra efté por acabér, this work is not yet finifhed. It fignifies too the end of, or means to doa thing ; as, riiieron por mi, they quarrelled on my account. Por, by, for, or through; as, por empeito lo al- canzé, by protection I obtained it ; vay por dinéro, I am going for money; me paffée por los campos, 1 walk through the fields. Por, though, although, &c. as, por grande que Jea, puede fervir, though it be great, it may ferve, a : Numbers called Cardinals, Uno, one Quarenta, forty Dos, two Cincuenta, fifty Tres, three Sefenta, /ixty Quarto, four Setenta, feventy Cinto, “fe : Ochenta, eighty Séis, fix Noventa, minty ‘ Siéte; feven iento, a hundred Ocho} eight Ciento y uno, &c. a hundred Nueve, nine and cne Diez, ten Dofcientos, two hundred Once, eleven ‘Trefcientos, three hundred Déce, twelve Quatro cientos, four hundred Trece, thirteen Quinientos, five hundred Catorce, fourteen Seilcientos, jix hundred Quince, fifteen Setecientos, feven hundred Diéz y fis, fixteen Ocho cientos, eight hundred Diéz y fete, feventeen Nueve cientos, nine hundred: Diéz y ocho, eighteen Mil, a theufand ee Diéz y nueve, rinéteen Dos mil, ttve thoufand Veinte, twenty Tres mil, three thoufand Veinte y uno, twenty-one Cien mil, an hundred thous Veinte y dos, &c, twenty-two _fand ‘Treinta, thirty. Milién, @ million Obferve, that all thefe numbers are not declined, being of the Common Gender, except ano, una, and cheney,the Spanisn. GRAMMAR. 125 ciento,dofcientos, dofcientas ; fothey fay, trefcientas mu= géres, three hundred women ; quatrocientas, quinien- tas, feifcientas, fiete-cientas, ochocientas, novecientas. N. B. Uno, Mafculine, when it come before a Noun alfo Mafculine, lofes 0;as, un hombre, a man; un libro, a pen; un foldado, a foldier. . The Plural, unos, unas, is taken inftead of algu- nos, algunas, and fignifies fome ; as, unos Reyes, fome Kings ; unas Reinas, fome Queens. Ciento likewife lofes to before a Noun either Maf- culine or Feminine; therefore you muft fay, ciciz Soldados, cien libras, not ciento foldédos ; only it re- tains to when it is followed by another number; as, ciento y uno, ciento y dos, &c. Sometimes cienfo is made a Subftantive; as, un ciento or uncentendr de caftaiias, one hundred of chef nuts. Millén has the Plural, which is millénes; but it is of the Mafculine Gender. - . Ihe Numbers called Ordinals. Priméro, firff Décimo fexto, /ixteenth Segdndo, /econd Décimo féptimo, feveriteenth Tercéro, third Décimo o€tavo, eighteenth Quarto, fourth Décimo nono, sineteenth Quinto, fifth Vigéfimo, or veinténo, twen= Sexto, /xth theth Séptimo, /eventh Oaavo, eighth Nono, or novéno, ninth Décimo, or decéno, tenth Undécimo, or oncéno, ele- venth Duodécimo, or docéno, twelfth Décimo tercio, or trécéno, thirteenth Décime quarto, or catorcépo, fourteenth Décimo quinto, or quincéno Sfitenth ‘Trigéfimo, or treinténo; thir- tieth Quadragéfimo, or quarenté= no, forticth Quinquagéfimo, ar cincuen- eae Sexagélimo, or felenténo, fix tieth Septuagéfimo, or fetenténo, _feventieth O@uagéfimo, or ochenténo, eightieth . Nonagéfimo, or noventéno, ninetieth Centehimne,‘106 The ELEMENTS of Centéfimo, or centéno, bun- Quatrocentéfimo, or quatro~ dredth ~ centéno, four bundredth Dofcientéfimo,ordocenténo, , Quingentéfimo, or quinien= * two bundredth téno, five bundredth Trecentéfimo, ertrecenténo, Miléfimo, thoufandth three bundredth We feldom make ufe in Spain of thefe Ordinals, . and it is