!

= kl/ro
!=! k[i7e"dL M
s[lif pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj a[l4df l;+rfOsf] cxd\ e"ldsf
/xg] s'/f ;j{ ljlbt} 5 . xfd|f] b]zdf k/fk"j{sfn b]lv g} l;
+rfOsf] ljsf;df s[ifsx?n] nufgL ub}{ cfPsf] b]lvG5 .
emg\ b]zdf of]hgfa4 ljsf;sf] yfngL pk|fGt g]kfn ;/sf/n] o;
If]qdf k|z:t nufgL ug'{sf] ;fy} ;dofg''s"n gLlt, of]hgf tyf
sfo{qmd nfu' ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . ljutdf o:tf k|of;s} kmn:j?k
b]zdf pknAw l;+rfO ;DaGwL ef}lts ;+/rgf, hgzlQm /
;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfut Ifdtfdf pNn]vgLo clea[l4 ePsf]
5 . cfpbf lbgx?df To:tf k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; / lj:tf/nfO{ lg/Gt/tf
lbg'sf ;fy} pknAw ef}lts / ;+:yfut ;+/rgfsf] ;d'lrt
pkof]uaf6 jif}{e/L l;+rfO ;'ljwf pknAw x'g] If]qsf] lj:tf/df
s]lGb|t x'g cfjZos ePsf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] s[lif ljsf;df c;/ kfg]{ y'k|} tTjx? 5g\ . h:t}M
df6f]sf] pj{/tfdf x\f; x'g', ckof{Kt tyf c;Gt'ng ?kdf
/f;folgs dnsf] k|of]u, u'0f:t/o'Qm aLpsf] ckof{Kttf, ;/n
s[lif C0f ;'ljwfsf] cefj, pGgt v]tL k|ljlwsf] 1fg gx'g', v]tL
ug]{ hldgsf] ;Lldttf, s[lif oflGqs/0fsf] cefj tyf jif}{ el/ l;
+rfO ;]jf ;'ljwf pkwnAw x'g g;Sg' cflb . b]zdf v]tL
ug{ of]Uo l;ldt hldgdf vfBfGg pTkfbg a[l4sf nflu hldgsf]
pTkfbsTjdf a[l4 Nofpg' Psdfq ljsNk /x]sf] 5 / vfBfGg
pTkfbg j[l4df Jojl:yt l;+rfOn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf]
x'G5 .
aL; jif]{ bL3{sflng s[lif of]hgf (Agriculture Perspective Plan, APP) n]
cjnDag u/]sf] wf/0ff cg'?k s[lif If]qsf] a[l4b/nfO{ # af6
a9fO{ % df k'ofpg] nIo /x]sf]5 . ;f] p2]Zo k|flKtsf]
nflu u'0f:t/Lo aLp, l;+rfO ;'ljwf tyf l;+lrt If]qsf] nflu
pknAw k|ljlwx?sf] ljsf;, u'0f:t/Lo /f;folgs dnvfbsf]
cfk"lt{df a[l4 x'g' h?/L 5 . o;/L s[lif If]qdf nufgL cg'?k k|
ltkmn lng l;+rfO, PsLs[t / ;Gt'lnt dnvfbsf] k|of]u, PsLs[t
afnL ;+/If0f, u'0f:t/Lo aLpsf] ;d'lrt k|of]u / ;dli6ut ?kdf
PsLs[t afnL Joj:yfkg x'g h?/L 5 .
ljutdf ;+o'Qm /fi6;+3sf] vfB tyf s[lif ;+u7g (FAO) sf]
;xof]udf ;+rflnt SPIN (The Special Program on Food Production in Support of
1

Food Security in Nepal), / WIN Project (Empowerment of Women in Irrigation and Water
Resource Management for Improved Household, Food Security, Nutrition and Health)
;fy} ljZj j}+ssf] cfly{s ;xof]u / FAO sf] k|fljlws ;xof]udf ;

+rflnt OFWMPP (On-farm Water Management Pilot Program) h:tf

sfo{qmdx?sf] ;+rfngaf6 k|fKt cg'ejsf] cfwf/df l;+rfO
ljefu, s[lif ljefu tyf g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb af6 l;+lrt
If]qdf Psn ?kdf ;+rflnt sfo{qmd eGbf ;+o'Qm ?kdf ;
+rflnt sfo{qmdx?af6 ls;fgx? a9L nfeflGjt ePsf] b]lvPsf]
5 . o:sf ;fy} l;+rfO / s[lifdf sfo{ ug]{ Field :t/sf sd{rf/L
nufot g]t[Tj txdf sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lx? aLr ;dGjofTds ?kdf
sfd ug]{ Ifdtfsf] clea[l4 eO{ Ps csf{sf] ljifo 1fg cfbfg k|
bfg x'g uO{ sfo{qmd k|efjsf/L ePsf] 5 . ;fy} l;+lrt
If]qsf] nflu g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifbaf6 ljsl;t k|ljlwsf]
:ynut kl/If0f Pj+ lj:tf/ ug{ ;d]t s[lif ljefu tyf l;+rfO
ljefuaf6 ;+o'Qm ?kdf of] sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug]{ lg0f{o
ePsf] 5 .

l;+rfO ljsf;df /fi6n] 7'nf] nufgL u/]sf] 5 h;af6 s[ifsx?n]

clwstd k|ltkmn lng' kg]{ x'G5 . o;sf] nflu v]t:t/sf] ;
+/rgfx? -On farm structures) s'nf] s'n];f] cflbsf] dxTj /
ckl/xfo{tfnfO{ gsfg{ ;ls+b}g, h;sf] d2tn] s[ifsx?
cfTdlge{/ eO{ v]tLkftL ug]{ cj;/ k|fKt x'G5 . g]kfn
;/sf/n] l;+rfO ljsf;df nufgL ul/Psf If]qx?df v]t :t/sf hn
Joj:yfkg s[ofsnfkx? ;+rfng u/L l;+lrt s[lif k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/
ug{ ;Sg] k|z:t ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 .

!=@
PsLs[t afnL tyf hn Joj:yfkg sfo{qmd
-Integrated Crop and Water Management Program (ICWMP_
of] sfo{qmd hn>f]t dGqfno cGtu{tsf] l;+rfO ljefu, s[lif
tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno cGtu{tsf] s[lif ljefu / g]kfn s[lif
cg';Gwfg kl/ifbsf] ;dGjofTds PsLs[t sfo{qmd xf] . oL
ljefux?n] cf-cfkm\gf] ;+hfn dfkm{t ;]jfu|fxLx?nfO{
:jtGq ?kdf ;]jf k|bfg ub}{ cfO/x]sf 5g\ . s[lif pTkfbg a[l2
ug{sf] nflu pGgt jLp, dn, ls6gf;s ljiffbL h:tf ;fdu|Lx?sf]
cnfjf l;+rfO kfgLsf] pknJwtfn] 7'nf] e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5 .
o; ;Gbe{df s[lif / l;+rfO Ps csf{sf kl/k'/s ePsf]n] logLx?
f/f k|bfg x'g] ;]jfx? klg Ps csf{sf kl/k'/s g} x'g . o;}n]
cjsf] k|of; eg]sf] s[lif ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos l;+rfO ;
+/rgfx? /x]sf k|To]s If]qx?df cf-cfkm\gf] lgsfojf6 k|bfg
ul/g] ;]jf tyf ;'ljwfx? ;dGjofTds ?kn] s[ifs ;dIf k'ofpg]
lgoldt sfo{qmd -Regular Program_ cGtu{t PsLs[t afnL tyf hn
Joj:yfkg sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{' xf] . o:sf] ;fy} xfn ;
+rfngdf /x]sf ;d"bfo Jojl:yt l;+lrt s[lif If]q cfof]hgf
(CMIASP), l;+rfO tyf hn>f]t Joj:yfkg cfof]hgf (IWRMP) leqsf
ICWMP Component x? / s[lif l;+rfO ;dGjofTds sfo{qmdx? Pj+
eljiodf
g]kfn ;/sf/ tyf a}b]lzs ;xfotfdf ;+rfng x'g]
sfo{qmdof]hgfx?df ;d]t ICWMP ;DjGwL sfo{qmdx? o;}
dfu{ bz{g cg';f/ ;+rfng x'g]5g\ .

@=

sfo{qmdsf] p2]Zo
o; sfo{qmdsf] d'Vo p2]Zo ljsf; ePsf l;+rfO k|0ffnLx?df l;
+rfO / s[lif ;DjGwL k|ljlwx? PsLs[t ?kdf s[ifs ;dIf k'ofO{
s[lif pTkfbg, pTkfbsTj / jfnL ;3gtfdf a[l2 ug{'sf ;fy} afnL
ljljlws/0f, Joj;foLs/0f tyf kfgLsf] pTkfbsTj (Water Productivity)
j9fpg]df hf]8 lbg] o; sfo{qmdsf] d'Vo p2]Zo /x]sf] 5 .
3

pk/f]Qm d'Vo p2]Zosf] ;fy} o; sfo{qmdsf] b]xfosf]

lglb{i6 p2]Zox? klg /x]sf 5g\ .
nlIft l;+rLt If]qdf ;'lglZrt l;rfO ;]jf k'ofpg] .
hn pkef]Qmf ;+:yf -h=p=;=_sf] ;+:yfut ljsf; ug{] .
l;+rfO k|0ffnLsf] cfjZostf cg';f/ dd{t ;'wf/ ;+rfngdf
k|efjsf/Ltf a9fO{ lbuf]kg Nofpg] /
hn Joj:yfkg tyf s[lif sfo{qmdx?df dlxnfx?sf]
;lqmo ;xeflutfdf clea[l4 ug{] .

#=

/0fgLltsfo{gLlt
pNn]lvt p2]Zox? k|flKtsf] nflu o; sfo{qmdn]]
cjnDjg u/]sf] /0fgLlt lgDg jdf]lhd 5g\ M
l;+rfO sfof{no , lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no / g]kfn s[lif
cg';Gwfg kl/ifbsf] lgoldt sfo{qmd cGtu{t PsLs[t afnL
tyf hn Joj:yfkg lqmofsnfkx? ;dGjofTds ?kdf ;+rfng
ul/g] .
;xefl utfd"ns sfo{qmdsf] klxrfg, 5gf}6, of]hgf
th"{df / sfof{Gjog ug{] .
l;+rfO k|0ffnL :t/sf] sfo{qmd th"{df, sfof{Gjog /
cg'udgsf] nflu h=p=;=nfO{ s]Gb| ljGb' dfGg] .
hnpkef]Qmf ;+:yf / s[ifsx?sf] cfjZostf / rfxgf cg';f/
:ynut ?kdf afnL x'sf{pg] cj:yfdf g} pGgt v]tL k|ljlw /
hn Joj:yfkg k|ljlw ;DjGwdf PsLs[t ?kdf tfnLd lbg] .
sfo{qmd th"{df tyf sfof{Gjog Pj+ k|fljlws ;xof]u /
s[ifsx?nfO{ tfnLd lbg] sfo{sf] nflu lhNnf k|fljlws
6f]nL pQ/bfoL x'g] .
s]Gb|Lo tyf If]qLo cg'udg 6f]nLaf6 sfo{qmd cg'udg /
ljz]if1tf Pj+ k|fljlws ;]jf 6]jf pknAw u/fpg] .
ljleGg ;DjlGwt ;/sf/L lgsfo tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx? h:t}
s[lif ljsf; j}s, s[lif ;fdu|L sDkgL ln=, /fli6\o ljp ljhg
s+kgL, /fli6o l;+rfO hnpkef]Qmf dxf;+3, lhNnf
ljsf; ;ldlt cflb ;+u cfjZostf cg';f/ ;dGjo ug]{ .
s[ifs kf7zfnfsf] dfWodaf6 s[ifsx?sf] Ifdtf clea[l4 tyf k|
ljlw lj:tf/ tyf k|jw{g ug]{ .
PsLs[t afnL tyf hn Joj:yfkg sfo{qmd ;+rfng
ubf{ s]lGb|o:t/df s[lif ljefusf] afnL ljsf; lgb]{zgfno, l;
+rfO ljefusf] hn Joj:yfkg zfvf tyf g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg
kl/ifbsf] s[lif O{lGhlgol/ dxfzfvf dfkm{t ul/g]5 .

$= sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog Joj:yfM

sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{ s]Gb|, If]q tyf lhNnf:t/df df}h'bf
s[lif ;dGjo ;ldltx?nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbO{ o; dfu{bz{gdf
pNn]v ePsf] lglZrt sfd, st{Jo / lhDd]jf/L /xg] ;d]t Joj:yf
5

ul/Psf] 5 . oL df}h'bf ;ldltx?sf cltl/Qm sfo{qmd

sfof{Gjogsf] nflu d"Vo e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ lhNnf k|fljlws
6f]nLsf] u7g tyf sfd st{Jo / lhDd]jf/L bkmf $=$ / &=!)
df pNn]v eP jdf]lhd x'g]5 .

