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kph \memv
MBBS, MD (Pathology)
http://drsuvarnanalapattrust.org
www.nalapat.com
snalapat@gmail.com
snalapat@yahoo.com
{]Imiknp
Un.kn. _pIvkv
Book details
{]km[Ipdnv
apIpdnv
23.10.1993 alm\han. ApaWn. AIse ImI IcbpXp
tImw. inht{Xn \np {]`mXIo\. PmeIn\p
]pdv almtZhnbpsS Agnn apSnt]mse IcntaL. Ingp
sXfn HcpIjvWw BImiodn Xnfp ip{I. tZhnbpsS
eemSnse IkvXqcnXneIw t]mse! t\mnt\mnbncns Hcp
hmIyw, AXns AYw, a\n sXfnbpp. hcnhcnbmbn apdbmbn
kw`hnp, Bh\mIamb (sskn) N{Icq]amb Hv.
Ima shdpsX... BImaw hnn... ho hnn Imamw. hnZybmIp
cYw AwKnIsfqSmsX A\wKambn tJNcnbmbn BImiamt
kcnpp. D]m[nIfnmsX kcnp B hccpNncamb hc
cpNncYs Rm [ym\npp. hnhccpNnhmIy_amb B cYw,
AwKnhmNnItfmSpIqSn hmIy\n_amn Dcphm A[ymb
cNnpp. Aam\pjcmb ]qhPv (aad ]qhnIv) cpNn
Icamb, AhccpNnIcamb B hccpNnhmIyw hmKvtZhnbmb ]dn
bmbn Iapn AhXcnpp. Cu alm\hanbn!
cmaw ZicYw hnn
amw hnn P\ImPmw
Atbm[ymaShow hnn
KO XmX bYmbpJw
25352244
54435103
11451444
32111272
BsI kwJy
Xncnnm
123350063
360053321
`mKw Hv
Cy-bqtdmv
BZm\ {]Zm\
DSw
I. imkv{XNcn{Xw
(Cy-bqtdmv BZm\ {]Zm\
15
31
52
76
84
95
128
146
155
(51 Aymb)
III. ]ctaizchncNnXm {KlW\ymbZo]nIm
541
BapJw
CXv imkv{Xns am{Xw almAssZzXa; ]uckvXy ]mivNm
Xyimkv{XfpsS almssZzXw IqSnbmWv
Izmw
knmw
sshZypXn
Imin
{]Imiw
sshZypX ImnI
in (^mcsU 1830)
{]Imi ImnI
in (amIvkvsh 1870)
Zpe in
(W,Z IW) 1900
{]_ein (1930)
sshZypX Zpe in
GIoIcWw
1970 shbv s_vkemw
Zpe {]_e in
GIoIcWw (Unification)
Bt]nIXm
knmw
Imew, tZiw
{KlNe\w KpcpXzmIjWw
1600 (\yq)
`qNe\w
Bt]nIXm
knmw (1905-1915
sFss)
ssPthmw
(\yqtdm^nkntbmfPn)
alm AssZzXw
(Super unification theory)
{]Imiknp
{]Imiw, \mZw
{_lvaw
kXyw
in, Ne\w
PKv
Bt]nI kXyw (any)
MC 2
Izmw | ]camWp
knmw
{_lvax kXyw
1
{]]w-AXns Bt]
nIX-tPymXnimkv{Xw
PKnYym
.
O
ssPthmw
Poh
kXyw (Pohmm)
ssPthmw (Bioenergy)
+1+1+1...... n+1
\yqtdm^nkntbmfPn
tbmKimkv{Xw
Pothm{_lvssah\m]cx
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
Astronomy
Medicine
ss]tKmdkv
Acntmn/tSmfan
lntm{Imkv
Kme
tIm \nkv
tIm \nkv
shtkenbkv
hneyw lmhn
{]Imiknp
1. tkmfa/^pWojy Imen\ptijw
2. AeIvkvm/Acntmn/tSmfan Cy_n\p tijw
3. t]mpKokv/Uv/{^v/Cwojv kn\ptijw.
Cu aqmas knemWv bqtdmn Renaissance Imew.
Imehpw m\ ]p\tcmmcWhpw Cy {KtfmSpw Cytbm
Spap khpamWv bqtdm]y imkv{Xns hfp ImcW
ambXv.
hymks Imet_m[w
{_lva
hknjvT
in
]cmic
hymk
(ss]Xmalknmw)
(hknjvTknmw)
(]cmicknmw)
`mKhXn,
BIrjvW\nam {XnwiZvhjm[nIKtX Iseu
\haotXm\`tkyN IYmcw`w iptIItcmXv
]conv {ihWmtN IseuhjiXZztb
ipt ipsNu\haymw Nt[\ptPm f IYbXvIYmw
XkvamZ]nIseu{]m]vtX {XnwiZvhjKtXKhXn
DuNpcqtPkntX ]t \haymw{_ lvaWxkpXmx
Fp]dbptm, Hcp kw`hw (event) GXp Imev, BcpsS
PohnX thfbn Bhnp Fv Imew, tZiw, t{ImtWmfPn, kw`
hw FnhbpsS t_m[w IrXyambn ImWnpXv, tPymXnmkv{X
ns ]gw ImWnpp.
I. BC 3104 \nv 30 hjw Ignv BC 3074 ipIaljn ]co
{]Imiknp
- ss]e
- sshimb\
- ssPan\n
- kpap
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
i\n
hymgw
sNm
ip{I
_p[
N{
`qan
N{ ip{I
_p[
sNm
`qan
hymgw
i\n
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
IrXw
t{XXm
Zzm]c
Ien
4000
3000
2000
1000
+
+
+
+
800 ky
600 ky
400 ky
200 ky
10000
{]Imiknp
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
kqcy
N{
sNm
_p[
hymgw
ip{I
i\n
cmlp
KpfnI
eKv\w
XnYn
\nXytbmKw
[qaw
hyXo]mXw
]cnthjw
C{Nm]w
[qatIXp
{ioIcwcXv\w
atym hcnjvTx
hotcm tKm]mex
tbmKot{m \q\w
{ioekvXcpWx
m\o XpjvtSmbw
Km\o kptc{mx
_mtem [otcmbw
tbmKeo\mm
Iow hew
Km\o {]tm{X.
kqcnp Ipeo\x
{]]qs \nan.
ssZhhnXv {]oXmx
tZthm hotcm\p
{ioIrjvtWm \mbIx
{io]cm{]]qPyx
tajw
cmin
Un{Kn an\pv
0.
2.
3.
0.
5.
1.
2.
1.
5.
3.
22.
24.
13.
2.
26.
16.
27.
29.
3.
14.
15.
59.
5.
24.
24.
5.
22.
5.
6.
0.
11.
11.
CShw
12
15
24.
31.
32
0.
3.
33
31
51
15.
31
12.
48.
48
12
12
anYp\w
ImnI
]pWXw
ao\w
i\n
(]pWXw)
InSIw
(ImnI)
ip{I
Ipw`w
[qatIXp
C{
sNm
{`aW ]Yw
aIcw
[\p
sNm (Bbneyw)
_p[
{`aW]Yw
kqcy
ip{I
{`aW]Yw
hymg
{`aW]Yw ]Iw
i\n
{`aW]Yw
Nnw
hymgw
hy.[q. (lkvXw)
Xpemw
hrivNnIw
29
In
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
2. {KlKXn, kw
ssStm{_mln, sI, Keoentbm, sFkIv \yq FXmWv
{KlKXn ]Tn bqtdm]y Bkvt{SmWaamcpsS t{ImtWmfPn.
CXn {_mlnbpw sIdpw Ahkm\s annpI Fpw, Keoen
tbm BZys imkv{Xs\pw AdnbsSpp.
14 Unkw_ 1546 kzoU\n {_mln P\np. 21 BKv 1560
\v t]mpKen ]qhpw tImlmK\n `mKnIhpambpmb Hcp
{KlWw {_mlnsb (13 hbv) BIjnp. CXv ]gb ]mwKw shv
Ad_v Bkvt{SmWaam {]hNnncpp FXpw. tSmfanbpsS emn
XPvPa ASw Bkvt{SmWan ]pkvXI hmbnm CXv ImcW
ambn. 1563 i\nbpw hymghpw IqSnbp tbmKw BImin Zriy
ambn. CXv t\cs {]hNnncpp. ]s Hcp amkw Ignv 24
BKn\mWpmbXv. {]hN\hpw Zriyhpw IqSnh Cu hyXymkw
Nmhnjbambn. 16 -mw hbn CXv Isembn {_mlnbpsS
eyw. Hcp \{Xhpw Hcp {Klhpw Xnep tImWnI AIew
Hcp tPmSn Compass Int\mSp tNpshmWv ssStm Afncp
Xv. 1564 2 hSn tNpshv Ipcnip cq]n ]ckv]cw slide
sNpXpw, AfhpI tcJsSpnbXpamb Hcp Cross-staff of
Radium I bm{Xm {Kl\{XfpsS tImWnI AIew Im
Wm D]tbmKnncpp. ssStmbvv Innb b{n Afhv IrXy
amb tcJsSpnbncpXv. AXn\m data sXmbn Inn.
19 -mw hbn Rostock University bn tNv Bkvt{SmfPn, sa
Unkn, sIankv{Sn FnhbmWv Atlw ]TnXv. BImipw `qan
bnepw a\pjy icocnepw \SpXn Hnv {i shp. 28 HIvtSm
_ 1566 Hcp N{{KlWapmbn. CXv 80 hbmb Htma kp
ms acWw (kpsseam) Dmpsav {_mln {]hNnp. Atl
s {InkvXy bqtdmn\p `bambncpp. AXn\m kpm
31
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
rate sNpp Fv sXfnbnp. sslt{UmmnIvk,v amKv\nkw Fn
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
100000000
1000000000
10000000000
100000000000
1000000000000
10000000000000
{]Imiknp
51
{]Imiknp
3. mkn imkv{Xw
Cv \mw Imoknb tIm HmUnt\v Fp hnfnp {Xnam\
ap tZit_m[w, AXnt\mSv {XnImesa NXpm\w tNv Bdp
am\ap Iyq_v (japJw) Fnh Cy imkv{Xn\v ]t
Adnbmw. ]s bqtdmn sZmmWv CXns\pdnmZyw ]d
Xv.
1619 \hw_ 10. Um\yq_v \Zo Xocv Uyqv Hm^v _thdnb
bpsS ssk\yw s{]mpItfmSp bpw sNm XSnp. Cu Iym
nepmbncp sZmv Xs InSbn InSv at\mcmPyw hnNm
cnbmWv. Cu {]]kz`mhsav? PohnXn\v Asav? apdn
bpsS Hcp aqebv ]dp Cusb t\mnsmv. s]sv At
ln\p tXmn. CubpsS m\w Imen shdpw aqv kwJy
sImv {]hNnmw. apdnbpsS aqebn Iqnapp 3 NpacpIfn \nv
AXns Zqcw ]dm! Cu {Xnam\ Nn{XamWv Cv \mw {Km^v
Fp ]dbpXv. X, Y F cv kwJy- aqebn \nv hc 3 mas
Z F kwJy. CubpsS m\w (Z) Cs\ \nbnmw. `qanbp
tSbpw `qanbnse a\pjytbpw m\hpw kqcyN{knmm
Cs\bmWv Cybn \nbnpsXv Atlw Adnncp
n. AXn\m AsXmcp Ip]nSpw Xsbmbncpp. X, Y, Z sIm
v ({Xnam\w) m\w \nbnp ]Xn
Y
sb Cv Imoknb tIm HmUnt\v Fp
hnfnpp. aqSn Ingtmv \Sv aqSn hS
tmv t]mhpI Fv hgn ]dbptm \mw
Z
Z1
CXmWv sNpsXv eoemhXnbn `mkv
Z2
cmNmcy\pw ]knmnIbn hcmlanlnc
\pw hyamnbnpv. `qanbnencpv a\p
X jy Db tZifntev (ap {KlIy
52
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
75
{]Imiknp
4. Umhn\nkw
Cdmkvakv Umhns ]pkvXI
1789 Loves of the plants
1792 The economy of vegetation AYhm s_mm\nv KmU
Ch 2440 hcn IhnXI, 80000 hmpI, Ahbvp Ipdn
pI tNXmWv. kkytemIspdnmWv.
1794
Zoonomia Vol I (KZyw) (200000 ]Z)
1796
Zoonomia Vol II (KZyw) 50 % IqSpX henw
hmfyw I Evolution kw_amb Xs hnNmc KZyn
FgpXnbnpv. Cu ]pkvXIn IqSpX Aymb saUnkn,
_tbmfPn kw_amWv. a\pjys CSs]S kkyarKtemIn
hcpp am Atlw {insgpXn- DZmlcWambn IqSpX
hnfhpInp s\hnn\w hfpI, IqSpX inbp ]b
pXnc C\s DmpI apXembn a\pjys Ir{Xna sXcs
Spv.
amXm]nXmfn \nv IpnIv kz`mh InpXpw hnhcn
pp. Nne ]nI ]cnp sImnsbSpm Inbp sImv
(X) apXemb Ahbh natural selection sImmWv kmZnp
Xv. CXv Ah hwifntev ssIamdpp. `qanbnse Poh\v Hscm
aqe DXv`hImcWta Dp Ftlw FgpXppv. Fdmkvakv IhnX
sjn, tImfdnUvPv, Iovkv, thUvkvhv FnhcpsS kzm[o\ap
XmWv. 1796 tImfdnUvPv Fdmkvakns\ kinnpv. `qan Dm
bn, a\pjy\pmhpXn\v tImSnWphjw apv Fm arKfpw
Hscm PohXphn \npmbn. B PohXphmWv Pohs BZy
s almaqew Fv Fdmkvakv FgpXn. Cu BZnaqew krjvSnm
Hcoizc thWw. ]s AhnSptmp hnImkn Cuizc\v
76
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
83
{]Imiknp
5. {]Imiw, AWpknmw
1766 Um P\nptm temIn imkv{Xscv
B[p\nI imkv{Xw hnfnp 300 t]sc BsI Dmbnpp. 1800
Atlns knmw AdnbsSptm AXv Bbncambn. 1844
Atlw acnptm 10000. 1900 n 1,00,000. 19 mw \qmn 15
hjn imkv{XcpsS kwJy CcnpsImncpp. bqtdmnse
P\kwJy 1750-1850 100 \nv 200 aney\mbpw, {_n\nse P\
kwJy 1800-1850 9 \nv 18 any\mbpw hnp. P\kwJym h
\hpw imkv{Xhwins h\hpw Hw \Sp.
Zcn{ZIpSpw_n P\nv, Atmncnbmhm ]TnpsImn
cns, sIankv{SnbntepXncnv hmXIfnepw CeIvt{Sm sIan
dnknepw Fnb BfmWv lw{^n tUhn. ss\{Skv HmIvsskUv
sImv Hmtdj\pIsf thZ\mclnXammw (anaesthesia) Ftlw
]coWw sImp sXfnbnp. imkv{Xs {]Ncnnm\pw, Irjn
bnepw hyhkmbnepw {]tbmKnm\pw Atlw At\Iw lectures
kwLSnnp. tUhnbpsS Aym]\coXn, eIvNss Atln
\np t\cnp]Tn BfmWv Um. Um\v AhXcnnm\p
{]_w eIvN lmfn shv XtepXs At lssmv
tUhn dntlgvk sNnp. Hcp aqebv Ccpv tUhn k{iw
tIp. ]ns, At{X {]_w tUhn hmbnptInp. Um tIp.
]ntv 150-200 t]cp kZn\papn Ums\smv AhXcn
np. Igntm, ISnv A\ptamZnv t{]mmlnnp.
Hcp imkv{Xmym]I hnZymnIfpsS Communication/Aym
]\ coXn hnIknntsXs\ Fv tUhn amXrI ImWnp. \m
andnbp At\Iw Elements ([mXp) Ip]nSnXpw t]cnXpw tUhn
bmWv. J\nbn D]tbmKnp kpcmZo]w Atlw Ip]nSnp.
ssat ^mctU Atlns kplrpw ]nKmanbpambncpp.
84
{]Imiknp
ssl{UP
kvt{Smnbw
46
Atkmv
_msscv
68
Im_
5 1/4
Ccpv
50
HmIvknP
knv
56
t^mkv^dkv
sNv
56
k^
13
Cubw
90
aKv\ojyw
20
shn
190
ssew
24
kzw
190
tkmU
28
mn\w
190
s]mmjv
42
sapdn
167
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
tudinal push & pull XcwKamWv. \yq ]dXns\Xncmtbm Apd
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
94
{]Imiknp
6. hIcIfpsS ew amw
tdUntbm BIvSnhnnbn \nv Bt]nIXm knmhpw Izm
w ^nknIvkpw Dmbn. ]nw AYhm mass Duw AYhm
Energy bmbn amdp {]{InbbmWv \{Xsf {]Imiw sNmcnbp
hbmn \npsXv Ch imkv{Xs t_mysSpn.
GXp imkv{Xnepw hyXykvXm`n{]mbap hynIfpsS ]co
W, Zi\ Fnh Xn AXmXpImev Nne Bib
v apXqw Inpw- ap NneXv hnkvacnsSpw. Imetmn
hnkvacnhsb ]pXnsbmcm ]p\cpohnnpw. NI hopw
Bcw`npw. ktmNnpI, F ]pXnb Bibw (Contraction) bqtdm
n Hcp Catastrophism amXrIbnemWv kzoIcnbvsXv. FtUzUv
kpshkv (Suess 1831-1914) Bkvt{Senb, Cy, B{^n Fnh Hcn
Hnv Hcp henb hIc (Cybnse sKmzm\mem v Fv
t]cnp) bmbn sX AtKmfnembncpp Fpw `qanbpsS
XWppdb sImv ]Xfpmsbpw ]dp. 1200 In.ao.
`q{]Xes 150 In.ao. \ofap B]vkv Bn amm 1200C XWp
pthWw. AXnepw IqSpX XWppthWw lnamebhpw tdmnbpw
BUokpw Dmhm. cpImcyw sImv kpshns Xnbdn {it
bambn.
1) 20 mw \qmns BZyw hsc bqtdm]yv `qanbpsS Ncn{Xn
\v Hcp mtUUv tamU Dmbncpn.
2) sKmzm\ AYhm tKmph\w (IcmambWnse sIm
h\w) F t]cv Ghpw {]mNo\amb Icbvv kpsshkv sImSpp.
CXv ]noSv hIcIfpsS drift knmn XpSp- 50 hjw ap
mWv Continental drift ncoIcnsXv.
`qanbnse hIcI Iminbp ASndtaemsWpw,
Ah ImnI HgppIfm hStmp \opIbmsWpw, `qan BZyw
95
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
Cu cp kahmIyw tNm
3) hv = pe
or p = hv/e
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
(2)2 = 4
(-2)2 = 4
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
DNA
ssPh hn Ghpw koLS\ a\pjytXmWv. \p
sS icocnse P\nXIfnemWv hwihrn, hwifneqsS kz`mh
ssIamdp {]{Inb Fmw \SpXv. icocns Building
Blocks Bb Aaot\m BknUpIfneqsS t{]mo\pw DNA bpw ]gb
LS\bn Bhnv krjvSnpXpw AXpXs. kiamb
Cu LS\ (kqvaw) Csn koamb a\pjyicocw C{]Im
cw \ne\npambncpn. RNA (dnt_m \yqnbnv BknUv), AXn
s HmIvknP \onb DNA (UnHmIvkn-dnt_m \yqnbnIv BknUv)
ChbpsS ]gw k ssPh hfptSbpw ]gamWv. Ch Ghpw
efnXLS\bp sshdpIfpsS icocnepapv. sshdpI Hp
In RNA Asn DNA sshdkv Bbncnpw.
\manv HIV/AIDS sshdns\pdnv t_m[hmmcmWv. Cu ssh
dpIfpsS {]mbw 85 aney hjamWv. HIV sshdkv ss{]tapIfn
ImWp sensshdkv BWv. Iment^mWnbbnse mt^mUv
bqWnthgvknn Ch aUKmkvdnse seaq C\ns] sNdp
Ipcmcn hfsc ]t Dsp Isn. Cu C\w IpcpI
Cymkap{Z Zzo]pIfn am{Xw ImWphbmWv. Fm Ch ]pcm
X\ImepXs Dmb Hcp AIDS-like FnsUanpsImv CayqWn
n t\SnbhbmWv. Ahbn Cu sshdkv Dsnepw Ahbvv tcmK
an. Ah AXmpw ]IpIbpan. 14 aney hjambn Cu
sshdkv seaqdpIfn \ncp]{Zhnbmbn Ccnbvppv.
Fm B{^n/aUKmkv IpcpIfn ImWp CtX
sshdkv IpdpIqSn ]Icm kmyX h HmWv. CXv Hcp aney
hjambn a\pjycn Dv. ]s GXmv Hcp \qdphjambnt
Dp AIDS tcmK eWw a\pjycn ImWm XpSnbnv. Atacn
bnse \mjW AmZan Hm^v kbkv hnNmcnpXv aUKmkv
dpw B{^n ap\pw IqSn _w hntOZns 14 any sIm
114
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
Ribose, Pentagon AXn\v RNA F t]cp\Ipp. Hcp HmIvkn
P Bw IpdhmbXn\v DNA Fv t]cv. RNA bn G, A, U, C; DNA
bn G, A, C, T. s{^kv {Kn^nv F {_nojv ssat{Im_tbmfPnv
(1881-1941) \yqtamWnb Dmp _mIvSocnbIsfpdnv (pneumococci) ]Tnptm Hcp {]Xn`mkw Ip. cpXcw \yqtamtIm
n Hv amcIw, Hv amcIa. amcIamb \yqtamtImns\ NqSp
sImv sImv B extract Ipnshm Fenbvv \yqtamWnb ]nSn
pn. ]s AtX extract, amcIam Poh\p \yqtamtIm
ns IqsS an{inXamn Ipnshm amcIamb \yqtamWnb ]nSn
pp. 1944 HmkvhmUv Bshdn, tImfn antbmUv, an am
n Fnh {Kn^nns 1928 se ]coWn ]dbp tcmK
ImcWw Hcp sIan A, Hcp t{]mo A, ]s DNA bmWv
Fv ]dp. Fhn NmKm^v t] t{Imatm{K^n, G.V. kvs]Ivt{Sm
kvtmn apXembh D]tbmKnv Hcp species DNA bpsS Composition HmWv; ]s asmcp species LS\v amapv Fpw,
F{X species Dtm A{Xbpw Xcw DNA bpw Dv Fpw ]dp,
Kzm\n, AUn\n purine IpSpw_nepw ssktmkn, ssXan ]ncn
anUn IpSpw_nepw s] t_kpIfmWv
1) Hcp kmn DNA bnse BsI purine (G+A) BsI ]ncnanUn
t\mSv (C+T) XpeyamWv.
G+A = C+T
3) AXpt]mse G = e
1950 NKm^v \nbaw F t]cn {]knoIcn Cu \nba
]nmev DNA bpsS U_n slenIvkv LS\ Ip]nSnp
Xntev \bnp.
CXn\nSbn X- ray Hcp sshZypX ImnI XcwKamsWpw AXn
\v {]Imin \np hyXymkw AXns sNdnb XcwKthKXbm
sWpw AdnpIgnncpp. Hcp {Inen X- ray ]Xnptm
gp Diffraction pattern a\nembngnncpp (Bragg's Law). en\kv
t]mfnpw temdkv {_mKpw Xn CtX Ip]nSpw (Pauling's
rule) BcmZyw F Xambn 1950 hsc \op. CsXmw DNA
125
{]Imiknp
structure Ip]nSnm ]ivNmesamcpn. {_mKns A\pbmbn
Ifn s] hneyw AkvXvs_dn X-ray Xallography t{]mo\pIfntev
(Haemoglobin, myoglobins) hym]nnv Ah \o irwJem cq]n
(Polypeptide chain) Hv Hnt aSnshv ]pcq]nemnbh
{]Imiknp
127
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
145
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
153
`mKw cv
anlntcm]tZiw
({ioaZv hcmlanlncmNmcy{]WoXm
hmcmlo (_rlXv) kwlnXm)
anlntcm]tZiw
({ioaZv hcmlanlncmNmcy{]WoXm
hmcmlo (_rlXv) kwlnXm)
BapJw
Fmw hbn Rm BZyambn {]knoIcn {K\vYns
t]cv Xmacq Fmbncpp. anlnc s\ kqcytZh\v B
tim` \Ip Xmacqhv! Hcphnfn t]mse ]knmnI Fs
Dn {]Imintm AsXmcp bmZrivNnI kw`hsat IcpXnbp
q. Fnepw hcmlaqnbmb kqcy\mcmbWs lkvX
Fn adncp hmKvtZhnsb ImcWPe[nbn \nv Dbn
sbSpp A]q {]Xn`mkw Rm A\p`hndnp. Hcp kqcy
civanbpsS Hsmnt Hcp cXv\w t]mse {]]w DbcpXv
Fs lrZbkmKcn \npXsbmbncpp.