more common, inftead of them, to take ~ the Cardinals, in the numbers above ten; as, ex ef Siglo catorce, for en el figlo décimo quarto, in the four- teenth century, &c. _ The Ordinals are Mafculine, and made Feminine by, changing the laft 0 into a; as, priméro, priméra, ft. Of the Adverbs of Place, Aci, Aqui, &c, qui, here, in this place, where one ftands ; as, equi efté Don Juan, Don Fuan is here. Aqui, now ; as, bafta aqui bémos tratédo, till now we have treated, &c. qui, putting the Particle de before, exprefies time, hout, or day ; as, de aqui adelante hencefor- ward. 4qui, this ; as, de aqui vienen los errores from this come the errors. Aqui, adding bé, fignifies bere is ; as, bé aqui do- cientas libras, here are two hundred pounds. Aqui de Dios, a manner of fpeaking, calling upon * God as a witnefs of what is faid or done. Aqui del Rey: this expreffion is made ufe of, when fomebody, unjuftly oppreffed, implores the affiftance of the King, Aqui fué ello, or aqui fué Troya, Troy was here 5 ufed when they want to defcribe any confufion, quar- rel, noife, &c. . ca, here, expreffing the place where is either the perfon who fpeaks, or the thing fpoken of. Defpuesthe SPANIsH GRAMMAR, 127 Defpues acd, fince that time; de quando até, or defde quando acé? from what time ? how long? Acé como alla fignifies after the fame manner, or the fame method. Alla, there, expreffes fometimes a fixed place ; as, allé iré donde ti eftas, I will go there, where thow art; and fometimes any diftant place; as, all/é ex Amirica bay mucho oro, in America there is a great deal of gold. Alli there, in that place. Abi, there, expreffes the place where ftands the perfon fpoken ‘to; as, abi donde effés, there where you are, or the place near the perfon we {peak to 5 ahi feré ello, there will be a great noile or confufion. Acullé, there, in another place diftant from the perfon who fpeaks. . : Allende, on the other fide ; as, allende la mar, be~ . yond the fea; allende el rio, beyond the river. Abbreviations ufed in the Spanith language. aa Arroba, or arrobas, twenty-five pounds A.A. Autéres, authors Adm™ Adininiftradér, adminiftrator Age? Agoflo, Auguft Ane Antonio, Anthony App®* Appt* —Apoftslico, ca, aps/folical Art. Articulo, article Arzbpo. Arzobifpo, Archbijho B. Beiito, bleffed ie be (in quoting) Vuelta, turn over B.L.M. Befo & bela las manos, I Bifi the bande B. LP. Befo los pies, J 4ifs the feet ° Be pe Beatiffimo Padre, mo? bleffed Father C.M.B. Cuyas manos befo, whofe hands I kif C.P.B. Cuyos piés belo, whofe feet I kif Cém* Camara, chamber” Cap, Capitulo, chapter Cap* Capitan, captain : Capp* Capellén, chaplain €ol, Coluna, column Comis. Comifaric, commiffary Compe128 = The Comp* Cons? Cort* D.D"D* ELEMENTS ¢ Compaiiia; company 7 Confejo, council Corriente, current 7 Don, Donia, Don, Dona Doétéres, Doétors Dottér, Doétor Dios, God Dicho, dicha, faid Derecho, duty Enéro, Fanuary Excellestiffimo, ma, Mo? Excellent Excellencia, Excellency i Fecho, fecha, dated Febréro, February Folio, folio Fray, brother Francifco, Francis Fernandez, Fernandez Giarde, fave Gricia, grace General, General Igléfia, church Hlaftre, Mu/trious Illuftriffimo, ma, Moft [luftrious Inquifidér, ingusfitor efiis, Fefus fofeph, Fofeph Jan, Fobn ibro, book Libras, pounds Linea, line Mui poderofo Seiér, mo/? powerful Lord Madre, mother Muchos afios, many years Mageftad, Majefly Miguel, Michael Miniftro, minifter Mercéd, favour Martin, Martin Martinez, Martinez Maeftro, mafler Maravedis, maravedis 7 Manulerito, manufeript ; Manufcritos, manuferipts Nueftro Sefiér, our Lord N, St.the SPANISH GRAMMAR. 