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tUm.

kph \memv
MBBS, MD (Pathology)

1946 sabv 6 \v P\\w.


1998 saUn tImtfPv kokn \np dnb sNbvX
tijw AarX Cnyqv Hm^v saUn kbkv & dnkv
skdn s{]m^kdpw slUv Hm^v Zn Unmpsapw Bbncpp.
Ctm tImgntmSv kIemimebn cmKNnIn ^mn
s{Sbn\nv sNpXn\p Icnpew kne_kv InnbpsS D]tZi
Ibmbn {]hnpp. {][m\ IrXnI: kp[mknp (D]\njXv
`mjyw), ]knp (kucyelcn), {_lvaknp ({_lvakq{Xw
`mjyw), kuhw (`KhZvKoXm `mjyw), \mZebknp, ]mtYbw,
Cysb Is- hcmlanlncs ]knmnIbneqsS, \me
mns N{Ihmfspcpfn, Hcp ImeLns Hmbvv, ap{Z,
km{m\w, a[pcebw, Cs A, AarXtPymXn, ]pgbpsS IY,
Without a stumble- A book on the spirituality of Music, Music therapy in
Administration Management and Education, Ragachikilsa, Education in
ancient India- Nalanda & Valabhi University.
Website:
e-mail:

http://drsuvarnanalapattrust.org
www.nalapat.com
snalapat@gmail.com
snalapat@yahoo.com

{]Imiknp

tUm. kph \memv

Un.kn. _pIvkv

Book details

Typeset: K.S. Sunil Kumar, Edappally


Cover design: S.S. Likesh Babu, Ernakulam

{]km[Ipdnv

apIpdnv
23.10.1993 alm\han. ApaWn. AIse ImI IcbpXp
tImw. inht{Xn \np {]`mXIo\. PmeIn\p
]pdv almtZhnbpsS Agnn apSnt]mse IcntaL. Ingp
sXfn HcpIjvWw BImiodn Xnfp ip{I. tZhnbpsS
eemSnse IkvXqcnXneIw t]mse! t\mnt\mnbncns Hcp
hmIyw, AXns AYw, a\n sXfnbpp. hcnhcnbmbn apdbmbn
kw`hnp, Bh\mIamb (sskn) N{Icq]amb Hv.
Ima shdpsX... BImaw hnn... ho hnn Imamw. hnZybmIp
cYw AwKnIsfqSmsX A\wKambn tJNcnbmbn BImiamt
kcnpp. D]m[nIfnmsX kcnp B hccpNncamb hc
cpNncYs Rm [ym\npp. hnhccpNnhmIy_amb B cYw,
AwKnhmNnItfmSpIqSn hmIy\n_amn Dcphm A[ymb
cNnpp. Aam\pjcmb ]qhPv (aad ]qhnIv) cpNn
Icamb, AhccpNnIcamb B hccpNnhmIyw hmKvtZhnbmb ]dn
bmbn Iapn AhXcnpp. Cu alm\hanbn!
cmaw ZicYw hnn
amw hnn P\ImPmw
Atbm[ymaShow hnn
KO XmX bYmbpJw

25352244
54435103
11451444
32111272

BsI kwJy
Xncnnm

123350063
360053321

CXv 360000000 + 50000 + 3300 + 21 FsgpXmw. Fmw tPymXnj,


tPymXnimkv{X]cambn {][m\kwJyI. KO XmX... KO XmX Fv
Fs kZm aptmv \bn Ccw kz]v\Zi\ At\Iw!!!
kz]v\Zi\sfpdnv ]mtYbn FgpXnbtm ]epw
kwibw. kz]v\w at\mtcmKnIfpsS k]temIat Fv! AXv
imkv{XkXamb bYmYtemIamtWm Fv! kXyhpw k]hpw
Xn FhnsS thXncnWw? sPmlm\kv sI kzLSnImcw
kz]v\w Ip; Xm N{\ntev AXn kcnp Fpw! AXv
sI at\mtcmKnbmbXpsImtm imkv{X_pn GdnbXpsImtm?

Imew, tZiw, Duw, {Zhyw Chsbms HmIp Hc]qh\nanj


nse [ym\^eamWv Zi\w. AXn kz]v\kam\amb Hpv.
]s AXv kXyamWv. at\mtcmKa. temIn Cphsc Dmbn
p Fm NcmNcfpsSbpw, kh `mjIfpsSbpw, imkv{XfpsS
bpw kwkvImcfpsSbpw Fskv AYhm ckw Bb ckm\p`hw
(kucyelcn) ImetZifpsS _\ap hymhlmcnItemIn
s ]cnanXm\p`hfpsS ]cn[npdw BbXpsImmWv Ah \s
kpjp]vXnbnepw, kpjp]vXnk{Zpiamb [ym\kam[nbnepw tXSnhcp
Xv. CXn\v Ctm akvXnjvIKthjWw sImv sXfnhpI Dv.
am\hNcnXw Im kmKs tImkvanIv Imemcn (IeU)
Ahkm\s GXm\pw skUpI am{XamWv. AXmbXv \
sfms bYmYw Fp sXncnncnp Cu sImpPohnXa
kXyw. t_m[imkv{Xw, kwKoXw, kmlnXyw, XXzNn, imkv{Xw
Chsbms \psS akvXnjvInepv. Chsbmw hnIkzcamhm
\p Hcp Acohpw, AXn\p]nb Npp]mSpIfpw Innbm GXp
a\pjypnbpsS {]Xn`bpw hnIkzcamhpw. AXmXp kabv {]]
innbpsS Iymhmkn \nbn t]mse \s tXSn Zi\fpw,
{ipXnIfpw hspI Xs sNpw. As\ hsnb {K
fpw, AdnhpIfpw am{XamWv \s \mampXv.
Cybnse Ghpw ]gap imJbmb KWnXw, AtXmS\p_
np Xs hfph kwKoXw, tPymXnjw, `mjmimkv{Xw Chbp
sS ka\zbamWv Fs ]e IrXnIfpw. Hcp]t Cp \apv e`nn
p Ghpw ]gb hymIcW, KWnX, IYm, `mjmimkv{XfpsS
sbmw cNbnXmhmb hccpNnsb kw_nv Dmb Zi\w Cu
ka\zbn\p Hcp aptmSnbmbncpncnWw. hccpNnbpsS tIcf
_w t\mptm tIcfn\v Cu hnjbfn Dmbncp Ah
Kmlw hfsc ]gbXmsWp ImWmw. ]ctaizc ]mhXnv ]dp
sImSp _rlZvIY ]pjv]Z Hfnp\np tIXns ^eambn
hccpNn F t]tcmsS Iuimw_nbn ImXymb\ tKm{Xn
AKv\ninJ F {_mlvaW\v hkpZ F ]Xv\nbn P\np.
Ipnmev hymUnbpw C{Z\pw hon hv apcPw sImnmSp
Xp I hccpNn Ahsmw BSpIbpw ]mSpIbpw sNbvXp. A
bpsS A\phmZtmsS AhcpsS IqsS hnZy A`yknm ]mSeo
]pcv hj F Kpcphns\ kao]np. Hcp {]mhiyw sImv hc
cpNnbpw, cp{]mhiyw sImv hymUnbpw aqp{]mhiyw sImv C{
Z\pw kh imkv{Xhpw lrZnkvYamn. hccpNn D]hjs ]p{Xn

D]tImisb hnhmlw Ignp. hjs injymcn a_pnbm


bncp ]mWn\ntbmSp tXmv sF{hymIcWw hccpNnv \jvSamb
tm Atlw lnamebn sNp X]v sNbvXp hymIcW
m\w hopw t\Sn hj F Kpcphn\p Kpcphmbn. C{Z
IqSphnp IqSpamdn tbmK\\mbn cmPyw `cnpXpw hccpNn a{n
bmbXpw hccpNn NmWIys\ IXpw, ]qh\]p{X N{Kp]vXs\
NmWIy cmPmhmnbXpw _rlXvIYbnepv. hccpNn hnyhmkn
\nsb ZinXpw AhfpsS AcpfmSm hnyhmknbmb ImW`qXn
sb ImWpXpw Atln\p IYI apgph tInv im]ap
\mbXpw _Zcym{ian shv tbmKmKv\nbn tZlw \innv inh
temIw ]qInbXpamWv KpWmUys hccpNnIY. AXn tIcftam
]dn s] ]ncpIpetam C. Fm hccpNn kckzXnsb kz]v\w
ImWp Hcp cwKapv. \ns icochmkn\nbmb kckzXnbmWp
Rm; D]tImi \ns ]qhPnse ]Xv\nbmWv Fp ]dbp
XmWv Zriyw. \psS FmhcptSbpw AIncnp hmKvtZhnbmb
B ]dn (]dbph) Xs kckzXn. Ahmln\nbmbn, t_m[
cq]n, {]Pv\m]mcanXbmbn HgpIp PetZhX.
Cu ]pkvXIw aqv `mKfmbnmWv cNnncnpXv.
BZy`mKw B[p\nI tPymXnimkv{Xns hfbpsS Ncn{X
amWv Cv \ Fn\np imkv{XcwKs AdnbmsXtbm,
XmcXayw sNmsXtbm D ]ucmWnI imkv{X]T\v {]kn
IpdhmWv. XmcXay]T\w sImv `mjbpw, imkv{Xhpw imkv{X kmln
Xyhpw hf {]m]ntXv Cp aebmf`mjbvv BhiyamWv.
`mjsb kamm\p Fs bXv\ns Hcp XpSbmWnXpw.
cmw `mKw hcmlanlncs _rlZzmcmlokwlnXbpsS BZys
51 A[ymbfpsS `mjyamWv. CXn ]e `mKfpw B[p\nIimkv{X
kw_amb AdnhpItfmSv (AXmXp `mKv) XmcXayw sNm
Fs Ignh\pkcnv {iannpv. aqmw `mKw ZrWnX]ctaizcs
{Kl\ymbZo]nIbpsS Hcp kwn]vXcq]amWv. ]ucmWnI `mcXob
D]tbmKnncp ]e b{- ]gb sSekvtIm]v ASw- CXns
Ahkm\`mKv Nn{XtfmSpIqSn, tNnpv. tZmfhoc F
CUkv hmn \Kcn I tKmfb{ns amXrIbmWv Cpw
\ hm\\ncoWn\p]tbmKnpXv.
AXmXp `mKn\p ap]n AXmXp `mKspdnv sNdnsbmcp
apJhpcpdnpw IqSn tNnpv.

Cu hjw `mcXkm {io\nhmk cmam\pPs _lpam\mYw


C\mjW Cb Zm^v amamnIvkv Bbn {]Jym]nncnbmWv.
GXm\pw hjpapv Rm cNn Cu IrXn, AXn{][m\amb
Cu hjn ]pdndphm klmbn {io Un.kn. chntbmSv \n.
CXns Un.Sn.]n NpaXe GsSp s{]m^. hn.]n.F. \qXncntbm
Spw, kztZin imkv{X {]m\t mSpw {]tXyIw \n.
kph \memv {Sn\pthn,
kvt\lmZc]qhw,
1 Unkw_, 2012

tUm. kph \memv

`mKw Hv

Cy-bqtdmv
BZm\ {]Zm\

DSw
I. imkv{XNcn{Xw
(Cy-bqtdmv BZm\ {]Zm\

1. m\w ]gbXpw ]pXnbXpw


2. {KlKXn, kw
3. mkn imkv{Xw
4. Umhn\nkw
5. {]Imiw, AWpknmw
6. hIcIfpsS ewamw
7. sFss, sFss\ptijw
8. PKZoiv N{t_mkv
II. anlntcm]tZiw. hmcmlo_rlZvkwlnXm

15
31
52
76
84
95
128
146
155

(51 Aymb)
III. ]ctaizchncNnXm {KlW\ymbZo]nIm

541

BapJw
CXv imkv{Xns am{Xw almAssZzXa; ]uckvXy ]mivNm
Xyimkv{XfpsS almssZzXw IqSnbmWv
Izmw
knmw
sshZypXn
Imin
{]Imiw

sshZypX ImnI
in (^mcsU 1830)
{]Imi ImnI
in (amIvkvsh 1870)

Zpe in
(W,Z IW) 1900
{]_ein (1930)

sshZypX Zpe in
GIoIcWw
1970 shbv s_vkemw

Zpe {]_e in
GIoIcWw (Unification)

Bt]nIXm
knmw
Imew, tZiw
{KlNe\w KpcpXzmIjWw
1600 (\yq)
`qNe\w

Bt]nIXm
knmw (1905-1915
sFss)

ssPthmw
(\yqtdm^nkntbmfPn)
alm AssZzXw
(Super unification theory)

ssPhhpw AssPhhpw As\ Hmbnocpp. CXv ]pXnbXv.


IWmZs ]camWpknmhpw, I]nes kmwJyhpw ]XRvPenbp
sS tbmKZi\hpw, `mcXob tPymXnimkv{Xhpw IqSnbmWv Cybn
GIwkZvhn{]m _lp[m hZn F AssZzX imkv{Xw DmnbXv.
]pXnbXpw ]gbXpw IqSn Rm Cs\ ka\zbnmw.

{]Imiknp
{]Imiw, \mZw
{_lvaw
kXyw

in, Ne\w
PKv
Bt]nI kXyw (any)

MC 2

Izmw | ]camWp
knmw
{_lvax kXyw

1
{]]w-AXns Bt]
nIX-tPymXnimkv{Xw
PKnYym

.
O

ssPthmw
Poh
kXyw (Pohmm)
ssPthmw (Bioenergy)
+1+1+1...... n+1
\yqtdm^nkntbmfPn
tbmKimkv{Xw
Pothm{_lvssah\m]cx

1977-78 AarXtPymXn F ]pkvXIn Bcw`nXmWv


Cu AssZzX eoesb A\mhcWw sNm\p {ia.
1) AssPh {]]nse Fm hkvXpsfbpw [mXpsfbpw,
AhbpsS AWpsfbpw Ahsbm sNdnb ]camWpsfbpw
BZyw {KlnpI. ssPh{]]n sshdkv apX a\pjy hsc
Fm Pohmmfpw.
2) [mXp, AWp, ]camWp FnhXs FdnbpI.
3) ssPhhpw AssPhhpamb Duw, ]nw, KXobX Fnh
sb a\nempI.
4) Duns (inbpsS) hnfbmamsX CmWp alm
{]]fpw {_lvamfpw asmpa F hnZymX{w Adn
pIgnm XqWnepw Xpcpnepw arK]nIfnepw a\pjy\nepw
Fmw CuizcinbpsS hnfbmw ImWmw. CXmWv CybpsS
AssZzXw.
5) CXns\ icndnm Cybn Cp Fm hnLS\
hmZfpw Ahkm\ntXmWv. Fm t`Zhmk\Ifpw Dt]nv
a\pjy kvt\l]qw ktmj]qw Cu sNdnb PohnXs al
\obamn Pohnm CXmsXmcp hgnbn.
kvt\lamWv Ghpw henb aXw. m\amWv Ghpw henb
[\w. kvt\lhpw m\hpap Hcp temIP\Xsb hmsSpm,
Fs cmPynse P\v Cu {]Imiknp klmbIamhs.
arXyphn \nv AarXXzntev...
Ccpn \nv {]Imintev...
AkXyn \nv kXyntev...
A[n \nv [ntev...
Dtccamm\w!!
22.12.2008
tUm. kphW \memv
14

{]Imiknp

1. m\w- ]gbXpw ]pXnbXpw


tPm {Kn-ns Science a history (1543-2001) bn apJhpc Bcw`n
p hmNIw, imkv{Xw \s ]Tnn Ghpw {][m\]mTw {]]
n \mw aphbn \nv special A FmsWpw CXv bqtdm
n XpSnbXv 16 -mw \qmn tIm \nv, kqcy tI{oIrX
{]]spdnv ]dbpIbpw Keoentbm 17 -mw \qmns BZy
n `qan Hcp {KlamsWv sXfnbnm sSekvtImv D]tbmKn
bpw sNbvXXp apXemsWpamWv. ]noSv kqcy At\Iw \{X
fn Hp am{XamsWpw a\nembn. 20 -mw \qmns Ahkm\
n \psS bqWnthgvkv IqSmsX At\Iw bqWnthgvkpI Ds
v a\nembn.
icoc imkv{Xspdnv 1543 B{Unbkv shtkenbkv
FgpXnb De humani Corporis Fabrica, AtX hjw {]knoIcn
tIm \nns De revolutionilus orbinus Colestium Fo {K
sshZyhpw tPymXnimkv{Xhpw Htc hjamWv bqtdmn B[p
\nI imkv{X Ncn{Xn A`nhrn {]m]nsXp ImWmw. CXv
Cybn t]mpKokpImcpw UpImcpw Fmw Fnb tijamsW
pw {inpI. bqtdmnse \thmm\s XpnI tImmn
t\mn ]nSn (sabv 29-1453) Zn\w apXemWv IWmpXv. 1687
\yq Philsophical naturalis principia mathematica {]knoIcnXp
hscbmWv \thmm\ Imew. 1453-1687 hsc 234 hjw. AD 400-900
(500 hjw) Ah XfpsS Ccp ImeLhpw AD 900-1400 (500
hjw) XfpsS ayImeLhpambn IWmpp.
XpnI tImmnt\mn ]nSntm Hcp kwLw {Kop
`mjm ]nX Cenbntev XfpsS {Kfpambn t]mbn. Ahn
sS B {KfpsS ]T\w \StmgmWv Idp (Ccp) ImeL
n\p app ImeLs ]p\cpcnm ]XnI DmbXv.
15

{]Imiknp

imkv{Xn\p tdmamm henb kw`mh\sbmpw sNbvXncpn.


14 -mw \qmnse tKv, sXmgnemfnIfpsS Zu`yn Iemin
tm IqSpX ASnaIsf InpI, a\pjymzm\n\p ]Icw \n
p b{ (technology) Ip]nSnpI, ]gb hym]mc am
({]tXyInpw IS amw) Ip]nSnpI apXemb eytfm
sSbmWv bqtdmv imkv{Xs t]mjnnXv. tIm \nv ]gb
{Kop Xzimkv{Xsctmsebmbncpp. ]coW \Sp
Itbm, kzambn BImi \ncoWw sNbvIsbm, Xs Isep
I asmcmv ]coWw \SmhphbmsWv [cnpItbm
sNbvXncpn. Cu An Atlw Hcp Scientist A. tSmfan
bpsS ]gb koamb hnhcWs IqSpX efnXamn hnhcn
p Hcp Nnm]coWw (thought experiment) BWv sNbvXXv.
CuPn]vXn P\n-p hf Ptolemy of Alexandria (2nd century AD) {Ko
kns Adnhv DsmmWv imkv{XPvR\mbXv. AeIvkm{nbbn
se {Kophnm\w AeIvkmptijap (Cybn \nv
IS ISsnb) hnPvRm\tiJcamWv. 300 BC apX 200 AD
hscbp {Kov Bkvt{SmWanbpsS Ncn{XamWv tSmfanbpsS {Kw.
Ad_n `mjbn Almagist (The greatest). {Kop `mjbnsegpXnb
aqen\v The mathematical compilation Ft Aapq. tSmfan
{Kl\ncoWw \SpIbpw Xs apKmanIsf t]mse Nn{X
(\{X `q]Sw ASw) hcpIbpw sNbvXncpp. AXn\m tIm
\nnt\m imkv{Xob amw D]tbmKnncpp. ]s, tIm
\nns Intuition BWv, tSmfanbpsS imkv{X amns Ip
]nSpambncpn icn FXv {itbamWv.
1. {Kl{`aW Iy ]q hramWv.
2. _p[, ip{I, sNm, i\n, hymgsa {Kl, kqcy,
N{, \{X ChbpsS Ne\amWv ]TnncpXv.
3. CXn\p {]mtbmKnI amw `qanbnse \ncoI\v Xm \n
p `qansb tI{amn aphsb ]TnemWv.
4. Hcp {Klw Xs tI{ _nphn\p Nppw Hcp sNdnb hrn
epw, `qanp Nppw Hcp henb hrnepw Idpp. sNdnb hr
s (N{In\pnse N{Is) Epicycle Fp ]dbpp.
5. ImWm\mhm henb kv ^ SnI hr BImi
tKmfsf hrn Nennpp. Ah `qanp Nppw Nenpn.
16

{]Imiknp

`qanbn \nIse Hcp _nphns\ (Equant point- Hmtcm {Kln\pw


thsd) NpnbmWv NenpXv.
6. `qan tI{_np. asm hkvXpfpw Equant Point s\ Npnd
pp. henb N{Iw Equant Point s\ tI{amnbXmWv. Cu N{In
\v deferent Fv t]cv.
CXv (tSmfan) kvYnc XmcfpsS ]cnnXnbn `qanbnse \nco
I ImWp {]Xn`mkfpsS Hcp h\bmWv. Cybn CXv
tPymXnimkv{Xns {]mYanI \ncoW]mTamWv. BZyambn I
bm{X sNbvXhcpw, KncnapIfnepw IStemc kaXefnepw \nv \nco
nhcpamb BZnahns {]mtbmKnI A\p`hm\w. CXm
Wv AeIvkmdpsS Imev {Kokntepw AeIvkm{nbbnte
pw kcnv tSmfanbpsS {Kn ImWp imkv{Xw.
Cybn kqcy\mWv kucbqYtI{w. `qanbn \np `qtI{
hyhkvY \ncoWns data bmWv. AXv ]noSv _oPKWnXw
shv ]mwKKWnXw accurate Bm\mWv. BC 3 -mw \qmn Xs
kqcy\mImw tI{sav Acnmkv kwibw {]ISnnncpp. tSm
fanbpsS hnhcWw koamWv. Fnepw \ncoWw sImv test
sNm\pw {]hNnm\pw Ignbp {KlnXnsb AXn\dnbmw. 19 s^
{_phcn 1473 P\n (t]mfnjv) ansmemPv tIm\nv Xs \maw
emn `mjbnemn, \nsmfmkv tIm \nkv Bbn. A hym
]mcn. Amh _njv. 1496 Cenbn hv \oXnimkv{Xhpw sa
Unkn\pw mknpIfpw KWnXhpw ]Tnp. 1519 7 -mw \qmnse
ss_kmnb Xntbm^nekv kntamIbpsS IhnXm kamlmcw {Ko
n \nv emn\ntev Xa sNbvXv {]knoIcnp. 1506 t]mf
n Xncnsn. 1512 Amh eqmkv acnpwhsc Atln
s ^nknjy\pw sk{Idnbpambncpp. Xs ]n tPmenI (canon),
saUn tPmenI, A\h[n sNdnb knhn Hm^okp Imcy
FnhbvnSbnepw Bkv{SmWanbn Xmev]cyw \ne\nn. 1510
Isnb Xs tIm\nkv tamU 1543 emWv Atlw {]kn
oIcnXv. 33 hjs Xmakw Fn\v?
1. Atlw Xs Canon, saUn tPmenIfm Ftmgpw Xnc
tdnb hynbmbncpp. ]n ifn\v \oXn ImWnm At
lw kZm AXn\mbn {]hnp. t{^mw t_mv Io{Uense CS
hImpw km[ppw thn ]Ww hmmsX saUn k
okv sNbvXp.
17

{]Imiknp

2. KWnXs\ \nebvv Idkn ]cnjvcWn\p


m DmnXv AtlssmmWv.
3. \nba\mIbm diocese s \nba Imcyfn Atl
tmSmWv D]tZiw tXSnbncpXv.
4. 1520 Ing _mnIv {]tZihpw {]jybpw \nb{nncp
SyqtmWnIv ss\pI F {IqtkUamv Xpeyamb aXkwLw
t]mfv B{Iantmgpw A{]XonXambn tkh\w sNtnhp.
Ao\nse Hcp tIm B{IanIsXnsc amktfmfw Atlw
Imp kqnp.
5. ]gb tNmZy-v Dcw sImSpp Xs Is
]pXnb tNmZy Dmpsa Adnhv Atln\pmbncpp.
N{s\pdnv equant F [mcW kzoImcyambncpn. GXmWv
{]]ns tI{w? kqcy tI{amWv. Fmepw N{s {]iv\w
Xocpn. {Kl ]XpsbmhpXn\pw thKnemhpXn\pw
Epicycles s\ B{ibntn hcpp. Ghpw AIsebp {Kln\
pdw \{X (ncXmcw) Hcp crystal sphere t\mSp _nsX
n, `qan Nenptm Ahbnepw N\\apmhWw (parallax). Imdn
encnptm ]pds sNSnIfmWv NenpsXv tXmpw t]mse.
]s, Nenp `qanbnencpv t\mptm As\ \{Xw Nen
pXv ImWpn. \{X {Klfn \nv \qdp IWn\v
ssa AIsebmbmte parallax effect ImWm\mhm hn[w sNdp
Xmhq. ]s Fn\mWv Cuizc C{Xbpw hensbmcp iq\ykvYew
{Klpw \{XpanSbn CpshXv?
Cu tNmZyn\pcw tXSpXns Xmakw hp.
6. `qan Nenppsn, Xpd hml\n kcnph
cpsS apSnsb ]dnp t]mse \nccambn Hcp Imv CmsXv?
FpsImv `qNe\w kap{Zn henb thentbncI Dmp
n (kp\mannc). `qan Nenppsn FpsImXv `qansb
Ipepn IjvWampn? (16 -mw \qmnse bqtdm]yv Ne\sa
m IpXncpdp bm{X, hnbnep bm{X Fmbncpp
BsI kev]w. kp\mantbm `qanIpepw sImv `qanta DmIp
amtfm t{Smn cmPyfnephv \nccm\p`hamWv. AXn
\memWv Ahv `qNe\spdnv hyamb [mcW t\cs
18

{]Imiknp

DmbXv). CsXms tIm \nn\v Dmb kwibfmWv. Ah


bmemWv {]knoIcWw sshInbXv.
7. kqcy tI{_npshn FpsImv Fmw kqcy\ntev
hogpn Fv 16 -mw \qmnse imkv{X tNmZnp. We don't
know Ft tIm \nn\v ]dbm Ignpp. HSphn 1539
KWnX\mb sdnns \n_hpw, Xm\ntm hr\msb
pw C\n Xs {Kw ]pdphnSmm AXp \jvSamhpsa t_m
[hpw sImmWv tIm \nv {]knoIcnm IqmnbXv. sdn
kv CXn\v `mctaev]n B{Unbmkv HmknbmUdns BapJ
tmsS ]pkvXIw ]pdphp. HmknbmU tIm \nkv tamU
ens\ \ninXambn hnain amn eqdpsS A\pbmbn (Lutharan
minister) BIbm CXv Hcp efnXamb KWnX\nbaw sImv {Kl
Ne\w KWnp ]pkvXIamsWpw bqWnthgvkns bYm tam
Uespw BapJnsegpXn. amn eqX (1483-1546) ss__nfn
tPmjz `qantbmS, kqcyt\mSmWv A\msX \nm Iev]nsX
pw AXn\m `qanpNppw kqcy\mWv NenpsXpw hmZnp.
1543 acWnSbn shmWv tIm \nv Xs ]pkvXIn
s tImn kzoIcnpXv. AXn\m BapJspdnsmpw At
lw ]dnn.
i\n{Klntep Hcp spaceprobe s flight KWnptm
kqcys\ tI{amnbnpw, N{\ntep tdmns flight KWnp
tm `qtI{ambnpamWv Cpw NASA bnse imkv{X {]mIvSn
tamUemsbSppXv. CXv `qan kqcys\ Npnbpw, N{ `qansb
Npnbpw, kqcy {]]ns tI{_npsh Npnbpw Nenpp
Fv Adnbmn. Cu tI{_npsh B[p\nI imkv{Xw Milky
way (BImi KwK) Fv hnfnpp. Cybn Cu BImi KwK
]memgnbntepw (sshIpWvTw) `qanbnse KwK ssIemkntep
ap amamWv. bqtdm]y s{]mpI tIm \nns ]p
kvXIs \nnp. tdma Imenv Nv AhKWnp. Cwn
am{XamWv tIm \nns ]pkvXIs kzmKXw sNbvXsXXv
AhcpsS imkv{X t_m[w ImWnpp.
ap{Kl:- _p[\pw ip{I\pw kqcyt\mSSpv {]`mX, kmbm
fn am{Xw ImWpp. aph As\b. BImins
GXp `mKpw cm{XnbpsS GXp kabpw ImWmw. tSmfan CXv kqcy
19

{]Imiknp

kmao]yw sImmsWv ]dncpp. tIm \nv Cu cp


{KlfpsS IyI `qanbpsS IybvImIbm, Ah \s
m kqcys ASpmsWpw ]dp. ap aqp {Klv `q{`
aW]Yn\v ]pdmWv IyI. ChbpsSsbmw kqcys\ Npm
s\Spp kabw t\mn _p[s sImw sNdpXpw i\nbpsS sImw
Ghpw ZoLhpsav tIm \nv ]dp. {KlfpsS Ne\
kz`mhw kqcy\pw `qanbpw Xnep ZqctmSv Bt]nIambn {Kl
n\v kqcyt\mSp Zqcw A\pkcnmWv Fv tIm \nv ]d
p. bYmZqcw AdnbmsXbpw, {Klsf kqcy\n \np
Zqca\pkcnv {Ian \nivNbnp. _p[, ip{I, `qan, sNm, hym
gw, i\n F {Iaw Cy cmin N{InepXp XsbmWv.
1520 P\n KWnX\pw ktbdpw XnsbmsUmssev Ip
]nSn hynbpw, BZyambn Hcp ncw ]mwKw (Imemh,
Bkv{SmWan, tSmfanIv tamU ASw) cNn hynbpamb entbm
WmUv UnKvkns ]p{X tXmakv UnKvkv (Cwojv Bkvt{SmWa)
tIm \nns ]pkvXIs t]mpessdkv sNbvXp. As
sSekvtImv shv Atlw BImiw \nconncpp. 1572 Atlw
I kq t\mhsb ssStm{_mln Xs A\mennkn D]tbm
Knnpv. BImi KwKbnse At\Iw \{X At\Iw kqcym
cmsWv Atlw Ip. 1595 UnKvkv acnptm Keoentbm
Keoen ]mZzbnse s{]m^kdmWv. Imenv k` tIm \nkv
tamU kzoIcn KnbmUmt\m {_ptWmsb 1600 NppIcnp. sl
anksa hnhmIamb kao]\n\mWv (aX kao]\w) ]n
Atls NpsXpw imkv{Xn\v FXncmb Fpw hmZnp
h cmbmepw A`n{]mb kzm{X{yn\v FXncmbmsWpw A[
amsWpw adpp.
slankw:- tamkns Imev CuPn]vXy hnZybpsS ssZh
amb tXmns Imbncpp CXv. tXmns {Kop]Zw slankv
(_p[{Klw). AXn\m slankw. amkntUmWnbbn \nmWv
slanks Cenbn sImphXv. Itmen Nv icn
bmb aXamb CuPn]vXy imkv{Xntev Xncnpt]mIWsav
{_qtWm hmZnXn\mWv 1591 sh\nkn shv Atls Inquisition
\v ssIamdnbXpw NppIcnXpw. 1616 sIdpsS ]pkvXIw hnm
\ntcm[np. 1835 emWv B \ntcm[\w \onbXv. {_lvamhpw
20

{]Imiknp

]nmhpw Htc kabw ]T\hnt[bambn- tmUnbkv Kmse\kv


F Kmes {K B{Unbkv shtkenbkv hopw
IsnbXv ss_kmnb, Ad_n kwkvImcfn \nmWv.
tIm \npw shtkenbkpw XfpsS Is Hcp ]p\
Zi\hpw ]gbXns evolution Dw FmsX, Revolution Fv hnNmcn
ncpn. tSmfantbbpw Kmet\bpw hopw IspIbmbncpp,
Ah. Kme AD 130 Gjymssa\dn (Xpn) P\n {Kov ^nkn
jy\mWv. [\nI\mb BnsSIvpw Irjnmc\pamb Abm Kme\v
16 hbptm Cu Ipn saUnkn\n t]scSppsav kz]v\w
Ip. sImdnnepw AeIvkm{Unbbnepw ]Tnv P\mSmb s]Kma
nse tUntbamcpsS tUmIvSdmbn, ]noSv Cenbn t]mbn am
kv Hmdnenbkns kplrpw sshZy\pamWv. AD 180 N{Ihn
bmb ItmUn\pw (Hmdnenbkns ]p{X) Atlambncpp
tUmIvS. lntm{Imkns\ sshZyns ]nXmhv Fv Atlam
Wv hnfnXv. \mb, ]n, Ipc Fnhsb UnkIvSv sNbvXmWv
Atlw a\pjyicocspdnsgpXnbXv. (hfsc Ipdv a\pjy ico
csf UnkIvSv sNbvXnpp) Fmepw 12-13 \qmv (1200-1300 sIm
w)- AXmbXv 16 -mw \qmphsc- Kmes hmmbncpp a\pjys
Anatomy v Ahkm\ hmv. 1525 Kmes aqe{Kw ({Kov) {]kn
sSpn. Av Bpw {Kov AdnbmXn\m AXns emn
XabmWv tUmIvSam ]TnncpXv. 1514 Unkw_ 31 \v sshZy
mcpsS IpSpw_n shtkenbkv P\np.1537
- tUmIvSdmbn. A\m
an ]Tnm Hcp ihdbnse icocw 1536 Atlw tamjvSnnp
v. ]mZzbn s{]m^kdmbtm PUvPv ammtmWntbm sIm
cn\n h[inp hn[n {Inan\epIfpsS icocw hnpsImSpXn\m
tamjWw sNbvXn. Amev ^nknjy kt\m Db
h\mbncpp. IpnIv Dissection ImWnpsImSppXp sImpw
In tNmc ]pcfpXpsImpw Cu \ne shtkenbkv amn. kzbw
Unsk sNbvXv Nn{XklnXw ]TnnpIbpw ]pkvXIw cNnpI
bpw sNbvXp. Xs {]knamb 2 ]pkvXI cNnv, 30 hbmIpw
apv Atlw Xs tPmen Dt]np. ]TnnpXn\p ]Icw saUn
kn {]mIvSokv sNm BZyw Nmekv 5 -masbpw ]ns Atl
ns ]p{X kvs]bn\nse ^nen]vkv cmatbpw BkvYm\
sshZy\mbn. 1564 Atlns kXtmsS Pdpktean
Xobm{X t]mbn. aSptm I IStm`n s]p. `
21

{]Imiknp

WanmXmbn. Fmhpw ISsmcppmbn. {Kov Zzo]amb km


sbn shv acnp (50 -mw hbn). shtkenbn\pw lmhnbvpw
CSbn Km{_ntb ^temnbkv (Fallopean tube) ssltdm\nakv
^m{_njykv (Fw{_ntbmfPn- tImgnapta) Fp cpt]sc ]mZz
bn ]Tnnnpp.
1553 ssat skshkv (Servetus) lesser circulation Ip
]nSnp. {_ptWmsbtmse tbip CuizcmhXmctam Cuizc]p{Xt\m
A, Cuizc krjvSn am{XamWv Fp hnizknXn\m, tPm
Imhns Imhn\npIfm 27 HIvtSm_ 1553 NppIcnsp
Atlw.
hneyw lmhnbmWv lrZbhpw cNw{IaWhpw IsnbXv.
India
kp{ipX kwlnX
hcmlanlncs
]knmnI

Astronomy

Medicine

ss]tKmdkv
Acntmn/tSmfan

lntm{Imkv
Kme

tIm \nkv

tIm \nkv
shtkenbkv
hneyw lmhn

Rm ]TnXv Botany, Zoology, Medicine FnhbmWv (Pohim


kv{Xw). Astronomy bn Xmev]cyw Dv Fpam{Xw (tIm \nkn
s\ t]mse!), kp{ipX kwlnX (BC 500) hcmlanlncs IrXn (AD
427) FnhbmWv Cy saUn/kPn/tPymXnmkv{Xs
]qambn Dsmm BZyw Rm ]Tn {K. kp{ipX
kwlnXbn a\pjys Anatomy, Dissection ]e C\w kkvX\nI,
D]IcW Fnh BC 500 Xs Dv. hccpNn, hknjvT,
ss]Xmal apX hcmlanlnc, Bcy`S, ]ctaizc, kw{Kma
am[h hsc Fmhcpw Astronomy bn F{X \qmpapv bqtdmn
t\m apnemWv Fv AhcpsS DcWnI, {K ]TnmWv
Rm a\nemnbXv. {Kokv, Cen, bqtdmn imkv{Xn\v 3 {]mh
iyw hf DmbXv.
22

{]Imiknp

1. tkmfa/^pWojy Imen\ptijw
2. AeIvkvm/Acntmn/tSmfan Cy_n\p tijw
3. t]mpKokv/Uv/{^v/Cwojv kn\ptijw.
Cu aqmas knemWv bqtdmn Renaissance Imew.
Imehpw m\ ]p\tcmmcWhpw Cy {KtfmSpw Cytbm
Spap khpamWv bqtdm]y imkv{Xns hfp ImcW
ambXv.
hymks Imet_m[w
{_lva

hknjvT

in

]cmic

hymk

(ss]Xmalknmw)
(hknjvTknmw)

(]cmicknmw)

`mKhXn,
BIrjvW\nam {XnwiZvhjm[nIKtX Iseu
\haotXm\`tkyN IYmcw`w iptIItcmXv
]conv {ihWmtN IseuhjiXZztb
ipt ipsNu\haymw Nt[\ptPm f IYbXvIYmw
XkvamZ]nIseu{]m]vtX {XnwiZvhjKtXKhXn
DuNpcqtPkntX ]t \haymw{_ lvaWxkpXmx
Fp]dbptm, Hcp kw`hw (event) GXp Imev, BcpsS
PohnX thfbn Bhnp Fv Imew, tZiw, t{ImtWmfPn, kw`
hw FnhbpsS t_m[w IrXyambn ImWnpXv, tPymXnmkv{X
ns ]gw ImWnpp.
I. BC 3104 \nv 30 hjw Ignv BC 3074 ipIaljn ]co

nn\pthn Inbn kqcy \ns, ip] \hanbn


N{ \ns KwKmXocv BZyambn `mKhX ]mcmbWw sNbvXp.
23

{]Imiknp

(kqcy N{mv `qanbpambp B {]tXyIZn\nse _w Hcp


{]tXyI tZis \ncoI\v A\p`hs hn[w ImWpI).
II. 200 hjw Ignv BC 2874 InSI amknse ip

\hanv (InSIw ]nXrbm\Imew. tKmI ktlmZcs t{]X


apnmWv sNbvXXv) tKmIpshv tKmI. `rKp]macsc
tmepw sImphv tInp.
III. AXnv 30 hjw Ignv 2844 BC bn lcnZzmcn {_lva
]p{X \mcZ\v amIn\oXocnse B\XSn ]cam\
e_v[nbvv. AXpw InSI ip \hanmWv.
IV. 30 hjn\ptijw 2814 BC bn ss\animcWyn shv

tcmaljWkpX\mb kqX `mKhXw k]vXmlw \Sn.


aqmas bpKmh\n, 3 -mw bpKmcw`n kckzXo
Xocpshv thZs Amn ]Ipv hymk Ap injym
p sImSpp. Ahsc thZw {]Ncnnm GmSmn.
EtKzZw
bPqtZw
kmathZw
AYw

- ss]e
- sshimb\
- ssPan\n
- kpap

hymk]p{Xmcmbncpp ipI\pw, tcmaljW\pw (kqX Ipe


n)- Cu {_mlvaWkpX/kqXhwinemWv. ss\animcWyn
`mKhX k]vXmlw \Snb kqXP\\w. ]athZw hymk D]tZ
inXv tcmaljW\mWv. CXmWv `mKhXw.
{KlfpsS Ne\ t`ZKXnbm kw`hnp hyXykvXfmb
5 kwhc (kwhcw, ]cnhcw, hcw, CUmhcw, A\p
hcw). {Kl Ne\m 60 hjn (LCM- Fm {Klfp
sSbpw {`aWkabn) ]pds kvYespw, {Kl `qanbn
se \ncoI\v HnsmcnSv ImWsSp {KltbmKkz`mhw, kqcy
tbpw N{tbpw AXn\pds Hcp temIntbpw Adnhv Fnh
ss]Xmal, hknjvT, ]cmic, hymk Fnhdnbmw. Cu
AdnhmWv AD 427 hcmlanlnc t{ImUoIcnXv. AXv CybpsS
Bkvt{SmWanbpsS renaissance Bbn IWmmw (sIv 1200
24

{]Imiknp

hjw apv). hymk `mKhXn PeLSnImb{w DmpXv


IrXyambn ]dbpp. kabw Afm\pw Archimedis principle s
Sinking & floatation of a vessel IrXyambn Adnv demonstrate sNm
\pw AXnkqvaamb \najw, Ww apXemb am{X t]mepw Adnbm
\pw AXns\ a\pjys izmtkmOzmk/{]mWmbma am{Xbpambn Xmc
XaysSpm\pw km[npXpw hfsc IrXyambn saePn Adnbm
hp Hcmpam{Xw Dmm\mhpXpamWv PeLS-nI-mb{w. Bdv
]ew sNpsImp Xm{a ]m{Xns ASnbn Hcp ]WanS kz
m Dmnb 4 AwKpewiemIbm Hcp Zzmcanv shn
CSpI. ZzmcneqsS shw ISv ]m{Xw appXns\Spp kabw
Hcp \mgnI. CXmWv `mKhXnse PeLSnImb{w. CXv hcmlanln
c hopw hnhcnpp AD 427 (ap ]e b{tfmsSmw). BC
3104 ZzmcI XpdapJp\npw BZna lmc \Kcfn \npw
BtKmfkmcw \Snbncp, I\nmWw, Afhv, Xqn,
saePn ASw ]eXpw BtKmfambn ]cnNbsSpnb Hcp
kwkvImcn\pam{Xta Cu t_m[w Dmhq FXv A\pam\nmhp
tXbpp.
`qan: hymk k]vXZzo]hXnbmb `qan hndXpw BZniq{Z cmPm
fmb lncWym/lncWyIiy]p Imepw kXy{hX Imepw
ASw, BC 3104 ZzmcI apptm hsc kp\manncI Db
Xpw ]ehw IrXyambn hnpp. Ia hnam\kmcw sNp
tm t{]bnXz`pthmtKmfw (`qansb tKmfmIrXnbn Ip)
FsgpXpp. km[mcW Hcp hnam\n `qansb tKmfmIrXnbn
ImWn. Hcp spaceship am{Xsa CXp ImWp. As\ `qanbpsS
BIjWhebn\p ]pdsmcp temIs Cymv (ChnsS
hymk\v Adnbpambncppthm?
`qh\tImiaen `qan, kqcy, N{, tPymXnjKWw,
k]vXknp, k]vXZzo]w Chbpv. AtImihnkvXrXn 50 tImSn
tbmP\- Hv Hns\Npn Hmtcmpw DnepXnt\m 10 Ccn
henn `qan apXembn (`qanbnse \ncoI\v) 7 BhcWw Dv.
Fm CXv Hscm Aa, AkwJyw Akaqlfpv.
(kucbqY) C{]Imcw At\Iw A kaqlap {_lvamw
(universe) Hcp ]camWp t]mse almc{_lvan ebnncnp
XmWv hymks lcn[maw.
25

{]Imiknp
i\n
hymgw
sNm
ip{I
_p[
N{

`qan
N{ ip{I
_p[
sNm

`qan

hymgw
i\n

Nn{Xw 1.1: `qtI{amb \ncoWw


(Observation- Scientific
experiment- in each age)

Nn{Xw 1.2: kqcytI{ambm `qan/


N{ Fnh H bqWnmbn
kucbqYn\pw 7 BhcWw

AtImins Cu A\p]mXw, AXv Hbv At\Iw


kucbqY (\{Xhyql) Dv F Adnhv hymk\pv.
Aymbw 3, 57 -mw tmIn XZm`mchXo`qan (`qan `mchXnbmWv)
Fp ]dbpp. `mcw (KpcpXzw) Dh Xmtgmphogp, Xmtgmp
hogvpp (BIjWw). Cs\ Xntev hogvp `qanbpsS
kz`mhw ]dbp hymk BZnhcmlIev]n `mchXnbmb `qan
Xs ]Yw hnp Xmgvpt]mbXmbn (Xs tI{amb kqcy\ntev)
]dbpp. tSmfanbpsSbpw sIdpsSbpw \yqsbpw ssFssbpw
Imes knm ]ebnSpw `mKhXnepv. Ah Nnn
pXn\pw \nconpXn\pw F{Xtbmapv Cs\ Nne Nnn
ncpp, Pohnncpp FXn\w a\pjyakvXnjvIn\v Racial
Superiority C Fp am{XamWv. ]cmics tKmtemIw, (Sea Sudhasindhu for description) inwipamch\ Fnhbpw hymk\dnbmw.
`qtemIw
a\pjycpsS
tkma (N{) temIw
]nXrfpsS
kqcytemIw
tZhmcpsS
tKmtemIw
hnjvWp]Zw
b{X kqcyky tkmaky knmw \ KXnx IZm
Xw temIw lnKXmkvtXXp {ioaXv `mKhXm{ihmXv
26

{]Imiknp

Fv tKmImZnI tI kqcyhmIyn kqcyknmw,


tZhmcpsS KXn, N{knmw ]nXrfpsS KXn (KXn Fm Ne\
amWv) FdnbWw. kqcyknmhpw N{knmhpw `qanbn \nv
\nconp \ncoI {Klnp `qtI{hyhkvYnXnbpw, ]pd
pt]mIp \ncoI {Klnp kqcytI{nXn, tKmtemI
nXn Fnhbpw ]qoI hnhcnpp. kqcyhmIysav `mKhX
n ]dbpp. hccpNnbpsS tPymXnj ]Xnbnse N{hmIy
t]msebmWv Ah. Ia t]mbXv spaceship emWv FXn\v hymk
`mKhXn Ia]p{X\pw {]Ya sshjvWhmhXmchpamb I]ne
hmIyw DZmlcWw. (30 -mw Aymbw. `mKhXw).
tbmP\m\mw kl{kmWn
\hXnw \h Nm[z\
{Xn`n aplqsZym`ymwhm \oXx
{]m]vtXm \nbmX\mx
99000 tbmP\ 2-3 aplqw sImpXmpXv km[mcW hnam
\a Fp Xo. {]ImithKXsbpdnpw AXnt\mSSpp kcn
p D]IcWsfpdnpw D Adnhv CXv ImWnbvpp.
kpZi\ ImeN{Iw
{XtbmZimcw {XniXw jjvSn]
jt\ay\ OZnbZv {XnWm`n
Icmft{kmtXm PKZm OnXy[mhmXv
13 Ac, 360 ] (Un{Kn), 6 t\an (EXp) A\w OZ
(N{I N{Ipn) aqp\m`n. (3 x 4=12 cmin). C{]Imcw
PKp apgph IogSp, krjvSnv cnv kwlcnp, Icmf
t{kmXpw kpZi\hpamb ImeN{Iw Fw.
`qanbvv ew tbmP\ kahpfambn, \nbpXw tbmP\ hn
imeambn Hcp B`yctImiw (kqcyt\mSSpv) Dv. ImeN{In
s 13 Acw ZimwiKWnXtmSpw Hcp {_lvambpnt\mSpw _s
XmWv. 2 ]cmw = Hcp {_lvambpv. Hcp ]cmw = (10)13.
1000 NXpcypKw = 1 {_lvaZn\w (Hcp tImSn 20 ew `qZn\w). 14
a\phns Imew Hcp a\zcw x 14 = 2996000 hjw.
Hc a\zcw = 214000 hjw
71 NXpcypKn (852000 hjn) 14 a\p `cnp.
27

{]Imiknp

IrXw
t{XXm
Zzm]c
Ien

4000
3000
2000
1000

+
+
+
+

800 ky
600 ky
400 ky
200 ky

10000

+ 2000 = 12000 x 71 = 8,52,000

hymks Cu IWn BC 10000 apX AD 2000 hscbp Hcp


NXpcypK Imew BWv Ctm IgnXv. Cu ImeKW\bn 120
hbp Hcp a\pjymbpv sNdnsbmcp IWamWv. Hcp]s, sI,
\yq FnhcpsS knm Ghpw {]mtbmKnIambn, eLphmbn,
Fm a\pjypw a\nemhpw hn[w Fm Imetpambn tcJs
Spnsh stellar ampI Cybnse PmXIfmWv. cmambW
Imev {iocma P\ntmgpw Zzm]cbpKn {ioIrjvW P\n
tmgpw PmXIw Dv. kqcy, N{, eKv\w, XnYn\{X, EXp,
{KlfpsS nXn Fmw Cu PmXIfnepv. Fs\bmWv sI
dpsSbpw \yqsbpw \nbafdnbmsX PmXIw FgpXm\mhnsv
]dXv?
CXv Fs PmXIw shv Rm DZmlcnp ImWnbvmw:6.5.1946. ]I 11.55. 1843482 IenZn\w. ]pWXw \{Xw (1121
taSw 23). XnfmgvN DZnv 14 \mgnI 25 hn\mgnI ]pev, ip]
jjvTn, kqIcIcWw, [rXn \nXytbmKw, [Im F N{{Inb,
InSI cmin ayt{ZmWn P\\w.
CXnentm IenbpKw, {InkvXphjw, sImhjw FnhbpsS
(3 Xcw ImeKW\) XmcXayw km[npsaXpXs imkv{Xobamb
Hcp kao]\amWv. N{ ]pWXw \{Xn Fp ]dm
anYp\sam InSsam Bhmw. kqcy taSnepw, `qan (eKv\w) In
SInepw. AXmbXv lunisolar, geocentric m\ CXn \np
Xs \app {Klnmw (tcmaIbpKn C{Xtb Dp Fv ]
knmnIbn ImWpI). ip] jjvTn Fp ]dbpXn\m
N{s nXn, \{Xhpw XnYnbpw Xnep hyXymkw apXemb
hbpw \mw Adnbpp. C\n IrXyambn {Klkv^pSn\v N{hmIyw
D]tbmKnpp. Acn\v kwJy sImSpp coXnbmWXv.
28

{]Imiknp

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.

kqcy
N{
sNm
_p[
hymgw
ip{I
i\n
cmlp
KpfnI
eKv\w
XnYn
\nXytbmKw
[qaw
hyXo]mXw
]cnthjw
C{Nm]w
[qatIXp

{ioIcwcXv\w
atym hcnjvTx
hotcm tKm]mex
tbmKot{m \q\w
{ioekvXcpWx
m\o XpjvtSmbw
Km\o kptc{mx
_mtem [otcmbw
tbmKeo\mm
Iow hew
Km\o {]tm{X.
kqcnp Ipeo\x
{]]qs \nan.
ssZhhnXv {]oXmx
tZthm hotcm\p
{ioIrjvtWm \mbIx
{io]cm{]]qPyx

tajw

cmin

Un{Kn an\pv

0.
2.
3.
0.
5.
1.
2.
1.
5.
3.

22.
24.
13.
2.
26.
16.
27.
29.
3.
14.
15.
59.
5.
24.
24.
5.
22.

5.
6.
0.
11.
11.

CShw

12
15
24.
31.
32
0.
3.
33
31
51
15.
31
12.
48.
48
12
12

anYp\w

ImnI
]pWXw

ao\w

i\n
(]pWXw)
InSIw

(ImnI)
ip{I

Ipw`w

[qatIXp
C{
sNm
{`aW ]Yw

aIcw

[\p

sNm (Bbneyw)
_p[
{`aW]Yw
kqcy

ip{I
{`aW]Yw

hymg
{`aW]Yw ]Iw
i\n
{`aW]Yw

Nnw
hymgw
hy.[q. (lkvXw)

Xpemw

hrivNnIw
29

In

{]Imiknp

]pds NXpcw \{Xaew; AIs hyqlw `qanbnencpv


a\pjy ImWp {KlnXnsbn CXv Cs\ hcbvmw. kqcy
m\w tajnemIbm `qaytcJv (e) ASpmWv. hnjphXv
tcJbvSpv AizXn Ignv `cWnbn. N{ anYp\n 2415'
]pWXn. `qanbpsS DZbeKv\w InSIn 4.51' bn ]pjy
\{Xn. ( F knw_ AXmXp {`aW ]Yn ImWpI).
_p[ kqcy\Spv 2.31' (AizXnbn) AXv Nn{Xn ASbmf
n kqcy{`aW ]Yn ImWnncnpp (kqcys\ Cu Nn{X
n ImWnnn). hymgw 5 cmin Ignv (Inbn) 26.32'; ip{I
CShn 16. i\n anYp\n 27.3'. C\n ChbpsS ]ckv]c tIm
WnI AIew t\mn bYm Zqcw Ip]nSnbvmw. cmlp `qm\
amWv. XnYnbpw \{Xhpw Adnm kqcyN{mcpsS ew_\w
KWnmw. (AXns hyXymkn \nv). CXp IqSmsX hymgn\pw
sNmbvpw CSbnep [qamZn]Ins kv^pShpw ([qaw, hyXo
]mXw, ]cnthjw, C{Nm]w, [qatIXp) Fnhbpw IrXyambn Xn
cnpw PmXIn. Hcp P\\w Hcp kw`hw (event) BWv. B kw`
hw \Sp tZiv (Amwi, tcJmwin) B {]tXyI kabv
ncXmc aens \nivNnX Xmc kaqlsf B[mcamn
Dmnbncnp Hcp \{X]Sw (stellar map) AXnse {KlnXn,
Ch IrXyambn ImWnpp PmXIw. CXv {iocma, {ioIrjvW
apXemb alm]pcpjms t]mse Rm\pw \nfpw Ds
s]mXpP\n\pw DsXv m\w F{X am{Xw P\Iobhcn
sncpp, AXpw F{X Imew apv Fv sXfnbnpp. Bkvt{Sm
sIan Xz shmWv PmXIw FgpXpXv (KWnXhpw, \nco
Whpw shv). AXn\m AXp imkv{XamWv. ncXmc aen
tepw AXn\pdtbvpw ]Snmd cmPyfnse a\pjyakvXn
jvw HscSppNmw \SnbXv hmkvtmUn KmabpsS hchn\p
tijamsWXv {inWw. m\w Hcmfn \np asmcm, Hcp
kwkvmcn \nv asmcp kwkvmcw t\Sn Fp ]dbpXv Hc
]am\a. Hcm ]Tnnp. asmcm ]Tnp. injy Kpcphns hnZysb
t]mjnnp. CXt imkv{Xns coXn! bqtdmntbpw CybptS
bpw BZm\{]Zm\ Ncn{Xn imkv{XfpsS Fmw Kpcp Cybm
Wv. B[p\nI sSIvt\mfPnbpsS Kpcp ]mivNmXy temIamWv. 21 -mw
\qmn Pohnp \mw AXp a\nemmXncnpXmWv Ghpw
henb Zpcw.
30

{]Imiknp

2. {KlKXn, kw
ssStm{_mln, sI, Keoentbm, sFkIv \yq FXmWv
{KlKXn ]Tn bqtdm]y Bkvt{SmWaamcpsS t{ImtWmfPn.
CXn {_mlnbpw sIdpw Ahkm\s annpI Fpw, Keoen
tbm BZys imkv{Xs\pw AdnbsSpp.
14 Unkw_ 1546 kzoU\n {_mln P\np. 21 BKv 1560
\v t]mpKen ]qhpw tImlmK\n `mKnIhpambpmb Hcp
{KlWw {_mlnsb (13 hbv) BIjnp. CXv ]gb ]mwKw shv
Ad_v Bkvt{SmWaam {]hNnncpp FXpw. tSmfanbpsS emn
XPvPa ASw Bkvt{SmWan ]pkvXI hmbnm CXv ImcW
ambn. 1563 i\nbpw hymghpw IqSnbp tbmKw BImin Zriy
ambn. CXv t\cs {]hNnncpp. ]s Hcp amkw Ignv 24
BKn\mWpmbXv. {]hN\hpw Zriyhpw IqSnh Cu hyXymkw
Nmhnjbambn. 16 -mw hbn CXv Isembn {_mlnbpsS
eyw. Hcp \{Xhpw Hcp {Klhpw Xnep tImWnI AIew
Hcp tPmSn Compass Int\mSp tNpshmWv ssStm Afncp
Xv. 1564 2 hSn tNpshv Ipcnip cq]n ]ckv]cw slide
sNpXpw, AfhpI tcJsSpnbXpamb Hcp Cross-staff of
Radium I bm{Xm {Kl\{XfpsS tImWnI AIew Im
Wm D]tbmKnncpp. ssStmbvv Innb b{n Afhv IrXy
amb tcJsSpnbncpXv. AXn\m data sXmbn Inn.
19 -mw hbn Rostock University bn tNv Bkvt{SmfPn, sa
Unkn, sIankv{Sn FnhbmWv Atlw ]TnXv. BImipw `qan
bnepw a\pjy icocnepw \SpXn Hnv {i shp. 28 HIvtSm
_ 1566 Hcp N{{KlWapmbn. CXv 80 hbmb Htma kp
ms acWw (kpsseam) Dmpsav {_mln {]hNnp. Atl
s {InkvXy bqtdmn\p `bambncpp. AXn\m kpm
31

{]Imiknp

acnp Fp tItm Ah {_mlnbpsS {]hN\s ]pIgvn.