]ns, Btcm ]dXp tIp, \memS, Xs hcmlanlnc
s am\k]p{Xs\v kzbw hntijnnnpsv. As\ am\k
]p{Xs am\k]p{Xnbmbn Rm! ]knmnI \memSs {K\vY
tiJcn \nv F\nv e`n \n[nbmWv. Atlw hmbn tlmc,
iqe]mWnhmcnbcpsS Inepv. Atm hcmlanlncs aqma
s IrXntbm? am\k]p{Xs\v kzbw hntijnnncpsn B
IrXnbpw \memSs In DmbncpncnWatm. ]cobvv
hn`mKw ]qcnnm {ianp Ipnsbtmse Rm B {K\vYs
Imncpp.
Hcn _memaWnbsb ImWm FdWmIpfp sN
tm AhcpsS ]p{Xn tUmIvS kptemN\ ]dp: ktmZb
Hgnbvptm Ipsd ]pkvXI Inn. hfsc ]gb Hcp kwkvIrX
{K\vYapXn. AmhsbmsWp tXmpp. kphbvv th
tWm?
Fsmv \o \m]ncp hjw (Ama acn 1954
apX 1996 hsc) X]psNbvX B ]pkvXIw HSphn Fs Is
n. apcmZm_mZpImc\mb ]nXkpJm\ an{ibpsS ]p{X ]n
Xhc _etZh{]kmZv Pn an{ibpsS lnn `mjbnep Xatbm
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
tijw
353. 20'.
53. 20'.
113. 20'.
173. 20'.
233. 20'.
293. 20'.
EXp
inincw
hkw
{Kojvaw
hjw
icXv
tlaw
Ab\w
Dcmb\w
ZnWmb\w
{]Imiknp
Bcw`w
EXp
ahyw
10 ]ujw
10 amLw
10 ^mKp\w
10 ssN{Xw
10 sshimJw
10 tPyjvTw
10 BjmVw
10 {imhWw
10 `m{Z]Zw
10 Bizn\w
10 ImnIw
10 aminc
aIcw
Ipw`w
ao\w
tajw
Ej`w
anYp\w
InSIw
knwlw
I\y
Xpemw
hrivNnIw
[\p
inincw
Dcmb\w
hkw
{Imn]mXw
{Kojvaw
hjw
ZnWmb\w
icXv
{Imn]mXw
tlaw
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
1. ab
4. in
7. hnjvWpKp]vX
10. Pohi
2. bh\
5. kXy
8. tZhkzman
11. ]rYpbiv
3. aWn
6. _en
9. kntk\
Iev]nX
cq]w
kq.kn {_.Kp. A
{[phI {[phIw mw
]q
iw
]naw
\{Xmcw`
n \nv
tbmKXmc
bpsS Zqcw
Aiz\n (3)
`cWn (3)
ImnI (6)
tcmlnWn (5)
aIocw (3)
B{Z (7)
]p\kp(4)
XpcwKapJw
tbm\n
pc
iISw
lcnWapJw
cXv\w
KplmKrlw
(hnv)
_mWw
N{Iw
KplmKrlw
80
10 N
48 N
20
20
12 N
40 S
37-30
37-28
40-30 N
65 S
49-30
49-28
40-30 S
57 Equat
63
63
10 S
58 N
]pjyw (7)
Btjw(5)
amLw (4)
67-20
67
11 S
4 Equator
93
93
6N
78 S
106
106
76
109
108
7S
94 Equator
129
129
0N
54 S
163
ayw
{]Imiknp
]q
^mKp\n(2)
Dc (2)
lkvXw (5)
Nn{X (1)
kzmXn (1)
hnimJw (4)
A\pcm[w (4)
tPyjvTw (3)
aqew (11)
]qm
jmVw (4)
Dcm
jmVw (2)
144
147
12 N
46 N
i
lkvXw
apv, Zo]w
{]hmfw
tXmcWw
_en
Ipew
t{Im[nX
i
155
155
13 N
50 N
170
170
11 B
60
180
183
205
40
188
188
37 N
74
213
212.5
130 N
78 N
224
224-5
1-44 S
64 Equator
229
229-5
4S
14 Equator
241
241
8-30 S
6 East
254
254
50-30 S
43
lkvXn
hnemkw
260
260
5S
265
60 N
A`nPnXv(3)
{XntImWw 266-40
{ihWw (3)
{Xnhn{Iaw
270
278
30 N
[\njvSw (4)
arZwKw
290
290
36 N
iX`njw(100) hrw
320
320
0-18 S
0-20 S
0.30 S
(]qmjmV
ns ay
\{Xw)
(]qmjmV
tij Dze
\{Xw)
(DcmjmV
ns tij
ayaw)
({imhWn
s tij]mZ
]ivNnaw)
80 Dzew
]q`{Z
]mZw (2)
Dc`{Z
]mZw(2)
tchXn(32)
bafw
336
326
240 N
36 N
337
337
26 N
22 N
apcPw
359.50
360
30
79 S
164
{]Imiknp
kqcy
knmw
AKkvXy (Canopus)
{[phIw 90 87
Amwiw 770-SE
85-5
80
76 S
80-87-S
ep_v[I (Sirius)
8040-S
86
40-S
84-76
40 S
80
52
8N
52
8-14
57-48N
43
58-36
31 N
56
30 N
52
30-49
57
37 N
57
37-30
56-53
31 N
56
180
3
180
9
180
3
183
39 N
3N
{_lvalrZbw (Capella) 52
{]Pm]Xn (sUm
HmdnKn (Delta Aurigi)
B]kztk B]x
(Delta virginis)
55
50
56
57
60
60
50
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{XnwiXv IrtXzm bptK `m\mw N{Iw{]mIv ]cnew`tX
XZvKpWmZv`Znss\`nIvXm[ypKWm[yZhm]ytX
Xtm kv{XoLv\m Zim]vXmwimhntbm Ab\m`n[m.
Hcp almbpKn 600 (30 x 20) \{XN{I. A`nejnX
Zn\w (AlWw) D hjs 600 sImv KpWnv, bpKns
`qZn\w sImtm, hcw sImtm lcnv InnbXns\ `pPamn, 3
sImv KpWnv, 10 sImv lcnpI. Atm InpXv Ab\mwi
amWv.
Cu tmIns Ahpw teJhpw PUneamWv. kpKaamb
Hns\ {]Iminnm C{Xbpw {]bmkw Fns\Sppp? A
KWnXimkv{Xn Cu coXn A`nejWoba. Ab\mwi\ncq]W
n\mbn tPymXnjnI D]tbmKnp asmcp tmIapv:bptKjSviXIrtXzm ln`{Iw {]mIvhnew`tX
XZvKptWm `qZnss\ `IvtXm [ypKtWmf b\tJNcx
CXns\ CwojpIm Cs\ [cnp:- Multiply Ahargan (no. of
mean solar days for which calculation is made) by 600 and divide the
product by seven days in a yug; of Quotient taken sine and multiply by 3
and divide by 10 to get ayanamsha.
1st Sloka
1997 hjw
3
7
{]Imiknp
sine of 31371 = 0.8100508021
0.8100508021 x 3 = 0.2430152406
10
sine 1 = 0.8414709848
0.8414709848 x 3
10
= 0.2524412954
0.2430152406 \pw, 0.2524412954 \pw CSbn FhnsStbm Hcp
_nphmWv Ab\mwiw.
0.2524412954 0.2430152406
0.0094260548
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
hcmlanlncmNmcy I
iIw
122
hcmlanlncmNmcy II
iIw
421
{_lvaKp]vX
550
`tmev]e
890
939
tiztXmev]e
hcpW`
962
t`mPcmP
964
`mkvc
1072
IeymWN{
1101
t`mPcmPs Hcp inem en]nta 919 kwhXv 749 iIm_vZw Fp
ImWppv. AXnw, `mcXhjn Hcp t`mPcmP am{Xa
DmbnpXv Fpam{XamWv. Cmcyw {KlnmsX, Ncn{X ]pcpj
mcpsS Ime\nbw \SpXpw almacamWv.
iXm\ 1021 iIm_vZn cNn `maXn Hcp ipIcW
{KamWv, ]knmnIsbtmse. AXn C{]Imcw ImWmw:\Xzm apcmtcivNcWmchnw
{ioam iXm\ CXn{]knx
Xmw `maXoinjylnXmaml
imtIholot\iin]ssJtI
imtIm\hm{ZopIrim\pbpx
Ite`hXy_vZKtWmhyXoX
hnb\t`m temN\ thZlo\x
imkv{Xm_vZ]nx IYnXx k Ghx
IrXbpKmw_chlv\n `n cpRvPntXm
KXIenx Ine hn{Iahcmx
iclpXmi\N{hntbmPnXm
`hXn imI Cl nXn ate
AY {]]tyanlntcm]tZimXv
XXvkqcyknmkawkamkmXv
imkv{Xm_vZ]nkzciq\y ZnLv\
kvXm\mKv\nbpIvtXmjvScmssX hn`x
tb kzmJn thZm_vZ KtX bpKm_vtZ
ZnthymnXx {io]pcptjmaky
{ioam iXm\ Camw NImc
kckzXo ictbmkvX\qPx
172
{]Imiknp
AizXn
`cWn
ImnI
tcmlnWn
aIocw
B{Z
]pWXw
]qbw
Bbneyw
aIw
]qcw
D{Xw
Aw
Nn{X
tNmXn
hnimJw
A\ngw
Xrt
aqew
]qcmSw
D{XmSw
XncpthmWw
173
{]Imiknp
293 20' to 306 40'
Ahnw
306 40' to 320
NXbw
320 to 333 20'
]qtcmcpmXn
333 20' to 346 40'
D{XmXn
346 40' to 360
tchXn
1 Yr = 40' back
In 20 years = 13 20' (Hcp \{Xmh[n)
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
+ t]mknt{Sm
t^mtm
t^mtm
t^mtm
- CeIvt{Sm
- CeIvt{Sm
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
179
hnjbm\p{IaWnI
1. {Ktm]\b\w
2. ssZheWw
(kwhc kq{Xw)
3. BZnXyNmcw
4. N{Nmcw
5. cmlpNmcw
6. `uaNmcw
7. _p[Nmcw
8. _rlkv]XnNmcw
9. ip{INmcw
10. iss\ivNcNmcw
11. tIXpNmcw
12. AKkvXyNmcw
13. k]vXjnNmcw
14. Iqhn`mKw
15. \{Xhyqlw
16. {Kl`n
17. {Klbpw
18. N{{Kl kamKaw
19. {Klhj ^ew
20. {Kl irwKmSIw
21. K`eWw
22. K`[mcWw
23. {]hjWw
24. tcmloWotbmKw
25. kzmXntbmKw
26. BjmVotbmKw
27. hmXN{Iw
28. ktZymhrjvSn eWw
29. Ipkpa eX
30. kymeWw
31. ZnKvZmleWw
32. `qan IeWw
33. DmeWw
34. ]cnthj eWw
35. C{mbp[ eWw
36. K \Kc eWw
37. {]Xnkqcy eWw
38. ctPm eWw
39. \nLmX eWw
40. kky PmXIw
41. {Zhy\nivNbw
42. AImw
43. C{[zP kw]Xv
44. \ocmP\ hn[n
45. JRvP\ Zi\w
46. DXv]mX eWw
47. abqc Nn{XIw
48. ]pjykv\m\w
49. ] eWw
50. JUvK eWw
51. AwKhnZy
{iox
AY hnZzZzc hcmlanlncmNmcyhncNnXmhcmlo _rlZv kwlnXm(`mjmSoIm klnXw)
Aymbw 1
{Ktm]\b\w
1. PbXn PKXx {]kqXnnizmm klP`qjWw \`kx
{ZpX I\IkZrim ZiiXabqJamemnXmx khnXmx
2. {]Yaap\n IYnXahnXY ahtemIy{KhnkvXckymw
\mXn eLp hn]pe cN\m`ncp[yXx kv]jvS a`n[mXyw.
PKns\ {]khnh\pw, hnizmmhpw, \`ns klP`qjW
hpw, I\IkZriamb ]pw \qdpw abqJameIfm AnX\pamb
kqcy Pbnpp. {]Yaap\nbm ]dbsXpw, kXys Zinpw,
{Ksf hnkvXcnpw, Ipa coXnbn kv]jvSambn cNnsXpw
Bb imkv{Xs AXn eLphmsXbpw AXn hn]peamsXbpw
Rm cNnpp.
\`n F{]Imcw AXns kzm`mhnI `qjWamb kqcy\mcmb
W {]Iminv, PKns\ P\nnppthm, AXpt]mse lrZbmIm
in Bkqcy {]bmbn {]Iminptm {KkrjvSn
kw`hnpp Fv kqN\.
3. nXnX\b Znhkhmtcm \ ip`IrZnXnbZn]nXmal t{]mx
IpPZn\a\njvSanXn hmtImf{X hntitjm\r ZnhyIrtX.
]nXmal FgpXpIbpmbn nXnX\b hmktcm\ip`IrXv
Fv (sNmbvv awKfs\p t]cpsnepw AXv awKfIca Fv).
tPymXnjnI AXns\ ISv A\pIcnv IpP A\njvSImcn
bmWv Fv ]dpsImt Ccnpp. Cs\ ]dbpXn hnti
jnv Fp imkv{XobXbmWpXv FmWv hcmlnanlncs BZy
s tNmZyw. sNm AawKfImcn F tPymXnjmhnizmks
hcmlanlnc tNmZyw sNpp.
4. ap\nhncNnX anZanXnbnc\w km[p\a\pP{KnXw
Xpteytfc t`Zm Za{tIIm hntitjmnx
ap\namcm FgpXssXmw km[phmWv; a\pjyhncNnXamb
sXmpw km[ph FmWv Nnc\ hnizmkw. a{fpsS Imcy
{]Imiknp
Xtamcmin
Aw
Jw
kqcy
`qan
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
184
{]Imiknp
Aymbw 2
ssZheWw
(kwhc kq{Xw)
AcminbmIp thZ\b\w sXfnp Fv tPymXntjm]
\b\mymbn ]dp. AXns XpSbmbnmWv kwhc
kq{Xw ]dbpXv. AYmXx kwhckq{Xw hymJymkymax
1. X{X kwhtcmf `nPmXx
{]nbZit\m hn\oX thjx kXyhmK\kqbIx
kax kpkwltXm]NnXKm{XknchnIeivNmcpIcNcW \J \b\ Nn_pI Zi\ {ihWeemS {`qamwtKm h]pjvam Kw`otcmZmtLmjx {]mbx icocmImcm\phnt\mlnKpWmivN tZmjmivN `hn.
C\n kwhckq{Xw hymJym\nmw Fv Kpcp injyt\mSv ]d
bp ssien hrkp{ipX kwlnXbn ImWpXmWv. AXn\m
CXv hcmlanlnc KmkwlnX F Nnc ]pcmX\ {Kn
\nsSpXmhmw.
]noSv kwhcw P\np (kqcy P\ntm EXpfpw amk
fpw D kwhc cq]amb kmb\Imew P\np. kwhc t_m[w
BcpsS {]bn BZyambn Apcnpthm, B {]Ya tPymXnjnbpw
kwhc Xs! Ahs ]ccbn s]hscmw kwhcm
Xs!). kwhc Fs\bph\mWv! Ah ImWphsm
s {]nbZi\\mWv; efnX hkv{X [cn hn\oX thj\mWv;
kXyhmpw A\kqb\pamWv; kahpw kpkwlXhpamb AtcmKZrV
Km{Xn knIfpw, sshIeyanm NmcpIcNcW \J\b\
fpw, apSnbpw ]pw ImXpw s\nbpw, ]pcnIhpw incpw Dh\mWv;
Kw`ochpw DZmhpamb i_vZaph\mWv; {]mbw icocns cq]
tbpw KpWtZmjsfbpw A\phnp amdnsmncnpw (AXn
\m hrt\m bphmthm F t`Zw t\mtXn). sshIeyanm
C{nbtfmSpw _pntbmSpw a\tmSpw IqSnb Hcmt {im
185
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
196
{]Imiknp
Aymbw 3
BZnXyNmcw
1. BtjmnW apcab\w [\njvTmZyw
\q\w IZmNnXm koZv tbt\mw ]q imkvt{Xjp
2. km{Xab\w khnXpx ISImZyw arKmZnXivNm\yXv
Dm`mthm hnIrXnx {]Xy]cosWhynx
Bbneyns ]IpXnbn ZnWmb\w: [\njvTmZnbn D
cmb\w. ]q imkv{Xfn Cs\ ]dnpv. Ctm khnXm
hns Ab\w InSIw BZynepw aIcmZnbnepamWv. Cu A`mh
s hnIrXn Fp ]dbmw (kz{]IrXnp hn]coXamb Ah){]Xy]coWw sImv CXv hyammhpXmWv.
[Bbneyns ]IpXn- cminN{In 113 20'
(InSIn 23-20' )
[\njvTmZn- 294-20')
ie. 294-20
113 -20
181 00
181 hyXymkw (180 A)]
3. Zqc Nnlv\ th[mZpZtb AkvXatbf ]nhmkl{kmw timx
Ombm {]thi \na Nnlvss\ mate alXn.
kl{kIncWs DZbw, AkvXabw FnhbvnSbnep alm
aense Zqcfmb Nnlv\sf th[nnpw, OmbbpsS {]
thihpw \nahpw \nconnpamWv Ab\w ]condntbXv.
Ab\mwis ]condntb Cu cp amXs Ab
\mwi hyXymks km[qIcnpp. `qanbpsS hyXykvX _np
fn Ccpv DZbmkvXab _npnSbnse Zqc Nnlv\sf
\nbnph, `q{]Xens hyXykvX _npfnencpv ip
Ombsb B[mcamnbpw, {KlWs B[mcamnbpw \nbnp
h- Cu {]Xn`mkw {KlnmXncnbn. \ncoI\pw \ncoI
197
{]Imiknp
W
\w
b
m
InSIw
nW
Z
\w
b aIcw
m
c
E
D
hnIrXn
S
Xpemw
(saIvkntm)
{Imn]mXw
198
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
- n]pSmxkxk icocmxtimtImZv`h_mjv]cprix
Xkvcmcm hnw A]lcns kp ZoL\nizm
kw hnpw IpI ASpw icocw hndpw timtImZv`hamb A{ip
Hgpnbpw Ccnpp.
15. am PpKp]vkam\mx kz\r]Xn]cN{I ]oVnXma\pPmx
kz\r]XnNcnXw IN]cmIrXw{] {_phyt\y.
P\sf kzcmPys `cWm[n]Xnbpw (\nbafmepw \nIpXn
Ifmepw), ap cmPmmcpsS N{Imbp[hpw (bpw) ]oUnnptm
a PpKp]vkbpfhmpp. Ah kz\r]XnbptStbm, ap cmPm
mcptStbm I Ncn{Xsfpdnv Hccw anmXmhpp. (a
200
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
205
{]Imiknp
Aymbw 4
N{Nmcw
1. \nXya[x -tkytm `m`n `mt\mx knXw `hXyw.
kzOmbbm\yZknXw Ipw`ky hmX]ky.
Hcp Ipw`s kqcy\v A`napJambn ]nSnm kqcy\p t\p
Aw kqcymX]w XnXnfpw. at Aw kzw Ombbm
AknXw (Idpv) BbnmWpw. CXpt]msebmWv \nXyhpw kqcys
Xmsg ]nSnncnp N{s Hcw {]Iminp ipambpw at
Aw IrjvWambpw CcnpX.v
2. keneamb cmin\ncthnXtbmaqOnXmkvX
tamss\iw. ]bn ZtWmZc\nlXm Ch anckymx
ImSnbn ]Xn kqcyIncWw ancns D`mKs Ccp
ns\ \opXpt]mse, keneamb cminbn ]Xn kqcyIncWw
(N{\n ]XnXv) XsbmWv cm{Xnbnepw CcpIpXv (\nemhv,
{]Xn^en kqcycivanbmWv, AmsX N{civanb Fw).
3. XyPtXmf Xew iin\x ]ivNmZhew _tXbYm iuyw.
Zn\Ichim tZtmx {]ImitXf [x {]`rXyZbx
kqcy{]Xes Dt]nv N{s ]ivNna`mKs Ahew_n
kqcyIncWw F{]Imcw iphambncnppthm AXpt]mse, Zn\
Ichiamb B Cp, Xs At[m`mKp {]`rXnIsfbpw {]Imin
npp.
4. {]Xn ZnhktahamXv m\ hntitjW iuy]cnhrnx
`hXn iint\mf ]cmlvt\ ]ivNmZv `msKLStkyh.
{]XnZn\w C{]Imcw kqcym\ hntijm, A]cmlv\n
iinbvv ip ]cnhrn kw`hnpp; LSns ]ivNmZv`mKs
t]mse.
206
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
212
{]Imiknp
Aymbw 5
cmlpNmcw
cmlp FXv Atlmcm{Xw FXnse aya]Zfmb tlmcm
Xncnn cmtlmbn \nv kw`hnXmWv. kqcyN{m {]Imi
{Klfpw aph Xtam{KlfpamWv. Xtam{Klfn {][m\n
bmb cmlp `qan XsbmWv. CXv ]knmnIm X{n
\np hyamWv. `qanbpsS BIrXnsbpdnv `nm`n{]mbfpw,
{KlWthfbnse `qOmb sImv AXns tKmfmIrXn {Klnmhp
Xpw hcmlanlnc ChnsS ]dbppv.
1. AarXm kzmZ hntijmOna]nincx InemkpctkyZw
{]mWu c]cnXrw {KlXmw bmXw hZt\ytI.
2. Cz aemIrXncknXXzmXvIne \ZriytX KKt\
A\y{X ] ImemXv hc{]Zm\mXv Iae tbmt\x
incv OnamsWnepw AarXns BkzmZ\hntijm
{]mWs\ ]cnXyPnm asmcp {Klapv. N{kqcymsctmse
tKmfmIrXnbmWv CXn\pw. Fm AknXXzw (shfpv AYhm {]Im
ins A`mhw) sImv CXns\ KK\n ZriyamIpn. {KlW
Imev Iaetbm\nbmb krjvSnImhns hcZm\m CXns
tKmfmIrXn \apv Zinm km[npp.
3. apJ ]pO hn`mwKw, `pPwKamImcap]ZniytXy
IYbyaq a]tc Xtamabw sskwlntIbmJyw.
Nne ]dbpp apJhpw ]pOhpw hn`ammhp hn[n
Hcp `pPwKns cq]amWv CXns\v. ap Nne ]dbpp Aaq
hpw Xtamabhpw Bb CXv knwlnIbpsS ]p{X BsWv.
`qanbvv Hcp DSepw Hcp hmepapv Fv Ctmt\jym Icp
Xpp. AXn\m Ah `qansb Hcp Devtm Fv hnfnpw. Xangp
`mjbnse DeIw F ]Zhpw Dw F ]Zhpw Ctmt\jy
mcpsS Cu ]Zns aptmSnIfmWv. thZfn `qan Ccp apJ
213
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
]naw
`q
N
216
kq
{]Imiknp
kqcy{KlWw
Dcw
kq
Vertical
`q
]qw
]naw
N
ZnWw
kq
N{{KlWw (Horizontal)
kq
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
[zwkw{hPy{XN ahrjvSnw
`bw N hnZymZkp`n bpw.
]ujamkn {KlWw hm {_mlvaWpw {Xnb
pw D]tcm[w, sskh, IpIpc, hntZlmp \miw, ahrjvSn,
`bw, Akp`nw.
72. amtLXp amXr]nXr`hknjvT tKm{Xm
kzmymb [\ncXm IcnWkvXpcwKm
hwKmwKImin a\pPmw ivNZpt\mXn cmlp
hrjvSnw N IjIP\m\paXmw ItcmXn.
amLamkn {KlWapmbm amXr]nXr`cmb hknjvT
tKm{Xmpw, kzmymb[\ncXpw, B\Ipw, IpXncI
pw AwK, hwK tZifntebpw Iminbntebpw a\pjypw ZpxJw
kw`hnpw. ]s, IjIv [mcmfw ag e`npw.