129 N.S‘ + Nueftra Sefiéra, our lady Nro. nra. Nueftro, nueftra, our Nove gi Noviembre, November Obpo Obifpo, Bijbop Oar 8% O&iibre, Ober Onza, u onzas, ounce, ounces Orden, Srdenes, order, orders Pofdata, pofffeript Para, for Padre, father ra Peter ‘or, for, or by elie Plata, fiver or plate Parte, ‘part Puerto, port Pagina, page Plana, trowel Péblico, public : Reél, reéles, raya! Reverendiffimo, Mof? reverend Recibi, J received " Que, that Quando, when Quien, who Quanto, Bow much San 6 Santo, Saint Su Mageftad, bis Majefy Sones iiGras Sir, Lady emabrey September Serenfffimo, ma, Moff Serene Efcribino, notary Suplica, entreats Suplicante, petitioner Teniente, Lieutenant ‘Tomo, tome Tiempo, time Venerable, venerable Vueftra Altéza, your Highnaft Vuecelencia, your Excellency Verbi gratia, for example Vueftra mercéd, ufted, you Vueltra paternid4d, your paternity V. Sejioria ufsia, your Lordfhip Vuefenoria ee your LordeThe ELEMENTS f 130 Ven, Vellén, bullion Vol. Volumen, volume xe, Diezmo, tenth Xp? Chrifto, Chrift Xp. Chriftiéno, Chriffian. An Alpbabetical Lift of Wonvs, whofe Orthography was uncertain or dapious formerly, and now is fixed; as follows, . A Ab4xo, abaxér, &c. below, to abate Abovedar, to vault Abrevér, abrevadéro, to wa= ter Abrevidr, to fhorten Abfolvér, te clear, to acquit Abltrahér, to abfira? Acafiaveré sr, toAidlwithdarts ‘Acéphalo, la, without head Acervo, montgp, a hea; Accrbo, agriou dipero, fharp, four Acervar, to heap up Acivilar, to debafe Acorvar, ta curve, to crook Adatve, the way upon a wall Adequér, adequado, to make equal A dethéra, sinfeafonably Adherfr, adheréncia, &c. to adhere Adiva, 8 adive, @ kind of African dog Adivas, a fort of quinfty in bealts . Adivinér, adivino, &c. to frad Adjetivo, adjeftive Advenedizg, '2,"extlardip> Advenimiento, arrival, com- ing Adventicio, adventitious Advérhio, adverb Adverfo, adverfidad, adverfey adverfity Advertér, advertido, to ad wife Aflox4r, to loofe Agavillar, to bundle up Agravar, to aggravate Ageavidr, to injure Agujéro, a bole Agujsta, a point Ah! interjetion, Ha! Amargar, to make bitter Ahembrado, da, effeminate Aherrojér, to bolt Aberrumbrarfiy to decay by * rufting Abi, there Ahidalgado, da, gentleman= Ani ahijado, to beget as @ Abilarle, to be larved _Ahincdr, to thruft Ahitér, to furfeit Ahogar, to choak, to drown Ahombrado, da, manlike Abondér, to deepen, to dive Ahéra,:the SPANISH GRAMMAR. Ahéra, prefently, bow Ahorcér, te bang Ahborcajarfe, to fet aftride Ahorcajadas, frdddling Ahormitr, to put upon the laft ‘Ahormagarle, to be blajled by beat Ahornér, to put in the oven Ahorquillar, to put forks un- der a tree or plant Ahorrar, to fp au ‘Ahoyér, to dig holes ‘Abuteds, to bellow Ahumér, to finoak Abufir, to jbape as a fpindle Ahuyentér, to put to flight Albahaca, feet bafil Alcahazér, to put in a cage Alcahuéte, ta, a pimp, @ bawd Alcaravan, a heron, a dird Alcaravéa, carraway-feed Alcohdl, antimony Aléve, traitor Alfahdr, @ potter’s foop Alhaja, any furniture or jewel Alhamel, a porter Albardca, an outery ‘Alhabéga, majericon Alkacéna, a cupboard Abheli, @ gitiflower Albena, privet (a plant) Alholva, fenigreek ‘Alfombra, @ carpet Alhérre; a running-teller ‘Alhuzéma, lavender Aliquanta, aliquant