{KlWn\v F{Xtbm Zn\w aps kpm acnncpp Fv
hm Innbtm Ion apIbpw sNbvXp.
1569 \ncoWw \Sm Hcp Quadrant Dmnp. 6 ao
Ahymkw. Nppap hrmIrXnbmb Arc an\ppI tcJsSp
nbncpp. AXns\ Hcp kplrns tXmns \Sphnse Ip
n m]nv 5 sImw \ncoWw \Sn. Unkw_ 1574 se sIm
Spmn AXv tISphp. 11 \hw_ 1572. et_mddnbn \nv hon
tep \Sp hgn BImip t\mnb ssStm Imkntbmnb
kaqln (hSp `mKv W cq]n ImWmw) Hcp ]pXnb \
{Xw Ip. IqSpX {]Imiap Hv. Amev AXv Hcp [qatIXp
BImtam Fv kwibapmbn. bqtdmn Av `uamconse
[qatIXpsf (upto N{) am{Xsa Adnbq. AXv ]Tnm Imkntbm
nbbpsS ap \{Xfpambn Bt]nIZqcw \nconWw. tIm
av, aontbm Fnh m\w amdpw. \{Xsan amdn. Hcp sextant
shv Cu ]pXnb \{Xs \nconp (18 amkw). BZyw ip{It\m
fw {]Imiapmbncp AXv Htc m\v 18 amkw \nv Unkw_
1572 ampt]mbn. De nova stella (1573) F ]pkvXIw CXns\pdn
sgpXn. 125 BC bn lnmkv I CXp t]msemcp {]Xn`mks
XmcXaysSpn. ssStm {_mln IXv Hcp kq t\mhbmbn
cpp. ]s CXpshv, `qan kqcy\p Nppw kcnbmsWn
DmtI parallax shift Afm {ian ssStm{_mln parallax
In. AXn\m `qan ANebpw, \{X Npphbpsav
IcpXn (Hcp hntcm[m`mkambn AXv).
tImlmK\pw Fknt\mdn\pw CSbnse lzo Zzo]n 22 s^
{_phcn 1576 sNmbpw N{\pw (iinawKetbmKw) Xnep Conjuction \nconm s{^Udnv cmPmhv Abp. ChnsS Ddm\nt_mKv
H_vkthdn (Ddm\nb= Bkvt{SmWanbpsS Muse.) sse{_dnbpw
{]nnv {]pw Dmn. 20 hjw AhnsS ]T\w \Sn.
4 hjw Xmcaen kqcys KXn ]Tnm
12 hjw sNm, hymgw ChbpsS KXn ]Tnm
30 hjw i\nbpsS KXn ]Tnm\ncoWw \Sn. ssStm Dmnb tables t\mnbmWv
]noSv sI {Kl{`aW IyI hniZoIcnXv.
32

{]Imiknp

1577 Hcp [qatIXpsh Ip. AXv `uamcon\pw N{\p


apds {KlnSbn \nv AhbpsS IyI Xmnhcp
XmsWv {Klnp. CXpw, kq t\mhbpamWv tSmfanbpsS ]gb Adn
hns\ amnadn cp Ip]nSp. 13 \hw_ 1577 \mWv ssS
tm {_mln [qatIXp IXv. 1587, 1588 2 hmfyambn {]knoIcn
Astronomies Instauratae Progymsnanaata (Introduction to the new
astronomy) tSmfanbptSbpw tIm \nntbpw bqWnthgvkv tamU

epIfpsS Hcp an{iamWv. `qtI{ hyhbn AXp tSmfanbpsSbm


Wv. Epicle C, different C.
ncXmc 14000 dmUnssb `qanbn \nIse. `qan Nenm
XmWv. AXn\m parallax C. IyIsf kv^SnI tKmffmb,
{KlKXn hnhcnm\p tPymsa{Sn _fmbmWv IXv.
iq\ymImin thsd support Hpw th {Klv Fv C
s\ BZyambn bqtdmn `mh\ sNbvXXv AtlamWv. 1595 1000
ncXmcfpsS ImtemKv Dv Atlw \nconnv. 777 Fw
]noSv sIdpsS FUntmdnben {]knoIcnp.
1599 ssStmt{]Kn (35 In.ao. AIse Benathy bn) ]pXnb
observatory m]np (sUmnse cmPmhpambn sXn tdma N{I
hn dqtUmUv II s Ww kzoIcnv). ChnsS shv ]pXnb \n
coWsfmpw sNbvXXmtbm Ip]nSnXmtbm Adnbn. 1577
se tImans\ Ipnbmb sIdpw Incpp. CXpw Hcp N{{KlWhp
amWv sIdpsS Bkvt{SmWan ]T\s t{]mmlnnXv. ]s
{_mlnsbtmse Hcp \ncoI\mbncpn Atlw. \ncoWhpw,
B \ncoWs _unIambn A\ssekp sNepw imkv{Xn
Hcp t]mse {][m\amsWv Cu cpt]cpsS Ip]nSp sXfn
bnpp.
FpsImv 6 {Klw am{Xw? CXnemWv sIdpsS Nn BZyw.
bqnUns PymanXnbnse {ZhykwJybmWXv. 6 kam\, NXpc apJ
ap Hcp Iyq_v. ap 4 Regular Solids = 4 kam\ {XntImW apJap
sS{Smsl{U; 12 kam\ ]`pPap tUmsUmsl{U; 20 hi
hpw kam\ {XntImW apJhpap Ctmk sl{U; 8 {XntImW
apmp HIvSmsl{U.
Chsb Hn\pn Hmbn, AIs {Zhyns aqe Nppap
hrtKmf {]Xew sXmSpamdv, (B hrtKmfw, ]pdp ASp
33

{]Imiknp

{Zhyns AIs Xew sXmSpamdv) Hn\pn Hmbn ASp


pI. Cs\ AIv Hcp tKmfw, ]pdv Hmtcmtcm tkmfnUn\p Np
pw Hmtcm tKmfw- BsI 6- Hmtcmpw Hmtcm {Klns {`aW]Yw.
1) HIvSmsl{U ayn kqcys\Npn, _p[Iysb Dsmv2) AXn\v ]pdv Icosa hedron, dodeca hedron, tetra hedron, cubeCs-\bmWv kqcy\p Nppw {KlIyIfpsS spacing sI
sNbvXXv. 1) IqSpX {Klfpv 2) {Kl{`aW Iy sphere A.
elliptical BWv. Atm Cu ]dXv sXpw. AXv sI Xs
Adnncpp. Fmepw PymanXnbpw {]]hpw Xnep _s
ImWnm Ccw tamUemWv Atlw DmnbXv.
kqcy\v Zqscbp {KlKXn ]XpsbmsWpw AXv kqcy\n
\np Hcp in (vigour) sImmsWpw tIm \nkv ]dn
cpp. {Klsf amJmeamc, kqcy\mWv Imin t]msemcp in
sImv {]hnnpsXpw AsXmcp Xcw tmv t]mse
bmsWpw sXfnbn sI Xs eyambn IcpXn. Xs ]pkvX
Iw Keoentbmhn\pw sI Abncpp. ssStm adp]Sn Abp. Keo
entbm adp]Sn Abn. 1598 t]mpw Bv Uyqv s^Un\mpw
s{]mpI HpIn ImtmencmhWw, Asn \mSphnSW
sav hn[np. 1599 320 In.ao. Apdw ssStm{_mln Dmnb
t{]Kv H_vkthdn kzX{ambn {]hnncpp. 4 s^{_phcn
1600 ssStm{_mlnbpw sIdpw AhnsSshv ]cnNbsp. ssS
tm 58 hbv, sI 28 hbv. ssStmbpsS Um imkv{Xobambn
A]{KYnm As\ Hcp \ ]nKmansb Inn. 1600 se th\en
Imenmhm hnkXn 61 t]cn Hcmfmb sIsd (BKv 2)
tPmenbn \nv dismiss sNbvXp. ssStm{_mlnbpsS adp]Sn DS
hp. IpSpw_tbpw Iqn A\phZnp hkvXp am{XsaSpv
DS t{]Kn hcnI. N{Ihnbpambn N sNbvXnpv. tPmen
ChnsS icnbmIpw. BZyw ssStmbpsS IqsS Xmakntm cm
fpw kpjvScmbn. ]Wmc\mb ssStmbpsS B{inX\mbn B
hon Igntbnh A]am\w sIv- sIdpsS \ntISv I
AXr]vXn {_mlnbvpw. ssStmbpsS H^ojy Aknmbn if
tmsS N{Ihn \nbanpwhsc Cu AXr]vXn \np. 13 HIvtSm
_ apX 24 HIvtSm_ hsc ssStm{_mln Hcp semi comatose
Ahbnembncpp. 24 \v t_m[w sXfntm Xs Fm
34

{]Imiknp

\ocoW ^ehpw sIsd Gev]nv tIm \nkv tamUe, ssS


tmWnv tamUemWv icnsbv temIs t_m[nnWsapw,
Asn Xs PohnXw ]mgmIpsapw {_mln ]dp. hfsc sNdp
hpw, Hcp ss]k InenmsX Xs B{inX\mbn hh\pw, \n
tISph\psanepw Cu ]pXnb sNdpmc\mWv (AXphscbp
injycmcpa) AXn\p ]nb KWnXs\v coma bn InSp
tmgpw Atln\v t_m[apmbncpp. {_mln acnv 2 BgvN Ign
v dptUm^v cmas kZnse Bm\ KWnX\mbn ssS
tm {_mlnbpsS m\v Xs \nbantm hnizknm\mhmsX
sI Xcnncpp.
1) {KlIyI hra. Elliptical BWv.
2) kqcy\n \nv {Klntep hcbvp Hcp tcJ kaIm
ev (equal line) kaamb tZi Xmpp. AXn\m kqcyt\mS
Sp {Klw sNdnb AhymkamIbm IqSpX henb angle, AI
sebpXv henb Ahymkm sNdnb angle. Fm {Kln\pw
Htc t^mknemWv kqcy. Ccw cv t^mkv kqcy\pv(elliptical orbit s 2 foci). Atm epicycle, equant apXemb ]gbsXm
s Hgnhmmw. Xs Xs ]gb nested solid tamUepw.
1609 Astronomia nova bn sI Xs Ip]nSp
N sNbvXp. Cu {K\vYw th{X {insn. Xs KpcpXzmI
jW knmw sXfnbnm \yq DcntmgmWv sIdpsS
knmw {itbambXv. 1604 apX 1606 hsc hymgns {]Imi
n DZnp\n Hcp ]pXnb Xmcw (kq t\mh) Atlw honp
Ibpmbn. 1604 Hcp civan sdn\bn ]Xnv Iv AXns Zi\
apmhp optics s\pdnv sI Hcp ]pkvXIsagpXn. Nnev Z
it\{nbamb Ins A]mIXIfm ImgvNpdhpmImw. A
tm {]Xn_nw_w sdn\bpsS apntem ]nntem Bbn Dmhpw.
CXv icnbmm IS D]tbmKnmsav sI Isn. optics
shv sSekvtImns {]h\w hnhcnp.
sltdmZns Imepmb Hcp N{{KlWw shv {InkvXp BC
5 P\np Fp IWmn Hcp Ie ]cnjvIcWw sI XpS
n (1582 am{XamWv t]mv s{KKdn XIII s Ie ]cnjvIcWap
mbXv). 1616 sIdpsS A a{hmZn\nsbv ap{Z Ipsp.
a{hmZn\nIsf Adp sNbvX Inbvp ImeamWXv. 1620
35

{]Imiknp

Ahsc XShnenp. HIvtSm_ 1621 kzX{bmn. 6 amkn\Iw


Ah acnp. BZy`mcybpsS acWtijw sI 24 hbp Hcp
s]Ipnsb 40 mw hbn hnhmlw Ignncpp. Cu hnjanS
bnepw sI cNn Ahkm\s ]pkvXIn\v Harmonice Mundi
(Harmony of the world) Fmbncpp t]cv. sIdpsS 3 mw \nbaw
CXnepv. Hcp {Kln\v kqcys\ Npms\Spp kabw ({Kln
s kwhcw) AXn\v kqcy\pambp Zqchpambn _sXmWv
(tIm \nkv tamUens\ t]mse) 2 {KlfpsS Imens
hw (square) AhbpsS kqcy\n \np AIens Iyq_ns
A\p]mXnemWv. DZm:- sNm kqcy\n \nv `qantbm 1.52
{]mhiyw ZqscbmWv.
(1.52)3 = 3.51
sNmbpsS kwhcw 1.88 {]mhiyw `qkwhctm Gsd.
(1.88)2 = 3.53.
amv 8, 1618 \mWv Cu 3 mw \nbans Bibw Atlns
XebnepZnXv. 1619 Cu {K\vYw ]pdphcptm bqtdmn 30
yrs war \SpIbmWv. aXbpw, AbpsS XShv- Cu disharmony
bvnSbn harmony bmbn 3 volume (1618, 1620, 1621) D epitome of
Copernican Astronomy bpw Atlw {]knoIcnp. tIm\nn
s kqcytI{ hyhnXnbmWv {_mlnbpsS `qtI{ hyhnXnb
icn Fv kanp. tPm \mnbdpsS temKcnXw sI D]tbmKn
ncpp. 1631 _p[ kqcys apneqsS ISpt]mIpsa _p[
Nmcw sI {]hNnp. {^v Bkvt{SmWa ]nbdn Kmkn AXv ho
np. _p[s Ccw KXn bqtdmn BZyambmWv Av hon
sSpXv.
1625 Hmkv{Snbbn s^Un\m v cmas `cWImev Im
tmen eqXdmsc D]{Zhnm XpSn. s^Un\mn\v sI
sd CjvSambncpp. shdpsX t]cn\v Itmen\mbnv, AcwKambn
eqXd\mbns t{]Kn Xs DXm\ncnm A\phZnm
sap ]dncpp. s^Un\mns ssk\ym[n]\mb hmeo
t{]Kn shv sI FgpXnb Hcp PmXIn {]hNnsXmw ^en
Xn\m Atlns Hcp kplrmbn amdnbncpp. {InkvXy\m
bm aXn, AXnteXp {Kqmbmepw thn F Hcp `mKnI en_d
enkw hmeo {]`phn\pmbncpp. AXn\m 1628 Atlhpw
36

{]Imiknp

IpSpw_hpw Cu {]`phns Ww kzoIcnv kmK \Kcnsen.


Ncn{Xn BZyamsbgpXs science fiction IYbmb Dream of
the moon Fsmcp ]pkvXIw sI AhnsS shsgpXn. 1630
hmeos\ N{Ihn Unkvankv sNbvXp. enkn shv X\np
Inm _mnbpmbncp ifIpSnnJ hmm\p bm{Xbn
59 mw ]ndmfn\p apv 1630 \hw_ 15 \v sI Hcp ]\n ]nSnv
acnp.
{_mlnbvpapv, sIpapv Cd Imcysfmw sNbvX
Nne Cy imkv{XcpsS IrXnIfpw Ahcp]tbmKnncp b{
fpw Cu ]pkvXIns Hcp `mKambn tNnpv. 55 hjw
XpSbmbn BImi tKmfsf \ncon ZrWnX ]ctaizc {_m
lnpw sIpw apmWv PohnXv. _oPKWnXw sImv ZinXpw
KWnXpw A\ssekv sNp ]mcemIvkv \nbaw Ahpapt
A.D. 427 hcmlanlnc\v Adnbmw (]knmI ImWpI. N.B.S.
{]knoIcWw Dr. Suvarna Nalapat. Ed. II. 2000 AD). bqtdmnse aX
fpsS ]oV\w ChnSs imkv{X Amesmpw A\p`hn
mXncpXv `mcXn Zi\hpw imkv{X[hpw aXhpw Hm
bXp sImmWv. AsXmcp kwkvmcns Ahn`mPyLSIambn
At\Iw kl{km_vZw \ne\nXpsImmWv.
Fenk_v I cmnbpsS tUmIvSdpw, amKv\nkspdnv
]T\w \Snb hynbpamb sPtdman Kn_n\v sIsdtmse
ZpcnXw A\p`hntnhnn. sIankv{Sn FeIv{Snknn amKv\
nkw Fns\bmWv Atlns Xmev]cyw hfXv. 2000 h
jw apv {Kop XXzimkv{Xp tijw amKv\nkn Ctl
amWv ]T\w \SnbXv.
De magnete Magneticisque Corporibus, et de magno magneto Tellure

FmWv 1600 Ctlw {]knoIcn ]pkvXIns t]cv (ImnI


in, Iminbp hkvXp, almb ImnI inbp
`qan Fnhsbpdnv). Im inbp Hcp loadstone Xebn sh
m XethZ\ amdn; Ims shfppn sImpcm Im
in t]mhn Fv As bqtdmnse Nne hnizmksf At
lw \ncknp. loadstone D]tbmKnv Nnebn\w temlv Im
inbpmmsav ImWnp. `qan Imw t]msebmsWpw {[ph
fmWv Imns +, -ve Asfpw hmZnp. 2 \qmp Ignv
37

{]Imiknp

1820 emWv ssat ^mctU ]noSnXns\pdnv NnnXv. tIm


\nns tamUen, {Kl XfpsS IyIfn \npXv
Cu IminbnemsW Atlns \nKa\w sIsd kzm[o\n
ncpp. kqcy BImins aytcJsb hkw, icZv Fv 2
{]mhiyw kqcy ISptm ]Xps ]Snmp \op Precision
of equinox Atlw hniZoIcnp. Hmtcm \{Xn\p Nppw AhbpsS
{Kl (kqcys\tmse) Dsv ]dp (AD 427. hcmlanlnc
s ]knmnI CsXmw ]dbppv).
\nccamb \ncoWw, ]coWw Fnhbvv hcmlanlnc
\pw ssStm{_mlnbpw, ]ctaizc\pw, Kn_pw, Keoentbmhpw
Fmw hfsc {]m[m\yw sImSpp.
1564:- Cu hjw hneyw tjIvkv]nbdpw, Keoentbm Keoenbpw
P\np; ssaemRvPtem Acnp. A hnkkntbm KWnX
nepw kwKoXns sskmnI hifnepw Xmev]cyap s{]m
^jW kwKoX. 7 afn aqh Keoentbm- (hnPo
\nb-1573; ssaemRvPtem-1575; enhnb-1587 am{Xw Pohnp. ap
ktlmZc IpnmepXs acnp.) Keoentbm As injy
\mbn \ kwKoX\mbn hfp. acWw hsc lute hmbnncpp.
15 mw hbn ]Tnm Hcp monastry bntebp. AXv CjvSamI
bm Atlw ]utcmlnXyw kzoIcnp. CXptIv A\v `bambnKeoentbmhn\v In Hcp tcmKw htm AXv NnInnms\p
]dv Iqnsmpt]mb A aIs\ ]ns B `mKtbn.
honencpv, tamWmnIv kvIqfn, As Ishncpt ]Tn
m\bpp. AXn\m Vallombrosa Abbey bpsS ]gb sdtmUn
Keoentbm KeoenbpsS t]cv defrocked priests (Ipmbaqcnb Am)
ennemWv InSpXv.
Atlw saUnkn ]Tnm t]mbn AXv hnv KWnXntev
NphSpamdnb hnZymnbpamWv. Acntmnens hyXykvX `mcap
hkvXp hyXykvX thKXbn hogpp F knms Jn
Xn\mepw hotdmsS XnpXn\mepw The wrangler FmWv kl
]mTnI C Hma\tcv. Bengw taLn Htc epmbn
Htc Zqcw kcnv Htc kabv (hyXykvX `mcap Ibpw Xcnbp
samsbmbn) hv ]XnpXv Keoentbm Nqnmn. sshZy hnZym
nbmbncp Imev ]nbn Hcp t_md {]kwKw tIsh,
38

{]Imiknp

apIfnse Hcp Xqphnfns (chandilier) Bw Xs \mUn (pulse)


]nSnv Keoentbm Afm XpSn. sNdnb Nm]ntem henb Nm]
ntem BSp t`ZanmsX, Htc kabamWv Hcp Bw ]qamm
s]Upew FSppsXv As\bmWv a\nembXv. 1602 hsc
Cu Bibw Atlw ]conncpp. s]Upens \ofamWv,
`mctam Zqctam (arc) A s]Upens Imesa XXzn\v ]nk
bn 1584-1585 s _oPmhm]w sNbvXncpp.
Keoentbmhns mkpI cphn[ambncpp. Hv bqWnthgvkn
nbn kne_\pkcnv Acntmn Zi\ ]Tnn. cv
hon hptNcp injymcpambn NIfneqsS ]pXnb ]e Imcy
fpw ]Tnn. Keoentbm ]nkm tKm]pcn \nv hyXykvX
`mcap hkvXp Fdnv Ah Hnv `qanbn hogptam Fv
]conncpXmbn Hcp IYbpv. 1586 sska shn (15481620) 10 ao Dbcap Hcp tKm]pcn \nv Cs\ CubnI
Xmtgnncpp. hcmlanlncs Imev \mcmbWp {`m\pw ae
apIfn \nv Inv Cu ]coWw sNbvXncpp. 100 dmep Hcp
`mcw 100 Iyq_nv Dbcn \nv, Hcp dm `mcw 1 Iyq_nv Dbc
tm, thKw hogpsa Acntmn knms, taev]d
`mcap Iv sNdnb Int\m 2 Cv hyXymkn Hw hp
hogpp F ]coWw icnbsp m]npp FmWv Keoen
tbm FgpXnbXv. F\nv 2 Cp sXpsn Acntmnen\v 99
Iyp_nv sXpstlw Xnp.
1) ]coWw sImv Hcp ]gb knms sXsv m]n
mw. icnsbpw m]nmw. 2) Keoentbmhns Xns style,
hynXzw Fnh sXfnbnpXmWv Cu DcWn.
Keoentbm IqsSbp s{]m^kamsctmse bqWnt^mambn
Ku [cnm hnkXnp. thjne, InemWv s{]m^
kjnv Fv hnizknp. Nph XmSnbpw apSnbpw Atls ap
hcn \nv FSpp Imnbncpp. hon shv IpnIfpambp
informal NI Av Xosc ]Xnhnm Hmbncpp. A acnp
tm shPo\nbbpsS kv{Xo[\n\mbn hensbmcp ISw hcpn.
Cfb ktlmZc ssaemRvPtem hfsc hnPbw t\Sm Hcp
kwKoX\mbn, Fpw Keoentbmhn \nv ISw hmm hcpw.
Keoentbm Xs IpnIfpw kplrpfpambn tNv \ `Ww,
39

{]Imiknp

\ ssh Fnh Ignp ioemc\pamWv. AXn\m ]mZzm bqWn


thgvknnbnse KWnXhn`mKw s{]m^kdpsS, IqSpX hcpam\ap
t]mv Inm Atlw bXv\np. 28 mw hbn Atln\Xp Inn.
18 hjw AhnsS PohnXv Xs Ghpw ktmjIcamb Zn\fm
sWv Keoentbm tcJsSpn. ]mf Bhiyp tImIsf
pdnpw, sam\nIvkns\pdnpw 2 ]pkvXIw FgpXn. InWn
\np shw tImcp Inbpw Ibdpw 10 Intem `mcw 1 Intem `mcw
sImv DbpXmWv, tXnsIm sImv shw tXhepw
AXp Xs- Cu \nbaw (law of pulley) Keoentbm hniZoIcnp. Keo
entbm Ip]nSn sXtamao Hcw Xpdv as Av Dcp Hcp
mkv Syq_mWv. BZyw Hp NqSmn AIs hmbp Ifbpp. Xpd
`mKw Xmtgmv shn apnb hn[w t\sc (Ips\) \npI.
hmbp XWpv ktmNnm shw apIfntep hensSppw. ]pd
p hmbp NqSmbm __nse hmbp hnIknpw. shns se
h Xmgpw. Fm Pens Dbcw NqSns\ am{Xa ]pds a
sbpw A\pkcnmIbm Cu Ip]nSpw hnPbnn. Xs
]Wmc\mp Hcp Ip]nSpw thWsav Keoentbm tamlnp.
As\bmWv tImw]mkv Ip]nSnXv (]s ]Wmc\mbn).
Afhp tcJsSpnb Hcp temtlm]IcWw. Calculator Bbpw D]
tbmKnmw. shSnshphv hyXykvX Zqcw shSnbp t]mIm
tXmv (]ocn) Ddnt Dbcw IWmm\mWv CXv BZyw Dm
nbXv. Fm Iqp]eni IWmpXn\v hym]mcnI D]tbm
Knncpp. 1590 CXns hnev]\ IqSn.
1603 aebnse Hcp kpJhmk ev KplIfn \np
Imv (Cool air through system of ducts- early form of AC) Xn Ddptm
Ftm hnjhmXIw Xn Keoentbmhns Hcp kplrv XWw
acnbpw, Keoentbmhn\v ncambn knthZ\ (acnpwhsc) Dm
IpIbpw sNbvXp. Av Atln\v 39 hbmWv. 40 -mw hbmhptm
tgv {]IrXn XXz, KWnX, sh\nn {]mtbmKnI im
kvt{Xm]IcW Dmp hyn apXemb coXnIfn {]ikvX
\mbngnncpp. s]Upe, sNcn {]Xenepcpp
]pI (acceleration ]Tnm \mdmWp {`m sNbvX t]mse)
Fnh ]mZzbn Atlw ]conp. KpcpXzmIjW ^eambn hy
XykvX `mcap hkvXp Htc A\p]mXn `qanbntev accele40

{]Imiknp
rate sNpp Fv sXfnbnp. sslt{UmmnIvk,v amKv\nkw Fn

hbn ]coWw \Sn. sabv 1597 sIb Hcp In


tIm\nkv tamUens\ Atlw {]iwknnpv. kmlnXyw,
IhnX, Xntb kwKoXw (lute) Fnhbnepw, {]`mjWfnepw ka
bw sNehgnp. sI ]Tn kq t\mh HIvtSm_ 1604 Ip.
AtmgmWv BZyambn Keoentbm Bkvt{SmWanbntev XncnXv.
AXns\ kkqvaw \nconv Hcp IhnX cq]n Xs \nKa\w
FgpXpIbpw At\Iw {]`mjW \SpIbpw sNbvXp. CXn\nsS
1605 cp ktlmZcnamcpsS `mmcpw kv{Xo[\pSnnJ
InmXn\v KeoentbmbpsS t]cn tIkpsImSpp. Cenbn
t]m Ama ammbmbn. Atlns 2 {]iv\.
1) kzambn ssk\yan- aphcpsS ssk\yklmbw thWw.
2) Asn Inquisition insImv Bobin (Xs chair
s in) ImWw.
s]utfm kmn kzhmXn cmPmmcpsSbpw ]ptcmlnXm
cpsSbpw cmjv{Sob inbne, Ah\hs BotbmXnbnepw I
nepamsWv hmZnp. CXns\Xnsc tdmanse knwlmk\ns
_unI in In\m sdm_sm _msa Bbncpp. 1606
kmn ASw At\Iw t]sc t]mv cmPy{`jvScmn. ]Icw sh\nkv
sPkyqpIsf apgph HmSnp. ImenIv kvs]bn t]mnt\bpw
s{]m v {^mkv sh\nknt\bpw klmbnp bpw XpSn.
tdmantev Nbvmbn kmnsb Wnp (_msabpambn X
w)- ]s Ibdpw XobpamWv hnms Xn\p Bbp[
sav ]dv kmn Ww \ncknp. kmnsb NpSm ]mXn\p
]Icw kmnbpsS ]pkvXI hnm NppIcnp. sh\nkv
Atlns ifw IqpIbpw sNbvXp. HIvtSm_ 7, 1607. cm{Xn
kmnsb 5 t] B{Ianp. 15 Ipp Ipn. hev s\nbn \nv
hev IhnfneqsS ]pdp ImWpwhn[w Hcp Ipw Xpfp Ibn.
Fnpw AXv`pXIcambn kmn csp. Cu kw`hw Keoentbm
sb Akz\mn. Hcp shSnbpbpsS ]mX (trajectory) Hcp ]mct_m
fbmsWv Keoentbm m]npsImncnbmWmev. 1608
^vtfmdknse {Ino\bpsS W{]Imcw Btm \Znp IpdpsI
(aIs hnhmln\v stage sIm) acw sImp stage sIm
Keoentbm t]mbn. 1604 45 mw hbn tIm\nns A\p
41

{]Imiknp

bmbn, kmnbpsS ]gb kplrv Fv cv coXnbn hnm


Keoentbmhns\ t\mpnbmn. 1609 sh\nkn shv sSenkvtIm
ns Ip]nSpw (Hens Lippershey) Atlw tIncpp. sh\nkns
anendn, hym]mcmhiyv AXv Gsd klmbsav Keoentbm
IWp Iqn. hym]mc em`w Av XpdapJtmSSpp Iens\
BZyw Iv XncndnbpXnemIbm. Hcp UpImc Acsamp
ambn sh\nkn hXdnv Atlw Abmsf Xncp. ImWm\m
bn. Hcp Syq_n 2 sekp D]IcWamsWp am{Xsa Keoentbm
hn\v AXns\pdndnncppp. C\n Xm t\cw sshInm ]W
mc\mhm\p hensbmchkcw \jvSsSpsap IWmn Keoen
tbm kzbw As\ Hpmm \nivNbnp. 24 aWnq sImv
AXphsc Dmbnp sSekvtmpIfn shv Ghpw anI Hp
mpIbpw sNbvXp. UpIm 2 tImtIhv ImNap]tbmKnv Xe
Ipmb {]Xn_nw_apmn. Keoentbm Hcp tImshIvkv, Hcp
tImtIhv ImNw sImv bYm {]Xn_nw_hpw. BKv 4 \v
Xs hnPbw Adnbnm kmnv FgpXn. 10 hw amKv\nss^bnv
intbmsS tXmepsImp DdbvIv kqns ]pXnb sS
ekvtmpambn BKv Ahkm\w sh\oknsen, sk\n\v {]Zin
np. ]nk bqWnthgvknnbn BPoh\m DtZymKhpw, 1000 s{Iu
hjw tXmdpw Ccnp ifhpw As\ Inn. ^vtfmdknse
tImkntam cma\pw CXpt]mse Atlw demonstration \Sn- 1609
Unkw_tdmsS 20 {]mhiyw Magnifying power Iqm km[np. Elector
of Cologue \v Hbp. sIpw HbpsImSpp (sSekvtmv
Keoentbm AbXv Htc Hcp Bkvt{SmWamWv). 1610 Xs sS
ekvtmpshv hymgns 4 N{msc Atlw IsnBImi KwKbn AkwJyw \{Xapv. N{s {]Xew Htsd
IpgnIfpXmWv ; aeIfpapXmWv . March 1610 The starry
messenger F ]pkvXIw ]pdphp. ip{Is phases, i\n Hcp
perfect sphere A, N{s phases Dw ip{Is phases Dw IqSn XmcX
ayw, CsXms Keoentbm Ip. kqcys apJp sunspots \nco
np. 1611 amn Keoentbm tdman sNv t]mv 5 mas apn
sSekvtmv {]Zinnp. Imn\m _msa AXneqsS \ncon
bpw Hcp ]ptcmlnX kwLs (scientific subcommittee) CXns\pdnv
A`n{]mbw ]dbm \ntbmKnbpw sNbvXp. sPkyqv k_v InnbpsS
A`n{]mbw:42

{]Imiknp

1. BImi KwKbn At\Iw \{Xapv.


2. i\nv AmIrXnbpv. Ccphihpw DbmWv. tKmfa.
3. N{s apJw anpX.
4. hymgn\v 4 N{mcpv.
5. ip{I\v N{s\tmse phases Dv.
sunspots Hcp shfp sources project sNbvXv tdman Fmh
pw ImWpwhn[w Keoentbm ImnsmSpp (Cv CsXmcp standard
device for teaching BWv). PqWn Atlw ^vtfmdkntep aSn.

1611 lnaw Pew km{o`hnXmsWv Hcp kl{]hI


]dp. lnaw Pen s]mnnSpp. AXn\m Petm
I\ww IpdhmWv (Rarified form of warter) Fv Kenentbm. Htc composition, ]e cq]w D hkvXp shn s]mnnSpXpw
XmgvpInSpXpw demonstrate sNbvXv ImWnm kl{]hI
s\ Keoentbm hnfnp. ]coWw sNbvXp ImWnmemsX hnizkn
cpsX \ne]mSpsImmWv Keoentbmhns\ 1st scientist Fv bqtdm
]y hnfnXv. Xw hcptm ss__nfns\b, ]coWsf
bmWv B{ibntsX Cu \ne]mSmWv hnms\ Atln
s\XncmnbXv.
sPkyqv Bkvt{SmWa {Intm^ ssj\ BZyw Xm\mWv
sunspot IsXv hmZnp (AXnepw apv tXmakv lmcnbv F
CwojpImc\pw tPmlm ^m{_ojykv F {^pImc\pw Incp
p). 1615 52 mw hbn Xs A`n{]mb tdma Nns\
Adnbnm hopw Keoentbm tdman t]mbn. tdmanse Aw_mk
U hcpXv A]ISamsWdnbnncpp. 1615 Unkw_ 11 \v Aw_m
kUdpsS hon AXnYnbmbn Keoentbm Fn. skbn v ]o
knwlmk\ns ]nnse in Apw (73 hbmb) s_msa
bmWv. Atlw Keoentbmhns buh\n kmntbmsSmw Keo
entbmhns hon kiI\pambncpp. s_msa t]m 5 mat\mSv
tIm\nns knmw sXtm icntbm Fv \nivNbnp ]d
bm Hcp Ioj shm ]dp. kqcy {]]ns tI{
_nphmsW knmw Foolish, absurd, Formaly heritical Fh
hn[nsbgpXn. `qan kcnpp FXv aXhnizmkn\p hncpam
sWpw! s^{_phcn 24: Cu A`n{]mbs Jntbm, ]nmp
43

{]Imiknp

Itbm sNcpsXv s_msa Keoentbmhnt\mSv ]dp. CXv A\p


kcnm ]w Inquisition \v XmdmhWw.
s^{_phcn 26: s_msa t]mns Xocpam\w ]dbm Keoen
tbmsh Wnpp. B dqan Inquisiton, kmnIfSw Wn
sncpp. s_msa hmXn sNv Keoentbmhns\ kzoIcnv
Fsms tImepw adptm, A\pIqeamtbm Hpw ]dbcpsX
Xs \ntcm[\m HmsSppp. t]mv ]dbpXp tIXm
sX Keoentbm adpsmccw ]dn- A\pIqeambpw ]dn.
Inquisition kwkmcnm XpSnbtm s_msa tZjyw A`n\bn
v Keoentbmhns\ ]pdtp sImpt]mbn. AhcpsS documents
HnSm kXnn. unsigned, unauthored record of minutes Hm^ojy
sdtmUn Inquisition tNp. CX\pkcnv Inquisition s apn
sXp kXnv Keoentbm Xm ]dncpsXms ]nhenp. 1617
^vtfmdknse Ipntep s_smUvKmtUm sImmcn
tev Keoentbm Xmakw amn. 16, 15 {]mbap 2 s]IpnI (h
Po\nb, enhnb) hnhmlw Ignm `mcybn Atln\pmbncp
p. Illigimate girls,- ktlmZcnamcpsS kv{Xo[\w t]mse Chpw
hcptam F {]iv\w- Cu IpnI Cmcytamv Order of poor
clares I\ymkv{XoIfmbn- (aq Ipn ]ns Maria Celeste Fpw
Cfbh Arcangelo Fpw t]cv kzoIcnp).
1618 I 3 [qatIXpsfpdnv schemir ASap sPkyq
pI FgpXnbXns\ CeybUv t]mseb imkv{X]pkvXIw Fv
Keoentbm hnainp. {]]{K\vYn\v Hcp {]tXyI en]nbpv.
AXp ]TnmsX AXns `mjtbm ktitam a\nemhn- {XntIm
Ww, hrw apXemb PymanXob cq]fpsS KWnX`mjbnemWv {]]
w FgpXsnpXv. AXv ]TnmsX {]]`mjbnse Hcp ]Zw
t]mepw Bpw a\nemhn- Ccpp Xpwt]msebmWXv Fv
Keoentbm FgpXn. Ccw kao]\ sPkyqpIsf hopw sNmSn
np.
1620 apXp hjs bpw Imtmenv A\pIqeambn1- 621 Keoentbmhns 3 {]nbs cI (Cosimo II 30 -mw hbn,
t]mv t]m 5 ma, ImUn\m s_msa 79 -mw ]ndmfn\p apv)
acnp. 1616 se kw`hv Keoentbmhn\pmbncp GI klmbn
s_msa acntXmsS CmXmbn- t]mv t]mfn\p tijw h t]mv
44

{]Imiknp

{KnKdn XV 1623 acnp. In\m am^ntbm _m_sd\n ammbm


bn (A_ VII) The Assayer, FgpXm\pw, tIm\nv knw ]Tn
np. sImm\pw (]s AXmWv icnsbp kancpXv) Keoen
tbmhn\v A\phmZw Inn. CXn\nSbn Keoentbm Compound microscope
Dmnbncpp. (]tmfPn- Cs \nebntev hnIknXv Cu
D]IcWw sImmWv. kp{ipX kwlnXbn Cm Hcp kwKXn
CsXmmWv. AXphscbp saUn Adnhns\ Cu sSIvt\mfPn
bmWv hnIknnsSpXv). 1629 (\hw_) Dialogue on the two
chief world system t]mns A\phmZtmsS apgph\mn. khnbm
n (tIm\nkv `mKw) knwnkntbm (tSmfan`mKw) Fv 2 t]
N sNp anemWv cN\. Acntmnens ]pkvXIn\v `mjy
sagpXnb Simphicius s t]cpw, 1614 acn Xs kplrns t]
cpw \IpI hgn Keoentbm Cu kev] kw`mjWn\v kXym
h IqSn Dmn. \njv] kmnbmbn 1620 acn kplrv
kms{KtUmhns\bpw tNp. The Assayer A\phZn \ntmtfm dn
mUn F sUman\n ]ptcmlnX\mWv Cu ]pkvXIhpw ]cntim
[nXv. AhcptSXmb BapJw, D]kwlmcw, th am hcpp
sav dnmUnbpsS Inn ]dncpp. 1631 {]nnv XpSnMarch 1632 hnev]\ ^vtfmdkn Bcw`np. t]mns acpaI
In\m {^mskkvtm _ms_dn\n Xm hfsc ktmj]qw
hmbnXmbn Keoentbmhn\v FgpXn.
1616 ]d Inquisition Imcyv hn]coXambn, Cu ]pkvX
IneqsS tIm\nns hmZs defend sNbvXXn\m sPkyq
pI tm`np. A_ VIII tdmantev hnNmcWbvmbn Keoentbm
hns\ hnfnp. ]pkvXI hnXcWw \nnm {ianp. tdmans Cu
Ww Fn\msWdnbmambncp (kmnsbtmse) hr\pw tcm
Knbpamb Keoentbm AXp \onshm A`ynp. akv\nbnse
]pXnb kmcYyn\v kmnv sh\okv sImSp t]mse Keoentbm
hn\v kpc \Im km[npambncpn. 19 hbmb s^Un\m
tUm cma BWv Av Tuscany bn Grand duke.
1633 s^{_phcn 13 \v Keoentbm tdmansen- tKv ]Sp ]nSn
bm 3 BgvN Skv AXnnbn Xn. kn thZ\bm
cm{Xn apgph Icbp Atln\v hnNmcW hsc (G{]n) Xmakn
m\p kuIcyhpw HcpnsmSpncpp.
45

{]Imiknp

hnNmcWbn Db IpmpI:1) emn\nsegpXmsX Cmenb `mjbnsegpXn. AXn\m km[m


cWmpt]mepw ktiw a\nembn.
2) hneyw Kn_v F Iphmfnsbtmse tIm\nns\
{]iwknp.
3) 1616 se sPkyqv an\pvkn ]dXv tIm\nns\pdnv
]TnncpXv, Atlns \nKa\s icnshcpXv FmWv. AXv
A\pkcnmsX t]mns hmv sXnv {]hnp.
heresy tbm IpamWv false charge of heresy F \nbam
Inquisition XpSnbm Inquisitors B hynsb hnSn. AXmbXv
Inquisitors Itmenm k`bpsS DXm[nImcnIfmWv. Ah Ipm
cmsWp ]dp innm k` s]mfnbpw. AXn\m In\m
_ms_dn\n (t]mns acpaI) hr\mb Keoentbmhnt\mSv confess sNm At]nbpw AXn\v t{]cnnbpw HSphn A\pkcn
nbpw sNbvXp. 69 hbn knthZ\bm Xfv, CIzknt
gvkns ]oU\w `bmWv Atlw AXv kXnXv. sPkyqpI
hnPbmlvfmZn Poh]cyw XShphn[np. Inquisition Council se
10 In\mamcn 7 t]cmWv AXv hn[nXv. _ms_dn\n ASw 3
t] B inbn HnSm Iqmnbn. _ms_dn\nbpsS CSs]S
tdmanse Skv Fw_knbn hopXS, ko\ Bp_njns
IUnbn XS, 1634 apX Arcetri Spv Keoentbmhns
hons hopXS Cs\ in \op. 1634 G{]n cn\v
aq aI acntm tImshn t]mIm A\phmZw sImSpp.
Cu inmmev Discoveries & Mathematical discourses regarding
new sciences F {K\vYw FgpXn- CXv BZys B[p\nI imkv{X
]mTy]pkvXIamWv. 1638 Cenbn \nv HfnpISn Louis Elzevir
Cu ]pkvXIw {]knoIcnp. CenbnsemgnsI temIw apgph CXn
s\ kzmKXw sNbvXp. Cmev Keoentbmhn\v ImgvN \jvSsp.
Hcp s]Upew tmpmpXv aI\v Atlw ]dpsImSpp.
aI Vincenzio As acWtijw As\sbmv Dmn. 17 mw
\qmn {Iny lyqKkpw s]Upew tmv Dmn. 1642
P\phcn amkw 8/9 cm{Xn 78 mw ]ndmfn\p apv Keoentbm acnp.
imkv{Xw KWnX `mjbmWv; PymanXob cq]fpsS `mjbmWv;
Ccphihpw equalise sNp kahmIy `mjbmWv. Keoentbmhns
46

{]Imiknp

Cu imkv{Xobamb kao]\w E = mc2 \p tijw Fm imkv{Xcpw


icnshpp. CybpsS Cu `mjbmWv Bkvt{SmWan, sshZyw, Zimw
iw, kwJyIsf en]nbmbn amp coXn, {ioN{Iw, bthZnbpsS
Afhv, IVC/ lmc Imev Xqw/In/_mekv ChbpsS D]tbm
Kw, IWmZs ]camWp knmw Chbnsems ImWpXv. CXns
XpSw ]mentbmennv ImemWv (Archaeology sXfnhpI
k]vXsskhw F Fs ]pkvXIn ImWpI). CXv hcmlanln
c, ]ctaizc, kw{Kma am[h Imew hsc ChnsS XpSbmbn
Dmbncpp. AXn\ptijw bqtdm]y imkv{XcneqsS ]pXnb
Hcp \thmm\w Inn bqtdm]y imkv{Xambn AdnbsSm XpS
n. cp`mjbnemsWmsX Cybntebpw bqtdmntebpw im
kv{X \nKa\p aman. ]pXnb sSIvt\mfPnbn amappXm\pw.
1540 emWv + - F Nnlv\w BZyambn bqtdm]y KWnXn
(Robert Recorde) D]tbmKnXv. sdtmsU saUn tUmIvSdpw
J\nIfpsS ktbdpw KWnX\pambncpp. 2 hkvXp ka
amsWp ImWnm Htc henap 2 kamctcJ (=) bmWv D
asav B knw_epw Atlw D]tbmKnp. temKcnXamWv Bkvt{Sm
WaamcpsS KWnXw FfpamnbXv. FmWv temKcnXw?
100 x 1000 FXv 102 x 103 FsgpXp inkwJy.
100,000 = 105 BWv (2+3=5 BIbm)
2345 = 103.37 BWv. AXn\m 2345 s temKcnXw 3.37. AXmbXv
KpW\w, lcWw F 2 {Inbtbbpw [\w, EWw F {Inbbmn
efnXhcnmw. Acw Hcp tS_n Dmnshmw. 1970
t]mv Impte hcpwapv temKcnXamWv D]tbmKnncpXv.
Ccw ]mwKnII, hcmlanlncs Imepw AXn\pappw
Cybnepv. `mKhXn Imekzcq]amb Cuizc\n \np {]]
apmbn Fp ]dbpXv a\pjycq]amb Hcoizc Dmn F
qemne (Imenv Nns {]]krjvSn Keoentbmhn
t\mSnSXv Cu {]iv\w sImmWv).
`mKhXw alm]pcmWamWv. alm]pcmWn\v ZieWap
Xn 5 Fw kw, hnkw, m\w, CuiIY, a\zcw Fnh
bmWv.
kw: KpWtm`m {_lvan \nv {]IrXn kw`hnp
Xn\v kmwJyw, ]camWp knmw, i_vZ{_lva]camb i_vZ im
47

{]Imiknp

kv{Xw Fnh D]tbmKnpp. hnkw {_lvamhn \nv k]vX


jnIfpw Ahcn \nv Dmb krjvSnIfpamWv. m\n, Cu
{]]n hnhn[ AhXmcpw ssPh AssPh hp
ap m\w. CuiIYbn AhXmc, Ncn{X ]pcpjm Fn
hcpsS Ncn{XfmWv. a\zcn a\pfpsS Imew, a\pkrjvSn
apXembh.
k\ncq]Wn\v lcnbpsS eoemkzcq]ns {]fbn\p
appw ]npap 2 hn[w Ahmt`Zfpv. 9 Xcw krjvSnbn 6
Xcw {]mIrXw, 3 Xcw sshIrXw, CXpIqSmsX ]maXmbn D`bXcw
(Ipamc krjvSn) Fsmpapv. 3 Xcw {]fbn ImeIrXw, {Zhy
IrXw, KpWaqesav aqsambn \nXyw, ss\annIw, {]IrXneb
sav 2 hn[w {Ianepv. sshIrXamb a\pkrjvSn (7,8,9 krjvSnI)
{Ian Huj[nh\kv]Xn (kkyw- Botany), XncyIvtemIw (arK
]n- Zoology), a\pjytemIw FnhbmWv. CXn a\pjykrjvSn
Iotgmv `Ww Cdpp. kky `Ww apIfntev henp
p- arK CXv cpa.
a\pjy
arKw
kkyw

Cu khpw ImeIrXamb \nXy{]fbn CmXmhpw- {Zhy


IrXamb ss\annI {]fbn ]qeban- KpWaqeamb {]Ir
Xnebw tbmKnIfpsS AhbmWv. Imekzcq]amb Cuizcs\pdn
mWv Cy Bkvt{SmWan ]TnpXv. B Imekzcq]n \nv
{Zhykzcq]hpw KpWkzcq]hpambn \mw ImWp Zriy{]]w F
s\ Dmbn Fpw. Imekzcq]amb Cuizc kzcq]w AZriyhpw Ahy
hpamWv- ]s AXns kmnyw \s kZm t_mysSpp
p; A\p`hnnpp. AXn\m C{nb sImv AdnbmsXbpw
\mw AXns\ Adnbpp (AXn{nbw).
Imekzcq]n AXnkqvaamb ]camWp tbmPnv kmam
\y {]]w (General), hntij {]]w (Special) Fv {]]w Dm
bn. AXmbXv qeamb {Zhy {]]npw, kqvaamb Ime {]]
npw aqew ]camWphmWv. ]camWp{Zhyw (matter) IemIXa
fmWv. Ime]camWp Fp ]dm Hcp kqcyIncWw Hcp {Zhy ]c
amWphn hp]Xnm FSpp kabw (unit time) BWv. Ccw
\nch[n Ime]camWpfmWv Hcp kqcycivan (\nccw {]hlnp
48

{]Imiknp

Xv). Hcp {]Imi civanv {_lvamamsI hym]nm th


kabw alZvImeamWv. {]Imi civanv AZriyambXpw (\mw Ctm
Infrared, Ultraviolet Fphnfnp Nph kyp Xmsg iymah
n\pdw) ZriyambXpw (7 hap VIBJYOR- C{[\pv) Fv
2 `mKapv. Imew, alZvImew, kqvaImew Fnhsb{XktcWp
hgn qehpw kqvahpamb {Zhy/Ime ]camWpfpambn Hmp
(Imew, tZiw AYhm {]Imi civan, {Zhyw Fnh HmsWp hy
amp IWv) {]{Inb `mKhXn Cs\bmWv.
2 ]camWp
= 1 AWp
(AZriyw)
3 ]camWp
= 1 {XktcWp
(Zriyw) (Afmw)
3 {XktcWp = 1 {XpSn
(Afmhp Imew)
100 {XpSn
= 1 th[w
3 th[w
= 1 ehw
3 ehw
= 1 \nanjw
(Afm b{w)
3 \nanjw
= 1 Ww
5 Ww
= 1 ImjvT
15 ImjvT
= 1 eLp
15 eLp
= 1 \mgnI
(PeLSnImcw Afpp)
2 \mgnI
= 1 aplqw
6 \mgnI
= 1 bmaw (1 {]lcw) (aWnapn AdnbnWw)
4 bmaw
= 1 ]I, = 1 cm{Xn
15 cmI
= 1 ]w
(N{KXn)
2 ]w
= Hcp amkw(`qan, kqcy Fnhb\pkcn
v 12 BZnXycpsS cminm\w)
2 amkw
= 1 EXp (kkyarKmZn{]IrXn, Imv KXn A\pk
cnv ImWmhp Imeamw)
6 amkw
= 1 Ab\w- kqcy, `qan FnhcpsS Bt]
nI m\amw- AYhm Ne\w
Ccw 12 amkw= kwhcw- Hcp `q]cn{Iaw kqcy\pNppw
(a\pjyhjw)
2 Ab\w
= 1 tZh Zn\w
120 kwhcw = 1 a\pjymbpv
a\pjymbpv 120 a\pjyhjsan Hcp {_lvamns {k
jvSmhmb {_lvamhns Bbpv 2 ]cmw. CXns\ Ziwi k{Zmb
49

{]Imiknp
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
100000000
1000000000
10000000000
100000000000
1000000000000
10000000000000

n temKcnXnemWv Cym FgpXnbn


cpXv. GIw, Ziw, iXw, kl{kw apX ]cm
w hsc Cs\bmWv (IqSpXembn \mZeb
knphn CXns KWnXhpw kucyim
kv{Xhpw hnhcnXn \m Bhnpn).
bqtdmn 16 mw \qmn Bcw`n
Nnmhnhw Cybn kl{km_vZp
app kw`hnncpp. Cu `mj AdnbmsX {]]
`mjbnse Hcp]Zw a\nemhn F
Keoentbmhns hmv AXn\m tdma
Itmen ]nsb sNmSnn t]mse
Cybnse CuizchnizmknIsf sNmSnnt
Xn. \psS thZ]pcmWfn ]dsXms icnbmsWv
]XpsXps temIs ]coW \ncoWfneqsS B[p\nI
imkv{Xw t_mysSpnsmt CcnbvbmWv. sskh P\X
bpsS imkv{Xhpw aXhpw sFizc {] IrXnbptSbpw {]]ntbpw
]T\hpw XbXzhpw hnthIhpamWv.
hcmlanlncs ]knmnIbn 14 mw Aymbw tPymXn
imkv{X]cambn \ncoWw sNm\p hyXykvX bt{m]IcW
fpsS hnhcWamWv. Aymbw 15 tPymXntjm]\njv, {Kl \
{XmZnIfpsS Bt]nInXn, {KlWw, ZnIv{`wi \nbans ASn
m\ Xzw, N{ kqcy{KlW IqSmsX ap {Kl kmc
n hcp {KlWw, Ingpw ]Snmdpsa Znim \nbw Xs
`q{`aW \nbam Bt]nIamsW AssZzXw, esb \nc
tcJbmbn shv tZimc kwipn sNp coXn, `qtKmfns 4
_np (4 {]tZi) hoXw `qaytcJm `mKpw, InSI
ZnWmb\ tcJm `mKpw (Tropic of cancer) FSpv `qtKmf {`aW
m Cu 4 _npfnse kqcymkvXabmZn t`Zhpw hnv ]dbpp.
CsXms t\cs asmcp {K\vYn AhXcnnXmIbm, ]p
Xnb imkv{XNcn{Xn kam\ NnmKXn Fv Fs\ Ftm
Dmbn Fv hmb\mp XmcXayw sNmw. N{, kqcy{KlW
, ip{I\Sw ap {Klfpw {KlWapmpp, ip{I\v phases
Dv, At\Iw \{X BImi KwKbnepv Fsms AD 427
se hcmlanlnc Xs {K\vYfn sXfnbnnpv.
50

{]Imiknp

`qtKmfns Imin, tKmfmIrXn:]alm`qXabkvXmcmKWm]RvPtc alotKme!


tJbkvmtmAxm
teml ChmhntXmhrXx
(Aymbw 13. tmIw 1.
]knmnI)
(XmcmKW ]RvPchpw `qanbpw ]alm`qXabamWv, `qan tKm
fmIrXnbmWv; 2 ImnSbn (_m amKv\v t]mse) Ccpv
FXn sshZypX ImnI in, ]`qXn \nv AssPh
hkvXp Dmhp Adnhv)
AtX Aymbw tmIw 30, 31 hcmlanlncs sSekvtmv
{]h\w hnhcnpp: Dbcap Hcp ^eIns {]Xen
ZniI, \{Xm\w Fnh tcJsSpnb tijw, AXns sX
p`mKv {]Xens am\ap ipshbvpI. ip ew_ambn
cns \ncoI ZrjvSn AXns ISbv Ipshv ]Xps sN
cnv Ipw {[phXmchpw Htc tcJbn hcpwhsc sNcnbvpI (C
s\ GXp \{Xtbpw t\mmw). XpSp tmIn hnZKv
`qanbpsS tI{w, `qhymkw, CsXms Cs\ shv \nbnpsa
pw Cu amn iphns A{Kw apX {]Xew hscbp ew_w
AmwiPymhpw, ISbv (Iv) \nv ew_n\p AIew
(Dc ZnWtcJ) Colatitue s Pymhv BsWpw, Fmw ]dbpp
v. tmIw 39 `qanbn \npt\mptm {Ian N{, _p
[, ip{I, sNm, hymgw, i\n Fnhtbbpw kqcyt\bpw ImWmsa
pw Chbn {Kl AXmXns Iybn ({`aW ]Yw) \nivNnX
thKn Ingtmp kcnpp Fpw ]dbpp. tmIw 40 `qan
bn \nv Dbcntep kcnpwtXmdpw cminIfpsS ]ckv]c
Zqcw hnphcpp (Expanding universe pattern). F{Ins
XpInSbnep `mKw ApXnt\mSSpv sNdpXpw N{In
s ]cn[n `mKv hepXpambncnpXpt]msebmWnsXpw, CXn
\m (tmIw 41) Ghpw ASpp N{ io{Lnepw, Ghpw
AIsebp i\n (a) ]Xpsbpw kcnpp Fpw ]dbpp.

51

{]Imiknp

3. mkn imkv{Xw
Cv \mw Imoknb tIm HmUnt\v Fp hnfnp {Xnam\
ap tZit_m[w, AXnt\mSv {XnImesa NXpm\w tNv Bdp
am\ap Iyq_v (japJw) Fnh Cy imkv{Xn\v ]t
Adnbmw. ]s bqtdmn sZmmWv CXns\pdnmZyw ]d
Xv.
1619 \hw_ 10. Um\yq_v \Zo Xocv Uyqv Hm^v _thdnb
bpsS ssk\yw s{]mpItfmSp bpw sNm XSnp. Cu Iym
nepmbncp sZmv Xs InSbn InSv at\mcmPyw hnNm
cnbmWv. Cu {]]kz`mhsav? PohnXn\v Asav? apdn
bpsS Hcp aqebv ]dp Cusb t\mnsmv. s]sv At
ln\p tXmn. CubpsS m\w Imen shdpw aqv kwJy
sImv {]hNnmw. apdnbpsS aqebn Iqnapp 3 NpacpIfn \nv
AXns Zqcw ]dm! Cu {Xnam\ Nn{XamWv Cv \mw {Km^v
Fp ]dbpXv. X, Y F cv kwJy- aqebn \nv hc 3 mas
Z F kwJy. CubpsS m\w (Z) Cs\ \nbnmw. `qanbp
tSbpw `qanbnse a\pjytbpw m\hpw kqcyN{knmm
Cs\bmWv Cybn \nbnpsXv Atlw Adnncp
n. AXn\m AsXmcp Ip]nSpw Xsbmbncpp. X, Y, Z sIm
v ({Xnam\w) m\w \nbnp ]Xn
Y
sb Cv Imoknb tIm HmUnt\v Fp
hnfnpp. aqSn Ingtmv \Sv aqSn hS
tmv t]mhpI Fv hgn ]dbptm \mw
Z
Z1
CXmWv sNpsXv eoemhXnbn `mkv
Z2
cmNmcy\pw ]knmnIbn hcmlanlnc
\pw hyamnbnpv. `qanbnencpv a\p
X jy Db tZifntev (ap {KlIy
52

{]Imiknp

Ifntev) Zqchpw AhbpsS m\hpw Isptmgpw CXm


Wp]tbmKnpXv. hknjvTap\nbpsS Imept]mepw CXv Cy
bnepv (]knmnI, N.B.S tImbw, 2nd Ed., 2000, tUm. kphW
\memv). Xmgs \nebnencpv apIfnse Hcp ^vfmns m\w
(hgn) ]dpsImSpptmgpw CXmWv sNpXv. Fm `qanbpw
{Klfpw Ne\w (KXn- NXpam\amb Imew) Fnh DXpw
^vfmv mhcw (A\mXv) F ANehpamWv.
{XntImWw (3 tImWpIfp, Hcp cq]w) 3 kwJysImv ]dbm
hp {]]m\w AYhm {XntImWanXn (Trigonometry v kwkv
IrXnse ]gb t]cv) sZmn\papv Cybn D]tbmKnncp
p. 9 {KlfpsS m\w 9 {XntImWambn hcv 9 {XntImWtbpw
AhbpsS _tbpw ImWnp N{Iae ChnsS F{X
tbm Imew apv KWnXdnbmw. knpKwKm kckzXn Xocv
IV C lc Imev CXn\p sXfnhpv. _mtK I, \mt\Lnse Ip
ptSizc t{Xn\Spv (CybpsS ]Snmd Xocv) ]men
tbmennv a\pjy {]XnjvTn Hcp {XntImWmIrXnbnep ]md
v (ip) ANyqenb Kplma\pjycpsS Znimt_m[s ImWnp
XmWv. t]mfnt\jy ISbm{XmcpsS Spatial Intelligence (slm
hmUv KmUv\) Amep Xs Cy IStemcs IS
kmcnIfmb BZna a\pjypmbncpp. AXns XpSbmWv
hcmlanlnc\pw apw! PymanXnsb (Geometry) BPn{_ sImv A\
ssekv sNmsav Cu Adnhpht {Klnm\mhq. 20 mw \qm
n Bt]nIXm knmhpw Izmw Xnbdnbpw hXv {]]
ns Cu KWnX`mj 16 mw \qmn bqtdmn\v Xpdp Innbtm
gmWv. Cybn CXv ]t kw`hnXpsImmhWw ChnsS kmwJy,
]camWpknmhpw Ime, ImemXoX t_m[hpw tZiIme ss\c
cyhpw t\cs {]Xn]mZnsXv. ISbm{X sNphv CXv
thKw Dmhpw. bqtdmv hmkvtmUnKmabvp tijsa CXns {]m
[m\yw icnv a\nemnbpp Fpam{Xw! Cybn kwJysb
AcamnbmWv FgpXpI. Cu coXn (1,2,3 FXn\p]Icw x,y,z
Asn a,b,c FsgpX) bqtdmn sZmv XpSnshp.
x2 Fm X x X BWv,
x3 Fm X x X x X BWv Fv A\enn KWnXn\v

17 mw \qmn Atlw XpSw Ipdnp.