73. ]oVmIcw ^mKp\amkn ]
hwKmivaImhI taIem\mw
\r kky{]hcmwK\m\mw
[\pjvc {XX]kzn\mw N.
^mKp\ amkn hwKw, AivaIw, Ahn, taIe Fo
tZimpw, \rmpw, kkypw, t{ijvT kv{XoI
pw, [\pmcnIpw, {Xnbpw, X]kznIpamWv tZmjw.
74. ssNt{XXp Nn{XIctebI tKbkm
cqt]m]Pohn\nKalncWy]Wym
]u{UuWv{U ssIIbP\m\Y NmivaImwivN
Xm]x kv]riXyhc t]mf {X hnNn{Xhjm.
ssN{Xnse {KlWw, Nn{XImcm, teJI, Km\{]nb,
cqt]m]PohnI (thiyam), \nKa, kzWnm, ]u{w,
D{w (Hdok), ssIIbw, AivaIw FnhnSfnse P\\mYm
Fnhv Xm]apmpw. hjw (ag) hnNn{Xambncnpw.
75. sshimJamtk {KltW hn\miambmnImmkXnemx
kap{Zx CymIpcyut[ybiImx IenwKm tkm]{Zhmx
Inp kp`n akvan.
229
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
234
{]Imiknp
Aymbw 6
`uaNmcw
1. bZypZbtmZz{Iw ItcmXn \hamjvSk]vXatjp
XZz{I apjvWm apZtb ]oVmIcaKv\nhmm\mw
GXp \{Xn sNm DZnpthm B DZb\{Xns 7,8,
9 \{Xfn sNm h{IamIppshn B h{Is DjvWw
Fp ]dbpw. DjvWht{ImZbn AKv\nbm D]Poh\w sNp
h ]oVnnsSpp.
2. ZzmZi Zissa ImZi \{XmZz{IntX IptPf {ip
apJw ZqjbXn ckm\pZtb ItcmXn tcmKm\phrjvSnivN.
DZb\{Xns 10,11,12 h{Iw kw`hnm AXns\ A{ip
apJw Fp ]dbpw. A{ipapJns DZbImev kckfpw
Zpjnpp. tcmKfpw A\mhrjvSnbpw Dmhpp.
3. hymfw {XtbmZim NXpimZzm hn]NytXf kvXatb.
Zwjv{SohymfartKmivNyx ItcmXn]oVmwkp`nw N.
GXp \{Xn IpP AkvXanppthm, B \{Xn
s 13,14 \{Xfn IpP h{IamIp ]w B h{In\v hymf
sap ]dbpw. Zwjv{Sbp arKpw hymfpw ]oVbpw, ap
hp kp`nhpw ^ew.
4. cp[ncm\\anXn h{Iw ]ZimXvtjmVimw ivNhn\nhrt
XXvmew apJtcmKw kZbw N kp`namhlXn.
15,16 \{Xfn h{IamIpXv cp[ncm\\w- cp[ncm\\Imev
apJtcmKw, `bw, kp`nw5. Aknapiew k]vXZimZjvSmZitXm ]nhmf XZ\pht{I
ZkypKtWivNx ]oVmw ItcmXyhrjvSnwk ikv{X`bw.
17,18 \{Xfn A\ph{Iw hcpXv Aknapiew. Imcn
\npw Bbp[fn \npw `bw, AhrjvSn Fnh ^ew.
235
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
237
{]Imiknp
Aymbw 7
_p[Nmcw
1. t\mXv]mX ]cnXyx IZmNn Z]n
N{tPm {hP XypZbw
Pe Zl\ ]h\`b IrZzm\ym b hnhrtb.
N{\n \np P\n _p[ DXv]mXtfmSpIqSnbnmsX DZn
pIbn. Pes ZlnnpXpw `bIrpfpamb DjvWmp
I AXn Dv. _pt[mZbw [m\yfpsS bhpw hrnbpambn
_sncnpp.
2. hnNmc{mhW [\njvTm {]Pm]tXyp hnizssZhm\n
arZvK lnaIcX\bx ItcmXyhrjvSnw ktcmK`bmw.
{imhWw, [\njvTw, tcmlnWn, arKincv, Dc BjmVsao
\{XfneqsS _p[ kcnptm A\mhrjvSnbpw tcmK`b
hpw Dmhpp.
3. cu{ZmZo\n aLmm \yp]m{intX N{tP
{]Pm]oVm ikv{X\n]mX pZv`b tcmKm\mhrjvSn kmt].
B{Z apX aLw hsc _p[ kcnptm ikv{X,
hniv, tcmKw, A\mhrjvSn Fnhbm {]PIv ]oV kw`hn
pp.
4. lkvXmZo\n hnNc jUvmWyp] ]oVb Khmaip`x
kvt\lckm hnhrnw ItcmXn tNmo{]`pXmmw.
Aw apX Xrt hscbp Bdp \{Xfn kcnp
tm ]ipv Aip`amWv. ]s kvt\lckmZnI hnv
`qan At\I{Zhyfm kqbmbnocpw.
5. BcyavWw luX`pPw `{Z]Zmapcw btaiw N
N{ky kptXm \nLv\ {]mW`rXmw [mXpkwbIrXv.
238
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
]cmicaXw
I {]mIrXw
\{Xw
cminN{In
Un{Kn
kzmXn
`cWn
ImnI
tcmlnWn
186.40'-200
13.20'-26.40'
26.40'-40
40-53.20'
13.20'
53-20'
40
40 Znhkw
aIocw
XncphmXnc
aIw
Bbneyw
53.20'-66.40'
66.40' to 80
120-133.20'
106.40' to 120
sImv
II an{iw
53-20'
26.40'
30 Znhkw
26.40'
sImv
26.40'
53-20'
III kwn]vXw
]pWXw
]qbw
]qcw
D{Xw
80-93.20'
93.20' to 106.40'
133.20' to 146.40'
146.40' to 160
22 Znhkw
26.40'
sImv
53.20'
18 Znhkw
IV XovWw
]qtcmcpmXn
D{XmXn
tchXn
AizXn
320 to 360
13.20'
sImv
V tbmKmnIw
aqew
]qcmSw
D{XmSw
9 Znhkw
240 to 280
(40 )
sImv
VI tLmcw
XncpthmWw
Ahnw
NXbw
Nn{X
280 to 320
5320 '
sImv
Aw
A\ngw
Xrt
160 to 173.20'
213.20' to 226.40'
226.40' to 240
40.
11
15 Znhkw
VII ]m]w
Znhkw
{]Imiknp
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
53.20'
53.20'
53.20'
53.20'
40
53.20'
40
40 Znhkw
30 Znhkw
22 Znhkw
18 Znhkw
9 Znhkw
15 Znhkw
11 Znhkw
= 2.52'-35"
Fv IrXyambn ]dbpp.
am{Xa, Chsb `qZn\amm Hmtcmnt\bpw 30 sImv KpWnpp.
30 {]mIrX Zn\w
an{i Zn\w
kwn]vX Zn\w
XovW Zn\w
tbmKnI Zn\w
tLmc Zn\w
]m] Zn\w
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
1.20' x 30
1.46'-44" x
2.25'-27" x
2.57'-46" x
4.26'-40" x
3.33'-20" x
3.38'-10" x
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
30
30
30
30
30
30
40
75
80.43'
88.1'-53"
120.13'-20"
90.16'-10"
90.19'-5"
= 204,1',19"
= 6 cmin; 24,1', 19 Sec.
{]Imiknp
"It was once thought that the same side of Mercury always faced the sun and
therefore that its rotation was exactly synchronised with its orbit. But in 1962 American
Radio-astronomers discovered that both sides of the planet radiated heat which would
not have been the case if the same hemisphere had always faced the sun. In 1965, it was
confirmed by the use of radar that the planet rotated on its axis three times every 176
earth days. This fact was confirmed by the American Mariner 10 space probe in 1974.
Having established this rotation rule it was possible to calculate that Mercury only
rotates one and a half times on its axis during one complete orbit of the sun. This means
that Mercury's year is only made up of one and a half days.
[ss]Xmal, ]cmicmZnIv Adnbmhp Hcp Imcyw \mw hfsc Ipdp
Imeambnt Ip]nSnnpq. Ah N{s ]p{Xs\p _p[s\ ]dbpp.
B[p\nIcmIs, kaXefpw, Kfpw, taSpIfpw \nd _p[{]Xehpw
AXns kqcycivanIsf dn^vfIvv sNm\p Ignhpw N{XpyamsWp
]dbpp.]
{]Imiknp
CShw
anYp\w
39
37
29
29
+7
45
23
49
+14
-27
+4
45
23
23
49
+5
-22
0
+26
InSIw 42
Nnw
In
-5
(XovWw, {]mIrXw)
-21
+9
18
30
46
-14
-13.5
+13.5
-1
34
16
32
45
0
-7
+9
+1
26
38
38
38
-1
+18
+11
+6
+13
({]mIrXw, an{iw)
+9
(an{iw, kwn]vXw)
-15
(kwn]vXw, an{iw)
+3
(an{iw, kwn]vXw)
+34
(kwn]vXw, ]m]w,
tLmcw, {]mIrXw)
42
40
34
-25
-5
+32
+2
({]mIrXw, ]m]w)
(hnimJn\v Aan)
244
{]Imiknp
hrivNnIw 18
[\p
aIcw
Ipw`w
ao\w
BsI
taSw
CShw
anYp\w
InSIw
Nnw
In
Xpemw
hrivNnIw
[\p
aIcw
Ipw`w
ao\w
BsI
45
34
48
40
16
42
32
20
13
38
32
23
22
24
32
24
25
29
27
700
134
140
140
136
127
140
116
145
130
103
101
105
1517
-44
+32
-7
+29
-35
-27
+32
-8
-16
-5
+25
+19
-36
+3
-5
+40
-34
+4
0
19
+25 - 99 = -74
-5
+13
+9
-15
+3
+34
+2
-48
-38
+23
-2
-11
-35
- bmKmnIw
-48 t
-2 tLmcw
{]mIrXw
-11XovWw
]cmic
XovWw
{]mIrXw
an{iw
kwn]vXw
]m]w
tLmcw
{]mIrXw, ]m]w
tbmKmnIw
tLmcw
tbmKmnIw
tbmKmnIw
{]mIrXw
245
tZhe
?
EPzn
AXnh{Iw
hnIe
hnIe, EPzn
h{Iw
hnIe
h{Iw
h{Iw
EPzn
{]Imiknp
1517
1
/2-AYhm 758 1/2
=
=
-35
-17 1/2
379 1/4
189
94 1/2
=
=
=
-8 3/4
-4 1/2
-2 1/4
=
=
=
=
-1
-1/2
-1/4
0
47 1/4
23
10 1/2
5
BsI 3002
2937 -2.25
-0
Ancient
36000000
88
58 Zn 16 aWnq
2-57
30 miles per second
36600000
3 Rotation in 176 earth days.
{]Imiknp
tZhe
]cmic
72 x 2144 x 2
288 x 2 =
576 x 2 =
1156 x 2 =
2312 x 2
144
288
576
115 6 ------- 115 (hknjvT]cw )
2312
4624
9248
18496
38992
77984
155968
311936
6238 72
1247744
2495488
4990 976
EXp k]vX\h kwJytbmSp
tN an\naw Zqcw
9981952
19963904
amIvknaw Zqcn\Spp
39927808
hcp kwJy
79855616
159711232
319422464
638844928
1277689856
2555379712
5110759424
1022 1518 848
{]Imiknp
3002 = 0 Fp ImWpXv CXpIqSn IWnseSpmWv.
ss]Xmals 36600000, ]cmics 39927808 Fo kwJyInSbn
amIvknatmSSp 39000000 F kwJy hknjvT KWnp (]kn
mnIm X{w t\mpI. 366 \p ]Icw 390 Fns\Spp Fv
Xnt_mv kwibnpXn\v Dcw CXmWv).
hknjvT ]ueni knm {Ian 115, 114 Znhk ]d
bpXmbn ]knmnIbn ]cmaiw ImWmw. 8 ]q{`aW
n\v _p[ 927 Zn. 2 \mgnI FSpppsv hknjvT ]dbpp.
Atm Hcp ]q{`aWns\Spp Zn\w 115 BhWatm. CXv
]cmicmZnIfpsS 584 t\mSv Fs\ _sSpsav Xmsg ImWn
]nI kmysSppw. hn`nZi\v Xnep A`n{]mb
hyXymkw hn`n imkv{Xv Htc imkv{Xhnjbspdnp
AmZanIv A`n{]mbhyXymkw am{XamWv. ASnm\]camb XXz
Ahsmw HpXsbmWv.
]ueniw
114 x 2
228 x 2
456 x 2
912 x 2
1824 x 2
3648 x 2
7296 x 2
14592 x 2
29184 x 2
hmknjvTw
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
228
456
912
1824
3648
7296
14592
29184
58368
115 x 2
230 x 2
460 x 2
920 x 2
1840 x 2
3680 x 2
7360 x 2
14720 x 2
29440 x 2
= 230
= 460
= 920
= 1840
= 3680
= 7360
= 14720
= 29440
= 58880
{]Imiknp
`qan
L = angle of aberration
IWmp hn[w: {]Imicivan `qanbnse \ncoIs In
sem FSp kabw = t Fp IcpXpI. Cu kabv {]Imiw
e Zqcw ISp. B kabw sImv (`qNmcm) `qanbnse \ncoIs
m\w v Zqcw amdn. Atm
tan = `qanbnse \ncoIs amdnb Zqcw/ {]Imicivan kcn
Zqcw = v/e
`qan Hcp EPptcJbn Htc thKXbn kcnncppshn
\mw _p[h{Iw t]mep aberrations AdnbpIXsbn. kqcy\p Npp
ap `q{`aWn `qanbpsS shtemknn amdpXn\mepw, {`aWw
IpSnetcJbnemIbmepamWv h{Iw ImWpXv (1727 am{XamWv
{_mUven {UmtmWnbkv F \{Xs \nconv h{Is
]TnXv). ampamkn `qanbpsS thKX IqSpw, kqcy_p[mtcmS
Spphcpw. Atm h{Ins angle Ipdbpw. _p[s Amwiw
(Dmmwiw) `qm\a\pkcnpw _p[m\a\pkcnpw amIvknaw,
an\naw Bhpw. AXn\m `qanbnse \ncoI\v _p[ Hcp Fen]vn
249
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
`qan
{]Imiknp
252
{]Imiknp
Aymbw 8
_rlkv]XnNmcw
1. \t{XW ktlmZb ap]KOXntb\ tZh]Xn a{n
XXv kww hhyw hjamk {ItassWh.
\{XfpsS IqsS DZnv kcnp tZth{\mb N{s\
t]mse, \{Xsf A\pKanp hymgs N{s a{nbmb
_rlkv]Xn Fv ]dbpp. hymgw GXv \{Xkaqln \np
pthm AX\pkcnv thWw hjhpw amkhpw ]dbm. N{ Aev]
amb aens ]XnbmWv. AXn\m N{ \np \{Xw
t\mn \mw \mfpw ]hpw ]dbpp. _rlkv]Xn _rlmb a
ens ]XnbmIbm amkhpw hjhpw AXns m\a\pkcnv
]dbWw.
2. {Iaikv{Xn`w Xp ]aap]my ayw N bZzjw
3. iISm\tem] PohI tKm]oVmhym[nikv{XtIm]ivNhrnkvXp c]oXI Ipkpam\mw ImntI htjHcp _rlkv]Xn hjw ]{pamkamWv. ImnI \{X
ns BZnapX Cu cp \{Xn ImnImZnhjw kw`hn
pw. ]{p hjfnse aynse Apw, ]Xns\mpw ]{
pw aqqp \{XfnemWv kw`hnpI. ImnI, tcmlnWn
\{Xfn _rlkv]Xn DZnp hjamWv ImnI hjw.
Cu hjn hml\fm D]Poh\w Ignp hWnpIpw,
AKv\nsb ]menphpw, tKm]meImpw ]oVI kw`hn
pw. hym[n, Bbp[ ]oV Fnh Dmhpw. Nphpw abpw \ndn
ep ]pjv] karnbmbnpmIpw.
4. kutay_vtZm f\mhrjvSn rKmJp ie`mssPiz kkyh[x
hym[n `bw anss{X c]n`q]m\mw PmbtXsshcw
kuayw F A_vZn A\mhrjvSn, arK, FenI, ie`
, ]nI apXemb AP Fnhbvpw kkypw
253
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
52. banXnbpKkymykymyw
_lpbImcIw P\bXn`bw XZzn {]mWmw
Irjohe hrnZw
D]NbIcw hnSvOq{ZmWmw ]ckzlrXmw
XYmIYnX aJnewjjvTy_vtZ bZ{X kamkXx
Ahkm\ hjw bsadnbpp. bImcIamb Cu hjw
{_mlvaWp `bw P\nnpp. Irjnmv karnbpmhpw.
]ckzv A]lcnphpw, sshiympw, iq{Zpw karn
bpmhpw. C{]Imcw kwn]vXambn jjvTy_vZp ^ew
]dbsSpp.
53. AIepjmwip PUnex ]rYpaqnx
IpapZIpIpkpa kv^SnIm`x
{KlltXm\bZn kXv]Yho
lnXItcmf acKpcp\p Pm\mw
CXn {iohcmlanlncIrXu _rlZvkwlnXmbmw
_rlkv]Xn Nmtcmf jvStamf ymbx
tZhKpcphmb ({]Iminphbn hv hepXmb Fw FSp
pI) _rlkv]Xn \neIncW\pw qeaqnbpw, IpapZ, Ip
IpkpafpsStbm kv^SnInstbm tim`tbmSpIqSnbh\pw, ap
{Klfm t`ZnsSmh\pambn kXv]Yn hnptm
a\pjyv lnXImcnbmWv.
264
{]Imiknp
Aymbw 9
ip{INmcw
1. \mK KssPcm hrXhrtKmPcZvKh arKmPZl\mJyx
Aizn\ymZyx ssInXv {Xn`m {IamZzoYbmx IYnXmx
Aizn\ymZn apX apqp \{X {Ian Hmtcmtcm
hoYnbmWv Fp ]dbpp. C{]Imcap HXp hoYnIfpv. \mKw
KPw, sFcmhXw, hrj`w, tKm, PcZvKhw, arKw, APw, Zl\w.
2. \mKmXp ]h\bmaym\em\n ss]Xmalm{Xn`{Xn kv{Xx
`KmhoYy aizn\yx ]ujvWw tZzNm]n `{Z]tZ.
ss]XmalnIfpsS A`n{]mbn kzmXn, `cWn, IrnI \
{XfnemWv \mKhoYn. KPw, sFcmhXw, Ej`w Fo aqp hoYn
I tcmlnWn apX Dc ^mKp\n hsc aqqp \{Xfn
InSpp. tKmhoYn, AizXn, tchXn, ]q `{Z]mZw, Dc `{Z]mZw
FnhbnemWv.
3. PmcZvKhymw {ihWmXv {Xn`wN ssa{Xm[yw
lkvXhnimJm Xzjv{SmWy tPXyjmVmZzbw Zl\m.
XncpthmWw, Ahnw, NXbw Fnhbn PmcZvKhn F hoYn.
A\ngw, Xrt, aqen arKhoYn. Aw, hnimJw, Nn{Xbn
APhoYn, ]qmjmVw, DcmjmVw \{Xfn Zl\hoYn.
4. Xn{kn{kkvXmkmw {Iam ZpZMvaybmayammx
Xmkma]ypcay ZnWmhn ssXssIImx
27 \{Xsf HXmbn `mKnncnbm Hmtcm hoYnbpw aqq
samWv. aqsw kqcyamns Dc`mKpw, aqsw
ay`mKpw, aqsw ZnW `mKpw BWv. Ahbns
Hmtcmpw bYm{Iaw Dcm]Yw, ay]Yw, ZnW ]Yw Fns\
bpv. AXmbXv \mKhoYnbn aqsapXv Hv Dc amw,
Hv aya amw, Hv ZnW amw- C{]Imcw.
265
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
= 2920
= 5840
= 8760
= 11680
= 14600
= 17520
= 20440
= 23360
= 26280
= 29200
= 32120
= 35040
= 37960
91 x 1
91 x 2
91 x 3
91 x 4
91 x 5
91 x 6
91 x 7
91 x 8
91 x 9
91 x 10
91 x 11
91 x 12
91 x 13
= 91
= 182
= 273
= 364
= 455
= 546
= 637
= 728
= 819
= 910
= 1001
= 1092
= 1183
(ip{INmckwJy x 10)
275
{]Imiknp
91 x 14
91 x 15
91 x 16
91 x 17
91 x 18
91 x 19
= 1274
= 1365
= 1456
= 1547
= 1638
= 1729
= 123 + 13
= 7 x 13 x 19
= 7 x 247]
{]Imiknp
1. 91 x 4 = 364
1824 x 2 = 3648
[182.4 x 2 = 364.8
(ip{INmc ]nI)
(_p[Nmc ]nI)
(BWtm)
2. 91 x 10 = 910
(ip{INmc ]nI)
456 x 2 = 912
(_p[Nmc ]nI)
[(91 x 5) + 1]2 = 912
(91 x 10) + 2 = 912
277
{]Imiknp
Aymbw 10
iss\cNmcw
1. ivchWm\ne lkvXmt{Zm `cWo `mtKym]Kx
kptXmf kym {]Npc kentem] KqVmw
ItcmXn [m{Xnw bZn kv\nKvx
kqcy ]p{X\mb i\n, XncpthmWw, kzmXn, Aw, B{Z, `cWn,
]q ^mKp\n \{Xfn \nptm [mcmfw Pew e`nv
`qan kv\nKvambn Xocpp.
2. Aln hcpW ]pccssZhtXjp kqtaIr NmXnPew
pO{kvXmhrjvSnItcmaqte {]tXyI a]nhty.
Bbneyw, NXbw, Xrt Fnhbn kcnptm i\n
A[nIw hjw XcnIbnsnepw taIrmWv. aqenemsWn
pv, Bbp[ `bw, AhrjvSn. C\n Hmtcm \{Xn i\n k
cnptmgp {]tXyI ^e ]dbmw.
3. XpcK XpctKm]NmcI IhnsshZymamXylmtPmf iznKXxbmtay \I
hmZItKb p{Z\uIrXnIm
AizXnbn i\n \nptm, IpXncI, IpXncm, Ihn
I, sshZym, a{nam Fnhv lm\n kw`hnpw. `cWnbnse
n \Im, D]IcW hmbnph, ]mpIm, sNdnb
hnIfn D]Poh\w Ignph FnhmWp lm\n.
4. _lpemt ]oVbt kutcf Kv\yp]
Pohn\iz aq]mizmtcmlnWymw
tImiea{ZImin]mme imISnImx
ImnIbnsen AKv\nsImv D]Pohnphpw cmPm
mpw lm\n. tcmlnWnbnsen tImiew, a{Z, Imin, ]mmew,
FnhnS-fnephpw imISnImpw (hnm) ]oV.
278
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
282
{]Imiknp
Aymbw 11
tIXpNmcw
1. Kmobw inJnNmcw ]cmicaknXtZheIrXw N
A\ymw _lq ZrjvSzm {InbtX Aba\mIpemcx
Kmn, ]cmic, AknX, tZhe, apXemb ap\namcpw at\I
imkv{Xcpw Zinv \nbn {]Imcap inJnNmcs
]dbpp.
2. Zi\akvXatbm hm\KWnX hn[n\mky iIytX mXpw
Znhymco `uamkv{Xnhn[mxkyqx tIXthmbkvamXv
tIXphns DZbmkvXabsf shdpw KWnXw sImp am{Xw
Adnbm\mhpIbn. ImcWw Znhyw, Acow, `uaw Fv aqp
hn[ tIXpfpv.
3. AlpXmtiA\ecq]wbkvanw XXv tIXpcq]tathmw
JtZymX ]nimNmeb akncXv\mZo ]cnXyPm
JtZymXw (anman\pv), ]nimNmebw (s]mnNqv), Akn, cXv\w
FnhsbmgnsI AKv\n kam\ambn Pzenp k ]Zmfpw
tIXp cq]fmWv.