Aliquota, alrguot Aliviar, te eafe Alkérmes, alkerms Almarrixa, a gla/s bottle full of holes Almogarives, wterans AlmobSda, a pilow, @ cate fin 131 Almohdtre, fublimate mer- cury Almohiza, @ cirry-comb ' Almotazén, @ clerk of the market : Almoxarife, almoxatifézgo, a receiver of duty, Bic. Almoxya, a fort of meafure Al6xa, metbezlin, or mead Alpha, the firft letter in Greek Eloquente, eloquent Altivo, va, proud Alverja, alvetjon, a! kind of fe Adphifbena, @ fort of fer ent Recapitulacion, a recapitula- tion . Andphora, afigure in rhetotic ‘Anaftrophe, an inverjin Anhelér, to defre with great vebemency Aniverfario, anniverfary Antechinos, plate chaftd - Antevér, to forefee Antipéphor4, a figure in rhe~ toric - Antibéchio, @ meafure in Lax tin verfes Antiquado, da, old, obfalete Antojérs, any thing put before the eyes Antuviér, to frike, to farprife ‘Aovér, to lay eggs Aparvar, to make a heap Aphdcas, vetches, tares ‘Aphelio, Apbelion Apherefis, a figure in rhetoric ‘Ahobachonado, da, idle, lazy Apéphafis, ‘apophafis Apéphitis, apephyjis Apoplexia, opp _ Aprehender, &c. to conceive _ Aprovechsr, to improve K3 ‘Aquadrillés, .132 Aquadrillér,teconduét a fqua- dron of jeldiers Aquartela:,to quarter foldiers Aquatil, living in the water ‘Aqueducto, an aqueduc? Aqueo, watery Aréhivo, an archive Argaviello, a flormy foower Ariftolochia, bartwort (an herb) Arrexaque, a trident; allo @ ire Asvéxas, a fort of peafe Afphalto, Probie fe Atabgrre, a cupper Atahéna, @ horfe-mill Atalvina, a fori of bafly pud- jing Ataviar, to drefs Atavillar, to fold together Aurhér, to attra® Atrahillr, to drag in a flip Atrayefar, to ¢rofs Atreverfe, to dare Avadarle, to become fordable Avahar, to warm one’s bands by the breath Avalorér, to raife the value ‘Avantdl,’ an apron Adelante, or mas lexos, far- ther Avanzar, to go forwards Avérp, covetous Avafallér, to fuldue Ave, q bird Avechucho, an w/eleft bird ‘Avecingr, to come near Ayecindarle, t inhabit ‘Avellina, bazel-nut Avéna,. oats Avenenar, £2 paifon Aventajat, to exceed Aventér, to winnow Aventiita, aduenture Awvergonér, to apame Th ELEMENTS of Averia, average Averiguér, to verify Averfo, fa, averfe Aveftrii2, an offrich —: Aveadr, to uft, inure’ Avidr, to make ready Avido, covetous Aviélo, fa, craft Avilantéz, boidneft Avillanarle, to become lew, mean Avinagrér, to grow four Avion, @ martlet (a bird) Avifir, to give notice Avilo, advife Avifpar, to prick Avifpa, a wa/p Avitlar, to ee at a diflance Avitér, to faften a cable Avituall&r, to vidual Avivar, ta revive . Avolengo, a grandfather"s e- late Avutarda, @ kind of beavy bird Axeréay winter-favory Axedréz, chefs # Axenjos, wormwood Any aft of papper Axusr, beybold furniture Azahar, erange or lemon flit er Azémila, mule of baggage Azcmita, bran bread Axiago, unlucky Azolvar, to ob/trudt B Bahard, @ gobawh Bahia, a haven ot bay Bahortina, @ mean thing Bahuno, na, mean, low Bahurréro, @ birg-catcher Barahunda, tumult, : Baar :the SPANISH Barahuftér, to make way among weapons Baxél, a vefel Baxio, a fool Baxar, &c, to come down Baxén, a baffo Benévolo, la, well-affeeted Bienhadado, /ucky Bogavante, the foreman in rowing Bohorda, rujb Boqui hundido, @ mouth funk in i Boqui verde, an idle talker Borraxa, berage, (an herb) Bovéda, @ vault’, Bovino, na, of oxen Boxedal, a grove of box-trees Bravo, va, brave * Breva, an early fig Breve, jhort fe Brdxula, fea compaft Buhédo, buhedar, a bog