53

{]Imiknp

Keoentbmhns\ hnm innXdntm Imenv


Bbncpnpw sZmv Le Monde, On Traite de la Lumiere F Xs
]pkvXIw (tlmfn) {]knoIcnpXv \nnshXv, Xm\pw
tIm\nns\ A\pIqenpXpsImmWv. 1637 saocntbm
fPn, Hm]vSnIvkv, tPymsa{Sn Fnhsbpdnv The Method Fsmcp ]p
kvXIw ]pdndn. 1641 ]pdph cmas ]pkvXI (Meditationnes de prima philosophia) nemWv Rm Nnnpp, AXn\m
Rm Dv F {]knhmNIw FgpXnbXv. 1644 Principea Philosophiae bn ^nknIvkn Inertia bpsS Hcp hniZoIcWw Atlw sIm
Spp. iq\yw (void) ]camWp, AWp (atom) Fnhsb Xndp
sZmv. B.C. 5 mw \qmn sUtam{Inkpw, B.C. 342-271 hsc
Pohn FnIyqdkpw {Kokn AWpknmw ]Tnnncpp. ]nbdn
Kmskn 1649 {]knoIcn Xs ]pkvXIn Cu AWp knm
s hopw ]p\cpcnp. AWp tNv tamfnIyqfpI Dm
Ipsav ]dp (AtX kabw hneyw lmnbpsS cNw{IaWw
sXmsWpw hmZnp). iq\yX (vacum) AYhm void Dsv Keoen
tbmhns injy Chm sPen tSmdnskn sXfnbnpsImncn
bmbncpp. Bgap InWdn \nv Hcp ]psImv 30 ASn (9 ao)
bne[nIw Dbcn Pew Fnm\mhmsXv F {]iv\amWv
tSmdnsknv Keoentbm sImSpXv. Acons `mcw sNep
p atm ss]nse shw sNepp aw Ipdhmbm
te CXp km[nq Fv tSmdnskn Isn. 1643 ckw D]tbmKnv
Hcw AS Hcp Syq_v sImv Atlw CXv sXfnbnp. As\ _m
tcmao Ip]nSnbvbpw Hcp vaccum krjvSnv sXfnbnbpw sN
bvXp. Cu aa\pkcnmWv cNw{IaWw Fv Cv Fmhp
adnbmw. sapdn tImfnt\m Pe\ncnt\m apIfn vaccum (iq
\yX) BsWv CXpsImv ]qambn ]dbm\mhnsv sZmv
hmZnp. Kmskn {]Imiw kqcy\n \nv \nccw {]hlnp
AWpIWfmsWpw Ah a\pjys In ]XnnmWv ImWp
sXpw ]dp. sZmv, kqcy Hcp bqWnthgvk Pes
anptm AXns aw a\pjys In A\p`hsSpIbm
sWmWv hnNmcnXv. Hcp \{Xn \nphcp aXcwKw XSm
Inse AeI t]mseb, Pen Hcp aapmbm XpS
bmbn Dmhp aXcwKamWv (Riverberating pressure wave) F
w. Cu Zi\s sZmns kplrns ]p{X {InkvXy
54

{]Imiknp

lyqKkv hnIknnsSpp. {]Imins XcwK\ymbw As\


Dmbn. KWnXw, sam\nIvkv imJIfn lyqKkns kw`mh\
I AhKWnbvmhX. \yqs kaImeo\\mbn FXp am{Xam
bncpp Cu imkv{X\p ]nb \n`mKyw. Momentum, Centrifugal
forces \v KpcpXzmIjWtmSp kmZriyw Fnh \yq\p apt
sXfnbnp lyqKkv. 1657 se s]Upew tmns t]cnemWv C
tlw AdnbsSpXv. 1658 lyqKkns tmpI ]nIfn
{]Xysp. 1658 apX km[mcWmcpsS honepw kqcym\w
tmpt\mn \nbnm\p Ccw tmpI hp. \mw D]
tbmKnp tmv, hmv Fnh kqcy\pNppw `q{`aWm hcp
Cu 2 tKmffpsS ]ckv]c _w, m\w Fnh Nenp Hcp
{Km^v cq]n ImWnpXmWv. 1655 lyqKkv sSekvtmp
I Dmm XpSn. sSekvtmpIfn {]Imiw sekn\m
hfbptm Dmhp t{ImamnIv A_tdj (hnhn[ h
{]Xn_nw_ns Nppw ImWpw) IepIfn sSekvtmv D]tbm
Knp \mhnIv Hcp {]iv\a. ]s \{X\ncoI\mb im
kv{X\v {]iv\amWv. Hcp XSn ImNn\p]Icw 2 t\ ImNw
shm Cu {]iv\w ]cnlcnmsav lyqKkv a\nemn. Cc
samcp sSekvtmpsImv 1655 i\nbpsS N{\mb ssSs\ lyq
Kkv Ip]nSnp. ]phjn\Iw IqSpX \smcp sSekvtm
pmn i\npNppw t\ Hcp {]Xew Dspw (i\nbpsS
ring) Nnetm AXp ImWmXncnpsapw (Edge on from Earth) Nne
tm Keoentbm It]mse 2 sNhnt]mse tXmpsapw (face
on) AXv sSekvtmv sNdpXmbXp sImmsWpw lyqKkv sXfn
bnp.
1645 apX imkv{Xob NnmKXnbph e\n HpIqSn
]ckv]cw BibkwhmZw \Snbncpp. 1662 Nmekv cmas
Nm {]Imcw CXv tdmb skmssknbmbn cq]w {]m]np. CXn
s ^v cmjv{Sa, ss{]hv hynI XsbmWv hlnncpXv.
1663 CXnse BZys hntZin AwKw {^pImc\mb lyqKkv
Bbn. 4 hjw Ignv {^mkn Xpeyamb kbkv AmZan
XpSnbXv eqbn ]Xn\memas kwcWn ^v sImSpnm
Wv. 1700 emWv Cu tamUen s_en AmZan DmbXv. lyqK
kns Refraction \nba, CuY F Pecq]amb Hcp vaccum
55

{]Imiknp

{]Imiw Dmp aXcwKw, km{amb mkneqsS km{X


Ipd hmbpthm ]XpsbmWv {]Imiw ISpt]mhpI F
Is, {]Imi civanbpsS thKX A\amIbm kqcy\nse
Hcp {]iv\w AYhm aamw DSs\ Insepp F Xocpam\w
Fnh hfsc {][m\ambncpp. {^v AmZanbn lyqKkns
kaImeo\\mb Hte tdma {]ImithKX hfsc IqSpXemWv, ]s
A\a Fp IcpXn. tdmadpw Kntbmh\n In\nbpw (Ctln
s t]cnemWv i\nbpsS dnnse Cassini division AdnbsSpXv).
hymgns N{m hymgns m\m {KlWhnt[bamIp
p Fp Ip. Fm Ch Xnep CSthf Ftmgpw H.
Cu amw `qanv Xs Iybn (kqcy\pNppw) D m\n\v
hymgm\hpambp _w sImmWv. AXn\m {]ImithKX
A\a kmsav tdma hmZnp. `qan hymgn \nIeptm
\mw {KlWw sshInmWpp. AXmbXv {KlWhm sSekvtm
n Fnm {]Imin\v Xmakw t\cnSpp. Cs\ \nivNbnv
hymgns Ghpw AIw`mKp Keoenb N{ Ctbmhns
{KlWw \hw_ 9, 1679 \v {]hNnp. Cu {]hN\ {]Imcw aph
{]hNnXn \nv 10 an\pp Ignt {KlWw \Sq. Atlns
{]hN\w Acw{]Xn icnbmbn. `qanbpsS IybpsS hymkwshv
Cu ImeXmakn \nv {]ImithKX 225000 In.ao/sk v Fv
tdma IWmn. Cdnhp `qIybpsS hymkwshv tdmadpsS
KWnXw sNbvXm CXv 2,98,000 In.ao/sk v Fp Inpw. B[p\nI
imkv{Xns 2,99,792 In.ao/sk v F aqeyhpambn CXv tbmPn
pp (Cybnse KWnXw ]knmnIbn ImWpI).
1671 sNmbpsS ]mceIvkv {^v Knbm\bn (Jean Richer)
\npw ]mcokn \npw (Ikn\n) \nconp. cpes \nco
Iv Dmb sNmbpsS m\amw, ncXmc{]Xew, ]mcokv apX
{^v Knbm\ hscbp t_kvsse Fnh shv sNmbntep
Zqcw Afmsapw CXpw sIdpsS \nbahpw tNm Fm {Kl
IyIfpsS hymkhpw Adnbmsapw, CXv tIm\nns kqcy
tI{ tamUens\ icnshpp Fpw imkv{XtemIw apgph AwKo
Icnp. 1690 Theatre on light F t]cn lyqKkns {]Imi
kw_amb {K\vYw ]pdphp.
1661 t_mbvens The Sceptical sIanv F {K\vYw Bs
ansb imkv{Xobamb sIankv{Sn Xentev sImphp. 17 mw \qm
56

{]Imiknp

ns Ahkm\n k sFkIv \yq Bsan sNbvXncpp


Fv HmWw.
18, 19 \qmpIfn sIankv{Sn {]Nmcnembtm t_mbnens
Cu ]pkvXIw Hcp hgnncnhmbn hymJym\nsp. imkv{Xob coXn
bn Bsan D]tbmKnpXmWv sIankv{Sn. Xmgv temln
\nv kzapmp Philosopher's stone s\ pdnv AmXcmb
BfpI ]cnbncp Ahnizmks t_mbv imkv{Xobambn
t\cnp (Cybn \ZoXocs aWenepw aeIfnse [mXpfnepw
\nv kzw tiJcnncp ]gb coXnsbbmWv bqtdmnepw t]ky
bnepw Cs\ Hchnizmkambn amdnbXv). Hcp hkvXphns kz`mhw
Adnbm sIan A\menknkv \Sp coXn t_mbv \Smn.
1662 apX tdmb skmssknbn t_mbv AwKamWv. 1680
AXns {]knUmbn sXcsSptm, Xs hyn]camb
BZifm skmssknbpsS {]Xn (Oath) FSpm\mhnsp
]dv AXp \ncknp. ktlmZcn ImXdos IqsSbmbncpp Xma
kw. B hon Atlns em_ddnbpw injymcpw Hs Dm
bncpp. Fm _pnPohnIfpw AhnsS hp. Hcp KpcpIpew t]mse
bmWv ImXdos hon Atlw Xs ]T\hpw, Aym]\hpw \Sn
bXv. Ghpw _lpam\nX\mbn (Honourable Robert Royal, Esquire), Po
hnXn Hcnepw Icn]pcfmsX Pohnp. kmZyw apgph Poh
ImcpWy {]h\v Zm\w sNbvXp. acntm mhc PwKa
hkvXpfpw Hkyp{]Imcw Zm\w sNbvXncpp.
1667 amsktm am]nPnbpsS {]_ tdmb skmssk
n {]knoIcnm\mcw`np. ^ntemk^nbpw saUnkn\pw s_mtfm
Kv\ bqWnthgvknnbn \np ]Tn Ctlw 1669 BZyambn tdmb
s^tm Bb Cmenb\mWv. ssat{Imkvtmn, hmens NndIn
se cpgepI, jUv]ZLS\, tImgnpns hf (chick
embryo), kkyfpsS Cebnse stomata XpSn At\Iw Imcy
Atlw {]Xn]mZnp. Nnepw izmktIminepap cpg
epIfpsS kmayw, Bdnbpw shbn\pw Xnep kwtbmK
Fnh ]Tnv, lmhnbpsS cNw{IaW tamUen \nImsX
InS `mK Atlw \nIn. hjptijw CtX Ip
]nSpw, am]nPnbpsS knmw AdnbmsXs, kzX{ambn
BWn hm eyqh tlmv Isn. CXv ssat{Imkvtmv
57

{]Imiknp

F sSIvt\mfPn saUn imkv{Xn\p \Inb kw`mh\


bmWv.
dnmUv temh (1631-1691) HmIvkvt^mUv {Kqnse AwKambncp
p. Atlns Imew apX cs {]mWhmbphpw t]mj
Imwihpw FmbnSpw Fnp Hcp kmcamambn IcpXm
XpSn (kp{ipX kwlnXbn CXv ]dbppv). Fm icocw
Hcp b{amsW hnNmcw Amew apX XpSn. {]]hpw ico
chpw Hcp bm{nI tamUemWv F Imoknb \nbaw {]_e
ambn. 17 mw \qmn am]nPn Kntbmh\n t_msdn Unk\pI
(Ctlw KWnXimkv{X s{]^kdmbncpp) Gsd \Sn. t_msdn
Aman ]Tnp. kqcys\ ISpt]mIp [qatIXphns ]mX ]mc
t_mfbmWv; hymgw Xs N{mcn kqcy {Klfn sNepp
AtX {]tNmZ\w Dmpp, icocw amwkt]inIfpsS inIfm
{]hnp enhdp (livers) IfpsS Hcp knamWv, \Sptmgpw
HmSptmgpw amwkt]io {]h\w PymanXobambn A\ssekv sN
mw, ]nbpsS ]depw ayns \oepw KWnX]cambn hnh
cnmw, FsmsbmWv Atlns \nKa\. Cuizc\v Cu
b{w XpSnshp Hcp sajo Unssk\dpsS ]Wntb Dp
Fpw, Cu LS\bn ap arKfpw a\pjy\pw hyXymkanspw ,
a\pjy\v {]]n ap hkvXptfm almb m\samp
anspw At lw IcpXn.
1677 saUn Un{Kn FSp FtUzUv ssSk e\n
tUmIvS Bbn {]mIvSokv sNbvXncpp. At\Iw Unsk\pI
sNbvX Ctlw 1679 tdmbskmssknbpsS fellow Bbn. 1684
e\nse _Xvtew tlmkv]nens tUmIvSdpw Khdpambn. Cu
am\knI tcmKtI{w (Bedlam) tcmKnIsf Ghpa[nIw ]oUnnncp
tI{amWv. ]Wmpw ]cnjvImcnIpw Hcp Entertainment Sqdnv
tI{w t]mse, Hcp ImgvN_wmhnse curiosity t]msebmWv tcmKnIsf
IncpXv. Cu nXn ssSk amn. sPbneamsctmep ]p
cpj ]cnNmcIsc amn kv{Xo t\gvkpamsc \nbanp. tcmKnIfpsS
hkv{Xn\mbn Hcp ^v \onshp. hyXykvX species IfpsS
LS\ ]Tnp Comparative Anatomy bpsS ]nXmhmWv ssSk.
1680 sXbnwkv \Znbn \np]nSn Hcp Porpoise s\ 7 jnnpw
6 s]\nbpw sImSpphmn UnkIvSv sNbvX ssSk AsXmcp
58

{]Imiknp

aya kkvX\ PohnbmsWpw BcnI LS\ Icbnse \m


menIfptSXn\p Xpeysapw {Klnp. ]pdwcq]n Imen F
hyXymkta Dp. Fm Ins\ {]Xn\n[oIcnp scapula, lqa
dkv, A\, tdUnbkv, Im t_mWpI, samImepI, ]c
kv]cw tbmPn 5 hncepI Fnh Ahbvpv. tNc, HIn,
Nnmkn Fns\ ]eXnt\bpw Atlw dessect sNbvXp. a\pjy
\pw Nnmknbpw Htc icoc LS\bmWv. 48 Imcyn Nnmknv
a\pjyt\mSpw- 27 Imcyn Ipct\mSpamWv kmZriyw. AXn\m
Nnmkn Ipct\m a\pjykZriamWv. NnmknbpsS akvXn
jvw, hennsemgnsI asmw sImpw a\pjyakvXnjvw t]m
sebmsWXv ssSks\ AXv`pXsSpn.
ssiihnemWv Cu kmZriyw IqSpX. CtmgXn\v \ntbms\n
(holding on to youth) Fp ]dbpw. a\pjyinip hfcpXv Nnmkn
sbm ]XpsbmWv. AXn\m P\nptm a\pjyinip Nnm
kntbm ]nn, hfsc \ncmew_mhbnemWv. Fm hfcp
tm acn DumemSm\pw h\hn`hw tiJcnm\pap Adn
thmsS Ahkm\npp NnmknbpsS temIw. a\pjytXv ]e
Imcyfpw Adnbm\pw ]Tnm\pw DXIp coXbnep hnimeamb
Hcp temIambnocpp.
17 mw \qmns Ahkm\n {_nojv imkv{XcwKs aqp
{][m\ {]Xn`I tdm_v lppw, FUvav lmenbpw, sFkIv
\yqWpamWv. lpnt\mSv \yq\pmbncp ]Ibpw AXpsImp
mb {]iv\fpw {]knamWv. Keoentbm acnpXn\v 7 hjw
apv lpv P\np. Atlw Hcp ]nbn curate Bbncpp. ]mepw
]gfpamsX asmpw `nm Ipnmew apXte km[nncp
n. hfsc A\mtcmKyhm\mbn, Dbcw Ipdv, FpIfpsS sshIey
tmsSbmWtlw hfphX.v ISen tcJmwiw \nbnp
t{ImtWmao F t]mvhmv Atlw Dmn. tdm_v t_mbv
ens kmnI klmbtmsS, Atlns Akn v Bbn
mWv lpv PohnXv. 29 mw hbn Atlw cNn ssat{Im{Km^nb,
]Xnhn\p hn]coXambn Cwojp`mjbnembncpp. Keoentbmhns
starry messenger Hcp henb {]]ns Nn{XamsWn CXv Hcp
sImp{]]ns Nn{XamWv. Hv sSekvtmv sImv ImWpp,
Hp ssat{ImkvtmpsImpw. tImiLS\, Xqhensbpw Nn{X
59

{]Imiknp

ie`ndInsbpw, Cuntbpw LS\ Fns\ ssPhtemI


s Atlw hnhcnp. t^mknepI Hcp Imev `qanbn Pohnn
cp kkyarKmZnIfmsWv ]dp. ssPh hfn (Nn{Xie`w)
ImWp h sshhnyw {]Imins Interference (Ccphi
fneqsS reflect sNp {]Imiw) sImmsWv Atlw ]coW
fneqsS sXfnbnp. XcwK\ymbs B[mcamnb Cu \nban
XcwKw hifn \np hifntev (transverse oscillation) Btm
f\amWv lyqKkv ]d t]mse push-pull k XcwKa. Xo
Iptmgpw izmtkmOzmknepw Aconse Hv (Cy
bn {]mW- Ctm HmIvknP) FSpppv. tmvt^kv ssSv
_mtcmao, Imv Afp guage, sXtamaodns HcpC\w, diving
bell, sslt{Kmkvtmv Fnh Ip]nSnp. Imemhm \ncoWw
sNbvXp (1st Metereologist Fv ]dbsSpp). Fm In\p ]nn
epw Bmamb Itijnbp ssI, hnizkvXamb Iv, Ah
sImv \nconm\pw kXykambn tcJsSpm\pw D a\v
Fnh thWsav Atlw hnizknp. {]] imkv{Xw akvXnjvw
sImv IsmXmbn Hpw _mnbn. AsXms ]t \S
p. C\nbph sNtXv \nconv tcJsSpemWv Fv
FgpXn.
1674 Atlns Hcp {]`mjWn Fm BImi tKmf
pw KpcpXzmIjWapspw, Hcn EPphmb Hcp efnX
Ne\w XpSnb Hcp hkvXp t\tcJbn ncambn Nenpsapw,
asmcp inbm XSbsv am{XamWv AXv Zniamdn (deflection) hr
w, Fen]vkv apXemb ko h{ItcJIfn kcnpsX
pw ]dp. ]ckv]cmIjWXzap At\Iw tKmffpsS BI
jW in, AXv F{Xtmfw ASpmWv, ZqscbmWv F\pkcnn
cnpw Fpw ]dp. lpns 2 mas supposition \manv \yqs
BZys Ne\ \nbaambdnbpp. 1678 emWv lpns Femnknn
\nbaw (Hooks law) hXv. 1703 Atlw \ncymX\mbn. 1670 apX
\yq\v lpnt\mSv Aajapv. {]Imi kz`mhw {]nkfpw ImN
fpw shv ]Tnv shfp civansb (kqcy{]Imiw) 7 \ndambn ]ncnp
Ibpw hopsamcp {]nkneqsS ISn shfp civanbmpIbpw
sNbvXv {]Imin k]vXhhpapsv \yq Isnbncp
p. AXn\papt lpv ASw ]ecpw CXpsNbvXncpp. t{ImamnIv
60

{]Imiknp

A_tdj Cm Hcp dn^vfIvSn-v sSekvtmv (AXn\papv en


sbmWmUv Unkv CXv sNbvXncpp) \yq Dmn. 1671 Cu
sSekvtmv e\n {Kjmw tImtfPn demonstrate sNbvXp. 11
P\phcn 1672 \yq tdmb skmssknbn fellow Bbn sXc
sSpsp. \yq {]Imins IWknmw (Corpuscular
theory) sXcsSp BfmWv (lyqKkpw lppw XcwK knmw
AYhm wave model Dw).
{]mbw IqSnbh\pw IqSpX Ip]nSp \Snbh\pamb
lpn\v th{X s{IUnv sImSpmsX sNdpmc\mb \yq\v im
kv{X temIw AlnpXnepw _lpaXn sImSppXv Atln
s Zmcn{Zyw, ]v tdmb skmssknbpsS m]I\mbncp Hcmfp
sS themc\mbncpp F Ah, Atlns _mlycq]n
s sshIeyw Chsbmsbmbncpp. CXv ]epsa t]mse tdm
_v lpn\pw Adnbmambncpp. B thZ\ Atlw NnetcmSv ]d
ncpp. HmU_v CXv s]mSnpw sXmepw shv \yqs\
Adnbnp. BPoh\m ]I shpIbpw, imkv{X clkyw t]mse
]IbpsS clkyhpw BtcmSpw ]dbmsX Dn shncnpIbpw sN
p kz`mhw \yq\v Dmbncpp. J.G. Crowther Cu cp imkv{X
msc 2 hmIyn hnhcnnpv. Hooke could not understand
what tact had to do with science..... Newton regarded discoveries as private
property. \yqs tZjyw Xom lpv hfsc kulrZn

Ab Hcp Fgpn\v \yq Ab adp]Sn cpt]cptSbw kz`mh


s ImWnpp. kXymt\zjWn \psS cpt]cptSbpw
At\zjW^ew HmhpXpw, \psS A\menknkv hyXykvXamIp
Xpw kam\lrZbcmb imkv{XcmIbm kw`mhyamWv Fpw
AXn\m tZjyw hnNmcncpsXpw hfsc hn\oXambnmWv lpn
s Fgpv. \yqs In sZmv sNbvX imkv{Xtkh\
n\v Xm ]eXpw IqSpXembn \In. {]tXyInpw t\ {]Xe
neqsS h ISnb XzNnbv.v Rm IqSpX hXpw
Inpsn AXv giants s tXmfn Ibdn am{XamWv FmWv.
\yqs kz`mhw Adnbmhp imkv{XtemIw Cu hmpIsf
Htsd hniIe\w sNbvXnpv.
1. lpns Ip]nSpfpsS bYm AhImin sZm
mWv.
61

{]Imiknp

2. Giant F hmns G Iym]n sedmWv. lpv Dbcw Ip


dv \sn\v hfhp HcmfmWv. X\nv hXpw tamjvSnWsan
AXv ]s Giant imkv{Xcn \npXs aXn. \nsftmse
icochpw a\pw ]nKvanbmb Hcp themc\n \npth F
w.
Cu Fgpv imkv{XtemIns ]IbpsS a\mkv{Xw ImWn
pp.
1674 ]mcoknse H_vkthdn t]msemv Cwn Dm
m tdmb skmsskn Xocpam\np. CXn\p ImcWw {^mkn
N{s ncXmcfpambn _s m\\nbw IS bm{X
bn kabafp Hcp tmv BsW hm ]cXmWv (Cu
hnhcw Cy Bkvt{SmWanv At\I kl{km_vZambdnbmw).
AXn\m N{Ne\ns IrXyamb tS_nfpI, tcJmwi\nb
{]iv\w ]cnlcnm IrXyamb t{ImtWmao Fnh thWw. tPm
^vfmwoUv (1646-1719) CXn\v \ntbmKnsp. CXptI Nmkv cm
a ISbm{X sNp cmjv{Ssa \nebvv {_n\v t\hntKj
klmbnp Fm m\hpw thWsapw AXn\v Hcp H_vkth
dn m]nWsapw \nivNbnp. {Ko\nvIpn CXn\v ew \n
bnp. 1675 ^vfmwoUpambn FgppIppI \Snbncp
FUvav lmen e\nsen. 27, 21 Unkw_dn 2 {]mhiyw \S
N{{KlWw \nconp. 21 BKn sNmsb N{ adXpw 1676
th\en kqcy\n henb sunspot DmbXpw lmen ]Tnncpp. hS
BImis sSekvtmv D]tbmKnv ]qambn kt sN
embncpp ^vfmwoUns ZuXyw. sX AtKmfnse BIm
inse Ghpw {]Imiap 100 {]ImitKmfsf ]Tn lmen
bptSbpw. CXn\mbn Av {_nojv km{amPyns Ghpw sXp
sk v slen\ Zzo]ntev lmen t]mbn. Hcp km{amPyns IS
kmcn\v AXns Ghpw sXt Ap\npsImv IS
kmcnIv Bhiyamb coXnbn (sX kap{ZfneqsSbmWv
{][m\ IS hym]mcamw) {]ImitKmfsf land mark Bp
k{Zmbw Cybn \nmWv {_n ]TnXv. Cy Bkvt{SmW
anbn hn{imhkv, ssh{ihW, cmhW Imew apX Fpw,
Apw ebmWv {][m\ H_vkthdn ({Ko\n, AXn\p ]nb
sXv {_n\v AXn\m a\nembncpp). 20 mw hbn ]T\w Dt]
62

{]Imiknp

nv \hw_ 1676 lmenbpw kplrv sPbnwkv pw skbn v


slen\ Zzo]ntep t]mbn. 1678 sX \{XfpsS ImtemKv
{]knoIcnp. ^vfmwoUv Our Southern Tycho F t]cv sImSp
bpw sNbvXp. _p[ kqcyapJpIqsS ISpt]mIpXv sk v sl
eo\bn shv lmen \nconncpp. ]mcemIvkv \nbat`Z {]Imcw
kqcy\ntep Zqcw Afm CXv klmbIambn.
bqtdmn 17 mw \qmn \{X \ncoWw aqp ImcW
fmemWv XpSnbXv. 1) IS kmcn\v, 2) anendn {]m[m\yw, 3)
hym]mc {]m[m\yw.
slthenbkv (P) ssStmbpsS Umsb \nconv A\
ssekv sNbvXpsImncpXv shdpw imkv{XtNmZnXamb Pnmk
bmembncpp. lmen As\b. ZnWmImiv lmen ssStm
\ncon Nne Xmcsf \nconbm DcmImiw \nconp
slthenbn\v AXpIm sImmsap tXmn. 1678 lmen
AXbpsImSpp. slthenbns kzX{\ncoWhpw Umbpw
Ctmpw Inn. 1679 lmen Umknnsen. 68 hbmb slthen
bv sSekvtmv D]tbmKnmsX \Kv\t\{Xw sImpsNbvX \nco
Ww, AhbpsS IrXyX Fnh lmensb AXv`pXsSpn. lmen
bpsS kz`mhn kv{XoIfpamb AhnlnX _w Hcp Zu_eyam
bncpp. lmen sNptm 68 Imc\mb slthenbns 2 mw `mcy
Fenk_bvv 32 hbmWv. 22 hbmb lmenbpw Chcpw Ahn
lnX _ntesp. slthenbkv acnp FptItm lmen
hn[hbvv AbpsImSpXv Xs aqpamks ifw sImp
am{Xw hmm km[np hfsc hne]nSnp knv hkv{Xfm
Wv. 1680/81 Hcp [qatIXp Zriyambn. e\nepw ]mcoknepap
Fmhpw Zriyambncpp Cu {]Xn`mkw. lmen ]mcokn {InkvXp
akv kmbmlv\n Cu [qatIXphns cmw hchmWv IXv
(\hw_ 1680 \v {]Xysv kqcy\Sptv Nenv A{]Xyambn]noSv hopw {]Xysp. Cu cmw hchv). N{s\ B[mcamn
N{tcJmwiw icnv \nivNbnp Hcp ]Xnv NpcpnbXv 18 h
jw \nccw \nconWw. lmen Cs\ Hv 2 hjn\Iv
DmnbXv Atlw ashnsS \ntm ISwhmn FXn\p sXfnhm
Wv. 1684 {Intm^ sd, tdm_v lpv Fnhcpamb kw`mjW
n \nv {KlIyIfpsS Inverse law of attraction lmensb BI
63

{]Imiknp

jnp. lpv sImSp Cu sFUnbbpambn lmen \yqs\ kinp.


1684 lmen hv XtmSv, {Klv kqcy\ntev BIjW
in Dspw AXv Zqcns square \v A\p]mXnemsWpap
sn Ah Dmp curve s BIrXn FmIpsav tNmZn
Xmbn \yq Xs FgpXnbnpv. AXv Fen]vkmbncnpsav ]d
tm lmen ktmjw sImp aXnadp. Fs\ Isn
F lmenbpsS tNmZyn\v Rm IWmnbXmsWv \yq
]dp. B IWpI lmen tNmZnp. ]noSbpXcmsav \yq
]dbpIbpw sNbvXp.
Cu kw`hamWv AXphsc clkyambn sh Principia {]kns
Spm \yq\v ImcWambnoXv. Fmhcpw thKw {]knsSp
m\pw t]scSpm\pw {ianp imkv{XtemIv \yq FpsIm
ns\ clky kz`mhmc\mbn? Hcp km[mcW IjI IpSpw_
nemWtlw P\nXv. ]nXmhv IjI kpsImv {ItaW
1623 hqkv tXmv am\ kzamn Lord of the Manor Bbn,
CXpw l sFkvIu F `mcy sImph kv{Xo[\hp (50 ]uv
hjn) amWv \yq\pmbncpXv. \yqt\m At\m (tdm_v
\yq) FgpXm\pw hmbnm\pw ]Tnncpn. lbpsS ktlmZc
hneyw ]ptcmlnX\pw tIw{_nUvPv _ncpZ[mcnbpambncpp. 1642
hnhmlm\cw , sFkIv \yq acnptm l K`nWnbmWv.
Ahv {InkvXpakv Zn\n P\n IpnbmWv As t]cn
\maIcWw sNbvX sFkIv \yq. {KntKmdnb Ie {]Imcw 8
P\phcn 1642 \v Keoentbm acnp. 1642 Unkw_ 25 \v Pqenb Ie
{]ImcamWv \yq P\nXv. {KntKmdnb Iedn CXv 4
P\phcn 1643 BWv. Pqenb Iedn Keoentbm acnpXv 1641
Unkw_dnepw. 4 P\phcn 1643 De Revolutionibus \v IrXyw 100 hjw
IgnmWv. 1645 l thsd hnhmlw Ignp. lbpsS amXm]nXm
\yqs\ hfn. 8 hjw GI\mbn AhcpsS IqsS \yq
hfp. AXn\m kplrpsf Dmp ioew Dmbn. \
hiw Atln\pInnb anI hnZym`ymkamWv. asmcp \hiw 21
mw hbpapX \yq Xs As kzv, AbpsS kzv, cm
\s kzns Hcp ]v Fnh e`nv kmnIambn \ \nebn
embn- ]pcpjmcpambmsX \yq\v _apmbn (Nne AXns\
thsdmcp Xcn hymJym\nnpv). 1663-1668 tIw{_nUvPn shp
64

{]Imiknp

sNbvX ]coW \ncoW ]nmev \yqs\ {]ikvX\m


n. \yq Impekv Ip]nSn Imev eo_v\nkpw Impe
kv Ip]nSnp. CXv lppamsb t]mse eo_v\nkpambpw \yqs\
sXnp. Impekv KWnX{Inb Ffpampp. Hcp {Klns
Iybnse m\w amdnamdn hcpXn\m (ImewsNpwtXmdpw) Cu
coXn thWw AXns m\ \nbn\v. Cs imkv{Xw Im
pekv IqSmsX kmya (Cu Impens Cy Ncn{Xw
asmcnSv Rm ]dnpv). N{s\ Xs Iybn \np
Xpw Bnfns\ Xntep hogvpXpw `qanbpsS KpcpXzmIjW
amWv. CXn\v (Zqcw)2 hpambp _w \yq IWmn (1666
Cu Inverse Square law IWmn). 30 hbmhptmtgpw {]Imiw,
Impekv Fnh kw_n ]T\w Atlw ]qnbmnbncp
p. KpcpXzmIjWspdn ]T\w Atls Bsanbnte
p Xncnp. imkv{X ]T\w, Ip]nSp Ipnmep Ignp.
IqSpX kabw Atlw BsanbvmWv sNehgnnpXv. 4 mw
\qmnse AeIvkm{nbbnse Bcnbns A\pbmbn (Arian)
Bbncpp \yq. Cuizcs\ {]tXyI {]Xn`mkambn ImWp
CXn tbiphn\v ssZhoIX C. Fm CXn\mbn {_qtWmsb
tse NppIcnsSm Atln\njvSanmbncpp. AXn\m
Trinity bn hnizknpp Fv (hnizknmsX) Atlw {]Xn
sbSpp. \yqs clky kz`mhn\v CXpw Hcp ImcWambn- 1674
\yq\papt lpv action at a distance Fdnbp KpcpXzmIj
Wn\v N{tep insbpdnv {]_w {]knoIcnp.
Inverse square law lpntXmbncpp. 1684 lmen htm \yq
s]sv Dcw sImSpXv AXpsImmWv. 1687 lmenbpsS
\nccamb \n_m 3 hmeyn \yqs Ncn{X{][m\amb
]pkvXIw ]pdphp. lpns\pdntm Atlw sImSp insights
s\pdntm H d^dkpw \yq AXn shn.
\yq Cuizc\v Hcp b{w DmpIbpw \nccw \Snsm
pt]mIbpw sNp ka\mb Hcp BnsSIvSns CtaPv \
In. Hcp Xcw [N{I {]h\ kq{X[mc s\ Cy CtaPv
t]mse. 1687 \ptijw \yq imkv{X\mXmbn. 1696 tdmb
anns hmU\pw aPnkvt{Spambn. At\Iw t]sc I \mWy
ASn Ipn\v ]nSnpIbpw Xqnsmm hn[npIbpw sN
65

{]Imiknp

embn \yqs tPmen. kvXpXylambn CXp sNbvXXn\v DtZymKb


w Inn. 1705 se ]mesa v sXcsSpn B cmPIpamcn \yq\v
k ]Zhn \In. 60 mw hbnse B sXcsSpn \yq tXm
p. ]ns Atlw acnn. \yqs k ]Zhn 1705 sXcsSpv
Pbnm\p Hcp cmjv{Sob Icp\oambncpp, imkv{XtemIn\v
\Inb kw`mh\Ip _lpaXnb FXv tJZIcamWv.
1703 lpv acnp. B \hw_dn tdmb skmssknbpsS
{]knUmbn \yq sXcsSpsp. 1704 Atlns
Hm]vnIvkv {]knoIcnp. 20 hjmew Xs HutZymKnI Ihyw
\yq {im]qw \nlnp. Chbnsemv {Kjmw tImtfPns\
(t_mbv, lpv FnhbpsS Nn{XfpXpw t_mbv m]nXp
amb KpcpIpew) s{Ibn tImntebvv amembncpp. Cu amn
\nSbn Fstpambn \jvSsXv Htc Hcp Nn{XamWv. lpns
am{Xw!! Ncn{Xn lpns Nn{X t]mepw AhtijnnmXncn
m {inWsan Xobmbpw lpv Xtm henb im
kv{X\msW t_m[w \yqs DnepmbncpncnWw. {]m
bw sImpw {]knnsImpw ]IzXbmnm Cu henb imkv{X
s a\n\mbn FXv {itbamWv.
Inverse square law {]]n kn\pw _m[IamsW
XmWv AXns bYm {]m[m\yw. Fm Imepw Fm hkvXp
pw AXv _m[IamWv. {]nknnbbpsS hbmn (anUvssh^v) Fv
hnfns lmenbmWv Cu Bibw {]Ncnnhcn apJy. 17 mw
\qmnse {_n\nse s]mfnn {]iv\fnsempw lmen ]s
Spn. ss__nfnse shsmw, ss__nfnse IW\pkcnv
Bv _njv Duj IWmnb 4004 BC bmWv {]] krjvSn
Bcw`sa hmZw Fnhsbpdnv ]Tnbpw Cu XobXn sXmsW
v kanbpw sNbvXp. ISens Dvckw t\mn `qanbpsS {]mbw
\nbnmsap ]dp. ]nv CsXmpw kzoImcyambncpn.
`qanbn hyXykvX `mKfnse Imin hyXykvXamsWpw CX
dnm ISbm{X IqSpX kpKaamIpsapw lmen FgpXn. A
conse at`Z, ImpI, akq hm]mcmpI, BZy
s metereological chart (1686) Fnh {]knoIcnp. ISen\Snbn
18 ao Xmsg (10 ^mw) tPmen sNphv (apsSpph)
Hcp diving bell D]tbmKnm\p ]coWw \Sn. a\pjys acW
66

{]Imiknp

\ncv, AX\pkcnv Cjpdkv {]oanbw IWmtXv ASw


sNbvXpshp. `qanbpsS hnhn[ `mKfnse \ncoI ip{I kqcy
apJneqsS kcnpXv ImWpXnep hyXymkw sImv ]mc
emIvkv hgn kqcy\ntep Zqcafp. 1716 \ptijw 1761, 1769 CXpm
hpsav {]hNnp.
CUkvhmen knhnssetkj\ptijw XqnIsf Iqej
ambn ]TnXv lmenbmWv. Hcp kzn AtX hepap mkv
Intbm 7 Ccn Xqapv. AXn\m AXn 7 {]mhiyw {Zhyw
IqSpXepmhWw. mkn 6/7 `mKw iq\ym\amhWw (Empty
space) shn kzw s]mXnbm Cu \nbaw D]tbmKnmw. kzw
]qipXv Hcp Bns I\san 1/100 Cv \ofap Hcp Iyq_v
kzn 2433 aney\ne[nIw Bw DmhWw (CXv an\naw BWv).
1691 CsXms {]knoIcnp. 1693 `qanbpsS ImnI {]Xew
]Tnm Hcp bm{X XpSn- CXv IS bm{Xp klmbIamIpsa
Xn\m \mhnItk\v Xmev]cyapmbncpp. 52 ASn \ofw 18 ASn
hoXn, 89 S tIhp`mcap sNdnb Hcp I CXn\mbpmn (tem
Iw Npm\pw, kuv AvemnIv kmcn\pw D]tbmKnp pink
Fv hnfnp C\w I) G{]n 1, 1694 \v ]pdsp. Cmev
[qatIXphn Xmev]cyambn- AhbpsS elliptical orbit, AhbpsS inverse
square law A\pkcn kqcy{]ZnWw FnhbpsS ]gb sdtmUp
I 2 hjs Cu bm{XbnemWtlw ]cntim[nXv (FhnsS \nv
Bcn \nv Fv hya). 1682 I [qatIXp 75-76 hjn
semcn 3 {]mhiyambn XpSbmbn \nconsXmsWtlw
AtmgmWdnXv. lmenbpsS am foul BsWXn\m
1682 se [qatIXp \mbn \ncon ^vfmwoUv B \ncoW
^ew lmentm \yqt\m sImSpn. 2 hjw Ignv Cu expedition
s]mfnXpw \yq lmensb Xs annse U]yqn It{Smfdmbn
\nbanpXpamWv Ncn{Xw IXv. 1698 lmen AXpt]np.
HIvtSm_ 15 \v Hcp hjw \op\np asmcp bm{Xv t]mIm
Izo tacnbn \nv Iev]\ Inn. Amev ]o Zn t{Kv (km)
Cwv kinp. Atlw I \nmWspdnv ]Tnm
hXmWv ({]mbw Ccp]XpIfn). 1698 se bm{XbpsS tijw hopw
lmen ISbm{X \Sn. 52 S (sXt Atacn ap\v) hscbp
ImnIin \nconv 27 BKv 1700 naun Xncnsn.
67

{]Imiknp

1701 Cwojv Nm\ense thentbw ]Tnp. CXn {^v XpdapJ


\ncoWw, AhcpsS {]Xntcm[w Fnh clky \ncoWw sNp
clky AP Dmbncpp. 1702 Izo B lmensb Bkv{Snb
bnebv tImI (XpdapJs) insSpm \ntbmKnp. P\p
hcn 1704 CXn\mbn clky tkh\ ^n \ntln\p ]Ww
\Inbnpv. AXn\m {][m\ambn NmcWnbmbncpp Fqln
pp. Atmtgpw lmen {_mUn IpSnv Swear sNp Hcp ISen
se Iym]vSs kwkmcw A\pIcnm XpSnbncpXmbn ^vfmw
oUv tcJsSppp (Captain Halley ]noSv Dr. Halley bmbn) 1758
1682 se [qatIXp Xncnphcpsa lmenbpsS {]hN\w Atls
{]kn\mn.
lnmns \{X`q]Snse Arcturus (tNmXn) m\w
ASw ]e \{Xm\hpw sXmsWv ^vfmwoUv tcJsSpn1719 Atlw acntm 63 mw hbn B t]mn lmen \nban
X\mbn. As\bmWv 18 hjs N{/Xmc \ncoW^ew lmen
bpsS Inb InnbXv. 1720 apX 1742 hsc (85 mw hbv) lmen \n
coWw \Sn.
1758 {InkvXpakv Zn\n {]hNnt]mse, lmenbpsS [qtaIXp
Ip. 13 G{]n 1759 \v AXv kqcy\v Ghpw ASpsn- 1761 epw
1769 epw ip{INmcw lmen {]hNnt]mse 60 H_vkthdnIfnencpv
BfpI \nconp. lmen IWmnb kqcy\ntep Zqcw 153
aney In.ao- B[p\nIcptSXv 149.6 any In.ao. As\ acnv 27
hjw IgnmWv lmen imkv{XtemIv Ncn{Xw krjvSnXv.
1686 {^mknkv hnMv_nbpsS {]IrXnimkv{Xw {]knoI
cnp. tPm td {]IrXnimkv{X (Biology) cwKv ^nknIvkn
\yq F t]mse alm\mbn Dbp- hnMv_n tdbpsS kplr
pw kl{]hI\pambncpp. Im ensbkv F saUn
tUmIvS kkyfpsS \maw emn\n \nv {]mtZinI `mjIfnte
mn. 1741 saUn {]mIvSokv \nn ASp hjw t_mWn
bntev Xncnp. 1740 se Atlns Systema naturae t_mWn
bnse \mgnImbn. bqtdmn a\pjys\ _tbmfPn mkn
^ntj\n BZyambn DsSpnbXv AtlamWv. Nnmkn
pansapians Fn a\pjy homosapians am{XamWv AXn. ens
bkv ss__nfnse {]fbs \ncknn. Fm AwKoIcnpan.
68

{]Imiknp

A{Xbpw sNdnb Imew (200 Zn\n Ipdhv) \op\n Hn\v kap{Z


PohnIsf Icbntev _lpZqcw ASnpIbn t^mknepI Dm
m km[nn. Hcp Imev `qan apgph Pen\Snbnembncp
ncnmw. Ipdp Ipdmbn hnbXmhmw. As\bmhmw kap{Z
PohnIfpsS t^mkn aeapIfn ImWpsXv Atlw IcpXn.
ss__n A\phZnp 6000 hjtm F{Xtbm ]gw
`qanpsv A\pam\npXmsX entbkv AXv sXfnp ]dv
BcpsS hntcm[hpw kmZnn. Cybntebpw ssN\bntebpw {]m
No\ Ncn{X bqtdmn Innsmncnbmbncpp. slmpkv
ae_mdnkv hp Ignncpp. tImwsX Z _t^mWns Historia
naturelle 44 hmfyambn 1749-1804 \nSbnemWv {]knoIcnXv. {]IrXn
Ncn{Xns BZys B[nImcnI {K\vYamWXv. ]mcokn cmPm
hns s_mmWn KmU\n 1731 apX kp{]mbncpp At
lw. KWnXw, h\kwcWn silviculture s ]v Fnh Xmev]cy
ap hnjbfmbncpp.
[qatIXpsh kqcy ]pdwXnbXv BWv ]nmev `qanbmb
sXv _t^m IcpXn. AXn\m XpSn `qan DcpInb emh
t]msebmhWw. ]noSv XWpv Poh\v hfcm km[np. AXn\v
ss__nfn ]dbp 6000 sImw t]mc. \yqs {]nknnbbnepw
Xpeyamb \nKa\apv. Dcpnb Ccpptemlw t]msebp Hcp
tKmfw- 4000000 ASn hymkap Hv A{Xbpw Zn\ne[nIsaSppw
Hp XWppInm. AXmbXv 50000 hjntesd FSppw XWp
m! Nne Ahy ImcWfm NqSv \op\np Imew hym
ktm sNdnb A\p]mXnemhWw hnpsXv Rm
A\pam\npp. icnbmb A\p]mXw Bscnepw ]conv Ip]nSn
Ww. \yqs Cu A\pam\s _t^m ]conp. 42964 hj
hpw 221 Znhkhpw thWw `qan XWpms\tlw IcpXn. `qanv
75000 hjw {]mbapspw ]dp (Cv 4.5 _ny hjamWv
`qanbpsS {]mbsav IWmnbncnpp) 1747 kqcycivanI
Ipsd ImSnIfneqsS ISnhnv 200 ASn Zqscbp acs (Ien
s\) Xo ]nSnnp ^pWojycpsS hnZy Atlw sNbvXp ImWnp
(kndmIyqkn tdma IepIsf BnanUnkv Cs\ Inncp
p). Po ^udnb (1768-1830) s\tmfnbs D]tZjvSmhmbncpp.
^udnb A\menknkv Cpw IzmkdpIfpsS ]T\n imkv{Xw
69

{]Imiknp

D]tbmKnpp. `qanbpsS {]Xeta XWpnpp. Dv Npp]gp


emhbmWv. 1820 ^udnb `qanbpsS {]mbw IWmnbXv 100
aney hjamWv (_t^mtWm 1000 {]mhiyw A[nIw. Ct
m 50 {]mhiyw Ipdhv). _t^m Umhnt\m apv k
PohPmehpw H aqen \nv Evolution, Natural selection sImpm
bXmsWv ]d BfmWv. kv{Xo ]pcpj kwtbmKw sImp {]
P\\spdnpw NI \Snbncpp. tPmkv Iphnb
Comparative Anatomy sb aptmp sImpt]mbn- Ihnbpw \mSI
IrpamIm\m{Klnv k\mbno BfmWv Iphnb. amwk
`ppw kky`ppamb arKv D hyXymkw Atlw hniZoI
cnp. t^mknepI ]Tnp. Iphnbdn\p apv emammWv ]mcoknse
\mNzd lndn ayqknbn Xeh\mbncpXv.
18 mw \qmn sIankv{Snbn ]ptcmKXn Dmbn. s_an
{^mven sshZypXnbn ]coWw \Sn- Nmkv sIutfmw_v
sshZypXnbnepw Iminbnepw \Snb KthjWw cpw Inverse
Square law ]menpXmbn Ip. s_mtfmKv\bnse A\manpw
H_v{SnIvkv s{]m^kdpamb eqbnPn Kmh\n CeIv{SnIv _mdn
Ip]nSnp. XhfbpsS amwkt]inbpsS Ne\w ImWv Cu D]Ic
Ww DmnbXv. amwkt]inbn sshZypXn Dstlw sXfnbn
p. 1746 bqf (1707-1783) {]Imiw XcwKhpw, Hmtcm hhpw hyXy
kvX XcwKthKXbpambn, {]Imiw refract sNpXns KWnX hni
ZoIcWw Xp. \yqs\ t]Snv Bcpw CXn\v {]m[m\yw sImSpn.
semsamt\mtkhv 1748 Law of Conservation of mass and energy sIm
php. tXmakv ssdv BImiKwKbn Hcp N{Iw t]mse \{X
fpXn HmWv kqcys\v Ip. slj bpdm\ns\ Is
n. tPm anj BZyambn XtamZzmcsfpdnv ]dp. {]Imi
ns thKX kmamsWpw Hcp hkvXp IqSpX `mcapsXn
AXns BIjWn \np hnSm IqSpX thKX thWsap
ap \nban \nmWnXv A\pam\nXv. 18 mw \qmns Ahkm
\nemWnXv. kzX{ambn CtX Bibw AtX Imev Isnb
asmcm ]nbdn sska emmkv BWv. {^v \yq FmWt
lw AdnbsSpXv.
hymghpw i\nbpw AhcpsS Iybpw 929 hjnsemcnte
longterm shift sImv Fmw ]pdsnSsp {]Xn`mkw Dmq.
70

{]Imiknp

CXv emmkv \yqs {Kmhntj\ Xnbdnbnse ]nghmbn Isn.


t{]m__nenn Xnbdn hnIknnp. emmkpw tPmk^v em{Kmpw
KWnX{]iv\ N sNbvXncpp. G{]n 1788 \v emmkv FgpXnkucbqYw Hcp icmicn m\n\pNppw oscillate sNpp (Btm
f\w) AhnsS \nv amdpn. amdppsns hfsc hfsc
sNdnb Afhpam{Xw. LS\, KpcpXzmIjWin Fnhbm AXn
s\mcp ncXbpv. B ncX \jvSsSpm ]pdsmcp in
t Ignbq. As\ Hv Cphsc Isnbnpan. Ghpw Ipd
p \nbafm Ghpa[nIw {]Xn`mk krjvSnp {]IrXn
bpsS emfnXyw emmkv FSpp ]dp. kucbqYw DmbXv s\_p
ebn \nmsWv (Nebular hypothesis) Imns\tmse emmkpw
]dp.
September 1749 MD FSp tijw Hcnepw saUnkn {]mIvSo
kv sNmsX PntbmfPnbpsS bqWnt^mantdnb Xnbdn Dmnb
BfmWv sPbnwkv l. sIankv{Snbpw Irjnbpambncpp CjvShnj
b. {]IrXn {]Xn`mkv `qanbpsS apJOmb amm 6000
hjntesd thWsapw `qanbpsS DXv`hspdn At\zjWw
anYybmsWpw Atlw IcpXn. BZyw apXte (ap {Kl\{XmZn
Ifp {]]w Dmb apX) AXpv. AXn\hkm\hpan. Hcp
Nn{Xie`n\v Hcp Znhkw Bbpt Dpshn cm{Xn AXns\mcp
Catastrophy bmWv. a\pjy\v Hcp lnabpKw Catastrophy bmWv. ]s
`qanbvXv Nnc]cnNnXamb Hcp {]Xn`mkw am{Xw- CXns t]cmWv
Uniformitarian theory. Npcpn, {_lvaZn\hpw, tZhZn\hpw, ]nXr
Zn\hpw, `qZn\hpw Ft]mse Hcp Bt]nIX! {_lvamhnsbpw
kucbqYntbpw Bbpv Cymv Hcp {_lvamnt
bpw, \psS kucbqYntbpw BbpmWv. N{s BbpmWv
]nXrv. `qanbpsS Bbpnt\m Ipdhv a\pjymbpv. AXnepw
Ipdhv ap arK]nIv! CXv Cybn IrXyambn IWmn
]dncpp. kkyfn BbppIqSnb Ben\v hensbmcp m\
apv kkyPmXnbn! Cu kwKXn bqtdmn BZyw AhXcnnXv
l. a\pjy\v Hcp kp\man, Hcp ZzmcI ap, Hcp `qan Ipepw
hmsmcp A\p`hamWv. ]s `qanXv cmIepI t]mse Bh
n\p`hnp Hcp Nnc]cnNnX kw`hw. Hcp ]gb P\XbpsS ]q
nI m\kv XeapdIfmbn ssIamdphpw AsXmcp {]h
71

{]Imiknp

Nnmhp ]cnNnX kw`hw! kcbphn Atbmy apptmgpw IS


en ZzmcI apptmgpw {iocma\pw {ioIrjvW\pw Atm`ycmbn
cnpXv Cu m\hnthI sshcmKy kmwkvImcnI kpsIm
mWv.
19 mw \qmn a\pjy\v Cu {]]nep m\spdnv
ss__nfn \np hyXykvXamb Hcp coXnbn bqtdm]y imkv{X
Nnnm XpSn. {]IrXnbpsS sXcsSpv (natual selection)
Hcp Nnmhnjbambn. Nmkv Umhn\mbncpp CXns tI{_np.
Nmkv eb, B{^Uv d hmekv Fnh Atlns ]m
izhnIfmbn \n cp {]apJcmWv. 1766 HMS tdmw\n F
Ien ]gvk Bbncpp ebens apO. ]gvkdpsS tPmen
Ientep th km[\ hmemWv. CXv IqSpX ]Wn\v
]SepIv (t\hnv) hnpw. 1778 Atlw AUvand
tPm ss_ds sk{Idnbpw Atlns HMS {]nkkv tdmb
ens ]gvkdpamWv. Atacn kzmX{ybpn ss_ds
ISp sNbvX tkh\n\v Innb ss{]kvaWn sImv 500
G Ftv kvtImven hmn. Atlns aI hoembn.
(ebens A). 1797 \hw_ 14 \v (CXv \psS s\lvdphns
PZn\hpamWv FtmpI) Nmkv eb F PntbmfPnv P\n
p. Nmkn\v Hcp hbptm Cwnse New Forest tev Ip
Spw_w amdnmaknp. AhnsSshv Ipnmep Xs kky,
sNdnb sNdnb jSv]Z Fnhsb \nconm Xmev]cyw XpS
n. tdm_v t_vshns Introduction to geology As sse{_
dnbn \np hmbntmgmWv PntbmfPnbn Xmev]cyw tXmnbXv.
t_vsh ls DcWnI Gsd D]tbmKnncpp. AXn\m
ltbpw XpSv ts^bdntbpw ]pkvXI hmbnm\nSbmbn.
HmIvkvt^mUn shv hneyw kvanv F ktb ]Tn Cwn
se t^mknepIsfbpw AhbpsS Imetbpw ]cnNbsp. kvanv
^mZ Hm^v Cwojv PntbmfPn FdnbsSpp. 1815 emWv Atl
ns PntbmfPn map {]knsSpnbXv. 1816 Cu ]pkvX
Inse m\hpambn Hcp bqtdm]y Sq \Sn Xncnph Aym
]I hneyw _ve v sImSp an\dtemfPn mkpIfn \nmWv
hnZymnbmb eb kvanns\ ]cnNbsXv. eb bqtdmn
]ebnShpw kinp. IphnbdpsS t^mkn ]T\w ]mcoknse sse
{_dnbn shp hmbnp. Atlns kvs]knsa tiJcw Pm
72

{]Imiknp

Un sZ mkn sNpIp. 21 mw hbn PntbmfPn skm


sskn Hm^v e\n s^tm Bbn. \nbahnZymnbmbno
eb 1821 HIvtSm_dn KnUnb ams (1790-1852) F ks\
kskIvkn shv ]cnNbambn. Atlw At\Iw Unt\mkdpIfpsS
t^mknepI Isnb Hcp PntbmfPnpambncpp. 1822 \nba
]T\w Xevmew \nn eb ]qambn PntbmfPnbntep Xn
cnp.
Cwnse `qK`ineIv At\Iw hnepIfpw hfhpIfpap
spw, AXv iamb `qanIpepfmhWsapw, B `qan Ipep
amWv Hcn ISen\Snbn InS `qansb IS\ncn\p apIfnsen
sXpw kvanv FgpXnbncpp. hneyw tImWn s_b B hfhpI
XmmenIhpw hfsc ihpamb, `qanbpsS A`mKp {]Xn
`mk DmnbXmhm\mWv kmyX FsgpXn- l BZys
A`n{]mbmc\mbncpp. 1823 emWv eb BZyambn Cwojv Nm\
ISv e\n \nv 11 aWnqdn Isebvkn FpXv (BZy
s ow Ien). 1825 Izmen sdhypbn {]_fpw _pv
sdhypIfpw FgpXm ]_vfnjdmbncp tPm aptd Bhiysp.
CXnepmb hnPbw Xs PntbmfPn kwcw`sf ]pkvXI cq]
nemm\p {]tNmZ\w 1827 eben\p \In. 1828 ]mcokn
sNv sdmUdnv apnksW (1792-1871) Ip. cpt]cpw IqSn ay
[cWymgn XocneqsS hS Cen hsc kcnp. ]mZzbn \nv
apnk aSn. eb bqtdmns Ghpw ASpp InSp
AKv\n]X `qItaJebmb knknenbntep Xncnp. Fv\bn
700 ASnbpw AXn\p]cnbpambn Dbs ISens ASnpw Hcn
Sv Ahsb thXncnpsImv emhbpw Atlw Ip. t^mkn
II 20 ASn Xmsg, AXnSnbn _mkmnIv emh, t^mkn
IIp]cn asmcp eb emhbpw. Fv\bpsS ASn`mKw 90 ssa
hymkamWv. AXmbXv 90 {]mhiyw emh, Hmtcm ssa hoXw HgpIn
bmte ASnsXmv apSnhscbp CcsamcKv\n]Xns Dbcw
Fp. Fv\bpw knknenbpw `qanbnse XmcXtay\ ]pXnb `mKfm
Wv. AXn\m AhnSs kky IqSpX ]gb `mKfmb B{^n
, bqtdmns CXc`mK FnhnSfn \nv FnbXmhWw.
Pqsse 1830 BZy tImn (principles of geology) ]pdndn. kvs]
bn\nse ^oUvhn\ptijw P\phcn 1832 cmas hmfyw
hp. 1831 e Invkv tImtfPn PntbmfPn sNb hp.
73

{]Imiknp

eb sImSp {]`mjWfn kv{XoIsf tIhnmcmbn A\ph


ZnXv [ocamb Hcp ]pXpabmbncpp. ]n A[nImcnI ebens
`qanbpsS {]mbspdn A`n{]mbpw Atls \nban
pXn\pw FXncmbncpp. 1832 entbmWmUv tlmW F
PntbmfPnns aI tacn tlmWsd hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ahpw
PntbmfPn Xmev]cyambncpp. AXn\m B _w hfsc sIpd
p Hcp kplrXv_hpambnop. Ahp IpnIfpmbn.
2 mas hmfynemWv species s\pdnv eb NnnXv. Hm
tcm kv]ojokn\pw Hcp anYp\w (pair) AYhm Hcp hyn DXv`h m\
amWv. AXn \nv Nne Imefn, tZifn {]tPmev]mZ\w sIm
v, XeapdIfmbn hwi DmhpIbpw AhnShnsS, Xv tbm
Pn `qtKmf m\fn s]ps]cpIn Pohnbvbpw sNpp-- CXv
t\mhbpsS Bns Imes ss__nYmhinjvSamWv. CXns\
Cybn hwim\pNcnXw FmWv ]pcmtWXnlmk ]dbpI.
Hcp ev Hcp Imepmbncp hwi, apImev B e
v \inXmbpw, asmcnSv s]ps]cpIbpw sNbvXXmbn Cu ]gb
t{ImtWmfPn (hwim\pNcnXw) ]dbppv. eb a\pjy\v av Poh
Pmetfm {]mapJyw sImSppp. `Ww, av AkwkvIrX
hkvXp Fnhbvp acw sImmWv hwi Nne Ime
v Nne tZiv \inpt]mIpsXpw eb ]dp. 1833 G{]n
en 3 mw hmfyw hp. 1875 12 mw FUnj hXv ebens acW
tijamWv. 1838 h Atlns Elements of geology PntbmfPn
bpsS BZys B[p\nI sSIvv _pmWv. BZys \ imkv{X
kmlnXyImc Fpw eb t]scSpp. Xs ]pkvXI sIm
Sp kmZyambncpp Atlns {][m\ hcpam\w. 1841 hS
s Atacn bm{Xbn \bm{K shmw, {]IrXninI, `q
anbpsS ]gn\p ZrjvSmamb PntbmfPn sXfnhpI Fnh
\nconp. ebens ]pkvXIs XpSv Nmkv Umhns Origin
of species hp. hwifpsS amspdnv BZyIme {Kop ]n
X ]dncpp. 1620 {^mknkv t_, ]noSv KWnX
eo_v\nkv, 18 mw \qmn _pt^m Fnh ]dncpp. Imem
hmamw sImmWnsXv Ch ]dncpp. Umhn\pw B{^
Uv d hmen\pw apv Umhns ap Cdmkvapw {^p
Imc Po _m]vns emampw 19 mw \qmns BZyn CXn
s\pdnp Nnnncpp. Cdmkvakv Umhns A tdm_v Um
74

{]Imiknp

hn (1682-1754) F {Kman \nv PpdmknIv Imes skn


tbmtkmdns t^mkn AhinjvSw IsSpp. tdm_v Umhn
AXv tdmb skmssknv Zm\w sNbvXp. AXn\m Atls
tdmb skmsskn Hcp aonn\v Wnp. Av {]knUmbncp
\yqsW tdm_v Umhn Ip. Ap XpSnbXmWv Umhn
IpSpw_ns t^mkn Iw. aI Cdmkvakv mknIv ]Tnp,
Ihnbmbn {]ikvXn t\Sn. tIw{_nUvPn saUnkn\p tNp. Izokv
tImtfPv Aym]I\mb tPm anjens kplrmbn. _anm
an\v 24 In.ao. hSv env^oUnemWv Fdmkvakv {]mIvSokv XpSn
bXv. Fdmkvans 3 afn tdm_v (1766-1848) am{XamWv hnhmln
X\mbXv. CXnemWv Nmkv tdm_v Umhns P\\w. 20 mw hb
n saUnkn ]Tnptm Unk sNptm ssIapdnv
sk]vnkoanb hmWv Umhns As tPyjvT acnXv. tdm_v
Umhn tUmIvSdmbn. ]s cw ImWm CjvSsncpn.