$=!s]Gb|Lo ;dGjo ;ldlt M

s_

kl/ro / u7g M
o; sfo{qmd cGtut cf-cfkm\gf] If]qx?af6 k|bfg
ul/g] ;]jfx?nfO{ k|efjsf/L jgfpgsf ;fy} s]lGb|o :t/df
;dGjosf] nflu Dff}h'bf s[lif ;dGjo ;ldltdf s[lif ljefu, l;+rfO
ljefu, g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\, s[lif ljsf; j}+s / :yflgo
ljsf; dGqfno sf] tkl;n adf]lhdsf kbflwsf/Lx? /xg] 5g\ .
o; ;ldltsf] d"Vo p2]Zo sfo{qmd ;+rfngdf ;+nUg ljleGg
lgsfox?af6 ;xof]u pknJw u/fpg', gLltut Joj:yf ug'{ /
sfof{Gjog ;xstf{x?nfO{ dfu{bz{g ug'{ xf] .

tkl;n M
!=
dxflgb]{zs, l;+rfO ljefu
@=
dxflgb]{zs, s[lif ljefu
#=
sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs, g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\
$=
dxfk|jGws, s[lif ljsf; j}+s
%=
pkdxflgb]{zs, l;+rfO Joj:yfkg dxfzfvf, l;+rfO
ljefu
^=
pkdxflgb]{zs, of]hgf l8hfOg cg'udg tyf
d"Nofg dxfzfvf, l;+rfO ljefu
&=
pkdxflgb]{zs, of]hgf tyf hgzlQm, s[lif ljefu
*=
pkdxflgb]{zs, k|ljlw lj:tf/ tyf ;dGjo, s[lif ljefu
(=
pkdxflgb]{zs, ;tx l;+rfO dxfzfvf, l;+rfO ljefu
!)=
pkdxflgb]{zs, e"ldut hn l;+rfO dxfZffvf, l;
+rfO ljefu
!!=
:yflgo ljsf; dGqfno, k|ltlglw
!@= pkdxflgb{]zs, cg'udg d"Nofg / Joj:yfkg,s[lif
ljefu
!#= lgb]{zs, jfnL tyf jfujfgL, g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg
kl/ifb
!$= sfo{qmd lgb]{zs, afnL ljsf; lgb]{zgfno, s[lif ljefu
!%= sfo{qmd lgb]{zs, s[lif OlGhlgol/ lgb]{zgfno,
s[lif ljefu
6

!^= sfo{qmd lgb]{zs, s[lif k|;f/ lgb]{zgfno, s[lif

ljefu
!&= ljefluo k|d'v, C0f nufgL ljefu, s[lif ljsf; j}+s
!*=dxfzfvf k|d'v, s[lif OlGhlgol/ dxfzfvf, g]kfn s[lif
cg';Gwfg kl/ifb
!(=dxfzfvf k|d'v, afXo cg';Gwfg dxfzfvf, g]kfn s[lif
cg';Gwfg kl/ifb
@)=cWoIf, /fli6o l;+rfO hn pkef]Qmf dxf;+3
@!= k|d'v, hn Joj:yfkg zfvf, l;+rfO ljefu, ;b:o ;lrj
-kb]g_
o;sf] cnfjf cfjZostfg';f/ ljifoj:t'sf] cfwf/df ;DjlGwt of]hgfsf
of]hgf k|d'vsfo{qmd k|d'vx? nufot ;/sf/L tyf ;lqmo u}/
;/sf/L ;+:yfx?nfO{ ;d]t j}7sdf cfdGq0f ug{ ;lsg]5 .
;ldltsf ;b:ox?dWo]af6 sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogdf d"Vo
e"ldsf /xg] ljefuLo k|d'vx? dWo] Ps hgf cWoIf x'g]5 .
;ldltsf cWoIftf cfnf] kfnf] k|lqmofaf6 ul/g] 5 .
-v_ p2]Zo M
of] ;ldltsf] p2]Zo lgDg adf]lhd x'g]5M
sfo{qmd ;+rfngdf ;+nUg laleGg s]lGb|o lgsfox?af6
;xof]u pknJw u/fpg' .
sfo{qmd ;+rfngsf] nflu gLltut Joj:yf ug{' .
sfo{qmd sfo{Gjog ;xstf{x?nfO{ dfubz{g ug{' /
s]lGb|o :t/df ;DjlGwt ljleGg ;/sf/L lgsfo tyf u}/ ;/sf/L ;
+:yfx? h:t} s[lif ljsf; j}s, s[lif ;fdu|L s+DkgL ln=, /fli6\\o
ljp ljhg sDkgL, /fli6o l;+rfO hnpkef]Qmf dxf;+3
O{TofbL ;+u cfjZostf cg';f/ ;dGjo ug{] .
-u_ s]lGb|o ;dGjo ;ldltsf] j}7s
s]lGb|o ;dGjo ;ldltsf] j}7s k|To]s tLg tLg dlxgfsf]
cGt/fndf cfnf] kfnf] u/L s[lif
ljefu, l;+rfO laefu, g]kfn
s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\ / s[lif ljsf; j}+ssf s]lGb|o sfof{nodf
cfdGq0f ug{] lgsfosf] cWoIftfdf a;L j}7sdf kfl/t ePsf]

lg0f{ox?
5.

$=@

sfof{Gjog sf] nflu ;DjGwLt lgsfox?df k7fO{g]

If]qLo ;dGjo ;ldltM

s= kl/ro / u7g
sfo{qmd ;+rfng ubf{ If]qLo ;dGjosf] nflu k|To]s ljsf;
If]qx?df sfo{qmddf d"Vo e"ldsf /x]sf] If]lqo l;+rfO
lgb{]zgfnosf lgb]{zs, If]qLo s[lif lgb{]zgfnosf lgb]{zs /
g]kfn s[lif cg'';Gwfg kl/ifb\sf If]lqo lgb]{zssf] g]t[Tjdf
df}h'bf If]lqo ;dGjo ;ldltdf tkl;n adf]lhdsf kbflwsf/Lx?
/xg]5g\ .
tkl;nM
If]qLo l;+rfO lgb]{zs If]qLo
l;+rfO
lgb]
{zgfno
If]qLo s[lif lgb]{zs If]qLo s[lif lgb]{zgfno
k|d'v, If]qLo sfof{no s[lif ljsf; j}+s
If]qLo lgb]{zsx?k|d'v
cGo
nfOg
Ph]G;Lx?
If]lqo lgb]{zs - If]qLo s[lif cg';Gwfg s]Gb|
If]lqo k|ltlglw - /fli6o l;+rfO hn pkef]Qmf dxf;
+3
cfdlGqt
- cfjZostfg';f/
;ldltsf ;b:ox?dWo]af6 sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogdf d"Vo
e"ldsf /xg] If]qLo k|d'vx? dWo] Pshgf cWoIf x'g]5 .
;ldltsf cWoIftf cfnf] kfnf] k|lqmofaf6 ul/g] 5 . l;+rfO lgb]
{zgfnodf sfo{/t ;dfhzf:qLs[lif cy{ lj1O{lGhlgo/ o;
;ldltdf kb]g ;b:o x'g]5g\ .
v= p2]Zo M
of] ;ldltsf] d'Vo p2]Zo lgDgfg';f/ x'g]5 M
sfo{qmd ;+~rfngdf ;+nUg laleGg lhNnfsf laleGg
lgsfox?af6 k|fljlws ;xof]u pknJw u/fpg'[ .
sfo{qmd ;~rfngsf] nflu gLltut Joj:yf ug{]
8

 sfo{qmd sfof{Gjosf] nflu dfu{bz{g ug{'

If]qLo:t/df laleGg ;DjlGwt ;/sf/L lgsfo / u}/ ;/sf/L ;
+:yfx? h:t} s[lif ljsf; j}s, s[lif ;fdu|L sDkgL ln=, /fli6|\o
ljp ljhg sDkgL, /fli6o l;+rfO hnpkef]Qmf dxf;+3
O{TofbL ;+u cfjZostf cg';f/ ;dGjo ug{' /
lhNnfdf ;+~rflnt sfo{qmdsf] cg'udg / d"Nofg ug{'
;kmn syfk|ljlwsf] k|rf/ k|;f/ ug'{
u= If]qLo ;dGjo ;ldltsf] j}7sM
If]qLo ;dGjo ;ldltsf] j}7s lglZrt ;do cGt/fndf Ps jif{df
slDtdf tLg k6s j:g]5 . s[lif, l;+rfO tyf cGo ;DjlGwt lgsfo
ljr ;dGjo clej[l4 ug{ tyf ;dGjo ;ldltdf k|ltlglwTj ug]
{ lgsfox?df sfo{qmdsf] lhDd]jf/L jf]w ug{ / sfo{qmd
sfof{Gjogdf ;xof]u k|fKt ug]{ u/fpg] p2]Zon] ;b:o
lgsfodf rf}dfl;s ;ldIff j}7s x'g] jvtdf If]qLo ;dGjo ;ldltsf]
j}7s cfnf]kfnf] ul/ ;+rfng ul/g]5 .
j}7ssf] nflu cfdlGqt ug]{ If]qLo lgb]{zgfnosf lgb]
{zsIf]qLo sfof{no k|d'vg]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\sf
If]lqo lgb]{zsn] j}7ssf] cWoIftf ug]{ 5 / j}7sdf ePsf]
lg0f{ox? sfof{Gjogsf] nflu ;DjlGwt lgsfodf k7fO{g] 5 .

$=#

lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt

(District Coordination Committee DCC)

s= kl/ro / u7g M
PsLs[t afnL tyf hn Joj:yfkg sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsf] nflu k|
To]s lhNnfdf df}h'bf s[lif ;dGjo ;ldltdf /x]sf/xg]
kbflwsf/Lx? dWo]nufot tkl;n adf]lhdsf] kbflwsf/Lx?
/xg] 5g\ . lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no tyf ;DjlGwt l;+rfO
sfof{no
-l8lehg;j -l8lehge"=h=lj=k=, zfvf
sfof{no_ af6 cf-cfkm\gf] ljefluo k|zf;g cGtu{t sfo{ ;
+rfng x'g] x'bf oL b'j} lgsfo jLr sfo{ut ;DjGw sfod u/L
afnL tyf hn Joj:yfkg sfo{qmdnfO{ PsLs[t ?kdf ;+rfng
ul/g]5 .
tkl;n M
k|d'v
- lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no
k|d'v
- l;+rfO
sfof{no
l8lehge'=h=lj=k= zfvf sfof{no_
9

-l8lehg;j

 k|d'v
- s[lif ljsf; j}+s
k|d'v
- s[lif cg';Gwfg s]Gb|
;DjlGwt lh=lj=;= ;b:o
:yflgo ljsf; clwsf/L
lhNnf k|ltlglw
/fli6o l;+rfO hn pkef]Qmf
dxf;+3
OlGhlgo/
lhNnf
k|fljlws
6f]nLdf
v6fOPsf] - l;+rfO sfof{no
ljifout s[lif ljz]if1 lhNnf
k|fljlws
6f]nLdf
v6fOPsf]
lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no
;j O{lGhlgo/ lhNnf k|fljlws 6f]nLdf v6fOPsf]
l;+rfO sfof{no
k|f=;=jf gf=k|f=;=
glhssf] ;]jf s]Gb|af6
lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no
cWoIf
;DjlGwt l;+rfO k|0ffnLsf]
h=p=;=
k|ltlgwL
lhNnfdf sfo{/t ;DjlGwt u}/ ;/sf/L
;+3;+:yf
;ldltsf ;b:ox?dWo]af6 sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogdf d"Vo
e"ldsf /xg] sfof{no k|d'vx? dWo] Pshgf cWoIf x'g]5 .
;ldltsf] cWoIftf cfnf] kfnf] k|lqmofaf6 ul/g] 5 .
v= p2]Zo M
;ldltsf] d'Vo p2]Zo lgDg adf]lhd x'g]5 M
sfo{qmd ;+~rfngdf ;+nUg lhNnfsf laleGg lgsfox?af6 k|
fljlws ;xof]u pknJw u/fpg' .
lhNnf
k|fljlws
6f]nLnfO{
sfo{qmd
;+~rfng
ug{ dfu{bz{g ug{] .
lhNnf:t/df laleGg ;DjlGwt ;/sf/L / u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx? h:t}
s[lif ljsf; j}s, s[lif ;fdu|L sDkgL ln=, /fli6o ljp ljhg
sDkgL, g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\, /fli6o l;+rfO
hnpkef]Qmf dxf;+3 O{TofbL ;+u cfjZostf cg';f/ ;dGjo
ug{' .
sfo{qmd th{'df tyf sfof{Gjogdf lhNnf k|fljlws
6f]nLnfO{ k|fljlws ;xof]u ug{' /
10

 cfjZostf cg';f/ ;+~rflnt sfo{qmdsf] cg'udg tyf d"Nofg

ug{' .

u= lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltsf] j}7sM

sfo{qmdsf] p2]Zo cg'?k pknlJw xfl;n ug{ lgoldt ?kn]
lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltsf] j}7s l;+rfO sfof{no jf lhNnf s[lif ljsf;
sfof{nodf cfnf]kfnf] u/L j:g]5 . j}7s cfdGq0ff ug]
{ lgsfosf] k|d'vn] j}7ssf] cWoIftf ug]{5 / j}7saf6 ePsf]
lg0f{ox? sfof{Gjosf] nflu ;DjlGwt lgsfox?df k7fO{g] 5 .
$=$lhNnf k|fljlws 6f]nL

(District Technical Team, DTT ):

PsLs[t jfnL tyf hn Joj:yfkg sfo{qmd ;+rfngsf] nflu k|To]s

lhNnfdf Pp6f lhNnf k|fljlws 6f]nLsf] u7g x'g]5 . pQm
6f]nLdf ;DjlGwt l;+rfO sfof{noaf6 Ps hgf O{l~hlgo/ / Ps
hgf ;j O{lGhlgo/ tyf ;DjlGwt lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{noaf6
Pshgf afnL lj1 jf s[lif ljifout ljz]if1 / sfo{qmd ;+rfng x'g]
If]qdf sfo{/t Pshgf k|f=;=gf=k|f=;= / g]kfn s[lif
cg';Gwfg s]Gb|af6 v6fOPsf] sd{rf/L /xg] 5g / l;+rfO
sfof{nodf sfo{/t s[lif;+u ;DjlGwt k|fljlwsP=cf]= o; k|
fljlws 6f]nLsf] kb]g ;b:o x'g] 5 .
sfo{qmdsf] ;kmntf lhNnf k|fljlws 6f]nLdf a9L lge{/ /xg]
x'bf ;DjlGwt l;+rfO sfof{no tyf lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{nosf
k|d'vx?n] o; 6f]nLdf ;lDdlnt x'g] kbflwsf/L 5gf}6
ubf{ 6f]nLdf ;lDdlnt eO{ sfd ug]{ v'jL ePsf] / 6f]nL
;b:ox? jLr ;dGjo, ;b\efjgf / ;dembf/L /fVg ;Sg] Ifdtf ePsf]
JoQmLx?nfO{ 5gf}6 ug{'kb{5 . lhNnf k|fljlws 6f]nL tyf
6f]nLdf a;L sfdug{] kbflwsf/Lx?sf] sfd st{Jo / lhDd]jf/L
olx dfu{bz{gsf] a'+bf g+= &=!), &=!! / &=!@ df
pNn]v eP adf]lhd x'g] 5 .
%= l;+rfO k|0ffnL 5gf}6sf] cfwf/ M
PsLs[t jfnL tyf hn Joj:yfkg sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{sf] nflu
lhNnf l:yt l;+rfO k|0ffnL 5gf}6 ubf{ lgDg d'Vo a'+bfx?
nfO{ cfwf/ lng' kb{5 .

11

 l;+rfO k|0ffnLsf] Head Works, Main Canal, Branch Canal sf ;a} d'Vo
d'Vo ;+/rgfx? h:t} Head Regulater, Cross Regulater, CD Works, Syphons,
Aquaduct, VRB, Pump House, kfgL ljt/0f k|0ffnL O{TofbLsf]
lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg eO{ l;+rfO k|0ffnL ;+rfngdf /xL
cfPsf] .