Buhéra, a loop-bole Buho, an owl Buhoneria, tays Buxéda, a grove of box trees Buxerias, toys Buxéta, a fmall perfume-box c Cadahallo, @ faffold Cadaver, a ht Cahizga fart of meafure Calavéra, @ feull Calvo, va, bald Cafiaheja, a cloven cane Cafiavera, @ reed Caravina, @ caravan Carcava, @ grave, a great mt Carvi, caraway feed Cavilér, to cavil Caxa, axdn, a box GRAMMAR. Cerrdjo,: a.bolt Cerviz, the,neck . Cherva, the herb fperage Chimia, “bent Chirdgra, the gout inthehands Chitivia, the root fhirret Chiromancta, foretelling by the hands Chova, u jaek-daw Chrifma, chrifm . Ciervo, a deer * Circunvalér, toentrench round Circunvecino, na, neighbour= ing Civil, civil, courteous Clave, barpfichord Clavel, gilliflewer Clavicérdio, @ fpinnet. Clavija, a wooden pin Clavo, @ nail Coacervér, 10 heap up Cohéchar, to bribe Coheredcro, ca-heir Cohéte, a feu, cracker Cohél, a hind of mineral Coliquar, to liquefy , Comprehendér, Zo compre bend Céncavo, concave Confuclo, comfort Conjetéra, conjedture Conveniencia, convenience Confeqiiéncia, con/equence Confervar, to preferve Contrahacér, to counterfeit Contrahér, to contract Contravalar,toentrench round Contravenir, to tranfgrefs Contravéros, feollopped gar~ ments Controvertir, te controvert Convalecér, te recover Convecino, neighbouring Convencér, to perfuade Convenir, to agree K3 Convertir, 133134 -Tbe ELEMENTS of Converfar, to converfe Convertir, t0 alter, to change Convocar, to affemble Convulfion, convulfion Corcova, crootedne/s Corvején, the joint of the foot yoke ot Joint of | Corvéta, the curvet of a herfe Corvillo, @ little crow Corvina, @ hind of fea-fifb Covacha, a little cave Covachuéla, the office of a fe- cretary of fate Coxin, cujbion Coxo, xa, baiting Cuéva, @ cave or den Cultivar, to cultivate Curvas, crooked timber Curvo, va, crooked Delingitente, malefactor Deqesvar, ts pat Derivar, to derive Defahogér, to char Defahuciéry to give over Defavidr, to lead out of thé way ‘ Defavenir, to difagree Defemparvit, to gather into caps Dethabitudr, to lofe a cuftom Dethacér, to undo Defharrapido, da, ragged Dethebrar,teadyawthe threads out Dethelér, to thaw Defhinchér, to unfwell Dethonefto, ta, indecent Dethonér, difbonour Dethonra, di/bonor » Diviéfo, @ tumour Defnervar, to cut off the* Dena, . efovar, to fpawn Defpavetér, i fru the cane dles Defpavorida, da, frighter Defquadern4r, to fi Defquartizar, to guarter Defquixar, ‘te tear the jaws Deflervir, to diferve Defvilido, da, unafffled Defvan, a garret Defvanecér, to puff up with pride Defvarér, #4 flide Defvariér, to rave Defvelar, to over-watch Defvendr, to cut the veins Delventdra, misfortune Delvergiienza, impudence Detvidr, to fet afi Devandr, towind thread, Be. Devantél, an apron Devattér, to make thin Daves to devour jevoto, ta, pious, devout Dexér, to have ” Dibuxar, to draw Diluvio, deluge Difolvér, to difflve Diftrahér, to diftrad? Divan, divan Divergente, divergent Diverfo, divers, feveral * Divertir, to divert Dividir, to divide Divino, na, divine . Divitér, to fee at a diftance Divorcio, divorce - Divulgér, to publifo ixes, jewels Dovélas, the upper flones of «an arch Dozivo, twelfth E, Elevit,the SPANISH E. Elevar, to elevate Elogiiente, eloquent Embazada, embafy Embermejecér, to make red Embravecérle, te grow fierce Emmohecérfe, to grew moul- dy Empavélar, to make ready fo Sahting : Empolvotar, empolvorixar, to caft duft on a thing + Encaxée, ‘to fix, ot thruft