75

{]Imiknp

4. Umhn\nkw
Cdmkvakv Umhns ]pkvXI
1789 Loves of the plants
1792 The economy of vegetation AYhm s_mm\nv KmU
Ch 2440 hcn IhnXI, 80000 hmpI, Ahbvp Ipdn
pI tNXmWv. kkytemIspdnmWv.
1794
Zoonomia Vol I (KZyw) (200000 ]Z)
1796
Zoonomia Vol II (KZyw) 50 % IqSpX henw
hmfyw I Evolution kw_amb Xs hnNmc KZyn
FgpXnbnpv. Cu ]pkvXIn IqSpX Aymb saUnkn,
_tbmfPn kw_amWv. a\pjys CSs]S kkyarKtemIn
hcpp am Atlw {insgpXn- DZmlcWambn IqSpX
hnfhpInp s\hnn\w hfpI, IqSpX inbp ]b
pXnc C\s DmpI apXembn a\pjys Ir{Xna sXcs
Spv.
amXm]nXmfn \nv IpnIv kz`mh InpXpw hnhcn
pp. Nne ]nI ]cnp sImnsbSpm Inbp sImv
(X) apXemb Ahbh natural selection sImmWv kmZnp
Xv. CXv Ah hwifntev ssIamdpp. `qanbnse Poh\v Hscm
aqe DXv`hImcWta Dp Ftlw FgpXppv. Fdmkvakv IhnX
sjn, tImfdnUvPv, Iovkv, thUvkvhv FnhcpsS kzm[o\ap
XmWv. 1796 tImfdnUvPv Fdmkvakns\ kinnpv. `qan Dm
bn, a\pjy\pmhpXn\v tImSnWphjw apv Fm arKfpw
Hscm PohXphn \npmbn. B PohXphmWv Pohs BZy
s almaqew Fv Fdmkvakv FgpXn. Cu BZnaqew krjvSnm
Hcoizc thWw. ]s AhnSptmp hnImkn Cuizc\v
76

{]Imiknp

]n FmWtlns hmZw. 1803 ]ZynsegpXnb The Temple


of Nature Hcp sNdnb ssat{Imkvtmnv kqva ssPhIWn
\nv kPohPmehpapmb Ncn{XamWv. 18 G{]n 1802 \v 70 mw
hbn Atlw acnp.
emamv 1763 Ahkm\n 7 yrs war {^pssk\ynep
mbncpp. Ing {^mknepw saUntd\nb\nepw I h\y
PohPmen As\ Xmev]cyw hp. 1768 anendn PohnXw
Ahkm\nnv ]mcokn Hcp _mn tPmenmc\mbn. saUnkn,
t_mWn {]`mjW [mcmfw {ihnp. 10 hjn\Iw cNn French
Flora {^mknse kkyimkv{Xv mtUUv sSIvv _pv
Bbn. Cu ]pkvXIhpw _pt^mWns ]cnNbhpw sImv AmZan
bntev sXcsSpsp. _mv tPmen Dt]nm km[np.
_tbmfPn, ^nknIvkv, sIankv{Sn, saocntbmfPn Fnhbmbncp
p CjvShnjb. Invertebrates (\snm PohnI) F \maw
emamns kw`mh\bmWv. Ghpw efnXLS\bphbn \nv
Ghpw ko LS\bnephbntep hnImkw emamv hnh
cnp. emamv Zoonomia bm {]tNmZnsncpp Fpw hyn
]camb s]cpamn t]mepw Fdmkvakv Umhn\pambn kmZriyw
Dmbncpp Fpw NqnmWnsSpp. emamns Hcp ]cn
anXn Atlns `mjbmbncpp. DtinXv hyamm\p Ignhv
Atln\pmbncpn. 78 mw hbn Ins ImgvNtijn t]mb
tijamWv 7 hmfyambn (1815-1822) Atlns ]pkvXIw {]kno
IcnssXXn\m CXv Xopw icnbmIWsan.
emamns 4 \nba
1. Pohv kzamb inbm Fm ssPhicocpw hn
m\p \ncchmk\ klPamWv (GItImin \nv _lp
tImi Pohnbntev)
2. Pohnbn ]pXnb Awi, ]pXpXmbn A\p`hsSp Bh
iy \nccambnocptmgpw, B Bhiy Dmp ]pXp
Ne\fmepw Dmhpp.
3. AwK, AhbpsS IgnhpI FnhbpsS hnImkn\v
AhbpsS \ncc D]tbmKhpambp \ncc _w A\pt]Wo
bamWv.
77

{]Imiknp

4. Hcp hynbpsS PohImev amwsImv t\SnsbSpsXmw


Dev]mZ\ tijnbneqsS ASp Xeapdbntev ssIamdpp.
(Inheritance of acquired characters- CXv _tbmfPn-en sXmWv.
Adnhns Imcyn am{XamWv t\Snb amw- kwkvmcw- ssI
amdm XeapdIp IgnbpI.)
CkntUm sP{^n sk v lnebn (1772-1844) emamv ]dbp
]pXnb Ahbh D]{ZhIcamb ^eapmp ]w Ah t\
Snb Pp Npt]mbn, ]pXnb ]cnXnXnbn Pohnm km
[np Pp am{Xw Ahtijnpsap IqSn Iqntp.
Cu ]ivNmenemWv tUm. tdm_v Umhns aI\mbn 12
s^{_phcn 1809 P\n Nmkv Umhns cwK{]htiw. Pqsse
1817 Xs 8 mw hbn, 52 hbpImcnbmb A s]sp Hcp
hbdpthZ\bm acnXv Umhn\v Xom\mhm ZpxJapmn.
A acnpt]mb Asbpdnv Bcpw Hccw ]dbpXnjvSs
SmsX, PohnXw apgph hnjmZ{KkvX\mbn IgnpIqSn. ktlmZcn
am hop`cWw GsSpp. ASp hjw Umhns\ t_mUnv
kvIqfnebp. Cmev Nppap {]IrXnbn Ipn BIrjvS\mbn.
tPyjvT Cdmkvakv AtX kvIqfnepmbncpp. cpt]cpw IqSn
Hcp sNdnb sIankv{Sn em_ddn Dmn. Fdmkvakv tIw{_nUvPn
saUnkn\p tNp. Umhn saUn ]mccyw \ne\nm\mbn,
tdm_v, cmas aIt\bpw FUn_tdmbn saUn ]T\
n\bp. ihw Iodptm Umhn\v AkpJ Dmbn. 2 Hmtd
j\pI ItXmsS ]T\w Aklyambntmn. tmtdmt^mw
IspXn\v apmWXv. Aedncbp Ipnsb kPdnp hnt[
bamp cwKw At\I Imew Xs thbmSnbXmbn Hmtm_tbm
{K^nbn Umhn FgpXn. Zoonomia Umhn hmbnncpp. IS
oc PohnIfpsS ]T\w, PntbmfPn Fnhbntev kvtImnjv Iw]m
cohv A\manv tdm_v {Kmns mkpI Umhns {i Xncn
phnp. ss{Iv tImtfPn shv tIw{_nUvPv t_mWn s{]m^k
tPm slkvtem, PntbmfPn s{]m^k BZw skUvPvhnv Fn
hcpw Atls BIjnp.
1831 shbnknse ]mdIsf ]Tnm Hcp PntbmfPn bm
{X t]mbn Umhn. AhnsS shv ]gb tIw{_nUvPv Aym]I
tPmPv ]otmns FgppInn. HMS _oKnfn Hcp kt bm{X
78

{]Imiknp

bvp Ww. slkvtem CXn\v Umhns t]cmWv iq]mi


sNbvXncpXv. ]s CXns ^v kzbw hlnWw. BZyw A
hnkXnp. 27 Unkw_ 1831 \v _oKnfn ]pdsSptm Umhn\v
23 hbmbnn. 5 hjw \op\np Cu temIw Npnkmcw. Nnen
bn shv Hcp bYm `qIw ImWm\pw, Ic DbcpXpw kap{Z
\ncn \nv HcSn Dbcn kap{Znse PohnI \nt]ns
SpXp \nconm\pw Umhn\v Ahkcapmbn. ebens Principles of Geology hmfyw I Xs kmcn Umhn IqsS sImp
t]mbncpp. AXn eb hn {]Xn`mkamWv Umhn IXv.
ebens IneqsS temIw Iv Umhn Dd bqWnt^mantdnb
\mbn. Atlw Xs ]nosSgpXn- Fs ]pkvXI ]IpXn
ebens akvXnjvn \npmbXmWv. ebens principles s
ta AXv HcmfpsS a\ns tSm (tone) amnfbpp FXmWv
Xncnp htm aI\p Innb kzoIcWw As\ hnkvabnnbpw
B\nnbvbpw sNbvXp. Umhn\v ebens\ ImWm Ahkcw
Inn.
1839 30 mw hbn -Journal of Researches F t]cn Umhn
\pw Iym]v ^nvktv dmbpw _oKv bm{Xm\p`h FgpXnbXv {]kn
oIcnp; Umhn tdmb skmssknbn -Fellow Bbn; Ikn
Fsb hnhmlw Ignp. 1842 Umhn `mcytbmsSmw sIn
Xmakamn.
1837 Bcw`n The transformation of species Umhn Uniformitarians/Catastrophist Nbn BZytXns\ A\pIqenp. 1838
Umhn amqkns (1766--1834) Principles of Population 6 mw FUn
j hmbnp. a\pjyP\kwJy Hcp {]tXyI Imebfhn Ccnbmhp
Ibpw, ASp AtX Imebfhn AXnsbpw CcnbmhpIbpw sN
bvXv PymanXobambn hfcp HmsWv amqkv AXn ]dbpp
v. Amev hSs Atacnbn 25 hjw tXmdpw Cu Ccn
\Sppv. 25 hbn 4 IpnIsf Hcp anYp\w Dmnbm, Ah
25 hbphsc Pohnv CtX coXnbn {]P\\w \SnbmemWv Cu
IWv (Nmkv Umhn\v 10 afmWv). Ghpw ]Xps Dev]mZnn
p B\I t]mepw 4 asf Dmnbm, 750 sImw sImv
19 any Pohnncnp ]nKmanIfpsS ]qoIcmhpw! CX\pkcnv
1050 D{X B\I Xs 18 mw \qmns HSphnepw DmhW
79

{]Imiknp

samWv amqkns \nKa\w, hwi h\hv \nb{npXv


maw, tcmKw, amwk`ppI, bp (a\pjycpsS Imcyn)
`Wns Zu`yw, ap {]tZifntev amdnmakn
(Colonisation) FnhbmWv. Nnetm hyX sImpw {]IrXn CXv
\Smpp. 19 mw \qmnse s]mfnn CtmWanbn ]mh
fpw sXmgnemfnIfpw AhcpsS hwih\hpsImv `Wn hcp
n, IqSpX Pohnm\lXbp hwisf _pnapnph
cmbnoXv amqkns Cu IWmWv. Fm Umhn CXn
s\ asmcp Xcn Ip. P\kwJym h\hv Htc hwinse
AwK Xn \ne\nev]n\mbp Ielw, bpw
AXn A
lnphcpsS AXnPoh\w, AlnmhcpsS hwi\miw.
CXn Struggle for Survival- Umhn\v Struggle to reproduce BWv.
Fittest FXpsImv Hcp XmtmgpXn Xmtm t]mse, Hcp
PnKvtkm]knen Hcp IjvWw IrXyambn tNcp t]mse FmW
w. IqSpX kXnIsf Dev]mZnnm\p IgnhmWv, hwiw \ne
\nm\p Ignhv Fw. eb CXnt\mS\pIqenn. Umhn
s Evolution by natural selection Cs\bmWv DmbXv.
PohnXn \ne\nev]n\pthn Hpw _pnaptn hnn
m HcmfmWv Umhn. Gsd _pnapnb BfmWv B{^Uv
d hmekv. 21 mw hbn eodn Sodmbncns Atlw am
qkns ]pkvXIw hmbnp. hmen\v Ghpw CjvSw ]pjv]sf
pdnv ]Tnm\mbncpp. Hcp km[mcW IpSpw_n 9 afn
8 mas Ipmbncpp hmekv. sln t_vkv (1825-1892) F
Entomologist s IqsS {_koense ImSpIfn (1847 \ptijw) 4 h
jw hmekv kcnp. 1849 ktlmZc sl_v {_koen hp.
AhnsSshv yellow fever hv 1851 acnp. aSbm{Xbn d_
Ibnb sle F I Xo]nSnv appIbpw, Ghpw \ kvs]
knan\pI \jvSsSpIbpw sNbvXp. 10 Znhkw ISen t_mn Hgp
In \Sv 1852 Zcn{Z\mbn Xncnphtcn hp. kvs]kna\pIfnm
sX FgpXnb Narratives of Travels in the Amazon & Rio Negro sNdn
sbmcp hnPbta Bbpp. 3 hjw IqSn sXs Atacnbn Xnb
tijw aSnb t_vkns kvs]kna\pIsfmw csp.
1854 Hcp imkv{Xkw_amb aonn Umhn\pw hmepw
Ipapn. Fm cmpw ]nmev AXns\pdnv Hpw
80

{]Imiknp

Hmm Ignncpn. BatkmWnse Hcp Nn{Xie`spdnv


hmekv FgpXnbXv hmbnv Umhn hmekn\v IpI FgpXn. hm
ekns Ia Bbn. ^m Cunse kvs]kna\pI hmekv
Abbvpw. Umhn hmpw. 1854 emWv aembv BnsemtKmbn
hmekv FpXv. 8 hjw sImv hmekv 40 {]_w {]knoI
cnp. kvs]kna\pI \jvSsSmsX aSnhcnIbpw sNbvXp. Hcp
henb hrns imtJm]imJ t]msebmWv hmekv Cshmeyqj
s\ IXv (hwihrw). 1858 sameqmkn shv hmen\v ]\n
]nSnp. Atm amqkns ]pkvXIspdnpw ktlmZcs
acWspdnpw hmekv Hmp. FpsImv Hcp Xeapdbn Nn
e am{Xw Pohnpp? Nne acnpp? Imemhm amw sNdpm
Ignhph Pohnpp. aph acnpp. Pohnhcn \nv (sh
nb In \nst]mse) hopw hwiw Xfnpp. tcmK{]Xn
tcm[ in IqSpXephcmWv PohnpXv; thKw HmSphbmWv
amwk`ppIfn \nv csSpXv; Cs\ kzw I tijn
bph kzbw csSpI am{Xa kzhwins Ignhv hnn
bpamWv. AXmWv Survival of the fittest Fv tcmKibn InSv At
lw Nnnp. KmetKmkn Umhn\pw aembv BnsemtKmhn
hmepw I ]nIfpsS ]pXnb tImf\n ]p\c[nhmkw, ]pXnb
Imemhbn csSphbpsS {]tXyIX, AXn \npmhp
{]tXyI \h hwi Ch Cu Xnbdnsb XzcnXsSpn. Fm
Chp cpt]pw Cu LS\m am Fs\ Hcp hwin
Hcp anYp\n \nv afntev Inpp (heritability) Fdnbnmbn
cpp. ]ppam{Xw Xnp am, am\ns\ Xnp knwlw, Hcp {]tXyI
C\w ]gsam hnsm am{Xw Xnp ]n, a\pjy Fnh Cu
Ignhv BZys hwi]nXmhn \nv/amXmhn \nv kmZnp F
msX!
s^{_phcn 1858 Zo\nSbn shv Xms\gpXnb {]_w
A`n{]mbamcmpsImv hmekv Umhn\v AbpsImSpp. 18 Pq
1858 \v sInse Uu lukn AXpInn. ebepw ap kplrp
fpw t\cs {]hNn t]mse, Xs Ip]nSp kzX{ambn
Ip]nSnp asmcm F tjmv Bbn Umhn\v! 10 Znhkw Ignv
kvmev ^nh sImv sNdnb aI Nmkv hdnMv Umhn acnp.
ktlmZc yellow fever ]nSnp acnXns\pdnv, kzw Zo\nS
81

{]Imiknp

bnencpv hmekv Dbn tNmZy ]p{Xs acWw Umhn\n


kXyambn A\p`hsSpnbncnmw. \yqs\tmseb Umhn
kaImeo\\mb Hcp imkv{Xt\mSv s]cpamdnbXv. hmens {]
_w Hcp ItmsS Atlw eben\v AbpsImSpp. XmfpsS
hmpI icnbmbn. Fs Hcm tXmev]np. CXnt\m hensbmcp
coincidance Rm apv Inn. 1842 FgpXnb Fs am\pkv{In
]vSv kvsIv hmen\v Innbncpsn, C{Xbpw \, C{Xbpw {lkz
hpw kXykhpamb Hcp {]_w Atlw FgpXpambncpn. CXv
GXp tPentepw {]knoIcnm AlXbp HmWv.
Fm ebepw tPmk^v lpdpw (1817-1911) sNbvXXv 1844
h Umhns XnbdnbpsS kwn]vXhpw hmens {]_hpw
tNv H t]dmn enb skmssknbvv AbbmWv. Cu
t] {]knoIcnXv Charles Darwin & Alfred Wallace F t]cnem
Wv. CXn hmekv ]cn`hnnsp am{Xa ktmjnbpw sNbvXp.
Atlw Xs knms ]noSp {]_fn Umhn
\nk sav hnfnpI IqSn sNbvXp. Fs 1858 se B t]dmWv
Umhns\ shp XmaknnmsX Xs am]okv Origin of species
{]knoIcnm t{]cnnsXv ]noSv A`nam\]qw Atlw
FgpXn. 1859 \hw_ 24 \v tPm apsd Umhns ]pkvXIw {]kno
Icnp. 19 G{]n 1882 Umhn Acnp. Atlw Hcnepw
Xs knmspdn ]_vfnIv hmZ{]XnhmZfn ]sSpn.
hmekv ]nmev BobXbntep Xncnp. AXv Atln
s BZyIme imkv{X Nnsb \innp. ss__nfn ]dbp t]m
se a\pjy ssZhns {]tXyI krjvSnbmsWpw, ap kv]ojo
kn\p ]d Cshmeypj\dn \nba a\pjy\p _m[Iaspw
]dv kzw imkv{X\nKa\sfs Xndp. 1880 Um
hn\pw tXmakv sln lIvkvenbpw Hpshv Ab kvs]jy \n
thZ\ {]Imcw hnIvtSmdnbm cmn BPoh\mw 200 ]uv s]
j A\phZntm am{XamWv hmens Zmcn{Zyw Hp Xop In
nbXv. 1893 Atls tdmb skmsskn s^tm Bbn sXc
sSpp. 1910 HmU Hm^v sadnv Inn. 1913 \hw_ 7 \v tUm
sknse t{_mUvWn shv Atlw Acnp.
tdm_v lppw sFkIv \yqWpw Xnepw hmepw Umhn\pw
Xnepap PohnX kmay, AhcpsS kmnI nXn, hf
82

{]Imiknp

Npp]mSv, Htc Ip]nSp Htc kabw kzX{ambn Ip]nSn


coincidence Fnh XmcXaysSpmhpXmWv. \yq\pw Umhn\pw
AhcpsS kp{][m\ {K\vY PohnXmhkm\n am{Xw {]kn
sSpnb clky kz`mhmcmWv. Fm ChcpsS kl{]h
Icmb imkv{XtcmSp kao]\w, imkv{XtmSp kao]\s
ImWnbvpXpIqSnbmIbmepw Xopw hyXykvXamIbmepw {i
Alnpp. Umhns kao]\amWv imkv{Xn F Fm
XpdIfnepw kwkvIrX Nncmb a\pjyv DmthXv FXn
kwiban.

83

{]Imiknp

5. {]Imiw, AWpknmw
1766 Um P\nptm temIn imkv{Xscv
B[p\nI imkv{Xw hnfnp 300 t]sc BsI Dmbnpp. 1800
Atlns knmw AdnbsSptm AXv Bbncambn. 1844
Atlw acnptm 10000. 1900 n 1,00,000. 19 mw \qmn 15
hjn imkv{XcpsS kwJy CcnpsImncpp. bqtdmnse
P\kwJy 1750-1850 100 \nv 200 aney\mbpw, {_n\nse P\
kwJy 1800-1850 9 \nv 18 any\mbpw hnp. P\kwJym h
\hpw imkv{Xhwins h\hpw Hw \Sp.
Zcn{ZIpSpw_n P\nv, Atmncnbmhm ]TnpsImn
cns, sIankv{SnbntepXncnv hmXIfnepw CeIvt{Sm sIan
dnknepw Fnb BfmWv lw{^n tUhn. ss\{Skv HmIvsskUv
sImv Hmtdj\pIsf thZ\mclnXammw (anaesthesia) Ftlw
]coWw sImp sXfnbnp. imkv{Xs {]Ncnnm\pw, Irjn
bnepw hyhkmbnepw {]tbmKnm\pw Atlw At\Iw lectures
kwLSnnp. tUhnbpsS Aym]\coXn, eIvNss Atln
\np t\cnp]Tn BfmWv Um. Um\v AhXcnnm\p
{]_w eIvN lmfn shv XtepXs At lssmv
tUhn dntlgvk sNnp. Hcp aqebv Ccpv tUhn k{iw
tIp. ]ns, At{X {]_w tUhn hmbnptInp. Um tIp.
]ntv 150-200 t]cp kZn\papn Ums\smv AhXcn
np. Igntm, ISnv A\ptamZnv t{]mmlnnp.
Hcp imkv{Xmym]I hnZymnIfpsS Communication/Aym
]\ coXn hnIknntsXs\ Fv tUhn amXrI ImWnp. \m
andnbp At\Iw Elements ([mXp) Ip]nSnXpw t]cnXpw tUhn
bmWv. J\nbn D]tbmKnp kpcmZo]w Atlw Ip]nSnp.
ssat ^mctU Atlns kplrpw ]nKmanbpambncpp.
84

{]Imiknp

ssl{UP

kvt{Smnbw

46

Atkmv

_msscv

68

Im_

5 1/4

Ccpv

50

HmIvknP

knv

56

t^mkv^dkv

sNv

56

k^

13

Cubw

90

aKv\ojyw

20

shn

190

ssew

24

kzw

190

tkmU

28

mn\w

190

s]mmjv

42

sapdn

167

Nn{Xw 5.1: Ums knw_epIfpw AWp`mchpw


85

{]Imiknp

Izm IpSpw_n 1766 sk]vXw_dnemWv Ums P\\w


(P\\ XobXn tcJsSpnbnn). ]nXmhv s\bvpImc, Hcp apdn
s\m\pw, Hcp apdn Ddm\pw D]tbmKnp sNdnb hoSv. 12 mw hb
n IpnIsf ]Tnnpw Farm ]Wn sNbvXpw Um ]Wapm
m XpSn. 24 amv 1787 apX acWw hsc metereological \nco
Ww \Sn IrXyambn FgpXnshncpp Um. tUmIvSdmhm
]WanmXn\m amdn ss{]hv Sodmbpw, sNdnb XpIbvv
]_vfnIv eIvNdpI sImSppw 50 hjw Atlw Pohnp. Atl
n\v color blindness Dmbncpp. \oebpw ]npw thXncndnbm
Atln\pw ktlmZc\pw km[nncpn. Cu tcmKspdnv 31
HIvtSm_ 1794 ams kmlnXyXzimkv{X skmssknbn
sNbvX {]`mjWamWtls amsdn {]kn\mnbXv. If
_vssfUv\ns\ Um\nksav hnfnm\pw CXv ImcWambn.
Hmtcm [mXphpw AXmXn\v {]tXyIamb AWp AYhm Bfm
\nnXamsWpw Hns\ asmn \nv thXncnpXv AWp
`mcamsWpw AWp tNv Compound atoms (Ctm molecules)
Dmhpsapw Um IcpXn. knw_ens\ amn Hcp en]n sImv
Ahsb [z\nnp coXn ]noSpmbn.
19 mw \qmns BZyn AtmanIv Xnbdnsb AwKoIcnm
hfsc {]bmkw imkv{Xmpmbn. 1/2 \qmp Ign
tm sIankv{Snbn AWpknmw kzoIcnsp. Um\v \qdp
hjn\ptijw Ccp]Xmw \qmns BZyn am{XamWv AZr
iyamb Bw hmkvXhn Dv FXn\v sXfnhv InnbXv. Fnepw
AWp knmw kzoIcnsXns sXfnhmbncpp 27 Pqssebn
1844 amsdn shv Atlw acntm 100 hml\ AI
Sn tkhnpsImv \Inb ihkwkvImcw (CXv Atlns
Izm PohnXcoXnbvv Innb {_n\nse BZys _lpaXnbp
amWv). tPm _tkenbkv, AthmKmtUm hneyw {]uv, s^UdnIv
thmlve, m\nkv emthm Inmtcm Fnh Cu ]T\w aptmp
sImpt]mbn. saUeohns periodic tables Dmbn. saUeohn\v
apv P\nbnse tUmIvSdmbncp temX sab CXp Ip]nSnn
cpp. 1882 se tUhn saU Ch cpt]cpw ]np. 1834 s^{_p
hcn 7 \v ssk_ocnbbnemWv saUeohns P\\w. 1906 Atl
ns t]cv t\m_ km\n\v \ntinsp. H thmn\mWv,
86

{]Imiknp

AXv sln tambn\v (1852-1907) ^vfqdn IsSpXn\v sImSp


sv saUeohn\v InmsX t]mbXv. s^{_phcn 2, 1907 \v saUeohv
Acnp.
hyhkmb hnhtmsS sXtam ssU\manIvkv Hcp imkv{X
ambn hfp- F\Pn AYhm Duspdnv BZyambn sP
bnwkv q (1818 -1889) ]dbm\mcw`np. Atlw Ums
hnZymn bmbncpp. 2 hjw bqnUmWv Um qfns\ ]Tn
nXv. CeIvt{Sm amKv\nknemWv q BZyw ]T\w \SnbXv.
sshZypXnbpw NqSpw Xnep _w,
F {]_w 1841 tdm
b skmsskn {]knoIcnmsX \ncknp. 1847 `uXnI {]]
n DukwcW \nbaw (Law of Conservation of energy) F{X
{][m\amsWtlw Nqnmn. hneyw tXmwk CXv Iv BIr
jvS\mbn. Ch Hnv q-tXmwk C^IvSv Ip]nSnp (sd{^n
Ptd CX\pkcnv {]hnpp). 1848 hmXInse tamfnIyq
fpIfpsS icmicn thKX Ip]nSnp. ssl{UPtXv 6225.54 ft/sec.
AXnt\m 16 Ccn hepapv HmIvknP\v. AXn\m thKX1/4
Ipdbpw (1556.39 ft/sec). hneyw tXmwk (temUv sIhn) sIhn
kvsIbn F absolute scale of temperature Ip]nSnp.
{Zhyw AYhm ]nw Csn \msf \inpsapw {Zhyn
\v Hcp XpShpw Hcp HSphpw Dmtb Xocq Fpw a\pjyicocw
t]mse `qanbpw kqcy\psamw {ZhyamIbm Ahbvv Itijn
\nebvp, Ah \inp Hcp Imew hcpsapw Apw {Zhyw Du
cq]n Ahtijnpsapw D hfsc hfsc {]mNo\amb
Cy imkv{X\nKa\ntev 1852 {]knsSpnb Hcp {]_
n tXmwk XpSanp. CXv ]nevmev E=mc2 Bbn at\m
lcamb kq{X, KWnX `mjbn sFsss hnPbpdnbmbn. sl
a slw lwt_mv (1821-1894) CtX \nKa\n kzX{ambn
Fntncpp. AXn\pw apv tPm hmtgvkWpw. (1811-1883)
FUn_tdmhn P\n hmtgvk Cwn sdbnthbn kn
hn Fn\obdmbncpp. 1839 Cuv Cym I\n ImsUpIsf
]cnioennm Cybnsen. 1845 Ctlns Hcp {]_
n (Cybn shsgpXnbXv) Duw AWpnSbn mn
kvSn \nbaa\pkcnmWv DsXpw, Fmn\pw Htc kv]oU
DsXpw, icmicn thKX A\pkcnmWv AWpnSbn Du
87

{]Imiknp

hym]\sapw FgpXn. Cybn \nsnb Cu {]_w X


pw a\nemIm Fns\sbmstbm IpdnmsWp ]dv
tdmb skmsskn Xnfp. Cybnse ]camWp knm
s B[mcamnb Cu IWpI icnbmbncpp. 1857 Cwn
aSnsbnb Atlns {]_ {insSmsX t]mbn.
tXmwkWpw lwt_mvkn\pw apmWv Ctlns AWpknm
w. KpcpXzmIjW in sImmWv kqcys NqSv IpdbmsX \n
psXtlw FgpXn. Xs \nKa\ {insSmXn
ZpxJnX\mbncpp Cu a\pjy. ]s 1891 hmkWns ImWm
Xmb BZys am\pkv{In]vSv (1845 se) tdmb skmssknbn ]gb
^bepInSbn \nv IpInn. 1892 skmsskn AXv {]kno
Icnp. AXpImWm hmtgvk Pohnncpn F ZpxJkXyw
Ahtijnpp.
hmXIfpsS Ne\ \nbaw, AXn mnn sam\nIvkv,
FnhbpsS \nba ]noSv sPbnwkv v amIvkvshpw epUv
hnKv t_mSvkvam\pw Iqejambn ]Tnv {]Ncnnp. 1860 amIvkv
sh hmXIfpsS Cu KpW hniZambn ]Tnp. ssI\nIv Xnb
dnbn AXv`pXmhlamb t\w imkv{Xw ssIhcnpIbmbncpp.
ssI\nIv F\Pn (Net\mw) AYhm KXobXbpsS thKw hniZo
Icnp mnn \nbas Ctm amIvks
v h-t_mSvka
v m
Unkv{Sn_yqj Fv hnfnpp. hneyw HvhmUv (1853-1932) Bw
sskmnIamb Hcp \ne]mSv am{XamsWv iTnp. t_mSvkvam
CXns t]cn ]ehw BlXym{iaw \Sn. 1900 n cs
Atlw 1904 Atacnbn {]`mjW \Sn. Iment^m
Wnb bqWnthgvknn Hcp P s{]m^kdpsS mixture of maniac
ecstacy and pretentious affectation Fv Cu s]cpams hntijnnp.
1906 sk]vXw_ 5 \v t_mSvkvam Xqnacnp. t_mSvkvam\pw
HmvhmUpw Adnbm Hcp kw`hw Xtehjw kw`hnncpp.
Bns hmkvXhnIX sXfnbnp Hv. imkv{XNcn{Xnse
AXnImb\mb sFsss {]_w.
kznkv s^Ud Cnyqnse sFsss Aym]I sl
a anIukvIn (1864-1909) KWnXs Ftmgpw AhKWnp
lazy dog FmWv sFsss\ hnfnXv. 1905 sFsss BZy
{]_n BfpsS hmkvXhnIX ncoIcnp. ]etmgpw kq
88

{]Imiknp

dnnse ]coI B {]_ns Htc Hcp Ipdhmbn Nqnmn


bXv AXv Xosc {lkzambntmbn FmsWv sFss ]dn
cpp. Atm Xm Hcp hmIyw IqSn tNpsImSpp, ]coI
kXnp FmWv IY.
1906 se cmas {]_n {_uWnb Ne\s At
lw ]cmainp. 1827 ssat{ImkvtImneqsS ]cmKtcWpsf ho
n s_mmWnv tdm_v {_u (1773-1858) IsnbXmWv
CXv. {lkzambn, IrXyambn, KWnX]cambpw mnnembpw {]iv\
sf kao]np sFss coXn Atlns 2 {]_fn
epv. 1910 BImins \oe\ndw {]Imis Aco hmXI
NnnnXdpXp sImmsWv FgpXn. \oeshfnw s]sv
NnXdsSptm Nphtm atbm s]sv NnXdn. kqcys \oe
shfnw AXn\m kZnibn \npw \nsepp (Fm
kqcy\n \np t\cnp {]Imiw Hmdp \ndamWv- AYhm Im
hn \ndw). 1869 tPm SnU Cu {]Xn`mkw N sNbvXncpp
(Aconse s]mSn \oesb FSpp NnXdnpp). s]mSnb
Aconse molecules BWv {]Imis NnXdnpsXv av
imkv{X ]dp. BImins \oe\ndw shv AthmKmtUm
nckwJy (constant) IWmpIbpw, Bw, tamfnIyq Fnhbp
sS DWva sXfnbnbpw Hnp \nlnp sFss. \yqs
Ne\ \nbav t`ZKXn hcpn sFsss Bt]nIXm
knmw. {]Imins kz`mhspdnv 19 mw \qmns Adnhn
s ]ivNmen \nt Bt]nIXsb \apv icnv {Klnm
\mhq.
1727 \yq acnpwhsc {]Imins IWkz`mhn\mbn
cpp apXqw. bqf {]Imiw Ghpw Ffpamb EPptcJbn
kcnpsav IcpXn. {]Imins hfhv (diffraction), XcwK kz`m
hw Fnhbpw imkv{X temIw IsnpSnbncpp. {KnamUn
bpsSbpw lpntbpw XcwKknmw \yq kzoIcnn. bqfdpsS
\nKa\w tPmk^v em{Kmns (1736-1813) bpw ]noSv Izmw {]]
ns h\bptSbpw {]tNmZ\ambn.
KWnXn , e, i apXemb knw_epI bqf BZyambn D]
tbmKnp. t\cnv kqcys\ t\mn 1733 Atlns heXpIns
ImgvN t]mbn. 1746 {]Imi civanbpw \mZXcwKhpw Xnep km
89

{]Imiknp

ayw NqnmWnv {]Imiw XcwK cq]amsWpw, kqcy {]Imis


ASnbvp Hcp aWnbmsWpw Atlw ]dp (Sun is a bell ringing
out light). tXmakv bns U_n nv ]coWw {]Imiw XcwK
cq]amsWp sXfnbnp. 2 hbn Cwojpw 6 mw hbn emn\pw
hmbnv 16 mw hbn\Iv {Kov, {^v, Cmenb, sl{_p, NmUn
b, kndnbmv, kadnb, Ad_nv, t]ky, Xpn, Fntbm
nb Fv 13 `mj ]Tn anSp\mbncpp tkmaskn P\n
bv. anUn Cunse ]gb Ncn{Xw, BntbmfPn, ^nknIvkv,
sIankv{Sn Fnhbn Xmev]cyapmbncpp. 1796 Atlw saUn
]co ]mkmbn tUmIvSdmbn. Inse amwkt]inI sekn
s\smv t^mkv sNnpXv Hmwhj sshZy hnZymnbm
bncns AtlamWv Ip]nSnXv. 21 mw hbn tdmb skmssk
nbn s^tm Bbn. sNdpns CsXms km[nXn\v
tIw{_nUvPn Atln\v kXoy sImSp t]cv phenomenon. 27 mw hbpapX acWw hsc (10 sabv 1829) Atlw saUn
{]mIvSokv sNbvXp. AtX kabw imkv{Xn\v kw`mh\ sNbvIbpw
sNbvXp. H Imcynte Atln\v ]cmPbw ]nbpp. 1801-1803
hsc cphjw Atlw lecture class sImSpm {ianp. \ Hcp
Aym]I\mXn\mtem, IqSpX Imcyw AdnbpXn\mtem B
{]`mjW tIhnmv a\nembn. Atlns kw`mh\
Ifn,
1. Astigmatism s icnbmbn hniZoIcnp
2. Colour blindness s\ icnbmbn hniZoIcnp
3. tamfnIyqfpIfpsS henw IWmn
4. t^mdn sk{Idnbmbn tPmen sNbvXp
5. tdmsk stone hmbnsSpp
6. {]Imiw XcwKamsWp sXfnbnp- Interference phenomenon
]Tnp
Fnh DsSpp.
\yqs dnpIfn Interference phenomenon Dv. Nph shfn
n\v 6.5 x 10-7 aodpw hben\v 4.4 x 10-7 aodpamWv XcwKssZLyw.
Double slit experiment 1804 Xsbv ]qnbmnbncpp. Hcp
hip\nv asmcp hitmWv {]Imi{]kcw. \mZXcwKw longi90

{]Imiknp
tudinal push & pull XcwKamWv. \yq ]dXns\Xncmtbm Apd

amtbm Bcp ]dmepw tZjysSp bmYmnXnI imkv{X temI


amWv Av bqtdmnepmbncpXv (aXstmse imkv{Xnepap
v bmYmnXnI!). AXn\m bpn\v Hcp]mSv iImcw tIp. AK
kvXn s{^kv\ XcwKamXrIbnepXpw diffraction DXpamb {]
Imis H nneqsS ISnhnv AXns hfhv, AXns ]mXbn
Hcp sNdnb kqNn (XSw) ]nSnm B XSn\pNppw XncI
IS aynse ]mdbvp Nppsa t]mse {]Imiw hfp k
cnv B XSns {]Xn_nw_nepmp diffraction pattern
Fnh ]Tnp. s{^kv\ens tamU {]_w ]cntim[n PUvPn
am t]mbvk, Po _m]vSns _tbmv, ]nbdn sska emmkv
FnhcmWv. Fmhcpw IWknmw A\pIqenp \yqtmWnb
m. ]s, {^kv\ens tamU sX Fv t]mbvk Xocpam\n
v {]hNn]Sn Hcp ]coWw Inn \SnbXn s{^kv\ens
tamU icnbmsWpInn. \yq GsSpnb test of direct experiment amneqsSs \yqs IWknmw sXmsWv,
AXn hnizknh Xs amnsbgptXnhp. kvs]Ivt{SmkvtImn,
\{XfpsS kvs]Iv{S Fnh hnIkzcambn hp. ssat ^m
ctU tUhnbpsS Aknmbncp-p. AKv\n]X{]tZifpsS sI
ankv{Sn ]Tnm\p AhcpsS bm{Xbn teUn tUhnbpw IqsSbpm
bXv ^mctUbvv {]iv\amb IY kckamWv. teUn tUhnbpsS bP
am\n/Iqenmc `mhwsImv ]etmgpw tPmen Dt]np t]m
Im hsc ^mctUp tXmn. Fmepw Atlw ]nSnp\np. Ce
Ivt{Sm amKv\nIv inbnemWv ^mctU {ishXv. {]ImisaXn
s\ inbpsS sshZypX tcJIfpsS I\w (Vibration of electric line
of force) Ftlw hnfnp. AXns\ hym]nnm CuY F
Hcp kmev]nI Pew Bhiyan Fp hp. Cu I\s
Radiation ({]kcw) Fp hnfnbpw AXv IW, {Zhyw Fnh
sb _nnpp Fp IspIbpw sNbvXp. tUm C^IvSv
]Tn ^nkntbm, s^mmv Fnh {]ImithKX Afm XpS
n. 1862 298005 km/sec Fv IWmsp. CXv Cs 299,792.5
km/sec t\m 1 % hyXymkta Dp. CXv amIvkvsh knmn
s aptmSnbmbn.
FUn_tdmbn P\n amIvkvshn\v 8 hbn A \jvS
sp. A aI\pambn \ am\knI _w ]pepIbpw Adnbm
91

{]Imiknp

\p Pnmk hfpIbpw sNbvXp. Ipnmev amIvkvsh


kzw DSppw jqkpw Unssk sNbvXv Dmnbncpp. A{X ^mj
\phbsnepw AtX [cnq. 16 mw hbn FUn_tdm Am
Zanbn tNtm Cu thjhpw, {KmaoWamb DmcWssienbpw
Iv kXoy C t]cv Dafty Fmbncpp. amIvkvshns
CeIvt{SmamKv\nI ]T\w, Colour vision ]T\w Fnh Cv \mw D]
tbmKnp If Sn.hn/Iyq tamWndpI, If CvsPv {]n
Fnhbvv B[mcambn. i\nbpsS dnpI AkwJyw sNdnb IW
(monolets) BsWpw Hmtcmn\pw Xs Iybpspw am
Ivkvsh Ip. Cs\ ssI\nIv Xnbdnsb ]Tnm XpSn. 20
mw \qmn amIvkvshns sSIv\npshv (3 Colour photographic
technique + sending image by radiowaves) BWv kvt]kv t{]m_pI
i\nbpsS dnpIfpsS t^mtm AbXv. amIvkvsh FgpXnbXn
shv Ghpw {][m\amb hcn Fv Ncn{XImcm DcnpXv:a\pjy hyXykvX a\nXnmcmWv. AXn\m imkv{X kXy
hyXykvX cq]n AhXcnnsSWw. qecq]hpw \nch[n h
fpap Hcp physical illustration Bbmepw icn, kq-vahpw Ahy
hpamb Hcp knwt_mfnIv {]Imi\ambmepw icn, cnt\bpw Xpey
coXnbn imkv{Xobambns IWmWw.
qeNn{Xtfm kXyw kqvahpw AZriyhpamb, KWnX
knw_epIfm {]Xn]mZnsSmhp ]camWpfmWv. \macq]m
I {]]tm AXn\pdap AZriyinbnemWv ]ctam
w. CXv B[p\nI imkv{Xw sXfnbnpsImncnbmWv. \yqs
IW knmhpw sXmsWv ]dbpIh- {]Imiw Nnetm IW
ambpw Nnetm \mZXcwKambpw A\p`hsSpp FXmWv icn13 _ny hjw apv Hcp kvt^mS\n \nv {]]apmbn
F hnizmkhpw, Cybnse \yqUlnbn KmnbpsS ihIpSoc
amb cmPvLv Dv F hnizmkhpw H. cmPvLv t]mse sNp
Iv sXmv XopIev]nmhp H Big bang. Cu {]tXyIX m
kn imkv{Xn \nv, Bt]nIXm imkv{Xsbpw Izmw
knmsbpw Adnbptm imkv{X hnZymn Adnt Xocq.
tamUepI \s Adnbm klmbnpp. ]s Ah ]q kXy
a. ]q kXyw KWnX kahmIyneqsS am{Xw {Klnmw. amIvkv
sh kahmIyw CXmWv sNpXv. {]Imiw Hcp sshZypX ImnI
92

{]Imiknp

inbpsS I\amsWpw {]]w Hcp sshZypX ImnI aeam


sWpw Cs\ \apv sXfnbnm\mhpp. hyXykvX inIsfsb
mw Hns hyXykvX `mhfmbdnv AXns\ ]cmin Fp
hnfnp Cy X{ns (X{w= methodology) Duw, \mZ
_np kvt^mSw, cminaew, KWnX]cambpw tPymXnimkv{X]cam
bpw Cu \nKa\n Cy Fnt hgn Fnh bqtdm]ycpsS
Cu am\knI hfbn (16-20 \qmphscbp 400 sIms
imkv{X hfbn) ImWmw. `qanv CsXmcp ]pXnb A\p`ha.
F{Xtbm XhW Dmb A\p`hamWv. A{Xtbsd a\pjyhwi
ChnsS Dmbn aadpt]mbnpv.
amIvkvsh knm hncnn Nph ]chXm\nbneqsSbm
Wv sFss imkv{XtKm]pcns m\]oTntednbXv. am
Ivkvshns nckwJy (C) {]ImithKXbmWv. \ncoI {]Im
in\\pkcnv NenbvpXp KWnbvm B kahmIyn km
yXbn. Fm \ncoIcpw Htc {]Imi thKXbmWv KWnpXv.
CXv icnbmhm h. \yqs Ne\ \nbap hncpamWXv.
GsXnepsamt icnbmhq. sFs amIvks
v h ]dXp icn
sbpw \yq ]dXp sXspw kev]npsImv (suppose)
Bcw`np. ssatk-tamen ]coW {]Imcw {]Imi thKX
Fm Znibnepw HmWv. ssatk {]ImithKX 299,796 4
Km/s BsWp Ip. (modern 299792.458 Km/s. diff= .458 to 8.458 km/s
hsc)
tPmv ^nvkv sPdmUv Cu \ncoWs hn]peamn td
Untbm XcwKsf ]Tnp (slvkn\papv). ^nvkv sPdmUns
Bibw Dsmv 1904 slnIv temdkv Xs kahmIy
Dmn. temdkv-^nvkv sPdmUv ktmNw F t]cn CXv
Adnbpp. sFss\v ls \v _np CSm\pw t v Cross CSm\pta C\n
_mnbpp Fp tXmmw. ]s sshZypX inbp At\Iw
Bfp Hcp aen Ahsbmw hfsc ASpphcnI, Ah
bpsS Ne\hpw BIjWhpw IqSpI FXv (contraction) A{X Ffp
w hniZoIcnmhX. amIvks
v hns kahmIyn {]Imi thKX
ncamWv. Imens ktmN hnImkw (ANe\mb \ncoI
AfpXn\\pkrXambn), Nenp hkvXphns ]nns hn
Imkw Fnh ]cnKWntXpv. sFss Hcp hkvXphpw
93

{]Imiknp

AXv {]Imi thKXtbm Ipd thKXbn Nenp ]w,


{]Imi thKXtbm thKn NennmhX Fv Ip ({]Im
ithKXbn Acsamcp hkvXp A\amIpw. AXns\ IqSpX
thKw Nennm A\w Cuw thWw). ]nw KXobXsb
B{ibnncnpXmWv. AXn\m KXobXbpw ]nhpw Hcp hi
pw Duw adphipambn _mekp sNp kahmIyn
Fm {Zhyhpw AXns KXobXbpw Duw XsbmWv KXn,
]nw, Fnhbp inbmb {]]hpw AXns kqvtam
amb {_lvahpw F kev]w As\ kahmIy cq]n sF
ss Hmn.
E=mc2 {]]ns {Zhys apgph Duambns
Ip. ankvIukvn KWnX kahmIyw IqSmsX, NXpm\ap
PymanXnsb ({Xnam\ tZiw + Imew) am{Xw shpw ImetZi ss\c
cyw kanp. kqvaambpw, KWnXkahmIymepw, qe{]]
PymanXnbmepw Fmw sXfnbnsv HcssZzXw B[p\nI imkv{X
n Dcpncnphp.

94

{]Imiknp

6. hIcIfpsS ew amw
tdUntbm BIvSnhnnbn \nv Bt]nIXm knmhpw Izm
w ^nknIvkpw Dmbn. ]nw AYhm mass Duw AYhm
Energy bmbn amdp {]{InbbmWv \{Xsf {]Imiw sNmcnbp
hbmn \npsXv Ch imkv{Xs t_mysSpn.
GXp imkv{Xnepw hyXykvXm`n{]mbap hynIfpsS ]co
W, Zi\ Fnh Xn AXmXpImev Nne Bib
v apXqw Inpw- ap NneXv hnkvacnsSpw. Imetmn
hnkvacnhsb ]pXnsbmcm ]p\cpohnnpw. NI hopw
Bcw`npw. ktmNnpI, F ]pXnb Bibw (Contraction) bqtdm
n Hcp Catastrophism amXrIbnemWv kzoIcnbvsXv. FtUzUv
kpshkv (Suess 1831-1914) Bkvt{Senb, Cy, B{^n Fnh Hcn
Hnv Hcp henb hIc (Cybnse sKmzm\mem v Fv
t]cnp) bmbn sX AtKmfnembncpp Fpw `qanbpsS
XWppdb sImv ]Xfpmsbpw ]dp. 1200 In.ao.
`q{]Xes 150 In.ao. \ofap B]vkv Bn amm 1200C XWp
pthWw. AXnepw IqSpX XWppthWw lnamebhpw tdmnbpw
BUokpw Dmhm. cpImcyw sImv kpshns Xnbdn {it
bambn.
1) 20 mw \qmns BZyw hsc bqtdm]yv `qanbpsS Ncn{Xn
\v Hcp mtUUv tamU Dmbncpn.
2) sKmzm\ AYhm tKmph\w (IcmambWnse sIm
h\w) F t]cv Ghpw {]mNo\amb Icbvv kpsshkv sImSpp.
CXv ]noSv hIcIfpsS drift knmn XpSp- 50 hjw ap
mWv Continental drift ncoIcnsXv.
`qanbnse hIcI Iminbp ASndtaemsWpw,
Ah ImnI HgppIfm hStmp \opIbmsWpw, `qan BZyw
95

{]Imiknp

sNdpXpw sS{Smsl{U BIrXnbpXpambncpspw, hIcI


Hcp Catastrophic hnImkn ths]tm saUntd\nb `mK
p\nv ]pdwXs IjvWamWv N{\mbsXpsams A`n{]m
bapmbn. Umhns ]pkvXIw hcpXn\v Hcphjw apv 1858
BtmWntbm s]{Kn\n F Atacnmc ss__nfns\ Bkv]
Zamn Hcp tamU sImphp. N{s\pdnv tPmv Umhns
(Nmkv Umhns aI) ]dXv Hmkvav kzoIcnp. Cs
imkap{Zw N{ ths]pt]mbn `qanbnepmb KamsWpw
As\bmWv hIcI ths]sXpw IcpXn. 1912 B{^Uv
shK\dpsS Continental drift knmw hp. 1910 kplrmb am
_v Dmnb `q]Sn sXt AtacnbpsS Ing Xochpw
B{^nbpsS ]Snmd Xochpw PnKvtkm]kn t]mse tNcpsa
tlw Ip. 1911 {_koenepw B{^nbnepap ]menbtmfPn
kmayw NsNp Hcp dntmtlw hmbnp. Cu cp h
IcIfpw Hcp ]mewsImv (laud bridge) ]v tbmPnncpncnmsa
mWv dntmn IXv. As\b, Ah IrXyambn ]ckv]cw
tbmPnncnbmbncpp F Bibw shKv\pmbn. 1915 The
origin of Continents and Oceans {]knoIcnp. 94 t]Pp B ]pkvX
Iw Hmw temIalmbpncn {insSmsX t]mbn. 1920
epw 22 epw ]pXnb FUnj\pI hp. 1924 Bkv{Snbbnse {Kmkv
bqWnthgvknnbn Metereology s{]m^kdmbn. 1930 {Koemn
t]mb Atlhpw kplrpw \hw_ Hn\v (Atlns 50 mw
PZn\w) ImWmXmbn. ASp hknemWv {Koemnse lna
inJcn Atlns icocw IpInnbXv. onv _mKn\I
mbncpp icocw. kplrns icocw Innbn. tdUntbm BIvSohv
Uot sImv `qanbpsS {]mbw AfpXn Xev]c\mbncp B
X tlmwkv (1890-1965) 1944 Principles of Physical geology {]kno
Icnp. shKv\p ]nb ]nghpI Nqnmnsmv, Atlw tIm
ns\ {Un^vSn\p sXfnhpI \ncn. hIcI ]ckv]cw
ths]Xv Convection sImmsWv tlmwkv IcpXn.
`qanbpsS ImnIaew 1940 hsc bqtdm]y imkv{Xv
Hcp a\nemm Ignbm puzzle Bbncpp. hm FemU
(1904-1991) `qanbpsS ImnIin `qKnep Hcp {]IrXnZ
amb (Bc) ssU\mtam sImmsWv kanp. 1946 cmw
96

{]Imiknp

temIalmbpw Ign DSs\bmWv CXv {]knoIcnXv. {_nojv


Pntbm ^nknv FtUzUv _pmUv (1907-1980) `qanbpsS Bc `m
Kv Dcpnb Ccpp Npp]gpXmsWpw B {ZmhIw Npndn
Dmp Convection BWv Fpw ]dp. 1950 Ifn U.K. \mj
W ^nkn em_ddn, e\n Atlw Cu ssU\mtam {]{In
bbpsS BZys kwJymtamU Dmm BZys CeIvt{SmWn
v Iyq D]tbmKsSpn. Atmtgpw, t^mkn ImnI
inbpsS ]T\ `qanbpsS ImnIaen\pw, `qanbnse ]
Xpw Htc ZnibmWv (orientation) Ign Hcpew hjam
bnv Fv Isngnncpp. AKv\n]Xnse hnepIfn
\npw `q{]Xenepmhp hnepIfn \npw Hen emh (Im
nI inbpXv) XsbmWv ]Xfmbn magnetised Bbn
ocpXv. Hcn Dmbngnm Ah B ImnI aew
\jvSsSmsX ncamb _m amKv\v t]mse \npp. Fm
{_nojnse hnhn[ dnkv {KqpI Ghpw ]gb ]X \ncIfnse
t^mkn amKv\nkw Cs PntbmamKv\nIv aen \nv
hyXykvXamsWpw CXv, HpIn aetam Asn ]Xtam
{ZmhIw {Zhyamb tijw m\w amdnbnpmhWsaXns sXfnhm
bn Ah Nqnmn. tZth{ NndIpshpw apv ]X CjvSw
t]mse ew amdnbncpp F ]gb Adnhv HcnqSn ]p\cpo
hnp t]msebmbncpp Cu Ip]nSpw. cmambWn ssa
\mI ]Xw l\pamt\mSv Cs\ Hp]dbpXv CymcpsS
]gb PntbmfPn {]Xn`mkw t\cnpI A\p`hn \npm
bXmWv. Cy Hcp ]gb P\XbmIbm AXv `qanbpsS BnssS
HmbmWv. Cwn B Hmv imkv{Xobamb Hcp sXfnhp
Inn. am{Xa, `qanbpsS ImnIaew AXns PntbmamKv\nIv
`qXImen ]etmgpw ZnW, Dc {[phfpsS m\w ]e
tmgpw amnbnpsXn\pw Ahp sXfnhp Inn. CXpw Cy
tPymXnimkv{Xnse Hcp {][m\ hnjbamWsm! Cu ]mentbm
amKv\nIv sXfnhpI 1960 Ifn hIcIfpsS drift F hnjbs
hensbmcp Nmhnjbamn. ]XfpsS ImnIZni, {]tXyI
Imefnse `qanbpsS `qXIme Ncn{Xns en]ntcJ (lines of print)
bmsWpw AXvshv XmcXaysSpptm shKv\dpsS knmhp
ambn IrXyambn Hpt]mIpp Fpw Ip. CsXms Icbn!
BZys temIbpw hsc ISens ASnns\n ]mivNmXy im
97

{]Imiknp

kv{Xw BtemNnn. apn htmgmWv ISens ASnv


apgph ]Tnv map sNbvXv apnens Hfnmhfw Ip]nSn
t Bhiyw hXv. 1930 Ifn Bcw`n ]T\w Avemnns
\Sphnepw sNSens \Sphnepw \spt]mse \ofn ISens
ASnv Dbp \npXp Ip. 1941 Atacnbn kv{Inv
Cnyqv Hm^v Hmjymt\m{K^nbv 26 DtZymKcpw Hcp sNdnb
Iepw ew tUmf ^pamWpXv. 1948 AXv 4 Iepw 260
DtZymKcpw ]pew tUmfdpambn. ISens ASnmWv `q{]
Xense Ghpw ]pcmX\amb `mKsav Cu dnkv Ip]nSnp.
5-10 Intemao L\n Hcp D]cnXe skUnsa v, AXn\p Xmsg
10 Intemao L\n `qanbpsS Crust FmWv hnNmcnncpXv.
Fm kmn ]cntim[ntm hnNmcnsXms sXv. t\
Hcp skUnsa v seb- AXpw hIcIp hfsc ASppam{Xw.
ISeSnbnse ]Xsfmw Ghpw ]pXnbhbmWv. Ghpw ]pXnbh
ISens Ridges \v ASpmWv. AhnsS AKv\n]X {]h\
`q{]Xen hntcJI Dmppv. Nne ]X Dcp
nb amKva {Zhyambn Dd DSs\bp Ghpw ]pXnbhbmWv. kokv
anIv ks {]Imcw 5-7 In.ao. am{Xsa `qanbpsS Crust Dp (Icbn
34 In.ao. icmicn. NnebnSv 80-90 In.ao. hsc I\apv). 1960 lm
cn slv (1906-1969) CXns\ ISens ASnn hym]\ambn hniZo
Icnp (Sea-floor spreading). Cu tamUe\pkcnv Mantle ({Zhcq]w)
Xmsg \nv apIfntebvv Dbcptmgp Convection current sImv
Bgnbn ridges Dmbn. Mantle bYm {Zha NqSp mkv t]mse
bmWv. ISense AKv\n]X {]h\memWv CXp ]pdtp
hcpXv. dnUvPns Ccphipw ]cp CXv, hIcIsf ]Xps-
Ccphitbvpw AIpp. ]gb ]X (100 any hjw
apv) dnUvPn \nIsebpw, Cse Dmb ]pXnbXv dnUvPns
sXmpamWv. Cu {]{Inbbm hjn 2 sk.ao. IWn Avem
nIv kap{Zw hnkvXrXambn hcnIbmWv (tlmwkv hnNmcnXns ]Ip
Xn thKXbn). tlmwkn\v BibamsX sXfnhnmbncpp. sln
\v IrXyambn Af sXfnhpw IWpapmbncpp. tlmwkv ISen
s ASnns\ ImcyammsX, Icsb am{XamWv IWmnbXv.
slv ISens ASnns ]T\w sImv IcbpsS ams a\n
emn.
98

{]Imiknp

Ish Id v NnebnSv Dbcpp, NnebnSv Xmgpp.


imkap{Zns ]Snmsd Av t\ Hcp {Iv, IqSpX
Inbp hIcbpsS {Ins Xmgtv ]Xps \on, Xmsg
bp amnentev AhtcmlWw sNppv. ISense Bgap
s{SpI, `qanIpephpw AKv\n]Xhap e (DZm:Pm) Ccw sSIvtSmWnv tv {]h\mep seafloor
spreading sImmWv. (sSIvtSmWnv FXv {Kop]ZamWv. AXn
w Builder, FmWv. sSIvtSmWnv {]h\sam \nmW
{]h\w). AvemnIv hnimeambn hcptm imkap{Zw Npcp
pIbmWv. CXv Cs\ XpSm Atacnbpw Gjybpw Hcp Im
ev Hscm henb hIcbmbnocpw. sNSense {]h\m
`qanbpsS {Iv ]nfv Atd_nbbn \nv B{^n ths]SpIbpw
Ingtmp \opIbpw sNpw. Atm ]pmbncpt]mse
B{^nbpw Cybpw GjybmsIbpw Atacnbpw IqSnb ]m
nb hopw Dmhpw (Cy ]pcmtWXnlmk {]Imcw At\I
bpK, a\zc, Iev]Imev CXv Bhnnpv). Avemnns
hf Atacnsb ]Snmp\on, AhnsS \qtdmfw any hjw
apv Dmbncp hnimeamb ]kn^nv t_kn\ntev DnbnmWv
Iment^mnbbnse k B{Unbmkv t^mv DmbXv. AhnsS
`qanbpsS s{Iv sImn GXm\pw sknao hoXw ]ckv]cw
Dckn \opp. CsXmw `qan Fmepw Htc tPym{K^n cq]
ambncpn Fp ImWnpp. Ghpw \ D]a ISens ASnp
hym]\w hfsc ]Xps \op Hcp Ithb s_v t]msebm
sWXmWv. A\ambn AtX Npnsmt Ccnpp. Fmw am
dppImew amdnhcpw Imn KXn amdpw
IS hn IcbmIpw IcbnXp ISemIpw
IYbnXp XpSphcpw.
]s, amdm Hcp IWpv. `qan F {Klns henw,
AXv kqcys\ Npp thKw, {`aW]Yw! tPymXnimkv{Xw!! 1962
tIw{_nUvPn slns {]`mjWw tI Um sakn, s{^U
dnv ssh, {Uv amXyqkv Fnh PntbmamKv\nv dnthgvkep
Isfbpw, ISens ASnnse hym]\sbpw _sSpn. hm
Iqhdn\Spv hSpIng imkap{Zn Pphm Un^p dnUv
99

{]Imiknp

Pn\SpmWv BZyw amKv\tm ao shv ISens Imin kt


sNsXv. ]ns ]ebnSpw sNbvXp. ISense ASnbn ]mdIfn
se Imin {]hmlw hSpsXv Znibn hchcbmbn (strips)
mWv. Hcp hc Cs PntbmamKv\nv aens Znisbn
sXmSpXv hn]coX Znibn. CXn Hv Idppw Hpw shfpp
ambn hcm GXmv Hcp _mtImUv (Bar code) ssien! CXv IS
ens ASnns hnImk {]{Inb sImmWv Fv ssh\pw amXyq
kpw ]dp. AXmbXv, BZyw Dmhptm ISens dnUvPn\Sp
s Dcpnb amnens ImnIX `qanbpsS ImnI aew t]mse
bmWv. `qanbpsS ImnIaew CSbvnsS ZniamdpIbm,
1) amKv\nIv kvss{SpI, PntbmamKv\nIv dnthgvkepIfmbn
Hpt\mmhphbmWv.
2) slv ]dt]mse dnUvPn\ncphihpw ImnIX Xpeyambn
hym]nppshn ImnIXbpsS ]mt Hcp hiw adphins
ImSn {]Xn_nw_w t]msebmhWw.
slnt\mSpw It\Unb Sptkm hnktWmSpw tNv ssh
Cu Bibn IqSpX KthjWw \Sn- Avemnnse ay
nep dnUvPv XpSb, CSbvnsS sNdnb dnUvPpI BsW
pw, Ch ]etmgmbn Iptds ]mizntev BtZiw sNsncn
msapw, H Ithb s_, At\Iw Ithb s_pI
ASpSpp InSpIbmsWpw hnk IcpXn. `qanbpsS {In
s nc`mKn\v tv F t]cp sImSpXtlamWv. Seafloor
spreading, hIcIfpsS drift Fnhbm Cu tv \opp. 1965
Ing ]kn^nv dnUvPn \Snb ktbn AhnSs kvss{S
pIv Juan de Fuca Ridge kvss{SpItfmSv kmZriyhpw Ah Im
Sn {]Xn_nw_w t]msebmsWpw Ip.
_pmUv 1964 tdmb skmsskn \Snb skan\mdn
]mnbbpsS PnKvtkm]kn ]p\ \nmWw hfsc H_vPIvSohm
bn, Hcp tKmf{]Xen Nenp hkvXpp KWnX \nba
{]Imcw (bqf Xnbdw), CeIvt{SmWnIv Iyq hgn \Sn- AXv
IrXyambn shKv\ ]d t]mencpp. CXn\v _pmUv^nv Fp
]dbpp. Um saknbpw tdm_v ]mdpw 1967 Cu tv
sSIvtSmWnIvkv sImv ]kn^nv tns Ne\w bqf Xnbd {]Im
cw ]qambn hnhcnp. `qIanm e As\ Ccnp
100

{]Imiknp

Xv Ah 6 henb tpw Hcp Uk sNdnb tpw tNv `q{]Xe


s s]mXn dnPnUv (nc) tpIfmIbmemWv. tpIfpsS AXn
n AYhm AmWv Ghptasd PntbmfPn {]h\w \S
pXv. AXnnbn \nmWhpw kwlmchpw \Spw. \nmWw
AYhm krjvSn ISens dnUvPpISpv ]pXnb IS {Iv Ccp
hitpw HgpIpnSmWv. kwlmcw Hcp tv assmn\nSbnte
v 45 bn BtcmlWw sNbvXv amKvabntepw {]thinpnSpw!
CXp cpw \SmsX, tpI ]ckv]cw ]mizntev Dckn
Idp Conservative amPn\pIfpapv (DZm: k B{Unbmkv ^m
v). ]gap ]Xfpw, ]gb ISeSnpw hIcbpsS lrZb
`mKv ImWpXn\w sSIvtSmWnv {]h\w ]mnb h
IcIfmbn XncnbpXn\papt Dspw, Ccw tN hIcI
]ehw thdnSpIbpw tbmPnbpw sNbvXnpspamWv. `qanbpsS
Bc`mKw hfsc NeamWv. AXpsImv CXn\nbpw Bhn
pw.
1970 `qanbvpw AXns PohPmepw tm_ ]cnnXn
pap _w a\nemm Cu Adnhv a\pjys\ klmbnp.
B{^Uv hmekns Imev aembv BnsemtKmbn hSp
]Snmdpw sXpIngpw D PohPmefn {]ISamb hyXymkw
Atlw Ip. Gjybvpw Bkvt{Senbbvpw CSv \ndsb Zzo]p
IfmWv. t_mntbm, \yqKn\n apXemb henb Zzo]papX sNdnb
]md hscbpv. ChnsS cpZnibnepw Ppv kcnm Hcp
XShpan. ]s t_mntbmpw \yqKn\nbpanSv sXp ]Sn
mdp\nv hSpIngtmv Hcp tcJ hcm B tcJbpsS hSp
]Snmdv D arK Gjy\pw, sXpIngv Bkvt{Senb\pw,
CSbn (transition zone) cpw tNXpamWv. CXv tv sSIvtSmWn
Ivkp sImv Cv hniZoIcnmw. sKmzm\m emns sXt `mKw
ths]Sptm Cy (Ctm-Gjy `mKw) hSp ]Snmp \on.
Bkvt{Senb-Amn Xmsgbmbn. AXn\m Cu cnSpw hyXy
kvX coXnbnep Pphw (Imemh hyXymkamIbm) Dm
bnhp. ASp sSIvtWmWnIv ths]Sen Bkvt{Senb-\yqKn\nb
Amnbn \npw ths]v hStmp \on GjybpsS ASpt
v Fn. Ch Xn ASpnv A[nI Imeambn. AXn\m hme
kvtcJ bvpdw ISv ]ckv]cw Pp hkcw Dmn
bnn. 1924 Xs shKv\ CXv kqNnnnpv (hmekv acnv 11
101

{]Imiknp

hjw Ignv). ]s AXv \nivNbambn sXfnbnsXv Ctm


gmWv.
tknbdpI, shsmw, {]fbw, lnabpKw Fnhsbpdnv
]pcmX\ Imew apX Cphsc At\Iw t] hnNmcnbpw, (A\p`
hnbpw) FgpXpIbpw sNbvXnpv. `q{`aW]Yw Ellipse BIbm
hjn NneImew AXv kqcyt\mSSppw, NneImew AIepw. `qan
bpsS An\v 23 1/2 Un{Kn sNcnhpv. Cu sNcnhv Xmcmae
n Htc Znibn ({[phw) Xncnncnpw. EXpfpsS ImcWw
AXmWv.
Pqsse 4: kqcy\n \nthpw AIse (anYp\w 20/21)
P\phcn 3: kqcy\n \nthpw ASpv ([\p 20/21)
(CtXhpw A\p`hsSpXv `qanbn {Ko\nne Fv {in
Ww. kqcy\n \nIse t]mIptm SW akqWpw, ASpt
bvphcptm NE agbpw Inp t{SmnnemWv- e ]pImev
{Ko\nns m\amIbmemWv Cu IWv Cs\). kqcy\n \nv
`qanbpsS icmicn Zqcw 150 aney IntemaodmWv. Cu Zqcn, ta
ev]d hyXymkw shdpw 3 % n Ipdhp am{XamWv. (147, 150, 153
aney Fv ).
ZnW {[phn XWppImev cm{Xn IqSnbncnpw. Am
ev `qan ]XpsbmWv kcnpXv. th\en `qan Xs Iy
bpsS at Av Fptm IqSpX thKXbn kcnpw,
Atm ]I \ofw IqSpw. CmcWm \qmpI Ignbptm
dpw ZnW {[phw XWppdbpp. Amnv lnainJcw (icecap)
CXns sXfnhmWv (AtZam tamU). CXns hn]coXhpw kw`hn
pp. Idp ]cw t]mse `qan NpndptXmsSmw CfIp
papv. Fm ]csm F{Xtbm hepXmIbm Cu Cf
w (Precision of equinox) hfsc ahpw XmfnepamWv. {[phXmcn
tep Ans ZnisImv BImin 22000 hjw sImv
Hcp ]qhrw CXv hcpp. AYhm 11000 hjw apv EXpN{Iw
adnmbncpncnWw. hS XWppImew `qan kqcy\n \nIep
tmgpw ]Xps kcnptmgpamhWw. Cs\ AtZam lnabpK
fpsS Bhnphcp N{I ]dp. 11000 hjw ZnW
{[phnepw ASp 11000 hjw Dc {[phnepamWv CX\pkcnv
lnainJcw. lnabpKmhkm\n lnainJcw NqSm DcpIn ]q
102