12

 l;+rfO k|0ffnLdf j}wflgs hn pkef]Qmf ;+:yf u7g

eO{ s[oflzn /x]sf] .
l;+rfO k|0ffnLsf] >f]tdf ;se/ ltgj6} l;hgdf -df};d_ kfgLsf]
kof{Kttf ePsf] .
l;+rfO k|0ffnLsf] sdf08 If]q ;tx l;+rfOsf] xsdf @% x]S6/,
6\o"jj]n l;+rfOsf] xsdf !) x]S6/ eGbf sd gePsf] .
sfo{qmd ;+rfngsf] b[li6sf]0fn] k|0ffnL :yndf k'Ug
oftfoftsf] ;'ljwf ePsf] .
^= of]hgf th{'df tyf sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog k|lqmof
(Project Planning and Program Implementation Modality)

sfo{qmdsf] of]hgf th"{df tyf sfof{Gjog k|s[of afnL

pTkfbg ug]{ df};d h:t}M jif]{ afnL - July-October_, lxpb]
afnL (November-February) / j;Gt] afnL (March June) df cfwfl/t x'g]5
.
^=!

of]hgf th"{dfM
of]hgf th{'df ub{f lgDg d'Vo d'Vo a'bfx?df Wofg
lbg' kg{]5 M

k|0ffnL :t/df ;+rfng ug{] of] sfo{qmdsf] of]hgf

kf/bzL{ ?kdf pkef]Qmf s[ifsx?, / h=p=;= sf] ;qmLo
;xeflutfdf t}of/ ug{' kb{5 .
jflif{s jfnL of]hgf (Annual Crop plan) t}of/ ubf{
-s_ ljleGg df};ddf l;+rfO k|0ffnLsf] >f]tdf kfgLsf] pknJwtf
af/] (Water availability in the source) olsg ug]{ . o;sf nflu
lgoldt ?kdf kfgL dfkg ug]{ .
-v_ sdf08 If]qdf nufO{g] d'Vo d'Vo jfnLx? (Types of Crops) s] s]
x'g ;f] lgwf] ug]{ .
-u_ pQm jfnLx?sf] ljleGg cj:yf (Different Growth Stage) df cfjZos
kg]{ kfgLsf] kl/df0fdfqf (Crop Water Requirement) sf] ljrf/ ul/
sdf08 If]q leq s'g df};ddf s'g s'g jfnL slt slt If]qkmndf
nufOg] xf] lgSof}{n ul/ lgwf{/0f ug{' kb{5 .
aflif{s afnL of]hgf cg';f/sf] sfo{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ d'Vo
lhDd]jf/L ;DjlGwt lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{nosf] x'g]5 . o:sf]
nflu cfjZos kg]{ jh]6 lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{nosf] aflif{s
sfo{qmddf ;dfj]z ul/ sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsf nflu :yflgo
13

lgsfox?
-lh=lj=;=uf=lj=;=_ sf] >f]t ;d]t
kl/rfng ul/g] 5 . sfo{qmd ;+rfngdf 6]jf k'ofpg s]lGb|
o:t/df ;d]t cfjZos ah]6sf] Joj:yf ul/g] 5 . sfo{qmd
sfof{Gjogsf] nflu lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{non] s[ifs kf7zfnf
jf cGo pko'Qm dfWod ckgfpg] 5 .
jflif{s hnJoj:yfkg of]hgf (Annual Water Management Plan) t}of/ ubf{
k|To]s df};dsf nflu pkef]Qmf s[ifsx?df xfn k|rngdf /x]sf]
-s_ l;+rfO ug{] tl/sf (Irrigation Methods)
-v_ jfnLx?sf] s'g cj:yfdf (Crop Stage) df sltk6s l;+rfO ug{]
ul/Psf] (Irrigation Intervals) /
-u_ k|To]s k6ssf] l;+rfOdf slt dfqfdf kfgL nufpg] xf]
(Amount of Water) ;f] sf] kfgLdfkg ul/ To;df ePsf sdL
sdhf]/Lx? s] s] x'g / s] s:tf ;'wf/x? ug{ ;lsG5 h:t}
laleGg jfnLsf] laleGg cj:yf cg';f/ slxn] l;+rfO ug{]
(When to Irrigate) s;/L l;+rfO ug{] (How to Irrigate) / slt dfqfdf
l;+rfO ug{] (How much to Irrigate) O{TofbL s'/fx?df cfwfl/t
x'g' kb{5 .
o;/L hn Joj:yfkg of]hgf th'{df ubf{ l;+rfO k|0ffnLsf] Head
Middle -Tail sf hldgdf ;dfg'kflts ?kdf kfgL k'ofpg] lsl;dn]
ug'{ kb{5 / k|To]s txdf pknJw kfgLnfO{ k|efjsf/L (Effective /
Efficient) tl/sfn] kfgL ljt/0f ug{ kfgL jf+8kmf+8 / Canal
Operation Schedule jgfpg' k5{ . l;+rfO sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L /
Irrigation Efficiency df clej[l4 ug{ hldg ;Dofpg], rSnfjGbL ug]{
/ afnLsf] s:tf] s:tf] Stage df slt dfqfdf kfgL lbg' k5{, s'g
tl/sfn] l;+rfO lbg] cflbjf/] 1fg lbg h=p=;= s[ifsx?
nfO{ :ynut Jojxfl/s tflndsf] nflu s[ifs kf7zfnf of cGo
pko'Qm dfWo]d ckgfpg] sfo{qmd to ug'{ k5{ / ;f] sf]
nflu cfjZos kg]{ jh]6 aflif{s sfo{qmd jh]6df ;dfj]z ul/
sfof{Gjog ug]{ bfloTj ;DjlGwt l;+rfO sfof{nosf] x'g]5 .
hn Joj:yfkg of]hgf cGt/ut kfgL dfkg sfo{nfO{ a9L eGbf
a9L k|fyldstf lbO{ kfgL dfkg tYof+ssf] cfwf/df afNfLx?
sf] 5gf}6 ug]{, gx/ ;+rfng of]hgf tof/ ug]{, s'g df};ddf
s'g k2tLaf6 kfgL ljt/0f ug]{ ;f] lgSof}{n ug'{ kg]{5 .
;fy} afnL Joj:yfkg sfo{df ul/g] afnL pTkfbgdf ;xfos x'g]
x/]s sfo{x?sf] u0fgf h:t} s'g hftsf] slt ljp k|of]u ePsf],
slt dn k|of]u u/]sf,] s'g ls6gfzs ljiffbL k|of]u u/]sf] / v]tL
ug]{ tf}/ t/Lsf cflb h:t}] hn Joj:yfkgdf klg afnLn] slt
14

kfgL k|of]u u/]/ slt pTkfbg eof] eGg] tYof+s cfpg' kb{5
h;n] ubf{ kfgL pTkfbsTj (Water Productivity) lgsfNg ;lhnf] xf]; .
hn Joj:yfkg sfo{of]hgf tof/ ug]{ j]nfdf v]t:t/df ul/g] k|
0ffnL ;+/rgf ;'wf/sf sfo{x?sf] ;+o'Qm ?kdf :ynut
cjnf]sg, k|fyldlss/0f ug'{ kb{5 . v]t:t/df ;+/rgf ;'wf/ sfo{
(On farm structures improvement works) sfof{Gjog ug{ h=p=;= sf
5flgPsf k|ltlglwx?nfO{ cfjZos tflndsf] klxrfg ul/ tflnd k|
bfg ug]{ Joj:yf ;d]t ul/g] 5 . s]xL d'Vo d'\Vo afnLx?sf]
nflu afnL cjlwdf cfjZos kfgLsf] kl/df0f / ljleGg afnLx?df
l;+rfO ug{' kg]{ Critical Stage x? ;DjGwdf cg';"rL * df pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5 .
h=p=;=sf] ;+:yfut ljsf; of]hgf (WUA's Institutional Development Plan)
t}of/ ubf{ hnpkef]Qmf ;+:yfsf] jt{dfg l:ytL h:t}
ljwfgsf]] s[oflzntf, lgoldt j}7s ;~rfng, sfof{no Joj:yfkg,
l;+rfO ;]jf z'Ns ;+sng, >f]t kl/rfng, l;+rfO k|0ffnL dd{t ;
+ef/, gx/ ;+rfng tyf ;xeflutf ;fy} h=p=;:yfdf ul/g] k|To]s
s[ofsnfkx?df dlxnf s[ifsx?sf] ;qmLo ;xefuLtf jf/] ljZn]if0f
ul/ ;'wf/ ug'{ kg{] If]qsf] klxrfg ul/ ;f] sf] nflu of]hgf
th{'df ug{'kg{]5 .
l;+rfO k|0ffnLsf] Sustainable O&M nufotsf ljljw s[ofsnfkx?df
h=p=;=sf] j9L ;] j9L ;+nUgtf, ;xefuLtf Pj+ Ifdtf clej[l4 /
;+:yfut ljsf;sf] nflu o;/L th'{df u/]sf] s[ofsnfkx? dWo]
rfn'cfufdL jif{df s'g s'g sfo{x? ug]{ xf] lgSof}{n ul/
;f] sf] aflif{s sfo{qmd / jh]6 th'{df ;d]t ul/ sfof{Gjog
ug]{ sfo{ ;DjlGwt l;+rfO sfof{nosf] x'g]5 .

^=@

of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf d"n tTjx? M

lhNnf k|fljlws 6f]nLn] sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ;+rfngsf]

bf}/fg ul/g] dfl;s cg'udg tyf k|fljlws k|lzIf0fsf] l;nl;nfdf
tkl;n cg';f/sf d'Vo s[ofsnfkx? ;DkGg ug{]5 .

15

tkl;n M
-s_+

l;+rfO k|0ffnLsf] sdf08 If]qdf nufO{Psf] ljleGg

d'Vo jfnLx?sf] j9\g]x's{g], k;fpg] cflb cj:yf (Growth
stage) lgl/If0f tyf cjnf]sg ug{] .
-v_ jfnLsf]] pQm cj:yfdf ug{' kg{] s[lif tyf l;+rfO
;DjlGwt d'Vo s[ofsnfkx?sf] klxrfg ul/ h=p=;=
s[ifsx?nfO{ cfjZos k|fljlws k|lzIf0f :ynut ?kdf
Jojxfl/s ?kdf k|bfg ug{] .
-u_ cg'udgsf] k|To]s ;dofjwLdf pQm jfnL x'sf{pg ;DkGg
ePsf] s[ofsnfkx?sf] ;fd'lxs d"Nofg ug{] .
-3_ afnLsf] cj:yf cg';f/ x/]s k6s lbOg] l;+rfO kfgLdfkg
u/L clen]v /fVg] .
dfl;s cg'udg ubf{ k|To]s kN6 cg';"rL ^ jdf]lhd kmf/fd
eg'{ kg]{ 5 .
l;+rfO k|0ffnL:t/Lo PsLs[t afnL tyf hn Joj:yfkg
sfo{qmdsf] of]hgf th"{df, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg tyf
d'Nofg sfo{ ul/bf hn pkef]Qmf ;+:yf s]Gb|Lt /xL
ul/g]5 .
s[ifsx?sf] afnL tyf hn Joj:yfkg / h=p=;=sf] ;+:yfut ljsf;
sfo{ of]hgf th"{df, sfof{Gjog / k|fljlws k|lzIf0f sfo{sf]
k"0f{ lhDd]jf/L lhNnf k|fljlws 6f]nLsf] x'g]5 .
s]Gb|Lo, If]qLo / lhNnf :t/Lo nfOg Ph]G;Lx?af6 ;]jf /
;xof]u pknJw ug{ u/fpg ljleGg ;dGjo ;ldltx? k|of;/t /xg]
5g\ .
lhNnf k|fljlws 6f]nLx?sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 tyf k|fljlws 6]jfsf]
nflu l;+rfO ljefu, s[lif ljefu tyf g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg
kl/ifb\af6 ;+o'Qm ?kdf cfjZos kxn x'g]5 .
;d;fdlos cg'udg tyf k|fljlws 6]jfsf] nflu s]Gb|Lo, If]qLo /
lhNnf :t/Lo k|d'vx? lhDd]jf/ /xg] 5g\ .

^=# hn Joj:yfkgsf] nflu v]t:t/df

+/rgf ;'wf/sf] sfo{ ug]{ sfo{ ljlwM

ul/g]

PsLs[t afnL tyf hn Joj:yfkg sfo{qmd cGt/ut 5gf}6 ePsf l;

+rfO k|0ffnLx?sf] kfgLsf] ljt/0f Jojl:yt ug{ u/fpgsf] nflu
lkmN8 :t/df cfjZos ;+/rgfx?sf] lgdf{0f tyf k"glgdf{0f
sfo{ ul/g]5 . pQm sfo{sf] l8hfOg tyf nut Oli6d]6
;DjlGwt l;+rfO sfof{nosf] OlGhlgo/ tyf ;j O{lGhlgo/af6
16

x'g]5 . nut Oli6d]6sf] :jLs[lt l;+rfO sfof{nosf] sfof{no

k|d'vaf6
x'g]
ePtfklg
o;df
/x]sf]
sfdx?sf]
k'i6\ofO{ v'nfO{ l;+rfO ljefusf] hn Joj:yfkg zfvfsf] ;xdlt
lnP/ dfq lgdf{0f sfd ug'{ kg]{ 5 . lgdf{0f sfd hn
pkef]Qmf ;+:yf dfkm{t u/fpg' kg]{5 / s"n nfutsf] slDtdf
@% k|ltzt hg>d hn pkef]Qmf ;+:yfn] Joxf]g{' kg]{5 .
PsLs[t afnL tyf hn Joj:yfkg sfo{qmdsf] nflu 5flgPsf] l;
+rfO k|0ffnLdf kfgL ljt/0f jf8kmf8 tyf hn Joj:yfkg
sfo{sf] nflu ;xof]u x'g] ul/ v]t :t/df ul/g] ;+/rgf ;'wf/ /
lgdf{0fsf] sfo{ ubf{ lgDg jdf]lhd ug'{ kg]{5 .
cg';'rL ! jdf]lhd PsLs[t afnL tyf hn Joj:yfkg sfo{qmd
cGt/utsf] l;+rfO k|0ffnLsf] Baseline -cfwf/e"t_ tYof ;+sng
k|ZgfjnL kmf/fd clgjfo{ ?kdf eg'{
kg]{ 5 .
sfo{qmddf ;+nUg x'g] lhNnf k|fljlws 6f]nL / hn
pkef]Qmf ;+:yfsf kbflwsf/Lx?n] ;+o'Qm ?kdf k|0ffnL
lgl/If0f (Walk-through) ul/ hn Joj:yfkg sfo{df ;3fp k'ofpg
v]t:t/df ul/g' kg]{ ;+/rgf ;'wf/sf] sfo{x?sf] cg';"rL @
jdf]lhd dd{t lgl/If0f kmf/fd e/L k|fyldstfqmd tf]Sg' kg]
{5.
pknJw jh]6 l;df leq /xg] u/L -slDtdf k|rlnt
lgodfg';f/sf] hg>d ;d]t kl/rfng u/L_ v]t:t/df ul/g] ;
+/rgf ;'wf/sf] sfo{sf] nflu n=O{= tof/ ug'{ k5{ .
o;/L n=O{= tof/ kfbf{ k|fyldstfqmd cg';f/sf]
sfo{nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ b'j}kIf -l;+rfO sfof{no /
h=p=;=_ af6 ;xdtL ePsf] x'g' kg]{5 .