Encaxonér, to pub in a box Enclavijar, to fajten with pins E ir, to fill with fomibs Encorvar, to crook, or curb Encovar, to put in a cave Eticoxido, grown lame Enervar, to enervate Engavillér, to bind up * Enhaftér, to put a fprar Enhattisr, to caufe loathing Enhebrar, to thread Enheltar, to réar up Enbilar, to thread Enhocér, to hollow Enhornér, to fet in the oven Enquadernar, 10 bind Enrehojér, to roll wax in eaves Enroxecér, to grew red Entrever4r, to intermix Entroxér, to gather ina barn Envaynir, to put into the feab- bard’ rr Envarér, to mate fi Envaér, to put in Dg invejecér, to grow old Envenendr, to poifon Envetir; to inve/t arle, to take an ill habit Envidiér, 19 enoy Envilecés, t¥vieke vile, mean Envinkr, to mix wine GRAMMAR. 135 Bevizcdr, to lay bird-lime Envolvér, to pack up - Enviudér, to be a widow Enxavon4r, to foap linen, Ge. Enxalma, a pannel —__ Enxambré, a fivarm of bees Enxerir, to, graft Enxugir, to dry Enxiindia, the fat of a ben Eqiiéltre, eguefrian Equivoco, ca, equivocal Efclivo, a flave Efparavan, @ beron (a bird) Efparavél, a fort of nef” Efquadra,'a fquadron Efquivo, va, difdainful Eftéva, the “i Evacutr, fo evacuate “vaporar, td evaporate Evidente, colle Evitar, to avoid Excavar, to dig Executir, to exccute Exercér, to exercife Exército, an army Exhaufto, ta, drained Exhibir, to phew Exhortar, to exhort Exido, a ground out of a town Extraviarle, to go out of the way F. Favér, favour Faxér, to fwathe Fervér, fervour Fixér, to fix Flexes, ows Floxedid, loofenefi. Flaxo, flue G. Gallipswo, @ Turkey-cock Gavanco, dig-brier Gavéta, a draw. K4 Guin,‘136 «Th ELEMENTS of Gavia, the round top of a Gavilin, a porreachout Guvilla, “ee Gavién, a band barrow Gaviéta, @ fea-gull! Gazéla, ¢ wild goat Gravir, to-engrave Gravedad, gravity HL Haba, a bean Habil, able, apt, learned Habitér, to dwell Hablér, to fpeat Haca ‘hacanéa, @ mag, or gelding Hacér, to make Hacha, an ax, or hatchet Hacienda, a country houfe Hacina, @ flack of wood or Hado, fate jado, fal * Haiz, the late of a planet Halagér, fo cherifh, or flatter Haleon, @ faulcon Halday the feirt of a garment, res 3 Halcéto, an ofpre Hilito, heute . Hallér, to fd Halldllo, bread baked under the afhes- Hamica, @ hammock Hambre, bunzer, famine Hamézes, a af in hawks Hampa, a quarrel of bad peo~ ple Hampén, na, puffed up Hanéga, @ bube Ho! (interjection) halas |: Hardpos, rags, clouts Harbér, to do in hate Hardaledr, ‘to /hip Harija, dif? of meal Haring, flour, meal Harmonia,, harmony Haméro, fe with fal les Hardn, na, a lazy perfon Harpa, a barp a Harpér, to cut the face Harpéo, a drag Harpilléra, @ coarfe cloth Hartapiezo, a rag hanging Harredr, to drive beafts Hartér, to fatisfy with food Hafta, a ‘or pike Haftiél, ibe infide wall of « vault ‘ Haftio, « lathing Hato, @ flock, @ berd Haya, a hedge Haza, @ fowed field Hazina, @ mifer Hebilla, a buckle Hebillage, a fet of buckles Hebra, a needie-full of thread Hechizor, to enchant Hechiira, fajbion Hedér, to link Helar, to freeze Heliolcopio, a kind of fpurge Hembra, a. female Hemiftichio, @ balf verfe Henchir to,fll Heno, hay Heiiir, 12 Anead dough Herbage, graft, pafture Herbéto u herbatu, hog-fen- nel . Herbolario, an herbal or bo- tanift Heredad, inheritance Herir, to wound, or burt® Herméno, brother Herpes, the foingles Herréda, a bucket Herramienta, irom tools Herréte, a tag of a point, Se, Hervir, to boil A Hético,the SPANISH Hético, confumptive