{]Imiknp

ambpw ISen tNv henb XncI hn]coX Znibnse AtKmf


ntev ASnpIbdpp (1842 se AtZamdpsS ]pkvXIn\v
Revolution of the sea Fp t]cv). Cu Xnbdnbn Hcp {[phw XWpp
tm Hp NqSmhpI FXv DmhpI h- am{Xa Precision of
equinox 23000 apX 26000 hscbmWv. AXpa, cp {[phfpw Hcp
hjn kqcy\n \nv bYmn Htc Afhv NqSmWv FSp
pXv. 20 mw \qmn tdUntbm BIvSohv ]T\w 11000 hjw CShnv
cp {[phnepw Cs\ amdn amdn lnabpKw hXn\v sXfnhv
In. Cs\ AtZamdns tamU sXfnbnsn.
Iyqdnm Amev KWnXw ISemkpw t]\bpw shmWv.
hcmlanlncs Imev anemWv \o KWnX{Inb (]mSo KWnXw)
sNbvXncpXv. Bhiyw Ignm AXv ambvpIfbpw. Fmepw
ew hjnsemcn `qanbpsS IybpsS shape elliptical/ more
circular Fv amdppsv Cu \o KWnXw sImh Ip]nSn
ncpp. sImn BsI NqSv kasanepw, Iy hrnemhp
tm Hmtcm BgvNbpw Inp NqSv hjw apgph Hmbncnpw.
Elliptical Bhptm kqcyt\mSSpptm HcmgvNbn IqSpX Nq
Spw, AIeptm Ipdhp NqSpw Inpw. CXv a\pjy (t{Smn)
Afv NqSv, ag, EXp, Imv Fnh t\mn Irjn sNbvIbpw, AX\p
kcnv IS bm{X m sNbvIbpw sNbvXncpp.
IybpsS shape, Ab\mwiw Fnh shmWv lnabpKsan
250000 hjw apv `qanbn lnabpKambncpp. 80000 hjw apv
NqSv IqSn. Cu tamUens\ sPbnwkv t{Im tamU Fp ]dbpp
(1821-1890). t{Imfns Imev CsXmcp speculation Bbncpp. 10000--15000 hjw apv Hcp sNdplnabpKw `qanbn Ahkm\nnpsv
]noSv Ip]nSnp. 80000 hjw apv Dc{[phn Ghpw
ISp lnabpKambncpp (t{Im ]dXn\v hn]coXw).
lnabpK Bhnpmbnpv Fpw, Cu Bhn
p Xmfw Bkvt{SmWan tamUen\m {]hNnmsapw Cm
epam{XamWv bqtdmn imkv{X a\nemnbXv. sk_nb
bnse Fn\obdmb anepn anetmhnv Ccsamcp \o KWnX
{Inbptijw anetmhnv tamU Dmn- XpnIfpsS A[o
\Xbnembncpp sk_nb- anetmhnv hnbbn \nv Ph.D FSp
v AssUv amamnIvkv s{]m^kdmbn. s_t{KUv bqWnthgv
103

{]Imiknp

knnbn ]Tnnp. sNm, ip{I, `qan FnhbpsS Imemh, Ah


bpsS Bkvt{SmWan Xmfw sImv `qanbn Dmhp Imem
hm am Fnhsb Atlw ]Tnm XpSn. tPm {Knn
Xs Science, A history F {K\vYns pp 477 aqp {Kl
fpsS IWv, Hcp b{klmbhpw IqSmsX, shdpw akvXnjvhpw
s]pw ISemkpw sImv Fv AXv`pX]qw ]dbpp! 1911
t]mepw sk_nbbn Hcmv CXp sNmambncpp FXn
Fstmsemcmv HcXv`pXhpan (anepw, tnepw, Hmebnepw
CsXmpanmsX a\Wmbpw CXne[nIw sNbvXp]gap Hcp
P\XbpsS ]mccyw DXn\m!).
`qanv kqcy\n \np Zqcw, Hcp {]tXyItZins Amw
iw, B Amwin kqcycivan F{X Un{Knbn ]Xnbvpp
Fnh shmWv Imemh, EXp Fnh \nbnsSp
sXv Cybnse km[mcW tPymXnjnpw, IjI\pw, Hmtcm Ipn
bvpw Adnbmw! {]tXyInpw tIcfnse! ChnSs Fm tPymXn
j{K\vYfpw CXv N sNbvIbpw KWnX{Inb XcnIbpw sNbvXnp
v. tSmfan apX 20 mw \qmp hscbp bqtdm]y imkv{Xn
Cybpambn _w m]nptmsgms CXns\pdnv Nnmhn
hapmbnpv. `qanbn Ghpw NqSv e`np `qaytcJm `mK
s a\pjycpw AhcpsS ssPh sshhnytadnb ]cn-nXnbpw, a
kq Impw, AKv\n]Xfpw, IStm`hpw Fmw Ahsc Ch
sbn t\cs Nnnnp. Cu {]tXyIX `qaytcJm`mKv
Cy/e; saIvkntm/s]dp FnhnSfnse kwkvmcsf
B[mcamn ]Tnt HmWv. \n`mKyhim saIvkntm/s]dp
hnse kwkvmcw Cn, AhcpsS imkv{XkmlnXyhpan. `mKyh
im Cybn AXnpapv. `qanbpsS ]gbNcn{Xw Adnbm Ch
Gsd klmbIamWv.
anetmhnn\ptijw hvfmUnan tIm Cu ]T\w XpSp.
Dcmmwifn Ftmgpw XWpmWv. AhnsS th\mev
F{X lnaw DcpImsX \npw? CXv IWmnbm lnabpKns
Xmtm NqSpIpdv XWppdv th\enemWv, tlane
Fv t{Im NnnXn\p hn]coXambn tIm Nnnp. 80000 hjw
apv lnabpKw ITn\ambXpw 10000-15000 hjw apv lnabpKw Ah
km\nXpw Atm s]sv hniZammw. saetmhnv `qanbpsS
aqv Amwifn (55,60,65 N) NqSv IWmn. CXv Bkvt{SmW
104

{]Imiknp

an Xmfhpw ]gb lnabpKhpambn Hpt\mn. tIm\pw shKv


\dpw AhcpsS Climates of the Geological Past Cu Bibp
{]Nmcw \In. 1930 8 hyXykvX Amwifnse NqSns hyXym
khpw Cu NqSn\v ASp 8 hjn Dc{[phnse lna]mfn
Fs\ {]XnIcnpsapw {]knoIcnp. 1941 Canon of Insolation
and Ice age Problem F ]pkvXIhpw 1952 HmpdnpIfpw {]kn
oIcnp. 1958 Unkw_ 12 \v saetmhnv Acnp. 1970 saetm
hnv tamU hfscb[nIw ]cnjvcnsv, CeIvt{SmWnIv Iyq
dpI ]cntim[nv NndsXpI \on hfsc IrXyambnopISen\Snbnse skUnsans\ tdUntbm BIvSohv, Pntbm amKv\nIv
{]{InbIfm Imew IrXyamn AhnsSbp PohPmefpsS kv]o
jnkv, I, iwJv Chbnse HmIvknP sFtkmtSmv ]T\w Af
p NqSpshv AhbpsS PohnXImew, Fnhsbms \Sp. 1976
kbkv tPen Cu ]cnjvcn tamU {]knoIcnp.
hyXykvX Amwifnsep kqcys NqSv Xn sNdnb
hyXymkta Dp. FpsImmWv `qan Cu sNdnb hyXymkn\p
t]mepw C{X skknohv Bbn {]XnIcnpsX tNmZyw imkv{X
temIn\pmbn. Cu tNmZyw hopw hIcI ]ncn Xnbdnbn
tep Xncnp.
`qanbpsS km[mcW kz`mhw lnaw Cm AhbmWv. ({[ph
nepw hfsc Db ]Xnepw HgnsI). NqSp ISsemgppI
{[phnsep Imewhsc, {[phn F{X Ipdp kqcy{]Imiw
Innbmepw Ipgan; NqSp ISsemgpv ISen lnaw DmhpXv
XSbpw. Fm Nnetm Hcp AtKmfw aney hjtmfw
XWppdpInSp Ncn{Xw `qanpmbnpv. s]anb Im
ev 20 any hjw \o Ccsamv 250 aney hjw apv
Ahkm\ntXbpp. CXns hniZoIcWw hIcI Hcp {[ph
`mKtv \opXmWv. Cs\ \optm Xmsgbp Am
wi`mKp\np NqSp ISsemgpns\ Ah \npIsbm XS
sSppIsbm sNpw. am{Xa Cs\ \onb hIctbm hIc
bpsS `mKtam lnaw hoWv XWppdv hensbmcp lna]mfn Dmhm
\p ASndbmbnocpw. Amn CXnpZmlcWamWv.
s]anb lnabpKw Ign tm NqSp ISsemgpv hopw
{[phnsen. 200 aney hjw NqSpmbn. Cmev Znt\mkdp
105

{]Imiknp

I Pohnp. hopw 55 aney hjw apv lnabpKapmbn. 10 aney


hjw apv tknbdpI Dmbn. BZyw Aemkvbnepw ]ns
Amnbnepw. 5 aney hjw apv CpXnt\m henb
lna]mfn Dmbncpp. cp {[phnepw tknbdpIfpmbn. Dc
{[phn Icb Arctic ISemWv. AXn\p Nppapmbncp Ic
Continental drfit sImv ISense NqSp ASnsbmgpns\ XSXm
WnXn\pImcWw. {Koemns kmnyw K^vkv{Soans\ Ingtm
v deflect sNpXn\m AXv {_nojv sFkv, N.W bqtdmn\mWv
NqSp \IpXv. Dc{[phn Icbm Nps Hcp IS, th\
en DcpIp lnaw Ch Bkvt{SmWan Xmfn\v A\pIqeambn
{]hnpp- 5 aney hjambn `qan Cs\ 2 {[phnepw
lnasmnbpambn \nbmWv. Fm cp {[phnepw Ic,
IS FnhbpsS tPym{K^n LS\ thsdbpamWv.
Hcp lnabpKw ew hjamsWmWv Ctm kev]w. CSbv
nsS 10000 hjw Interglacial Imehpw. CXp icnbmsWn Hcmbnc
tam cmbnctam (Hcp]s AXn\paptm) hopw lnabpKpw XpS
mdmbn. s]mmknbw, BtKm tdUntbm BIvSohv ]T\w sImv
3.6 aney hjw apv Hcp lnabpKapmbtm a\pjys ]qo
I Ings B{^nbnse Great Rift Valley bn Xmaknncpp. DNA
(molecular clock) shv a\pjy\pw Nnmknbpw sKmdnbpw H ]q
oI hwin \npmb 3 imJbmWv (The first ChimpanzeePenguin. London-2001). Cmev \nhp \Sm a\pjy\p km
[np. Cu {]mNo\ tlman\nkns\ (3-4 aney hjw apv) a\pjy\m
nbXn Hcp ]v Imemhv DmbncpncnWsamWv A\p
am\npXv. `qaytcJm`mKv lnabpKa, ag InmXmbn, h\
CmXmhemWv {]XnIqe Imemh. h\anmXmbm `Ww Ipd
bpw. Atm _pn hnIkn hw kaXentep \on Irjn
XpSpw. ]pXnb ImemhItfmSv {]XnIcnm\pw ]pXnbpXv ]pXn
bXp ]Tnm\pw IqSpX kuIcyw t{Smn ImemhbnemWv.
A\h[n Imes A\p`hkpsImp am{Xsa Bkvt{SmWan,
AXn\p KWnXk{Zmbw, AXns\ {]mtbmKnI PohnXn D]
tbmKnpIbpw Hcp P\Xsb apgph ]TnnpIbpw sNp Kpcp
Ipe k{Zmbw Fnh Bhnjvcnm\mhq. CXv Cuv B{^n
bn Dmbn. Cybn Dmbn. B{^nbpw Cybpw HcpIm
ev Hmbncp ]mnb Imepmb ]qoIs DNA B{^n
106

{]Imiknp

bnepw Gjybnepw cpcoXnbnemWv hfXv. B{^n Ccp


`qJambn Ccp Imev Cybnse a\pjy Htsd imkv{X
]Tnpw ]Tnnpw hfp Ignp.
hwiw hfcpXv t{Xn (hb, kv{Xo) hnv (_oPw)
hnXmWv. a\pjy Irjn XpSnb Imev apX CXn\v Htc hmm
Wv D]tbmKnncpXv. tIcfn CXn\v sXfnhmbn Hcp kpdnbm\n
]Zspdnv Cs amXr`qanbn tUm. Pn.Fkv. {^mknkv,
Xetcn (Unkw_ 18, 2008) FgpXnbncnpXv ckIcambncnpp.
Nnmlhpw! kpdnbm\nI tIcfn htm ChnSs \nba
{]Imcw Irjnehpw AXnt\mSp tN Xmak ehpamWv sIm
SpncpXv. Irjnew hnp\Sm. Xmak ehpw hnp \Sm
Xs; hwihnv \Sm. AtXkabw Hcp \mpqns ({Kmaw)
apJy\pIogn Irjnk{Zmbspdn Fm Adnhpw- Imemh,
hnn\w, amv, EXp ASw- t\Sp Hcp ]T\k{Zmbn
s IpSnnqShpw Hcp ]ccmKX Irjnmc\v Ahs hoSmWv.
t{Xw (tZhmebw), {Kmaw, \mpqw, Irjn FnhbpsS Hcp irwJ
ebmbncpp CybpsS `cWbqWnpI. {^mkokns Ipdnnse
Nne Imcy:1. t]mpKokv anj\dnam hcpwapv sshZnI ]cnioe\w \
Ip m]\ tZhmebtfmSv tNmWv \SnbncpXv.
2. skan\mcn F emn hmn\v hnp]mIp CSw Fw.
aebmfn RmSn apX hnp]mIn apfnv ]dnp \SmdmIpthmfw
D ]cnNcWamWv AampXv.
3. hnp ]mIp ew, hnXbvp ew, DXv]mZnnp
ew FsmsbmWv skan\mcnbvpXv.
4. skan\mcnbpw skan\mdpw Htc emn ]Zn \npmbn.
hnZymkcmb hynI Hcp {]tXyI hnjbsn IqSpX
Adnhpt\Sm Hcym]Is Iogn ]TnpXmWv skan\m.
5. ]pcmX\ skan\mcnIv a{ZkvX, aev]m, hoSv, ]phoSv
Fsmsbmbncpp t]cv. aev]m kpdnbm\n hmmWv. Kpcp, BNm
cy, hnm\n Fw.
Atlw ]dbmsX hnXv Cwojn ska F hmpw (hnvipw) emn\nse Htc aqen \npmbn. hoSv F skan\mcnbpw
107

{]Imiknp

\mSv F \mpqamb tImtfPpw tNv, Hcp {]tXyI hnjbs


(Irjn, hym]mcw, ssIsmgn, IeI, `cWw, Imam [
tamw) hnNmcw sNm Hcp {_lvatZbamb t{Xn\Spv tbm
Kw sNbvXncp Cy KpcpIpe k{Zmbns ]pcmX\ IpSnn
qS amXrIbmWXv. Cs\, h\n \nv {Kmantebvndnb
slman\nUv F{XImew N \SnbnmhWw Hcp \mKcnIXbpw
IS IS IhShpw Fmw IsnbXv? BC 7000 apX CXpcpw
Cybnepv. hmkvtmUKmabvp tijsa bqtdmnepp. B{^n
bn DmhmsX, B{^n AXbnempInSs Cybn C{X
bpw ]ptcmKXn Dmbnv kl{km_vZ Ignt (Cybpamb
ISamw Isnb tijw) bqtdm]y imkv{Xn\v \thmm
\apmbpp FXv AXn\m Cu ]ivNmen t{Smn
]cnnXn, ISsemgppI, akq Chshp ]TntXmWv.
CXmWv Fs kpNnnXamb A`n{]mbw. a\pjycminbpsS `qapJv
D kmnyw ISsemgpv, Bkvt{SmWan {Kl/\{X Xmfw,
AX\pkcn Imemhmamw- Chsb B{ibnmWv. ISsemgp
mWv hIcIsf HgppXpw, aysf HcnSp\nv asmcn
Sp sImpt]mIpXpw, ISkmcnIsf B hgnbpw Imns
KXnbpw t\mn, BImitKmffpsS klmbm temIw Npn
kcnnpXpw. Cs\ Cybnse a\pjy Ien temIw
NpnbXmbn thZn Dv. Cybnse BntbmfPn sXfnhp
Ifpw CXn\pIqeamWv. ]ns _mnbp m\w CymcpsS
KWnXimkv{Xw, Bkvt{SmWan Fnh ]cntim[nm hyambn
e`nbvpw. Cu hgnbmWv Rm Ipnmev kcnXv. sshZyw,
t_mWn, kpthmfPn Fnhbn t\Snb _ncpZ ]gbXpw ]pXn
bXpw, ]uckvXyhpw, ]mivNmXyhpamb imkv{XfpsS XmcXay ]T\
n\v Fs klmbnnpv.
t{_mKven, XcwK I\, \mZ{]]w
1899 sP.sP. tXmwk CeIvt{Sm Ip]nSnp. 1895 \hw_
8 \v bmZrivNnIambnv hnslw tdmvP X-td Ip]nSnp. sln
s_Izd, amcnb kvtmtUmhvkv AYhm aZmw Iyqdn Fnh
tdUntbm BIvSnhnn Gv dqXt^mUv Bns LS\ Fnh
Ip]nSnp. qe{]] ]T\n \nv kqva{]]ntev!
, , tdUntbj\pw AXns kz`mhhpw sSIvt\mfPnsb amnadnp.
108

{]Imiknp

1932 NmUvhnv \yqt{Sm Ip]nSnp. CStmpw hetmpw


Xncnbp sFtkmtSmpIsfpdnv a\pjys imkv{Xt_m[w DW
p- amIvkv mv Duns Izm AYhm Du IWfp
sS tamU cNnp. mns amn \nv hyXykvXambn t_m
Svka
v ms t{]m__nennv amneqsS {]Imins Izm
]Tnepw sshZypX ImnI {]kcWw {]hnpXv ]ckv]cm{i
bXzanm kzX{amb DuIWnIIfneqsSbmsWv Is
pIbpw sNbvXp. 1926 Cu {]ImiIWv t^mtm Fv
\maIcWw sNbvXp. {]Imiw HpIn XcwKamtbm (double slit experiment) Asn sNdnb IW{]hmlamtbm (Photo electric effect) s]
cpamdpp Fv B[p\nI imkv{Xw a\nempIbmbncpp. Nnm
tKm bqWnthgvknnbnse tdm_v ann sFsss \nbaw
sXmsWv m]nm ]coWamcw`np. Fm \o ]co
Wn\ptijw sFss ]dXv icnbmsWmWv Atlw sX
fnbnXv. CXn\nSbn mv ncmw (h) 6.57 x 10-27 BsWpw sX
fnbnp. 1921-22 sFss\pw 1923 ann\pw t\m_ tPXm
fmbn. BZys Izmw tamU Bn\v DmnbXv \o t_m
BWv (Ctm Rutherford-Bohr model Fv hnfnpp). temIbp
Imev alm s{]mPIvSns D]tZjvSmhmbncpXpw, Bw
t_mw_v (\yqnbm ^nj sImv) DmnbXpw CtlamWv. eqbn
Zn t{_mKven 2 kahmIyfn \nmcw`np.
1) E = hv
2) E = pc
p = momentum of photon
e = Speed of light

Cu cp kahmIyw tNm
3) hv = pe
or p = hv/e

emwU () bmWv sshZypXImnI {]kcns XcwKssZLyw.


= v/e
p = h

AYhm Hcp IWns momentum x AXns XcwKssZLyw


BWv mns ncmw (constant).
109

{]Imiknp

t{_mKvenbpsS Bw amXrIbn CeIvt{SmWpI XfpsS


IyIfn XcwKamXrIbn ]mv kcnpwt]mse kzw hmep
hngpn kcnbmWv (Ref: AarXtPymXn. tUm. kphW \memv).
CeIvt{SmWpIfpsS hyXykvXamb Du Cu XcwKfpsS
hyXykvX lmtamWnIvkpIfmbn (Hcp X{ohmZynse X{n
aop t]mse) Ccnpp. Cu \mZXcwKw IrXyambn tNcptmtg
LS\ icnbmhq. Cu {]_w hmbn sFss hfsc \ work.
]s CsXmcp KWnXw sImp kq{XamWv Fv ]dp. 1927
2 hyXykvX ]coWfn CXv sXfnbnsp. ]co-Ww
\Snb tUhnkWpw tXmwkWpw 1937 t\m_ km\w Inn.
sP.sP. tXmwkWv CeIvt{Sm IWamWv Fv sXfnbnXn\pw, At
lns aI tPmPv tXmwkWv CeIvt{Sm XcwKamsWp sXfn
bnXn\pamWv. cpt] ]dXpw icnbmbncpp. imkv{Xn
As\bmWv.
t{_mKvenbpsS {]_w sFss hnNmcnt]mse shdpsamcp
KWnXfnbmbncpn. temIn khkvXppw Hcp ssZzX
kz`mhw (dual nature) Dv- Hcp XcwK kz`mhhpw (kqva\mZ {]]
w) Hcp IWkz`mhhpw (IWmZs ]camWpkz`mhhpw) Dv F
]gsbmcp knmn\v ]pXnb imkv{Xw I Ghpw \ sXfnhm
bncpp. mns tIm v Xosc sNdpXmbmepw, KXobX (momentum) ]nw (mass) A\pkcnncnbmepw Hcp km[mcW hkvXphn
s (a\pjy icocw, ssPhicocw, ]mdv, hoSv, ]v etc.) XcwK kz
`mhw \mw Adnbpn. {]Imin\v As\b. t^mtmWn\v
]nw C. XcwKkz`mhw hkvXphns ]nw mns ncm
tmSp katam Ipdthm BIptmtg {][m\amIppp. AXmbXv,
1) tamfnIyqfpIfpw AXnp]cnbp {Zhyhpw Cu kz`mhw Imp
n.
2) Bfn (AWp) AXpv.
3) t{]mtm, \yqt{Sm ChbpsS kz`mhw hnhcnm CXv Iq
Sntb Xocq.
4) AWphn\v ]pdmbmepw AImbmepw CeIvt{SmWns\ a\
nemm Cu kz`mhns m\w AXymmt]nXamWv.
ssZ\wZn\ C{nb{]Xym\p`hn, C{nb klmbw sImv
Adnbmhp H CeIvt{Sm. ImWmt\m sXmSmt\m Hpw Ignbn.
110

{]Imiknp

kahmIyw ImWmt\m, KWnX tamUepI Dmmt\m {ianmw.


Ah, \tmSv hyXykvX ]cnnXnbn CeIvt{Sm Fs\ {]h
nbvpw, Nnetm \mZXcwKambpw Nnetm IWcq]ambpw (\mZ
{]Imi cq]w) AsXs\ ImWsSpw Fsms kwhZnp KWn
XkahmIyfmWv. AhbnmsX AZriyinIsf Adnbm\mhn.
CXmWv Izmw sam\nIvkns Xm{nIhpw KWnX]chpambn inh
inIsf kaoIcnp kahmIyclkyw. Fhn jvtdmUnwK
t{_mKvenp]nmse CeIvt{SmWn\v XcwKkahmIyw cNnp.
shW sslk_ntXv Hcp Duehen \nv asmntev
Izmw Nmw NmSp ]mnn (IWw) tamUembncpp. t]m Un
dmv (1902-1984) AWphn CeIvt{SmWns {]h\w hniZoIcn
m hfsc \ Hcp KWnX\nbaw sImphp (aqmas, ]q
amb Izmw Xnbdn). CXn BZys 2 XnbdnIfpw DsmXmbn
sXfnbnp. Ah cpw KWnX]cambn equivalent BsWv kan
p (AXmbXv cp _np Xnep Zqcw Hcm ssaenepw asm
cm In.aodnepw Afpp. ]s Zqcw HpXs). sslk_n
s uncertainty principle Cu XcwKIW ssZzX `mhs kw_n
mWv.
Hcp hkvXphns m\hpw AXns KXobXbpw Htc kabv
IrXyambn ]dbm\mhn FXmWXv. m\w icnbvp Im KXo
bX sXpw. KXobX Im m\w sXpw (tPymXnimkv{Xnepw,
]camWp knmnepw CXv _m[IamWv). CXv \psS Afhpb{
fpsS A]cym]vXX, _pnbpsS A]cym]vXX ChsImp am{Xa.
\psS \ncoWw sImpXs \mw CeIvt{SmWns ]mX amdp
XpsImmWv. Hcp CeIvt{SmWnt\m, Hcp a\pjyt\m Xs m\w
FhnsSbmsWt, ASp \nanjw FhnsS t]mIpsasm Adnbn.
1927 sslk_Kv FgpXn:- We cannot know, as a matter of Principle,
the present in all its details. ham\w AdnbmsX `qXw (history) F
s\ Adnbpw? `mhn (future) Fs\ \nb{npw? CeIvt{SmWns\tm
se \nlmbcmWv AhnsS Ghpw Adnhp B[p\nI imkv{X
t]mepw!
CeIvt{Sm Xs IybnemsWn m\n A\nivNnX
Xzapv. {`aW]Yns CcphipamImw, XcwKcq]amImw. Fm
tI{n (Nucleus) ]Xnm m\w kp\nivNnXambn; KXobXbpw
111

{]Imiknp

\nivNnXambn. Atm uncertainity Xzw sXmhpw. Fm Ghpw


sNdnb electron orbit. AWphn AXnkqvaambn uncertainty principle
sXnmsX Ccnpw. Bns hepw \nivNbnpXpXs Izm
w sam\nIvkn Uncertainty Principle BWv.
x2=4 FXn\v 2 {]iv\]cnlmcapv
1) x = 2
2) x = -2

(2)2 = 4
(-2)2 = 4

+ve charge (Photon)


-ve charge (electron)

1932, 33 Im BtUgvk tImkvanIv civanbn Isnb


+ve NmPp t]mknt{Sm F Bn CeIvSvtdm UndmIv Hcp
clooud chamber Ir{Xnaambn krjvSnp. Hcp IWn\v Hcp Bn
IWw- matter \v antimatter.
_nw_{]Xn_nw_mI {]]w kXyamsWv AtXmsS hy
ambn.
\yqnbnse \yq{S NmPv IWsf thm^vKmMv t]mfnbm
Wv \yqt{Sm Fv hnfnXv. _o XcwKns Untbn CeIvt{Sm
tWmsSmw Chbpw {]kcnpp. CeIvt{SmWn \npw, \yqt{SmWn
\npw D DupI constant (ncw) BWv. B^ Uot
bn KmacivanbpsS `mKamWv _o Uotbn t]mfnbpsS \yqt{SmWn
\v. ]s AXns ssI\nv F\Pn amIvknaamWv. Kmacivanbnse
t^mtm t]mse AXv IzmsskvUv A. {]_einIsmw
Zpefmb \yq{Snt\maew Fntms^an hnhcnp (\yq{Sn
t\m Fm sImp\yqt{Sm Fw). 1950 Ifn am{XamWv \yq
{Snt\m AwKoIcnsXv. Hcp \yq{Snt\m civan kaqls 3000 {]Im
ihjw I\ap Hcp Cub`nnbneqsS ISnhnm Ahbn
]IpXnsb am{Xw Cubns Bns \yqnbv ]nSnsSppw.
{]]hpw PohPmefpw \fpw Bfm \nnXamWv.
Bfn t{]mtm, \yqt{Sm, CeIvt{Sm ChbmWpXv. Ah
Hnp\npXv {]_einIfmemWv. AXn ZpeinbpsS
{]h\m _o Uot kw`hnpw. B^ IW ]pdw
XsSpw. \yqnbn\p ]pds CeIvt{Sm taLn CeIvt{Sm
WpI sshZypX ImnI inIfm AXmXnSp \npp. Ah
bvv Nne {]tXyI DumhIfnse Ccnm Ignbq.
CXv Hcp henb qe {]]n, henb {Zhysf m\p
\np KpcpXzmIjW inbvp XpeyamWv. t{]mtm, \yqt{Sm
112

{]Imiknp

, CeIvt{Sm, \yq{Snt\m Fv 4 Fw + AhbpsS Bn ]mnn


fpI ({]Xntema/{]Xn_nw_ IW) + sshZypXImnI in,
Zpein, {]_ein, KpcpXzmIjW in Fv 4 hn[w in
I- Cu 12 Fw sImv \psS C{nbv a\nemm
Ignbp k hkvXptfbpw, \{Xw FpsImp {]Iminp
p, `Ww hbn Fs\ Zlnpp, ssl{UP t_mw_v F
s\ s]mpp, Hcp lnaIWw Fs\ I]nSnv BengamIpp apX
embn Fmhn[ m\tbpw {Klnbvmw. {]]s (C{nb
thZyamb \macq]mI kzcq]s) \macq]XoXamb kqva
{]]m\w sIt Adnbm\mhq. Izmw CeIvt{Sm ssU\manIv
kn kn Cntdm sSmsam\mK (1906-1978), Pqenb jznwK (19181994), dnmUv s^bvam (1918-1988) Fnh {]apJcmWv. 1965
aqpt]pw t\m_ km\w Inn.
2 Nmp IW (2 CeIvt{Sm Asn Hcp CeIvt{Sm
Wpw Hcp t{]mtmWpw) tNcptm Ah kwtbmKnpXv t^mtm
]ckv]cw ssIamdnbmWv. t^mtm ssIamdnb IW Un^vfIvSv
sNbvXv ]pXphgnbn t]mIpp. t^mtm ssIamdnb tijap
Cu {]Xn{]h\w (]ckv]cw repulsion) BWv Inverse square law
Bbn ImWpXv. CXv QED bn \nv kzm`mhnIambn Dmhpp.
{]_e Zpe inIfpw Cs\s t^mtm ssIamw sIm
v hnhcnmw. CeIvt{Sm amKv\nkhpw Zpeinbpw Hmn
Ctm sshZypX Zpe ]ckv]c {]h\sav hnfnppv.
KpcpXzmIjWhpw {Kmhntm F IWfpsS ssIamamWv (C
Xns ]q tamU C\nbpw hnn). CeIvt{SmWns ImnI
aplqw am{Xw {inm QED bpsS IrXyX sXfnbnmw. 1920
UndmIv CXns aqeyw HmsWv IWmn. 1.00115965221 4 BWv
CXns aqeyw. CXv 1.0011596524620. Xnbdnbpw ]coWhpw IqSn
0.00000001 %- s^bvam ]dXv \yqtbmpw temkmekpw
IqSn Zqcw Aftm a\pjys Hcp apSnbngtbmfw hyXymkw hp
Fv ]dbp t]mse FmWv. Keoentbmhn \npw \yqWn \n
pw imkv{Xw Htsd kcnpIgnp. ]s AhcpsS Npaen
IbdnsbmWv kmcw \SnpXv.
20 mw \qmns cmw]IpXnbn k_v AtmanIv IWfpsS
Hcp \htemIamWv \mw ImWpXv. t{]mtmWpw \yqt{SmWpw Izmp
113

{]Imiknp

IfmemWv \nnncnpXv. 21 mw \qmnemIs Chsbmw I\w


sNp X{nI (Vibrating strings) {]Xn`mkneqsS am{Xsa {Kln
m\mhq F Xznepw! Cu AXyKm[amb X{oI\nem
Wv, AXnkqvahpw AXntemehpamb \mZ{_lvanemWv \psS
qe{]] clkyw.

DNA
ssPh hn Ghpw koLS\ a\pjytXmWv. \p
sS icocnse P\nXIfnemWv hwihrn, hwifneqsS kz`mh
ssIamdp {]{Inb Fmw \SpXv. icocns Building
Blocks Bb Aaot\m BknUpIfneqsS t{]mo\pw DNA bpw ]gb
LS\bn Bhnv krjvSnpXpw AXpXs. kiamb
Cu LS\ (kqvaw) Csn koamb a\pjyicocw C{]Im
cw \ne\npambncpn. RNA (dnt_m \yqnbnv BknUv), AXn
s HmIvknP \onb DNA (UnHmIvkn-dnt_m \yqnbnIv BknUv)
ChbpsS ]gw k ssPh hfptSbpw ]gamWv. Ch Ghpw
efnXLS\bp sshdpIfpsS icocnepapv. sshdpI Hp
In RNA Asn DNA sshdkv Bbncnpw.
\manv HIV/AIDS sshdns\pdnv t_m[hmmcmWv. Cu ssh
dpIfpsS {]mbw 85 aney hjamWv. HIV sshdkv ss{]tapIfn
ImWp sensshdkv BWv. Iment^mWnbbnse mt^mUv
bqWnthgvknn Ch aUKmkvdnse seaq C\ns] sNdp
Ipcmcn hfsc ]t Dsp Isn. Cu C\w IpcpI
Cymkap{Z Zzo]pIfn am{Xw ImWphbmWv. Fm Ch ]pcm
X\ImepXs Dmb Hcp AIDS-like FnsUanpsImv CayqWn
n t\SnbhbmWv. Ahbn Cu sshdkv Dsnepw Ahbvv tcmK
an. Ah AXmpw ]IpIbpan. 14 aney hjambn Cu
sshdkv seaqdpIfn \ncp]{Zhnbmbn Ccnbvppv.
Fm B{^n/aUKmkv IpcpIfn ImWp CtX
sshdkv IpdpIqSn ]Icm kmyX h HmWv. CXv Hcp aney
hjambn a\pjycn Dv. ]s GXmv Hcp \qdphjambnt
Dp AIDS tcmK eWw a\pjycn ImWm XpSnbnv. Atacn
bnse \mjW AmZan Hm^v kbkv hnNmcnpXv aUKmkv
dpw B{^n ap\pw IqSn _w hntOZns 14 any sIm
114

{]Imiknp

n\npdv, 14 any hjambn aUKmkvdn IpcpIv Cu


sshdpsmWv.
85 any hjambn knpkap{Z Zzo]n \ncp]{Zhambn
Ccp Hcp sshdv, 14 any hjambn aUKmkvdnepw \ncp]{Zh
ambncp Hcp sshdv, Hcp any hjambn a\pjy\n ISpIqSn
\ncp]{ZhImcnbmbncp Hcp sshdv Hcp \qdphjn\Iw C{Xtb
sd D]{ZhImcnbmbnosXs\? B tNmZyn\pcw ]ns
sbmcn ]dbmw. AXv Xopw sshZyimkv{X]camb NbmWv.
ChnsS P\nXIns {]mbw, `qanbpsS {]mbntep IqSn hnc
Nqpp Fv ImWnpIbmWv Fs eyw. 85 any hjw
apv Cybnepw CXc Cy kap{Z Zzo]pIfnepw seaq C\n
ep Ipc\psn Cu `q`mKn\v AXne[nIw ]gw thW
sap Xo.
AWp, ]camWp, RNA, DNA Chsbms kqvahkvXp
fmWv. AhbpsS {]h\w GXm\pw efnX \nbafm hnhcn
bvmw. Ahsb XmcXaysSpnbm a\pjy ko \nba
fp Hcp qehkvXphmWv. ]s, kucbqYw, AXn\pds
At\I tImSn {_lvam FnhtbmSpIqSnb {]] LS\
tbmSv XmcXaysSpnbm a\pjy Hcp sNdnb CeIvt{SmWn\p
XpeyamWv.
A\amX ah\obw
Cu temItKmfw Xncnbp amw
AXnsemsmcnSncpp
t\mp ay IYsbp Ip!
\memp \mcmbW tat\m F Ihnbpw sslk_v F
imkv{X\pw AhnsS Hcp`mj Xs kwkmcnpw. \ Hcp Ce
Ivt{Sm kZriw ham\hpw `qanbpw `mhnbpadnbmsX \npIbm
Wv. Cu {XnImes Adnbm {ian- {]hNnm {ianAXn\mbn \ncoWw, ]coWw, \nccw {im]qw a\\w, ]q
oIcmb imkv{X ]dsXmw ]Tn, As\ Bh\m
Iamb [imkv{XN{I {]h\n XtXmb Hcp ]v hln
bv- C{Xtb imkv{Xn\app. FtXmWv Ahkm\ hm
v F Ddv Hcp imkv{XNnbvpw DmhpIh. CXdnbemWv
Ghpw henb imkv{Xhpw, aXhpw, XzNnbpw.
115

{]Imiknp

{]]s apgph AZriyamb Hcp Duambn ImWptm


(B[p\nI `mjbn Energy, ]gb kwkvIrX `mjbn {_lvans
inkzcq]w- ]cmin) in, AXns hn`qXnbmb qe {]]w
(mass- energy F AssZzXw) Fv efnXamb \nbam AXns\
Ffpw hymJym\nmw. ChnsS \nv IWmZs ]camWpknmn
se t]mse ]camWpkwtbmKm AWp, AWpkwtbmKm
tamfnIyq F coXnbn B[p\nI imkv{Xw Nnnm XpSnb
tm Imcy IpsdqSn efnXambn hymJym\nm km[np.
]s kwlmcinbpw krjvSninbpw IqSptXmsSmw nXn
AYhm kwcWin IpdpIpdp hp.
koLS\bp ]nnemWv a\pjyPohnXaSw At\
Iw ssPh hfpsS nXn. B nXn sshZypXImnI ae
fnepw ]ckv]cap KpcpXzmIjWnepw A[njvTnXamWv. tamfn
IyqfpIsf hnpt]mImsX HnptNp\np sshZypX in
bv,v Hcp ]nnse tamfnIyqfpIsf \innp KpcpXzmIjW
intbm 1036 {]mhiyw in IqSpw. Cu 36 ]qPyap Zimwi
in XzamWv Hcpa, kvt\lw FnhtbmsS {]IrXn hkvXp
sf AtX]Sn nXn sNnv kwcnv \npXv. Fm B
fpw Hnp \nptm Hmtcm Bhpw \yq{S BWv. sshZypXn
C. Hcp ]pXnb Bw Cu ]nntep hptNcptm Dnte
p henbvp KpcpXzmIjW in Hmtcm Bnepw hnp
p (cp kwkvmcw- cp hyn- cp imkv{Xw tNcptmgpw
CXpmhpw).
Hcp {]tXyI km{Xbp tKmfn ]nw Ahymkn
s Iyq_ns A\p]mXnemWv. Fm KpcpXzmIjW in
Inverse square law {]Imcw Ipdbpw. ]nns Ahymkns
`mKp\nv ]dm {]Xens KpcpXzmIjWw, 2/3 `mKw
sshZypXnin t\Spp (gains), AYhm 36 Fv t\cs ]d
inXXzw 54 F kwJybpsS (18 x 3) 2/3 BWv. 1054 B
Hnv Hcp ]nambm KpcpXzmIjWw apXqw t\Spw, As\
tamfnIyqfpI ths]Spw. hn`mKobX Dmhpw. DZmlcWambn 10
Bw, 100 Bw, 1000 Bw Fns\ Bfp hkvXpsf k
ev]npI. Hmtcmnepw AXn\p apsm 10 {]mhiyw IqSpX
Bapv. 24 mas hkvXphn\v Hcp ]kmc (cube) tbmfw hep
116

{]Imiknp

apmhpw. 27 mas hkvXp Hcp henb kkvX\ Pohntbmfhpw. 54


matXv hymg{Kltmfw hepw, 57 matXv kqcyt\mfw! kqcy
\n BIjW inbm B t]mepw kwlcnsv, \yqn
bpw kzX{ CeIvt{SmWpIfpw tN mkvatb Dp. CXns
(Cu Zimwi k{Zmbns) temKcnXvanIv A\p]mXn Hcp a\p
jy Hcp ]camWphn\pw Hcp \{Xn\pw H aynemWv
m\w ]nSnnpXv (positions). 39 mw hkvXp 1 In.ao. hymkap
Hcp ]mdbmbncnpw. ]kmc Iyq_n\pw Cu ]mdbvpw aynem
Wv a\pjys size. Cu Hcp XeamWv Umhn\pw Atlns ]n
KmanIfpw ]T\hnt[bamnbXv (Evolution & Natural Selection). ]s
\psS koX IpsdqSn KmVamb sIan Xen, Poh
s B[mcamb DNA bnemWv. B Xew Umhn ]Tnnn. 20 mw \q
mnse imkv{Xw DNA bptSbpw Izmw ssU\manIvkntbpw im
kv{XamWv. 1859 {]knoIcn Umhns Origin of species 20 mw \q
mnse tdUntbm BIvSnhnn ]T\w sImv Umhns Evolution
\Sm\mhiyamb {]mbw `qanpsv \nkvXw sXfnbnp Ign
p. Hcp Xeapdbn \nv asmntev kz`mhw ssIamdpsX
s\ Fv IrXyambn hnhcnm Umhn\p Ignncpn. AXv
20 mw \qmn sXfnbnsXv P\nXI ]coWfneqsSbmWv.
Cu hnjbspdnv 1868 (Variation of animals & plants under
domestication F Aymbw) Umhn kqNnnnpv. Atlw
Pangenesis F ]Zw D]tbmKnp. pan F {Kop]Zm, icoc
nse Hmtcm tImins ]pw genesis F ]Zm Dev]mZ\hp
amWtlw DtinXv. Hmtcm tImihpw sNdnb sNdnb IW (sK
yq Fv Umhn) icocnse Dev]mZ\tImifmb An
epw iptIminepw Fnpp, AXv ASp Xeapdv ssIam
dpp Ftlw ]dnpv (]s CXv Cy BbptZn
BC 500 kp{ipX kwlnXbnepw Dv. Hcp ]pXnb Adnh). cp
t] kwtbmKnptm cpt]cpsS kz`mhhpw Ipnbvp Inpsa
pw BbptZnep t]mse Umhn FgpXn. ]s CXns
Aw Umhn icnp {Klnncpn. kp{ipX kwlnXbnep
t]mse imkv{Xoba Umhns hniZoIcWw. Dbcap kv{Xobpw,
Dbcw Ipd ]pcpj\pw DmIp Ipnbvv AhcpsS Dbc
IqnbXns \Sphnep (Intermediate) Dbcw Fv Aimkv{Xob coXn
117

{]Imiknp

bnemWv. hmkvXhn Cs\ ]dbpXv Natural Selection F


Bibn\v ISIhncpamsWv Umhn BtemNnn. {]IrXn
bvv sXcsSpm ssPh sshhnyw thWw. Cu ]d coXn
bn IpnIfpmbm hfsc Npcpnb ImewsImv Hpw sshhny
anm bp\nt^mw P\X (Hcp tamtWmI t]mse) Dmhpw. ]n
s {]IrXnbvv sXcsSpv Fs\? Fn\v? Cu Nn h
tm ]ehw Xs hcnI amnsbgpXn Umhn emamnb
NntbmSSpp.
tImisfpdn Adnhv ssat{Imkvtmv htXmsS hnp.
tPm KpUvkdns (1814-1867) tImiw asmcp tImin \nt P\n
bvq F Bibw dqtUm^v ^nlu (1821-1902) 1858 se Xs hn
JymXamb Die Cellular Pathologie F {K\vYneqsS (Omnis acellulae
acellulae) {]knamn. _en\n ]tYmfPn s{]m^kdmbncpp Ct
lw. skpem ]tYmfPnbpsS ]nXmhmbn AdnbsSpp. sshZy im
kv{Xn Hcp tcmKsaXv Hcp tIminttbm, tImikaqlfp
sStbm {]XnIqe ]cnnXnItfmSp {]XnIcWamsW Adnhv
ApapX hfphp. ^nlu,
1) Germ theory of Infection \v FXncmbncpp.
2) Evolution by natural selection \pw FXncmbncpp.
3) Reich stag tkh\w sNptm Hmtmthm _nkvamn
s FXncmfnbmbncpp.
4) 1879 t{Smbnse sles \Kcw (tlmadpsS ]pkvXInep
Xv) BntbmfPn J\\w sImv Ip]nSnp.
1870 Ifn Sea urchin ]T\fn Ahpw iptImihpw tNcp
Xpw ssat{Imkvtmns klmbm imkv{X (sla
t^m, Hmkvm slvhnKv) t\cnpIv sXfnbnp. 1879 hm
^vsfanv tImitI{n \mcpt]msebp Nne hkvXp \ndap
dye hensSppXv {inp. Ch ]noSv t{Imatkmw Fv hn
fnsp. 1880 t{Imatkmw CcnpXpw 2 ]pXnb tImintev
ssIamdpXpw (tImihn`P\n) Ip. HmKv shbvkvam (18341914) t{ImatkmaneqsSbmWv kz`mh XeapdIfntev ssIamdp
sXv AknKvw {]kvXmhnp. \psS icocns tamfnIyqfm
LS\sb CXv \nbnpp- As\ qe kz`mhtfbpw.
118

{]Imiknp

kqvaLS\bmWv {_lvamnse t]mse ]nmnepw


qeLS\sb \nbnpXv. AhyamWv hy{]]s \n
bnpXv Fw. CXp{]Imcw Umhns ]mP\nknkv icn
b. ]pds {]tNmZ\ (]cnnXn) Hcp Xeapdbn \nv hyXy
kvXamb Hcp Xeapdsb s]spmpsa emamnb Bib
hpw sXmWv. ]pdp\np tdUntbj tImifn mutation
hcpmw, AtImi iptImi DNA sb hyXykvXammw Fv
]noSv sXfnp. Fmepw CXv shbvka
v ms hmZs \ncmIcnm
]cym]vXa. Acw s]spmhp am tIminstbm
hynbptStbm acWw Dmpp. Acw hynIfn \npmb
]pXnb XeapdI ]cnnXntbmSv CWmsX thKw \inpp.
AXn\m ncambn Ccw am ssIamsv kqnsSp
n.
Uv s_mm\nv lyqtKm Unhvdnkv (1848-1935) kkyfn CtX
coXnbn ]T\w \Snb HcmfmWv. 1889 (Umhn Acnv 7 h
jn\ptijw) Unhvdnkns Intra cellualar Pangenesis F ]pkvXIw
hp. kkyfnse heredity ssIamdp hkvXpv ]mP AY
hm ]mPo Fsmcp t]cpw sImSpp. ]nmev sshkvams
bpw aphcptSbpw Ip]nSpfpsS shfnn ]m Dt]n
sp. Po (P\nXIw) F t]cv kzoIcnsp. 1909 Um\n
hnslw sPmlmk BZyambn Po F ]Zw {]tbmKn
hynbmWv. sP\nnIvkns ]nXmhv {KnK saU BWv. Unhvdn
kns ImepXs hneyw t_vk CtX ]T\ \SpIbpw
sP\nnIvkv F ]Zw {]tbmKnbpw sNbvXncpp. 1899 Xs
{]_w {]knoIcnpw apv Inmhp Fm d^dkpw Xnbtm
gmWv Uohvdnkv Xm ]dsXmw X\nbvpapt {KnK saU
]dnpsdnbpXv. 1865 Xs 2 {]_ambn AXv saU
AhXcnnncpp. 1900 nemWv Unhvdnkns {]_ hcpXv.
BZytXn ({^p`mj) Atlw saUens\ ]cmainncmatXn (P `mj) Atlw saUens\ Gsd hmgvn.
Law of segregation of hybrids saUens Ip]nSpamsWs
gpXn. 1900 s P\nbn Im tImdkv, Bkv{Snbbn
FdnIv skbvsk\v Fnhcpw CtXt]mse Cs\ Htchjw Htc
Ip]nSpw \Snb aqpt], XfpsS apKmanbmbn Hcmsf
119

{]Imiknp

Cu Ip]nSpn\hIminbmbn {]Jym]nXv (Atlw Atmtg


pw acnncpp) BcmWv Xfn ap F Xw Hgnhmm\m
sWv Hcp {][m\ Ncn{X]mThpw imkv{XcpsS Cu IY Xcppv.
saU sshZnIthjw [cn Hcp {KmaoW IjI am{Xambn
cpn. \mbn s{Sbn\nv Innb Hcp imkv{X\pw IqSnbmbncpp
Fv Apw Cpw imkv{XtemIw Hmmdn. Xms\mWv sNp
sXv \mbdnp XsbmWtlw ]coWw \SnbncpXv.
_tbmfPnbntev imkv{Xobamb kao]\w sImphhcn At
lw ap]nbnemWv. Bkv{Xnbbnse samdmhnbbn P\n sPm
lm, sshZnI\mbtm s{KK F \maw IqSn kzoIcnp. Hcp
Zcn{Z IjI IpSpw_n P\n B _pnam\mb Ipnbvv bqWn
thgvknnbn ]Tnm ]Wapmbncpn. 1843 Xs hnZym`ymkw
XpScm apamanmmWv Atlw aTn tNXv (sk v
tXmakv aTw- {_q). AhnSps Xeh kn\n {^mkv \mn\v
Xs aTw Hcp _pnPohn tI{ambn DbWsapw AhnsS aTn
s 4 NpacpIpdw Ion ]cp Hcp kkyimkv{X,
Hcp Bkvt{SmWa, Hcp ^ntemk^, Hcp Itmk Fnh Dm
hWsapw B{Klapmbncpp. Zcn{Zcpw _pnammcpamb IpnIsf
CXn\mbn Atlw Xs aTn tNcm t{]cnnncpp. 1851 29
mw hbn saU hnb bqWnthgvknnbn tNcptm {In
kvXy tUm]vf AhnsS ^nknIvkv s{]m^kdmWv. 2 hjamWv
aTn \nv ]T\n\v kabw sImSpncpXv. AXn\Iw Experimental Physics, Statistics & Probability, sIankv{Snbnse Atomic Theory,
Plant Physiology Fnh Atlw ]Tnp. Un{Kn FSpe, \mbn
Adnhpt\Sn \ Aym]I\mbn aTntev 2 hjn\Iw Xncnp
hcembncpp Atmmb \mns Bhiyw. AXv IrXyambn sa
U \Smn. 1856 Atlw Xs ]bhfnse sldnUnn
]T\w XpSn. 7 hjw XpSbmbn \nconp. aTnse tXmn
35 ao x 7 ao ew CXnpXmbncpp.
28000 sNSnIfn 12835 Fw k{i \ncoWn\v ]m{X
amn (Atlns mnnIvkv ]cnNbw hfsctbsd CXn\v klm
bIambn). Hmtcm sNSnbpw Hcp a\pjys\tmse, Hcp hynbmbnpw,
Hmtcmnsbpw ]nKmanI Hcp a\pjyhwi hrambpw ]TnXv
AXphscbp _tbmfPnpIfn \nv Atls hyXykvX\m
120

{]Imiknp

pp (aphcmcpw A{X imkv{Xobambncpn). CXn\v Hmtcm sNSn


anYp\sf (2 sNSn) hynIfmbn IWmn Hnse ]cmKw kzw
ssIsImv asmn FnbvpIbpw, ap sNSnIfnse ]cmKw
AXn hogmsX ImpIbpw, Xm sNpXnssbmw sdtmUv
k{iw tcJsSppIbpw sNtXpmbncpp. CsXmw Xs
Aym]\, ]utcmlnXy DchmZn IrXyambn \nlnp
sImpXs saU sNbvXp.
asmcp Imcyw ]etmgpw BfpI hnkvacnpXv, saUen
s ]coW ^nknknpIfptSXpt]mse Bpw Bhnp
sXfnbnmhp coXnbnembncpp FXpw, Xs KthjW ^e
sf A\ssekv sNm Atlw IrXyamb mnnIvkv am\Zw
kzoIcnncpp FXpamWv. saUens ]T\n an\p
(smooth) hnpXpw, ]cp (rough) hnpXpamb cp sNSnI
sf S, R Fv \maIcWw sNbvXp. SS, RR, SR F 3 Xcw kwtbmK
Ch 2 sImpmhmw. Hcp sNSn AYhm hynbpsS qeicocw/
kz`mhw (phenotype) AXns kqvakz`mhamb Pot\mssSv sIm
mWpmhpXv. RR sNSn ]cp hnt Dmq. SS sNSn an\p
hnpw. ]s SR F kckqva cq]n\v cpw Dmmw.
]s Cu A\p]mXw ]IpXn R, ]IpXn S F. R s\ Xgv S am
{Xw phenotype BIpXns\ S tUman\ v, R dnnhv Fv saU
hnfnp. RR kkyfn \npmb XeapdIsf SS kkyfn \n
pmb XeapdIfpambn saU hkcw \Sn. 75 % ]pXnb
Xeapdbvv S phenotype, 25 % R phenotype Fp Ip. CXnpImcWw
RS, SR F cphn[amsX IpnI Dmhm h FXpw, CXp
cpw Equivalent BsWXpamWv. ASp Xeapdbn 4 Pot\mssSv
hcpw (RR, RS, SR, SS). CXn RR am{Xw ]cp hnpmpw.
CXns\ ASp Xeapd (t]cpn) bntev
saU
sImpt]mbn. AXn\pdw At\Iw
SS
RR
XeapdIfntebvpw- t{Imatkmanep P\nXI
kz`mhw XeapdIfntep ]Icpp Fpw
t{Imatkmw Hcp anYp\w (pair) Btb Ccnq
SR RS
Fpw ASp Xeapdbntev Hv As
t{Imatkmapw Hv AbpsS t{ImatkmapamWv
RR SS SR RS ssIamdpsXpw Cv \apdnbmw. am{Xa
121

{]Imiknp

hnptImifn Cu ssIamthfbn Nne `mK ]ckv]cw


ssIamdppspw (cp t{Imatkmw Xn) Adnbmw. 42 mw
hbn saU CsXmw ]dbptm tIncp _tbmfPnpI
Atlns knmw H Acw a\nemnbn- 1868 kndn
{]mkv \mv acnp. saU aTns Ay\mbn. 46 mw hbn
Atlns ]pXnb aX]camb UyqnI IqSn. ]gb tXmhpw AXn
se imkv{X \ncoWhpw, A\menknkpw {]_hpw Hs Dt]n
tnhp. 1884 P\phcn 6 \v Atlw Acnp.
20 mw \qmn saU knm hopw Dcnsp.
t{Imatkmw, Po FnhbpsS Ip]nSptmsS tamfnIyqfm
kqvaehen saU knmfpsS imkv{XobX imkv{X tem
Iw Xncndnp. tdm_v ann sFss knms F
t]mse saU knms kwibtmsS hon BfmWv
Atacnbnse tXmakv lv tamK. Ctlw Drosophila F Fruitfly bn ]coWw \Sn saUens \nbaw kkytemIs
Nne efnX KpWsf am{Xw kw_np kvs]jy \nbafm
sWpw PohtemIn\p apgph AXv kmam\yambn _m[Iaspw
Isn (1933 t\m_ ss{]kv Inn). t{Umtkm^ne Fm
apXpnbpsS ImapIs\w. Nofnbp ]gfnse bov
BWv (dew A) Chsb ]gntev BIjnpXv. saUen\v
ASp Xeapd ]bdns\ \nconm Hcp hjw ImWw. 1/8
Cv \ofap t{Umtkm^ne Hcp]n (2 BgvN- 14-15 Zn\w)
Hcp ]pXnb Xeapd P\nnpw. Hcp s] t{Umtkm^ne Htc kabw
At\Iw apbnSpw. AXn\v 4 tPmSn t{Imatkmw am{Xsa Dp. AXn
\m FmwsImpw sldnUnn ]Tnm FfpamWv Chbn. 4
tPmUn t{Imatkman 3 tPmSn Htc t]mencnpw. Hcp tPmSn enwK
\nbw sNpXmWv. ChbpsS BIrXn hyXymkapv. Chsb X
Fpw Y F pw hnfnpp. saU \nbaw A\pkcnv XX, XY,
YY Fv Ch ssIamdpIbn. XX (kv{Xo), XY (]pcpj) Fv cv
coXntb Dp. AXmbXv Hmtcm hynbpw (kv{Xobpw ]pcpj\pw) Xs
Abn \nv Hcp X Dsmppv. ]s A\n \nv kzo
Icnp X (AbpsS X), Y (A, apXentmp Y) Fnh
A\pkcnmWv Hcp hynbpsS kv{Xo]pcpj enwK\nbw \Sp
Xv.
122

{]Imiknp

DZmlcWambn Fn D 2X Hcp X \memv AnWnb


bptSXmWv. at X Fs A\n \nv, A Imfn]pdbp Ipn
pnbbpsS Po\mWv. Fs ktlmZc\nse X \memv AnWnb
bptSXmWv. Ahs Y A Imfn]pdbp sI.Pn. IcpWmIc tat\m
\n \nv Innb, Atlns ]nXmhv ]p tKmhntat\ms
P\nXIamWv. CXmWv tamKs dnkns kmcw. CX\pkcnv Hcp
{]tXyI ^ot\mssSv Dmhm ]pcpj\v Xs X t{Imatkman
AXns Po Dmbm aXn (DZmlcWw ]qv). Hcp kv{Xobvv
cv X epw (alleles) CXpsnte AXpmhWsapp. t{Imatkm
apIfn \qen apptIm t]msebp P\nXIsf tamK
Isn. ssewKntImev]mZ\n P\nXIfpsS Cross over,
Recombinations Isn. As\ t{Imatkmanse P\nXI mapping
]XpsXps kmyambn. 1915 tamK\pw kl{]hIcpw
The mechanism of Mendelean Heredity {]knoIcnp. 1926 tamKs
The theory of the gene hp. 1945 Unkw_ 4 \v Iment^mWnbbn
shv Atlw \ncymX\mbn.
At\Imbncw XeapdIfneqsS C{]Imcw D P\nXI ssIam
fm am{Xsa Hcp `q`mKv ssPh sshhnyw kmyamIq FmWv
tamKs ]T\w ImWnpXv. ssPh sshhnyap t{Smn
agmSpI, At\Ihn[w a\pjyhwi hknp Cy, Ahsb
sbmw mknss^ sNbvXv t]cv sImSpm\pw t{ImtWmfPn shv
hwihrw hcbvm\pw ChnSs Ejnam Imnb ipjvImn Fn
s\ ]eXpw Cu imkv{X]ivNmen anv/]mK\nkw/h
hnthN\w apXemb ]Xnhp]Zpdv Hcp P\XbpsS ]gw,
A\p`hw, AXn \npmb imkv{XhnthIw F coXnbn hnebn
cpstShbmWv. ]cnnXntbmSnWn Pohnm ssewKntIm
ev]mZ\w \Sp PohnIv km[npXns clkyhpw CXneS
nbncnpp (Biodiversity bn)- a\pjy\n Ahs qe kz`mhw
(phenotype) \nbnm 30000 P\nXIfpv. CXn 93 % tlmtam
sskKkv (Hcp tPmSnbnse 2 Fhpw Hcpt]mse) BWv, Fm a\pjy
cnepw. 7 % sl tdm sskKkv. Cu hyXykvX AeoepI ayqtj
sImpmbhbmWv. Ch ^ot\mssSn henb amw hcpm
]cym]vXa. ]cnnXntbmSv tbmPnpt]mIp ayqtj am{Xw \nc
camhpXn\m 7% Ipdhp hcp Cu ayqtj AeoepI
123

{]Imiknp

\ne\nXn\w AXv Hcp natural selection BsWmWv. 2000 tPmSn


P\nXI hyXykvXamb 2 alleles (2)2000 hn[n 2 hynI
Xn hyXykvX ]pemw. CXv Hcp Bkv{SmWan kwJysb
tmepw tXmev]npXmWv. Htc An \nph 2 Identical
twins AmsX, asmcp tPmSn a\pjycpw Fmhn[nepw Hcp t]mencn
m {]IrXnbn ssewKntImev]mZ\w A\phZnpn. Frederich
Meiseler (1844-1895) saUnkn ]Tnv en]vknKnse ^nkntbmfPn hn`m
Kw Xeh\mbncp Hcp _tbmsIanmWv. Atlns Aym]
I dqtUm^ntlmhns AknmbncpXn\m tImisfp
dnv ]TnpXn Xev]c\mbncpp. anj shfp cmWpsf
]Tnm XpSn. t{]mo\pIfmWv ssktmmknsev anj
Ip]nSnp. AXphsc Bcpw sNm, Hv Atlw \nlnXv
ssktmmkn \nv Hcp tISp]mSpw IqSmsX \yqnbns\ th
XncnsSpemWv. \yqnbns LS\ t{]mo\, \yqnbn BsW
pw CXn Im_, ssl{UP, HmIvknP, ss\{SP Fnhbm
Wv (av ssPh tamfnIyqfpIsftmse) DsXpw Ip. am{Xa
AXn Htsd t^mkv^dkv Dspw! tizXcmWpfn am{X
a, Fm tImifnepw As\bmsWtlw Ip]nSnp. _mkv
sebn s{]m^kdmbtm kmas iptImis Atlw
]Tnp. Hcp sperm Hcp \yqnbv am{XamWv. ssktmmkan. AXn\v
BsI D Hcp sXmgn ]nb Hcs Isn, ASp Xeap
dbvp _oPmhm]w am{XamIbm ssktmmkw Bhiyan. Xs
Dev]Zm\ t{Xntev ssat{Kv sNp kmaWpI Htsd
sperm Dmpp. CXn\mbn icocnse H\h[n aptImi,
t{]mo\pI Fnhsb D]tbmKnpp. \yqo At\Iw Aavf
D Hcp henb tamfnIyqfmsWv Cu ]T\n I AXns\ \yq
nbnv BknUv Fv ]p\\maIcWw sNbvXp. Fm IqSpX
_tbmsIankv{Snbn {in Atlw CXneqsSbmWv sldnUnn ssI
amdpsXdnn. 1885 Hmkvm slvhnmWv CXv ]dXv.
1896 Atacn _tbmfPnv FUvav hnkWpw CXv Xncndn
p. Cv DNA bpsS LS\ Fmhpw Adnbmw. Hcp ]`qX
dnt_mkv (Hcp ]kmc- 4 C, Hcp HmIvknP Bw, OH aqeIfn),
Hcp t^mkvt^v {Kqv ([mcmfw t^mkv^dkv DXv), t_kpI (Kzm
\n, AUn\n, ssktmkn, ssXan, bpdmkn- G, A, C, T, U).
124

{]Imiknp
Ribose, Pentagon AXn\v RNA F t]cp\Ipp. Hcp HmIvkn
P Bw IpdhmbXn\v DNA Fv t]cv. RNA bn G, A, U, C; DNA
bn G, A, C, T. s{^kv {Kn^nv F {_nojv ssat{Im_tbmfPnv
(1881-1941) \yqtamWnb Dmp _mIvSocnbIsfpdnv (pneumococci) ]Tnptm Hcp {]Xn`mkw Ip. cpXcw \yqtamtIm
n Hv amcIw, Hv amcIa. amcIamb \yqtamtImns\ NqSp
sImv sImv B extract Ipnshm Fenbvv \yqtamWnb ]nSn
pn. ]s AtX extract, amcIam Poh\p \yqtamtIm
ns IqsS an{inXamn Ipnshm amcIamb \yqtamWnb ]nSn
pp. 1944 HmkvhmUv Bshdn, tImfn antbmUv, an am
n Fnh {Kn^nns 1928 se ]coWn ]dbp tcmK
ImcWw Hcp sIan A, Hcp t{]mo A, ]s DNA bmWv
Fv ]dp. Fhn NmKm^v t] t{Imatm{K^n, G.V. kvs]Ivt{Sm
kvtmn apXembh D]tbmKnv Hcp species DNA bpsS Composition HmWv; ]s asmcp species LS\v amapv Fpw,
F{X species Dtm A{Xbpw Xcw DNA bpw Dv Fpw ]dp,
Kzm\n, AUn\n purine IpSpw_nepw ssktmkn, ssXan ]ncn
anUn IpSpw_nepw s] t_kpIfmWv
1) Hcp kmn DNA bnse BsI purine (G+A) BsI ]ncnanUn
t\mSv (C+T) XpeyamWv.
G+A = C+T

2) A bpsSbpw T bpsSbpw XpeyamWv.