v]t:t/df ul/g] ;+/rgf ;'wf/ lgdf{0f eGgfn] l;+rfO k|

0ffnLsf] d"Vo d"Vo ;+/rgfx? h:t}M Head workskDk xfp;,
d'n gx/, zfvf gx/, Head Regulator, Cross Regulator, Main Drain Crossing
Structures, Syphone, VRB h:tf
7"nf :6Sr/x? / nfdf] /
7"nf] ;]S;gsf] nfOlg sfo{x? OTofbL geO{ ;-;fgf kfgL
jf8kmf8 ug]{ ;+/rgfx? (Division Box) kfgL jf8\g] ;frf], ;-;fgf
km'6 qml;x?, Out let x? / ;-;fgf gfnL qm; ug{] :6Sr/ /
w]/} kfgL r'lxg] 7fpdf gul/ gx'g] ; ;fgf yf]/} dfqfdf Lining
ug]{ sfo{, kfgL gfKg] u]h :6Sr/ lgdf{0f OTofbL h'gsL
s[ifs pkef]Qmfx? cfkm}n] lgdf{0f, dd{t ;+ef/ / ;+rfng
ug{ ;lsg] vfn] sfdx?, eg]/ j'em\g' kb{5 .
17

 o:tf ; ;fgf ;+/rgfx?sf] :jLs[t n=O{= jdf]lhdsf] sfo{

-hg>d ;d]t kl/rfng u/L_ ;Dkfbg ug{ ;DjlGwt h=p=;= / l;
+rfO sfof{no ljr ;+nUg cg';"rL # jdf]lhd ;Demf}tf u/L
ul/g]5 . ;+/rgf ;'wf/sf] sfdsf] k|fljlws /]vb]v Pj+ eP u/]sf]
sfo{sf] d"Nofg, gfkhfr ;+o'Qm ?kdf ul/ k|rlnt cfly{s
lgodfg';f/ -hg>d ;d]t b]lvg] ul/_ e'QmfgL ul/g] 5 .
lgdf{0f ;'wf/sf] sfo{ ubf{ s] slt hg>dbfg eof] ;f] :ki6;+u
pNn]v ePsf] x'g' kg]{5 .
o;/L ;++/rgf ;'wf/sf] sfo{sf] lhDdf lng] h=p=;=n] u/]sf]
vr{, hgzlQm kl/rfng, ;+:yfaf6 ePsf] hg;xefuLtf / l;+rfO
sfof{noaf6 ePsf] e'QmfgLsf] lx;fj lstfj ljwfg jdf]lhd
b'?:t /fVg' kg{] 5 .
;+/rgf ;'wf/sf] sfo{ kZrft cg';"rL $ jdf]lhd sfo{ ;DkGg k|
df0f kq hf/L ul/ pk/f]Qm ;+/rgfx?sf] dd{t ;+ef/, ;+rfng /
pkof]usf] lhDd]jf/L h=p=;=n] lng' kg]{5 .
sfo{qmd nfu" ePkl% ;+/rgf ;'wf/sf] sfo{ Psrf]^L dfq ul/g] / ;fwf/)ftof
klxnf] jif{df ul/g] % .

of]

klxnf]

rf]^L v]t:t/sf ;+/rgf ;"wf/sf sfo{x? ;DkGg ePkl% km]l/ To:tf dd{t
sfo{x? o; sfo{qmd dfkm{t ul/g] %}g .

^=$

k|fljlws k|lzIf0fM

k|fljlws k|lzIf0f (Technical Training) sf] d"Vo p2]Zo sfo{ of]hgf

sfof{Gjog ug]{ h=p=;=s[ifs tyf lhNnf k|fljlws
6f]nLnfO{ 1fg / zLk lbg' xf] .
h=p=;=s[ifsx?
nfO{ jflif{sdf};dL sfo{of]hgf sfof{Gjog ;DjGwL k|
fljlws k|lzIf0f lhNnf k|fljlws 6f]nLn] dfl;s cg'udgs[ifs
kf7zfnfsf] bf}/fg :ynut ?kdf x'ls{/xsf] jfnLsf] cj:yf (Crop
Growth Stage) sf]
cfwf/df ul/g] 5 / lhNnf k|fljlws
6f]nLnfO{ cfjZos kg{] k|fljlws k|lzIf0f tyf sfo{qmd
sfof{Gjog dfu{bz{g ;DjlGwt l;+rfO, s[lif tyf g]kfn s[lif
cg';Gwfg kl/ifbsf If]qLo Pj+ s]Gb|Lo lgsfon] lbg] 5 .

18

^=%

cg'udg tyf d"NofgM

o; sfo{qmd sfof{GjognfO{ cfjZos lbzf k|bfg ug{ /

sfo{qmdsf] d"Nofg ug{ s]Gb|Lo, If]qLo Pj+ lhNnf:t/sf]]
jflif{s sfo{qmddf cg'udg tyf d"Nofg ug]{ s[ofsnfk
/flvg] 5 . o:tf cg'udg sfo{x? ;xeflutfd'ns x'g' kg]{5 .
cg'udg tyf d"Nofgsf ;"rsx? ;+nUg cg';"rL & df lbOPsf]
5.
lhNnf k|fljlws 6f]nLsf] df;Ls cg'udg tyf d"Nof gsf] cnfjf
s]Gb|, If]q / lhNnf :t/af6 klg sfo{qmd rnfPsf] l;rfO k|
0ffnLdf k|To]s df};dL jfnLdf sDtLdf Ps k6s :ynut cg'udg
u/L ;+nUg cg';"rL % adf]lhdsf] cg'udg kmf/fd clgjfo{ ?
kn] e/L sfo{qmdsf] d"Nofg ug{] tyf cfjZos lgb{]zg
lbg]5 / lhNnf k|fljlws 6f]nLn] k|To]s dlxgf sfo{qmd ;
+rfng x'bfsf] bf}/fg l;rfO k|0ffnLsf] :ynut cg'udg, k|
fljlws k|lzIf0f tyf d"Nofg ubf{ ;+nUg cg';"rL ^
adf]lhdsf] cg'udg kmf/fd clgjfo{ ?kn] eg{' kg{]5 .
If]q tyf lhNnfsf l;+rfO tyf s[lifsf kbflwsf/Lx?af6 ;
+o'Qm ?kdf sfo{qmdsf] :ynut cg'udg ug{ Joj:yf ldnfpg'
kg{] 5 .

&= sfo{qmd

sfof{Gjgsf]

lhDd]jf/L

(Program

Implementation Responsibility)

&=!
s]Gb|Lo ;dGjo ;ldltsf] sfd, st{Jo /
lhDd]jf/LM

PsLs[t afnL tyf hn Joj:yfkg sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog

;DjGwL gLltut lgb]{zg;'emfj lbg] .
ljleGg lgsfox? jLr ;dGjo ug]{ .
sfo{qmd
;+rfngsf]
nflu
If]qLo
;dGjo
;ldltnfO{ cfjZos dfu{bz{g ug]{ .
sfo{qmd Joj:yfkg jf/] ljleGg txsf] k|ult Pj+
sl7gfO{ ;DjGwdf ;ldIff ug]{ / /0fgLltdf ;'wf/
ug'{ kg]{ b]lvP ;f] u/fpg] .

&=@ If]qLo ;dGjo

lhDd]jf/LM

;ldltsf]
19

sfd

st{Jo

If]qLo tyf lhNnfl:yt sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug]{

;fem]bf/x?nfO{ sfo{qmdsf] s]Gb|Lo gLlt sfof{Gjog
/ sfo{ of]hgf jf/] kl/lrt u/fpg] .
sfo{qmdnfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ k|
f]T;fxg ug]{ .
ljleGg nfOg Ph]G;Lx?af6 sfo{qmd ;+rfngdf cfjZos
>f]t;fdu|L
(Resources) ;dGjo tyf
;xof]usf] ;'lglZrttf ug]{ .
lhNnfdf ;+rflnt PsLs[t afnL hn tyf Joj:yfkg
sfo{qmdsf] lgoldt ?kdf ;'kl/j]If0f, cg'udg tyf
d"Nofg ug]{ .
sfo{qmdsf] lglZrt p2]Zo k|flKtsf] nflu sfof{Gjog
:t/df cfO{kg]{ sl7gfOx?sf] ljZn]if0f u/L lhNnf l:yt
sfof{nox?nfO{ ;'wf/sf] nflu k[i7 kf]lift (Feedback) ug]
{.

20

&=# If]qLo l;+rfO lgb]{zgfnosf] sfd, st{Jo /

lhDd]jf/LM

sfo{qmd ;DjGwL ljefu tyf s]Gb|Lo ;dGjo ;ldltsf]

gLltut dfu{bz{gx? ;DjlGwt lhNnfl:yt l;+rfO
l8lehg;j l8lehge'=h=lj=k= zfvf sfof{nox?
nfO{ k|jfx u/L plrt sfof{Gjogsf] lglZrttf ul/g]5 .
lhNnfl:yt sfof{nox?jf6 hn Joj:yfkg sfo{qmdsf] nflu
pko'Qm ;dodf bIftfk"j{s nlIft ;d"xnfO{ ;]jf k|bfg
ug{ cfjZos sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yf ug]{ 5 .
l;+rfO ljefu tyf cGo nfOg Ph]G;Lx? dfkm{t ;+rflnt
ljleGg sfo{qmdcfof]hgfx?af6 cfjZos >f]t;fdu|L
(Resources), ;dGjo / ;xof]u ;'lglZrt ug]{5 .
If]q cGtu{t l;+rfO l8lehg;j l8lehge'=h=lj=k=
zfvf sfof{nox?af6 ;+rflnt afnL tyf hn Joj:yfkg
sfo{x?sf] cg'udg tyf d"Nofg ;DjlGwt lhNnf s[lif
ljsf; sfof{nox?;+usf] lgs6td ;xof]uaf6 ug'{sf]
cltl/Qm
sfo{qmd
sfof{Gjogsf]
k|ult
xfl;n
ug{ b]lvPsf sl7gfOx?sf] ;DjGwdf cfjZos ;'emfj, lgb]
{zg cflb pknJw u/fpg]5 .
If]q leq ljleGg l;+rfO sfof{nox?af6 ;Dkflbt afnL tyf
hn Joj:yfkg sfo{qmdsf] k|efjsf/L ;'kl/j]If0f / cg'udg
u/L ;'wf/sf] nflu cfjZos k[i7kf]if0flgb]{zg lbg]5 .

&=$
If]qLo s[lif lgb]{zgfnosf] sfd, st{Jo /
lhDd]jf/LM

sfo{qmd ;DjGwL ljefu tyf s]Gb|Lo ;dGjo ;ldltsf]

gLltut dfu{bz{g ;DjlGwt lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{nox?
nfO{ k|jfx u/L plrt sfof{Gjogsf] ;'lglZrttf ul/g]5 .
lhNnfl:yt sfof{nox?af6 afnL tyf hn Joj:yfkg
sfo{qmdsf] nflu pko'Qm ;dodf bIftfk"j{s nlIft
;d"xnfO{ ;]jf k|bfg ug{ cfjZos sd{rf/Lx?sf] Joj:yf
ug]{] 5 .
s[lif ljefu tyf cGo nfOg Ph]G;Lx? dfkm{t ;+rflnt
ljleGg sfo{qmd cfof]hgfx?af6 cfjZos >f]t;fdu|L
(Resources) ;dGjo / ;xof]u ;'lglZrt ug]{5 .
If]q cGtu{tsf lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{nox?af6 ;+rflnt
afnL tyf hn Joj:yfkg sfo{x?sf] cg'udg tyf
d"Nofg ;DjlGwt l;+rfO sfof{nox?;+usf] lgs6td
21

&=%

&=^

;xof]uaf6 ul/g'sf] cltl/Qm sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsf] k|

ult xfl;n ug{ b]lvPsf sl7gfOx?sf] ;DjGwdf
cfjZos ;'emfj, lgb]{zg cflb pknJw u/fOg] 5 .
If]qleq ljleGg lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{nox?af6 ;Dkflbt
afnL
tyf
hn
Joj:yfkg
sfo{qmdsf]
k|
efjsfl/tf ;'kl/j]If0f / cg'udg u/L ;'wf/sf] nflu cfjZos
k[i7kf]if0flgb]{zg lbg] 5 .

s[lif ljsf; j}+ssf] e'ldsfM

PsLs[t afnL tyf hn Joj:yfkg sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ubf{
sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{ Plsg ePsf If]qx?dfl;+rfO k|
0ffnLx?df s[lif ljsf; j}+saf6 s[ifsx?nfO{ s[lif ;DjGwL
sfo{x?sf] nflu C0f cfjZos ePdf lgDgfg';f/ ug]
{ u/fpg] Joj:yf x'g]5 .
;d'x jf JolQmut ?kdf C0f cfjZos kg]{ s[ifsx?sf]
5gf}6 ;DjlGwt hn pkef]Qmf ;+:yfn] ug'{ kg]{5 .
5gf}6 ePsf s[ifsx?nfO{ jf sfo{qmd nfu' ePsf If]qdf
j}+sn] nufgL ug]{ .
nufgL j}+ssf] lgod / gd{; cg';f/ x'g] .
C0f c;'nLsf] nflu hn pkef]Qmf ;+:yfn] ;xof]u ug]{ .

g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifbsf] e'ldsf M

If]lqo s[lif cg';Gwfg s]Gb|sf] sfd, st{Jo / lhDd]jf/L]]

If]qsf] l;+lrt If]qsf]

sf] nflu Improved

Irrigated Agricultural Technology ljsf; / x:tfGt/0f .
pko'Qm On-farm Water Management k|ljlwsf] ljsf;, k|
dfl0fs/0f / x:tfGt/0f .
;DalGwt If]qsf] Irrigated Area sf] ljz]if ;d:of klxrfg ul/
Action Research ;+rfng ug]{ .
If]qsf] s[lif cg';Gwfg s]Gb|x?df klg l;+lrt If]qx?sf]
nflu pGgt k|ljlw / hn Aoj:yfkgsf] sfo{s|d ;+of]hg
ug]{ .
ljsl;t e};s]sf ;kmn hft, ljp, k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/fpg] .