4. [zP ikv{X`h\XcpXpcK IpRvPcmtZyjz YmcomkvtX
Znhym \{Xm `uamx kypctXmA\yYm inJn\x
sImSn, Bbp[w, Krlw, hrw, IpXnc, B\ apXembhbpsS
BIrXnbn ImWsSp tIXp AcoP\yamb tIXphmWv.
Znhyambn \{XnSbn Ccnp tIXp Znhy tIXphmWv.
Chbmhsbmw `ua tIXp BWv.
5. iXtaIm[nI tatI kl{ka]tc hZn tIXp\mw
_lpcq]taItah{]mlap\nmcZx tIXpw.
]nXm `nm`n{]mbmcmWv. Nne 111 Xcw tIXpsf
hnpp. ap Nne Bbncw tIXpsf hnpp. \mcZ ap\n
283
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
Znhyw
Acow
kucbqYn\pds
\{X]Yfn \nv
hfscmew IqSptm
{]XysSph
`uaw
kucmIjWm Xcn
Wambn Acon
tev CSbvnsS {]hln
ph (kqcy ap{Kl
FnhbpsS ]Y
fn \nv).
`qanbn \npXs
Dmbn `qanbpsS A
cons Xmgs
`mKv ImWp {]Xn`m
k
t]cv
Fw
DXv`hw Zni
hw
^ew
IncWw
25
kqcy
Ingv
]Snmdv
lmc, aWn
tlaw
]ckv]c
sshcw
BKvt\bw 25
AKv\n
----
X,
AKv\n, em,
sNcnq
cw
AKv\n`bw
294
{]Imiknp
h{IinJ
25
arXyp
sXv
hninJ
32
`qan
Nm{w
N{
hSp
Ingv
hSv
{_lva
Zw
{_lvamhv GXp
Znnepw
cqamb
IrjvWhw
ImSnbn
Pehpw Fbpw
N{IncWw
B, shn
av, apqhv
aqphw
aqpinJ
acWw
Zp`nw
hniv
kp`nw
bpKmhkm\w
t]cv
Zni
NXpc
ioXn
24
henb shfp
\{Xw t]mse
60
hnIN
hSv,
ip{I
hSp
Ingv
GXp Zn i\n
ibnepw
ZnWw Kpcp
65
XkvIcw
------
_p[
51
Ippaw
Dcw
sNm
60
Xmakw
A,
N{
ae
cmlp
3 x 30
hnizcq]w
AcpW
KWIw
{_lva
km\w
IwIm
I_w
-------------
---hmbp
{]Pm]Xn
{_lvaw
120
77
8
204
-------
hcpWw
Ime
32
96
I\Iw
hnZni ----
DXv`hw
kwJy cq]w
hnZninI 9
295
N{kam\w
Nmcpw, Ipcq] [mcnIfmb
\{Xfpw
shfpv \{X kZri
{]Imiknp
896 +
111
BsI
1007
BsI 1007 BWv ]dncnpXv (1000 A)
IV. khntijambn \nconsv \maIcWw
sNsnp 16 tIXp
t]cv
DZb
Zni
AkvXab
Zni
BImin cq]w
hym]vXw
hkmtIXp ]Snmdv
Dcw
------
ikv{Xw
]Snmdv
Dcw
------
I]mew
Ingv
------
------
cu{Zw
Ingv
ZnWw
3/4 `mKw
NetIXp
]Snmdv
ZnW Znn
s HcwKpew
Dbcn,
AhnsS \nv
DcZnnte
v hfp
sImv k
cnpp. A
kvXabw sX
pXs
ZnW Znn
s ]ptcm`m
Kv ImWpw
k]vXjn
aehpw
A`nPn
ehpw kv]
inpp
I({InkvXp Ingv
P\ntm
DZnXv)
tizXw
------
------
civan
tIXp
ImnI\ -----{Xn
------
3/4 `mKw
-----296
alv, kv\nKvw
(hmen)
cqw, p{Zw
kv\nKvw
[mcmfw civanItfmSpw
inJItfmSpw IqSn
Aamhmkn \mfn
iqem{Kw t]mse,
cqamb Xm{ahw
[q{a hw
kv\nKvw+ F
bpKmIrXn (Ipcnip
t]mse) bpKw amdp
thfbn 7 Znhkw Im
Wpw (Acm{Xnv)
PSt]mse cqw,
iymaw
[qahamb inJ
{]Imiknp
(A\nb
XambXv)
]Snmdv
------
------
------
------
]Snmdv
------
------
Pe
tIXp
------
------
------
`h
tIXp
------
------
------
]
]Snmdv
tIXp
Bhw
------
------
kwhw ]ivNna
Znv
------
3/4 `mKw
{[ph
tIXp
IpapZ
tIXp
aWn
tIXp
kv\nKvw
(hmen)
Ingtmp \o inJ
Hcm{Xn ImWpw
kqva\{Xw t]m
se, EPphpw shfp
Xpamb t\ inJ
I, H bmaw am{Xw
ImWpw
apIfn [mcmfw inJ
Xmsg kv\nKvw
(Nqep t]mse)
Hcm{Xnam{Xw ImWpw
ap`mKw kqvaXmc
kZriw, kv\nKvw- ]n
`mKv knwlhmep
t]mse-hmev ZnnW
Znntev \oncnpw
Hcp cm{Xn arWmfw
t]mse shfpXv
\nimw hsc Im
Wmw. Hcp `mKw kv\n
Kvw. adp`mKw khy
amb inJI. AcpW
hw
[q{a Xm{a h
fn inJ iqem{Kw
t]mse kym
thfbn
{]Imiknp
1. 1861 I
2. 1910 II lmen
3. 1862 III
4. 1866 I sSw]
5. 1951 VI t]mkv
hns
6. 1946 V Knbtm_n\n {UmtmWnUpI (Bizn\w)
kn
7. 1911 ii KIES
HmdnKnUvkv, (`m{Zw)
Bt{UmsaUnUvkv (ImnIw,
8. 1852 III _nbe
B{Klmb\w)
9. 1954 IX FtI
tSmdnUpI (Bizn\w,
ImnIw)
10. jqta sehn (1994)
11. lbpXms
12. lment_mv (C/1995-01)
13. Hmn
{]Imiknp
endnUvkv
entd
HmdntbmWnUvkv
HmdntbmWnkv
Kma AIzmdnUvkv
AIzmdn
kvtmn
s]kn
entbm\nkv
s]knUv
entbmWnUvkv
(XncpthmW) Ahnw
FnhbvnSbn A`nPn
n\p kao]w
tcmlnWn, aIocw, Xncphm
Xnc apXembhbvv ASpv
NXbw
A\ngw
aIw, ]qcw, k]vXjn
FnhbvSpv.
ASp \{Xw
Bt{UmsatU D{XmXn, tchXn, AizXn
DtkatPmdnkv kzmXn, k]vXjn
{UmtmWnkv
hnPn\okv
AIzmdn
kmPntdnssb
sPant\mdw
Aw, Nn{X
Ahnw, NXbw
aqew, ]qcmSw, D{XmSw
FnhbvSpv
aIocw, B{Z, iq\I Xmcw
{]Imiknp
300
{]Imiknp
Aymbw 12
AKkvXyNmcw
1. `mt\m hXva hn[mX hrinJtcm hnymNex kvXw`ntXm
hmXm]nap\n Ipn`nXv kpccn]po tb\mkpcx
]oXizmw_p \n[nkvXt]mf Aw_p\n[n\m bmaymN ZnKv`qjnXm
XkymKkvXapt\x ]tbmZypXn IrXmcx kamkm Zbw.
kqcymhcWs XSppsImv Dbcp hnymNes kvXw`n
nh\pw, tZhmcpsS i{Xphmbn ap\namcpsS Ipn ]nfcp hmXm]n
F Akpcs\ Ponn (Zlnn) h\pw, X]mIp Pe \n[n
bm aSens\ hnv ZnW Znn hncmPnph\pw, ]m
t]mse shfp {]Imim ZnWZnn\v Aemc cXv\ambh\p
amb AKkvXy ap\nv {]Wmaw sNmn AKkvXyNmcw hnm
Bcw`npp.
2. kapt{Zm Ax ssieIc \JimXvJmX inJsscx
IrXkvtXmtbmOnymx k]Zn kpXcmw tb\ cpNncx
]Xapm anss{ix{]hcaWn cXv\mw_p\nhsslx
kpcm{]XytZjvSpw knXaIpScXv\m\nh ]pcm
IncoS cXv\ [mcnIfmb tZhmsctmepw a\pjy \ncmIcnp
amdv, ]qImev, kap{ZmambXpw, aIcns \Jw ]Xn
inJctmSp IqSnbXpamb ssien at\mlcamb appt]mse
bpw t{ijvTambnp aWncXv\ Dev]mZnnXpt]msebpw Cu
\{Xw DZnpp.
[aIcsa ]Zn\v ChnsS aIc aysapw aIc cmin Fpw cw]
{]Imiknp
4. {]kv^pcnanPte `PnlyKx
n]vX cXv\ \nKtcm atlmZ[nx
B]mZmw ]ZKtXm ]nbm]n tXmtb\
]oXkentemf ac{inbw
{]kv^pcnp Pe lkvXnIfmepw, \mKfmepw, adp InS
p cXv\tiJcfmepw, IpSnp hns atlmZ[nbnse a
\ndap shw (AKkvXy\m IpSnsSpIbm) AarXamb
{iosb {]m]np.
5. {]Nenan ipn iwJ NnXx kente ]lrtX ]n]Xnx kcnXmw
kXcw KwkntXmXv]e lwk`rXx kckx icZnh _n`n cpNw.
kcnpfpsS ]Xnbmb kap{Zw kenew apgph A]lcns
npw, {]Neamb Xnan, ipn, iwJv, FnhIfm hym]vXambn kX
cwKhpw ip{` hhpw lwk IaemZnIfm tim`nXhpamb kcn
s tim` [cnp.
6. XnanknXmw_p[cw aWn XmcIw
kv^SnI N{ a\w_p icypXn
^Wn^tWm ]e civan inJn {Klw
IpSne tKi hnb NImcb
shtaLsf [cn aWnXmcIw DZnp. kv^SnI hhpw,
Aw_p clnXhpw, icZypXn NnpXpamb icXvme N{\pw hp.
^WnbpsS ^Wnse civan XqIp inJn {Klw (Pzmem {Klw)
IpSneamb (hf) icXvme hnlmbn sXfnp.
7. Zn\IccYam hnOntbf {ipyXw
beOywKapZv {`mhnZym[cmw
kmhk {]nbmhy{KZmw ItZlmhew_mw_cm
iyp{OntXmqb am\[zssPx tim`nXw
IcnISaZaniz cmhtelm\p hmkm\p kmcn
Zzntc^m heot\mamwssKx
IrXm _mW]pjvs]cnthmwkIm
[mcbZv`nrtKss{x k\mYo IrXmwXco \nQcw
KK\XeanthmnJw {]hrss302
{]Imiknp
-PmIrjvS ^p {Zpa {Xmk
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
ZriytX bZnXXx{]Npcmm
`p `hXy `btcmK P\mVbmimXIpw` kZrihpw kv^SnIm`hpambn AKkvXy ap\n`qansb
IncWfm X]nnpIm, [mcmfw Aw Dmhpw. `bhpw tcm
Khpw AI `qan P\ \n_nVamhpw.
22. Dbm hn\nlXx inJn\mhm
p{Zbw acItahN[t
ZriytXk Ine lkvXapss]Xn
CXn {iohcmlanlnc IrXu_rlXv
kwlnXmbm aKkvXyNmscm ZzmZtimymbx
DIfm hn\nlXamtbm inJntbmSpIqSntbm Im hni
pw acWhpw ^ew. kqcy Incminbn {]thinptm am{Xsa
AKkvXys\ kcpw ImWq. tcmlnWnbn {]thinptm AK
kvXy AkvXanbpw sNpw.
ChnsS hcmlanlnc imkv{Xt\mfp]cn IhnbmbnmWv
{]XysSpXv. AKkvtXymZbsbpw AKkvXyNmcsbpw
Npcpndv AKkvtXymZbImes `qanbnse EXpt`Ztbpw,
AKkvXyNmcs BZyambn ]d AKkvXyap\nbpsS Ncn{Xt
bpw IqSpX {]kvXmhnpp.
aS (yellow sea) hnv ssN\bnsenb Ncn{X]pcpj
\mb AKkvXy\pw Atlw \nconv, KWnXknm {]Imcw Nmcw
kv^pSw sNbvsXSp AKkvXyXmchpw Hmbnocp {]{Inb \mw
ImWpp. `mKhXnse icme h\t]mse cpNncamWv AK
kvtXymZbnse icme h\. icmemWv AKkvtXym
Zbw. IpSneamb icme hnlmbn aWnXmcIamb AKkvXy
t\msSmw Hcp \m DZnbvp inJn{Klw (Pzmem{Klw) F tPymXn
ns\ hcmlanlnc {]Xn]mZnppv. aIcamkn ImWp
aIc \{Xhpw aIctPymXnpamWv Cu {]Xn]mZy. Cu AK
kvXy Zi\hpw tPymXnZi\hpw t\Sn ]m]apcmhm As
t]mse Cpw kcpw tamlnpp.
]knmnIbn InSIcmin `mKmWv AKkvtXymZb
sap ]dbpIbpmbn. AioXn`mssKm`ymbmaKkvXym anYp\m
KXmx (anYp\cminbpsS Ay`mKp\nv 80 Awiw ZnW hnt
307
{]Imiknp
308
{]Imiknp
Aymbw 13
k]vXjnNmcw
1. sskImheoh cmPXn kkntXmev]eamen\o klmtkh
\mYhXoh NZn ssKyx Iut_co k]vX`n ap\n`nx
2. {[ph\mb tIm]tZimcn\o thmcm{`aZv`nivN
ssbivNmcalw tXjmw IYbntjy hrKm aXmXv.
tiztXmev]e amen\nbpw almktemebpw Iut_cnbpw k\mY
bpamb k]vXjn aew {[phs\ \mYs D]tZim\pkcWw
DcZnn {`aWw sNbvXv \rw shbvpXmbn hr Kmap\n
bpsS aXw A\pimknpp (ZnW {[phs \{X kaql kln
Xw AKkvXy hnp. Dc {[phs hr Kmy\pw).
3. Bk aLmkpap\bx imkXn
]rYznw bp[njvTntc\r]Xu
jUvZznI]RvPZznbpXx iIImekvXky cmivN.
bp[njvTncs `q`cW Imev aIw \{X kaqlnSpv
k]vXjnI Fn. iIw 2526 tev iIm_vZw tNm bp[n
jvTncImew Inpw.
4. sFssIIan\rt iXw iXwtX Ncn hjmWmw
{]mKpc XivssNtX ktZmZbw tX kamznImx
Hmtcmtcm \{Xn \qdp\qdp hjw hoXw kcnpp
k]vXjnI. Ah Dc ]q Znibn kmznbmb AcpXntbm
sSmw kZm DZnpp.
5. ]q`mtK `Khm acoNnc]tcntXm
hknjvtTmf kvamXv XkymwKncmkvXtXmf
{XnkvXkymkx ]pekvXyivNx ]pelx {IXpcnXn
`Khm\mkm\p {ItaW ]qmZymX{X
hknjvTw ap\nhc ap]m{inXmcpXo kzmzo.
]q`mKv `Khm acoNn. acoNnbpsS ]ivNna`mKv hkn
jvT, AXn\p ]nn AwKncv, ]ns A{Xn, A{XnbpsS ASpv
309
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
Aymbw 14
Iq hn`mKw
1. \{X {Xb hsscmKvt\bmssy hyhnssXh[m `mcXhtj aymXv{]mKmZn hn`mPnXmtZimx
apqp \{X hoXw Hmtcmtcm hamWv. C{]Imcw
HXp h-fpv. Cu hfpsS Bcw`w ImnI \{Xn
emWv. `mcX hjs Ingp apX {]ZnW{Iam\pkmcambn
CXn\m, tZifmn hn`Pnncnpp.
2. `{Zmcn taZamhykmez\o t]mnlm\kw JymXmx
acph tLmjbmap\ kmckzX ayamyanImx
3. amYpc tIm]tPymXnj [mcWym\n iqctk\mivN
Kuc{KothmtlnI ]mp KpUmiz]mmemx
4. kmtIXIwI Ipcp ImetImSn IpIpcmivN ]mcnbm{X
\KxHuZpw_c Im]njvTe KPmlzbmivtNXn ayanXw.
ImnI, tcmlnWn, aIocw \{Xfn hncmPnp
{]tZi:`{Zw, AcntaZw, amhyw, kmezw, \o]w, Dnlm\w, kwJymXw,
acp, htLmjw, bmap\w, kmckzXw, ayw, amyanIw, amYpcw,
D]tPymXnjw, [mcWyw, iqctk\w, kuc{Kohw, DtlnIw,
]mpKpU, AizXy, ]mmew, kmtIXw, IwIw, Ipcp, ImetImSn,
IpIpcw, ]mcnbm{X\Kw, HuZpw_cw, I]njvTew, lkvXn\mtZiw Ch
ayatZi.
5. AY ]qkym aRvP\ hrj`zP ]ameyhZvKncbx hym{LapJ kqva IS Nm{]pcmxiq Im ivN.
6. JkaK[ in_ncKncnanYne kaXsSuw KmizhZ\ZpcImx
{]mKvtPymXnjeulnXyotcmZ kap{Z ]pcpjmZmx
311
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
aqew
aIw
{]Imiknp
318
{]Imiknp
Aymbw 15
\{Xhyqlw
1. BKvt\tbknX IpkpamlnXmKv\n a{ kq{X `mjym
BIcnI\m]n XZznP LSImc ]ptcmlnXm_vZm
shfp ]pjv]w, AKv\n tlm{XnI, a{m, kq{X`mjy
m\nI, BIcnIm, ZznPm, Ipw`Imcm, ]ptcmlnXm,
A_vZm Chsms BKvt\b tImWpw, ImnI kaql
hpamWv B{ibw.
2. tcmlnWymw kp{hX ]Wy`q][ \ntbmK bp imISnIm;
tKmhrj PeNc IjI intemssbcykm
kp{hX, ]Wy hkvXp, cmPmm, [\nIm, tbmK
bp, tKm, hrj, PeNc, IjI, intemb,
Ncyk Fnh tcmlnWo kaqlns A[o\XbnemWv.
3. arKinckn kpc`n hkv{Xm_vP Ipkpa^e cXv\h\Nc hnlwKm;
arKtkma]oYn Km ImapI teJlmc.
kpc`n, hkv{Xw, ] Ipkpaw, ^ew, cXv\w, h\Ncw, ]nI,
arK, tkma]m, Km, ImapIm, FgppI sImp
t]mIph (Cmev t]m UnmvsapIm) Fnh arK
incn\v A[o\amWv.
4. cut{Zh[_m\rX]c ZmckvtXb imTyt`ZcXmx
Xrj[m\y XovWma{m`nNmc thXme Ix
h[w, _w, AkXyw, ]cZmclcWw, imTyw, t`Zw Fnhbn
cXnbphcpw, sNdpXcw [m\yfpw, XovW a{w sImv B`nNmc
Iw sNphcpw, thXmfI m\nIfpw XncphmXncbvv
A[o\amWv.
5. BZntXy kXyuZmcyiuNIpecq] [obtimbpXmx
Da[m\yw hWnPx tkhm`ncXm; kinev]nP\mx
319
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
k]ujvWssa{Xw ]nXrssZhXwN
{]Pm]t`wNIrjohem\mw.
29. BZnXylkvXm `nPnZmizn\m\n
hmWnKv P\m\mw {]hZn`m\n
aqem{Xn t\{Xm \nehmcpWm\n
`m\yp{KPmtX{]`hnjvWpXmbmw.
]q ^mKp\n, ]qmjmVw, ]q`{Z]mZw, ImnI Fnh
{_mlvaWpw Dc ^mKp\n, Dc BjmVw, Dc `{Z]mZw,
]pjyw Fnh {Xnbpw A[nImcnIfmWv. tchXn, A\pcm[,
aIw, AizXn Fnh sshiymWv. aqew, B{Z, kzmXn, iXm`njw
Fnh D{KPmXnImWv.
30. kutay{Nn{Xmhkp ssZhXm\n
tkhmP\kzmay]p]mKXm\n
km hnimJ {ihtWm `cWyme
PmtXcnXn \nnimn.
aIocw, Xrt, Nn{X, Ahnw Fnh tkhImcpsS kzman
bmWv. Bbneyw, hnimJw, XncpthmWw, `cWn NmemcpsS kzman
bmbn \ntinsncnpp.
31. chn chnkpXt`mKamKXw nXn
kpXt`Z\h{IZqjnXw
{KlWKXatYmbm lXw
\nbXapjmIc]oUnXw NbXv.
32. XZp]lXanXn{]NtX {]IrXn hn]cybbmXtahhm
\nKZnX]cnhZqjWw IYnX hn]cybKw karytb
CXn{iohcml anlncIrXu _rlXv
kwlnXmbmw \{Xhyql; ]Ztimymb;
GXp \{Xw kqcy\n \npw i\nbn \npw aphpw, sNm
bm t`ZnsXpw h{IZqjnXhpw, {KlWw kw`hnpXpw D
Ifm ]oUnnsXpw BbnmWppthm AX\pkcnv AXmXv
324
{]Imiknp
325
{]Imiknp
Aymbw 16
{Kl`n
1. {]mMv \Zm, timsWuwKhwK
kplvamx IenwK _moImxiI
bh\aK[ i_c {]mKvtPymXnjNo\Imwt_mPmx
2. taIe IncmXhnSIm _lncx
ssiePm ]penmivN {ZhnUm\mw
{]mKw ZnWIqew Nbap\mbmx
3. Nwt_mZpw_c Iuimn tNZnhnym
`hnIenwKmivN ]p{m tKmemw
iqe{io ]X ham\mivN
4. CpaXoXyY Xkvc ]mcXImmc
tKm]_oPm\mw Xrj[m\y ISpI
XcpI\IZl\ hnjkaciqcmWmw
5. t`jPnjIv NXpjv]ZIrjnIc
\r]lnw{kbmbNucmWmw
hymemcWybtimbpX XovWm\mw
`mkvcx kzman,
\ZbpsS ]qmw, timWw, AwKw, hwKw, kplvaw, IenwKw,
_moIw, iIw, bh\w, aK[w, i_cw, {]mKv tPymXnjw, ssN\,
Imwt_mPw, taIew, IncmXw, hnSIw, KncnbpsS A, _ln`mK
(Kncn{hPw), ]penw, {ZmhnUtZins ]qmw, bap\bpsS
sXtSw, Nw_m, DZpw_cw, Iuimw_n, tNZn, hnyShn, IenwKw,
]p{w, tKmemwKqew, {io]Xw, ham\w, CpaXoXocw Fo
tZipw, Xkvcm, ]mcXm (apph), Immcm, tKm]
_oP, Xrj[m\yw, ISpmacw, I\Iw, AKv\n, hnjw, bphoc
m, Huj[, sshZym, NXpjv]Z, IjI, cmPmm,
lnwkIm, ImfkmZnIfpw Zwinp Pp Fnhbvpw
XovWfmb Imphn`hpw kzman kqcy\mWv.
326
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
333
{]Imiknp
Aymbw 17
{Klbpw
1. bpw bYmb `mhm `hnjy ZmZniytX{XnImess
XZznm\mw IctW abmIrXw kqcyknmmXv.
{XnImem bpw Ftmsgtm `hnpw Fp ]dn
pv. Fm cNns IcW* {Kn (]knmnIbn)
kqcyknm {]Imcap {Klbphnm\w ]dbsp Ignp.
2. hnbXnNcXmw {KlmWm ap]cyp]cym am kwm\mw
AXnZqcmZrKvhnjtb kaXm anhkw{]bmXm\mw.
*kqcyknm{KlbpXy[nImcn awKemZn]{Klw awK
emZn ]{KltfmsSmp Im bpw: N{s\mp Im
kamKaw; kqcys\mp Im AkvXa\w.
{Kl Hn\p apIfn Hmbn XmmfpsS amn
(Iybn- nXn sNbvXv kcnbvbmWv. AXnZqcn \npw
Znptm kaXsb (kam\s- Htc m\s) {]m]n
Xpt]mse tXmpIbmWv. CXns\bmWv {Klbpsap ]dbpXv.