A=T

3) AXpt]mse G = e
1950 NKm^v \nbaw F t]cn {]knoIcn Cu \nba
]nmev DNA bpsS U_n slenIvkv LS\ Ip]nSnp
Xntev \bnp.
CXn\nSbn X- ray Hcp sshZypX ImnI XcwKamsWpw AXn
\v {]Imin \np hyXymkw AXns sNdnb XcwKthKXbm
sWpw AdnpIgnncpp. Hcp {Inen X- ray ]Xnptm
gp Diffraction pattern a\nembngnncpp (Bragg's Law). en\kv
t]mfnpw temdkv {_mKpw Xn CtX Ip]nSpw (Pauling's
rule) BcmZyw F Xambn 1950 hsc \op. CsXmw DNA
125

{]Imiknp
structure Ip]nSnm ]ivNmesamcpn. {_mKns A\pbmbn
Ifn s] hneyw AkvXvs_dn X-ray Xallography t{]mo\pIfntev
(Haemoglobin, myoglobins) hym]nnv Ah \o irwJem cq]n
(Polypeptide chain) Hv Hnt aSnshv ]pcq]nemnbh

bmWv Fp Ip. t]mfnv Cu irwJesb {Xnam\n ]Tnm


XpSn. 1951 Atlns {Kqv Cu Hnt aSnsh irwJe
hmkvXhn \qepI ]ncnv Ibdpmnb t]mse Hcp helix BWv
Fv ]dp. Cu NpcpfpIsf As\ \npXv ssl{UP
t_mpIfmsWpw Ip. Izmw sIankv{SnbpsS sskmnIamb
Adnhn Cu slenIvkv m\w t\Sn. e InMvkv tImtfPn
saUn dnkv Iukn \Inb [\klmbtmsS Hcp Sow
aptdnbncpp. AhnSs Xeh tamdnkv hnnkv kv{Xobm
sW ImcWw ]dv tdmken v {^mvens\ XgXv Ip]nSp
w sshInp (DNA bpsS X-ray diffraction photographs tdmken v
BZyta FSpncpp). Cu acfm sPbnwkv hmSvkWpw {^m
knkv {Inn\pw InMvkv tImtfPnt\m apv XfpsS tamU
AhXcnnm km[np (Cambridge). 1944 Schrodinger HmSv tNv
What is life Fsmcp ]pkvXIw Crick FgpXnbncpp. Av Hcp t{Ima
tkmw \mcns\ an aperiodic Xal FmWv jvtdmUnwK hnfnXv. AXn
s elaborate, coherent meaningful design {inncpp. Morse code
t]mse Acw sImv Information Xcp Hsv a\nemnbncp
p. ]s Morse code Hcp Ippw hcbpamWv. ChnsS 3 knw_ep
I 10 s {KqpIfmn 88572 hyXykvX Acw/AYhm en]n Dm
msav FgpXnbncpp. t]mfnns tamU 3 \mcv ]ncnXmWv
Fdntm {Inpw hmSvkWpw ktmjnp. ImcWw B tam
U iphamsWv t_myw Xs. ]s, AhcpsS Ghpw
\ t^mtm{Km^pIfnsemv AhcdnbmsX FSpXpw, NmKm^v
Xshv {Inn\v hnkvXcnp ]dpsImSp chargaff \nbafpw,
s{^Udnv {Kn^nns acpaI tPm {Kn^nns klmbhpw
IqSnbmWv \mandnbp hmSvk {Inv tamU DNA bvv Ds
dnXv. tdmkenns U_n slenIvkv tamU {]knoIcnm\n
cnptmfmWv tIw{_nUvPn \nv AXn\papt Cu tamU {]kn
oIcnXv. CXn\p ImcWambXv, en\kv t]mfnns aI ]o
t]mfnv (Research student) 1953 P\phcn. 1953 hmSvkWpw {Inn\pw
126

{]Imiknp

Xncnv ImnsmSp t]mfnns 3-helix model BWv. AXv t\m


_ ss{]kv XnsbSpXv tdmken v {^mven\n \nmWv!
1990 ItfmsS a\pjy 98.4% P\nXIw sKmdn/NnmknIfpambn
]nSpp Fdnp. _mn 1.6% am{XamWv Atm \psS am\ho
bX- asmw IpcamWv. 4 any hjw apmWv Cu Ipc
]q hwin \nv 1% P\nXIhyXymkap \ DmbXv.
]ns Cu P\nXInsemv amw hnpan. C{Xbpw sNdnb Hcp
(kqva) hyXymkw C{Xbpa[nIw _mlyhyXymkw (phenotype) Dm
n FXv HmpI. Cu 1% s hyXymkamsX Pmw_hm, l\p
am apXembhcpsS aqehwihpambn a\pjy\v hyXymkansv cmam
bWnepw kqN\bnt? cq]n Ipc\pw Itijnbnepw
_pnbnepw imkv{X\pw kwKoX\pamb l\pams\ Evolution
tImWnbn FhnsSbmWv shbvtXv?

127

{]Imiknp

7. sFss, sFss\p tijw


_pnsbpdnv ]dbptm tPymXnimkv{Xspdnv ]db
Ww. FUvav lmenbpsS Imetbvv ktbn D]tbmKnp
knw shv {Kl\{XmZnIfpsS Zqcw Afm bqtdm]y ]Tnn
cpp (Cybn CXns ]gw ]dtbXnsm). Hcp ev
t]mImsX AXns\ Afm \ofw Adnbmhp Hcp t\tcJbpsS
2 Ap\nv thWw AXns\ ImWm. ]ns {XntImWanXn shv
PymanXn Afmw. Cs\ N{s Zqcw 384400 In.ao. 1671 {^v
Kn\nbnencpv Isb\nbpw ]mcoknencpv Imkn\nbpw sNmsb hon
p. As\ sNmbntebvp Zqcw Afp.
Imn\nv kqcy\pw `qanbpw Xn Zqcw = 140 aney In.ao.
Ctmgs value -= 149.6 aney In.ao.
Cybnse ]gb value =150.
1761, 1769 ip{Is transit I lmen kqcy-`qanbpsS Zqcw 153
aney In.ao. Fp IWmn. ]knmnIbn Nnetm
CXpw D]tbmKnppv. `qan 6 amknsemcn kqcys Hcp
hip\nv adphitv 300 aney In.ao Zqcap Hcp tcJbpsS
Atv \opp. Fm Cu cp\np t\mnbmepw nc
Xmcm\n\v aman. AtXkabw Hcp hnc ssIZqcn ]nSnv
Hmtcmtcm Imbns]mn t\mnbm hncens m\w (Zqscbp
hkvXpfpsS background ) \onbXmbn tXmpw (parallax). Hcp
parsec Fp ]dm, Hcp Au (Astronomic unit AYhm kqcy\pw `q
anbpw Xnep Zqcw) \ofap Hcp baseline tcJbpsS cp
\np \ncoIv, BIminse Hcp Nm]Jn (arc)
ImWp Hcp sk v m\amwsImv Afmhp \{Xn
tep ZqcamWv.
128

{]Imiknp

Hcp \{Xw \n \nv Hcp ]mskv ZqscbmWv Fp ]d


m, 300 aney In.ao. (150+150) F `qanbpsS IybpsS hymk
ns Ccphip\np t\mptm AXn\v 2 sk v m\
{`wiw ImWWw []uan N{ 3 an\pv (Arc s) AYhm 1/2 Un
{KnbmWv Cu tImWnI AIew. AXmbXv Bns Hcp sk v=
1/30 s 1/60 = 1/1800.
1/1800 BWv N{s BIminse BsI hoXn]
efnXamb PymanXn {]Imcw Hcp ]mskv Zqscbp Hcp \
{Xw 3.26 {]Imihjw AIsebmWv. AYhm \n \nv kqcyt\
m 206,265 {]mhiyw AIse. Fnpw, `qanbpsS kqcytI{oIrX
amb Ne\m C{Xbpw m\{`wiw (parallal) \{X ImWn
pn. AXpsImmWhsb ncXmcaew Fp IWmp
Xv. CsXms bqtdm]y imkv{Xw a\nempXv Cybpambn
]cnNbs 16 mw \qmn\ptijamWv. Cybnse ]gb Bkvt{SmW
an{K\vYfnsemw Cu Adnhns Awifpw, ]qhnhchpw, hnhn[
imkv{XcpsS hnhn[ Imefnse \ncoW^efpw A`n{]mb
t`Zfpw ImWmw (Cysb Is- hcmlanlncs ]knm
nIbneqsS. NBS, Kottayam- 2nd Ed. 2000, Dr. Suvarna Nalapat).
OmtmKy D]\njn _IZm_y ip\I Xmcns \nco
Ww \SpXpw AXn\p ic`mjyhpw kp[mknp (DC
Books- 2003 Ed., Dr. Suvarna Nalapat) hn ]dp. ip\I AYhm
kndnbkv `qanbn \npt\mptm Ghpw {]Imiap XmcamWv.
CXns Zqcafm {InkvXy lyqKkv {ianp. Hcp hkvXphns
{]Imiw AXns ZqctmSv Inverse A\p]mXnemWv (Inverse
proportion to square of distance). kqcy{]Imihpambn XmcXaysSpn
bm kqcyt\m 27664 {]mhiyw AIsebmWv Cu \{Xsav
lyqKkv ]dp. kqcy ]Iepw kndnbkv cm{Xnbpw ImWpXn
\m Cu XmcXayw {]bmkamWv. AXn\m sPbnwkv s{KKdn (16381675) {Klfpambn XmcXaysSpn (Cym sNbvXXpt]mse).
CXv Aev]w koamb KWnXamWv. ImcWw kqcy\n \nv {Kl
nsep {]Xn^enns {]Imiw F{Xam{Xw Ipdnpv
FpIqSn AdnbWw (kqcyshfnw Cs\ `qanbnseptm Ipd
bpXv Cybn {KlWkabv IWmpw. kqcy{]Imin\v
kw Fpw kqcys {]Imiw Ipdv {Kln {]Xn^enp
129

{]Imiknp

Xn\v Omb AYhm \ng FpamWv Cybn t]cp ]dncp


Xv). 1668 83190 Au kndnbntep Zqcsav IWmn. CXn
s\ ]noSv \yq ]cnjvcnv Hcp aney Au Fv \nbnp. \yq
acnv ]ns hjw ]pdndnb System of the world (1728)
F Atlns {K\vYn CXv ImWmw. kndnbntebvv Cv
IWmsncnp Zqcw 2.67 ]mskIv BWv. AXv 550,000 Au
BWv (Cybnepw amenbnse Xpw_pIvXphnse ss{S_epInSbn
epap IWpI ]knmnIbn ImWpI).
Cs\ ]mcemIvkv shv \{Xntep Zqcw KWnW
san BZyw Hcp \ncoI sNtXv Xm \npnSp\nv
(`qanbnse Hcp _np) BImi`mKs \{XkaqlfpsS m\w
(position) \nivNbnv IrXyamb Hcp Stellar map DmpIbmWv. CXm
Wv cminN{Isav Cybn hnfnp ncXmcaens \n
mWn\p ]nn {]hnsXdnbptm Cy Bkvt{Sm
WanbpsS ]gw \nbnmasm. Ccsamcp \{X Ie
bqtdmn ^vfmw oUv Dmn. 1830 am{XamWv hfsc sNdnb
]mcemIvkv m\t`Zw IqSn IrXyambfv Xmcfntep Zqcw
bqtdm]y imkv{Xw Ip]nSnpXv. 1830 \ptijw \{Xsf
pdn imkv{Xob \ncoWw At\Iw ]mivNmXy imkv{X
sNbvXp. ]s Ah Xv IqSpX {]ImiapsXp tXmnb
\{Xsf am{Xw \nconbmbncpp. 1838 s{^Udnv hnsw
s_ BZyambn \{Xntep Zqchpw \{Xns
parallax \nbhpw BZyambn imkv{XtemIn\v t_m[nnp. hj
Ignbptm BImin eamw kw`hnp (Proper
motion D) 61 knKv\n (61 cygni- CXv ss]Xmals [\njvTw \{X
kaqlnse HcwKamWv) bpsS ]mcemIvkv 0.3136 sk /v Arc Fpw
Zqcw 10.3 {]Imihjw Fpw \nivNbnp. Cv B[p\nI imkv{Xw
3.4 ]mskIv, AYhm 11.2 {]Imihjw FmWv \nivNbnnpXv.
1832 s_en\p apt tXmakv sltUgvk kuv B{^n
bnencpv B^ sktmdnbpsS ]mcemIvkv \nivNbnncpp. Cu
\{Xw cm{Xn BImin ImWp {]Imi Xmcfn 3 ma\mWv.
1 sk v/Arc Parallax (]noSv 0.76 sk v Fmn) shv 1.3 ]m
skv, 4.3 {]Imihjw AIse Ftlw \nbnp. ]s 1839
Cwn Xncnsnbtijsa {]knoIcnpp. 3 \{X
130

{]Imiknp

]ckv]cw Npndp sktmdn kqcy\v Ghpw ASpp Xm


camWv. Ghpw A[nIw ]mcemIvkv DXmWv. s{^Udnv thmkv{Sp
th sk v ]otgvkv s_nencpv thK ( entd) sb Afp. At
lns IWv hfsc A[nIambntmbn. Cv thKbpsS ]mcemIvkv
0.2613 sk v/Arc, Zqcw 8.3 ]mskv (27 {]Imihjw) BWv. kq
cy\n \nv Ghpw AIsebp qtm F {Kln \nv 7000
{]mhiyw AIsebmWv kqcys Ghpw ASpp InSp \{Xw!!
C{Xbpw hnkvXrXamb \{Xaes IrXyambn Hcp \{X
kaqln\v 1320' shv, IrXyambfv m\w, AXns ]mcemIvkv
\nbaw, Zqcw, {Klaens Iy, Zqcw, N{Iy, Ne\w, {K
lW\nbaw, [qamZn]Isa [qatIXphns kmc]Yw, IqSmsX
At\I \{XfpsS {]tXyI \ncoWw ([ph, k]vXjn, ip
\I, hknjvTXmcw, I]neXmcw, {Xnip, AcpXn apXembh DZm
lcW) Fnh Ncn{XmXoX Imep sNbvXmWv \manp Im
Wp cminaesa Cy kwhn[m\w Ncn{XmXoX Imev
KWnXw, \ncoWw Ch sImv Ejnam DmnbXv. AXns\ 16
mw \qmn\ptijw bqtdm]y imkv{Xns sSIvt\mfPn A\pZn\w
]conv icnshpsImncnbmWv (Cybn AXns {]mYanI
XXz AdnbmsX hnainphcpw, AXns\ Xebnten ]qPnp
hcpw IqSn hcnIbpw!).
lyqKkpw s{KKdnbpw \yq\pw ip\IXmcns {]Imiw Ip
]nSnmWv ZqcnsenbXv. Xncnv Zqcadnbmsan {]Imiw (absolute
magnitude) IWmpIbpw sNmw. CXpcpw Cybn sNbvXncp
Xmbn hcmlanlnctbpw ]ctaizctbpw {K\vYfn ImWmw.
\n \nv 2.67 ]mskIv Zqscbp ip\IXmcw kqcyt\m {]
ImiapXmsWv \yq Adnncpn. 19 mw \qmn Xmc
fpsS m\w t^mtm{Km^nv tpIfp]tbmKnv sdtmUpsNbvXv
]mcemIvkv Ffpn Afm km[np. AXn\papv \Kv\t\{Xw,
sSekvtmv ChbmWv D]tbmKnncpXv. 1900 Cs\ BsI 60
]mcemIvkpIfmWv AfncpXv. 1950 10000 \{XfpsS Zqcw
Afp. 20 mw \qmns Ahkm\n lnmtmkv F km
ssev hgn 120000 \{XfpsS ]mcemIvk,v (0.002 arc sec; IrXyambn)
Afp. sSIvt\mfPnbmWv imkv{Xs bqtdmn CXn\p klmbn
Xv. Cy imkv{Xn\v Cu sSIvt\mfPn Cmbncpp. ]s,
131

{]Imiknp

akvXnjv {]h\n Ah bqtdm]y imkv{Xtm


F{Xtbm apnembncpp Fv B[p\nI imkv{X Ncn{Xhpw, bqtdm
]y tImf\nI Dmb ImeLnemsWXv hnIkzcambsX
kXyhpw sXfnbnpp. AXv imkv{XNcn{Xns kz`mhamsW
Xn\m AXn AXv`pXsSms\mpw CXm\pw. tSmfanbn \nv
sFss hsc Fs\ bqtdm]y Ncn{Xw hnIknp! AXpt]m
setb Dp Hmtcm {]mhiyhpw Cybpambn ]cnNbsSptm bqtdm
n\pmb hnImkw. cp kwkvmcfpsS kwtbmKw sImpm
bXmWv AsXv a\nemnbm Bpw kpocntbmdnn tImw
Ivkpw th, C^ocntbmdnn tImwIvkpw th.
\{X-fpsS {]Xn_nw_w, AhbpsS kvs]Iv{Sw Fnh t^m
tm{Km^nIv sSIv\nv hgn ncambn kqnm km[ntXmsS B[p
\nI tPymXnimkv{Xw 20 mw \qmn A`qX]qambn hfp. \
{XfpsS ]nspdnv ip\IXmcw apXemb ss_\dnIfneqsS
am{Xsa Dulnm\mhq (Cybn ip\I aljn, hknjvT aljn
XpSnbh C{]Imcw X \ncon ss_\dnIfpsS t]cn Adn
bsSphcmWv- Sirius, Mizar). ss_\dnIfpsS Zqcw tImWnI AIe
n Afv AXns\ tcJmcq]ntev (linear distance) amWw.
Hcp ss_\dn asmns\ Npp thKX AhbpsS {]Imins
kvs]Iv{Snep tUm]vf C^IvSpsImv imkv{X a\n
emn. \n \nv Zqtcpt]mIp hkvXp Nphpw (red shift) ASp
tphcp hkvXp \oebpw (blue shift) hkvXphns thKXbv\p
krXambn ImWnpw. CXpw, {Kl kqcys\ Npp t]msebmWv
\{Xw \{Xs NppsX sIdpsS {Kl\nbahpw shv
\{Xns ]nw Adnbmw. sIankv{Snbvv periodic table t]mse
Bkvt{Sm ^nknIvkn\v ]ca{][m\amb slvkv{]Mv- d Nn{Xw,
\{XfpsS hhpw {]Imihpw _sSpnsmv Dmbn.
tIm lmK\nencpv imkv{X]T\hpw KthjWhpw XpSnb sl
vkv{]Mv Im jzmvkvssNUns IqsS s\Xemntev t]mb
BfmWv. 1919 AhnsS sseU bqWnthgvknnbn s{]m^kdpw
1935 sseU H_vkthdn UbdIvSdpambn. 1944 dnb sNbvXv
sUamn hv imkv{XKthjWw XpSp. 1967 HIvtSm_ 21
\mWv acnXv. Atlw Hcp AsaNzdmb ImemWv {]knamb
Xs Ub{Kw DmnbXv. slnt\mdnkv d Atacnbn
132

{]Imiknp

P\np. 1911 {]nkvS bqWnthgvknnbn Bkvt{SmWa Bbn.


AhnsS shv kzX{ \ncoWm, slvkv{]Mv Isnb
AtX _w (hhpw \{Xns {]Imihpw Xn) Is
n {Km^v cq]n AhXcnnp. temIns cncpv, cp
\ncoI Cs\ HpXs kzX{ambn, Htc Imev Ip]nSn
p (HR Fv AhcpsS t]cns BZymcn Cu {Km^v Adnbs
Spp). 1947 dnb sNbvX d 1957 s^{_phcn 18 \v {]nkvSWn
acnp. ChcpsS Nn{Xw Hcp Colour magnitude Nn{XamWv. Bkvt{SmWan
bn magnitude AYhm {]Imiw AXns hhpw NqSpw Xnep
_amWv. \oebpw shfppw \{Xv Ftmgpw AXoh {]Im
iapv. Nphpw Hmdpw NneXv {]Iminpw, NneXv anmWpw
(Hert sprung). Hcp \{Xns hs Bkvt{SmWanbn
\nNnpXv, hyXykvX XcwKssZLyn Ah {]kcnnp
DuambnmWv; CXv {]Imiw ]pdsSphnp \{X{]Xen
s NqSns\bpw {Klnnpp.
(hw = Duw = NqSv.
hw = XcwKssZLyw
F Cu Adnhns ]gw \mZhmnIbmb {]IrXn, {]]
w FnhbpsS m\n Cybnse tPymXnimkv{X {]I
Snnnpv. ]s AXv sXfnbnm sSIvt\mfPn a\pjyhn\v
Ctmtg Innbpp.)
Black body radiation s KpW shv Hcp \{X {]Xense
NqSv 2 Asn 3 XcwKssZLyw am{Xw Afm \nbnmw.
NqSv FpXsbmbmepw, \{Xns {]Imiw (absolute magnitude)
\{Xw {]kcnnp Duns eWamWv. Nne Nph
Xmc hfsc hepXpw {]ImihpamWv; ]s XWphbmWv.
sNdnb Hcp \{Xw \oetbm shfptm Bbm \ {]Imiapmhpw.
kqcy Hcp sNdnb Hmdp\{XamWv. kqcys AtX hepap
NqSp Hcp \{Xtm (Ccw sNdnb Hmdp\{X)
{]Imiw IpdhmWv; kqcys A{XXs NqSp Hcp henb \{X
tm {]Imiw IpdhmWv. \{XfpsS hhpw {]Imihpw
HR Ub{Kn {Km^v cq]n ImWnm CXns I`mKn
s Hcp henb ]taemWv A[nI \{Xfpw. Cu ]bpsS Hcv
kqcyt\mfw hymkap NqSp henb \{X; sNdnb, XWp,
133

{]Imiknp

{]Imiw Ipdh at Apw- kqcy (average star) Cu {][m\


koIzkns ayn hcpw. anb sNdnb, NqSpIqSnb \{X
(shp) {][m\ koIzkn\p Xmsgbpw henb, XWp,
{]Imiaph (Nph `oa) apIfnepw hcpw. Cu Ub{KamWv BZy
s Bkvt{Sm ^nknknv Bb BX FUnvSsW, \{Xn
s ]nw (mass), m\w (Position) FnhbpsS _w \nNn
m klmbnXv. 1913 hsc {Ko\nv H_vkthdnbn tPmen sNbvX
Atlw 1914 tIw{_nUvPn Bkvt{SmWan s{]m^kdpw bqWnth
gvknn H_vkthdnIfpsS UbdIvSdpambn. Atlns KpW
fn NneXv ChnsS FSpp ]dbs.
1) \ Hcp \ncoI (Observer)
2) \ sskmnI (Theorist)
3) \ `cWm[n] (Administrator)
4) {][m\ imkv{X kXy \ `mjbn Hcp henb t{imXr
hrtmSv {Klnnm\p kwthZ\ in (Fgpphgnbpw {]`mj
Ww hgnbpw). sFsss Xnbdnsb \ Cwojp`mjbn t]mp
essdkv sNbvXXv AtlamWv. 20 mw \qmn Atlw Bkvt{SmW
anbvp sNbvX kw`mh\Ifn csw Fpw HmnsSpp.
1) FUnMvS Hcp Izm Bbncpp. bpn\v FXncmbncpp.
1915 _en AmZanbn shv Atlw sFss Xnbdnsb
pdnp sNbvX {]`mjWw ASp hjw {]knoIcnptm
P\nbpw {_n\pw Xn bpw \SpIbmWv. sFss Xnb
dnbn {]hNns Hv- ZqcXmcfn \np {]Imiw kqcyt\m
SSpptm hfbpw- AXn\m BImin B \{Xns
m\w amdpXv `qanbnse \ncoI ImWpw. CXv ]condnbm
hpXv Hcp {KlW kabmWv. 1919 Hcp {KlWapmbn. AXv
bqtdmn Zriyambncpn. 1917 tdmb Bkvt{SmWan skm
sskn {_koen \npw, B{^nbpsS ]Snmd Xocs {]n
kns Zzo]n \npw Cu {KlWw honv t^mtm{Kms^Spm
cp kwLs Abm Xocpam\np. Av icpw sNdpmcp
amb Fmhcpw bpn\p t]mIWsav {_nojv Khsa v \nbaw
]mkmnbncpp. 34 hbp, iamb icocap FUnMvSsW
({_ns Aaqeyamb imkv{X\mIbm) HgnhmWsav im
kv{Xm B`ychIpn\v \nthZ\w Abp. As\ Hgnhmn
134

{]Imiknp

bnsnepw, Xm bpn\v FXncmIbm X\nv bpn \nv


Hgnhv thWsav FUnMvSs \ne]mSv B`ychIpns\ sNmSnnp.
Fn Izm kplrpfpsS IqsS IrjnWnbntev FUnMv
S Xncnpt]mIWsambn Ah. FUnMvS AXn\p Xmdmbncp
p- Fm {^mvssUk (Astronomer Royal) B`yc hIpns\
kao]nv sFsss {]hN\w ]conm\p Khsa v kwL
n FUnMvS AwKamIbm Xocpam\w ]p\x]cntim[np. A
s\ sFss knmw icn Fp Xocpam\n {KlW \ncoI
kwLns Xeh\mbn FUnMvSsW temIw Fpw Hmm\nSbmbn.
2) H.R Ub{Kn, sabnkzoIzkn, kqcyt\m 25 Ccn
]nap \{Xw kqcyt\m 4000 Ccn {]ImiapXmWv. Dn
tep KpcpXzmIjWn\v FXncmbn Bcaw \{Xw Dm
pp. IqSpX ]naphbvv KpcpXzmIjWw IqSpIbm IqSp
X BcaapmhWw. AXn\v IqSpX C\w D]tbmKnv IqSp
X NqSv DmWw. Cu NnbneqsS FUnMvS Hcp \nKa\nse
n- Fm sabnkoIzkv \{XfpsSbpw BcnIXm]w Hm
Wv (mass Fmbncpmepw). AsXmcp Inbuilt Thermostat t]mse {]h
npp. Hcp hmXI]nw kzw `mcm Npcpptm AI
v NqSpIqSpw- KpcpXzmIjtWmw NqSmbn amdpw. Hcp {Inn
Xm]\ne Fnbm ]ns Cu sXtammv Hcnepw Ahkm\n
m (a\pjys mtUUn- {]] mtUUne) Duw
Xcp Hcp tI{ambnocpw. AXmbXv kqcytbpw \{XfptS
bpw Bbpv 19 mw \qmnse imkv{X hnNmcn t]mse tdUnbw
sImsmpa, k_v Atmanv (AWphns\m sNdnb ]camWp)
F\Pn (Duw) sImmWv. \{Xnse Dukw`cWn ]c
amWp DuamWv. CXv \{Xn am{Xa k hkvXpfnepw
Dv (E=mc2). Cu kw`cWn Ahkm\nn. AXns\ a\pjy\v F{X
thWsanepw D]tbmKsSpmw. `qanbpsS Duw kqcy\n \nm
Wv. 15 _ny hjtbvv \nccw Duw sImSpm\p{X
Dukw`cWn Ctm kqcy\nepv (1920 FUnMvS {_nojv
Atkmkntbj t^m AUvhmkvsans hmjnI ktf\
n CXp]dp. Atlw XpSp:-) Hcp loenbw AWp 4 ssl{U
P AWpfpsS kahmbamWv. AhnsS 1/120 ]nw \jvSamhppv.
ssl{UPs AWp`mcw 1.008; loenbntXv 4 am{Xw- `mcw/]nw
\inpIb, Duambn amdpIbmWv. AXn\m ssl{UP\n
135

{]Imiknp

\nv loenbw Dmhptm D Duw \apv IWmm


Ignbpw. Hcp \{X]nn 5% ssl{UP Bw loenbambm
Dmhp NqSpXs [mcmfw aXn `qanbpsS Bhiyn\v (FUnMv
S IWmZknmw sXfnbnpp).
kqcy BImiKwKbn Hcp km[mcW \{XamsWpw {]]
n BImiKwK hfsc \nmcamsWpw Atm am{XamWv
bqtdm]y imkv{Xw AwKoIcnbvm XpSpXv. [hw, {]Imiw,
h{]Imi sImv \nbnp Zqcw, Fnh Xcp HR
Ub{Kw t\mn {]mtbmKnIambn \nconph HmtXv \
{Xw Nnetm Aconse s]mSn (kwkvIrXn cPv- ctPm
KpWw) sImpw Nphp ImWmw FmWv. CXv Redshift A.] Km
y, hknjvT apXembhcpsS tPymXnimkv{X {K\vYfn F{X
tbm apv h {]] kwhn[m\w 20 mw \qmn As\ \psS
B[p\nI imkv{Xw Xncndnbm\mcw`np. Aconse cPp
sImpmhp {]iv\w ]cnlcnm Htc Znibnep \nch[n \
{Xsf t\mn ]TnWw. Hcp tImkvanv Zqcam\w thWw. CXn\p
{iaw Cybn `qaytcJm`mKpw AXnp Xmsgbp sX
N{Ihmfn (Xe Ips\- Dc{[phn\p hn]coXw) sNbvX
h IuinIs\ hnizman{X, injy {Xnip, AKkvXyap\n, `mcy
tem]ap{Z FnhcmWv. CybpsS IS ISp hym]mc _
n sX N{Ihmfns ]T\w AXn{][m\ambncpp (CXv
bqtdmn\v A{]m]yamb Hmbncpp hmkvtmUnKmav apv). Ncn
{Xns Bh\fnsemv, HR Ub{Kw h AtX Imev,
FtUzUv ]ndnns (1846-1919) Iogn sX N{Ihmfnse
\{X]T\w XpSnbncpp FXmWv. Atln\v lmhmUn
tev s]dphnencpv \{XhoWw \Sn, ImtemKv Abncp
Xv ktlmZc hneyw ]ndnv (1858-1938) Bbncpp. s]pw IS
emkpw shv XSn eUvPdpIfn hrnbmbn \{Xm\w, {]Im
iw Fnh tcJsSpn t^mtm{Km^nv tpklnXw D Imtem
KpI Dmm Hcp]mSp klmbnI thWw. A[nIw ]Ww sImSp
msX InWw. Amev bqtdm]y imkv{X kv{XoIsf _u
nI {]h\n\psImmhcmbn IcpXnbncpp. ifanm
sXbpw sNdnb Iqenbvpw {]hnm Xmdp Hcp kv{Xo kwL
ssmmWv ]ndnv Cu _rlmb ImtemKv DmnXv.
136

{]Imiknp

Chcn Nne kv{XoI Bkvt{SmWanbn icnpw Xmev]cyw Dh


cpw _pnbphcpamsWv a\nemnb ]ndnv Ahsc dnkn
\v t{]mmlnnbpw Aphsc ]pcpjmpam{Xw {]thi\apm
bncp AmZanIv temIntev {]thinnbpw sNbvXp. 1895
ifanm hfnbdmbn lmthUv bqWnthgvknnbpsS dnkv
kwLn tNv t^mtm{Km^nIv t^mtmsa{Sn hn`mKw Xehnbmbn
o slssd kzmenbmhnv (1868-1921) ChcnsemcmfmWv. sX
N{Ihmfnse \{Xsf ]ecpw ]eImembn \Inb
t^mtm{Km^nIv tpI t\mn sFUnss^ sNm\pw, GsXn
epw Xmcw AXns m\tam hsam {]Imisam amdnbnptm
Fpw t\mn XmcXayw sNbvXv tcJsSpm\pw Bkvt{SmWanbn
Xev]ccmb ChscbmWv ]ndn-v NpaXesSpnbncpXv. As\
AKkvXy]Xv\n tem]map{Zsbtmse, sX N{Ihmfw ]Tnp
Soan bqtdmnepw Hcp A`n\h tem]map{Zbvv m\apmbn.
FpsImmWv Xmcns amw?
1) Hcp ss_\dn XmcambXpsImv. \ ImWpXv Hcp ss_
\dn atXns apneqsS ISpt]mIp Hcp {KlWambncnWw.
\{X]nw ]Tnm ss_\dnIfpsS ]T\w IqSntb Xocq. hkn
jvT\pw AcpXnbpw t]mse (hS BImiw) kndnbpt]mse
kZm Hw kcnp AKkvXys ss_\dn, sX {[phnse
k]vXjn Fnh CXn\p klmbnpp.
2) BcLS\bnse amm kz`mth\ \{Xns {]Im
in amw hcpXv. Ccw \{Xw hnIknbpw ktmNnbpw
sNpXv Hcp {]tXyI Xmfn, Imen, Bhnmhn
mWv. CX\pkcnv {]Imiw amdnamdnhcpw. sk^nbnUv {Kqnse sU
sk^nbn CcsammWv (21 mw hbn, acnpXn\v 2 hjw
apv, 1784 Cwojv Bkvt{SmWa tPm KpUvdnmWv Cu \{X
s honv CXv a\nemnbXv). sk^nbnUv {Kqnse Nne \
{X 1-2 Znhknepw NneXv 100 Znhknepw Cs\ amw ImWn
pw.
s]dphn \nb t^mtm{Km^nIv tn sNdpXpw hepXpamb
2 amKm\nv taL Ip (Ch annth KmeIvknbpsS 2
kmssev KmeIvknIfmbdnbpp). sNdnb amKm\nIv taLnse
137

{]Imiknp

(SMC) sk^nbnUpI, {]Imiaph, hfsc ]XpsbmWv Cu


N{Iw ]qnbmpsXv enbmhnv F h\nXm Bkvt{SmWa
a\nemn. 1908 Ah AXp dntmv sNbvIbpw 1912 HmSpIqSn
Cu {]Imis Hcp amamn t^mapebmn amm\p 25
sk^nbUpIfpsS Um SMC bn \nv tiJcnbpw sNbvXp. SMC
bnse Fm \{Xfpw \n \nv XpeyZqcnemsWpw
(Uk-\qdv {]Imihjw) CXv `qanbn \np Zqchpambn XmcXay
sSpptm sNdnb iXam\w am{XamIbmemWv C{Xbpw sNdnb
Hcp a am{Xambn \ap\p`hsSpsXpw Cu tamtU tem
]map{Z a\nemn. SMC bnse sk^nUv Xmc, AhbpsS Imew
FnhbpsS _s Ipdnp KWnX\nbaw (]v tem]map{Z
tem]map{Zmkq{Xw AYhm temkp Isnbt]mse) Isn. 3
Znhkn Hcn apIbpw {]Iminbpw sNp Hcp sk^nUn
s {]Imiw, 30 Znhkn Hcn an {]IminpXns 1/6th
am{XamsWXmWv Cu \nbaw. Fm skt^mbnUpIfpw \n \n
v kaZqcamIbm, CtXt]mse skt^mbnUvkv ]ckv]cw _s
ncnbmWv. C\n, \psS sXmSpp Htm ctm sk^nUpIfp
sS absolute magnitude \nbnt ]Wnbpw, ap sk^nbnUpI,
AhbpsS Zqcw Fnh sehnns period-luminosity \nbaw (Ime-{]Im
i\nbaw) shv IWmp ]Wnbpta _mnbpp.
1913 Hertz sprung Ghpw ASp sk^nUntep Zqcw Af
ncpp. CX\pkcnv 10000 ]mskv (30000 {]Imi hjw) BWv
SMC bntev Zqcw. ]pXnb IWn 52000 ]mskv (1,70,000 {]Imi
hjw). cp sk^nUpI 1000 {]Imihjw AIsebmsWnepw
CXv .6 % hyXymkta, (\n \nhp Zqcns) Dp. BImi
KwKbnse \{XfpsS Zqcn am{Xa, {]]ns apgph
]T\nepw sk^nUv kvsIbn {][m\amWv. BImi KwKbvpd
tp {]]s At\zjnptmgmWv, sk^nUpI {]]
nse \psS (`qanbptSbpw AXnse a\pjytbpw) m\s
\apv icnbvv a\nemncnI. FUvhn lp_nfpw (1889-1953)
an lpakWpw (1891-1972) CXn\v XmsdSpp.
BImiKwK 100000 ]mskn, \n \nv 10000 ]mskv
(30000 {]Imihjw) AIse ]cpInSpp. lmtem jm]ven (18651972) Cu Zqcw GXmv icnbvfp (modern- 8000-9000 parsec). ]s
138

{]Imiknp

KmeIvknbpsS hymkw 28000 ]mskIv Fv sXmbpw Afp. kqcy


s\ BImiKwKbpsS Hcs, hfsc A{][m\amb HcwKambn jm
]ven a\nemn. At\Iw kvss]d s\_pte KmeIvkn D Hcp
]pXnb {]]w imkv{Xn\papn Xpdp. Atm {_lvam
thsdbpw Dv Fdnp. M31 Fsmcp kvss]d s\_pe
(Bt{UmaoU kaqlns Znibn) sb lp_n \nconp. B
t{UmaoU 700000 ]mskv AIsebmWv. At\Iw s\_peIfn
Atlw sk^nUpIsf \nconp. Fm ZniIfnepw At\Iw _n
ey {]Imihjw Zqcw ]cpInSp \nch[n {_lvamfp
sXv hknjvT kwlnXbn hknjvT\pw KmkwlnXbn Kmy
\pw hn {_lvaIm\\amb {_lvamcq]w lp_n Zinp.
1990 sk^nUv Um D]tbmKnv (Hubble space telescope se)
At\Iw KymeIvknIfpsS Zqcw Afp. s\_ptebnse ht`Zw
Af shtm n^ (1875-1969) Hcp s\_pebn 36 Nphpw 2 \oe
bpw Ip- ap Nne Nne s\_peIfn 4 Nphpam{Xw Ip (\oe
C). A[nIw s\_peIfpw \n \nItev \oXpsImp
Doppler effect BWnsXv {Klnp. lp_nfpw lpamkWpw n^dpsS
Um ]Tnp. Ctm \mw lp_nfns \nbaambn Cu Red shift s\
Adnbpp. Red shift Afm Hcp KmeIvknbpsS Zqcw \apv IW
mmw. lp_nfns Ip]nSpn\p hniZoIcWw InSpXv
sFsss Bt]nIXm knmnemWv (kmam\yn).
Acceleration, gravity Fnh Xn hyXymkansv sFss
{Kln (Bern se Patent office CcnptmgmWs{X Cu Bibw
BZyw DZnXv). Cu cp {]Xn`mktfbpw, hntij Bt]nIXm
knmtbpw, (\yqtmWnb sam\nIvkns\bpw) H ]mt
Pmbn \Ip kahmIyamWv sFss At\zjnXv.
kvs]jy XnbdnbpsS ASnd taemWv 10 hjw sImv sF
ss P\d Xnbdn DbnbXv (1905-1915 hsc). 1912 Xs
Hermann Min Kowski bpsS kvs]jy Xnbdn (]c NXpm\ tZi
Iment\m \Xmbn) sFss kzoIcnncpp. amsk
t{Kmkvam (1878-1936) CXnmhiyamb PymanXn 19 mw \qmnse
KWnX Riemann (1826-1866) s {K\vYfnepsv ]dp
sImSpp. hf {]XefpsS PymanXn (t\m bqnUnb) At
lns {K\vYnepv. Im s{^Udnv tKmkv (Gauss. 1777-1855)
139

{]Imiknp

t\m bqnUnb tPymsa{Snbn Nnnnpv. `qaytcJbpsS Ccp


hipap tcJmwi tcJI (kamc tcJ) {[phn tbmPn
p {]Xn`mkw Adnnpv. 1854 sdbvam CXns\ hnIknn
sSpp. 1867 emWv sdbvams {K\vYw Cwojntev hneyw nt^mUv
F {_nojv KWnX Xa sNbvXXv. tZins hfhns\,
kaXen \npbp\nevp Ipnt\mSmWv Ah XmcXay
sSpnbXv. sFss asmcp hn[nemWv CXv hniZoIcnXv.
kqcy apXembh ]nw km{o`hnXmWv. Ah Hcp ]c {_lvam
n, ImetZin sNdnb IpgnI Dmpp Fv. nt^m
Uns D]a sFss P\npXn\v 9 hjw apmWv hXv
(sFss \nbaw hnhcnnp hcmlanlncs ]knmnI
bvv Xnt_mns Cwojp Xa hXv sFss P\npXn
\v 10 hjw appw!). 1879 sFss P\n hjw Atlw acn
pIbpw sNbvXp. kqcymZnI Dmp IpgnIfpsS henw, AXn
\m {]Imiw hfbpXv Fnh IrXyambn {]hNnm AXn\m
ssdam {K\vYw klmbIambn. 1919 {KlWw t\mn FUnvS
{]hN\w icnbmsWv sXfnbnp. ImetZi ss\ccys ]n
tmSpw, Ah Xnep _amb KpcpXzmIjWtmSpw Cs\
sFss P\d XnbdnsImv CWn. ]nw ImetZitmSv
Fs\ hfbWsap ]dbpp. ImetZiw ]ntmSv Fs\
NenbvWsapw! 1917 sFsss knmn ANeamb
Hcp {]]n\v m\apmbncpn. Imew Ignbptm, tZiw
ktmNntbm hnIkntbm sNp Hcp Ne {]IrXnbmWv.
Fm Av KmykwlnXbnse {_lvamhns\ t]msebmbncpp
sFss. As bqtdm]y imkv{Xhpw. BImiKwKbvpd
smcp {]]s Adnncpn. BImiKwKbmsWn
ktmN hnImk ImWnppan. n^dpsS Ip]nSp
sFss Adnncpn. AXn\m ANeamb Hcp {]]s
{]Xn\n[oIcnp emw_vU () F Bkvt{SmWan constant
sFss Xs kahmIyn tNp (CXv hmkvXhn sX
msWv ]ns sXfnp). djybn AeIvkm {^oUvam CXv
shv bqWnthgvkns hyXykvX tamUepIfpmhmsav Ip. s_
Pnbn \nv sesabvdpw CXpt]mse sNbvXp.
lyq_n \nbaw apv {_lvamw sNdpXmbncpspw, ]noSv
hnIknp Fpw sXfnbnpp. As\sbn {]]n\v Hcp
140

{]Imiknp

BZn (P\\w) Dv. 1930 FUnvS ASw CXv hnizknm


Iqmnbn. tdma Imenv ]ptcmlnX _Pnb imkv{X
tPmPv sesabv CXns\ ]qa\tmsS A\pIqenp.
BZna AWp AYhm Hcp tImkvanIv Aw (kwkvIrXn
lncWy K`w) k ]nhpw km{oIcn Hcp tI{w, AXns
kvt^mSw F Xm{nI tamU (_nKv_mMv) Hcp `oa ^nj t_mw
_ns amXrIbn Atlns Nnbn ]p\P\np. s{^Uvt^m
bvens (1915-2001) bpw sla t_mn, tXmakv tKmUv Fnhcp
sSbpw steady state tamU 1940 Ifn {]Nmcn hp. 1950-60 I
fn CXv _nKv_mMv Xnbdnbvv FXnsc \ne\np. tdUntbm Bkv
t{SmWan {]]w amdnsmncnbmsWpw, KmeIvknIv hm
Iyw _m[nbmsWp sXfnbnpsImncpp. 1990 {]]n
s hnImkw (10 % uncertainty) Afp. (Hubble space telescope) 20 mw
\qmns Ahkm\w {]]ns {]mbw 13 _ney -16 _ney\n
SbvmsWv As\ Xocpam\ambXv. `qantbm, Ghpw ]gb
\{Xtm AXn\v {]mbapv (85 aney hjambn Hcp AIDS
sshdkv knpZzo]nse seaq IpcpIfneps Ip]nSp
w- 2008 teXv - tNpshv hmbnpI.
{]]ns {]mbw IWmnb Cu {]{Inb hfsc {][m\
amb Hcp Ip]nSpamWv. CXv P\d Xnbdn Hm^v dntenhnnbpw
^nkn \nbafpw qe{]] amXrIbnemWv sNbvXXv. \
{XfpsS {]mbw Izmw sam\nIvkpw ^nkn \nbafpw shv
Ghpw kqva {]]amXrIbnepw! _nKv_mMn Dmb BZyXmcw
AYhm Ghpw hrXmctm hramWv, ]gbXmWv {]]w.
AXpsImmWv CXv {][m\sav ]dbpXv.
Kmtam, Atlns injy B^, Fnh tNv tPm
tlm]vnkn shpsNbvX Hcp ]coW ^ew Physical journal
htm KmtambpsS ]gb kplrv s_sbpsS t]cpw IqSn
Kmtam tNXv, B^, _o, Kma Fv hcm\mWv. 1948 G{]n 1
\v AXp hcnIbpw sNbvXp. B {]_w _nKv_mMv tImkvtamfPnsb
Hcp Izmntohv imkv{Xamn Dbn. Cu {]_s B^,
_o, Kma t] Fp hnfnpp. _nKv_mMv Imes NqSp]nSn
tdUntbj Cpw {]]nepspw Hcp red shift Bbn BZy
s tcJIfpsS , x tcJIfpsS XcwKssZLys, sshZypX Im
141

{]Imiknp

nI kvs]Iv{Sns tdUntbm `mKtv ]cppspw B


^dpw slam\pw kanp. Cu background radiation Ctm 5 k
(-268C) BsWpw CXmWv backbody radiation Fpw ]dp. 1950
Ifn Kmtambpw Cu \nbaw AwKoIcnp. Ccw Zpe tdUntbm
\mZ Fm ZniIfn \npw e`npsImncpp. 1960 3 k NqSn
Ccw khym]nbmb \mZw kZniIfn \npw hcpXv \yq
sPknbnse s_ em_ddnbneph {inp (s]knbmkpw
hnkWpw). {]nkvS bqWnthgvknnbnse Jim Peebles Cu {]Xn`m
ks hniZamp {]_w 1965 {]knoIcnp. 1978 s]kn
bmkn\pw hnkWpw t\m_ ss{]kv Inn (B^dn\pw slam\pw
Innbpan).
COBE kmssev (1992 ) 2.725 k NqSn tImkvanIv ssat{Im
thhv tdUntbj Ip]nSnp. As\ 13 _ny hjw apv Hcp
Bigbang {]]apmsbv sXfnbnsp. ]ns _nKv_mMv
AKv\ntKmfn\Is Ah krjvSnm\p {iafmbn.
5th century AD bn {Koknse GXknse A\IvktKmdkv GtKm
kvs]mmanbvSpv Hcp meteorite hogpXp Ip. AXv CcppI
]gpnt]msebncpp. AXns DXv`hw kqcy\n \nmsWpw kq
cy CcppsImpmnbXmsWpw Atlw IcpXn. 20 mw \qm
n, hfsc Ipdv tdUnbns Uot aXn kqcys\ {]Iminn
m Fdntm kqcys _mn`mKw `mcap [mXpfmhm
sav Bkvt{SmWaam IcpXn. 1928 skknenb s]bv kvs]Ivt{Sm
kvtmn shv \{X ssl{UP sImpmnbXmWv
Fp Ip. 99 % loenbhpw ssl{UP\pamWv \{Xfn Fv
]noSdnp. \{Xfnse \yqnbm ^yqj\v Ccpphscbp
Fm [mXpfpw ssl{UP, loenbw Chbn \npmmw (]c
amWp kahmbm temlapmIpXv IWmZ hnhcnXv Xmc
XaysSppI). {]]n Ghptasd ImWp [mXp CHON
(Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen). Ccw [mXp \{X
krjvSnv kq t\mh kvt^mS\fneqsS space hym]nnpp.
Pohs krjvSnbn, Cu 4 [mXpfmWv {][m\w. {]]nse
AXnkm[mcW [mXpfmemWv a\pjys\ DmnbnpXv (\mw
{]IrXnbmWv). AXpsImpXsbmWv ssPhhpw AssPhhpw Hs
DmnbncnpXv.
142

{]Imiknp

imkv{XsaXv hfsc hyn]camb Hcp IamWv. AXv Io


nbvtm ]Wnt\m A, {]]n Fp \Spp Fdnbm
\p Pnmk sImv sNp HmWv. AXn\m imkv{Xm
sc AhcpsS Ip]nSpntev \bn kmlNcy imkv{X
Ncn{Xn {][m\amWv. HcmfpsS Hcp t^mtm IXpsImv Abm
sf Adnbm\mhn. AXpt]msebmWv imkv{XNcn{Xhpw. ]qambdn
bm imkv{X]cnNbhpw imkv{X]cnNbhpw tNm IqSpX
klmbIamIpw. imkv{Xw hyn]camb IamsWnepw, hfsc
\njvmahpw kXykhpamIbm hyn_v m\anm
XpamWv. imkv{Xcn ]Ibphcpw, hmcpw Hsbpmbn
pv. Hcp Imes imkv{Xw ASp Xeapd anv Fv ]dv
XnfbpIbpw AXn\Sp Xeapd imkv{Xsap sXfnbnbpw
sNbvXnpv. imkv{Xnse m\tkm]m\w HbSnbvv a\pjy
NmSnbdnbX. ASnshSnshv kmhImiw \SpIbdnbXmWv.
imkv{Xs a\pjycmWpmnbXv. a\pjysc imkv{Xw DmpI
b. AXn\m imkv{XNcn{Xw a\pjyNcn{XamWv. mens Imev
sshcpymI `uXnIhmZn\v FXncmWv saUens knm
sap ]dv ssektImhns hfsmSn sP\nnIvkv hp. CXv
tkmhnbv Irjnk{Zmbn hn\miIcamb amw hcpn. saU
ens sP\nnIvkv kXyamIbm Ah\hs CjvS{]Imcw hfsmSn
m\mhn. CXpXs Keoentbmhntbpw ]nbptSbpw Imcyhpw.
Cv \mw imkv{Xns alm AssZzXw Adnbpp. ]s,
CXv CmZyamb a\pjycminbpsS akvXnjvn t_m[ambpZn
Xv F Adnhv \s hn\oXcmpw. AtXkabw, B[p\nI sSIvt\m
fPn B Adnhns\ ]p\cpohnnv AXns\ \app sXfnbnpXcp
a\pjys ItijnbmIbm AXns\ Xndtb Bhiyan.
]gbXnt\bpw (`qXw) ]pXnbXnt\bpw (ham\w) Adnmte hcpw
XeapdIpthn Fsnepw sNmt\m Ahsc ]Tnnbvmt\m
D AlX \apv ssIhcnIbpp.
1543 apX Cphsc Dmb B[p\nI imkv{XNcn{XamWv Chn
sS Ggymbfn XXv. ]gbXnt\bpw ]pXnbXnt\bpw Adnpw
ka\zbnpap Fs almAssZzX bm{Xbn {]m\{Xbw, jUv
Zi\, `nimkv{X, {]mNo\ tPymXnimkv{X, BbptZ
k{Zmb FnhtbmsSmw, t_mWn, kpthmfPn, saUn
143

{]Imiknp

]T\w, apXemb ssPhimkv{XfpsS (modern science) _ncpZfpw


^nknIvk,v sIankv{Sn _tbmsIankv{Sn FnhbpsS ]cnNbhpw Dm
bXn\memWv Cu ka\zbw kmyambsXv A\pkvacnpp.
ew_\w, he\w apXebmhbptSbpw [qatIXp apXemb {]IrXn
{]Xn`mkfptSbpw {]mNo\X, AXv NpcpnbXv hcmlanlncs
Imew apX ]ctaizcmNmcys Imew hsc (1000 hjw) bqtdm]y
imkv{Xw hnIkzcamhpw apv Fs\ \ne\nncpp FpIqSn ]d
mse imkv{Xw A\pkyqXamb Hcp XpSbpw Hcmh\hpam
sWv t_myamhq. hcmlanlncs ]knmnI t\cs Cu
{]{Inbsb kqNnnpsImv Rm ]TnpIbpmbn (NBS AXns
2 FUnj Cdn). hcmlanlnc Xs ]qoI [qatIXphns\
Fs\ XcwXncnp, Xms\s\ \nconp Fv _rlZvhcmlo
kwlnXbn ]dbppv. Atlns metereological \ncoW
Ctmgpw [mcmfw KthjW kmyXI DhbmWv. AXn\m
_rlZvkwlnXbpsS BZys 51 AymbfpsS hymJym\hpw, ]c
taizcmNmcys {KlW \ncoWfpw Iqn Cu imkv{X Ncn{X
n DsSptXpv. 1543 B[p\nI imkv{Xw XpSp
Xn\papv Cybnse imkv{Xw Fmbncpp, Fs\bmbncpp
FdnbpXn\v CXv klmbIamIpw. AD 1360-1455 hscbmWv ]cta
izcmNmcy tIcfn PohnncpXv. 1543 B[p\nI imkv{Xmcw`
n\v 88 hjwapv! AXn\m Bkvt{SmWanbpw AXv ]Tnt,
\ncont, tcJsSpt coXnbpw Bcv Bsc ]Tnnp F
Xn bmsXmcp Xhpw hcm kmyXbn. hcmlanlncs\tmse
tPymXnimkv{Xn Aphscbp knm t{ImUoIcnv
FgpXnb BfpIfpw Amev bqtdmnepmbncpn. Xnt_mn\pw
apw hcmlanlncs\ a\nemm\mhmXv Xnt_mv sFsss\
t]mse Hcp imkv{X\mXpsImpam{XamWv. Hcp imkv{X
s `mj asmcp imkv{X\v thKw a\nemhpw. \sf t]m
ep km[mcWmv A{X s]sp a\nemhn. AsXmcp henb
Ipa. AX Ipa. AXns\ Adnbm\pw ]cnlcnm\pw hopw
hopw m\w t\Sn imkv{X tKm]pcn BtcmlWw sNm\pw
D Xmev]cyw, {i, Itijn CsXms GXv At\bpw
]nX\mpw. ]s AXn\v Xmev]cyhpw {ibpw IqSntb Xocq.
{imhm e`tX m\w Fv {ioIrjvW `KhZvKoXbn shdpw
144

{]Imiknp

hmv ]dX. Rms\ a\pjyPohn Cu alm{]]n \nm


cn \nmc\mb Hcp ]camWpXpeyamWv. ]s, B ]camWphn
s Dw IqSn tNXmWv Cu alm{]]ns Duw. Rm
s\ Hcp PeIWw Cu almhnm\ kmKcn \nmcamWv.
]s, AXpIqSn tNXmWv Cu hnm\kmKcw. AXn\m,
Fs Kpcphpw ]qoI\pamb {io \memp \mcmbW tat\m Fgp
Xnb t]mse, Cu A\amb temItKmfn IYbdnbmsX Bw
ImWp a\pjyPohnXn,
sIev]sXnepw F Ipw sNmbvIn
Asmtg \nivNew ImeN{Iw
F khn\bamb ItijntbmsS Hmtcm a\pjy\pw Ah\h
s ]v \njvmaw \nlnt Xocq. Cu {K\vYcN\ B Iknp
hntebv,v AXns Xs Hcp IWs Anbvp XotmZIw!