&=& lhNnf
lhDd]jf/LM

;dGjo

Agroecological zone

;ldltsf]

22

sfd,

st{Jo

afnL tyf hn Joj:yfkg sfo{qmdnfO{ ;xh, bIf,

kf/bzL{k"j{s ;+rfng ug{ o;sf] nIf, p2]Zo / gLltut
dfu{bz{g cg'?k sfof{Gjog ug{sf] nflu lhNnf k|
fljlws 6f]nL, s[ifsx? / hn pkef]Qmf ;+:yfx?
nfO{ cfjZos dfu{bz{g lbg] .
bIftf k"j{s ;]jf k|bfg ug{ lhNnf k|fljlws
6f]nLnfO{ sfo{ut ;+u7gfTds ;xof]u ug{] .
lhNnf k|fljlws 6f]nL / s[ifsx?h=p=;=n] t}of/
kf/]sf] df};dL afnL of]hgf hn Joj:yfkg of]hgf /
h=p=;= ;+:yfut ljsf; of]hgfdf cfjZos 5nkmn u/L ;
+rfngsf] nflu :jLs[lt lbg] .
sfo{qmd ;+rfngsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ jh]6sf] nflu
5nkmn u/L jh]6 tyf sfo{qmd :jLs[ltsf] nflu
l;kmfl/; ;lxt cf-cfkm\gf] lgsfodf k7fpg] .
sfo{qmd th"{df tyf sfof{Gjogdf k|fljlws 6f]nL,
s[ifsh=p=;=n] ef]Ug' k/]sf sl7gfO{ tyf ;jfnx?df
cfjZos 5nkmn u/L ;dfwfgsf] nflu ;'emfj k|bfg ug]
{.
sfo{qmd ;+rfngsf] cg'udg tyf d"Nofg u/L
sl7gfO{
tyf
sdhf]/Lx?
klxrfg
u/L
;Rofpg
cfjZos ;'emfj lbg] .
lhNnf k|fljlws 6f]nLnfO{ k|ult tyf k|fljlws k|ltj]bg
;dod} t}of/ kf/L ;DjlGwt lgsfodf k7fpg ;Nnfx /
;xof]u lbg] .

&=*
;DjlGwt l;+rfO sfof{nosf] sfd, st{Jo /
lhDd]jf/LM

sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{ . 5gf}6 ePsf l;+rfO k|0ffnLdf

hn Joj:yfkg of]hgf tyf h=p=;= ;+:yfut ljsf; of]hgf
t}of/ kfg]{ / sfof{Gjogsf] nflu lhNnf k|fljlws
6f]nLdf vl6Psf OlGhlgo/ tyf ;j O{lGhlgo/x?
nfO{ ;'kl/j]IffTds 6]jf pknJw u/fpg] .
k|fljlws 6f]nL tyf h=p=;=s[ifssf] ;+o'Qm
;xeflutfdf t}of/ kl/Psf] l;+rfO k|0ffnLsf] v]t:t/sf] ;
+/rgf ;'wf/ sfo{sf] k|:tfj -l8hfOgOl:6d]6 cflb_ dfly
5nkmn / cfjZostf ePdf ;+zf]wg ;d]t ug{ nufO{ hn
Joj:yfkg zfvf, l;+rfO ljefuaf6 ;xdtL k|fKt u/L :jLs[lt /
sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
23

k|To]s df};dL afnLsf] slDtdf Ps k6s :ynut e|d0f

u/L ;Dkflbt sfo{qmdx? (Software and Hardware) sf] cg'udg
u/L ;+nUg OlGhlgo/ tyf ;j O{lGhlgo/ /
h=p=;=s[ifsx?nfO{ cfjZos lgb]{zg tyf k|fljlws
6]jf lbg] .
;DjlGwt ljefu tyf cGo lgsfox?nfO{ sfo{qmd ;DjGwL
k|ult Pj+ sl7gfO{ / ;jfnx? jf/] k[i7kf]if0f ug{] .
If]qLo Pj+ s]Gb|Lo sfof{nox?nfO{ ;dod} sfo{qmd ;
+rfng tyf k|ult k|ltj]bg pknJw u/fpg] .

&=(
lhNnf
s[lif
sfof{nosf] sfd, st{Jo / lhDd]jf/LM

ljsf;

sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{ 5gf}6 ul/Psf l;+rfO k|0ffnLx?

df jflif{s s[lif pTkfbg tyf df};dL sfo{ of]hgf t}of/
kfg]{ / sfof{Gjog ug{ sfo{df lhNnf k|fljlws 6f]nL
-ljifout s[lif ljz]if1 tyf k|f; jf gf=k|f=;=_
nfO{ ;'kl/j]If0ffTds 6]jf pknJw u/fpg] .
lhNnf k|fljlws 6f]nLaf6 sfo{qmd cGtu{t ;+rfng ug{
k|:tfljt s[lif pTkfbg ;'wf/ tyf tflnd sfo{sf] jflif{s Pj+
df};dL of]hgfsf] ;ldIff u/L l;kmfl/; ;lxt ;dGjo ;ldltdf
k]z ug]{ .
s[ifsx?sf] nflu ;+rfng ul/g] jflif{s df};dL afnL
sfo{ of]hgf tyf tflndsf lqmofsnfkx?df lhNnf k|fljlws
6f]nLnfO{ k|fljlws Pj+ Joj:yfksLo ;xof]u ug]{ .
k|To]s df};dL afnL (Seasonal Crop) cGtu{t ;+rflnt afnL
pTkfbg ;'wf/ lqmofsnfkx?sf] slDtdf Ps k6s :ynut
lgl/If0fcg'udg
u/L
k|fljlws
6f]nL
tyf
h=p=;=s[ifsx?nfO{ cfjZos k|fljlws 6]jf pknJw
u/fpg] .
;DjlGwt ljefu tyf cGo lgsfox?nfO{ sfo{qmd ;
+rfng ;DjGwL k|ult Pj+ sl7gfO{ / ;jfnx? jf/] k[i7
kf]if0f ug]{ .
sfo{qmddf ;xefuL If]qLo Pj+ s]Gb|Lo sfof{nox?
nfO{ ;dod} s[lif pTkfbg ;'wf/ lqmofsnfksf] k|ult tyf
df};dL k|ltj]bg pknJw u/fpg] .

&=!) lhNnf
lhDd]jf/LM

k|fljlws

6f]nLsf]
24

sfd,

st{Jo

afnL tyf hn Joj:yfkg sfo{qmdnfO{ ;xh ?kdf bIf,

kf/bzL{k"j{s ;+rfng ug]{ .
sfo{qmdn] lnPsf] p2]Zo / nIo k|fKtLsf] nflu o;
dfu{bz{g cg'?k ;xefuL s[ifsx? tyf h=p=;=sf
kbflwsf/Lx?nfO{ k|To]s df};dL afnLdf ;do ;fk]If
:ynut k|of]ufTds tflnd k|bfg ug]{ .
lhNnf k|fljlws 6f]nL, ;xefuL s[ifsx? / h=p=;=n] ;
+o'Qm ?kdf cfjZos 5nkmn u/L df};dL afnL of]hgf,
hn Joj:yfkg of]hgf, h=p=;= ;+:yfut ljsf; of]hgf
t}of/ kfg]{ .
o;/L tof/ kfl/Psf] df};dL sfo{qmd ;+rfngsf] nflu
cfjZos kg]{ jh]6sf] nflu 5nkmn ug]{ / jh]6
:jLs[tLsf] nflu l;kmfl/; ;lxt cf-cfkm\gf] lgsfodf k]z
ug]{ 5 .
sfo{qmd th"[{df tyf sfof{Gjogdf lhNnf k|fljlws
6f]nL, s[ifs / h=p=;=n] ef]Ug' k/]sf ;d:ofx? tyf
;jfnx?df cfjZos 5nkmn u/L ;dfwfgsf] nflu ;'emfj
;lxt ;DjlGwt lgsfodf k7fpg] .
sfo{qmd ;+rfngsf] bf}/fgdf ;do ;fk]If cg'udg tyf
d"Nofg u/L b]vfk/]sf sl7gfO{ tyf sdhf]/Lx?sf]
klxrfg ug]{ / o:tf sdL sdhf]/Lx? ;Rofpg lhNnf
;dGjo ;ldltdf cfjZos ;'emfj lbg] .
k|To]s df};dsf] cGTodf pQm df};dL afnLdf sfo{qmd
;+rfng ubf{ cKgfO{Psf] k|ljlw, k|of]u u/]sf] dn, ljp /
cGo ls6gfzs cf}ifwLx?sf] dfqf, ;+/rgf ;"wf/sf] nflu
ul/Psf] sfdx?, cKgfO{Psf] l;+rfO tl/sf, pknJw
u/fOPsf] l;+rfO kfgLsf] dfqf, pTkfbgsf] tYof / l;+rfO
tyf lgsf; ;DjGwL b]vfk/]sf] ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf] nflu
ul/Psf] k|of; OToflb ;d]6L k|ult k|ltj]bg ;dod}
-df};dLafnLsf] cGTo ePsf] # xKtf leq_ t}of/ kf/L
;DjlGwt lgsfodf k7fpg] .

&=!! ;+nUg l;+rfO OlGhlgo/sf] sfd, st{Jo /

lhDd]jf/LM

PsLs[t afnL tyf hn Joj:yfkg sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{ l;

+rfO k|0ffnLsf] 5gf}6 tyf l;+rfO k|0ffnLsf] cfwf/e"t
tYof (Base line Data) ;+sng ug]{ .
-cg';"rL !_
25

PsLs[t afnL tyf hn Joj:yfkg sfo{qmd cGtu{t lhNnf

k|fljlws 6f]nLsf] nflu ;+rfng x'g] tflnd, uf]li7
cflbdf ;xefuL x'g] .
sfo{qmd ;+rfngsf] nflu pknJw dfu{bz{g cg';f/
5gf}6
ul/Psf
l;+rfO
k|0ffnLx?df
s[ifsx?sf]
;xeflutfaf6 jflif{s tyf df};dL afnL tyf hn Joj:yfkg
;DjGwL sfo{ of]hgf t}of/ kfg]{ .
s[ifs tyf h=p=;=;+u ;+o'Qm ?kdf k|0ffnL
lgl/If0faf6 klxrfg ul/Psf l;+rfO ;'wf/ sfo{x? dWo] k|
fyldstfsf] cfwf/df jflif{s sfo{qmd tyf cfjZos jh]6
th"{df ug]{ .
l;+rfO k|0ffnLsf] jflif{s tyf df};dL l;+rfO tl/sf ;'wf/
tyf tflndsf] sfo{ of]hgf lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltdf k]z ug]
{.
h=p=;= sf] Ifdtf clej[l4sf] nflu l;+rfO k|0ffnL ;
+rfng, dd{t ;+ef/ tyf Joj:yfkg ;DjGwL cfjZostfdf
cfwfl/t tflndsf] l8hfOg tyf ;+rfng ug]{ .
s[ifs tyf h=p=;=nfO{ afnL / df6f] cg';f/sf] pko'Qm
l;+rfO tl/sf tyf 8]g]h Joj:yfkg / k|of]u ;DjGwdf
:ynut k|lzIf0f lbg] .
l;+rfO ;'wf/ tyf tflnd sfo{qmdx? / jflif{s Pj+ df};dL
afnL sfo{ of]hgfsf] pko'Qm / k|efjsf/L ;+rfngsf]
nflu
lhNnf
k|fljlws
6f]nLsf
;j
O{lGhlgo/nfO{ cfjZos k|fljlws ;xof]u / ;Nnfx lbg] .
df};dL tyf jflif{s lqmofsnfkx?sf] sfo{ ;DkGg k|
ltj]bg t}of/ kf/L lhNnf, If]qLo / s]Gb|Lo ;dGjo ;ldltdf
k|]lift ug]{ .
sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsf] lgoldt cg'udg u/L cfjZos
cfjlws tYof ;+sng ug]{
sfo{qmdsf] of]hgf th"{df, ;+rfng tyf cg'udg sfo{df
lhNnf k|fljlws 6f]nLsf cGo ;b:ox?nfO{ ;xof]u tyf
;dGjo ug]{u/fpg] .
sfo{qmdsf] x/]s lqmofsnfkx?sf] cfly{s ljj/0f t}of/
kf/L ;dGjo ;ldltdf k]z ug]{ .

&=!@ ;+nUg afnL lj1 jf s[lif ljifout ljz]if1sf]

sfd, st{Jo / lhDd]jf/LM

Plss[t afnL tyf hn Joj:yfkg sfo{qmdsf] nflu l;+rfO

k|0ffnLsf] 5gf}6 sfo{ ug'{df ;xof]u ug]{ / pQm k|
26

0ffnLdf s[lif ljsf;sf] ljBdfg cj:yf Base line Data ;+sng ug]
{ . -cg';"rL !_
sfo{qmd cGtu{t lhNnf k|fljlws 6f]nLsf] nflu
cfof]hgf x'g] tflnd, uf]li7 cflbdf ;xefuL x'g] .
5gf}6 ul/Psf l;+rfO k|0ffnLsf] s[ifsh=p=;=sf]
;xefuLtfdf sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog dfu{bz{g cg';f/ s[lif
pTkfbg ;DjGwL jflif{s tyf df};dL afnL of]hgf t}of/
ug]{ .
s[ifsx?sf] ;xeflutfdf t}of/ kf/]sf] jflif{s tyf df};dL
afnL pTkfbg tyf tflnd sfo{qmd / cfjZos jh]6 ;lxtsf]
lj:t[t ljj/0f lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltdf k]z ug]{ .
s[ifs tyf h=p=;= sf kbflwsf/LnfO{ df};d cg';f/sf]
ljleGg pGgt v]tL k|ljlw ;DjGwL :ynut k|lzIf0f lbg] .
s[lif pTkfbg ;'wf/ tyf tflnd sfo{qmd cGtu{t jflif{s
Pj+ df};dL afnL sfo{of]hgf k|efjsf/L ;+rfngsf] nflu
lhNnf k|fljlws 6f]nLsf k|f=;gf=k|f=;= nfO{ k|
fljlws 6]jf / ;Nnfx lbg] .
df};dL tyf jflif{s lqmofsnfkx?sf] sfof{Gjog ljlw,
;fdfgf ug'{ k/]sf r'gf}tLx?, cKgfOPsf pkfox? k|fKt
glthf cflb ;d]l6g] u/L df};dL lhNnf k|fljlws k|ltj]bg
t}of/ kf/L lhNnf, If]qLo / s]Gb|Lo ;dGjo
;ldltnfO{ k]z ug]{ .
sfo{qmdsf] of]hgf th"{df, sfof{Gjog tyf cg'udg
sfo{df lhNnf k|fljlws 6f]nLsf cGo ;b:ox?nfO{ ;xof]u
tyf ;dGjo ug]{, u/fpg] .
sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsf] lgoldt cg'udg u/L cfjZos
cfjlws tYof ;+sng ug]{
sfo{qmd ;+rfngsf] cfly{s ljj/0f t}of/ kf/L ;dGjo
;ldltdf k]z ug]{ .

o; sfo{qmddf ;+nUg x'g] ;j O{lGhlgo/ tyf k|f=; . gf=k|

f=;= n] qmdzM O{lGhlgo/ / s[lif
ljifout ljz]if1nfO{ dfly
&=!! / &=!@ df pNn]lvt k|To]s s[ofsnfkx?df k|ToIf ;xof]uLsf]
e"ldsf lgjf{x u/L 6f]nL ;b:osf] ?kdf k"0f{?kn] lhDd]jf/Lsf ;fy
sfd ug{' kg{] 5 . sfo{qmddf ;+nUg /xg] l;+rfO sfof{nosf
s[lif k|fljlwsP=cf]=n] h=p=;=/
sfof{no
ljrsf]
;+rf/
;DjGw nufot sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsf] l;nl;nfdf cfOkg]{ ;xof]u
k|bfg ug]{ 5 .