Héz, dregs of cil, wine, Bc. Hibierno, winter Hidalgo, gentleman Hidropélia, dropfy Hiél, the gall Hierro, iron Higado, the liver Hijo, ja, fan Bik Be a lint Hiléra, a rank Hilandéra, ‘a /pinjter Hilat, to fpin Hincér, 12 faflen Hinchér, t0 fiwell Hincha, batred Hiniefta, broom Hindjo, ferme! Hipar, to bicky Hipocondria, poeondry Hipotéca, a mortgage Hirco, A be-goat ifpanifmo, Hifpanifn Hifterico, cay lipenifa . Hiftéria, hifory Hito, ta, dlack-haired Hobacho, a great jade Hocico, the fnout Hocino, @ book to lop trees Hogiza, @ guartern loaf Hoguéra, @ bonfire Hoja, a leaf of a tree, Bice Hojaldre, puff=pafle Holgarle, to be merry * Hollar, to trample Holléjo, the bujk of grapes, &e. Hollin, foot Hombre, @ max Hombro, fooulder Homendge, bomage Homicida, murderer Honda, @ fling to caft tones Ne ep Honeftidéd, bopefly GRAMMAR. | 137 Honér, honra, honour Hopa & hopalanda, a fort of tunick Hopedt, to wag the tail Hoque, bribe Hora, hour Horadar, to pierce, to bore Horca, @ fork, a gallows Horcéte, a fork with two prongs Hordiate, barley-broth Horma, a fhoemater’s laft Hormiga, an ant, a pifmire Hormigo, a fart of ‘mes Horno, an oven ~~ Horrendo, da, horrible Horro, free Hortelano, gardener Holpical, bo/pital Holteria, an inn Hoftigér, t0 drive away Hoftilidad, byfility Hoyo, a bole in the earth Hozér, to grub Hucha, @ box with a flit Huebrar, to plough the land Huse dollow a luclfago, a ficknefs in birds Huellas the eee Huerco, @ bier Huéro, ra, addle as an ege Huérfano, na, orphan Huerta, huerto, an orchard. Huéfo, a bone Hiiefped, an bof, or gue/ Hurl on agp! Huévo, an egg Huir, to fy Hule, burnifbed linen Huméno, na, buman Himedo, da, damp Humilde, bumble Humo, fmoak Humér, bumeur, temper vundit,,138 Hundir, to fink Hura, a fort of fiurf Huracén, @ florm Hurfiio, fia, coy, difdainful Hurgar, to fiir Hurén, a ferret Hurtér, 19 fleal Hulo, a fpindle Hutia, a hind of rabbit L. Inadverténcia, inadvertency Inconfeqiiente, inconfequent Intonvencible, tenacious, of obftinated in bis opinion Indevoto, irreligious Indivifible, indivifible Tnhabil, incapable Inherente, inherent Inhibir, to forbid Inigiio, qiia, unjuft : Innavegable, innavigable Innovér, to innovate Intervalo, an interval . Intervenir, to intervene Invadir, to invade Invalidar, to invalidate Inve&tiva, an invective Inventér, to find out Inventario, inventory Tnvertir, to invert Inveltigér, to look out Toveftir, to invef? Anveterado, inveterate Inviolado, inviolate Invoc4r, to call upon poate invulnerable Inxerir, to graj Ingerirfe, to eat with jarrar, to plaifter fuventid, youth jovial, gay, merry judibuela, a fort of bean The ELEMENTS of L. Lavandula, lavender Lavér, to wafb Laza, @ lap for dogs Léva, raifing of bad people who are withcut employ- ment, foldiers Levantét, to raife Levante, the Eaft Leve, fight Lexia, ie to wafh Lividno, na, light, inccnflant Lixa, the in of the feal-fifo Lave, a hey Llevar, to carry Llovér, to rain M. Madéxa, a fhain of thread, &e. Mahéna, a ae of galley Malévolo, fa, il-affetted Malhechor, malefaftor Malva, mallows Malvido, da, wicked Matalahtiga, anife (an herb) Mohatrér, to fell abcve pricey and buy under Mohino, na, pecvifb Moho, mouldineft Motfvo, motive Mover, to move N. Nava, a plain Navajo, a piece of flat ground Navaja, @ razor Nave, navio, @ /bip Navidad, Chriffmas Nervio, nerve Nieve, /now Nivél, ‘a level Noval, a new-tilled geéund Novéla, @ novel . ‘Novéno,