145

{]Imiknp

8. PKZoiv N{t_mkv (1858-1937)


Cu bm{Xbn, bqtdm]y Cy imkv{Xsf ka\zbnn
Htc Hcp Cy imkv{Xs\ ]cmainmsX, AtX ka\zbm
Iamb AssZzXw Iapn ImWp F\nv Cu Ncn{Xw Ahkm\n
nm\mhn. {_ns KthjW ]coWmIamb imkv{XbpKw
Bcw`n tdmb Cnyqv Hm^v kbkv {]hnm XpSnb
ImepXs t_mkv Cu AssZzXw aptmpshncpp. Fm,
Cv imkv{Xw AtX coXnbn aptmp \optmgpw t_mkns
t]cv B imkv{XNcn{Xn \mw In; ImWpn. Cy ann
knksapw, CXv imkv{Xaspw ]dv Atls Apw Cpw
B[p\nI imkv{Xw ^nknIvkn \nv Xgbpp; shdpw m v ^nkn
tbmfPnv Bnfbpp. tUhnbpw ^mctUbpw tXmakv sln
FIvke
v nbpw imkv{Xns alna tdmb skmssknbn DZvt_m[n
nptmgmWv, 5000 \mgnI Xmn Cybnse _wKmfn \nv (sIm
) Hcp P\phcn amkw shnbmgvN sshIptcw, 1897 e
\n tdmb Cnyqnse AwKsf A`nkwt_m[\ sNm
t_mkv sNndnbXv. Xm Xs Ip]nSn At\Iw D]IcW
fpsS klmbtmsS Atlw sshZypX XcwKfpsS ZriyKpW
(optical properties) AhnsS at\mlcambn AhXcnnp ImWnp. Cv
tdUntbm XcwK Fdnbp sshZypX ImnI XcwKfmbn
cpp {]`mjW hnjbw. cp hyXykvX imkv{X (`uXnI im
kv{Xw, ssPhimkv{Xw) Hcp Interdisciplinary coXnbn AhXcnnv
ssPh/AssPhfpsS hyXymkw qeXente Dp Fpw kq
va Xen Cspap AssZzXw ]coWneqsS ImWn
B[p\nI bpKnse BZys Cy imkv{X am{Xa, BZy
s temI imkv{X IqSnbmbncpp t_mkv. B[p\nI Cy
bn, B[p\nI imkv{XktXa\pkcnv, ]ucmWnI Cy im
kv{Xtbpw AXns AssZzXtbpw AhXcnn Atlns
146

{]Imiknp

{]Xn`sb Dsmm As bqtdm]y imkv{Xw hfnpm


bncpn. am{Xa, `cnphcpw IqSpX _pnbphcpamb sh
fphtcm, `cnsSphcpw _pniq\ycpamb Idphv
Dmhm kmyXbn F AUvan\nkvt{Sohv Xense hnZym
`ymk t_m[w Av \ne\nncpp. kp{_tXmZmkv Kp]vX (Oxf.
University, Press 1999- Jagdish Chandrabose, The Indian response to
Western Science) F {K\vYn tZiImefpw, s]mfnnIvkpw,

As kaql kwkvmchpw am{Xa, KthjWw sNm\p ku


Icyw hsc t_mkn\v FXncmbncpp FmWv CXns\n FgpXnbn
pXv. 20 kvIzb ASnbp sNdnsbmcp apdnbnembncpp Atln
s em_ddn (hnimeamb em_ddnbpw Infra structure Dw Innbmepw
Hpw {]hnm imkv{XcmWv Cv cmjv{Sns ifw
hmphcn ]IpXnt]!). Fnpw kzambn D]IcW Dm
n, \nccw ]coWw \Sn t_mkv. Atlns D]IcW
Cy \maw hlnphbmbncpp. DZm: {]Imiw Afm tXtPm
ao. Ip\w (Contraction) Afm Iptmao. tdUntbm XcwK
fpsS Ncn{Xn \nv Fnpw t_mkns \maw XpSp\os
Sm (lpntXv \yq sNbvXXpt]mse) hyn]chpw, acmSn
m\n XnIpw Aimkv{Xobhpamb Nne D]Pm] sIm
mWv.
1902 emWv t_mkv amwkt]inI, kky, temlmZnIfmb
AssPh hkvXp FnhbpsS {]XnIcW Hcpt]msebmI
bm ssPhw, AssPhw F cv DncnhpIfpsS AXnntcJ
CmXmhpp Fv sXfnbnm\mcw`nXv. Cu ssPhmssPh sshhn
ynSbnse km[yw AYhm Hcpa \apv ImWm\mhm
sshZypX ImnI XcwKfpsS {]h\amsWv ApXs
t_mkv ]dp. 1902 sFss knmw (]nhpw Du
hpw Ne\hpw kzoIcnpXv) hp IgnncpnstmWw. AZr
iyamb Cu XcwKinsb Cy imkv{Xfn D AtX\maw
(Abhyakthe- Ahyns _wKmfn DmcWw) sNmn t_mkv hn
fnp. Cs ssk_ s\nIvkv ]ndncpn. t_mkv Xs Ime
n\v apt kcnbmbncpp. B[p\nI tdUntbmhns {]o-ln
dnbpw, sshZypX Im knmfpw, Bkvt{Sm ^nknIvknse alm
ssZzXsa grand unification knmhpw t_mkv krjvSnpIbmbncp
p. Cv _tbm ^nknIvkv hnIknpIgnXn\m \apv t_mkn
147

{]Imiknp

s A`n{]mbn sshcpysampw ImWm\mhn. t\m_v ss]


\dpsS ssk_s\nIv XnbdnbpsS apKman Ft tXmp. ]s
1902 bqtdm]y imkv{Xv AXv hnizknm {]bmkambn
cpp. Ipw sNSnbpw arKhpw a\pjycpw Fs\ Htc DXv`h-m\p
\nphcpw? temlw apX a\pjys \mUohyqlw hsc Fmnep
ap, Htc coXnbnep sshZypXImnI XcwK Av Ahv
kzoIcnm km[nn. 1902 apX t_mkv FgpXnb Hmtcm {]_
hpw Cu almssZzXw sXfnbnm\mWv. Atls A\pIqenp
hscbpw {]XnIqenphscbpw Av t_mtkm^nenpIsfpw
t_mtkmt^m_npIsfpw hnfnncpp. t_mkns imkv{Xw im
kv{Xa, Bt\ohv imkv{XamWv, t_mkv Hcp lapsed scientist
(ss__nfnse hoW amemJ t]mse) BWv, A Hcp annIv BWv
Fsms ]eamXncn ]dv Atlns imkv{Xs Ah Xcw
Xmgvn. ]s, Hcp annIv [ym\w sImmWv kXyw IspXv.
t_mkns kXyw Isen [ym\w am{Xa DmbncpXv. XpS
bmb \ncoWfpsS ^eapmbncpp, AXn\mbn Xm Xs
]dpmnv Xm Xs cq]Iev]\ sNbvX At\Iw b{fpw
D]IcWfpw Dmbncpp (t_mkns Bhiya\pkcnv Hcp ]mc
cy IpSpw_nse Icphm\mWv Ch DmnbncpXv). AXns\
AhKWnmWv Cs\ Hmtcmv ]dpmnbXv.
krjvSn]cX (Creativity) Hcp {]Xn`mimenbpsS (genius) eW
amWv. IhnXbmbmepw, kwKoXambmepw, D]IcWambmepw, Nn{Xambm
epw inev]ambmepw, imkv{Xknmambmepw, KWnX Xzambmepw,
sSIvt\mfPnbmbmepw AXnse krjvSn]cX {]Xn`bmbn a\nem
Ww. Hmtcm aenepw krjvSn]cXbvv AXntXmb X\nabpv.
Cu X\na Hcp hynbpsS NnbpsS KpWamIbm, {]Xn` a\pjy
s hnNmc inbpsS {]Xn^e\amWv. t_mkns {]Xn`bn
Cy imkv{XfpsS kzm[o\hpw, B[p\nI imkv{Xns kzm
[o\hpw tNp krjvSn A]qamsbmcp {]Xn`mke\apmbn.
AXns\ Ingpw ]Snmdpw th{X Xncndnn. hncpsfp
tXmnphbn sshcpyw Cspw, Zzzpw Apds
{]]ns AssZzXn ssPhhpw AssPhhpw HmsWpw
BZyw ]mivNmXyimkv{Xns `mjbn, ]mivNmXytZipsNv
AhtcmSv kwhZn Cy imkv{X (Hcp]s Ahkm\t
bpw!) t_mkmbncpp.
148

{]Imiknp

\hw_ 30, 1858: \qXv hjwapv, e\n enb imkv{X


ns aonv \S hjw, 1857 se BZys Cy hnhn\p
sXmSp hjw- AXmWv t_mkns PZn\w. {_nojv Cybn
aPnkvt{Smbn tPmen sNbvXncpp A. 11 hbphsc {Kmanse
]mTimebnemWv t_mkv ]TnXv. aI BZyw kzw `mjbpw kwkv
mchpw ]TnWsambncpp As tamlw. IjIcpw km[mcW
mcpw IpnIsf Abp _wKmfn ]mTimebn AXn\m tN
p. As kl]mTnIfn \nmWv Xm {]IrXnkvt\lw ]Tn
sXv ]noSv t_mkv FgpXnbnpv. 1869 t_mkv sImbn
se s_Pnb sPkyqpIfpsS sk v tkhntbgvkn tNp. 1880
sIm bqWnthgvknnbn \nv _n.F. ]mkmbn. ]noSv
saUn hnZym`ymkn\mbn e\n t]mbn. sImbn
shv Innb Imem Akm Unk lmfnse Kfm A[nI
cnp. AXn\m sshZy]T\w \nn. sshZyimkv{Xns \jvSw
{]IrXnimkv{Xns em`ambn. 1884 tIw{_nUvPn \nv {]IrXn
imkv{Xn _n.F. t\Sn. 1883 e\n \nv imkv{Xn
asmcp _ncpZhpw. 1885 sImbnse {]knUkn tImtfPn
Atlw ^nknIvkn BZys Cy s{]m^kdmbn \nbanX
\mbn. CXv As _wKmfnse Director of Public Instruction Bbn
cp k B{^Uv t{Im^vSn\v Hpw CjvSambn. 40 hjw apv
samsf {]`p Cymv imkv{Xw ]Tnms\m {]tbmKnms\m
Adnbnsv ]dnpsmbn t{Im^vSv. {]knUkn tImtfPv {]n
knm an tSmWnbpw CtX A`n{]mbmc\mbncpp. ChcpsS
cpt]cptSbpw FXnpmbnpw, Cu A`n{]mbtmSv tbmPnnm
Xncp dn {]`p (ssht{kmbv) t\cnnSs]mWv t_mkn\v B m
\w sImSpXv. 1887 a{Zmkv saUn tImtfPnse hnZymn\nbm
bncp A_emZmkns\ hnhmlw sNbvXXn\m, Hcn Dt]n
saUn s{]m^j Atlns PohnXntev hopw ISp
hp. A_emZmkv tZi_p NncRvP Zmkns Ikn Bbn
cpp.
kwKoXns D]a:
{]Imihpw sshZypX ImnI XcwKfpw, Zriyhpw AZriyhp
amb {]Imiw FnhbpsS KpW, Ah HpXs F \nKa\w,
sshZypXn ImnI XcwKw {]Imicivan t]mses {]hnpp
149

{]Imiknp

FXn\v D]IcW shpsImp sXfnhv- CsXmw hfsc


ZoLamb \ncoWptijamWv t_mkv AhXcnnnpXv.
shnbmgvN P\phcn 29, 1897. tdmb Cnyqn k sPbnwkv
{InvS {_uWnbpsS AyXbn 550 imkv{XmcpsS ap
n CeIvt{SmamKv\nIv tdUntbj, t]mfssdtkj Fnhsb
Xs D]IcW shv hniZoIcntijw t_mkv Hcp kwKoX]c
amb D]a {]tbmKnp. Hcp henb sshZypX kwKotXm]IcWs
kev]npI. AXn\v hyXykvXamb BImi\mZ Dmmsap
kev]npI. Ghpw Xmgs X{n Hcp skn H I\w
am{Xw Dmpp. CXv 186000 ssa \ofap henb HcmImi XcwK
amWv. AXn\p apIfnes XcwKw IpdpIqSn hepXv... AZriyamsbm
cp lkvXw Cu X{nIsf {Ian, AXnthKw kv]inpp. {ipXn
XcwK IqSnqSn hcpw. BImiknp Cs\ At\I XcwK
Dmptm, t\mn\np a\pjy (observer) B XcwK Ne
\w ImWpn, AZriyamIbm. ]s, Hcp {]XyI XcwKssZLy
saptm Ah\v Hcp NqSv A\p`hsSpp. CXmWv Infrared radiation. CXn\ptijw Ah Nphphhpw av Zriyhfpw (7
\ndw- Visible light- C{Nm]w) ImWpp. {ipXn XcwKw hfsc Db
mbnbnseptm ]nsbpw \apXv AZriyamIpp; Ahy
amIpp. AhnsS hopw Ccp iymahw am{Xw. Ahyamb
B AZriy{]Imi XcwKsf (Infrared & Ultraviolet) bmWv Rm
]TnpXpw \nntm ImWnpXXpw. a\pjys C{nb
v visible light Xes am{Xsa Adnbm\mhq. AXn\pdpXv
AhyamWv. ]qamb {]]s C{nbw sImpam{Xw AXn
\m Adnbm\mhn. AXv kwKoX imkv{Xn Hcp kzcw am{Xw
]Tnp t]msebmWv; A]qamWv. 7 kzchpw tNcmsX kwKoX
imkv{Xan. AXpt]mse C{^msdUpw, A{Smsshepamb AXo
{nb {]ImisqSn AdnbmsX, shdpw C{nbthZyamb {]]
s Adnbmsap ]dbpXv A]q m\amWv. CXmbncpp
t_mkns ktiw.
CXns\{Xtbm hjw IgnmWv sFss Xs Xohnbp
sS D]abn 186000 F AtX kwJy Xs {]ImithKXbmbn D]
tbmKnXv. Xs {]kwKw t_mkv Cs\bmWv Ahkm\nnXv.
Rm hcp cmPyw HcpImev a\pjys hnm\s Ghp
tasd hnIknnXmWv. AXv ]mWv. Ctm ]mivNmXytemIw
150

{]Imiknp

AtXsSpncnbvbmWv. Hcp Imew hcpw. ]uckvXy CXv hopw


GsSpp Imew. Av Ingpw ]Snmdpw Cu almb A\p
{Kls Hnv aptmp sImpt]mIpw. s_en\nepw ]mcoknepw
]cyS\w \Sn Cu Bibw aptmpshv 1897 Cybn Xncns
nbtm t_mkns\ ImWm HcpIpe \oamXfqfpambn Hcm
Atlsns honsen. cho{\mY SmtKm.
amv 16, 1900 n t_mkv SmtKmdn\b Fgpn Xs Kth
jW ^eambn ssPhw, AssPhw F hyXymkw CmXmbn Fsgp
Xnbnpv. ssPhw, AssPhw Xn am{Xa, imkv{Xhpw IhnXbpw
(kmlnXyw) Xnepw HcssZzXw Atlw Ip. Htc hynbn
Fv imkv{Xobhpw ImhymIhpamb {Kmlyin {]XysSpp
thm At {]]nse Ghpw henb Ihnbpw imkv{X\pw
P\npIbpp Ftlw SmtKmdns\gpXn. As\ kw`hnm
Imetmfw Ihnbpw imkv{X\pw A]qamWv. Ihnbpw im
kv{X\pw {ianpXv, kwhZnm\mhm Hns\ kwhZnm
\mWv. aph ImWmXv Ihn ImWpXv lrZbw Impw k
ev]w sImpamWv- imkv{Xm aph ImWm {]Imiw
ImWpp, tIm \mZw tIpp, Ahbn \nv AZriy kt
iw kzoIcnpp. cpt]cpsSbpw Zi\w C{nbXoXamb
HmWv. B Xes Ihn OpsImpw Xmfw sImpw hrw
sImpw kwhZnpp. imkv{X C{nbmXoXambXns\ C{nb
Xense sshJcn bntep sImphv hniZoIcnm {ian
pp. Ahy Xen Ihnbpw imkv{X\pw klbm{XnI
cmWv (CXv AtXImev Pohn BUkv lIvkvenbpsS \nN\
n \nv ISIhncpamWv; XnIpw `mcXobamWv). EtKzZnepw
AssZzX thZmnepw X{{K\vYfnepw tbmKimkv{Xnepw
D Hcp Zi\amWnXv. Fm ]qnIcpsS Cu Zi\ X\nbvv
a\nembXv Xs \ncc KthjW ]coWfneqsS, B[p\nI
imkv{X ktXneqsSbmsWv t_mkv ]dnpv. kmwJym,
sshtijnI Zi\fn t_mkn\v ]cnNbapmbncppthm Fv
\apdnbn. Dmbncpncnmw F\pam\nmw. Atlw ]d
t]mse Ihn a\pw imkv{X a\pw tN Hv BC 3000 n Po
hn hymk\pmbncpp. AD 5 mw \qmn Pohn CuizcIrjvW
ImfnZmk\pmbncpp. 8 mw \qmn icmNmcypmbncpp.
]ns taev]q \mcmbW `Xncnbvpw Dmbncpp.
151

{]Imiknp

t_mkns Xmev]cyw imizXamb hkvXphnemWv. \izcambsX


mw B imizXamb Duns hyXykvX `mhfmIbm, im
izXs Adnm \izcs Adnbmw. {_lvas Adnm
{]]s Adnbmw. E Fp ]dm ]nhpw KXobXbpw Xs
bmsWp ]d sFss t_mkns ]nKmanbmWv, apKman
b, Cu An.
P\m, hf Npp]mSpIfmepw P\nXI fmbpw, kmlnXy
nepw, kwKoXnepw, tPymXnjnepw Xzimkv{Xnepw, cmjv{S
]p\ \nmW {]h\fnepsams Xmev]cyw P\nhfmWv
Rm. t_mWn, kpthmfPn, saUnkn, ]tYmfPn Fnhbnep
_ncpZ, _ncpZm\c ]T\ Cu Xmev]cytmSp tNXn\memWv
F\nv t_mkns\pdnp ]dbmsX imkv{XNcn{Xw Ahkm\nnm
\mhnsv tXmnbXv. Ingpw ]Snmdpap Idphcpw shfp
hcpamb a\pjy F hyXymkw, ssPhhpw AssPhhpw Hmb
{]]mssZzX kwhn[m\n Hcp hyXymkamtWm? Cu AssZzXw
Cpw a\pjy NnntXmWv. aXw, PmXn, hw, [\w, enwKw,
`mj, kwkvmcw, Incmjv{Sobw apXembhbpsS t]cn hnLSnp
\nphcpw, hnLSnnphcpamb Fm a\pjypambn Cu
{]Imiknp AhXcnnptm Hcp {]m\tb Dp. imhpw
kam[m\]qhpamb Hcp PohnXw C\n hcp Xeapdbvsnepw
sImSpm Ahsmw tXmtW Fv. AXn\v Cu AssZzX
ktiw D]IcntW Fv!!
kzw bZv ]cm`ym a]cnIe\tXm
\new tX\ XmhZv
`qssX `qtX{nssbkvtX h]pcnXn _lpix
{iqbtX hymkhmIyw;
XzOXymZyZOmZnX]ckpJ NnZvK` \n`mkcq]w
Xkvan [\ymcat {ipXnaXna[ptc
kp{Ktl hn{Ktl tX.
\njvt\z \nXy]qt \nch[n]cam\ ]obqj cqt]
\no\mt\Iapmhen kp`KXta
\ne{_lvaknu
152

{]Imiknp

ItmtemmkXpeyw Jep hnaeXcw


kXyamlpx kvXZmm
Ikvamtm \njvfkvXzw, kIf CXn\
hNkvXzXv Iemtkzh `qa!
(\mcmbWobw)
Aw: kn \nv hyXykvXambhtbmSv kw CmsX,
(A]cnIe\ambn) AXoh \neamb kmXznI {]Imin \nv,
AXn\ms \nnXamb `qtX{nb (light energy bn \nv
velements) BWv AhnSps ({_lvaamb hnjvWphns) icocsav
hymk ]ehw ]dnpv Fv tIpp. kzOXzm, bm
sXmcmhcWhpw IqSmsX, kpJambpw, NnZvK`n hnfp cq]am
bpw (ssNX\yw AYhm {]Imins \ncmhcW, \ncXnib cq]w),
{ipXnpw aXnbvpw (tIm\pw a\\w sNm\pw) a[pcambpw kp
{Klambpw D B at\mlc hn{Kln (hntitjW {Klnnp
aqn) [\ymm \nccw canpp. AXv \njvamWv (I
\w, Ne\w D {]]w Bcw`npXn\pw apt D I\clnX
hkvXp). \nXy]qhpw \nch[n ]cam\ ]obqj cq]hpamWv.
AXn \neo\amb At\Iw appaWnIfpsS Iqamb {_lvam
fm kp`KXa amWv (sFss IpgnIfmbnXns\ taev]
q {_lva kap{Zn ebn appaWnI DmnbXmbn Im
Wpp). B \ne {_lvaknphn ItmefpsS Dmkn\p
XpeyamWv hnaeXcamb kXz (k hkvXpfpw) Fv alp
Adnbpp. Cs\ \njvf{_lvaambpw kIf {]]ambpw
(ANeamb AKm[ kap{Zambpw, AXnse Neamb XncbSnbmbpw)
A\p`hsSpXv \ns Ie Xs Fv ]dbsSpp.
{_lvaw = {]]w x (KXobX)2
E = mc 2
CXv IhnXbnse imkv{Xw! imkv{Xnse IhnX!

153

`mKw cv

anlntcm]tZiw
({ioaZv hcmlanlncmNmcy{]WoXm
hmcmlo (_rlXv) kwlnXm)

anlntcm]tZiw
({ioaZv hcmlanlncmNmcy{]WoXm
hmcmlo (_rlXv) kwlnXm)

kXw anlnc\m tim`bpw


kzamw a[p sImXn hn\pw
Namcpfn \nptamate
l! [\yanl \ns PohnXw
(Ipamc\mims \fn\n)

BapJw
Fmw hbn Rm BZyambn {]knoIcn {K\vYns
t]cv Xmacq Fmbncpp. anlnc s\ kqcytZh\v B
tim` \Ip Xmacqhv! Hcphnfn t]mse ]knmnI Fs
Dn {]Imintm AsXmcp bmZrivNnI kw`hsat IcpXnbp
q. Fnepw hcmlaqnbmb kqcy\mcmbWs lkvX
Fn adncp hmKvtZhnsb ImcWPe[nbn \nv Dbn
sbSpp A]q {]Xn`mkw Rm A\p`hndnp. Hcp kqcy
civanbpsS Hsmnt Hcp cXv\w t]mse {]]w DbcpXv
Fs lrZbkmKcn \npXsbmbncpp.
]ns, Btcm ]dXp tIp, \memS, Xs hcmlanlnc
s am\k]p{Xs\v kzbw hntijnnnpsv. As\ am\k
]p{Xs am\k]p{Xnbmbn Rm! ]knmnI \memSs {K\vY
tiJcn \nv F\nv e`n \n[nbmWv. Atlw hmbn tlmc,
iqe]mWnhmcnbcpsS Inepv. Atm hcmlanlncs aqma
s IrXntbm? am\k]p{Xs\v kzbw hntijnnncpsn B
IrXnbpw \memSs In DmbncpncnWatm. ]cobvv
hn`mKw ]qcnnm {ianp Ipnsbtmse Rm B {K\vYs
Imncpp.
Hcn _memaWnbsb ImWm FdWmIpfp sN
tm AhcpsS ]p{Xn tUmIvS kptemN\ ]dp: ktmZb
Hgnbvptm Ipsd ]pkvXI Inn. hfsc ]gb Hcp kwkvIrX
{K\vYapXn. AmhsbmsWp tXmpp. kphbvv th
tWm?
Fsmv \o \m]ncp hjw (Ama acn 1954
apX 1996 hsc) X]psNbvX B ]pkvXIw HSphn Fs Is
n. apcmZm_mZpImc\mb ]nXkpJm\ an{ibpsS ]p{X ]n
Xhc _etZh{]kmZv Pn an{ibpsS lnn `mjbnep Xatbm

{]Imiknp

SpIqSn, t_mws_bn {ioshntSizc ow {]n ASnv tkmacmP


{ioIrjvW Zmk {]km[\w sNbvX ]Xnv; kwhXv 1997; iIw 1862
CdnbXv!
Ctm {InkvXphjw 1997; iIw 1919; kwhXv 2054- Rm Cu
{K\vYs aebmfoIcnpIbmWv.
Ahn \nhmknbmbncp BZnXyZmks ]p{X\mbncp hcml
anlnc kz]nXmhn \npw kimkv{Xfpw A`ykntijw
I]n \Kcn sNv kqcy`Khms\ X]psNbvXp. tPymXnjv
aXn Dn {]Imin Atlw tPymXnjns aqp kvsf
aqp {K\vYfmn hncNnp. GXp hnm\ imJbvpw AXnt
Xmb Hcp X{w ({]mtbmKnI ]cnNbw, KWnX]chpw XmnIhp
amb ASnd) thWw. {]Imins imkv{Xamb tPymXnjns
X{amWv ]knmnIm X{w. AXv ipamb KWnX Xm
nI _pnbmWv. (Logical mathematical intelligence) {]IrXn {]Xn`m
k kaqln\v Fsmw hn[n tZmjw hcppw, Fsmw
hn[n KpWw hcppw Fv BcmdnbemWv tPymXnjns
cmas {]h\aew. C{]Imcw, kaqlpw cmjv{S
pap s]mXp^e{]hN\amWv _rlZvhmcmlokwlnX. CXn
{]]nse kakvX {]Xn`mktfbpw ]cmainpp. Interpersonal intelligance Fv hnfnp kajvSn _pntbmSpIqSn hm\
\ncoWhpw, {]IrXn\ncoWhpw \Sphv CXn Htsd
{Klnm\pv. aqmatXmWv Atlmcm{Xcq]amb Imew hyn
PohnXn hcpp ZiIfpw Zim^efpw Ds tlmc. CXv
km[mcWmnSbn {]Nmcap Hcp imJbmWv. \qtdm \qn Ccp
]tXm hjw \op\np {lkzamb a\pjymbpns\pdnpw
AXnse A\p`hsf Ipdnpw am{Xw thhemXnsSp `qcn]m
tcmSp ImcpWyw sImp am{XamWv BNmcym Cu kvIs
cNnXv. X{sa ipimkv{Xtbpw, kwlnX F kaqln
s `mhntbbpw At]nv tlmcbpsS {]m[m\yw sNdpXmsW
nepw, Hmtcm hynbvpw Ah\hs PohnXw {][m\ambncnbm
AXn\v Xobmbpw {]m[m\yw I]nmsX h. Intrapersonal intelligance D Hcmp am{Xta kzbw inhin kmackyw t\Sm\pw,
\ Interpersonal _pnbpw, inter personal _fpw m]nv kaql
\ Ddphcpm\pw Ignbq. KoXbpw D]\njpIfpw apw AXn\p
158

{]Imiknp

XmWv. i_vZimkv{Xns Hcp `mKamb tPymXnjhpw asmcp hn[


n AXn\pXsbmWv {ianpXv. Ab\ns hmcnIKXn
A\pkcnv lnmns Imep\nv (AD 147) 431 hjw ap
mWv (BC 284) hcmlanlncs Imesav lnn`mjyImc IWm
pp. AXn\v 1676 hjw apv _n.kn. 1960 BWv ]cmics
Imesapw. _etZh {]kmZPn Cs\ ]dbpp.
Btjns tijmn InSIn ZnWmb\
hpw [\njvTmZnbn aIcn Dcmb\hpw Bcw`npp. {]mNo\
Ab\w GsXv Adnbn Fp hcnInepw, Ab\w amdpXns hn[n
Adnbmsan Imew KWnmw. kqcy DZnptmgpw AkvXanp
tmgpw Zqcs Nnlv\ (\{Xw, N{, {Kl Fnh)
GsXmsbmWv Hw ImWpsXv \ncondnbWw. tI{ns
IoeIns (tI{PzmebpsS) _rlXvaens OmbbpsS
\nbX Nnlv\fm {]thi\hpw \na\hpw \ncondnbWw.
kqcy InSIn {]thinp. [\njvTmZnbnsen Fsm
s \nconpXv {][m\ambpw kqcys AkvXa\ thfbnepw
DZbthfbnepw IqsS ImWsSp \{Xkaqlsf t\mnbnm
Wv. kqcytI{amb asmcp kqcytXPmbn Dus k]n
pI. B Duns _rlXvaeamWv {]]w. _rlv [mXp
hn \nmWv {_lva ]tZmXv`hw. {_lvasa Nnns _rlXv
aens OmbI (\ngepI) am{XamWv \{Xkaql
F \nbX Nnlv\. B \nbX Nnlv\sf \nconnmWv, (sh
dpsX Znhkw Fnbn) [\njvTmZnbn {]thinp Fpw, Hcp cm
inbn \nv asmntev \nanp Fpw apw \mw ]dtbXv.
Asn asmcp hgnbpv. kqcyN{mZnIfn ]Xnp CXc
hkvXpfpsS (N{, `qan) Omb t\mnbnv kqcym\w ]dbmw,
{Imn t`Z\ _np m\tbpw ]dbmw. ]knmnIbn CXv
BNmcy hyamnbnpv. hcmlanlncs SoImImc\mb `tm
]e ]qmNmcy\mb ]cmics ]cmicokwlnXbnse EXzhm
hnjbamb hN\sf SoIbn Dcnppv.
[\njvTmZyw ]ujvWmmw Ncx inincx
hkx ]ujvWmmXv tcmlnWymw
kuaymZmtjmmw {Kojvax
{]mhrVmtjmmXv lkvXmw
159

{]Imiknp

Nn{XmymXv tPyjvTmmw icXv.


tlatm tPyjvTmmXv {ihWmw.
[\njvTns BZnapX tchXnbpsS ]qmw hsc inincw;
tchXnbpsS tijmw apX tcmlnWnbpsS tijw hsc hkw;
arKincns BZnapX Btjns ]qmwhsc {Kojvaw;
Btjns tijmw apX lkvXns tijw hsc hj
Imew. Nn{XmZn apX tPyjvTbpsS ]qmw hsc icXvmew. tPy
jvTbpsS tijmw apX {imhWns tij]cyw tla
Imew.
cminN{Is 27 \{X`mKambn hn`Pnpp. Hmtcm `mKn\v
Hmtcm \{Xkaqls 13 Awiw 20 Ietbmfw hym]vXnm\w
\nbnv shncnpXv \ncc\ncoW ^eambnmWv. hk
Imen cminN{Ins GXpm\mtWm kqcy \npXv,
B kacm{XZn\amWv hnjphw. tajcminbpsS BZnbn tchXn tbmK
Xmcw (piseium) BWv Cu kacm{X_np. kqcyknm {]Imcw
tchXn cminN{Ins 359 50' IebnemWv nXn sNpXv. {_lva
Kp]vX tchXn 360 Un{Knbn tajmZnbn nXnsNpXmbn tcJ
sSppp. AXmXp ImeLfnse tPymXnjnI \{XfpsS
{[phI AmwimZnI bYmm\v {]Iminnmdpv. Xmsg
sImSpp kqNnIbn ]cmics \ncq]W{]Imcap cminN{I
nse kakvX EXpm\ ImWpI.
Bcw`w
283. 20'.
353. 20'.
53. 20'.
113. 20'.
173. 20'.
233. 20'.

tijw
353. 20'.
53. 20'.
113. 20'.
173. 20'.
233. 20'.
293. 20'.

EXp
inincw
hkw
{Kojvaw
hjw
icXv
tlaw

Ab\w
Dcmb\w

ZnWmb\w

hcmlanlncs Imev IrXyw 270 apX ininc EXp Bcw`n


ncpp. AXmbXv aIcw Hmw Un{Kn apX (aIcw 1) Dcmb\w
Bcw`nncnpp. 13. 20' hyXymkamWv ]cmictbpw hcmlanlnc
tbpw Imep Xn DXv. asmcp hn[n ]dm
Ab\amw Cu cp tPymXnjnIfpsS PohnXImenSbn 13.
160

{]Imiknp

20' kcnncnp. kacm{XnZnh_np, {Imn]mX_np Fsms


]dbpXns {`aWw AYhm Ab\amw CXpXsbmWv. ]mivNm
Xy {Imn]mXns hmcnIKXn 5011 hnIe Fv \nivNbnpp.
CX\pkcnv 1676 hjamWv ]cmic\pw hcmlanlnc\pw CSbnep
Imew.
Dbn\nbn cp hcmlanlncmNmcym Pohnncpp. Ah
cn cmas ImeamWv AD 427. BZys anlncs ImeamWv Chn
sS KWnpXv. hwKtZi]mwKn 1915 iIhjmcw`n Ab
\w 20--54-36 hnIebmWv. AYhm, hcmlanlncs kabv ]d
AwinsbmWv Bcw`npXv. ham\Imes cminI
fpsS \nbn \nv cminbptSbpw amkntbpw kw_w
e`npw. Ab\mwiIn\v, cminIfn tbmKw sNbvXpt\mnbm
ham\Ime kqcys\ kv]jvSambn knnpw.
hwKtZi]mwKnse EXp:{]mbw

Bcw`w

EXp

ahyw

10 ]ujw
10 amLw
10 ^mKp\w
10 ssN{Xw
10 sshimJw
10 tPyjvTw
10 BjmVw
10 {imhWw
10 `m{Z]Zw
10 Bizn\w
10 ImnIw
10 aminc

aIcw
Ipw`w
ao\w
tajw
Ej`w
anYp\w
InSIw
knwlw
I\y
Xpemw
hrivNnIw
[\p

inincw

Dcmb\w

hkw

{Imn]mXw

{Kojvaw
hjw

ZnWmb\w

icXv

{Imn]mXw

tlaw

hmcnIKXn 54 hnIe FsSpnmWv, 1394 hjn hcml


kqcyknmp Xn 421 iIhjfpsS hyXymkw _wKm
fnse ]mwK KWI IsnbXv. `mcXtZins henw Imc
Ww (cv Ap \ncoIv A\p`hsSp EXpt`Znt
161

{]Imiknp

bpw kqtcymZbmkvXabmZnIfpsS kabhyXymkntbpw ^eam


bnv) cv Ab\mwi ChnsS \Snepv. (1) 22-53' (2) 22-37'.
_wKmfnse ]mwK KWIcn shv Ghpw ipambsXv
lnn`mjymc IcpXpXv _m]qtZhimkv{XnbptSXmWv. CX\pk
cnv _etZh{]kmZvPnbpsS Imev Ab\mwiw 22.7'.24'. {Imn]mX
ns hmcnIKXn 501 hnIe Fv nckwJybmsbSpv KWnXw
sNp]w, 1592 hjw apmhWw hcmlanlncImew. (iIhjw
270 , kwhXv 405 .)
an{itZis hnJymX tPymXnjnbmb lnmkv Cs\ tcJ
sSppp. Fs Imev Nn{Xm\{Xw {Imn]mX _nphn
\nv ]ivNna`mKv 6 Awiw amdn\nncpp. lt 1750 Nn{X
{Imn]mX_nphns 20 Awiw 24 Ie]q`mKmsWp tcJs
Sppp. hyXymkw 26 24'- AYhm 1897 hjw. AXmbXv lnm
kns Imew F.Un. 147 BWv.
AD 147 Nn{X cminN{In 174 bnemWv. kqcyknm Ime
pw hcmlanlncs Imepw AXv 6 Un{Kn ]q`mKmWv. AY
hm, {Imn]mXhpw Nn{Xbpw 180 Un{Knbn Hnv CWnbncpp.
Ab\ns hmcnI KXn A\pkcnv lnmkn\v 431 hjw
apmhWw hcmlanlnctbpw kqcyknmntbpw Imew Fv
CXpsImv knnpp.
kqcyknmnsebpw hcmlanlncs Imetbpw \{Xm
hm\ HpXsbmWv. kqtcym]mkI\mb hcmlanlnc Xm
Xs \nn tPymXnimkv{X {K\vYn\v kqcyknmsav
t]cnXmImsav lnn `mjymc kwibnpp. hcmlanlncs
]nXmhv BZnXyZmk\mIbm AtlamtWm kqcyknmImc
Fsmcp kwibhpw Dbnnpv. hcmlanlnc Xs Imev
\nehnencp Ap knmfn Hmbn kqcyknms FSp
p ]dbpXn\m Cu kwib ASnm\clnXfmWv.
hcmlanlncs Imen\papv At\Iw EjnamcpsS kqcyknm
\nehn Dmbncpp (_rlZmcWytIm]\njnse hwi]c
cbn ]cmics\ ImWpI). _rlXvPmXIn Xs ]qkqcn
Ifmb ]Xns\mpt]sc hcmlanlnc A\pkvacnppv. Ah
{Ian (ab apX ]rYp biphsc) C{]ImcamWv (ab Ctm
Atkmckv Zzo]pI Fv hnfnsSp `q`mKv Pohnncp BfmWv).
162

{]Imiknp

1. ab
4. in
7. hnjvWpKp]vX
10. Pohi

2. bh\
5. kXy
8. tZhkzman
11. ]rYpbiv

3. aWn
6. _en
9. kntk\

`mcXtZinse EjnamcptSXmb kayIv imkv{XamWv tPymXn


jw. AXv tOmcmb bh\amp e`ntm Aht]mepw ]qPnX
cmbn, BZcWobcmbnop; Atm ]ns ssZhhnpIfmb Zzn
PmcpsS Imcyw ]dbm\ptm? FmWv Cu ]Xns\mp ]qkqcn
Isf ]cmainptm hcmlanlnc ]dbpX.v
]mcknIcmPyv {InkvXphjw 534-580 Pohnncp Hcp _q
Pp KptNtatlc F cmPmhns t]cnt\mSv anlnc]Zw tNp
ImWpp. Cu cmPmhv hnjvWpis ]X{w ]mknbntep
Xa sNbvXnpv. ]X{n hcmlanlncs t]cv ]dbpp
v. AXn\m ]X{n\p apmWv hcmlanlncs Imew.
kqcyknmntebpw {_lvaKp]vXs knmntebpw
\{Xmhm\ ]nIbn ImWpI.
\{Xw
(\{X
kwJy)

Iev]nX
cq]w

kq.kn {_.Kp. A
{[phI {[phIw mw
]q
iw
]naw

\{Xmcw`
n \nv
tbmKXmc
bpsS Zqcw

Aiz\n (3)
`cWn (3)
ImnI (6)
tcmlnWn (5)
aIocw (3)
B{Z (7)
]p\kp(4)

XpcwKapJw
tbm\n
pc
iISw
lcnWapJw
cXv\w
KplmKrlw
(hnv)
_mWw
N{Iw
KplmKrlw

80

10 N

48 N

20

20

12 N

40 S

37-30

37-28

40-30 N

65 S

49-30

49-28

40-30 S

57 Equat

63

63

10 S

58 N

]pjyw (7)
Btjw(5)
amLw (4)

67-20

67

11 S

4 Equator

93

93

6N

78 S

106

106

76

109

108

7S

94 Equator

129

129

0N

54 S

163

ayw

{]Imiknp

]q
^mKp\n(2)
Dc (2)
lkvXw (5)
Nn{X (1)
kzmXn (1)
hnimJw (4)
A\pcm[w (4)
tPyjvTw (3)
aqew (11)
]qm
jmVw (4)
Dcm
jmVw (2)

144

147

12 N

46 N

i
lkvXw
apv, Zo]w
{]hmfw
tXmcWw
_en
Ipew
t{Im[nX
i

155

155

13 N

50 N

170

170

11 B

60

180

183

205

40

188

188

37 N

74

213

212.5

130 N

78 N

224

224-5

1-44 S

64 Equator

229

229-5

4S

14 Equator

241

241

8-30 S

6 East

254

254

50-30 S

43

lkvXn
hnemkw

260

260

5S

265

60 N

A`nPnXv(3)

{XntImWw 266-40

{ihWw (3)

{Xnhn{Iaw

270

278

30 N

[\njvSw (4)

arZwKw

290

290

36 N

iX`njw(100) hrw

320

320
0-18 S
0-20 S

0.30 S

(]qmjmV
ns ay
\{Xw)
(]qmjmV
tij Dze
\{Xw)
(DcmjmV
ns tij
ayaw)
({imhWn
s tij]mZ
]ivNnaw)
80 Dzew

]q`{Z
]mZw (2)
Dc`{Z
]mZw(2)
tchXn(32)

bafw

336

326

240 N

36 N

337

337

26 N

22 N

apcPw

359.50

360

30

79 S

164

{]Imiknp

Nne {][m\ \{XfpsS {[phImmwi


\{Xw

kqcy
knmw

{_lva knm {Kl


Kp]vX km
emLhw
`ua

AKkvXy (Canopus)

{[phIw 90 87
Amwiw 770-SE

85-5

80

76 S

80-87-S

ep_v[I (Sirius)

8040-S

86
40-S

84-76
40 S

80

AKv\n, th[v (Tauri)

52
8N

52
8-14

57-48N

43

58-36
31 N

56

30 N

52
30-49

57
37 N

57
37-30

56-53
31 N

56

180
3

180
9

180
3

183
39 N
3N

{_lvalrZbw (Capella) 52
{]Pm]Xn (sUm
HmdnKn (Delta Aurigi)
B]kztk B]x
(Delta virginis)

kmIev] kwlnXmaX{]Imcw k]vXjnIfpsS Amwi:{IXp


]pel
A{Xn
AwKnck
hknjvT
acoNn
]pekvXy

55
50
56
57
60
60
50

N
N
N
N
N
N
N

{_lvaKp]vXs Imev Nn{X 183 bnemWv nXn sNpXv.


kqcyknm Imen \nv 3 hyXymkw.
hcmlanlnc\n \nv 215 hjw IgnmWv (iIw 421) {_lva
Kp]vX PohnXv. CXv cmw hcmlanlncs ImehpamWv.
Bcy`\p apv Ab\mwiIhnjbambn bmsXmpw `mcXobv
165

{]Imiknp

Adnncpn Fsmcp ]apv. ]p\hnNn\w sNt Hcp


]amWnXv. F{]Imcw hjns ]cnamW hnjbn \psS
tPymXnjnI GIaXmcmXncnppthm, AXpt]mse Ab\mwi
Ihnjbnepw Ah Htct]mseb hnNmcnpXv. ]cmicmZnIfmb
apJy tPymXnimkv{Xmsmw Ab\mwiIhnjbw Adnbmw.
hknjvT knm`mjyn hnjvWpN{ {Imn]mXns ]cn[n
bpsS ]cn{`aWspdnv hyambn ]dnpv.
Bcy`SaXw:- Hcp Iev]n 4320000000 hjn 1582237500000
\{X DZnpp; AYhm 1582237500000 Zn\ Dv. {_lva
knmn ]cnhm JNXpjvSb icm_v[nckKpWbaZzn
hkpXnYbx Fpv. 158223645000-0 \t{XmZbw Dsv kmcw.
{_lvakv^pSknmImc\mb {_lvaKp]vX ]dbpp:{_lvtamw {KlKWnXw alXmImte\ bXvkzeo`qXw
A`n[obtXkv^pSw XXvPnjvWpkpX{_lvaKp]vtX\.
tb m\]SemcpZpZrtim \y{lmlymZzZn knmmXv
tXjmw bpKmZnt`Zmt[ytZmjmkvXm {]hyman.
NXzmcn iq\ym\n ]thZ ckmKv\nba]mjvSitchx It]\ {]Xn \t{XmZbmXv-
CX\pkcnv 1,582,236,450,000 F {_lvaknmnse \
t{XmZbkwJysb {_lvakv^pSknmw AwKoIcnpp. `mkvcm
Nmcy\pw Cu hj]cnamW, \{Xmhm\mZnIsf knm intcm
aWnbn AwKoIcnpp. kqcyknmns `mjyImcmcmbv
Ad_napJymcpw, Nne tPymXnjnIfpw Ab\ns N]emhsb
I]\ sNbvXnpv. AXns\ JnpsImv `mkvIcmNmcy hm
k\m`mjyn C{]Imcw FgpXpp.
btZyha\p]e_vt[m]nkucknmssx XzmKa
{]amtWy\ `KW]cn[nhXv IYwssXt\mIvXIx
`mkvIc tNmZnbvbmWv:- kqcyknm ImemWv Ab
\mwiw kzoIcnssXv Xm ]dbpp. As\sbn, \
{XN{Ins ]cn[n {`aWw sNpp Fv BKa{]amWw Dmbncp
npIqSn, Bmcyw Ft kqcyknmw ]dbmXv? Cu tNmZyw
Xs Imev Pohnncp tPymXnjnItfmSmWv tNmZnpXv; kqcy
knmtmS. ImcWw \{XN{Ins ]cn[n ]cn{`aWs
kqcyknmw ]dbppv.
166

{]Imiknp
{XnwiXv IrtXzm bptK `m\mw N{Iw{]mIv ]cnew`tX
XZvKpWmZv`Znss\`nIvXm[ypKWm[yZhm]ytX
Xtm kv{XoLv\m Zim]vXmwimhntbm Ab\m`n[m.
Hcp almbpKn 600 (30 x 20) \{XN{I. A`nejnX
Zn\w (AlWw) D hjs 600 sImv KpWnv, bpKns
`qZn\w sImtm, hcw sImtm lcnv InnbXns\ `pPamn, 3
sImv KpWnv, 10 sImv lcnpI. Atm InpXv Ab\mwi
amWv.
Cu tmIns Ahpw teJhpw PUneamWv. kpKaamb
Hns\ {]Iminnm C{Xbpw {]bmkw Fns\Sppp? A
KWnXimkv{Xn Cu coXn A`nejWoba. Ab\mwi\ncq]W
n\mbn tPymXnjnI D]tbmKnp asmcp tmIapv:bptKjSviXIrtXzm ln`{Iw {]mIvhnew`tX
XZvKptWm `qZnss\ `IvtXm [ypKtWmf b\tJNcx
CXns\ CwojpIm Cs\ [cnp:- Multiply Ahargan (no. of
mean solar days for which calculation is made) by 600 and divide the
product by seven days in a yug; of Quotient taken sine and multiply by 3
and divide by 10 to get ayanamsha.
1st Sloka

1997 hjw

1997 x 600 = 1198200

`qZn\w=1997 x 366 = 730902


100
600
39
1198200
=
=
=1
61
366
61
730902
2nd Sloka
X x 600
= Quotient
7
Qx3
Sine of
10
If x = 366
366 x 600
219600
=
= 31371
7
7
167

3
7

{]Imiknp
sine of 31371 = 0.8100508021
0.8100508021 x 3 = 0.2430152406
10
sine 1 = 0.8414709848
0.8414709848 x 3
10
= 0.2524412954
0.2430152406 \pw, 0.2524412954 \pw CSbn FhnsStbm Hcp
_nphmWv Ab\mwiw.
0.2524412954 0.2430152406
0.0094260548

Cu cv methods Xnep hyXymkw 0.0094260548 am{XamWv.


]cmicaX{]Imcw Hcp Iev]n \{XN{Iw 581709 {]mhiyw
Nenbvpp; Bcy`aX{]Imcw 578159 {]mhiyhpw. Chbvv {]Xn
hc Ab\w {Ian 52-3, 52-1 Fns\bmWv. kqcyknm
n\v AXv 54 hnIebmWv. ]cmicokwlnX{]Imcw Ab\N{Iw taj
cminbpsS 27 Awiw ]qhpw ]ivNnahpw, Cu cp _npfpsS
ayahpambn DumemSnsmncnbmWv. ]cmics\ ]nXpSv
ZiKoXnIbn 27 Fp]dbp Bcy`S BcymjvSiXnIbn
24 Fp]dbpp. kqcyknmhpw hcmlanlnc\pw 27 Un{Kn Fm
Wv FSppXv. appmbncp 27 bn \nv (maximum Zqcw)
Ctm 3 Ipdv 24 bnemWv Ab\samWv Bcy`S Dtinp
sXn, Bcy`S\v 215 hjw apmWv hcmlanlnc Imew (iI
hjmcw`n\v 9 hjw apv). _m_p A]q N{ Bcy`S
bp[njvTncv 1700 sImw IgnmWv P\nsXv IcpXpp. tIm
{_qns A`n{]mbn, {Kokn _oPKWnXw BhnjvIcn
Untbm ^mkv F imkv{Xs kaImeo\\mWv Bcy`S
(AD 319). ]q\m \nhmknbmb {ioam _meKwKm[c XneI Hmdn
tbm F {Kn thZ{]amWyw t\mnbnv Ab\ns
Ne\mh KWnX aX{]Imcw AipamsWv sXfnbnnp
hynbmWv.
168

{]Imiknp

tPymXnjnse {]mNo\amb Km kwlnXsb hcmlanlnc


]e{]mhiyw _rlXv kwlnXbn ]cmainppv. K kwlnX
bvv Cwojp ]cn`mj cNn Imv F Aym]I _n.kn 44
emWv AXns Imesav IcpXpp. K aljn ]dbpp:XX kmtIXam{Iay ]mem aYpcmwkvXYm
bh\m ZpjvShn{Imm{]m]vkyn IpkpazPw
XXx ]pjv]]ptc{]m]vtX Ita {]YntXlntX
BIpem hnjbmx kt`hnjyn\ kwibx
ZpjvS hn{Imcmb bh\KWw kmtIXhpw ]mmehpw aYpc
bpw B{Ianv IpkpazP\mb ]mSeo]p{XcmPmhns Bm\s
nbXv, ta\v 144 hjw apmWv FmWv Imv kmbvhv Icp
XpXv (K \maw ]e Ejnamcpw hlnncpp Fv {inpI).
Km, ]mcmico kwlnXI Ab\ \nbnepw Ab\ns
ip`mip` h\nepw Htc A`n{]mbw ]pephbmWv (Kmy,
]mcmicym ipbPptZ, IrjvW bPptZ imJIfnse Kpcp
]ccIfn s]Spp. IrjvW sshcmPw, kp[mknp apXemb
Fs D]\njZv hymJym\ ImWpI).
]cmicobn,
bYm{]m]vtXmsshjvWmhm apZMvamt {]]ZytX
ZntWf tjw hmalm`bmb
Fp ImWptm Km kwlnXbn
bZm\nhtX {]m]vXx {imhnjvTm apcmbt\
Btjmw ZntWmf {]m]vXkvXmhZznZym almZv`bw
Fp ImWmw. [\njvTw apXv Dcmb\hpw, Bbneyw apX
v ZnWmb\hpw BWv Fv CXn \nv Adnbmw. ]cmicobw
]gtadnbXmsWv AXns OpXs sXfnbnppv.
{Imn ]mXns ]cn[nbpsS ]cn{`aWw hknjvT knmn
epw AXns hnjvWpN{ `mjynepw ImWmw. {Imn]mXw Hcp
Iev]n 189411 {]mhiyw ]cn{`aWw sNpXmbn hknjvT
knm `mjyw IcpXpp. AXn\m {]Xnhjw 60.03 hnIebmWv
Ab\w. lnmpw tSmfanbpw CtX A`n{]mbw ]dbppv. lnm
v 85 hjn Hcwiw {Imn ]mX{]mbsapw, tSmfan 100
hjn Hcwisapw ]dbpp.
169

{]Imiknp

knm intcmaWnbn `mkvcmNmcy ]dbpp:hnjvTphXv {Imhebtbmx kw]mXx{Imn]mXkymXv


XZv`KWx kutcmmhykvXm AbpX{Xbw Ievt]
Ab\Ne\w XZpw apemss[yx k Ghmbw
XXv ] tXZv`KWx Ievt] tKmMvKr \tKmN{mx
hnjphhpw {Imn aehpw HmhpXmWv {Imn ]mXw
(hnjphn {Imn hebw kw]ZnpXv {Imn]mXw). kqcy
knm{]Imcw AXns `KWw 3000. Ab\ Ne\hpw {Imn]mX
hpw Hp XsbmWv. apZvKe {_mlvaW (]mmem) Hcp Iev]
n Ab\ns 199669 `KWw Fv IWmnbncpp. knm
intcmaWnbn Ejoizcmcmb apZvKemv 20 x 30000= 600000 F
{Ian 5909 hnIebmWv InnbXv.
60 hjn 1 Fn
600000 hjn = 10000
10000 = 27.77 {`aWw
27 ]q{`aWw + .77/27 `mKw
18600 hjn 310 Nenptms {Imn]mX_np 50
]ntmp Nenbm, 18600 hjwsImv BsI 360 ]qnbmhpw.
Cu 50 Bcy`S ]cmicob 52-1, 52-3 Fv \nbnpp. Ah
sbmsfms ]gw IqSnb ss]Xmal knmw 18300 hjn
Ab\w {IaoIcnsSpXmbn IcpXpp.
366 x 100 hjnemWv ss]Xmals Ab\ {IaoIcWw.
2
366 Znhkw hoXap 60 hjn = 1
(21960 AlWn) = 1
18300 hjn (6697800 AlWw) = 305
cminN{In 305 -mw Un{Kn ]q `{Z]mZw- tchXn tbmKXmc
bn\nv 26-27 Zqcn shv Ab\{IaoIcWw (]q `{Z]mZn
\pw ImnIbvpw CSbnep 52 apX 53 Un{Kn). C{Xbpw Ffp
hpw klPhpamb Hcp ImcyamWv Ab\mwi KW\w. Zrw (observation) sImv Ab\w (deelination) kwkvIrXw sNbvsXSpv \{X
kv^pSw ImWWw. AXmsX, PUneamb KWnXamw am{Xw Ah
ew_nv Ab\mwihpw, ]mwKhpambn \SpXv ip
170

{]Imiknp

acamWv. {[ph\{X kv^pSw t]mepw Cs\ Zrw sIm


v sNmw.
{_lvaKp]vXmZn`nx kzev]mcXzmx IrXx kv^pSx
nXy ]cnteJmZu KWnX KX Ghln
\{XmWmw kv^pSm Gh ncXzmXv ]TnXmx icmx
ZrWmbt\ ss\jmw kwkvIrXmivN XYm{[phmx
iIm_vZw 444 Ab\mwimcw`sav Ipdn tPymXnjnIfpsS
aXhpw Ab\w 60 hjn 1 aptmp t]mIpp FpXsbmWv.
AhcpsS ktXw CXmWv:itImthZm_v[nthtZm\x jjvTn `IvtXm f b\mw iIx
tZbmkvtX Xpchukv]jvtS NceKv\mZnkntb
`mkvIcmNmcys IIpXqlen\papv, ]e tPymXnjn
Ifpw Ab\mwiwsImv hw Xncnncpp (Cstmse).
IIpXqlew iIhjw 1105 FgpXsp. AXn Ab
\mwiw 11 Fp Xncnpp.
(60 hjn 1 Fn 11 = 660 hjw FsSpv 1105 iIhj
n Ab\mwimcw`w IWmphcmWv ]chrn tPymXnjn
I). `mkvcmNmcyaXw kaoNo\ambn \mw a\nemmXp sIm
mWv ]chrntPmXnjnIv Cu sXp ]pXv. `mkIc Fgp
XpXv, Ab\mwiIw Ipsd Ignbptm, BZnbn Dmbncp Ah
(\ncb\w) bmsX, kmb\mh shv Imew KWn-pXns
kmwKXyw CXmhpp. \{X, nc (fixed) Bbn Ne\
clnX (\ncb\) Bbn `qanbnse \ncoI\v ImWsSpp.
Htc thKXbn hnIknp {]]n Ccnp `qanbpw \{X
fpw Xn kZm ncZqchpw ncm\hpw Bbn (Co-ordinates)
Xocpp. AXn\m kmb\ KWnXta sNmsX, Zr sImp am
{Xw kv^pS km[npp. `mkvc Xs Zrw sImv 211
Awiw {`aWw kw`hnncnpXmbn IWmn. `mkvc\papv
Zr kwkvmcw sNbvXpsImv Dbn\n hknncp tPymXn
jnIfpsS Hcp env l \Ippv. CXn cmas hcmlan
lnc\mWv _rlZv kwlnXm Imhv (^mKp\ykv ZzoXobmb akn
Xmbmw Kpcu Znt\, hkzjvSmjvSantX imtI IrtXbw hnhrXnbm
Fv Cu {Kn ImWmw).
171

{]Imiknp

hcmlanlncmNmcy I
iIw
122
hcmlanlncmNmcy II
iIw
421
{_lvaKp]vX

550
`tmev]e

890

939
tiztXmev]e
hcpW`

962
t`mPcmP

964
`mkvc

1072
IeymWN{

1101
t`mPcmPs Hcp inem en]nta 919 kwhXv 749 iIm_vZw Fp
ImWppv. AXnw, `mcXhjn Hcp t`mPcmP am{Xa
DmbnpXv Fpam{XamWv. Cmcyw {KlnmsX, Ncn{X ]pcpj
mcpsS Ime\nbw \SpXpw almacamWv.
iXm\ 1021 iIm_vZn cNn `maXn Hcp ipIcW
{KamWv, ]knmnIsbtmse. AXn C{]Imcw ImWmw:\Xzm apcmtcivNcWmchnw
{ioam iXm\ CXn{]knx
Xmw `maXoinjylnXmaml
imtIholot\iin]ssJtI
imtIm\hm{ZopIrim\pbpx
Ite`hXy_vZKtWmhyXoX
hnb\t`m temN\ thZlo\x
imkv{Xm_vZ]nx IYnXx k Ghx
IrXbpKmw_chlv\n `n cpRvPntXm
KXIenx Ine hn{Iahcmx
iclpXmi\N{hntbmPnXm
`hXn imI Cl nXn ate
AY {]]tyanlntcm]tZimXv
XXvkqcyknmkawkamkmXv
imkv{Xm_vZ]nkzciq\y ZnLv\
kvXm\mKv\nbpIvtXmjvScmssX hn`x
tb kzmJn thZm_vZ KtX bpKm_vtZ
ZnthymnXx {io]pcptjmaky
{ioam iXm\ Camw NImc
kckzXo ictbmkvX\qPx
172

{]Imiknp

CXv Iv Hcp kmbvhv iXm\s KpcphmWv hcmlanlncs\pw


AXn\m hcmlanlnc iIhjw 1060 Pohnncpp Fp m
]nnpv. Cu KW\ kXyamsWn, Rm\pw anlntcm]tZimXv
FgpXpp; Fs Kpcphpw hcmlanlnc! hcmlanlncs Imew {In
kvXphjw 1997! ImeclnXamb Hns\ Imen At\zjnp
hcmWv \sfms! hntZinI am{Xa kztZiobcpw AXyPUne
amb Imcy FgpXnnSnnpv. tIih kwhcs ]p{X\mb
KtWi ssZh 1442 iIhjn cNn {KlemLhw AYhm
knmclkyw AXnpZmlcWambnv lnn `mjymc FSpp
]dbppv.
0 to 13 20'
13 20' to 26 40'
26 40' to 40
40 to 53 20'
53 20' to 66 40'
66 40' to 80
80 to 93 20'
93 20' to 106 40'
106 40' to 120
120 to 133 20'
133 20' to 146 40'
146 40' to 160
160 to 173 20'
173 20' to 186 40'
186 40' to 200
200 to 213 20'
213 20' to 226 40'
226 40' to 240
240 to 253 20'
253 20' to 266 40'
266 40' to 280
280 to 293 20'

AizXn
`cWn
ImnI
tcmlnWn
aIocw
B{Z
]pWXw
]qbw
Bbneyw
aIw
]qcw
D{Xw
Aw
Nn{X
tNmXn
hnimJw
A\ngw
Xrt
aqew
]qcmSw
D{XmSw
XncpthmWw
173

{]Imiknp
293 20' to 306 40'
Ahnw
306 40' to 320
NXbw
320 to 333 20'
]qtcmcpmXn
333 20' to 346 40'
D{XmXn
346 40' to 360
tchXn
1 Yr = 40' back
In 20 years = 13 20' (Hcp \{Xmh[n)

27 \{Xmh[nv = 540 hjw


1080 hjw = 54 \{Xmh[n
108 hjw = 5.4 \{Xmh[n
or

69 20' ]nntev (XncpthmWw)


216 hjw - /10.80 (A\ngw)
324 hjw - /16.2 (D{Xw)
432 hjw - 21.6 (]pWXw)
540 hjw - 27.0 (`cWn)
346 apX 13 20' Ignm 359 20' Bbn. _mn 40'
540 x 27 =14580 Yr- hopw AizXnbn
Total = 29160 Yr
AizXn (taSw 1 ) ao\ns Ahkm\ _nphn BZy {`aW
n\ptijw Bcw`npp.
Jw AYhm BImisap \mw hnfnp Duaense
Hcp sImp_np am{XamWv \psS kucbqYw. kmb\Imew B
sImp _nphns Ne\spdnv `qanbnencnp \ncoIs
{`aamWv. Ab\mwi KWnXw kucbqYns Ab\amneqsS,
_rlZv aeamb Duaens \ncb\amb Ahsb
{Klnm\p Hcp amw am{XamWv. EXp ]ckv]c_m
ANefmWv. Hns\pSv {Ian asmphcpw. CXmIs
\{Xsf B[mcamn \ncoWw sNbvXv AdnbmhpXmWv.
EXpv m\w amdmw. ]s, cminN{In\v m\aman. AXp
t]mse, cminN{Inse cminI ]ckv]c_m ANe
fmWv. tajw Ignm Ej`amsX Intbm [\pthm hcn. cmin
Isf \{X m\w sImpXs \ncondnbmw. BImisa
174

{]Imiknp

Du aen kucbqYhpw \{Xaehpw Hcp _nphn


\nv asmcp _nphntev ]cnkv]w kw`hnmepw, AhbpsS ]mc
kv]cyn\v Nmeyan; \ncb\amWv.
C{Xbpw BapJambn IpdnbvpXv Ab\mwispdnp
At\Iw `nm`n{]mb Ctmgpw ]mwKKWInSbn s]mn
tIpXpsImmWv. emlncntbm cmat\m icnbmb Ab\mwiw
XcpXv Fp Xnph Hcp `mKv, Ab\mwis amn ]p
Xnb Ab\mwiw m]nWsap hnizknph Hcp `mKvkmb\amsX \ncb\w C Fv hmin ]nSnv AXmWv imkv{Xob
sap IcpXph Hcp `mKv. cpw Co-ordinates s ss\ccyw
sImp kw`hnp Inertia F \ncb\Xzs hnkvacnpsIm
p Cu X dntenhnnv Izmw ^nknIvkns Bhn
`mhn\ptijhpw kw`hnpsImncnpp FsXmcXv`pXamWv.
\ncb\Imens _rlZvtXtPm aen kmb\Imew Hcp ap
lqtam IWtam am{XamWv. B IWn, B ssNX\y _np
hn {XnIme ASnbncnppapv.
_rlZv kwlnXsb {ishp ]Tnm a\pjyv {]tbmP\
{]Zamb At\Iw Imcy {Klnmw. Fncpnpw AXns\mcp
`mjmSoI C F Ipdhp ]cnlcnm\mWv _etZh{]kmZ an{i
lnn`mjyw cNnXv. Atlns A{KP\pw kp{]kn hnZzm\pamb
Pzmem{]kmZ an{i {Kns ipn]{Xw Xmdmn. `tmev]es
kwkvIrXSoIbpw _wKmfn {]IminXamb ]m\\ XcXv\s
SoIbpw {ZmhnU tZin {]IminXamb AcptWmZb SoIbpw ]cn
tim[nmWv an{imPn Xs lnn `mjyw XmdmnbnpXv. CXp
hmbnv GsXnepw Hcp hynbpsS lrZbn m\ns
kmcw kw`hnm Xs ]cn{iaw k^eambn IcpXpsav an{imPn
]dbppv. tZmssjIZrpItfmSv tKmkmbn XpfkoZmkPnbpsS hcn
I Dcnpp.
tP]ctZmjeJlnw klkmJn
]clnX[rX DsI a\amJn
]c AImPeKnX\p ]cnlcln
Pnanlna D]eIrjn ZmcnKcln
lcnlcbicmtIi cmlpsk
]c AImPeKnklk _mlpsk.
175

{]Imiknp

tZmssjIZrpItfmSv AXmsX asmpw ]dbm\n. imkv{Xo


bamb Nne \nKa\ ChnsS FSpp ]dbm Rm B{Klnpp.
1. `uXnI \ncoWsf NnsSpn {IaoIcnv imkv{X temI
n\v kzoImcyamb knm cq]oIcnbvpXn\v a\pjy\v
Htc Hcm[mcw bpnbpw Nnnm\p IgnhmWv.
2. ssPh hkvXpfn sstPthmns {]h\w, {_
lvamnset]mse, ktmN hnImk cq]nemWv. ktmN
hnImksf hn]coXinIfpsS kpenXmhbmWv Btcm
Kyn\v \nZm\w.
3. GXp hkvXphnepw {Zhyw, Acow, Duw Fnh ASn
bnpv. DumemWv hkvXphns LS\bpw {]hrnbpw [
hpw \nb{nsSpXpw \nivNbnsSpXpw.
4. k {]]hkvXpfpw {IahrXamb coXnbn Htc
amXrIbn {]hnpp.
5. Acotbpw {Zhytbpw Xns Dsmncn
p Duw ]pdp\nv ssPh icocntepw, ssPhicoc
n tImin \nv tImintepw, Hcp tImin \nv,
asmcp icocnse tImintepw ({]P\\thfbn) {]hlnp
sImncnp ss\ccyamWv {]]sav \mw ]dbpXv.
\psS Ctmknns auenILSIamb kky{]IrXn
tmtdm^n F \nXylcnX hkvXphn kuccivan hogptm
Dmhp CeIvt{Sm {Smkv^ sImmWv t^mkvt^v t_mp
Ifn Duw kw`cnXv. ap ssPhhmhiyamb Du
w Ahbn\np e`npp. tmtdm^nns Cu {]tXyItijnv
B[mcw Hcp {]tXyI {IaneSpnb Aant\m BknUpIfmWv.
tamfnIyqfpI, B FnhbpsS {Iaamb kwhn[m\amWv ssP
hhpw AssPhhpamb hkvXpv AhbpsS {]tXyI kz`mhw \
IpXv. tkmUnbw AtamWnbw dkntav {Inen eqbn]mkvN
Isnb C\mntbm tam^nkw XsbmWv Aant\mBknUp
Ifn ImWp khyhpw A]khyhpw Bb hn\ymkcoXn. CtX
khyhpw A]khyhpamb _nw_{]Xn_nw_sf {]]LS\bnepw
\mw ImWpp. Ftdmnbpw dnYhpw (EXw!) IqSpX IqSpX a\n
empwtXmdpw ssPhhpw AssPhhpamb Xe Xnep hyXymk
fpw t\pt\nmXmhpXv kzbw A\p`hndnbmdmhpw.
176

{]Imiknp

Hcp Aka sS{Smsl{Us tI{n nXnsNp Im_


BamWv _nw_{]Xn_nw_mIXzap C\mntbm tam^pIfp
sS krjvSnp ImcW`qXsapw, {]Xetam nctI{tam Cm
Cu Im_ Bw Ftmgpw ]cnkv]npsImncnbmsWpw
[cnptm Hcp ssUdIv IWns ]cnkv]hpw {]] {]h
\coXnbpw a\nemm Ffpw km[npw. Cu EXn\p Imc
Wsav F tNmZyw kz`mhnIambn a\n DXv`hnpp. B[p\nI
imkv{Xw CXn\pcw ImWm {ianbvbmWv. {]]nse k
IWtfbpw s^antbm, t_mtkm Fv cn\amn Xncnmw.
t{]mtmWpw CeIvt{SmWpw \yqt{SmWpw s^antbmWpIfmWv. t_m
tkm Hcp t^mtmWmWv. thm^v KmMv t]mfn ]dbptmse, Hmtcm
s^antbmWn\pw AtX {Zhyam\hpw hn]coXamb Nmpw kv]npw
D Hcp Bns^antbm DmhWw; CeIvt{SmWn\v Hcp t]mkn
t{Sm IqSntb Xocq. Hcp s^antbmWpw Hcp Bns^antbmWpw
Xn Iqnapptmsgms Ah ]ckv]cw kwlcnpsImv AXy
[nIw Duw Dev]mZnnpw. s^antbmWpIsf ]ckv]cw _n
p inbmWv t_mtkm. Cu cphn[ inIsfbpw Izmw
^oUv XnbdnbpsS knm\pkrXambn _np kq
kna{Sn, kna{Sn {Smkvt^mtaj XnbdnI Cp \ap-pv. Ch,
Hcp \qdp hjw apv amIvkvsh knm CeIvt{Sm amKv\nk
tbpw {]Imitbpw GIoIcnXpt]mse Hcp ]pXnb AssZzX
knmw P\nnp.
1974-se Pqenbkvshns kna{Sn {Smkvt^mtaj knm
s Cs\ Nn{XoIcnmw.
+ t]mknt{Sm

+ t]mknt{Sm

t^mtm

t^mtm

t^mtm
- CeIvt{Sm

- CeIvt{Sm

Hcp s^antbmWns\ t_mtkmWmbpw adnpw ammw. ]pXpXmbn


Dmb s^antbmWns m\w hyXykvXambncnpw. ]s AXv
]gbXn \nv cq]ntem LS\bntem `na. Acon
177

{]Imiknp

AXn\p kw`hn ]cnkv]amWv Hcp ]pXnb krjvSnv ImcWambn


oXv. ]cnWmaw AYhm ama, ]cnkv]w AYhm A`nhyn
bmWv k{]{Inbv B[mcsa ics A`n{]mbw Xsbm
WnXv. Cu ]cnkv]s ]cnamWw (Afhv) AYhm {]amWw sImv
Afm\p Hcp imkv{Xob{iaw am{XamWv `mcXobs tPymXnjw.
tPymXnjamb _rlZvaen, tPymXnns A`nhynIfmb
\macq]{]]fpsS ]cnkv]hpw AhbpsS ktmNhnImkfp
amWv tPymXnjns hnjbw.
{]]spdn lyq_nfns nchmIyw (Hubble's Constant);
tZiw AYhm kvt]kn sFtkmt{Smnkhpw, Imesa NXp
am\w tNcptm Ass\tkmt{Smnkhpw Imp tImkvtamfPn
Xz, amIkvsh-temdkv-s
- sUdmIv kahmIy, Hcp kn.hn.
ss_\dn (cataclysmic binary) bn shp\n (white dwarf) \n
p \yqt{Sm Xmcns DXv`hw- Chsbms CtX EXns
Xs {]Imi\fmWv. IWhpw {]XnIWhpw t]msebmWv {]]
hpw {]Xn{]]hpw. IW{]XnIWst]mse, {]]{]Xn
{]]pw kw`hnp ]cnkv]w ]pXnb kn\p ImcW
amhpp. cp{]mhiyw BhnsSptm krjvSnsSp
{]]{]Xn{]] BImin ]cnkv]w kw`hnp Htc
Hcp _nphns (B _np `qanbmImw, a\pjy\mImw, kucbqYamImw,
\{XtemIfmhmw) ]p\krjvSnI am{XamWv. Cu {]]w
AXns Xs amXrIbn hopw hopw bYm]qw krjvSn
sSpp F EtKzZhmIys tPymXnimkv{Xw (]gbXpw ]pXnbXpw)
AwKoIcnpp. khpw Xntev Dhenbpw ]pdtv {khn
nbpw sNp, Acq]sanepw kcq]n\pw D]m[nbmb,
ssNX\yabhpw kzbw ]qhpamb Hns kz`mhamWv A`n
hyn AYhm kw.
krjvSn kzbw ]qamb Hns Bckz`mhamsWv KuU
]mZImcnIbpw, kvt^mShpw \nchbhhpw Acq]hpamb \nXyi_vZam
Wv {_lvasav ics kZi\kw{Klhpw ]dbpp. B[p\nI
imkv{X ktXtfmSv Chbvp XmcXayw D]\njvZ`v mjyfnepw
eoe F imkv{X{Knepambn Rm hnhcnpIgnXmWv.
thZt\{XamWv tPymXnjw. AXns ]caeyw thZZi\amWv. AXn
s\ hnkvacnmsX thWw tPymXnjnI Nnnm\pw {]hnm\pw.
178

{]Imiknp

tPymXnjw F\nv ImWv. Rm thZw Zin Fs Dv!