27

cg';"rL !

PsLs[t afnL tyf hn Joj:yfkg sfo{qmd

cGt/utsf] l;+rfO k|0ffnLsf] cfwf/e"t
tYof (Baseline) ;+sng k|ZgfjnL
kmf/d g+= ! 3/w'/L cfwfl/t k|ZgfjnL
-of] k|ZgfjnL gx/sf] d'xfgdWok'5f/ efu Pj+
7"nfdemf}nf;fgfl;dfGt ls;fgsf] plrt k|ltlglwTj ug]
{ u/L eg'{ kg]{5 .
l;+rfO

k|0ffnLsf]

gfdM

================================
ls;fgsf]

gfdM

================================
=========

lzIffM

================================
kl/jf/

;b:o

;+Vof

dlxnf

=========================
================

k'?ifM
jRrfx?M

====================
zfvfk|zfvfsf]

gfd

ls;fgsf]

v]t

ePsf]_M

================================
======
ls;fgn]

v]tL

u/]sf]

hDdf

hUufM

================================

28

lj3f/f]kgL==========================
====

cfkm\g} hUuf ================ lj3f/f]kgL

c?sf] sdfPsf] hUuf =====================
lj3f/f]kgL

of

csf{nfO{

sdfpg

lbPsf]

hUuf

======================= lj3f/f]kgL

l;+rfO pknJw hUufM

!=

jif]{

df};d

======================== lj3f/f]kgL
@= lxpb] df}d; ======================
lj3f/f]kgL
#= j;Gt] df};d ===================== lj3f
/f]kgL

l;+rfO k|0ffnLsf] cj:yf x]/L yk36 ;d]t u/L tYof ;+sng ug{ o;
kmf/fdnfO{ cfwf/sf] ?kdf k|of]u ug]{ .

29

!= jif]{ wfg
!=! nufpg]

;do

===========================
!=@leqfpg]

;do

==========================
!=# slt

k6s

l;+rfO

lbg'

x'G5

========================
!=$ afnLsf]

s'g

s'g

cj:yfdf

l;+rfO

lbg'

x'G5

===========================
!=%s'g

hftsf]

wfg

xf]

================================
===
!=^ jLp

sxfaf6

Nofpg'

x'G5

===========================
!=& uf]j/k|fufl/s

dn

slt

/fVg'

x'G5

======================= k|lt lj3f/f]kgL

!=* /f;folgs

dn

s'g

s'g

/fVg'

x'G5

========================
!=( /f;folgs

dn

(N:P:K_

dfqf

slt

/fVg'

x'G5

================= lsnf] k|lt lj3f/f]kgL

!=!) s'g

s'g

ljiffbL

k|of]u

ug'{

x'G5

============================
!=!! ljiffbLsf]

dfqf

===========================
!=!@

pTkfbg

slt

lng'

=========================
lj3f/f]kgL
30

eof]
k|lt

!=!#

afnLdf

d"Vo

/f]u

s]

s]

5g\

=========================
!=!$=

afnLdf

d"Vo

ls/f

s]

s]

nfU5

====================
!=!%

o; afnLdf l;+rfO ;DjGwL d"Vo ;d:of s] s] xf]

=======================
!=!^

o; afnL ;DjGwL b]lvPsf] d"Vo ;d:of s] s] xf]

============================

@= ux'
#= cfn'
$= j;Gt] ds}
%= r}t] wfg
^= pv'
&= jif]{ ds}
*= t/sf/L
(=

cGo (v'nfpg]_
-@ b]lv * ;Ddsf] nufpg] afnLsf] nflu !=! b]lv !=!^
;Ddsf] k|Zg bf]xf]/fpg] / cnu cnu kfgfdf pNn]v ug]{ _

31

(= tkfO{n] ckgfO{ cfPsf] afnL rqm

jif]{ afnL
wfg

lxpb] afnL
ux'

(Cropping Pattern)

j;Gt] afnL

ds}

-sltdf slt efu_

!)= pTkflbt afnLx? dWo] s'g s'g afnLsf] pTkfbg

cfkm\gf] nflu kof{Kt x'G5 <
!_

============= dlxgf vfg k'Ub}g

@_

jif{ e/L vfgdfq kof{Kt 5 .

#_ s]xL dfqfdf jR5 .

!!= a9L ePsf] vfBfGg s] ug'{ x'G5 <

s_

j]Rg] ePM sxf s;/L j]Rg' x'G5 <

glhs sf] jhf/ ================

v_

!@=

;+lrt ug]{ eP s;/L / sxf <

pGgt

v]tL

j9L

pTkfbgsf]

nflu

k|

fljlws ;]jf / ;Nnfx kfpg' ePsf] 5 < 55}g

kfpg' ePsf] 5 eGg] Ps afnLl;hgdf slt k6s, s:n]
================== <

!#=

k|fljlws ;]jf sf] nflu tkfO{ ;]jf s]Gb| hfg'

x'G5 ls k|fljlwsx? tkfO{ sxf cfp5g\ <

!$=afnLdf nufgL / k|ltkmnsf] lx;fj /fVg' x'G5 <

32

!%=

lnO{ /fVg' ePsf] pTkfbgaf6 tkfO{ ;Gt'i6

x'g'x'G5 <

33

!^=

s[lifl;+rfO ;DjGwL s'g} tflnd xfl;n ug'{

ePsf] 5 eg] slxn] < slt cjlwsf] < s] ljifodf

xf] < ofb 5 ls <

!&=

hn pkef]Qmf ;+:yfsf] s'g} kbdf x'g'x'G5

sL <
eP s'g kbdf < slxn] b]lv <

!*= tkfO{sf] hUufdf gx/ s'g zfvfk|zfvfaf6 kfgL

cfp5 < zfvfk|zfvfsf] gfd yfxf 5 <

!(= gx/sf]

;fnj;fnL

x'g]

dd{t

tkfO{n] >dbfg ug]{ ug'{ ePsf]

l;hgdf slt lbgsf] <

34

;+ef/;'wf/df
5 < eP, s'g

kmf/d g+= @ M ;d"xut k|ZgfjnL

-d"n Pj+ zfvf gx/sf] d'xfgdWok'5f/ v08nfO{ ;d]6\g]
u/L ;d"xut ?kdf 5nkmn u/L eg]{_
l;+rfO

k|0ffnLsf

gfdM

===========================
5nkmn ul/Psf] ;d"xn] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ v08

(d"n

gx/zfvf

gx/d'xfgdWok'5f/_
=======================
d'n

gx/zfvf

gx/sf]

gfdM

==========================
5nkmn ul/Psf JolQmx?sf] gfdfjnL (o:df gc6]df 5'} sfuhdf
;d]t eg]{_
gfdM
================================
========7]ufgfM
================================
=

!= afnLn] 9fSg] If]qkmn (slt efusf] sltdf cyf{t

% df_

jif]{

afnLM

============================
wfgM ========================
35

ds}M ========================
cGo (v'nfpg]_ =================
lxpb] afnLM ======================
ux'M ======================
cfn'M ====================
ds}M ====================
cGoM ===================
j;Gt] afnLM ====================
ds}M ========================
wfgM ========================
cGoM ======================

36

@= v'b l;+rfO x'g] If]qkmn

cyf{t

(slt

efusf] sltdf

df_

jif{] afnLM ===================

lxpb] afnLM =================
j;Gt] afnLM ================

#= afnL rqm slt efusf] (sltdf cyf{t

rqm

(wfg-

ux'F

df_

ds}_M

==========================
rqm

=======================_M
========================
rqm

=======================_M
========================
rqm

=======================_M
========================
rqm

=======================_M
========================
$= d"Vo /f]u
jif]{

afnLM

=============================

37

lxpb]

afnLM

==========================
j;Gt] afnLM =========================

%= d"Vo ls/f
jif]{

afnLM

=============================
lxpb]

afnLM

==========================
j;Gt] afnLM =========================

^= l;+rfO ;DjGwL d"Vo ;d:of

===============================
======
&= s[lif pTkfbg ug]{ qmddf ;DjGwL d"Vo ;d:of
*= df6f]sf]

lsl;dM

========================
pj{/fzlQmM
==========================
df6f]

;DjGwL

=========================

38

;d:ofM

kmf/d g+= # l;+rfO k|0ffnL ;DjGwL k|

ZgfjnL
-hn pkef]Qmf ;+:yfsf kbflwsf/Lx? jLr ;d"xdf 5nkmn ug]
{ / /]s8{, /lhi6/, lx;fj lstfj, cflb k|ToIf cjnf]sg u/L n]Vg]_
l;+rfO

k|0ffnLsf]

gfdM

============================
5nkmn ul/Psf JolQmx?sf] gfdfjnL
-o:df gc6]df 5'} sfuhdf ;d]t eg]{_
gfd

kb

==============
================
==============
================
==============
================

!= gx/kDksf] dd{t ;+ef/ s] cfwf/df ug'{ x'G5

<
dd{t ;+ef/ sfo{ of]hgf 5 sL < 55}g
obL

eg]

s]

s]

============================

39

v'nfpg]M

================================
=============================
olb geP s;/L dd{t ;+ef/ ug'{ x'G5 < v'nfpg]M
============================

40

@= gx/

;+rfngkfgLsf]

jf8kmf8

s]

cfwf/df

ug'{ x'G5 <

gx/ ;+rfng sfo{ of]hgf 5 sL 5}g
obL

eg]

s]

s]

v'nfpg]M

===============================
================================
=================
obL

5}g

eg]

s;/L

ug'{

x'G5

v'nfpg]M

===============================

#=

k|0ffnL leq kfgLdfkgsf] Joj:yf 5 sL 5}g

<
olb 5 eg] s'g s'g 7fpdf h:t}M d'n gx/sf] d'xfgzfvfsf]
d'xfg =============== cflb_ / s'g s'g ;dodf
b}lgs, ;fKtflxs ================== cflb_ kfgL
dfkg

x'G5M

================================
================================
==============================

$= l;+rfO k|0ffnL e/Lsf] afnL of]hgf 5 sL 5}g <

olb 5}g eg] kfgL jf8kmf8 / ljt/0f s] sf
cfwf/df

s;/L

ug'{

41

x'G5

<

============================
===================
%= hn pkef]Qmf ;+:yfsf] cj:yf

;+:yf 55}g

olb 5 eg] btf{ 55}g

olb btf{ 5 eg] gljs/0f ePsf] 5 5}g

lgwf{l/t ;dodf lgjf{rg x'g] u/]sf] 55}g

;ldltsf] j}7s lgoldt 55}g

olb

5}g

eg]

slxn]

slxn]

j}7s

j:5

<

=======================

j}7s lg0f{o k'l:tsf 55}g

lg0f{o k'l:tsfsf] u'0f:t/ s:tf] 5M < -h:t}M /fd|f];+u

Ph]08f /flv lg0f{ox? k|I6;+u n]Vg] u/]sf] 5 jf s;/L
/fVg]

u/]sf]

pNn]v

ug]{_M

=============================
=============================
====

clen]v

olb rng 5 eg] s'g s'g ljifodf -;f]w]/ / x]/]/ dfq pNn]v

(Record)

/fVg] rng 55}g

ug]{_
=============================
========================

/flvPsf] clen]vsf] u'0f:t/ s:tf] 5 < -h:t}M k|i6

j'lemg]

Jojl:yt

42

of

cGoyf_

=============================
==========

ljjfb Joj:yfkgsf] /]s8{ 55}g

olb /]s8{ ePdf s;/L ;dfwfg u/]sf] b]lvof] x]/]/ pNn]v

ug]{M
=============================
=============================
===

>f]t kl/rfng Joj:yfM

- ;b:otf

z'Ns

lnOG5

<

=============================
======
- lng]

eP

s'g

b/df

<

=============================
=========
- l;+rfO

;]jf

z'Ns

lnOG5

<

=============================
=
- lng]

eP

s'g

b/df

<

=============================
=========
- cGo

z'Ns

v'nfpg]

=======================_
=========================

^= k'/f l;+rfO k|0ffnL ;DjGwL d"Vo ;d:ofx? M

43

<

cg';"rL-2

dd{t lgl/If)f kmf/fd (Maintenance Logging form)

-v]t :t/df ul/g] ;+/rgf ;'wf/ sfo{sf] nflu_
l;+rfO k|)ffnLM =============================
zfvfk|zfvfM================
r]g]h
-0+ 000_

;+/rgfsf]
ljj/)f

ljBdfg
;d:of

h=p=;=sf] tkm{af^ x:tfIf/ ug]{

;d:of
;dfwfgfy{ ;"
emfj

k|
fyldstfqm
d

s}lkmot

l;+rfO sfof{nosf] tkm{af^ x:tfIf/ ug]{

=======================================
===============================================
===
gfd M =============================
=============================

gfd M

kb M =============================
=============================
ldlt M =============================
============================