3. Bk {IatbmKZvt`tcmtJmw ipa\m]ksshybpw
NXpjv{]Imcw ]cmicmssZp\n`ncpw
]cmicmZnIfmb aljnam Bkamb {IatbmKm
DtJw, Awipa\w, t`Zw, A]khyw Fv \mephn[w {Klbp
sf ]dnpv.
4. t`tZhrjvSnhn\mtimt`Z; kplrZmw almIpe\mwN
DttJ ikv{X `bw a{nhntcm[x{]nbmXzw.
t`Zn hrjvSn\mihpw, kplrppw almIpepw
CSbn `nnpw kw`hnpw. DtJn Bbp[ `bhpw a{n hntcm
[hpw Zp`nw tlXphmbn An sImXnbpw Dmhpw.
5. Awiphntcm[ bpm\n `qXmw ikv{XcpIvp Zhax
bpt Nm]y]kthy`hn bpm\n `q]m\mw.
334
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
339
{]Imiknp
Aymbw 18
N{{Kl kamKaw
1. `m\mwbYm kw`haptcWw bmtXm
{KlmWmw bZnhmiimx
{]ZnWwX NXr`IrcmWmw bmtay
\tbmtXminhx iimx
{KlfptStbm \{X hyqlfptStbm Dc `mKmbnv
N{ kcnp]w, B kmcn\v {]ZnWw F t]cv
]dbpw. AXv a\pjyv ip`IcamWv. adnv ZnW `mKp N{
Ka\w a\pjyv awKfIca.
2. N{ambZnIpPky bmXyZIv ]mXob
_eimeo\mw Pbx
{Xnbmx {]apZnXmx kbmbnt\m
`qcn[m\yapZnXmhkpcm.
sNmbpsS Dc `mKmbn N{ kcnm _eimen
Ifmb ]mXnbv Pbw e`npw. XfpsS bmbn (]m]n) ItfmSp
IqSn {Xnbm B\npw. ]rYzn[m\y ktmSp IqSn ljnX
bmbn Xocpw.
3. DcXx kzkrXky iimx
]ucPbmb kp`nIc
kky kkyNbw IpcptX P\Nmn
tImiNbw N \cm[n]Xo\mw
N{ _p[s Dc`mKv kcnptm ]ucmv Pb
hpw, kp`nhpw Dmhpw. kky h\hn\m cmPmmcpw
B\npw.
4. _rlkvtXcpctK iimt
]ucZznP {Xnb ]nXm\mw
340
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
342
{]Imiknp
Aymbw 19
{Klhj^ew
1. k{X`q hncekkybpXm h\m\n
ssZhmZzn `bnjpZw jv{Sn kamhrXm\n
kynss\hN ]bx {]Npcw kv{Xhtym
cpKv t`jPm\n\XYm Xn_em \znXm\n.
2. XovWw X]XyZnXnPx inintc]nImte
\mXyw _pZm PeartNmf NeknImimx
\jvS{]`KW ioX Icw \`ivN
koZn Xm]kIpem\nktKmIpem\n.
3. lkvXyiz]naZkly_sse cqt]Xm
_mWmk\mkn apkemXn ibmivNcn
Lvtm \r]mbp[n \r]m\Nssc ivNtZim
kwhtc Zn\ Icky Znt\f Yamtk.
kwhcn\pw, amkn\pw, Zn\n\pw kzmanbmbnv kqcy
Ccnp ImeLn `qanbn k{X kkyhncfX A\p`hs
Spw. h\`qanIfn FmbnSpw hrfn IoS_m[ hcpw. \ZnI
fn Pew Ipdbpw. Huj[nIv _ew Ipdbpw. ioXw A\p`hs
tS inincImept]mepw kqcy XovWambn NqSv Xcpw. ]X
kam\fmbn DcppIqSp taL ag XcnIbn. \`n N{
tbpw \{XfptSbpw {]` \jvSamIpw. ]ippw X]kznI
pw ZpxJw Dmhpw. Aizfpw, lkvXnIfpw, ImemSbpw D
_ehmmcmb cmPmm [mcmfw Akv{Xhpw, hnpw, hmfpw apke
hpw apw tiJcnv XmmfpsS A\pNcmtcmSpIqSn bpn\p
]pdsv kakvX tZitfbpw \innpw.
4. hym]vXw \`x {]NenXmNe knImssi hymemRvP\menKheO hn`ox ]tbmssZx
Kmw ]qcbZv`ncJnemaem`ncZv`n
cpXvWvT tI\ KpcpWm [Sh\n tX\Nmimx
343
{]Imiknp
5. tXmbm\n]Zv aIpaptZmev]ehyXoh
^p{ZpamWyp ]h\m\y en\mZnXm\n.
Kmhx {]`qX ]btkm\b\m`ncmam
cmam cssZchncXw cabn cmam.
6. tKm[qaimeobh[m\y htcphmSm
`qx]meytX \rP]Xn`nKcmIcmVym
NnXynXm {IXp]tcjvSn hn[pjvS\mZm
kwhtc ininctKmc`nkw {]hrt.
N{ kzmanbmbncnp ImeLn, Nenp ]X
p Xpeyhpw ARvP\\ndap hymfo kZrihpambn, alm taL
\`msI hym]npp: DXvWvbpfhmp hepXmb [z\n
(CSn) apgnsmv ZniIsf ]qcnnpp. Ah hnaeamb Pew hjn
pp. ktcmhcfn ]w, IpapZw, Dev]ew Fnh hnScpp, D]
h\sf ^p {Zpafmepw {`ac kwKoXmepw \ndbvpp. ]ip
[mcmfw ]m Npcpp. \b\m`ncmaIfmb kpcnam (cmam)
cXntbmSpIqSn AhncXw cmamsc cannpp.
tKmXv, imen, bhw apXemb t{ijvT[m\yfm karamb
`qansb cmPmm kwcnpp. ssNXyfn bfpsS
awKf [z\n apgpp.
(kqcy\m `cnbvsSp Dcmb\nepw N{\m `cnbv
sSp ZnWmb\nepw D `qanbpsS AhI tPymXnjw
Cs\bmWv hnhcnpXv. agbn \nv Ahpw An \nv
tcXpw tcXn \nv {]Pbpw DmIp ImeamWv ZnWmb\
sav D]\njpIfn \npw {KlnpI).
7. AXypXm hnbXn kwlX aqtbm ]n
apRvPn \IzNn Z]x {]Npcw ]tbmZmx
koav\n {]Pm Xa]n timjapss]Xn kkyw
\njv] a]yhn\bm Z]tc lcn.
8. `q]m\ kayK`n]me\k Nnmx
]ntmcpIv {]NpcXm`pPK {]tIm]x
Ghw hnss[cp]lXm `hXn {]tPbw
kwhtcf h\nkpX kyhn] kkym.
344
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{ioaXvktcmcplXXmw_pXSmKIom
tbmtjh `mXy`n\hm`ctWmzemwKo.
17. {Xw nXu]nX `qcn_emcn]
apZv LqjvSs\ IPb i_vZhncmhnXmiw
kwlrjvS injvS P\ZpjvS hn\jvS hmw
Kmw ]mebyh\n]m\Kcm IcmVyw
18. t]]o btX a[p a[u klIman\o `nPvtPKobtX {ihWlmcnkthWp hoWmw
t_m`pPytXf XnYnkplrXv kzPss\xklma_vtZ knXky aZ\ky PbmhtLmjx
ip{I kwhcns kzmanbmbncns Pew [cnv `mcw
Npa KncnirwKp Xpeyfmb taL (kvX\) tfmSp IqSnb
`qan, XSmIn \nv Ipfnod\mbn hv ]pXp]p B`cWf
Wnv DzemwKnbmb XcpWnsbtmse at\mlcnbmbncnpp.
imens\pw Icnpw [mcmfw hfcpp. i{Xpsf bnnpXpw,
t]mjnnpXpamb PbPb i_vZfm ZnpI apJcnXamp
`q]mem injvSmp ktmjhpw ZpjvSmp km]hpw hf
pp. hkEXphn a\pjy Iman\namtcmsSmv hmcw hmcw a[p
]m\w sNbvXv {ihW lmcnIfmb thWp Km\hpw hoWm\mZhpw DXn
pp. AXnYn, kplrp, _p FnhtcmsSmw
arjvSmw `pPnpp. C{]Imcw aZ\s PbmhtLmjw ip{Ihj
n apgpp.
19. DZvhr ZkypKpW `qcncWmIpem\n
cmjv{SmWyt\I ]iphnhn\mIrXm\n
tcmcqbamWv lX _pPss\ Pss\ivN
tcmtKm amIpe Ipem\n _p`pbmN.
20. hmtXmyXmw _p[chnXacoamcpKvW ss\IhnS]w N[cmXew Zyux
\jvSm N{IncWmXnctPmf h\z
tXmbmibmizhnPem, kcntXmf ]nXpx
21. PmXm\n Ip{X NnZtXmbXbmhn\mikrOn ]pjvSn a]cmWn PtemnXm\n
347
{]Imiknp
kkym\na\vZa`nhjXn hr{Xi{Xu
htjZnhmIckpXky kZm{]hrt.
i\n kzmanbmbncns tamjWw sNphcmepw bpfmepw
kakvX cmPyhpw hymIpeamIpp. ]ipfpw [\hpw \jvSamIpp.
_phntbmKm a\pjy Icbpp. hnipw tcmKfpw sImv
temIw hebpp. BImin taLw hcptmsgms Ahsb Im
Snv ]dnfbpp. Acow taL clnXhpw \ocmhn clnXhp
amIpp. `qanbmIs tcmKfm hebpp kqcyN{mcpsS IncW
t]mepw {]`mclnXfmWv. Pemib hpp. \ZnI Ir
imwKnIfmbnocpp. PecmlnXym [m\y CmXmhpp.
apNne efn shsmsSpXnI kw`hnpp. C{
[m\ysf \Ip Pes aaw am{Xw CShnv hjnpp.
22. AWp c]SpaYtJm \oNtKm ss\ntXmbm
\ kIe^eZmXm ]pjvSn tZmtXm\yYmbx
bZzip` aipt`f _vtZ amkPw Xkyhrnx
ip`^e a]nssNhw bm]yat\ym\yXmbm.
CXn {iohcmlanlncIrXu _rlXv kwln
Xmbmw {Klhj^etatIm\ hntimymbx
GsXmcp {Klw p{Zhpw, ]pjvSnbnm IncWtmSp IqSn
bXpw, \oNnXhpw, ap {Klm ]cmPbsXpw, Bbncnpp
thm, B {Klw kIe ^eZmXmhpw ]pjvSnZhpw BIm kmyXbn.
A{]Imcap {Klw kwhcnttbm amknttbm kzmanbmbn
cpm Aip` ^efpmhpw. adnmsWn ip`^ew e`npw.
348
{]Imiknp
Aymbw 20
{KlirwKmSIw
1. bkymw ZninZriyt hnin Xmcm{Klm chnw kt
`hXn `bw Znin Xkymambp[ tIm]p[mXssx
GXp ZnibnemtWm Xmcm{Kl khpw kqcy\n {]thin
pXpt]mse ImWsSpXv, B Znibn Bbp[ tIm]w, hniv,
ZpxJw FnhsImv `bw kw`hnpp.
2. N{I[\px irwKmSIZ]pc{]mkh{Pkwm\mx
pZhrjvSnIcmtemtI kacmb Nam\th{mWmw.
N{Iw, [\pv, irwKmSIw (NXpjv]Zw), Zw, ]pcw, {]mkw,
h{Pw FnhbpsS BIrXnbn {Kl hn\yknsXmbn
Ftm ImWppthm Atm hniv, AhrjvSn, cmPmm Xn
bpw FnhsImv temI IjvSsSpp.
3. bkvan kzwtiZriy{Klamem Zn\Itc Zn\mKtX
X{Xmt\ym`hXn \r]x ]cNt{Im]{ZhivNalm.
Zn\myn kqcyIncW AkvXan tijw AtX AwiI
n {Klame ZriyamIp]w B tZin (]ivNnatZiw) A\y
cmPmhns `cWw kw`hnpw (]pXnb `cWw hcpw). ]cN{In
(]qmtKmf tZin) almb D]{Zh AXn\m Gs
SpIbpw sNpw.
4. bkvan rt Ipcypx kamKaw X\m {Klml\ypx
Ahnt`Z\mx ]ckv]caae abqJmx inhmkvtXjmw
GXp \{XnemWv {KlfpsS kamKaw ({Klame) ImWp
Xv B \{Xns P\v hn\miw kw`hnpp. {Kl
]ckv]cw hnt`ZnmsX, Aae abqJtfmsS ImWsSp]w
ip`^eZmbIfmWv.
5. {Klkwh kamKaktmlkamP kn ]mXmJymx
tImitiztXyjm a`nLmtkyeWw k^ew.
349
{]Imiknp
350
{]Imiknp
Aymbw 21
K`eWw
1. Aw PKXx{]mWmx {]mhrVv Imeky Nmambw.
bkvamZXx ]coyx {]mhrVvImex{]bXvt\\.
AamWv PKns {]mW. hjmew sImmWv Aw
e`yamIpXv. AXn\m {]bXv\nv hjIme ]co sNWw.
2. XWm\n ap\n`nym\n \n_m\nXm\n ZrjvtSzZw
{InbtX K]cmic Imiy] hmymZncNnXm\n.
Rm Cu K`eWw cNnncnpXv K, ]cmic, Imiy
], hmy apXemb ap\namcm hncNnXamb IrXnIsf k{iw
t\mnbnmWv.
3. ssZhhnZhlnXNntmZyp\niw tbmK`etW`hXn.
Xkyapt\cnh hmWo\`hXn anymw _p\ntti.
GsXmcp ssZhhnv (ssZh) AhlnX NntmsS
({i tI{oIcnv) cmI K`eWs a\\w sNppthm,
B ssZhhN\w, ap\nhmIyw t]msebmWv. AbmfpsS taLKWn
Xhpw Aw_p \ntihpw Hcnepw anybmhpIbn (sXntmhpI
bn).
4. InwhmXx ]ca\yOmkv{Xw PymtbmkvXn bZznZnssXzh
{]zwkn\y]nImte {XnImeZio Ieu`hXn
GsXmcp imkv{Xs Adnm, IenImepIqSn Hcm {Xn
Ime Zinbmbnocppthm B imkv{Xtm t{ijvTambn as
pv?
5. tINnZzZn ImnIipmaXoXy K` Znhkmx kypx
\Xp XXw _lp\mw KmZo\mw aXw hty
Nne ]dbpp, ImnI amknse ip]mynemWv
351
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
358
{]Imiknp
Aymbw 22
K` [mcWw
1. tPyjvTkntXf jvSaym Xzmtcmhmbp [mcWm Znhkm;
arZpip` ]h\m; ikvXm; kv\nKv[ L\ KnXKK\m.
tPyjvTamknse ip ]mjvSan apX \mep Znhktv
hmbphns K`[mcW ZnhkfmWv. KK\w arZpeamb ip`]h\\m
epw kv\nKvL\fmepw t{ijvTambnocpp.
2. Xss{Xh kzmXymsZyhrjvtS `NXpjvStb {Iamamkm;
{imhW]qm tbmw ]cnkvXrXm [mcWmkvXm; kyp;
AXn kzmXn apXemb \mep \{Xfn hjw kw`hn
p ]w {imhWw apX {Ianep \mep amkfn hrjvSn
e`npIbn.
3. bZnXm; kyptcI cq]m; ip`mkvXX; kmcmkvXp
\ inhmbXkvIc`bZm; t{]mm;
tmImzm]y{X hmknjvTm;
Cu \mep Zn\fn GsXnepsamv ip`^eZmbnbmbnpw
asmv Aip` ^eZmbnbmbnpw Im XkvIc`bapmIpsav
hknjvT aljnbpsS tmIw ]dbpp.
4. khnZypX; k]rjX; k]mw kqXv IcamcpXm;
km N{ ]cnOm [mcWm; ip`[mcWm;
sshZypXn (Zman\n), ]rjXw (PeIWw), s]mSn]SetmSpIqSnb
Imv, kqcyN{msc BhcWw sNbvX taLw Fns\bp K`
[mcWw ip` K` [mcWamWv.
5. bZmXp hnZypX; t{ijvTm;
ip`mim{]Xyp]nXmx
XZm]n kkkym\mw
hrnw {_qbmXvhnNW.
359
{]Imiknp
360
{]Imiknp
Aymbw 23
{]hjWw
1. ssPjvTymw kaXoXmbmw ]qmjmVm Znk{hrjvtS\.
ip`aiq`w hm hmNyw ]cnWmaw Nmw`kkvXssx
tPyjvTbnse ]uanbn hjapmb tijw ]qmjmV
\{Xnepw hjw kw`hnm agbpsS ]cnamWw (Afhv), AXp
sImpmImhp ip`mip` Fnh m\nIp {]hNnmw.
2. lkXvhnimew IpI a[nIrXmw_p
{]amW \ntix ]miXv]eamVI
at\\ an\pbmRvPew ]XnXw.
Hcp In IpIw (Hcp ]m{Xw) FSpv Pens {]amWw
\ntinWw (Hcp lkvXw hnimeamb ]m{Xw agbv shv AXn
\ndbp shns Afh\pkcnv hjw {]hNnWw). ]m{Xn
s Afhv AXp ]eamWv. ]m{Xw shw sImp \ndbp ]w
agbpsS ]cnamWw Hcp BVIw (Hcp ]d).
3. tb\ [cn{Xo ap{Zm P\nXm hm]nhkvXrWmt{Kjp
hrjvtS\ tX\ hmNyw ]cnamWx hmcnWx {]Yaw.
ag hogptm `qanta ap{ZI P\nnpItbm, ]ppp
Ifn Pe_np ImWpItbm sNbvXm B hjn \nmWv
Pens {]Ya ]cnamWw (BZys Afhv) ]dtbXv.
4. tINnZyYm `nhrjvSw Zi tbmP\
aew hZyt\y K hknjvT
]cmic aX taXZv ZzmZ im ]cw.
Nne ]dbpp ImWmhp Zqcnep agbpsS AfhmWsXv.
ap NnecpsS A`n{]mbw ]ptbmP\ aens hjamsW
mWv. K, hknjvT, ]cmic FnhcpsS aX{]Imcw 12
tbmP\ (48 tImiw) bpsS AIv FmWv.
361
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
363
{]Imiknp
Aymbw 24
tcmlnWotbmKw
1. I\Iinem NbhnhcPXcpIpkpamkwKnw a[pIcm\pcptX
_lphnlK Ielkpc bphXn KoX a{kzt\m]ht\
2. kpc \neb inJcn inJtc _rlkv]Xn \mcZmb bm\ml
K]cmicImiy]abmivN bmnjy kwtLiyx
{`ac ]qfn BkntbmSpIqSv Xv[wImcw apgn Nppw
]dpXpw, At\Iw ]nIfpsS IfKoXw apgpXpw, tZhkv{Xo
IfpsS KoX a{kzcw ]cpXpamb tZhtemIns sImSpapSnbn
se D]h\n hrphnse I\Iinebn Ccpv _rlkv]Xn
\mcZ\v D]tZinpsImSpXpw, K, ]cmic, Iiy], ab
apXembhcm XmmfpsS injykwLp ]TnnsXp
amb N{s tcmlnWotbmKw ]dbmw.
3. Xm\htemIy bYmhXv {]mPm ]tXyp k{tbmKmm
kzev] {Kt \mlw Xmt\hmiypZytXm hpw.
B ]qPcpsS IrXnIsf t\mn, {]Pm]Xn (tcmlnWn) tbm
Sp Cphns kw{]tbmKmw Cu sNdnb {Kn ]dbp
Xn\v Rm DZyp\mbncnpp.
4. {]tPi amjmV Xan{k ]t
]m ItctWm]KXw kaoy
hhyanjvSw PKtXmf ip`w hm
imkvt{Xm ] tZimZv {Kl NntI\.
BjmV amknse IrjvW ]n tcmlnWn N{t\mSp
tNcpXpsImv PKns ip`mip` imkvt{Xm]tZia\pkcnv
{Kl NnIm ]dbpp.
5. tbmtKm bYm \mKXv Gh hmNyx
k [njvWb tbmKx IctW atbmx
364
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
Aymbw 25
kzmXotbmKw
1. bt{ZmlnWo tbmK^ew XtZh
kzmXmhjmVm klntX N Nt{.
BjmV ipIvf \nJnew hnNnyw
tbmf kvan hntijkvXalw {]hty.
tcmlnWo tbmK^ew F{]Imctam A{]Imcw XsbmWv
kzmXotbmK^ehpw BjmVtbmK^ehpw. BjmV amknse
ipIvf ]n Fmw hnNn\w sNbvXp thWw ChbpsS hntij
^e ]dbpXv.
2. kzmXu \nimwti {]Ytaf `nhrjvtS
kkym\n kmWyp ]bmn hrjvSnw.
ZznXotb XneapZvKamjm
ss{Kjvaw XrXotbf kvXn\ imcZm\n.
kzmXnbn cm{XnbpsS {]Yamwin hjapmbm k
{]Imcap kkypw A`nhrn Dmhpw. ZznXobmwin h
jnm Fv, apZvKw, amjw Fnhbvpw XrXobmwin hjn
m {KojvaImepmhp kkypw A`nhrn ]dbmw.
Fm icZrXphnse hnfhpIv A`nhrn DmIbn.
3. hrjvtSf lv\n `mtK {]Yta kphrjvSnkvXZz ZznXotbXpkIoS km.
hrjvSnkvXp aym]c `mKhrjvtS
\nivNn{Z hrjvSn Zyp\niw {]hrjvtS.
]Iens {]Ya`mKnsen kphrjvSn; cmw `mKnsen
k IoSmZnI; ay, A]c`mKfnsen kphrjvSn. cmIenm
sX ag s]pw.
4. kaaptcWXmcm Nn{Xmbmx
IontX ly]mwhx
Xkymkt Nt{ kzmtXtmKx inthm `hXn
373
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
Aymbw 26
BjmVotbmKw
1. BjmVymw kaXpenXm[nhmknXm\mat\yZypcyZ[nIXm apss]Xn _oPw
XZv hrn `hXn \ PmbtX bZq\w
at{mf kvan `hXn Xpem`n a{Wmb.
BjmV ]uanbvv D{XmSn N{ \nptm k
m _oPhpw [mcmfw hnbpw ]ntv henw hnbpw sN
bvXm B [m\yv karn DmIbn. Ahbn Xpem`na{W
sa a{w P]nWw.
2. kvtXmXhym a{ tbmtK\ kXymtZho kckzXo
Zibnjy knbXv kXyw ktXy kXy{hXm lykn.
kXymtZhnbmb kckzXnsb C{]ImcamWv a{tbmKw sImv
(Xpemamknse A`na{Ww sImv) kvXpXntXv. tl, kXy
tZhnbmb kckzXo, AhnSpv kXyn kXy{hXbmWv; AXn\m
kXyw Zinpp.
3. tb\ ktXy\ N{mtm
{Ktlm tPymXnWmkvXYm.
DnjvTol ]qtW
]ivNZkvXw {hPnN.
Cu kwkmcn GXv kXyns _ememtWm N{\pw
kqcy\pw {Kl \{XmZn tPymXnWfpw ]qn DZnbvbpw
]noSv (]Snmdv Fpw) AkvXanbvbpw sNpXv,4. bXyw kthtZjp bXv kXyw {_lvahmZnjp
bXv kXyw {Xnjp temtIjp XXv kXyanl ZriyXmw.
GXp kXyamtWm k thZnepw, k {_lvahmZnIfnepw,
aqp temIfnepw CcnbvpXv B kXys ChnsS ImWnp
Xmepw.
375
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
378
{]Imiknp
Aymbw 27
hmX N{Iw
1. ]qx ]q kap{ZhoNn inJc {]kv^me\mLqnXivN{mmwipkSm`nLmX IentXm
hmbpcyZm[yiXx ss\ImnX \oetaL]Semw imcZy kwhnXmw hmktmXvS
kkyanX Xem hnZymYm taZn\ow.
Ing Imv ]qkap{ZhoNninJcsf kv]inpsImp
hoipIbpw, kqcykvXab thfbn N{ kqcy IncWfpsS kS
sImv A`nLmXw sNs t]mse ImWpIbpw, GImnXamb
\oetaL ]SetfmSpIqSn icZrXphrn {]m]nbpw sNbvX `qan
bn hkImev kkkyfpw A`nhrn {]m]np ImWmw.