44

kb M
ldlt M

cg';"rL-3

dd{t ;'wf/ sfo{ ;DaGwL ;Demf}tf kq

g]kfn
;/sf/,
l;+rfO
ljefu,
==============================================================
=====================
sfof{no,
==========================================
tyf
================================================ hn pkef]Qmf ;+:yf aLr
=============================================== l;+rfO k|)ffnL;+u ;DalGwt
v]t :t/df ul/g] ;+/rgfx?sf] dd{t ;'wf/ sfo{ sfof{Gjog ;DjGwL ;Demf}tf kq

g]kfn ;/sf/, l;+rfO ljefuhn pkef]Qmf ;+:yff/f Joj:yfkg tyf ;+rfngdf /x]sf]
===================================================
==================== -gfd_ l;+rfO k|)ffnL a(L pkof]uL, k|efjsf/L Pj+ lbuf] ?
kdf ;+rfng x"g ;sf]; eGg] p@]Zon] cfly{s aif{ 206====6=== df g]kfn ;/sf/af^ k|
fKt jh]^ Pjd\ hg;xeflutf kl/rfng u/L lgDg lnlvt ;+/rgfx?sf] dd{t ;"wf/ sfo{ sfof{Gjog
ug{ ;xdt ePsf %f}+ . ;+/rgfx?sf] dd{t ;"wf/ kZrft l;+rfO k|)ffnLsf] ;+rfng tyf dd{t ;+ef/
sfo{ hn pkef]Qmf ;+:yfn] ug{]% / ;f] sf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ k|fljlws ;xof]u Pjd\ pkef]Qmf ;
+:yfsf] Ifdtf clej[l$sf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ tflnd l;+rfO{ sfof{non] pknJw u/fpg] % .

dd{t ;+ef/ sfo{sf] ljj/)f tyf nfut Pj+ ;xeflutf

l;=
g+
=

dd{t ;"wf/ ;+ef/ sfo{sf] ljj/)f

s'n vr{

g]kfn ;/sf/sf]

;xof]u -?=_

hg ;xeflutf
-?=_

sfd ug]
{ lgsfo

s'n of]u
* yk k[i&x? ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsg]% .
pkef]Qmf ;+:yfsf] tkm{af^ x:tfIf/ ug]{

l;+rfO sfof{nosf] tk{maF^ x:tfIf/ ug]{

===================================
==================================
gfd M ======================
=============================

gfd M

kb M =======================
==============================
ldlt M

===================
============================

45

kb M
ldlt M

cg';"rL 4

dd{t ;'wf/ sfo{ ;DkGg k|df)f kq

xfdL
cwf]x:tfIf/L
kbflwsf/Lx?
k|dfl)ft
ub{%f}+sL
====================================== l;+rfO sfof{no cGtu{t
;+rflnt ================================== l;+rfO k|)ffnLsf
lgDgv]t :t/sf ;+/rgfx?sf] dd{t ;"wf/sf lgdf{)f sfo{x? O{lGhlgol/sf ;fdfGo l;$fGt Pj+
dfkb)*
cg";f/
l;+rfO
sfof{no
tyf
hn
pkef]Qmf
;+:yf
aLr
ldlt
============================== df ePsf] ;+emf}tf kq cg"?k ldlt
======================== df ;DkGg ePs]f % / ;+emf}tf kqdf pNn]v eP
adf]lhd pkef]Qmf ;+:yfn] o;/L lgdf{)f ;"wf/ ul/Ps]f l;+rfO k|)ffnLsf] ;+rfng tyf dd{t ;+ef/
ug{] lhDd]jf/L lng]% . l;+rfO k|)ffnL ;+rfngsf] nflu pkef]Qmf ;+:yfaf^ dfu e} cfPdf
cfjZostf x]/L k|fljlws ;xof]u Pj+d\ ;+:yfsf] Ifdtf clej[l$sf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ tflnd l;+rfO
sfof{non] pknAw u/fpg] % .

dd{t ;"wf/ sfo{sf] ljj/)f

l;=
g+
=

dd{t ;+ef/ sfo{sf] ljj/)f

s'n vr{

g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
;xof]u -?=_

hg ;xeflutf -?=_

s'n of]u
* yk k[i&x? ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsg]% .
h=p=;= sf] tkm{af^ x:tfIf/ ug]{
sfof{nosf] tkm{af^ x:tfIf/ ug]{
============================================
========================================
-========================================_
-=================================_
cWoIf

sfof{no k|d"v

===========
l;+rfO
=========
================== hn pkef]Qmf ;+:yf, ===============
/f]xj/
1===========================
1=========================
2===========================
2=========================

46

/f]xj/

sfof{no,

cg';"rL 5

PsLs[t afnL tyf hn Joj:yfkg sfo{qmd

cg'udg kmf/fd
-l;+rfO sfof{no . lhNnf s[lif ljsf;
sfof{no k|d'v tyf If]qLo / s]lGb|o
kbflwsf/Lx?n] cg'udg ubf{ eg{] _

cg'udg e|d0f ldltM

=============================
lhNnfM
=============================
===
l;+rfO k|0ffnLM
========================

!= cg'udgdf ;xefuL lhNnf k|fljlws 6f]nLsf ;b:ox?

!=
@=
#=
$=
@= cg'udgsf] qmddf ;Dks{df cfPsf h=p=;=
kbflwsf/Lx? s[ifs pkef]Qmfx?M

47

#= cg'udg e|d0fsf] p2]ZoM

48

$= cg'udgdf b]vfk/]sf d"Vo s[ofsnfkx?M

s_

l;+rfO k|0ffnL Joj:yfkg / h=p=;=n] ul/cfPsf]

s[ofsnfksf] ;DjGwdfM

v_

v]t:t/sf] hn Joj:yfkg sfo{qmd ;DjGwdfM

u_

afnL Joj:yfkg / s[lif pTkfbg ;DjGwdfM

3_ lhNnf k|fljlws 6f]nLn] k'ofPsf] k|fljlws ;]jf

;DjGwdfM

v]t:t/df ul/Psf]ul/g] ;+/rgf ;'wf/sf] ;DjGwdfM

r_

cGo =================

49

50

$_ cg'udg ul/Psf] s[ofsnfkdf b]lvPsf] ;jn kIf /

sdL sdhf]/Lx?M

%_ ;'emfj / lgb]{zgM
s_

h=p=;= / s[ifs pkef]Qmfx?nfO{M

v_

lhNnf k|fljlws 6f]nLnfO{M

u_

lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltnfO{M

3_

If]qLo ;dGjo ;ldltnfO{M

s]Gb|Lo ;dGjo ;ldltnfO{M

r_

cGo ================

^= cg'udg stf{sf] ;dli6ut wf/0ffM

kbM
================================

51

sfof{noM =========================
;lxM
==============================
ldltM
=============================

52

cg';"rL 6

PsLs[t afnL hn Joj:yfkg sfo{qmd

cg'udg kmf/fd
-lhNnf k|fljlws 6f]nLn] dfl;s cg'udg,k|fljlws
k|lzIf0f ubf{ eg{'kg{]_
cg'udg ;+VofM
==============================
df};dM jif]{lxpb]jzGt] afnL
jfnLsf] gfd
==================================
jfnLsf] cj:yf
==============================
cg'udgsf] ljifoM
==========================
:yfgM
===================================
ldltM
===================================
=
h=p=;= . s[ifs ;xeflusf] ;+VofM
========================= k'?ifM
===================== dlxnfM
======================
;xhstf{x?sf] ;+VofM -lhNnf k|fljlws 6f]nLsf ;b:ox?_M
cg'udgsf] p2]Zo -j'+bfut ?kdf pNn]v ug]{_M
================================
=========

53

===================================
======
================================
=========
===================================
======
cg'udg ubf{sf] cj:yfdf ljleGg s[ofsnfkx?sf]] sfof{Gjog l:ytL
-j'+bfut ?kdf pNn]v ug]{_M
================================
=========
===================================
=====
================================
=========
===================================
======
cg'udgsf] bf}/fgdf 5nkmn ul/Psf k|fljlws ljifox? / b]lvPsf
d"Vo ;d:ofx?
-j'+bfut ?kdf pNn]v ug]{_M
================================
=========
===================================
=====
================================
=========
===================================
=====
54

b]lvPsf ;d:ofx?nfO{ ;dfwfgfy{ lbO{Psf] ;'emfj . k|fljlws k|

lzIf0f h=p=;=. s[ifs ;xeflux?sf] ljrf/M
;sf/fTdsM !=
===================================
======
@=
================================
=========
gsf/fTdsM !=
===================================
======
@=
================================
=========
lgZsif{ / ;'emfj -lhNnf k|fljlws 6f]nLsf] tkm{af6_M
================================
=========
===================================
=====
================================
=========
===================================
=====
cg'udg ug{] lhNnf k|fljlws 6f]nL ;b:osf] gfdM
;lx
!=
@=
#=
55

kb

$=
cg'df]bg ug]{ -l;+rfO sfof{nolhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no, k|
d'v_M
gfdM=============================
============
kb
===================================
====
;lxM
===================================
======
ldlt=================================
======

56

cg';"rL 7

cg'udg d"Nofgsf ;'rsx?

-s_ afnL pTkfbg ;DjGwdf
l;=
g+
=
!=

afnLsf] ;
3gtf %

@= afnLsf]
ljljwtf

#= afnLsf]
pTkfbsTj

sfo{q sfo{qmd sfo{qmd

md z'?
;+rfng
;+rfng
x'g' cl3
kl5
kl5 bf]>f]
klxnf]
jif{
jif{
====
====== ======
====
====== ======
====
====== ======
====
=
=
=
====
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====
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====
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====
=
=
=
====
====== ======
====
====== ======
====
====== ======
====
=
=
=

sfo{qmd ;
+rfng kl5
t]>f] jif{
======
======
======
=====
======
======
======
=====
======
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======
=====

gf]6M pTkfbsTj k|To]s afnLsf] 5'f5'} ug'{ kg]{5 .

-v_ hn Joj:yfkg ;DjGwdf

l;=
g+
=

sfo{q
md z'?
x'g'
cl3

!=

;dfg'kflts kfgL
ljt/0f Joj:yf

@
=

pknJw kfgLsf]
kl/df0f

====
====
====
====
=
====
====
====
====

sfo{qmd
;+rfng
kl5
klxnf]
jif{
======
======
======
=

sfo{qmd
;+rfng
kl5
bf]>f]
jif{
======
======
======
=

======
======
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=====

======
======
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=

======
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=

======
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=====

57

sfo{qmd
;+rfng
kl5 t]>f]
jif{

#
=

afnLsf] cfjZostf
cg'?k kfgLsf]
kof{Kttf

$= l;+lrt If]q /
Irrigation efficiency

=
====
====
====
====
=
====
====
====
====
=

======
======
======
=

======
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=

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=

======
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=

======
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=====

-u_ h=p=;=sf] ;+:yfut ljsf; ;DjGwdf

l;=
g+
=

sfo{qmd
z'? x'g'
cl3

!=

====== ======
====== ======
=====
======
=
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=====
======
=
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======
=

lgoldt j}7s /
lg0f{o
sfof{Gjogsf]
cj:yf
@= >f]t ;+sng
tyf kl/rfng
#= ;'zf;g
-kf/blz{tf,
;xeflutf,
pQ/bfloTj /
lgodsf] ;f;g_

sfo{qmd
;+rfng
kl5 klxnf]
jif{

58

sfo{qmd
;+rfng
kl5
bf]>f]
jif{
======
======
======
=
======
======
======
=
======
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======
=

sfo{qmd
;+rfng
kl5 t]>f]
jif{
======
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=====

cg';"rL 8

l;+rfO lbg} kg]{ ;+qmlds cj:yf -Critical Period of

Irrigation_
s_ cGg afnLsf] nflu kfgLsf] dxTjk')f{ ;doM
ux" afnL
cf}ift pkef]Uo kfgL M 45-65 ;]=dL=
cf}ift afnL cjlw M
110-130 lbg
kfgL ge} gx"g]
qmfpg h/f lg:s+bf -crown root initiation_
cj:yfM
uf+h xfNbf -tellering_
cf+Vnf ubf{ -Jointing Stage_
km"n km"Nbf -flowering stage_
b"w k:bf -dough stage_
wfg afnL
cf}ift pkef]Uo kfgL M 90-150 ;]=dL=
cf}ift afnL cjlw M
100-120 lbg
kfgL ge} gx"g]
afnL j(\g] ;do -crop elongation period_
cj:yfM
*f]nfpbf -jointing period)
km"n km"Nbf -flowering stage_
b"w k:bf -dough stage_
hf}
cf}ift pkef]Uo kfgL M 30 ;]=dL=
cf}ift afnL cjlw M
110-130 lbg
kfgL ge} gx"g]
afnL j(\g] / afnL kf]^fpbf -flowering & grain
cj:yfM
formation stage)
ds}
cf}ift pkef]Uo kfgL M 50-80 ;]=dL=
cf}ift afnL cjlw M
90-120 lbg
kfgL ge} gx"g]
afnL j(\g] / #"*f ;Dd x"bf -Kneehigh)
cj:yfM
s/Lj 50 k|ltzt wfgrd/f x"bf -tassel formation)
bfgf nfUbf -grain formation)
bfgf kfSg] -grain maturity)
v_ t]n afnLsf] nflu kfgLsf] dxTjk')f{ ;doM
tf]/L
cf}ift pkef]Uo kfgL M 35-45 ;]=dL=
cf}ift afnL cjlw M
90-125 lbg
kfgL ge} gx"g]
lj?jf j[l$ ;do
cj:yfM
km'n km"Ng" cufj} -before flowering)
sf]zf nfUbf -pod/grain formation)
;+ej ePdf 4-6 kft cfpbf, km"nkm"Nbf bfgf nfUbf
kfgL lbg pko"Qm x"G% .
jbfd
cf}ift pkef]Uo kfgL M 55-60 ;]=dL=
cf}ift afnL cjlw M
140-160 lbg
kfgL ge} gx"g]
afnL j[l$ ;do
cj:yfM
km'n km"Nbf -flowering stage)
cfVnf kbf{ -Jointing stage)
kmn z"? xbf -nut formation stage)
;'o{d'vL
cf}ift pkef]Uo kfgL M 90-130 ;]=dL=
cf}ift afnL cjlw M
60-100 lbg
kfgL ge} gx"g]
lj?jf j[l$ ;do
cj:yfM
km'n km"Ng" cufj} -before flowering)
-jif]{ afnL eGbf lxpb] afnLdf kfgL j(\tf rflxG% .