2. bZmKvt\tbm hmbpebinJcm kv^me\ ]Spx
hXykvan tbmtK `KhXn]XwtK {]hkXn
XZm\ntXymo]vXm Pze\inJncmenwKnX Xem kzKmt{Xmtjvam OzmsskaXn hkp[m `kva\nIcw
BKvt\b tImWnse hmbp, aeb ]X inJcsf kv]inp
sImv hoiptm, ZntXymo]vXbpw Pzenbvp sImSpapSnIfm
BenwK\w sNs {]XetmSpIqSnbhfpw kzKm{Xns Dujva
famb DOzmkn \npmb [qfo`kvaamIp hkv{Xw [cnhfp
amb `qaotZhn NndIpI e`nhsftmse io{LKa\w sNm
Bcw`npp.
3. Xmeo]{X eXmhnXm\Xcp`nx imJmarKm\w
tbmtKf kvan hXn [z\\w kp]cptjm
hmbpcyZm ZnWx ktm tZymK kapXmivN
KPhmempssiLnXmx Io\mim Ch ahmcn
IWnIm apRvPXn taLmkvXZm.
]cpjamb ZnWhmbp (sX Imv) i_vZtmSpIqSn ]mdn
hcptm, imJmarK \\w sNp Xmehrfpw eXm
379
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
381
{]Imiknp
Aymbw 28
ktZymhrjvSn eWw
1. hjm {]ivt\ kene \nebw iinam{inXy Nt{m
eKv\w bmtXm `hXn bZnhm tI{Kmx ip]t.
kussay ZrjvSx {]Npc apZIw ]m]ZrjvtSm hev]aw`x
{]mhrVvImte krPXn\ Nncm{hZv `mthm ]n
hj{]iv\n, N{ PecminIfmb InSIw, Ipw`w,
ao\w, I\y, aIcw apXembhsb B{ibnv eKv\ntem tI{n
tem, kuay {Kl ZrjvS\mbncnp ip]n [mcmfw ag Inpw.
]m]ZrjvSs\n Ipdt ag In q; ]ns Iptd Imetv ag Inp
Ibpan. ip{I\pw N{\p Xpeyamb ^eamWv XcnI.
2. B{Zw {Zhyw kv]riXnbZnhm hmcnXXv kwIwhm
tXmbmktm `hXn bZnhm tXmb ImtmptJmhm
{]jvSm hmNyx keneaNncmZkvXn\nx kwitb\
]pOmImtekene anXnhm{iqbsXb{X i_vZx
{]iv\w tNmZnm h hyn tNmZnp kabv B{Z
hkvXp kv]intbm PekwIambtXm Pew Xstbm
sXmsm, AXnSptm \ntbm; {]iv\ thfbn PehmNIamb
i_vZw tI-tbm sNbvXm hfsc thKw agbpmhpsav \n
tlw {]hNnmw.
3. DZb inJcn kwtm Zp\ncotymf XnZo]vXym
{ZpX I\I\nImix kv\nKv[sshUqcyImnx
XZl\n IpcptXf w`kvtXmbImte hnhkzm
{]X]XnbZnthmssx Jw KtXm XohXovWw
agmev kqcy`Khm DZb inJcnkw\mbn Zp \ncoy
ambn AXnZo]vXambn NpsSp kzw t]msetbm kv\nKv[ ssh
Uqcy ImntbmSpIqSntbm ImWpIbpw, Dthfbn BImin
AXnXovWambn X]nbvpIbpw sNp ]w [mcmfw ag
e`npw.
382
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
387
{]Imiknp
Aymbw 29
IpkpaeX
1. ^eIpkpa kw{]hrnw h\kv]Xo\mw
hntemIy hntbw kpe`Xzw
{ZhymWmw \njv]n zm]n kkym\mw.
h\kv]XnIfpsS ^efpw ]pjv]fpw [mcmfaptm Fp
t\mnbm {ZhyfpsS kpe`Xzhpw \njv]nbpw {Klnmw.
2. imte\ Iae imeocmtimtI\ cimenivN
]mqIx ocnIbm\oemtimtI\kqIcbx
3. \y t{Kmt[\ Xp bhIkvXnp I hrym
N jjvSn tIm `hXn Aizt\
tbm\njv]nx kkkym\mw.
ime]pjv]m IaeimenbptSbpw cmtimIm c
imenbptSbpw ocnIsImv ]mqInsbpw \oemtimIw
sImv kqIcIntbpw A`nhrn {]hNnmw. \yt{Km[w sImv
bhIntbpw XnpIw sImv jjvSnI[m\yfptSbpw hrn {Kln
mw. Aizns A`nhrn sImv k kkyfpsSbpw A`n
hrn {]hNnmw.
4. Pw_q`nkvXneamjmx incoj
hrym N IwKp\njv]nx
tKm[qamivN a[qssIh
hrnx k]vX]t\.
Pw_phrm Xnew, amjw FnhbptSbpw incojw sImv
IwKphnsbpw k]vX ]w sImv tKmXv, a[qIw FnhbptSbpw
A`nhrn A\pam\nmw.
5. AXnapIIpmymw Imkw kj]m\ztZZiss\x
_Zco`n Ipemw nc_ntez\mZnti apZvKm
388
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
390
{]Imiknp
Aymbw 30
kym eWw
1. AmkvXanXm \pZnXmXv
kqcymZkv]jvSw \t`m bmhXv
XmhXv kymImeivNnlvss\tcssXx ^ew Nmkvan.
{]XnZn\w kqcymkvXabw apX \{X BImin
sXfnbpXphscbp kabhpw, \{X AkvXanv kqtcymZbw
hscbp kabhpamWv kymImew.
2. arKiIp\ ]h\ ]cnthj ]cn[n ]cnLm{` hr kpcNmss]x
K \Kc chnIc ZcPx kvt\lhssm.
arK, ]nI, Imv, ]cnthjw, ]cn[n ]cnL, taLw, hrw,
aghnv, K\Kcw, kqcyIncWw, Zw, s]mSn, kvt\lw, hw,
FnhsImv kym^ew ]dbWw.
3. ss`ch apssncph artKmf kIrZv
{KmaLmX amNjvtS.
chn Zo]vtXm ZnWtXm almkz\x ssk\yLmXIcx
`bc i_vZpapmp arK {Kman\v \miw kw`hnp
sa kqN\ Xcpp. ssk\yns sXp`mKp \np arK
AkvXab kqcys\ t\mn henb H ]pdsSphnm ssk\y
n\ \miw kw`hnpw.
4. A]kthy kw{Kmax kthy tk\m kamKax imt
arKNt{I ]ht\ hmkymbmw an{it` hrjvSnx
ZnibpsS A]khyambn (ZnW`mKv) arK imambm
bphpw khyambn (hma`mKv) imambm kamKahpw \Spw. arK
fpsS i_vZhpw Impw kn{iambn kyp tIm agbpmhpw.
5. Zo]vX arKmP hncpXm {]mIv
kym tZi\mi amJymXn
391
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
tcmKiss\\n]oVbtX ipw
ctPm temI hnhrn imtb.
_qI ]pjv]nttbm ARvP\smSnbpsStbm \ndn
kyt\cv s]mSn Dbv kqcys\ adm At\Iw tcmK
DmIpw. s]mSn shfpXmsWn temIn\v A`nhrnbpw imn
bpw e`npw.
16. chnIncW PeZacpXmwkwLmtXm ZhXv ntXmZx
k hnZnIv ntXm\r]mWm aipt`mZnp ZznPmXo\mw.
kqcyIncWhpw PeIWhpw Impw tN kwLmXw Hcp Z
cq]n ImWsm AhnsS Zw kw`hnpw. AXv hnZnpIfn
Im cmPmmcpw ZnpIfn Im ZznPmXnIpw (cmPm
, {_mlvaW) Aip`amWv (Anvil BWv Zw).
17. ikv{X`bmXItcm ZrjvSx {]mMvayknjpZn\ky
ipmtZym hn{]mZo bZ`napJkvXmw\nln Zniw.
Zn\mcw`ntem aylv\ kybntem Zw Im ikv{X
`bhpw tcmKhpw Dmhpw. iphsan hn{]mv Aip`amWv.
GXpZnns\ A`napJoIcnppthm B ZnnephmWv ^ew.
18. Z[nkZrimt{Km \otem `m\pOmZn Jay tKmf {`Xcpx
]oXpcnXmiz L\mL\aqem `qcnhrjvSnIcmx
BImin kqcys\ adpsImv, A{K`mKw ssXcpt]msebn
cnp \oetaLs A{`Xcp Fp ]dbpw. C{]Imcap taLtam,
CtX an a\ndap taLtam L\aqeambn (Hns Nphn
Hmbn apJw tNp shv ASpSpmbn) Im [mcmfw ag
Inpw (Cumulo nimbus FmWv A{`Xcphns\ Ctm imkv{X
hnfnpXv).
19. A\ptematKmf {` hrt kapZvKtX
bmbnt\m \r]kyh[x _meXcp {]Xn
cq]nWo bphcmPm amXy tbm arXypx
i{Xpsf h[nm Hcpnb cmPmhns ]nmse A{`Xcp
A\pKanp sNv ]Xps imambm (hrw sNdpXmbm) bph
cmPmhnt\m a{ntm arXyp kw`hnpw.
394
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
398
{]Imiknp
Aymbw 31
ZnKvZml eWw
1. Zmtlm Znimw cmP`bmb ]otXm
tZiky \mimb lpXmihx
bizmcpWx kymZ]khyhmbpx
kkyky\miw ItcmXn ZrjvSx
a\ndnep ZnIvZmlw cmP`bn\pw AKv\nhapXv
tZi\min\pw ImcWambnocpp. AcpWhnep ZnIv
ZmltmsSmw A]khyambn (ZnWambn- s
- XImv) Imv hoin
bm kky\miw ^ew.
2. tbmf Xoh Zo]vXym IpcptX {]Imiw
Ombm a]n hyRvPbtXf hyx
cmtm altZzZbtX `bw k
ikv{X {]tIm]w X Pm\pcq]x
GsXmcp ZnIv Zmlw AXoh Zo]vXamtWm, GsXmv kqcy kam\
amb Ombsb (AX tPymXnsb) {]Iminnppthm B c
cq]amb Zmlw cmPmmv almb `bhpw ikv{XtIm]hpw
(bpw) hcppp.
3. {]Iv {XnbmWmw k\tcizcmWmw
{]mKvZntW inev]n Ipamc ]oVm
bmtay ktlm ss{Kx ]pcptjkvXp sshiym
ZqXmx ]p\ `q{]aZmivNtImtW.
]q Znibnse ZnIvZmlw cmPmmpw {Xnbpw sXp
Ingv `mKv (AKv\n tIm) inev]nIpw cmPIpamcmpw
ZnW `mKs Zmlw. D{K]pcpjm, sshiym, ZqXm, ]p\
hnhmlw Ign {]aZI Fnhpw ]oV hcppw.
4. ]ivNmp ip{Zmx Irjn Pohn\ivN
NucmkvXp cwssKx klhmbpZnIv kvtY
399
{]Imiknp
400
{]Imiknp
Aymbw 32
`qanI eWw
1. nXn I amlptctI
_rlZ e \nhmknkXzIrXw
`q`mckzn ZnPhn{imakapZv`hw Nmt\y.
Hcp Xcnep `qIw _rlmb Aen \nhkn
p kXzfm DmsSpp. asmcpXcw, `q`mcm Xf
ZnPfpsS hn{imaw sImv Dmhpp.
B[p\nI imkv{Xdnbmw `qIfn `qcn`mKhpw ISen
SnbnemWv kw`hnpsXv. `qIw Hcp hn[nep Du
Dev]mZ\ hnIncW {]{InbbmsWpw. imkap{Znse Pen
Atacnm Xocfnepw, Gjy apX \yqknemp hscbpap ]kn
^nIv s_v `qIfpsS taJebmWv. hcmlanlncs _rl
Ze \nhmknkXzIrXamb `qIw CXmhWw.
Fm `q`mcw sImv kzoamb ZnPfpsS hn{iaw Hcp
sIpIYbs? Fv ZnPfm Xmn \ns, HXmbn hn`Pn
s BabpsS kev]nse s\pw ]Xncpw \apnhnsS th
Xncnbvmw. Ccsamcmatbbpw B\Itfbpw kev]nXnse bpn
tbbpw bpn iq\yXtbbpw hnthN\w sNpw apv dpUndp F
KWnXbpsS A`n{]mbw t\mmw.
A number of duoverses drift about in a 5 -d- universes..... continue
indefinitely... one is reminded of those eastern descriptions of the world as
a dish resting on the back of elephants who stands up on a turtle, who
stands up on a turtle...
{]Imiknp
AjvSZe]w
(8 ZnKvPym)
Torus
Iqw (Ba)
Xmac\mfw
Cylinder
Octagon
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
Dntephenp
XWp hmbp
Npgep taL]Se
apIfntepbcp
DjvWhmbp
aw Ipd ew
(\yq\ aw)
imamb IS
(Eye)
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
hmcpW luX`qPmh]nthem
\-{XPmx Ix
C{aew hmbp aettbm adntm ]ckv]cw l\np
tmgpw, hmcpW aew BKvt\b aettbm adntm ]ckv]cw
l\nptmgpw `qIw Dmhpp. CXns\ them \{XPamb
`qIsap ]dbpp.
28. {]YnX\tcizc acW hyk\m\ymKvt\b hmbp aetbmx
pZv`b acImhrjvSn`n cq]Xm]ys P\mivNm]n.
BKvt\b hmbp aefpsS XmU\wsImv hnJymXcmb
cmPmmcpsS acWw, ZpxJw, maw, hniv, AhrjvSn sImp
km]w Fnh P\ A\p`hnpp.
29. hmcpW ]ucctbmx kp`ninhhrjvSn
lmtbm temtI.
Kmthmf Xn `qcn]btkm
\nhrsshcmivN `q]mem.
C{ hcpW aefpsS A`nLmXm kp`nw, ip`
hjw, B\w; ]ip [mcmfw ]mep Npcpp. cmPmm
sshcw shSnv ssa{Xnbn IgnbpXn\m `qan bpanm
(Atbmy) Xmbnocpp.
30. ]ssivNXp`n\nekv{Xn`ncKv\n tZhcmSv N k]vXmlmXvx
kZyx^eXnN hcptWmtbjp\ ImtemZv`ptX jpx
AKv\nhw aqp ]n\Ihpw, hmbphw \mep ]n\
Ipw, C{hw Ggp Znhkw Ignpw hcpWhw DSs\s
bpw I\mZnIfmb ^e ImWnbvpp.
31. NebXn ]h\x iXZzbw iXa\tem ZitbmP\m\znXw
kene ]XncioXn kwbpXw Ipeni[tcmf iy[n Iw N jjvTnIw.
]h\ hw 200 tbmP\bpw, AKv\nhw 110 tbmP\bpw, hcpW
116 tbmP\bpw h{Pmbp[tanb C{ BdptbmP\bn Aev]
a[nIw Zqchpw kcnv A{Xbpw `qansb hndnpp.
410
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
djy
bqtdmv
Cy
B{^n
,
m
P N\
e ss
taSw
Bkvt{Senb
ebvv t\sc FXnhiw
tKmfns ]Snmsd
AtKmfn Xpemw(Atacn tv)
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
415
{]Imiknp
Aymbw 33
DmeWw
1. Znhp`q ip`^em\mw ]XXmw cq]mWnbm\n Xm\yqmx
[njvtWymmi\n hnZypmcm CXnX][m`nmx
D Fp ]dbpXv {]Imi temIfn (kztmIv)
XmmfpsS ip`I^e `pPntijw ]Xnbvp (`qanbn
s Xncnsp) cq]sfbmWv. Ahsb Ap `ncq]fmbn
ImWmw. [njvWym, D, Ai\n, hnZypXn, Xmc.
2. Dm]tW ^ew XZz ZnjvWym i\n kv{Xn`n]ssx
hnZypZtlm`nx jUv`nkvXZzmcm hn]mNbXn
D Hcp ]n\Ipw (15 Znhkw) [njvWybpw Ai\nbpw
3 ]n\Ipw (45 Znhkw) ^ew Xcpp. hnZypXn, Xmc Fnh
IfpsS ^ew Bdp Znhkn\Iw e`nbvpw.
3. Xmcm^e ]mZIco^emZm{Xo {]IonXm [njvWymw.
Xn{kx kq ^em hnZypZtYmmi\n ivtNXn.
Xmcbvv 1/4 ^ehpw [njvWybvv 1/2 ^ehpw \Imt\ km[n
bvq. hnZypXv, D, Ai\n Fnhbvvv kq ^ew Xcm
km[nbvpw.
4. Ai\o kzt\\ alXm\rKPmizarKmiva thiva Xcp]ipjp
\n]XXn hnZmc bn [mcmXew N{I kwm\mx
Ai\n almb kzctmSpIqSn N{Icq]n \n]Xnv [cm
Xes ]nfpp. a\pjy, B\I, IpXncI, arK, hr
, ineI, Krl Fp th kIetbpw l\nbvpp.
5. hnZypXv kXz{Xmkw P\bn
XUXUkz\m klkm IpSnehnimem
\n]XXn Poth\ cminjp PzenXm.
416
{]Imiknp
XUXU Fv kzcw apgnsmv IpSnehpw hnimehpw km
lkcq]hpambn hsp hnZypv kkXzfnepw {Xmkw P\n
npsImpw PohnItfbpw C\tfbpw cminItfbpw Dzen
npsImpw \n]Xnbvpp.
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
422
{]Imiknp
Aymbw 34
]cnthj eWw
1. kqnXm chotmx IncWmx
]ht\\ aeo `qXmx
\m\m h IrXbkvX\zt{`
thymav\n ]cnthjmx
kqcytbpw N{tbpw IncW kqOnXfmbn, ]h\
\m aeo`qXambn \m\m htfmSpw BIrXnItfmSpw IqSn,
taLw Ipd BImin ImWsSpXns\ ]cnthjsap ]d
bpp.
2. tXc\oe ]mp cImt]mXm {`m`
i_e lmcn ipmx
C{ bahcpW \ncyXn izkt\ im]nXmalmKv\nIrXm
cw, \oew, tizXw, It]mX hw Fns\bp taL
v {Ian i_fw, lmcoXw, ipw Fo ]cnthj
C{, ba, hcpW, \ncyXn, hmbp, almtZh, {_lvam, AKv\n
Fnhbn \nv Dev]amIpp.
3. L\Zx ItcmXn taNIat\ymf \y.
KpWm{itbW Nm]yt\y.
{]hoenbtX aplpaplp Aev]^ex
tkmf ]n hmbp IrXx
L\Z\mb Ipt_c taNI hw \Ipp. At\ym\y KpWm
{ibm A\p\nanjw hnebnp Aev]^ew \Ip ]cnthjw
hmbphn\m DmsSpXmWv.
4. Nmj inJnc PXssXe oc Pem`x
kzIme kw`qXx
AhnIe hrx kv\nKvx ]cnthjx
inh kp`nIcx
423
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
]cnthj aytcJm
hntbm{I kmcmWmw.
]cnthjns AxnXambn Hcp aytcJ Im \Kc
hmknIpw ]pdp Im i{XpcmPmmpw ]oU kw`hn
pw. ]cnthj aytcJ t\mnbnv BscmsbmWv B{I\w
sNpI Fdnbmw.
23. cx iymtam cq `hXn tbjmw]cmPbkvtXjmw
kv\nKvx tiztXm ZypXnam tbjmw `mtKm PbkvtXjmw
CXn{io hcmlanlnc IrXu _rlXv kwlnXmbmw
]cnthj eWw \ma NXp kv{Xnwtimf ymbx
Iq hn`mKm\pkcWw GtXXp `mKv ]cnthjw, cw,
iymaw, cqw Fns\ ImWppthm AXmXp tZiv ]cmPbw
kw`hnpw. kv\nKv[w, tizXw, Zo]vXw Fp ImWp tZiv
bpn hnPbw kw`hnpw.
428
{]Imiknp
Aymbw 35
C{mbp[ eWw
1. kqcyky hnhn[hmx ]ht\\ hnLnXmx Icmx kmt{`
hnbXn [\px kwm\m tb Zriyt XZn{[\px
hnhn[ htfmSp IqSnb kqcyIncWw ]h\\m t`Znsv
taLbpamb BImin hnns BIrXnbn Zriyamhp
XmWv C{[\pv.
2. tINnZ\ IptemcK\nx izmtkmZvLpX amlpcmNmcymx
XZymbn\mw \r]mWm a`napJ aPbmhlw `hXn.
Nne BNmcymcpsS A`n{]mbw A\s\ Ipe\mKns
izmkn \nmWv C{[\pv DmIpsXmWv. C{[\pn\v
A`napJambn bpn\pt]mIp cmPmm ]cmPnXcmIpp.
3. AOn ah\nKmVw ZypXnaXv kv\nKvw [\w hnhn[hw
ZzncpZnX a\ptemaw N {]ikvXaw`x {]in N.
AhnOnambn `qanbn sXmSpXpw {]Imihpw kv\nKvhpw
[\hpw hnhn[ hapXpw Ccphitpw DZnv A\ptema
ambXpw Bb t{ijvSamb C{[\pv [mcmfw ag sImphcpp.
4. hnZnKpZv`qXw ZnIvkzman \mi\w hy{`Pw acWImcn
]mSe]oXI\ossex ikv{XmKv\n pXvIrXm tZmjmx
Cuim\m, AKv\n, ss\cyXn, hmbp tImWpIfn C{[\pp
Im AXmXp Znnse cmPmhn\p acWw. ]mSew, a, \oe Fo
h Im Bbp[w, AKv\n, Zp`nw Fnh sImv tZmj
kw`hnpw.
5. Peatyf \mhrjvSn`phn kky h[kvXscu ntX hym[nx
haotI ikv{X `bw \nin kNnh h[mb [\pssc{w
Peayn C{[\pp Im A\mhrjvSn, `qanbn kky
429
{]Imiknp
430
{]Imiknp
Aymbw 36
K \Kcw
1. DZvKmZn ]ptcmlnX \r]_e]Xn bphcmPtZmjZw J]pcw
knXc ]oX IrjvWw hn{]mZn\m a`hmb.
Dcw, ]qw, ZnWw, ]naw Fo ZniIfn {Iam\pkrX
ambn ImWp J]pcw ]ptcmlnX, cmPmhv, tk\m]Xn, bphcmPmhv
Fnhv hnLv\ Dmpp. tizXw, cw, ]oXw, IrjvWw
Fo hfn ImWsm hn{]mZnNXphv tZmjw.
2. \mKc \r]Xn PbmhlapZKznZnIvw hnh\mimb
immimbmw ZrjvSw ktXmcWw \r]Xn hnPbmb.
DcZnn K\Kcw Im \Kcn\pw cmPmhn\pw
hnPbw e`npw. Cuim\tIm, AKv\n, hmbptIm Fo Znp
Ifn Im Ahmv \miw kw`hnpw. imZnibn
tXmcWbpamb K \Kcw Im cmPmhn\v hnPbapmIpw.
3. k ZnKpw kXtXmnXw N `bZw \tc{cmjv{SmWmw
sNucmShnIm l\ymZv `qam\e i{I Nm]m`w.
kZm kZniIfnepw DZnp\np K \Kcw cmPmhn\pw
cmjv{Sn\pw `bmP\IamWv. AKv\n t]msetbm C{[\ppt]mse
tbm AXp ImWsm tNmcmpw h\hmknIpw \miImcW
ambnocpw.
4. K\KcapnX am]mpcai\n ]mX hmXIcw
Zo]vtX\tc{arXypmtaf cn`bw Pbx kthy.
]mpchm K \Kcw Im h{P]mXhpw sImSp
mpw Dmhpw. Zo]vXZniIfn Im cmPmhn\v arXyp. hmaZnibn
i{Xp`bw. ZnW`mKsn hnPbw.
5. At\I hmIrXn tJ {]ImitX]pcw
]XmIm zPtXmcWm\znXw
431
{]Imiknp
bZmXZm \mKa\pjyhmPn\mw
]n_XykrKv `qcnctW hkpcm.
CXn {iohcmlanlncIrXu _rlXv kwlnXmbmw
K \Kc eWw \ma jUv{Xnwtimf ymbx
At\I htmSpw BIrXntbmSpw IqSnb ]XmI, [zPw,
tXmcWw FnhtbmSpIqSnb K\Kcw BImin {]Imin
p ]w bpn At\Iw B\I, IpXncI, a\pjy Fn
hbpsS cw `qan IpSnpp.
432
{]Imiknp
Aymbw 37
{]Xnkqcy eWw
1. {]XnkqcyIx {]ikvtXm ZnhkIrZrXphk{]`x kv\nKv[x
sshZqcy\n`x kzOx ipO ta sku`nx
GXp EXphn kqcytbpw {]Xnkqcytbpw hw kv\nKv
amb sshZqcyn\pkaw kzOhpw iphpambncnppthm B EXp
hn tahpw kp`nhpw Dmhpw.
2. ]otXmhym[ow P\bXy timIcq] ikvt{X tIm]mb
{]XnkqcymWmw amemZkyp `bmX \r]l{n.
a\ndnep {]Xnkqcy hym[nbpmpp. AtimI
]pjv]ns \ndsan ikv{XtIm]apmIpw. At\Iw {]Xnkqcy
mcpsS ame Im Zkyp`bw, BXw, cmPmhns h[w Fnh
kw`hnpw.
3. ZnhkIrXx {]Xnkqtcym
PeIrZpZKv ZntW ntXmf \neIrXv
D`bx kene`bw
\r]ap]cn\nlyt[mP\lm.
CXn {iohcmlanlncIrXu _rlXv kwlnXmbmw
{]XnkqcyN{Iw \ma k]vX {Xnwtimf ymbx
Dc `mKv {]Xnkqcys\ Im ag e`npw. ZnW
`mKp Im Impmhpw. cp Znibnepw Im Pe`bw Dm
hpw (shsmw)- apI`mKp Im cmPmhn\pw Xmsg Im
P\Xbvpw \miapmIpw.
433
{]Imiknp
Aymbw 38
ctPmeWw
1. IYbn ]mnhh[w cPkm
L\ Xnanc kb\nt`\
Ahn`mhy am\Kncn ]pcXchx
kZnimx
L\tadnb Ccpns kbw t]mse kZniIfnepw aqSnbncn
p s]mSnsImv ]Xhpw \Kchpw hrfpw Hpw ImWmXm
hptm cmPmhns h[w {]hNnmw.
2. bkymw Znin Zqcn Nbx
{]mIv {]`hXn \mitaXn hmbkymw
BKOXn k]vXmlmss{Xh
`bw\ ktlx
BZyw GXp ZnibnemtWm [qfnkaqlw ImWsSpIbpw, \nhr
amIpIbpw sNbvXXv, B Znibn Ggp\mIw `bapmhpsa
Xn ktlan.
3. tiztX ctPm Ls\utL ]oVm
kym a{nP\]Zm\mw N
\ NncmXv {]tIm] ap]bmXn
ikv{XaXnkwIpem knnx
[qfncmiocq]amb taLkaqlw tizXhamsWn a{n
ampw P\]Zpw ]oV Dmhpw. ikv{XtIm]w thKn
kw`hnpw. Imcyknn DmhpIbn.
4. AtmZtb hnPrw`Xn
bZn Zn\taIw Zn\Zzbw hm]n
Kbnh KK\Xew
`baXyp{Kw \nthZbXn.
434
{]Imiknp
435
{]Imiknp
Aymbw 39
\nLmX eWw
1. ]h\x ]h\m`nltXm
KK\mZhs\u bZmkam]XXn
`hXn XYm \nLmXx kN
]mt]m Zo]vX hnlKcpXx
Imv Imn\m A`nlXambnv BImip\nv `qanbn ]Xn
p kabv \nLmXw kw`hnpp. B kabv kqcym`napJ
ambn i_vZapmnsmv ]nI ]dm Aip`IcamWv.
2. AtmZtbf [nIcWnI
\r][\ntbm [mwK\mhWn tKziymx
B{]lcmw tif PmhnIap]l\ymOp{Z s]ucmw.
kqtcymZbn \nLmXapmbm A[nIcWnIm (Nn
Im- hnNmcIm) \r], [\nI, AwK\am, tbmm, hWn
pI, thiyI Fnh \inpw. {]lcmwi kabmsWn
BnSbm, iq{Zm, ]ucm FnhmWv \miw.
3. Baymlv\m{ZmtPm]tkhnt\m
{_mlvaWmw ]oVbXn.
sshiy PeZmw kvXrXotb sNucm
{]ltc NXpt N.
aymlv\ thfbnemsWn cmPmhns\ tkhnphpw {_m
lvaWpamWv ]oV. aqmas {]lcn \nLmXapmbm
sshiymcpw hrjvSn \Ip taLfpw \inpw. \memas {]l
cn Dmbm ImmWv \miw.
4. AkvXw bmtX \oNm {]Yta bmta \nln kkym\n
cms{Xu ZznXobbmta ]nimN kwLmn]oVbXn.
436
{]Imiknp
437
{]Imiknp
Aymbw 40
kky PmXIw
1. hrnI hrj{]thti `mt\mt _mZcmbtWt\mmx
{Kojva icXv kkym\mw kZktZymKmx IrXmkvX Cta.
hrivNnIw, Ej`w Fnhbn kqcy {]thinptm {Kojva
phntebpw icZrXphntebpw kkyfpsS kpw Akpw _mZ
cmbW\m ]dbshbmWv. Ah ]dbpp:
2. `mt\mcen {]thtKti tIss{kvXkvam Op`{Klm{Imssx
_ehZv`nx kussaym \nconssX ss{KjvanI hnhrnx
kqcy hrnIn {]thinptm AXns tI{ m\
fn (hrnIw, Ipw`w, CShw, Nnw) ip` {Kl _ehmmcmbn
\nm {Kojvaphnse kkyv karn Dmhpw. ip` {Kl
ZrjvSnbpmbmepw CtX ^ew.
3. AjvSacmin KtXf t Kpcpiint\mx
Ipw`m knwlnXtbmx
knwl LSm kwtbmm \njv]n {Kojva kkyky.
AjvSacminbmb hrnIn kqcy {]thinsh Ipw`
n Kpcphpw knwln N{\pw (adnv knwln Kpcphpw Ipw`
n N{\pw) \nm {KojvaImekky hnpw.
4. AmXv kntXZznXotb _pt[f Yhm bpK]tZhhmkvXnXtbm
hybKX tbmc]nX Zznjv]n cXoh Kpcp ZrjvSym.
kqcys cmw cminbn ip{It\m _p[t\m \npI, As
n Ah cpwtNv kqcys 11 -mw cminbn \npI- Cs\
hmepw [mcmfw Aw Dev]mZnnsSpw. hymgZrjvSnbpsn
B Aw Daambncnbpw sNpw.
5. ip`atyf en\n kqcymZv Kpcp iint\mx
k]vXta ]cmkXv
AeymZnt khnXcn Kpscu ZznXotbf m\njv]nx
438
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
440
{]Imiknp
Aymbw 41
{Zhy\nbw
1. tb tbjmw {ZhymWm a[n]Xtbm cmibx kapnjvSmx
ap\n`nx ip`m ip`mw Xm\mKaXx {]hyman
GtXXp {Zhyv GtXXp cmiym[n]m Fv ap\nam app
]dnpv. ip`mip`mambn BKafnep hn[w, Ahsb
Rm ]dbmw.
2. hkv{XmhnIIpXp]m\mw akqctKm [qacmfIbhm\mw
ekw`shuj[o\mw I\Iky N IontXm tajx
tajcmin hkv{Xw, Bptcmaw sImp Iw_fw, ]cnpI,
tKmXv, hrtmev], bhw, ew, kw`hw, acppI, kz
w Fnhbvv kzmanbmWv.
3. Khnhkv{X IpkpatKm[qa imenbh alnjkpc`nX\bmx kypx
anYpt\f ]n [m\y imcZho imeqI Imkmx
]ip, hkv{Xw, ]q, tKmXv, imenbh, alnjw, kpc`o
]p{Xm Fnhbvv Ej`cminbpw, [m\y icZrXphn Dev]
amIp hnI, Xmacw, Ippaw, ]cpn Fnhbvv anYp\cmin
bpw kzmanbmWv.
4. InWntIm{Zh IZfo Zqm ^eI]{XtNmNm\n.
knwtl Xrj[m\yckmx knwlm Zo\mw XzNx kKpUmx
InSIw IZfn, Zqm, ^e, IngpI, CeI Fnh
bvpw Nnw, Xrj[m\y, ckw, Xzv, Kpfw Fnhbvpw A[n
]XnamcmWv.
5. jjvtTf XkoIembmx Ipe tKm[qam apZvK \njv]mhmx
k]vXa cmsiuamjm tKm[qamx kj]mx kbhmx
I\y AXkn, ]cnp h, Ipew, tKmXv, Dgpv, \njv]m
441
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
443
{]Imiknp
Aymbw 42
A Imw
1. AXnhrjvSypevIm Zm ]cnthj {KlW ]cn[n ]qm
ZrjvSzm amhmkymbmapev]mXm s]uamkymw.
2. {_qbmZhntijm {]Xnamkw cminjp {IamXv kqcy
A\yXnYm hypXv]mXm tb tX Uacmtb cmmw.
{]Xnamkw cminIfn {Ian kqcy Kanptm Aam
hmkn, ]uamknIfn ]cnthjw, {KlWw, ]cn[n, AXnhrjvSn,
D, Zcq]amb DXv]mXw Fnh Im {Iam\pkmcw hnjbw
{Klnv {]hNnWw. Cu DXv]mX cmPmmv `bw Dm
pp.
3. tatjm]KtX kqtcy {KojvaP [m\yky kw{Klw IpcymXv
h\aqe ^eky hrtj NXpamtk Xtbmm`x
kqcy taScminbn {]thinptm {Kojva PmXfmb
[m\ysf kw{Klnv kqnWw. CShn h\hkvXp, Ing
pI, ^e Fnh kw{KlnWw. \memw amkn ChbpsS
em`w ]dbmw.
4. anYp\t kckm [m\ym\n N kw{Klwkap]\ob
jjvtT amtk hn]pew hn{IoW {]m]vkbmm`w.
anYp\n \nptm khn[ckfpw [m\yfpw kw`
cnv Bdmw amkn Ahsb hn{Ibw sNbvXm \ em`w Inpw.
5. InWyt a[pKssXeLrX^mWnXm\n hn\n[mb
ZznKpWm ZznXobamtk e_v[n lo\m[ntI tOZx
InSIn \nptm a[p, kpKhkvXp, ssXe
, LrXw, ic Fnh kqnp kw`cnm cp amkw
sImv \ em`apmmw. cp amkne[nIw shncpm em`w
Ipdbpw, \jvSapmhpIbpw sNpw.
444
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
446
{]Imiknp
Aymbw 43
C{[zPkv
1. {_lvamWaqNpcacm `Kh{O{Imx kva \mkpcm katc
{]Xntbm[ bnXpaXkvXzmw icWyicWw kap]bmXmx
Aacm {_lvamhnt\mSv ]dp: tl `Khm, Rv
AkpcmtcmSv bpw sNm th kmayan. AXn\m R
Asb icWw {]m]npp.
2. tZhm\phmN `Khm otcmtZ tIihx khx tIXpw
bw ZmkyanXw ZrjvSzm \msPu mynthm ssZXymx
{_lvatZh ]dp. `Khm tIih otcmZ[nbn hncmPn
pp. Atlw \nv Hcp tIXpsh \Ipw. B tIXp Im
]ns ssZXym \nfpsS apn \nm ss[cysSpIbn.
3. e_v[hcmx otcmZw KXzm tX XpjvSphpx kpcmx tk{mx
{io hmw sIukvXp`aWn InctWmZv `mkntXmckvIw.
C{]Imcw hcw Innb tZhm ]mSen sNp. C{\pw
tZhmcpw {]oXn]qw Ip. {iohmnXhpw, sIukvXp`aWnbpsS
IncWw Xn {]IminpXpamb almhnjvWphns amdnSw.
4. {io ]Xn aNny akaw kaXx k tZln\mw kqvaw
]camXvam\ a\mZnw hnjvWpahnmX]cyw.
ANnyhpw, Akahpw, kaZihpw, ktZlnIfptSbpw kq
vaXzhpw, A\mZnbpw, AhnmXamb ]cn[ntbmSp IqSnbXpw
(]cn[nbnmXv) Bb ]cammhmb {io ]Xn hnjvWpsh (Ah
Zinp). (50-54 tmIfpsS hymJym\w IqSn t\mpI).
5. ssXx kwkvXpXx ktZhkvXptXmj \mcmbtWmZsZu tNjmw
[zP akpc kpc h[qapJIaeh\XpjmcXovWmwipw.
C{]Imcw \mcmbWs\ kvXpXn Ah, kpch[pfpsS apJ
447
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
4
6
5
E.hncP
F.tKmtemIw
N{
kqcy
kqcy {`aW]Yw
{`aW]Yw B.`qan
{[phtI{w
C.kqcy
(kucbqYw)
G.]cn[n
bnmXv
A.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
N{aew (`qtI{w)
`qaew (kqcytI{w
kqcyaew F kucbqYw (kqcy{[phtI{w)
AjvSaeambn hn`Pn {[phXmc aew (cminN{Iw)
hncP F BImi bap\m aew (IrjvW aew)
tKmtemI aew
tKmtemIn\pw AXoXamb ae (]cn[nbn)
458
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
A{Kw -cmPmhv
ayw -a{n
aqew -]ucm
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
464
{]Imiknp
Aymbw 44
\ocmP\w
1. `KhXn Pe[c ]va ]mIcmt
tW Iae\mt`
DoebXn XpcwKw aIcn\c\ocmP\w IpcymXv.
Pe[cfmb taL BcpsS CaItfm, N{kqcym Bcp
sS t\{Xtfm, B Iae\m`\mb `Khm (hnjvWp) t\{Xsf
Doe\w sNptm (tbmK\n{Zbn \npWcptm) IpXncIfpw
B\Ifpw a\pjycpw \ocmP\w sNpp.
2. ZzmZiym ajvSaymw ImnI ipky ]Ziymwhm
AizbptPhmIpcy\ocmP\ kwnXmw imnw.
ImnI amknse ip]]uanbnepw ZzmZin, AjvSan
Ifnepw AizbpPamknepw \ocmP\sap t]cp imn Iw
A\pjvTnpp.
3. \Ktcmc ]qZnin {]ikvX`qsau
{]ikvX Zmcpabw
tjmUilkvtXm{Ombw Zihn]pew
tXmcWw Imcyw.
\Kcn hSpIngs Znibn t{ijvT`qanbn, t{ijvT
hrm ]Xn\mdplkvXw Dbcnepw ]plkvXw hoXnbnepw
Hcp tXmcWw \nnpp.
4. ktmZpw_c imJmIIp` abw
imn kXva Ipi_lpew
hwihn\nnX ay[zP
N{ImewIrX Zzmcw.
hnPbkmcfmb DZpw_cw, Ap\w apXemb hrJ
fm imnKrlw \nnv [mcmfw Ipipp hncnpp. AXns
465
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
471
{]Imiknp
Aymbw 45
JRvP\ eWw
1. JRvP\sIm\mambw tbm hnlKkvXkyZit\ {]Yta
t{]mmw \nbm\n ap\n`nx ^em\nXm\n {]hyman
JRvP\sa t]tcmSp IqSnb ]nsb BZyw Zinmep
^ew, apv ap\namcm ]dbsXv, Rm ChnsS ]dbmw.
2. qtemf iyqX IWvTx IrjvWKtem `{ZImctIm `{Zx
BIWvTapJmXv IrjvWx kw]qx ]qcbXymimw.
XSnv, \ov IrjvWhap IgptmSp IqSnb JRvPI
]n `{ZImcI\mIbm `{Zsav AdnbsSpp. Igpp apX
apJw hsc IrjvW hsan kw]qw Fv hnfnpp. CXv
k BiItfbpw ]qcnnpp (JRvPcnSkvXp JRvP\x Aac
tImi {]Imcw IpcnIn ]nbpsS ]cymbw. A]nJRvP\aRvP\m
ntX F {io lj hN\s Bkv]Zamnb ]mctaizcn JRvP
\w IcnwIpcpIn Fp ]dbpp. JRvP\w IpcnInepw, ARvP\m
RvPnXamb JRvP\w IcnwIpcnInepamWv. Igppam{Xw IdpXv
`{Zw, Igppw apJhpw IdpXv kqw).
3. IrjvtWm Ktef ky _npx knXIcSmx kcn IrZvcnx
]otXm tKm]oX CXntiIcx JRvPt\m ZrjvSx
Idpv, Kfn shfp _nphpXv cnw Fdnbs
Spp. AXv kItbpw \njv^ew (cnw) Bpp. a
\ndapXv tKm]oXamWv. AXns\ Im ti Dmhpw (Icn
pcnens Igpn shfppsn cnw; abmsWn tKm
]oXw).
4. AY a[pc kpc`n^e Ipkpa Xcpjp
kenemitbjp ]ptWyjp
IcnXpcK `pPK aqv\n
{]mkmtZmZym\ ltyjp
472
{]Imiknp
5. tKmtKmjvTkXv kamKabRvtPmh
]mn]ZznPkaot]
lkvXn XpcwKaimem O{X[zPNmacmtZyjp
6. tlakao] knXmw_cIatemXv]e ]qPntXm]en]vtXjp
Z[n]m{X [m\yIqtSjp N {inbw JRvP\x IpcptX.
a[pc ^efpw kpc`ne Ipkpafpw \nd hr;
]pWy Pemib; B\, IpXnc, kw FnhbpsS aqmhv; {]m
kmZ, DZym\, ly: ]ipsXmgpv, kXv kwKm\
, bime, Dh ew, cmPmhnstbm {_mlvaWstbm
khn[w, B\n, IpXncn, O{Xw, [zPw, Nmacw, kzns
ASpv, ip`hkv{Xw, Xmac, B ]qPy m\, tamm{Xw,
[m\yIqSw- Cu m\fn JRvP\s Zinm {io ^ew.
7. ]t kmZzm]vXn tmck kw]tKma tbm[KtX
imZze tK hkv{Xm]vXnx iISt tZihn{`wix
Nfnbn CcnpXp Im kzmZp `Ww Inpw. NmWI
n CcnpXpIm \ ]mep Inpw. imZzen CcnpXp
Im hkv{Xw Inpw. hnbn Im tZi\miw kw`hnpw.
8. Krl]Stef {`wtim h[vt\_tmf ip sNu`hXn tcmKmx
]rjvtT XzPmhnIm\mw {]nb kwKaamhlXymip.
hoSn\p apIfnencpm A\miw; On{Zfn (s]mn)
Im _\w. AipNnbmb m\p Im tcmKw, BSv, Ip
ImenI FnhbpsS ]pdncnpXp Im {]nbkwKaw.
9. alntjmjv{S K`mnivaim\ KrltImW icm{Znx
{]mImc`kvatItijvT Nmipt`m acW cpKv `bZx
t]mv, HIw, IgpX, An, ivaim\w, KrltIm, ic,
]Xw, {]mImcw, `kvaw, XeapSn apXembhta CcnpXp
Im Aip`amWv. acWw, tcmKw, `bw Fnh P\nnpw.
10. ]su[p\zip`x ip`x ]n_ hmcn \nav\Km kwx
kqtcymZtbf Y ikvtXm t\jvS^ex
JRvPt\mf kvXatb
473
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
476
{]Imiknp
Aymbw 46
DXv]mX eWw
1. bm\t{X cpXv]mXm Kx
t{]mhmN Xm\lw hty
tXjmw kwtt]mf bw
{]IrtX c\yXz apXv]mXx
K aljn A{XntbmSv ]d DXv]mXsf Rm kwt
]np ]dbmw. {]IrXnbn \nv A\ymbambsXmw DXv]mXamWv.
2. A]NmtcW\cmWmap]kx
]m]kbmZv `hXn.
kwkqNbn Znhymco
`uamkvXZpXv ]mXmx
{]IrXn hncpamb A]Yamb kmcw sImv kw`hnp
]m]kb\fm a\pjyv D]{Zhw kw`hnpp (BymnI
amb An kZmNmchncpamb Iw sImv hopw hopw
kwkmcw kw`hn; B[nssZhnIamb An {`aW ]Yw
hnp kcn; A]khy {`aWw apXembh). Cu D]{Zhsf
Znhyw, Acow, `uaw Fns\ aqp hn[nep Dev]mX
kqNnnpp (Dev]mXmZnI sImv D]{Zhw kw`hnpIb, DXv]m
XmZnI D]{ZhfpsS kqN\tbm apdnbntm XcnIbmWv Fv
BNmcy hyambn ]dbpp).
3. a\pPm\m a]NmcmZ]cm tZhXx krPtyXm
XXv {]XnLmXmb \r]x imnw cmjvt{S {]bpRvPoXm
a\pjycpsS A]Nmcw sImv IfnXamb {]Imi tZhXam
krjvSnp DXv]mXsf XSpm `cWm[nImcnI cmjv{Sfn
imnI sNpp.
4. Znhyw{Kl sshIrX apm\nLmX ]h\ ]cnthjmx
K ]pc ]pcc Nm]mZn bZmcow XXv.
477
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
Ahsb XyPnpItbm Zm\w sNpItbm sNbvXm ip`w `hnpw. {_mlvaWm XWhpw {Xnbm P]tlmafpw
sNWw.
59. meo]mtI\ [mXmcw ]ip\mN]ptcmlnXx
{]Pm]tXy\ at{W btPZv_lz ZnWmw
]ptcmlnXm {]mPm]Xya{w sNmn men]mIw sNbvIbpw,
]ipfm [mXmhns\ bPnbpw, [mcmfw Aw ZnWbmbn \
IpIbpw sNWw.
60. CXn NXpjv]ZhmIrXw
bm\w hmlhnbpwbZn KtOhmlbpXw
cmjv{S `bw `hXn XZm N{ImWmw kmZ`wKw N.
C{]Imcw \mmen sshIrXw.
cYw, I apXemb hml\sfqSmsX IpXnc, Imf apXemb
hbpsS ]pdpIbdn kcnpXp Im cmjv{Sn\v bp`bw
Dmhm t]mIpp Fw; `cWn amw hcpIbpw sNmw.
61. A\m`nlXXqcy\mZx i_vtZm hmXmUntXjpbZn\kymXv
hypXv]suhmtXjmw ]cmKsam\r]Xn acWw hm.
hmbnmsX Xs hmZy i_vZapmpI, hmbnptmgpw
sImptmgpw Ahi_vZw ]pdsSomXncnpI, Ahbn At\I
hn[w i-_Zv Dev]amhpI- i{Xp tk\bpsS BKa\hpw cmPmhn
s acWhpw Ch kqNnnpp.
62. KoXchXqcy\mZm\`kn bZmh Ncncm\yXzw
arXypkvXZm KZmhm hnkzcXqtcy]cm`n`hx
BImin KoX hmZy FnhbpsS \mZ[z\n tI
pI, Nccmin, nccmin (InSIw, Nnw, Xpemw, hrivNnIw,
aIcw, Ipw`w) Fnh ]ckv]cw amdpI- Ch tcmKw, arXyp Fnh
hcppw. t`cni_vZw kzclo\ambm i{XpfpsS ]cmPbw ]dbmw.
63. tKmemwKpetbmx kwtKZnipmZyp]kvIc hnImtc
t{ImjvTpI\mtZ NXYm ikv{X`bw ap\nhNtZw.
490
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
497
{]Imiknp
Aymbw 47
abqc Nn{XIw
1. Znhymcom{ib apamsZu
ambm^ew imkvXatim`\w N
{]mtbW Nmtcjp kamKtajp
bptjp ammZnjp hnkvXtcW.
{Kl \{X Nmcw, kamKaw, bpw, {Kl \{X {`aW amw
apXemb Acom{ibfmb Znhy {]Xn`mk, AhbpsS tim`
\hpw Atim`\hpw Bb ^e Fnhsb Rm BZyta hnkvX
cnp ]dp Ignp.
2. `qtbm hcmlanlncky \bptaXXv
Ipw kamkIrZkm hnXnXky tZmjx
X\ hmNyanZap ^em\pKoXn
bZv _ln Nn{XIanXn {]YnXw hcmwKw.
Ah hopw hopw ]dbpXv hcmlanlnc\v tbmPnX; (At
lns) tZmjw, Xm kwt]np am{Xw ]dbph\mWv F
XmWv. _ln Nn{XIw (abqc Nn{XIw) F Cu hcmwKs Adn
bp ]nXm, AXns Cu h\w tIv, Atls C{]Imcw
\nnpIbn.