59

u_ t/sf/L tyf bnxg afnLsf] nflu kfgLsf] dxTjk')f{ ;doM

uf]ne]*f
cf}ift pkef]Uo kfgL M 90-140 ;]=dL=
cf}ift afnL cjlw M
40-60 lbg
kfgL ge} gx"g]
lj?jf j[l$ ;do -Plant elongation time_
cj:yfM
km'n km"Ng ;do -flowering period)
cfn"
cf}ift pkef]Uo kfgL M 50-70 ;]=dL=
cf}ift afnL cjlw M
100-150 lbg
kfgL ge} gx"g]
afnL j[l$ cj:yf -growing stage)
cj:yfM
tfGb|f jGg -tuber shoot formation
bfgf nfUbf (tuberisation)
-v*]/L ;xg ;Sb}g_
d'nfafnL
cf}ift pkef]Uo kfgL M sl/j 30 ;]=dL=
cf}ift afnL cjlw M
20-60 lbg
kfgL ge} gx"g]
afnL j[l$ cj:yf -growing stage)
cj:yfM
h/fsf] ljsf; -root development)
d'nf j(\bf (tap root development)
d'+u
cf}ift pkef]Uo kfgL M sl/j 40 ;]=dL=
cf}ift afnL cjlw M
90-100 lbg
kfgL ge} gx"g]
pd|bf -germination)
cj:yfM
km"n km"Nbf -flowering)
kmn nfUbf (pod formation stage)
rgf
cf}ift pkef]Uo kfgL M
cf}ift afnL cjlw M
140-155 lbg
kfgL ge} gx"g]
km'n lg:sbf -flowering stage)
cj:yfM
xf+uf nfUbf -branching)
sf]zf nfUbf (pod formation)
s]/fp
cf}ift pkef]Uo kfgL M 35-50 ;]=dL=
cf}ift afnL cjlw M
65-100 lbg
kfgL ge} gx"g]
afnL j(\g] ;do -growing)
cj:yfM
km"n km"Ng] / kmn nfUg] -flowering stage_
e^df;
cf}ift pkef]Uo kfgL M 45-70 ;]=dL=
cf}ift afnL cjlw M
100-120 lbg
kfgL ge} gx"g]
lj?jf ljsf; ;do -growing stage)
cj:yfM
sf]zf nfUbf -pod formation)
jGbf
cf}ift pkef]Uo kfgL M sl/j 30 ;]=dL=
cf}ift afnL cjlw M
70-90 lbg
kfgL ge} gx"g]
lj?jf j(\g] ;do
cj:yfM
uf+h /fVbf -tillering phase_
km"n km"Nbf (flowering stage)
*Nnf] jGbf
sfpnL hft
cf}ift pkef]Uo kfgL M
cf}ift afnL cjlw M
55-120 lbg
-o;nfO{ df^f]sf] lr:ofg cj:yf x]/]/ lbg" k%{ eGg]
s"/f %}g . tfklg lr:ofgsf] Wofg clgjfo{ ?kn] lbg"
kb{% ._

60

#_ cf}Bf]lus afnLsf] nflu kfgLsf] dxTjk')f{ ;doM

pv"
cf}ift pkef]Uo kfgL M 270-365 ;]=dL=
cf}ift afnL cjlw M
150-250 lbg
kfgL ge} gx"g]
lj?jf ljsf; ;do
cj:yfM
jg:klt j[l$ uf+h /fVbf -tellering)
sf)*sf] ljsf;df
(stem & node development phase)
skf; afnL
cf}ift pkef]Uo kfgL M 70-130 ;]=dL=
cf}ift afnL cjlw M
150-180 lbg
kfgL ge} gx"g]
lj?jf ljsf; ;do -growing stage_
cj:yfM
km"n km"Nbf -flowering)
kfgL hDg lbg klg x"b}g_
h"^ afnL
kfgL ge} gx"g]
lj?jf ljsf; ;do -plant development period)
cj:yfM
sf)*sf] ljsf;df (stem growth)
km"n km"Nbf (flowering stage)
-kfgL ge} x"b}g_
>f]tM PsLs[t vfB tTj Joj:yfkg sfo{ k"l:tsf

61

cg';"rL

s[ks kf7zfnf ;+rfng ljlw

PsLs[t afnL tyf hn Joj:yfkg sfo{qmd cGt/ut ;+rfng ul/g]
s[ifs kf7zfnf k/Dk/fut ?kdf ;+rfng x'b} cfPsf s[ifs kf7zfnf
eGbf cln leGb} k|sf/ sf] /x]sf] 5 . o;df k/Dk/fut ?kdf ;+rfng
x'b} cfPsf] s'g} klg afnLsf] nflu Ps} k6s nfdf] cjlw ;Dd ;
+rfng ug]{ geO afnLsf] ;+qmldt cj:yf cg';f/ cfjZostf adf]lhd
k6s k6s ;+rfng ul/g]5 . d'Vot o;df kf7zfnf ;+rfng ug]{ cjlw
g} km/s /x]sf] 5 . l;ldt >f]tsf] ?kdf ;+rfng x'g] s[ifs kf7zfnf
Plss[t afnL tyf hn Joj:yfkg sfo{qmdsf] clEfGg c+u /x]sf] 5 .
of] ;+rfng ug]{ d'Vo p2]Zo lgDg /x]sf] 5

:j:y la?jf x'sf{pg'M

ldqhLjx?sf] ;'/Iff ug'{M
afnLgfnLsf] lgoldt ?kn] cjnf]sg ug'{M
nufO{Psf afnLsf nlfu plrt hn Joj:yfkg ug{'

s[ifs kf7zfnf ;+rfngsf k|f/lDes r/0fx?M

df};dL sfo{ of]hgf tof/ ubf{ s'g afnLdf s[ifs kf7zfnf ;
+rfng ug]{] ;DjlGwt l;+rfO k|0ffnLsf] s[ifsx?;+u 5nkmn
ul/ lgwf] ug]{ .
afnL 5gf}6 eP kl5 s[ifs kf7zfnf ;+rfng ug]{ Kn6 5gf}6
ug]{ . Kn6 5gf}6 ub{f lgDg s'/fx?df ljif]z Wofg k'ofpg'
kg]{5M
k|bz{gsf] lxzfjn] pko'Qm ePsf] ;8s;+u} hf]l8Psf] / ;f]
7fpdf jif}{el/ k'Ug ;lsg] ePsf] .
kfgL dfkgsf ;+/rgf glhs} ePsf] / ;f] gePdf kfgL dfkg
ug{ pks/0f :yfkgf ug{ ;lsg] pko'Qm 7fp glhs ePsf] .
eg]sf]
a]nf
cfjZostf
adf]lhdsf]
kfgL
k|fKt
ug{ sl7gfO{ gePsf] 7fp / k|:tfljt Kn6df kfgL k|fKt
ug{] ;Gbe{df s[ifs ;d'x aLr dte]b gePsf] .
;j} s[ifsx?sf] nflu kfos kg]{ 7fpdf x'g' kg]{ .
62

 5flgPsf] Kn6 w]/} h;f] s[ifsx?sf] nflu dfGo ePdf /fd|f]

x'g] .
5flgPsf] Kn6sf] If]qkmn lgsfNg' kg]{ .
kf7zfnf ;+rfngsf] nflu ;d'x u7g ug]{ . ;d'x u7g
ubf{ lgDg s'/fx?df Wofg k'ofpg' kg]{5M
sdf08 Pl/ofsf] l;/fg, dWo / k'R5f/af6 kg]{ ul/ s[ifsx?
5gf}6 ePsf] x'g' kg]{ .
kf7zfnfsf] nflu ;do lbg ;Sg] JolQmsf] 5gf}6 x'g' kg]{ .
kf7zfnfdf l;s]sf s'/fx? c?x?nfO{ l;sfpg ;Sg] JolQmx?
nfO{ 5gf}6df k|fyldstf lbg' kg]{ .
;dfhdf dfGo x'g] JolQmsf] 5gf}6 ePdf /fd|f] .
cu'jf s[ifsx?nfO{ klg k|fyldstf lbg' kg]{ .
lg:jfy{ efjgfn] ;xeflutf hgfpg ;Sg] s[ifsx?sf] 5gf}6 ul/g]
kg]{ .
kf7zfnfdf agfO{Psf lgodx?sf] kfngf ug{] vfnsf s[ifsx?
sf] 5gf}6 ePdf /fd|f] .
dlxnfx?nfO{ a9L k|fyldstf lbg' kg]{ .

s[ifs kf7zfnf ;+rfng k|s[of

s[ifs kf7zfnf ;+rfng ub{f tn pNn]lvt k|s[of
ckgfpg]
5gf}6 ePsf afnLsf] nflu 5gf}6 ePsf ;d'xnfO{ ;xefuL u/fO
5gf}6 ePsf] Kn6df kf7zfnf ;+rfng ug]{ .
kf7zfnfsf] r/0fx? afnLsf] ;+qmldt cj:yfdf kg]{ ul/ ;+rfng
ug]{ .
;+qmldt cj:yfdf b]vf kg]{ afnL;DjlGw ;d:ofx? lgSof}{n
ug]{ ul/ s[lif ;DjlGw cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] 1fg kf7zfnf ;+rfng
Kn6df g} ;d'xnfO{ lbg] . afnL ;DjlGw ;d:ofx? ;d'xaf6 g}
klxn] cfpg] ul/ ;d"xnfO{ ;bf ls|oflzn agfO{ /xg] jftfj/0f
agfpg' kb{5 .
e/;s l;+rfO lbg' kg]{ ;do kf/]/ kf7zfnfsf] lbg tf]lsPdf /fd|
f] x'g]5 . afnLnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ kfgLsf] u0fgf ug]{ /
;f]xL adf]lhd l;+rfOsf] ?kdf kfgL pknAw u/fpg] / pknAw
u/fO{Psf] kfgL dfkg ug]{ . afnLn] afnL cjlwe/ vkt u/]sf]
63

kfgLsf] tYof+s /fVg] / cGtdf afnL s6fgL u/] kl5 pTkflbt

afnL slt kfgL k|of]u eP/ ePsf] xf] ;f] lxzfj ul/ kfgL
pTkfsbTj (Water Productivity) lgsfNfL df};dL k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v
ug'{ kg]{5 . l;+rfO ;DjlGw Jojxfl/s 1fg lbbf afnL / :yflgo
cj:yf ;'xfpbf] s'g tl/sfn] l;+rfO ug'{ kg]{ xf] ;f] af/]df klg
kf7zfnfdf hfgsf/L u/fO{ ;f]xL adf]lhd l;+rfO lbg] Joj:yf
ldnfpg' kg]{5 .
lhNnf k|fljlws 6f]nLsf d'Vot O{lGhlgo/ / lhNnf s[lif ljsf;
sfof{nosf ljifout ljif]z1n] o; s[ifs kf7zfnfdf a9L k|efjsf/L
e'ldsf lgefpg' kg]{5 .
kf7zfnf ;+rfng cjlwdf ul/Psf k|To]s lqmofsnfkx?sf]
clen]lvs/0f ePsf] x'g' kg]{5
o;/L ul/Psf] clen]lvs/0f df};dL k|ltj]bgdf ;dfj]z ul/g' kg]
{5 .

64

cg';"rL

10

kfgLdfkg ;DjGwL k|ZgfjnL

!=

l;+rfO of]hgfsf] gfd M

===================================
===============
@= :yfg M
===================================
====
s= uf=lj=;=
=================================
=

v= j8f g+=

========================
u= lhNnf
=================================
====

3= If]q=

=============================
#=

l;+rfO of]hgfsf] sdf08 If]qkmn M

=============================
$=

l;+rfO x'g] ;Defljt If]qkmn M jif]

{ ===============
=============
%=

lxpFb]

r}t] ===========

kfgLdfkg ug]{ :yfg M

65

-s_ k|0ffnL :t/ -d'n gx/zfvf gx/k|zfvf gx/kfgL lgoGq0f

;+/rgf_
-v_ v]t :t/ M afnLsf] cj:yf cg';f/ k6s - k6s lbOg] kfgLsf]
dfkg cflb .
^=

kfgLdfkgsf] ldlt M

&=

s'g s'g ;dodf kfgLdfkg u/]sf] -b}lgs, ;fKtflxs, kflIfs,

dfl;s cflb_
*=

kfgLdfkg ug{ ckgfOPsf] ljlw M

-Float method, current meter, flume etc_

(=

jxfj -Discharge_

k|0ffnL :t/ M
s=
v=
u=
cf};t jxfj -Average discharge_

66

v]t :t/ M
jxfj (Discharge_ / kfgL nufOPsf] cjwL
s=
v=
u=
cf};t jxfj / l;+rfO kfgL lbPsf] cjwL
!)= jxfj dfkg kl5 l;+rfO hn Joj:yfkgsf] nflu o;sf] pkof]u ePsf]
55}gM

!!= ePsf] 5 eg] o;sf] pkof]u s'g s'g cj:yfdf ePsf] 5 < pNn]v
ug]{ .

!@=

kfgLdfkg ubf{ cfPsf] tYof cg';f/ pknJw ePsf] kfgLsf]

dfqf To; df};dL afnLx?sf] nflu kof{Kt 55}g < 5}g eg]
slt

n] sdL ePsf] xf] < pNn]v ug]{ .

!#= ck'u kfgLsf] Joj:yfkg s;/L ug'{ x'G5 <

67

!$= kfgLdfkg u/]/ afnL pTkfbgdf ;xof]u k'u]sf] 55}g <

!%=kfgLdfkg ubf{ b]lvPsf Jojxfl/s sl7gfOx? dxz';

ul/Psf]gul/Psf] . ul/Psf] eP s] s:tf] vfnsf] <

!^= pknJw kfgLsf] kl/df0f cg';f/ kfgL ljt/0fdf s'g k4ltn]

ckgfOPsf] xf] <
s= cfnf] kfnf] kfgL ljt/0f
v= Psgf; kfgL ljt/0f cflb
!&= kfgLdfkgsf] cfwf/df afnLsf] nflu gx/df kfgL cfjZostf
cg';f/ 55}g <

!*= afnL l;hgdf jiff{ eP gePsf] ljj/0f

s=

Rainfall Measurement

v= l;+rfO kfgL ljt/0fdf To;sf] k|efj tyf vkt s] slt sd eof] /

v'nfpg] .
!(= l;+rfO lbP kl5sf]
b]lvG5g\ < / tL

Field

Lossess

af6

Water Loss

sf ;+efjgfx? s] s]

x?nfO{ klxrfg tyf dfkg ul/

68

Lossess

sd

ug{ s] s] pkfox? cjnDjg ul/of] / o;sf] l;+rfO kfgL vktdf

k/]sf] c;/ v'nfpg] .

@)=;'emfjx? 5g eg]
=======================
=======================
@!= kfgLdfkg ug]{ sd{rf/Lsf] gfd M
kb M

69