3. kzcq]tahXkyXXv {]IonXm\p Io\w
{_hoaylw \ tNZnXw XYm]n taf {X hmNyXm.
(t\s taL hnjbn) abqc Nn{Xns kzcq]w ]d
XmWv. AXn\m hopw AXns\ {]Iont Bhiyan. AXn
\m hnmXncpmepw Ipw ]dbpIbn.
4. Dc hoYnKXm ZypXn ax
ta kp`n inhmb kakvXmx
ZnW am KXm ZypXn lo\mx
p{ZbXkvc arXyp IcmkvtX.
498
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
]mwkp[zkvXm P\]Z\miw
[tcqm cp[nc\n`mhm.
kv\nKv[hpw arZp]h\ hoipXpamb ky, ]qZnibn
]narKfpsS i_vZw- CXv ip`amWv. s]mSn aqSn, chamb
ky P\]Zsf \innpp.
28. bZnkvXctW IYnXw ap\n`nkvX Zkvan
kw abm \nKZnXw ]p\cphw
{ipXzm]ntImIne cpXw _en `rKznscuXn
bXv kz`mhIrXaky ]nIw \ tPXpw.
CXn {io hcmlanlnc IrXu _rlXv kwlnXmbmw
abqc Nn{XIw \ma k]vX NXzmcnwtimf ymbx
ap\nam app hnkvXcnp ]dsXmw, ]p\cpn hnv
Rm ]dncnpp. Ipbnens ]mptIm Im IcbpXv,
ImbpsS kz`mhamsWv {ipXnbpv. Im i_vZapmpXv
Ipbnens\ Pbnm\.
504
{]Imiknp
Aymbw 48
]pjykv\m\w
1. aqew a\pPmXn ]Xnx {]Pm]Xnx
{]mPmXtcmkvXpZp] LmX kwkvmcmXv
Aip`w ip`w N temtI `hXn btXm
tXm \r]Xn Nnm.
{]PmXcphns (P\fmIp hrns) aqew (thcv- DXv`h
m\w, cmm\w) cmPmhmWv. {]PmXcphns apIfn D]LmX
kwkvmcn\m, Aip`ip`^e Dmhpp. AXn\m
Ftmgpw thcv ip`ambncnm (\inbvmXncnbvm) Nn sNWw.
2. bm hymJymXm imnx kzbw`qhmkpcKptcm tl{mt
Xmw{]m]yhrKx {]mbYm `mKptcx irWpXv.
C{\p thn {_lvamhv _rlkv]XntbmSpc imnsb {]m]n
hrK, `mKpcntbmSv ]dXv tImepw.
3. ]pjykv\m\w \r]tXx Ihyw ssZhnXv ]ptcm[mymw
\mXx]cw ]hn{Xw ktmXv]mXmIcakvXn.
ssZhhnpw, ]ptcmlnXmcpw tNv ]pWykv\m\w sNtXv
\r]XnbpsS IhyamWv. CXnt\m ]ca]hn{Xhpw k DXv]m
Xtfbpw \innpXmbn asmn.
4. tjvamXImIWvTIn ISpXn hnKn]mZ]m hnlot\
sIuinI KrZv{]{]`rXn`nc\njvS hnlssKx ]cnXyt.
5. XcpWXcp KpevahoeXm{]Xm\mhrsXht\mtti
\ncp]lX ]{X]h at\ma[pc {Zpa{]mtb
6. IrIhmIpPohXiqIinJniX]v{XNmjlmcossXx
{IIcNtImc I]nRvPehRvPqe]mcmhX{iossIx
7. Ipkpack]m\aZntc^]pw kvtImInemZn `nizmss\zx
hncptX ht\m]IWvtT t{Xm KmtcipNmhYhm.
505
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
tPymXnjvaXn
{XmbamW
A`b
A]cmPnX
Poh
hntizicn
]mTm
kawKm
hnPb
kl
kltZh
]qtImi
iXmhcn
AcnjvSnI
inhm
`{Zm
APm
tam
{_mlvan
k_oPw
Im\w
AXmXp {]tZip e`np awKe{Zhy, Huj[, ck
, cXv\, khn[K{Zhy,
_neyw
]nIXw
{]ikvXfmbnp Huj[fpw kzhpw awKe{Zhyfpw
sImv Iei \ndncnpp.
43. BZmh\Uplm Pcbm kwlrZmbpjx
{]ikvX eW`rXx {]mNo\ {Koh amkvXtcXv.
Bbpjvam\mbn hfsc Imew Pohnv hr\pw, {]ikvX eW
tfmSp IqSnbh\pamb {]mNo\ {Koh\mb hrj`Nw BZyw ]ncn
pp.
44. XtXm hrjky tbm[ky N tcmlnXaXw
knwlkymY XrXobw kymZv
hym{Lky N XXx ]cw.
]ns tbmmhmb hrns Nph AXamb Nhpw
aqmaXmbn knwlntbpw AXn\p apIfn hym{Lntbpw hncn
pp.
45. NXzmtcyXm\n NmWn Xkymw th[ymap]mkvXtcXv
ipt` aplqt k{m]vtX ]pjybpt \nimItc.
512
{]Imiknp
hrj`w (apXpImf)
anYp\w (bphmhmb Imf)
Xangn bphmhv FmWv
Imfbvv Aw
InSIw (]pjyw)
aIw
knwlw Equator (celestial)
In
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
k]vXjn kaqlw
4 _p[
3 kqcy
2
6
2
3
4
5
6
1. CShw
2. hrnIw
kmb\w
3. taSw
4. anYp\w
5. knwlw
6. hym{Lw
\ncb\w
(N{)
cmlp (`qan)
kqcy.
_p[ kqcy tI{w(kucbqYw)
k]vXjn kaqlw (Equator)
({[phw)
D{Xw, Aw, Nn{X \{X kaqltfmSp
IqSnb I\ymcmin ]penpdtdnb tZhocq]w(Southern sky) apX iXm`njw hscbp
cminN{I `mKw- ]pn]pensb t]mse \{X
JPnXw. Cu `mKv k akv X Inse
(hrnInse A\ngw) cXv\w t]mse `qan
Ds \psS {]]w Hcp sImps]mmbn
{`aWw sNpp.
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
86. atl{maphmtNZw
_rlXvIon _rlkv]Xnx
kv\m\ambpx {]Pmhrn
ku`mKyIcWw ]cw.
_rlXvIonam\mb _rlkv]Xn C{\p thn D]tZin
XmWnXv. Cu ]pjykv\m\w Bbpn\pw, {]Pmhrnpw, ku`mKyn
\pw DXmWv.
87. At\ss\hhn[mt\\
lkvXy izw kv\m] boXbx
Xkym`bhn\napw
]cmw knnahm]v\pbmXv
CXn {io hcmlanlnc IrXu _rlXv kwlnXmbmw
]pjykv\m\w \mamjvT NXzmcnwtimf ymbx
Cu hn[nb\pkcnv Bcv Aiztbpw (Aizw- IpXnc Fpw
]q `{Z]mZw apX AizXn hscbp cmin`mKw Fpw) lkvXntb
bpw (B\ Fpw, lkvXw \{Xw apX tNmXnhscbp cmin`mKw
Fpw) kv\m\w sNnppthm (tZhnbptSbpw KW]XnbptSbpw \na
\w) Ah `bapcmbn, ]ca knn ASbpp.
522
{]Imiknp
Aymbw 49
]eWw
1. hnkvXctim \nnjvSw ]m\mw eWw bZmNmsscyx
XXvkw]x {InbtX abm{X kIem kx
BNmcym hnkvXcnv ]d ]fpsS eWw kIem
kamWv. Rm AXv kwt]n ]dbmw.
2. ]x ip`tZmcmmw atyf jvSmhw Kpem\n hnkvXox
k]vX\tc{alnjymx jUvbphcmPky \nnjvSx
ay`mKv 8 AwKpew hnkvXoap ]_w (IncoSw) cmPm
mpw, 7 AwKpeapXv cmPmhns ]alnjnpw, 6 AwKpeap
Xv bphcmPmhn\pw \ntinsncnpp.
3. NXpcwKpe hnkvXmcx ]x
tk\m]tX`hXn aty
tZzN {]kmZ ]x
]ss tX Io\mx ]mx
ayn 4 AwKpew hnkvXmcapXv tk\m]XnbvmWv. 2
AwKpew hnkvXmcap ]bvv {]kmZsap t]cv. C{]Imcw 5 hn[w
]I {]IonXambncnpp.
4. kt ZznKpWmbmam aym Zt\ ]mizhnkvXomx
ktN ipIm\ hn\nnXmx t{ibtkmhrssyx
k apIpSfpw ay`mKs hnkvXmcn ZznKpWfpw,
]mizhnkvXon AfpamWv. Fmw ipkz \n
nXamsWn t{ibp hnnpw.
5. ] intJm `qan]tX kv{Xn intJm
bphcmP]mnhalntjymx
GIinJx ssk\y]tXx {]kmZ
]tmhn\m inJbm.
523
{]Imiknp
524
{]Imiknp
Aymbw 50
JUvK eWw
1. AwKpeiXm apaw Du\x
kymXv ]hnwiXnw Jx
AwKpeam\mttbm {htWmf
ipt`mhnja ]x
AXv AwKpew \ofap JUvKw Daw. AXn IpdhpXv
A[aw. AwKpenI tcJsSpnbXn hnja]fn (3,5,7,9
apXemb tcJIfn) apdnhp Im Aip`amWv.
2. {io hrham\mX]{X inhenwKIpem_vPm\mw
kZrim{hWmx {]ikvXm ZzPmbp[kzkvXnIm\mw N.
{io hrw, ham\w, BX]{Xw, inhenwKw, Ipew, Xmac,
[zPw, Bbp[w, kzkvXnIw apXembhbvp kZriamb BIrXnI
({hW) ip`amWv.
3. IrIemk ImIIw K{IhymZI _ hrnImIrXbx
JUvtK{hWm \ ip`Zmhwim\pKmx {]_qXm
Hmv, Im, sImn, amwk`pmb ]n, I_w, tXfv Fn
hbvp kZriamb {hWtam, hmfpsImp {hWtam ip`a.
4. kv^pSntXm{lkzx Iptm hwi
Ontm\ZrMvat\mf \pKXx
Aiz CXn Nm\njvSx t{]m
hn]cykvX CjvS^ex
kv^pSnXhpw {lkzhpw IpgnXpw hwiOnhpw, ZrjvSnpw
a\n\pw cpNnmXpw, i
- _vZclnXhpamb JUvK Aip`w. hn]
coXambXv ip`w.
5. IzWnXw acWmtbm ]cmPbmb {]h\w tImimXv
kzbapZvKo bpw PzentX hnPtbm `hXn JUvtK.
525
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
530
{]Imiknp
Aymbw 51
AwKhnZy
1. ssZht\ ip`mip`w ZnKpZnXivYm\mlrXm\oXm
hmNyw {]jvS\nPm]cwKLS\mw NmtemIyw Imew[nbm.
ktmlnNcmNcmXvaIXbmskuk Ztim
hn`pctNjvSmhymlrXn`nx ip`mip`m^ew
kibXyn \mw.
imkv{X t{]mamw hn[w ZniI, DZb _np apXembhbpsS
m\w e`n ssZh tNmZyImhntbpw aphcptSbpw
Xs Xsbpw AwKLS\sb \nconv ip`mip` ^ew {]hNnpp.
NcmNcmI {]]s \mbnv Adnh\pw, kZinbpw,
k\pw hn`phpw (\mcmbW Xpeyw) BWv ssZh. tNjvS
Ifmepw hymlrXnIfmepw Aw Adnbm hcphcpsS ip`mip`
^e Atlw Zinpptm.
2. m\w ]pjv] kplmkn `qcn^e`rXv kpkv\nKv[ IrnOZmkXv]nNypXiivX kwnXXcp Omtbm]KqVwkaw.
tZhjnZzpNkm[pkn\nebwkXv ]pjv]ktkym nXw
kXv kzmZqZI\neXz P\nXmmZw N kOmwKzew.
]pjv] ]qp NncnpXpw, [mcmfw ^efpXpw, kp
kv\nKv[hpw, No ]nIfnmXpw, \ ]nIfncnp hr
fpsS \ng ]XnXpw, ka\ncpw, tZhjn, {_mlvaW, km[p
knP\ FnhcpsS hmkm\hpw \ ]pjv]kky hfcp
Xpw, kzmZp \nePem BmZ`cnXambn ]pp hfcp
Xpamb m\amWv {]iv\ hnNmcn\v Daw.
3. On`n IranJmX IWvTIn pjvS cqIpSnsse kXvIpssPx
{Iqc]nbpX\n\ma`nx ipjvIio _lp] a`nx
On`namb IranI XnpXpw, appXpw, cqhpw, IpSn
ehpambn, {Iqc]nI hknp Zp_ehpw Pohpamb hr
fp e hnWw.
531
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
KsuINKe\Jmw KpjvSa]nbXv
k iwJw Imwk{ihW KpZkoXn ]pcptj kv{Xobmw
{`q\m kmkv^nKv henISn kpteJmwKpenNbw.
Ducp, HmjvTw, kvX\w, hrjWw, ]mZw, Zi\, `pPw, lkvXw,
Kw, INw, Kfw, \Jw, AwKpjvTw, iwJw, Iw, {ihWw, KpZw,
kn Fnh ]pcpjhmNnkwIfmWv. {`q, \mkm, kv^nIv (amwkf
]nw), hen, ISn, kpcteJItfmSpIqSnb AwKpen Ch kv{Xo \ma
hmNnIfmWv.
9. Pnlzm{Kohm]nntI]mjvWnbpKvaw PwtL\m`nx
I]men IrImSn
h{w ]rjvTwP{Xp Pm\zn]mizw lrXzmez
otalt\mc cnIw N.
10. \]pwkImJyw N intcmeemS
amkyZy kwss]scuntcW
knn`thXp \]pwkssIm
cqssX`Kv\Irssi]qsshx
Pnlz, {Kohw, ]nnI, ]mjvWn bpKvaw, PwL, \m`n, I]men,
IrImSn, h{w, ]rjvTw, P{Xp, Pm\p, An]mizw, lrZbw, Xmep,
An, talw, Dcnse aqp tcJI, incv, eemSw, Bkyw- Ch
\]pwkIfmWv. Chbn cqw Xw, `Kv\w, Iriw apXemb e
Ww Im ^eknnv ImeXmakw hcpw. kv{Xo ]pcpjhmNnI
fmb AwKfnemWv Ccw eWw IsXn ^ew InpItb
C.
11. kv]jvtSthm NmentXhm]n]mZmwKpjvtTf ncpKv `thXv
AwKpeymw ZplnXpx timIw intcmLmtX \r]mZv `bw
]mZmwKpjvTn apdnthm NXthm Dsn {]iv\ Im
hn\p t\{X tcmKw Dmhpw. AwKpeobnemsWn ]p{Xn timIw.
incnemsWn cmPmhn \np `bw.
12. hn{]tbmK apckn kzKm{XXx
ISmlrXnc\Zm `thXv
kymXv {]nbm]vXn c`nKrly ISw
]rXizcW]mZtbm PnXpx
533
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
540
{]Imiknp
`mKw aqv
]ctaizchncNnXm
{KlW\ymbZo]nI
541
]ctaizchncNnXm
{KlW \ymbZo]nI
awKfmNcWw
1. \ax khnt{X {KltW {InbtX \ymbZo]nIm
I{IakvXp X{X {]mMv a\msZu {]ZinX
khnXmhn\v \akvmcw. I{Iaw t\cs {KlWa\mZn
Ifn {]Zinnp. C\n {KlWns \ymbw (Xzw) {]Iminn
pXn\mbn \ymbZo]nI cNnbvpp.
`qaymZv chniint\mccw
(`qtI{n \nv kqcyayntebvpw N{ayntebvp
ap Zqcw).
2. ]hiznjvSct{jvTkmKcm tbmP\{ipXnx
cth, Ctm{iKmKv\nthZcmamx IpayXx
3. Ahntij{ipXnLvs\m sXu {XnPym`IvsXu kv^pSasXmu
kzIymay`qaymZv bXx kzmy^emtc.
`qayn \nv kqcy\ntev 459585 tbmP\; N{\ntebvv
34377. Chsb {Ian Iw sImv (AXmXns {`aW]Yns
Ahymkw) KpWnv {XnPym (3438) sImv lcnm kqcyN{mcn
tev `qanbn \np bYm Zqcw (AXmXp kabtbv-v `qan
bpsS {`aW]Ynse m\w A\pkcnv) e`npw. ImcWw, Ch
ChbpsS {`aW]Yw tI{ambn kev]ns `qanbptSbpw, Ah
cpsS kzmy^entbpw (maximum value) CSbn FhnsSsbnepw
nXn sNWw.
3438 {XnPy. CXv an\pnemWv. CXns\ 60 sImv lcnm 23
tlmc 58 an\pv Inpw (Zn\ssZLyw). Cy tPymXnimkv{Xn
Cu kwJy N{hymkambn D]tbmKnpXv Fn\msWv 18 -mw
\qmphsc bqtdm]y ]nXv Adnhpmbncpn. Ctm,
B[p\nI imkv{Xw N{hymkambn 34375 Fv IWmpp. Cy
m 3437.5 Fv ZimwiamsbSpv Zimwiw Hgnhmn 3438 FsSp
ncpp F hyXymkta Dp.
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
kqcy
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 12 cmin
(24 tlmc)
n
`qa
{]Imiknp
kwJy
{]Imiknp
civa
12
nbps
S]
mX
ip
12
12
Nn{Xw 3.3
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
S1
H
D1
Nn{Xw 3.4
MEtZe
or
Me-Ze
549
{]Imiknp
ZrIvt]ip
17. ZrIvt]ipc]nk Gh{XnPymltXm`thXv
ayeKv\hnlo\{]mKveKv\tZmPy hn`mPnX.
Zrt]eK\vns (Cos ZD) iphmb ZrIvt]ip
ayi-p x {XnPym
ayeKv\w - {]mKveKv\w
Cos Zm x {XnPym
ME - Sin ML
{]Imiknp
S1
S1
S
S1
S
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
863
Sine SD bmWv ZrXnPym
(Parallax in longitude in naadikaas)
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
) (kaemhymkw)2 - (ay{KlWmmwiw)2 Or
) (Radius of contact circle)2 - (latitude of mid eclipse)2
556
{]Imiknp
tImSn (k
aem hymkw
Amwiw
90
)
`pPw
(tImWnI AIew or Iw)
Nn{Xw 3.6
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
Iw
(tm. 62)
ew_w
(tm. 60-61)
]mZw
(tm. 48)
Nn{Xw 3.7
3438
560
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
Nn{Xw 3.8
85. {Kkam]vXn
]camZoiztcssWjm tmIm\mw \ymbZo]nIm
IrXm]bpXmioXym tkhyXmw KWtImssa.
CXn ]ctaizchncNnXm {KlW\ymb Zo]nImkam]vXm. Cu {Kl
W\ymbZo]nI 85 tmItfmsS KWtImamv D]tbmKnp
Xn\mbn ]camZoizc\m sNsXmWv. C{]Imcw ]ctaizchncNnX
amb {KlW\ymbZo]nI Ahkm\nbvpp.
ZrWnX ]ctaizc
Ipqcv \mKetcn hStcn a\bvse ]ctaizc 13-14 \qm
pIfn Pohnncp {]kn tPymXnimkv{X\mWv. ]clnX
KWnXhpw ZrWnXhpw ]p\cpcnv AX\pkcnv At\Iw \ncoW
\Snb Atlw cNn {KlW\ymbZo]nI {KlW\nba
hniZampp.
565
{]Imiknp
{]Imiknp
IcW{Kw
Spherical
Geometry
{KlWspdnv
(Astronomical tables)
Bcy`Sob `mjyw
eLp`mkvcob `mjyw `mkvcmNmcy
alm`mkvcob `mjyw Is IrXnIv
tKmhnkzmanbpsS alm`mkvIcob
`mjyn\v `mjyw
apRvPehs eLpam\k`mjyw
hnhcWw- kqcyknm`mjyw
hnhcWw- `mkvc 2 -mas eoemhXn`mjyw
hrn hyXo]mXmjvSIw emSssh[rXw
hrn (tKmfZo]nI II s `mjyw)
567
{]Imiknp
17. BNmckw{Klw
18. PmXI]Xn
19. aplqcXv\`mjyw
20. {io]XnbpsS PmXImtZin\v `mjyw
21. ]rYpbins {]iv\kXv ]inJm`mjyw
22. aplqmjvSIZo]nI
23. hmIyZo]nI
24. `mZo]nI
Astrology
IpInmh
{]Imiknp
1653387 tKm
Iw
1655130
2. iq\ymKv\n`qitcjzwK`q
\nfmXSw
+kwKa
{Kmaw
3. JJiq\ymn _mWmwKiin
1652000 \mhm
t{Xw
4. ZznjUvctkjp ]mwKhn[p`n
1655662 \nfmXSw
5. IrXZzn_mWcmam_v[n jUvNss{
1643524
6. ckXnYy{`nthZ`qjUv`qan
1647156
7. {Zhyy{ZyjvSm_v[n jUvN{
1648722
14. thmaiq\ymZnNt{jpck`q
1651700
1643524
1647156
1648722
1651700
2978
569
8176 Znhkn
4 {KlWw
{]Imiknp
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
1652000
1652694
1653387
1653403
1654614
1655130
1655293
1655484
1655647
1655662
3000
694
693
16
1211
516
163
191
163
15
BsI
{]Imiknp
BC bn es injy[ohnnX n 12 b{ ]dbpp. 1072
AD bn `mkvcmNmcy\pw 1506 AD bn KtWi`hyms {Klem
=
=
=
=
1 Ie
1 `mKw
1 cmin
1 `KWw
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
{]Imiknp
Imeam\w
60 hn]e
60 ]ew
150 ]ew
24 tlmc
Imew, Zqcw,
_nnncpp.
= 1 ]ew
= 1 LSn
= 1 tlmc (15 `mKw) = 1/2 cmin
= 1 Zn\w = 12 cmin = 1 `KWw
tIm, _nw_w Fnhsb C{]Imcw ]ckv]cw
emNmcys 12 D]IcW
tKmtem `KW {Iw L\LSn iwJp iISIcyx
]njvSI ]me iemI ZzmZib{mWn klbjvSbm
(injyZohrnX. 700 BC)
tKmfw (sphere), `KW (ring), N{Iw (disc), [\pv (Bow & arrow),
LSn (LSnImcw), iwJp, iISw, Icy, ]njvSIw, I]mew, iemI-
`KWw
PeLSnImcw
N{Iw
[\pv
iwJp (2 Xcw)
iISw (Compass?)
Nn{Xw 3.9
572
{]Imiknp
(kqNokvXw`w)
HcpXcw ip
hrmIrXn
(thZn)
Icn
]njvTw
bjvSn (Zw)
Nn{Xw 3.10
{]Imiknp
fn
p\m
t
Pe
]m{Xw
imkv{Xs
Iv
ip
ip
hW
ip
Pew
{]Xew (thZn)
Nn{Xw 3.13
574
Pebm\]m{Xw
(I)
{]Imiknp
{ioIrjvW kpZ
nWtbbpw Ap
ao (ayw). \{Xw
\ ]mmentbbpw ]m{Xw
(\ncoIs Iv)
hnhmlw Ignpwapv
Peayb{hnZybn eq
sS Omb t\mn eyw
t`Znp Ignhv sXfnbn
\qcw
ncpp. ew_\w (paraao (ayw)Peayw
llax) \nbaw AdnbmsX
CXv sNm\mhn. I
Nn{Xw 3.14: hqUq
en D]tbmKnncp
Pe\mfnImb{ns knw_ 90 bn Xncnp]nSnv hcv
AXpt\mn sshZyw ]dbp coXn lmbvXnbnse kv{XoInSbnepv.
hqUq FmWv Cu knw_en\p t]cv.
ayw Cuizcsbpw imkv{X\mb ao\hsbpw ImWv
ChnsS. ab{w, bh[m\yb{w apXembh ]knmnIbn
hnhcnp. `mkvcmNmcys PeN{Ib{n ]cZmcw (ckw) D]tbmKn
pp.
Db
Pekw`cWn
(Pe]m{Xw)
ckw
(\mfnbn)
Draining Tray
(Irjn\new)
Xmgv
Pekw`cWn
(Pe]m{Xw)
Nn{Xw 3.15
{]Imiknp
*
576