B ams hnp IrXnI am{XamWv F\nv ]knm
nIbpw _rlXvkwlnXbpw! eyw {_lvam\p`hw am{Xw! Hcm
Xns kakvX{]mWnIfpsS Pohintbbpw B[mc`qantb
bpw AKm[Xetbpw AdnbpIbpw ImWpIbpw sNpsXv `mc
Xob Zi\n Fkv. cm[mIrjvW hntijnn {_lvakmmXv
mcw.

179

hnjbm\p{IaWnI
1. {Ktm]\b\w
2. ssZheWw
(kwhc kq{Xw)
3. BZnXyNmcw
4. N{Nmcw
5. cmlpNmcw
6. `uaNmcw
7. _p[Nmcw
8. _rlkv]XnNmcw
9. ip{INmcw
10. iss\ivNcNmcw
11. tIXpNmcw
12. AKkvXyNmcw
13. k]vXjnNmcw
14. Iqhn`mKw
15. \{Xhyqlw
16. {Kl`n
17. {Klbpw
18. N{{Kl kamKaw
19. {Klhj ^ew
20. {Kl irwKmSIw
21. K`eWw
22. K`[mcWw
23. {]hjWw
24. tcmloWotbmKw
25. kzmXntbmKw

26. BjmVotbmKw
27. hmXN{Iw
28. ktZymhrjvSn eWw
29. Ipkpa eX
30. kymeWw
31. ZnKvZmleWw
32. `qan IeWw
33. DmeWw
34. ]cnthj eWw
35. C{mbp[ eWw
36. K \Kc eWw
37. {]Xnkqcy eWw
38. ctPm eWw
39. \nLmX eWw
40. kky PmXIw
41. {Zhy\nivNbw
42. AImw
43. C{[zP kw]Xv
44. \ocmP\ hn[n
45. JRvP\ Zi\w
46. DXv]mX eWw
47. abqc Nn{XIw
48. ]pjykv\m\w
49. ] eWw
50. JUvK eWw
51. AwKhnZy

{iox
AY hnZzZzc hcmlanlncmNmcyhncNnXmhcmlo _rlZv kwlnXm(`mjmSoIm klnXw)

Aymbw 1

{Ktm]\b\w
1. PbXn PKXx {]kqXnnizmm klP`qjWw \`kx
{ZpX I\IkZrim ZiiXabqJamemnXmx khnXmx
2. {]Yaap\n IYnXahnXY ahtemIy{KhnkvXckymw
\mXn eLp hn]pe cN\m`ncp[yXx kv]jvS a`n[mXyw.
PKns\ {]khnh\pw, hnizmmhpw, \`ns klP`qjW
hpw, I\IkZriamb ]pw \qdpw abqJameIfm AnX\pamb
kqcy Pbnpp. {]Yaap\nbm ]dbsXpw, kXys Zinpw,
{Ksf hnkvXcnpw, Ipa coXnbn kv]jvSambn cNnsXpw
Bb imkv{Xs AXn eLphmsXbpw AXn hn]peamsXbpw
Rm cNnpp.
\`n F{]Imcw AXns kzm`mhnI `qjWamb kqcy\mcmb
W {]Iminv, PKns\ P\nnppthm, AXpt]mse lrZbmIm
in Bkqcy {]bmbn {]Iminptm {KkrjvSn
kw`hnpp Fv kqN\.
3. nXnX\b Znhkhmtcm \ ip`IrZnXnbZn]nXmal t{]mx
IpPZn\a\njvSanXn hmtImf{X hntitjm\r ZnhyIrtX.
]nXmal FgpXpIbpmbn nXnX\b hmktcm\ip`IrXv
Fv (sNmbvv awKfs\p t]cpsnepw AXv awKfIca Fv).
tPymXnjnI AXns\ ISv A\pIcnv IpP A\njvSImcn
bmWv Fv ]dpsImt Ccnpp. Cs\ ]dbpXn hnti
jnv Fp imkv{XobXbmWpXv FmWv hcmlnanlncs BZy
s tNmZyw. sNm AawKfImcn F tPymXnjmhnizmks
hcmlanlnc tNmZyw sNpp.
4. ap\nhncNnX anZanXnbnc\w km[p\a\pP{KnXw
Xpteytfc t`Zm Za{tIIm hntitjmnx
ap\namcm FgpXssXmw km[phmWv; a\pjyhncNnXamb
sXmpw km[ph FmWv Nnc\ hnizmkw. a{fpsS Imcy

{]Imiknp

n AXv icnbpamWv. a{fm {]tbmP\ imkv{XmZnIfn,


XpeymapXpw, Act`Zw (`mjm t`Zw) am{XapXpamb hmIy
fn C{]Imcw Hv km[p, asmv Akm[p Fp ]dbpXn
Fv hntijamWpXv Fv cmas tNmZyw.
5. A{_lvamZn hn\nx krXamtemIy {KhnkvXcw {Iaix
{InbamWI tasshXXv kamktXm f tXmatamkvXmlx
{_lvamhn\p tijw Dmb imkv{Xfnsemw A\mhiyamb
{KhnkvXmcw Iphcpp. AXn\m, Fs Dmlw AXns\
kwt]np ]dbpXnmWv.
6. BkoZax InteZw X{Xm]mw ssXPtk `hsZzsa
h`qiIte {_lvahnizIrZtf cmin\b\x
{]]tmev]npapv XamIp ImcWPen (B B]
n) ssXPkamb Aw Dmbn (lncWyK`w F Aw).
hnizIrmb B {_lvamn Jw, `qan F cp IeI
Dmbn; AcminbmIp \b\w sXfnp.

Xtamcmin

Aw
Jw
kqcy
`qan

cmin, Acmin apXemb ]Z {inpI. tXtPmcmin


Fm tXPns kap{Zw. (Pecmin- Pekap{Zw) Irjnmv
cminans {]tXyIX Adnbmw. Hcp Ipgn Ipgnm\mbn av \ow
182

{]Imiknp

sNbvXp Ignv, B \ow sNbvX ap apgph\mbn D]tbmKnmepw


IpgnXom\mhmsX _mnhcpw. Hcnepw ]qcnnm\mhmsX InS
p, Ftmgpw A\tijambn AhtijnpXmWv cmin-cmin
N{Iw, cmin aew, Acmin- Ahkm\nm tXPns kap{Z
BWv Ch; A\amb NntZm kmKc...
7. I]nex {][m\ aml{ZhymZo IW`qKkyhnizky
Imew ImcWtatI kz`mh a]tc PpKpx I.
{]]tmev]nsbpdnv hn`n imkv{XcpsS A`n{]mb
AhXcnnpp. {]mNo\ kmwJym]XnbpsS D]mXmhmb
I]ne aqe {]IrXn F {][m\n \nv hnizw DXv`hnp
Fp ]dbpp. {ZhyfpsS IWfmWv hnizImcWsav IWmZ
\pw ]dbpp. Nne ImeamWv {]]krjvSnp ImcWsav ]dbp
p; ap Nne kz`mhamWv Fp ]dbpp; C\nbpw Nne IamWv
ImcWsav IcpXpp (Cu hyXykvX ]XnIsf D]\njZv`mjy
n hnkvXcnp {]Xn]mZnncnbm ChnsS Rm Bhn
pn).
8. XZeaXn hnkvXctcW {]kwK hmZm \ntbmfXnalm
tPymXn imkv{XwKm\mw hhym \ntbm {XbYm.
Ahsb hnkvXcnp {]kwKnv A\nbw sNm ChnsS
apXncpn. tPymXnimkv{Xns AwKsf ]dbm am{XamWv
ChnsS \nivNbnnpXv.
9. tPymXnimkv{X at\It`Zhnjbw kv{Xbm[njvTnXw
XXvImkvt\ym]\bky\maap\n`nx koytX kwlnXm.
kvtf kvan KWntX\Ym{KlKXn kvX{m`n[m \kvXzku
tlmcmt\ymwf Khn\nivN bivN IYnXx kv kvXrXotbmf]cx
tPymXnimkv{Xw At\I t`Zhnjbhpw aqp kvfn A[n
jvTnXhpamWv. B aqp kv kwlnX, X{w, tlmc Fnh
bmWv. kwlnXbn tPymXnj imkv{X hnjbsf Fmw kq
ambn hnpp. KWnXhpw {KlKXnbpw hnpXmWv X{w.
aqmas kvamb tlmc AwKsf \nivNbnv ]dbpXmWv
(Pw, bm{X, hnhmlw apXembh).
183

{]Imiknp

10. h{Im\ph{ImkvXatbm Zbm [ymkvXmcm{KlmWmw


IctW atbmmw
tlmcm KXw hnkvXcXivN Pbm{Xmhnhmsslx
kl]qapw
h{Iw, A\ph{Iw, DZbw, AkvXabw, Xmcm{Kl IcWw Fnh
bpw (]knmnIm X{w t\mpI) Pw, bm{X, hnhmlw Fnh
bpw (tlmc t\mpI) Rm hnkvXcnp ]dpIgnp. Cu {]
kvXmhn \nv ]knmnIbpw tlmcbpw cNntijw Ah
km\amWv _rlXv kwlnX hcmlanlnc cNnsXv a\nem
hpp. tPymXnjns aqp kv hnkvXcnp {]Xn]mZnem
bncpp Atlns Dtiw.
11. {]iv\{]Xn{]iv\ IYm{]kwKm
kzevt]m]tbmKm {Klkw`hmivN
kwXyPy^ Kp\nN kmc`qXw `qXm
assx kIssex {]hty.
KmykwlnXbn Kpcphpw injymcpw Dbnp {]iv\
, {]Xn{]iv\, At\Iw IYI, {]kwK Fnhbpv.
Ahsbmpw {Klkw`hn\v ({KlnpI F kw`hw- Event
of grasping a new knowledge- Hcw; {KlfpsS Dev]n cma
s Aw) t\cnv {]tbmP\aphb. AXn\m Ahsb XyPnv
kmc`qXhpw, `qXmhpamb As kIetbpw ChnsS ]d
bpp.
CXn {iohcmlanlnc IrXu _rlXv
kwlnXmbmw D]\b\mymbx {]Yax

184

{]Imiknp

Aymbw 2

ssZheWw
(kwhc kq{Xw)
AcminbmIp thZ\b\w sXfnp Fv tPymXntjm]
\b\mymbn ]dp. AXns XpSbmbnmWv kwhc
kq{Xw ]dbpXv. AYmXx kwhckq{Xw hymJymkymax
1. X{X kwhtcmf `nPmXx
{]nbZit\m hn\oX thjx kXyhmK\kqbIx
kax kpkwltXm]NnXKm{XknchnIeivNmcpIcNcW \J \b\ Nn_pI Zi\ {ihWeemS {`qamwtKm h]pjvam Kw`otcmZmtLmjx {]mbx icocmImcm\phnt\mlnKpWmivN tZmjmivN `hn.
C\n kwhckq{Xw hymJym\nmw Fv Kpcp injyt\mSv ]d
bp ssien hrkp{ipX kwlnXbn ImWpXmWv. AXn\m
CXv hcmlanlnc KmkwlnX F Nnc ]pcmX\ {Kn
\nsSpXmhmw.
]noSv kwhcw P\np (kqcy P\ntm EXpfpw amk
fpw D kwhc cq]amb kmb\Imew P\np. kwhc t_m[w
BcpsS {]bn BZyambn Apcnpthm, B {]Ya tPymXnjnbpw
kwhc Xs! Ahs ]ccbn s]hscmw kwhcm
Xs!). kwhc Fs\bph\mWv! Ah ImWphsm
s {]nbZi\\mWv; efnX hkv{X [cn hn\oX thj\mWv;
kXyhmpw A\kqb\pamWv; kahpw kpkwlXhpamb AtcmKZrV
Km{Xn knIfpw, sshIeyanm NmcpIcNcW \J\b\
fpw, apSnbpw ]pw ImXpw s\nbpw, ]pcnIhpw incpw Dh\mWv;
Kw`ochpw DZmhpamb i_vZaph\mWv; {]mbw icocns cq]
tbpw KpWtZmjsfbpw A\phnp amdnsmncnpw (AXn
\m hrt\m bphmthm F t`Zw t\mtXn). sshIeyanm
C{nbtfmSpw _pntbmSpw a\tmSpw IqSnb Hcmt {im
185

{]Imiknp

]qw \nconm\pw, a\\w sNm\pw imkv{XNn sNm\pw km[n


pIbpp FXpsImmWv ChnsS icoc sshIey Cm
h\mIWw Fp ]dbpXv. Nnetm ]qPIrXamb Nne I
^e A\p`hnpXom\mbn, AXyw tim`\amb Bmhv
hnIe icocs {]m]ntmw. AXn\m icoc kucyanmhcpw
icocs tcmKw _m[nhcpw tPymXn imkv{Xcmbnocmdpv
(AXn\pZmlcWamWsm o^ tlmnv).
2. X{XKpWm cpNnZx {]KXvt`m hmKvan{]Xn`m\hm
tZiIme hnXv kmXzntIm\]jZv `ocpx klmymbn`n
c\`n`h\obx Ipitemf hyk\o imnI ]ujvSnIm`nNmc
kv\m\ hnZym`ntm hn`p[m\ {htXm]hmk \ncXx kzX
{mivNtcymXv]mZnX m\ {]`mhx ]rjvTm`n [m\y{XssZhm
XrbmZv {KlKWnX kwlnXm tlmcm {Kmthm.
kwhc KpWhm\pw kpc\pw NXpc\pw {]KXv`\pw hmKvan
bpw {]Xn`mimenbpw tZiImem\nbpw kmXznI\pw ]cnjn
(k`bn) `ocpXzw Cmh\pw, klmymbnI Xnckvcnp ]d
bmh\pw, Ipie\pw, ZpxJclnX\pw, imnI ]ujvSnIm`nNmc
kv\m\ hnZyIfn A`n\pw, hn_p[msc AnpXnepw
{htXm]hmkfn \ncX\pw, Bbncnpw. am{Xa, kzX{amb
(kzw X{w, A\ym{ibw IqSmsX kzbw Bhnjvcn amw
AYhm KWnX {InbIfm BivNcyw P\nnph) m\ {]`m
hw sImv aphcn BivNcyw P\nnph\pw, ]e {]Imcap
Aip`sf kzw ssZhoI inbm l\nph\pamIWw. Cu
eW am{Xw t]mcm. KWnX, kwlnXm, tlmcmfn hnZzm
\mIWw.
3. X{X {Kl KWntX ]uenitcmaI hmknjvT
kucss]Xmatljp ]tkztXjp knm
tjp bpKhjm b\p amk]mtlmcm{X
bma aplq \mUnhn\mUn {]mW{XpSyhbhm[yky
Imeky t{XkyN thm.
{Kl KWnXn ]ueniw, tcmaIw, hmknjvTw, kucw, ss]Xm
alw Fo ]knmfn Hmtcmnepw ]dbsSp Imen
186

{]Imiknp

s Ahbhtfbpw (Time) t{Xtbpw (Space) Adnbph\mI


Ww. bpKw, hjw, Ab\w, EXp, amkw, ]w, Atlmcm{Xw, bmaw,
aplqw, \mUn, hn\mUn, {]mWw, {XpSn, {XpSnI Fns\ 14 Bbn
Imes AXnkqvamhbhambn Xncnnpv. Ime]pcpjs B
kqvamhbh AfpXn\pw Ahbvv t{Xhpambp ss\c
cyw ImWpXn\pw tPymXnjnv km[nWw. hn`n tPymXn
imkv{X imJIfpsS hn`nm`n{]mbsf kzbw ]Tnv AhbpsS Xmc
Xay \ncq]Ww sNm km[nWw.
4. NXpmw N amkm\mw kuckmh\\m{X
N{mWma[namkImhakw`hky ImcWm`n
kucw, kmh\w, \m{Xw, Nm{w Fv \mephn[nep amk
tfbpw, A[namktfbpw Ahatbbpw, Ah Hmtcmpw F{]Imcw
kw`hnpp F ImcWtfbpw AdnncnWw.
5. (jjvTy_vZbpK hjamk Zo\tlmcm[n]Xo\mw {]Xn]n
hntOZhnXv). kucmZn\m{am\m\w kZrim kZritbmKym tbmKyXz
{]Xn]mZ\ ]Spx knm t`tZf ]yb\ \nhru {]Xyw kaae
tcJm kw{]tbmKmiypZnXmw iIm\mOmbm Peb{ ZrWnX km
tay\ {]Xn]mZ\ Ipiex kqcymZo\mivN {KlmWmw io{Labm taym
c \otNm KXnImcWm`nx kqcyN{ atkmivN{KltW {Kl
WmZntamImeZnIv{]amWnXn hnah tZim\ma\mKX {Kl
kamKa bpm\m amtZjvSm. {]tXyI {Kl{`aWtbmP\ Im{]amW
{]Xnhnjb tbmP\ ]cntOZ Ipitem `q`KW {`aW kwkvYm\my
mhew_ ImlhyknNcZeIme cmiypZbOmb \mUnIcW {]`r
Xnjp t{XImeIctWjz `ntm. \m\mtNmZyt`tZm]e_v[n
P\nXhmIvkmtcm\nIj kwXm]mZn\n thiun ipkyI\I tky
hm[nIXc aaeoIrXky imkv{Xkyhm X{ tm `hXn. D
ivN {]Xn_w KabXnhn\N {]iv\taIa]n]rjvSx \nKZXn \N
intjy`yx kIYw imkvXmhntbx {Ktmf \yYm\yYmx
IcWw bm\yYmItcmXy_p[x k]nXmalap]KkykvXuXn\tcm
sshintImf \mcymw. (Xt{ kp]cnmtXeKvt\Ombmw_pb{
kwhnZntX. tlmtcmtNkpcqtV \mtZjp `mcXo _ym. D
mcyhnjvWp Kp]vtX\ A]yhky]pcpjx {]Xc IZmNnZmkm
187

{]Imiknp

ZtbZ\nethK hti\]mcw. \Xzky Ime]pcpjmJy almhkyK


OmXvIZm NnZ\rjn\km]n]mcw).
{]`h hn`hmZnIamb Imen 12 bpKfpv. Hmtcm bpKhpw
]hj tNXmWv. C{]Imcap Adp]Xv A_vZ,
bpKw, hjw, amkw, Zn\w, tlmc Fnhbvv Hmtcmtcm A[n]XnIsf
\niNbnp ]Xnhpv. hcmlanlncmNmcys A`n{]mbn, Ime
ns Cu AwKtfbpw A[n]XnItfbpw Adntijw Ahtbm
Sp aaX ({]Xn]n) hntOZnh\mWv bYm tPymXnjn (kmb\
Imes Adntijw AXn\nv apn t\SWw). ImemXoX\m
bncnWw kXyhmmb tPymXnjn. AtXkabw, kucNm{ Zn\mZn
Isfpdnv hnhn[ imkv{XImcm ]dncnpXns kmZriyhpw
AkmZriyhpw tbmKymtbmKyXIfpw {]Xn]mZnm\pw, knm t`Z
fnmWp Ab\hyXymkw kaae tcJ {]tbmKnv
{]Xy ambn \nhrnm\pw Ignbp BfmhpIbpw thWw (ka
ae tcJ:- ]qm]chr tcJ). OmbmKWnXw, Peb{ {]tbm
Kw, ZrWnXw Fnh {]Xn]mZnpXn Ipie\mbncnWw- kqcym
Zn{KlfpsS {io{Lw, aw, Ab\w (bmaymb\w, kuaymb\w) D
cmb\w, \otNmKXn Fnhbvp ImcW AdnncnWw.
kqcyN{{KlWfn {KlWmcw`w, tamImew, ZnIv{]amW
nXnhna h, {]tXyI tZifn \np \nconmhp
{KlkamKa, {Klbpw Fnhbpw AdnbWw. {]tXyIw {Kl
fpsS Hmtcmntbpw {`aWw, tbmP\, I-y{]amWw apXemb
hnjb hnNn\w sNbvXv hn`Pnm Ipie\mbncnWw. `q`K
Ww, {`aWw, A{]amWw, {`aW]Zns ncm\w,
Amwiw, Ahew_Iw, ZrKvPym, NcZeImew, cmiypZbw, Omb,
\mUn, IcWw CXymZnIfn tZiImeIcWw (t{XImeIcWwSpacetime Continuim s {]tbmKn) sNm A`n\mbncn
Ww. \m\m hn[nep {]iv\v Dcw e`np hn[n,
P\np hmIvkmctmSpIqSnbh\mhWw. \nIw, km]w,
A`n\nthiw apXembh IqSmsX, hnipamb I\Itm A[n
Iw hnaeoIrXamb imkv{Xs ]dbph\pw, imkv{XX{\pw
BbncnWw (kzmX IqSmsX ipimkv{Xs ]dbpXv im
kv{Xns {]mtbmKnIXew (Practical application) BWv. cpw Adn
bWw). \niNnXamb icnbmb Aw injymcpsS tNmZyv
188

{]Imiknp

({]iv\v Ism km[nmh Fs\ imkv{Xm


m\nIfmhpw?
{Kn ImWpXv Hv
Aw ]dbpXv asmv
IcWw (sNpXv) aqmasXmv.
C{]Imcambm Ah A_p[\mWv. Ahs\ ]nXmals
kao]w sNv thiymkv{Xosb kvXpXnp A\mcy\mb a\pjyt\m
Sp]anmw (Am\p hmv). (X{n ]cnm\apht
bpw, Ombbpw Peb{hpw t\mn icnbmbn eKv\w ]dbpIbpw, tlm
cmn kpcqV\mIbpw sNbvXhsbpw \mZn `mcXotZhn
_nsncnbm Ahs hmv anYybmIn. hnjvWpKp]vX
Cs\ ]dp: kap{Zs XcWw sNWsav Hcp a\pjy \n
ivNbnm hmbphns KXnthKa\pkcnv AXv Ffpn km[n
mhpXmWv. ]s, Ime ]pcpjs\ almhs F\np
{]m]nWsav Ejnbm Hcmv a\psImv hnNmcnm
t]mepw km[ya. ]nsbmtWm, XcWw sNpXv!)
6. tlmcmimkvt{Xf ]n cmintlmcm t{ZmW \hmwiI ZzmZi
`mK{XnwiZv `mK _em_e ]cn{Ktlm{KlmWmw ZnIvm\
Ime tNjvSmZnct\I {]Imc _e \nmcWw {]IrXn[mXp
{ZhyPmXn tNjvSmZn ]cn{Ktlm\n tjIPIme
hnkvam]\ {]Xybm tZi ktZymacWmbpmb Zim
imjvSIh cmPtbmK N{tbmK Zzn{KlmZn
tbmKm\w \m`kmZn\mivNtbmKm\mw ^em\ym
{ib`mhhtemI\ \ncymW KXy{Im\n XmXvImenI
{]iv\ ip`mip` \nanm\n hnhmlmZn
\mivNIWmw IcWw. bm{Xmbmw NXnYnZnhk
IcW\{Xaplq hneKv\tbmKtZl kv]\kz]v\
hnPbkv\m\ {Klb KWbmKmKv\n.
enwKlmXytizwKnX tk\m{]hmZtNjvSmZn{KlW jmUv
KptWym ]mbawKemawKe iIp\ ssk\y\n\nthi
`qatbmf Kv\n htma{nNcZqXm hnIm\mw bYmImew
{]tbmKmx ]cZqewt`m]mbtizXypw NmNmsscyx
PKXnx {]kmcn XanhmenJnXaXu \njnanhlrZtb
imkv{Xw bkyk`KWw \mZim\njv^emkvXky.
189

{]Imiknp

tlmcmimkv{Xw, cmin, tlmc, t{ZmWw, \hmwiw, ZzmZimwiw,


{Xnwimwiw, AhbpsS _em_e, ]cn{Klm\, Ime,
tNjvSI Fnhsb Afv {Kl_es \nmcWw sNp
imkv{XamWv. {]IrXn, [mXp, {Zhy, PmXn, tNjvS Fnhbp
sS ]cn{Klw, \ntjIw, PImew, hnkvam]\w, {]Xybw, BtZiw,
acWw, Bbpmbw, Zi, Ai, AjvSIhw, cmPtbmKw, N{
tbmKw, Zzn{KltbmKw, \m`ktbmKw, AhbpsS ^e, B{ibw,
`mhw, ZrjvSn, \ncymWw, KXn, A\qIw, XmmenI {]iv\fpsS
ip`mip` Nn, \nan, hnhmlmZn I Ch tlmcbpsS
]cn[nbns]Spp. bm{Xpth ip`XnYnZn\IcW, \{X
, aplq, eKv\w, tbmKw, tZlns kv]\, kz]v\
^ew, hnPbw, kv\m\w, KWbm{X, AKv\neWw, B\, IpXnc Fn
hbpsS CwKnX (B\, IpXncIfpsS a\mkv{Xw-amXwKlrZbw,
AizlrZbw-aKa\w, io{LKa\w Fnh) tk\m{]hmZfpsS
tNjvS apXemb jmUvKptWym]mb, awKfhpw AawKfhpamb
iIp\, ssk\ys \nthinnt (\nt) `qanI,
AKv\nh, a{n Nmc ZqX BcWyIm FnhcpsS bYm
Imenep {]tbmK, ap cmPmmcpsS ZptZZ\n\p
D]mb, bm{Xmi Fnhbpw tlmcmimkv{X ]cn[nbn s]Spw
(Aimkv{Xw, s]mfnn imkv{Xw (cmjv{Saoamwk), a\mkv{Xw,
BbptZw Fnhbntepw tlmcmimkv{Xw hym]np\nppv
Fp {inpI).
BNmcym ]dbpp:- PKn k{X {]kcnp {]Im
iw t]mse, {]bn enJnXamb `KWimkv{Xs lrZbn
{]XnjvTnhs BtZiw (hmv) Hcnepw \njv^eamIbn.
\{XKWtfmSp IqSnb tPymXnivN{Is, {]bn {]k
cnnm\pw, B {]Imicminsb lrZbn kZm kvacnm\pw Ign
hs\ hmKvtZhn A\p{Klnncnpp; Ah\n hmv k^e
ambnocpp.
7. kwlnXm]mcKivN ssZhNntIm`hXn. bss{XtX kwlnXm
]Zmmx Zn\IcmZo\mw {KlmWmw NmcmkvtXjpNtXjmw {]IrXn
hnIrXn {]amWh IncWZypXn kwkvYm\mkvXat\mZbam
ammXch{I{KlkamKa NmcmZn`nx ^em\n \{XIqmhn`m
190

{]Imiknp

tK\ tZtijzKkvXn Nmck]vXjnNmtc. {Kl`tbm \{Xhyql


{KlirwKmSI {Klbp {KlkamKa {Klhj^e K`eW
tcmlnWokzmXymjmUotbmKx ktZymhj IpkpaeXm ]cn[n ]cn
thj ]cnL]ht\mm ZnKvZmlnXnNe\kymcmK K
\KcctPm\nLmXm Imvkky Pt{ [ztP{ Nm]hkvXp
hnZymwK hnZymhmbk hnZymc N{IarKN{Im ivN N{IhmX N{I
{]mkmZeW {]XnameW{]XnjvTm]\ hrmbpttZm Zm
e \ocmP\J t\mXv]mX imnabqc Nn{XI [rXIw _e JwK
] IrI hmIp IqtKmf Pmtiz ` ]pcpjkv{XoeWm\yx ]pc
Nnm ]nSI etWm]m\tOZ hkv{X tOZ Nmac Z imk\
eW cXv\]com Zo]eWw, ZImjvTm Zym{inXm \nip`m
ip`m\n \nanm\n kmam\ym\n NPKXx {]Xn]pcpjw ]mnthN
{]XnW a\\y.
ImZnbpt\ssZht\NnbnXhm\n.
\ssNImIn\ iIytf lniah[mcbnXpw
\nanm\n. XkvamXv kp`rtX\ssZht\mt\y
XZnZivNzXzmtcm`hymx Xss{XtIss\{n
NmKvt\bn NZnKz htemIbnXhym. bmaym
ss\cyXnNmt\yss\hw hmcpWo hmbhymtNm
cm ssNim\otNXn. bkvamZpm]mXmZo\n
\nanm\n io{Lap]KOXoXn. tXjmw NmImc
h kvt\l {]amWmZn {Kl m`n[m\mZn`nx ^em\n `hn.
DivN KtW aljnWm. IrXvkv\mwtKm]mwK
Ipiew tlmcm KWnX ss\jvTnIw. tbm\]qP
btXcmPm k \miap]KOXn.
kwlnXm]mcwKX kzbw ssZhNnambnocpp. ImcWw
kwlnXm]Zm Xmsg ]dbphbmWv:- Zn\IcmZn {KlNmcw,
{]IrXn, hnIrXn, {]amWw, hw, IncWw, ZypXn ({]Imiw), m\w,
AkvXabw, DZbw, amw, ammcw, h{Iw, A\ph{Iw, IyI,
\{X {Kl kamKa, NmcmZnI, ^e, \{XIqa hn`m
Kw, AXmXp tZifn kw`hnp ^e, AKkvXyNmcw,
k]vXjnNmcw, {Kl`n, \{Xhyplw, {KlirwKmSIw, {Kl
bpw, {KlkamKaw, {KlWw, hj^ew, K`eWw, kzmXn
tbmKw, BjmVotbmKw, tcmlnWotbmKw, ktZymhjw, IpkpaeX,
191

{]Imiknp

]cn[n, ]cnthjw, ]cnLw, hmbp, D, ZnKvZmlw, nXnNe\w,


kymcmKw, K \Kcw, cPkv, \nLmXw, AImwKw, kkyw,
Pw, C{[zPw, C{Nm]w, hmkvXphnZy, AwKhnZy, hmbkhnZy,
AcN{Iw, arKN{Iw, AizN{Iw, hmXN{Iw, {]mkmZeWw,
{]Xnam{]XnjvT, hrmbptZw, DZImew, \ocmP\w, JRvP\w,
DXv]mXw, imn, abqcNn{XIw, [rXeWw, Iw_feWw, J
eWw, ]IeWw, IrIhmIp (IppS) eWw, Iq
eWw, tKmeWw, APeWw. AizeWw, C` (B\) e
Ww, ]pcpj kv{XoeWw, Ax]pcNn, ]nSIeWw, D]m\
tOZw, hkv{XtOZw, NmaceWw, ZeWw, imeWw,
Bk\eWw, cXv\]co, Zo]eWw, ZImjvTsb Bkv]Z
amnb ip`mip`\nan.
ssZh]pcpj A\\yImZnbp\mbncnWw. ]mn
hhpw euInIhpamb Imcyv Hcp {]Xn]pcpjs\ GsSpn,
kZm imkv{XhnNmcw sNpIbmWv imkv{Xs Ihyw. cm
I t`ZanmsX \nansf \nconm\pw Ah[mcWw sNm\pw
Hcmv Hbvv km[npIbn. Atm ssZh\p klmbnI
fmbn \mept]sc \nbanWw. Hma ]qZnpw AKv\ntImWpw
\nconpsImncnWw. cma ZnWZnpw ss\cyXntImWpw;
aqma ]Snmdpw hmbptImWpw; \mema hSpw Cuim\tIm
Wpw. C{]Imcw \nccw AjvSZniIsf \nconm am{Xta Dm
]mXw apXembhsb Ism km[nbvq. DIfpsS BImchpw
hhpw kvt\lhpw {]amWhpw {Kl\{Xtfm BZnaamWv.
Dm]mXw sImv ^e kw`hnpp. Kmyaljn ]dp:
tlmcm KWnXn \njvTbph kmwtKm]mwK IpiecmWv, (th
ZmwK, D]mwKfn)- Ahsc BZcnm cmPmhv (`cWm[nImcn)
\inpt]mIpp.
8. h\w kam{inXmtbf ]n \nam \njv]cn{Klmx
A]ntX ]cn]rOn tPymXnjmw KXn tImhnZw.
\na\pw \njv]cn{Kl\pambn, asmpw Bhiyanmh\mbn,
h\sf B{ibnv Pohnph tPymXnjfpsS (tPymXnpI
fpsS) KXnsb AdnhcmWv.
192

{]Imiknp

9. A{]Zo]m bYm cm{Xnc\mZnXyw bYm\`x


XYmf kmwhtcm cmPm {`aXyy Chm[z\n
Zo]w sImfpm cm{Xnt]msebpw BZnXy\nm \`p
t]msebpamWv kwhc (tPymXnjn) Cm cmPmhv (`cWm[n
]). Ah Ccpv InWns]pt]mb IpcpSs\tmse {`aWw
sNpXmsX eyw {]m]npIbn.
10. aplqXnYn\{XarXhivNmbt\ XYm
kmtWyhm Ipem\nkypkymXv kmwhtcmbZn.
kwhcw Csn aplqtam XnYntbm \{Xtam EXp
thm Ab\tam CmXmbnocpp (Ah khpw kwhcns
AwKfmIbm). kwhc Csn Ahs AwKfpw C.
kmb\Imens AwKfmb aplqXnYymZnI kmb\Imew
CmXmhp Ahbn am{XamWv CmXmhpXv. kmb\Imes
{]Xn\n[oIcnp kwhc\p am{Xsa kmb\Imeanm \ncb
\mh (Time lessness- Ime Cm AarXmh)sb A\p`hn
m km[nbvpIbpp. Ahs IpSpw_mwKfmb aplqmZn
Ahbh (C{nb) AXn\p kac. CmcWw sImm
Wv kwhc kmwtKm]mwKIpie\pw, AarXXzw A\p`hnh\pw
Bbn `qanpw, tZymhn\pw CSbn (Pm{Kn\pw kpjp]vXnpw CS
bn) ssXPk cq]n thZt\{Xambn PzenpXv.
11. Xkvam Zmm `nKthym hnZzm kwhtcmf {KWnx
Pbw bix {inbw t`mKm t{ibivN ka`o]vkXm.
AXn\m hnZzm\pw A{KKWy\pamb kwhcs\, Pbhpw bi
pw {iobpw t`mKhpw t{ibpw Binph A\pkvacnpp
(Hmtcm cmPmhpw kZn Hcp tPymXnjnsb BZcnpXv CXn\p
thnbmbncpp).
12. \m kmwhcntIw tZtihkvXhyw `qXnanOXm
Np `qtXmln bss{Xj ]m]w X{X\hnZytX.
GXptZin kmwhcnI hknbvpnsbm AhnsS hkn
m COncpXv. {]]ns Npn \nv (kqcy\n \nv)
kw`hn Ah FhnsSbpsm AhnsS ]m]w (tZmjw) DmIbn.
193

{]Imiknp

hnizkmnbmb kqcys hwiP\mWv kmwhcnI. AXn\m


{]IrXn {]Xn`mksf Ah apIqn Adnbpp. {]IrXn {]tm
`w kw`hnp ZnpIsf apIqnv AhnSw hnpt]mIpp. A
cw {]tZifn XmakncpXv.
kwhcnI sXcsSpp {]tZiw Ftmgpw P\hmk
tbmKyhpw tZmjclnXhpw Bbncnpw. AXn\m kwhc hkn
p tZisf hmkm\ampXv \XmW.v
13. \ kmwhc]mToN \ctIjq] ]ZytX.
{_lvatemI {]XnjvTme`tX ssZhNnIx
kwhcw ]Tnph\v (kwhc\v) \cIw tInn. ssZh
NnI\v e`npXv {_lvatemI {]XnjvTbmWv.
14. {K XivNzmXivssNXXv IrXvkv\w Pm\mXntbm
ZznPx A{K`pIv k`th{Omt]qPnXx ]wn ]mh\x
GsXmcp ZznP A{Xbpw {]bmktadnb Cuhnjbs {Km\p
krXambn, AtmSpIqSn Adnbppthm, Ah A{K`ppw,
{im ]qPnX\pw, ]wn ]mh\\pamb AKv\nbmbn `hnpp.
15. tOmlnbh\mkvtXjp kayIv imkv{XanZw nXw
Ejnhtf ]n ]qPyt Inw ]p\ ssZhhnZznPx?
Cu kayIv imkv{Xw tOmcpw bh\mcpw ]Tnm Ah
t]mepw Ejnamcm ]qPnsSpp. ]nsbmtWm ssZhhnmb
ZznPs Imcyw?
16. IplImthi ]nlnssXx Itm]{ipXntlXp`nx
IrXm tZtim\ k{X {]jvSthym\ kssZhhnv.
ambbm Bthinsv Xs \nnpXv sNhnbn tI
m ImcWambmt]mepw, IrXmtZi\pw Ftmgpw B\ioe\p
amb ssZhhnv {]XnIcnpn ({_lvakq{X ic`mjyn
A]iq{Zm[ncWn iq{ZeWw ]dbpXv \nmhN\w tIm
{]XnIcnpXns\bmWv; {]XnIcnmXncn {_mlvaW eW
amWv. AXmbXv, Pa tOt\bpw {_mlvaWt\bpw hyXykvXcm
pXv; AhcpsS am\knImhbmWv).
194

{]Imiknp

17. AhnZnssXz hbx imkv{Xw ssZhXzw {]]ZytX


k]wn ZqjIx ]mt]mttbm \{XkqNIx
imkv{Xw AdnbmsX ssZhXzw \Snph ]wn ZqjIc
amWv, ]wn ]mh\c. B ]m]nI shdpw \{X kqNI am{X
ambnmWv AdnbsSpXv.
18. \{X kqNtImnjvS ap]hmkw ItcmXnbx
k{]PXyXm an{kw km arhnMv_n\m
Cs\bp \{X kqNIm D]hmkw apXemb {]mbivNn
hn[npXv tIv, AsXms icnbmsWv [cnv A\pkcn
ph \{X kqNIp e`nt AXman{k \cIns
]IpXnsb {]m]npp.
19. \KcZzmc temjvSky bZzXvkymZp]bmNnXw
BtZikvXZzZm\w bx kXyx khn`mhysX\KcZzmctemjvSmZnIsf D]mknpXp t]msebmWv, Am\n
bpsS BtZiw kXyamIpw Fp hnNmcw.
20. kw]ymtbmPnXm tZi ikvXZznOn IYm{]nbx
ax imkvss{XItZti\ XymPykvXmZrMvalonXmx
kw]ntbmSpIqSnbh\pw (kv Binph\pw) kv
\inpt]mbhcpsS IYIfn {]nbw ImWnph\pw, D\pamb
imkv{Xs\ P\ Idnv XyPntXmWv.
21. bkvXp kayKznPm\mXn tlmcmKWnXkwlnXmx
A`yx k\tctW kzoIthymPssbjnWmx
tlmc, KWnXw, kwlnX- Cu aqp kvfnepw kayKv
m\w t\Snbhs\, PbImwnIfmb \tc{m Anv kzoIcn
tXmWv.
22. \ XXv kl{kw IcnWmw hmPn\mw hmNXpKpWw
ItcmXn tZiImetm btZtIm ssZhNnIx
Bbncw B\Ifpw \membncw IpXncIfpw D ssk\yw, tZi
Imem\nbmb Hscm ssZhNnI sNpXv (bpw Pbn)
sNm kac.
195

{]Imiknp

23. Zpxkz]v\ Zp hnNnnX Zpjvt{]jnX ZpjvIrXm\n ImWn


n{]w {]bmn \miw cmin\x {ipXzm` kwhmZw
\{Xsfpdnp (`mknphsbpdnp) kwhmZw
{inm Zpxkz]v\w, ZpjvSNnI, ZpjvIrX, Zphmm
{ihW Fnh sImp kw`hnsXmw \micminbntev AXn
thKw {]bmWw sNpw. {]ImitemIsfpdn kwhmZw {ihnm
Xs Zpxkz]v\ ZpjvS NnmZnI \inpsapsn, \nccw
{]ImitemIsf A\pNn\w sNphs hmv Fs\bpXm
bncnpw Fv hn`mh\w sNpI.
24. \ XtY OXn `q]tXx ]nXm P\\o hmkzPt\mf Yhm kplrXv
kzbtimf tim`nhnhrtb bYmlnX am]vXx k_eky ssZhhnXv
kzw bins\ m\tim`bm hopw hopw A`nhrn
{]m]nnpsImv _ehmbno ssZhhnv `q]Xnamv
kz]nXmhpw, amXmhpw kzP\fpw, kplrpfpw sNpXnt\
m lnXImcnbmbncnpp. kwhc eWw sImp hnhn
s tPymXnimkv{X EjnbmWv; {Xnkvm\nbmWv.
Fm, Cs tPymXnjn ^e`mKtPymXnjns GXm\pw AwK
am{Xw IjvSnp a\nemnshnv, Ab\mwihpambn
\Spp!!
CXn {iohcmlanlnc IrXu_rlXv kwlnXmbmw
kwhc kq{Xw \ma ZznXotbmf ymbx

196

{]Imiknp

Aymbw 3

BZnXyNmcw
1. BtjmnW apcab\w [\njvTmZyw
\q\w IZmNnXm koZv tbt\mw ]q imkvt{Xjp
2. km{Xab\w khnXpx ISImZyw arKmZnXivNm\yXv
Dm`mthm hnIrXnx {]Xy]cosWhynx
Bbneyns ]IpXnbn ZnWmb\w: [\njvTmZnbn D
cmb\w. ]q imkv{Xfn Cs\ ]dnpv. Ctm khnXm
hns Ab\w InSIw BZynepw aIcmZnbnepamWv. Cu A`mh
s hnIrXn Fp ]dbmw (kz{]IrXnp hn]coXamb Ah){]Xy]coWw sImv CXv hyammhpXmWv.
[Bbneyns ]IpXn- cminN{In 113 20'
(InSIn 23-20' )
[\njvTmZn- 294-20')
ie. 294-20
113 -20
181 00
181 hyXymkw (180 A)]
3. Zqc Nnlv\ th[mZpZtb AkvXatbf ]nhmkl{kmw timx
Ombm {]thi \na Nnlvss\ mate alXn.
kl{kIncWs DZbw, AkvXabw FnhbvnSbnep alm
aense Zqcfmb Nnlv\sf th[nnpw, OmbbpsS {]
thihpw \nahpw \nconnpamWv Ab\w ]condntbXv.
Ab\mwis ]condntb Cu cp amXs Ab
\mwi hyXymks km[qIcnpp. `qanbpsS hyXykvX _np
fn Ccpv DZbmkvXab _npnSbnse Zqc Nnlv\sf
\nbnph, `q{]Xens hyXykvX _npfnencpv ip
Ombsb B[mcamnbpw, {KlWs B[mcamnbpw \nbnp
h- Cu {]Xn`mkw {KlnmXncnbn. \ncoI\pw \ncoI
197

{]Imiknp

Ccnp _nphpamWv Cu Bt]nI hyXymkn\v, {]IrXnbpsS


hnIrXnv, ImcWw. B _npthmSp _\w hnSnbm
Ab\mwiw C. Amwi tcJmwi _\amWv Ab\mwi
tlXp.
shdpsX ISemkpw s]knepw FSpv IWmptmgmWv
Ab\mwiw DmhpXv. Zrw (Observation) sImv AXv
CmXmmw.
4. A{]m]yaIcatmhn\nhrtm (ln km]cmw bmayw
InSIamkw {]m]vtXmhn\nhr) tizmcmw ssk{nw
A aIccminbn \nv {]hnptm ZnW ]ivNna
ZniIfpw, InSIcminbn \nv Dc]qZniIfpw bnnpp.
5. Dcab\aXoXhrx takky hrnIcx
{]IrXn ivNzmt]ybw hnIrX KXn `bIr ZpjvWmwipx
Dcmb\ hrw taIchpw kkyhrnIcWhpamWv. `qan
kqcyt\mSSppXv {]IrXn [amWv. kv{Xo]pcpj kwtbmKw
t]mse. AXpsImmWv Dcmb\w taIcambXv. kqcyKXn
hnIrX KXnbmIpXv `qanbpw kqcy\pw AIem XpSp ZnWm
b\nemWv. kv{Xo ]pcpjm ]nWnncnbpXpt]mse, `qanbpw
kqcy\pw AIepp. AI hnIrXnbmWv. {]IrXnhncpamWv.
AI hcptm cs ZnXz`mhapv; AXn `bapv.
taSw (e) - {Imn]mXw
N
{]IrXn

W
\w
b
m
InSIw
nW
Z

\w
b aIcw
m
c
E
D

hnIrXn
S

Xpemw
(saIvkntm)
{Imn]mXw
198

{]Imiknp

`qan kqcy\ntev ASpm Bcw`np aIcmZn (Dcmb\


_np) apX {]IrXn, AIem Bcw`np InSImZn (Zn
Wmb\ _np) apX hnIrXn.
6. kXakvw ]hn\mXzjvSm\m a aew IpcpsX
k\nln k]vX`qXm P\mw ivNikv{XmKv\n Zp`nssx
]Imev A aes XzmjvS adbvptm k]vX
`q]m h[nsSpp. P\v ikv{Xw, AKv\n, Zp`nw, Fn
hbn\nv `bw P\npXv CmemWv. AXn\m InSIs
]amksav hnfnmdpv.
7. Xmak IoeI kwmcmlpkpXmx tIXhkv{Xbkv{XnwiXv
hm\mImssc kvXm ZrjvSzm ^ew {_qbmXv.
Xmak (Ccph) Fpw IoeI (Pzme) Fpw t]tcmSp
IqSnb cmlp]p{X (`qankpX) BWv tIXp. {Xb{XnwiXvhn[w (3 x
30 = 90) hn[w tIXp Dv. AhbpsS hw, m\w, cq]w Fnh
sb \nconm kqcy^ew (kqcym\w) Adnbmw.
8. tX Nm ae KXmx ]m]^em ivNm{Iate kuaymx
[zmMv-I_ {]lcW cq]mx ]m]mx iimtf ]n.
tIXp A aen {]thinm ]m]\pw, N{ae
n {]thinm kuay\pw BWv. N{aen Im, I_
w, Bbp[w FnhbpsS cq]n tIXp Zinm ]m]^ew
XsbmWv.
9. tXjmapZtb cq]mWyw `x Iepjw ctPmhrXw thymaw
\KXcpinJc hnao kitcmamcpXivNx
tIXphns DZbn BImiw Aw`psImv Iepjamtbm
s]mSn aqSntbm Ft]mse ImWsSpw ([qaw t]mse, \ocmhnt]mse)
]Xsfbpw hrinJctfbpw anpsImv, a[pc ckap
NamcpX hoipw.
10. EXp hn]coXmkvXcthm, Zo]vXm, arK]ntWm Znimw Zmlx
\nLmX alo ImZtbm `hy{X tNmXv]mXmx
199

{]Imiknp

Xcpfn EXp ssh]coXyw ImWpw (]qmeamsXbpw ]q


pI apXembh) arK]nI Zo]vXamb ZniIfntev Zmlnv an
\Spw. \nLmXw (CSn), `qIw, DXv]mXw Fnh DmIpp.
11. \ ]rYIv ^em\n tXjmw inJo IoeIcmlp Zi\m\n
bZn XZpZb ImcW tajmw tIXzmZn\mw ^ew {_qbmXv.
inJn (kw), IoeIw (Pzme) Fo cq]fn cmlp Zi\w
km[npw. AhbpsS DZb ImcWw shv tIXzmZnIfpsS ^ew ]dbmw.
12. bkvan bkvan tZtiZi\ ambmn kqcy_nw_mXx
Xkvankvan hyk\w alo]Xo\mw ]cntbw.
GtXXp tZifn kqcy_nw_ambn tIXpsh ImWpp
thm, B tZifnse `cWm[n]mp hyk\w kw`hnpp Fv
AdnbpI.
13. pXv {]m\ icocmap\tbm ]ypXv krjvS [ kcnXmx
\nmwk _melkvXmx IrOvtdWmbmn ]ctZimXvhnin\m m\amb icoctmSpIqSnbhcpw, [kcnXcp
amb ap\nam AXp ImWptm \nmwkcmb (Fpw tXmepamb)
XfpsS IpnIsf InseSpv hfsc tinv ]ctZifntev
Kanpp.
14. Xkvc hnep]vXhnmx {]m[n\nx izmkapIpenXm

- n]pSmxkxk icocmxtimtImZv`h_mjv]cprix
Xkvcmcm hnw A]lcns kp ZoL\nizm
kw hnpw IpI ASpw icocw hndpw timtImZv`hamb A{ip
Hgpnbpw Ccnpp.
15. am PpKp]vkam\mx kz\r]Xn]cN{I ]oVnXma\pPmx
kz\r]XnNcnXw IN]cmIrXw{] {_phyt\y.
P\sf kzcmPys `cWm[n]Xnbpw (\nbafmepw \nIpXn
Ifmepw), ap cmPmmcpsS N{Imbp[hpw (bpw) ]oUnnptm
a PpKp]vkbpfhmpp. Ah kz\r]XnbptStbm, ap cmPm
mcptStbm I Ncn{Xsfpdnv Hccw anmXmhpp. (a
200

{]Imiknp

bvv `qan Fpw IqSn Aapv; P\fpsS a, `qan Fv Zzbm


w)
16. K`jz]n\njv]m hmcnartNm\{]`qXhmcnarN
kcntXmbmn X\pXzw IzNnXv IzNn mb tXkkyw.
taLw K`w [cnppshnepw ag Xcpn. AXn\m \ZnI
IriKm{XnIfmbnocpp. kky AhnShnsS am{Xw apfbvpp.
17. Zt\tc{arXyphym[n`bwkymXvI_
kwmt\. ZzmMv ss NXkvc`bw Zp`nw IoetIt.
Aambnv IoeIw (Pzme) Im Zw sImv `cWm[n
Imcnv arXyp kw`hnpw; I_cq]n Im hym[n`bw;
ImbpsS cq]n Im Xkvc `bhpw Zp`nhpw.
18. cmtPm]IcW cqss]O{X [zP Nmacm Zn`nhrn: cmPm\yXz
IrZx kv^penwK[qamZn `n\lm.
cmtPm]IcWfmb O{Xw, [zPw, Nmacw FnhbpsS cq]
n Im `cWm[nImcnv m\{`wiw hcpw; asmcm `cWw
GsSppw. P\v kv^penwKw, [qaw Fnhbm \miw kw`
hnpw.
19. GtImZp`nItcmZzm[ymx kypc]tXn\mimb
knXc ]oXIrjvssW kvssXntmtm \phLv\x
taev]dhbn Hcp Nnlv\w am{Xw Im Zp`nw, cs
w Im cmPmhn\p \miw. sh, Nphv, a, IrjvWhw
Fns\ Nnlv\ Im {Ian {_mlvaW, {Xnb,
sshiy, iq{Zv \miw20. Zriyt NbXkvtX chn_nw_ tkymnXmatlmXv
]mXmx BKOXntemIm\mw tXss\h`bw {]tZti\.
AkvXanm t]mIp kqcy_nw_n\nv atlmXvmXw
DbphcpXp Zinm temIv AXnbmb `bw hcm t]m
Ipp Fw.
201

{]Imiknp

21. DuzItcm ZnhkIcm{ax tk\m]Xnw


hn\mibXn ]otXm \tc{]p{Xw tizXkvXp ]ptcmlnXw ln.
kqcys Duz`mKs civanI Xm{a\ndamsWn tk\m
]Xnbpw abmsWn cmP]p{X\pw shbmsWn ]ptcmlnX
\pw h[nsSpw.
22. Nnt{Xmf Y hm\n[qt{am chn civan hymIpew ItcmXn
alow. Xkvc ikv{X \n]mssXcyZn kenew\mip ]mXbXn.
kqcycivan Nn{Xambpw [q{aambpw Im `qan hymIpeamhpw,
Xkvc`bhpw ikv{X\n]mXhpw (Bbp[ hjw) Dmhpw. ag
Ipdbpw.
23. Xm{ax I]ntemhmIv; inincw lcnIppa Ohn Oau
B ]mp I\Ihtm {Kojvta hjmkpipO
24. icZn Iatem Zcm `u tlat cp[nc kn`x cmkvXx
{]mhrVvImte kv\nKvx kp \nt`m ]nip`Zmbn.
kqcyaew Xm{atam I]netam Bbn inincnepw, lcn
IppaOhntbmsS hknepw, ]mpc, I\Ihfn {Kojva
nepw, Iae Zfns DZc`mKs \ndwt]mse icnepw, cp[nc
kn`ambn tlanepw, ip`ZmbIamWv. hjmev kqcy
_nw_w kv\nKvambncpm, ip`amWv.
25. {Kojvtactm `bIrZzjmkzknXx ItcmXy \mhrjvSnw
tlat ]otXmItcmXyNntcW tcmK`bw.
{Kojvan kqcy_nw_w cOhntbmsS Ccpm `bw ^ew.
hjmev AknXambncpm A\mhrjvSn; tlan ]oX
hambncpm tcmK `bw.
26. kqvaxtiztXm hn{]m cm`x {Xnbm\zn\mibXn
]otXm sshiy IrjvWmkvXtXm ]cm ip`Icxkv\nKv[
kqvax tizXw hn{]mscbpw, cm`{Xnbmscbpw a
sshiytcbpw IrjvW\ndw iq{Ztcbpw ip`Icambn kzm[o\npw. A\y
\nd hn\miIcambn `hnpw.
202

{]Imiknp

27. kpcNm]]mSnXX\p\r]Xnhntcm[{]Zx kl{kmwipx


{]mhrVvImte kZyx ItcmXn hnaeZypXnhrjvSnw.
aghnpsImv {hWnXamb icoctmsSm hnhn[ cmjv{S
fnse `cWm[n]mnSbn hntcm[w Dmhpw. hjIme kqcy
hnaeZypXnbmbncpm [mcmfw ag s]pw.
28. hjImte hrjvSnw ItcmXn kZyx incoj]pjv]m`x
inJn]{X\n`x kenew \ ItcmXn ZzmZim_vZm\n.
hjmekqcy incoj]pjv]w t]mse Ccpm \ ag
s]pw, abnoenbpsS htmSpIqSnbncpm ]{p hj
tbvv ag InpIbn.
29. iymtaf tIoS`bw `kva\nt` `bapin ]cN{ImXv
bkyt kn{Z kvXkyhn\mix nXoiky.
iymahamb A IoS`bapmpw. `kvakZriambncp
m A\ycmPymv `bw. cmPmhns P\{Xn \m
kqcy_nw_n On{Zw Im cmPmhn\v hn\mi ^ew.
30. ii cp[nc \nt` `m\u \`et `hn kw{Kmamx
iinkZrti \r]Xn h[x n{]wNmt\ym\rt]m`hXn.
apbcw t]mse kqcys\m BImin shv kw{Km
aw (thymabpw) \Spw. N{kZriambn kqcy ImWsm Hcp
`cWm[n] h[nsSpIbpw, AbmfpsS m\v DSs\ asmcp
`cWm[n] Ahtcm[nsSpIbpw sNpw.
31. pmc IrZv LS\n`x Jtm \r] lmhn Zo[nXn
`bZx tXmcWcq]x ]pclm O{X\nt`m tZi\mimtb.
LSwt]mse Ccpm cmPyv hnipw sIme]mXIhpw Dm
hpw. Jambnm cmPmhn\v \miw. O{X cq]n Im
tZin\pw, tXmcWcq]n Im \Kcn\pw \miw.
32. [zP Nm]\nt` bpm\n `mkvtc th]t\NcqtN
IrjvWm tcJmkhnXcnbZnln \r]w XXx kNnhx
kqcy\n [zPNm] Im cqamb bpw \Spw.
IrjvWtcJ Im a{n cmPmhns\ h[npw.
203

{]Imiknp

33. {]XnZnhkalna IncWx ]cnthjokky tbmZztbmcYhm


ctm kvXtaXn ctmZnXivN `q]w ItcmXy\yw.
GsXnepw cmPyv Zn\w{]Xn kqcytZh {]`mX kmbwky
Ifn ]cnthjtmsS lnaIncW\mbn ImWsm Xobmbpw
B cmPyv Hcp `cWamw Dmhpw. ]pXnb `cWm[nImcn cmPyw
GsSppw.
34. {]lcW kZriuessZx KnXx kymZztb ]ncWImcn
arK alnjhnlK JcIc`kZricqss]ivN `bZmbo.
cp kyIfnepw kqcy_nw_w {]lcWkZriambn taL
n \nv ]XnbvpnSv bpapmhpw. arKw, alnjw, ]n,
IgpX, B\ Fnhp kZriamb cq] `bapmpw.
35. Zn\Ic Icm`n Xm]m Zrahm]vt\mXn kpalcnw ]oVmw.
`hXn N ]ivNzm {Opw I\IanhlpXmi ]cnXm]mXv.
AKv\nXm]m kzw ]oUnnsv ]cnipn ssIhcnp
Xpt]mse, k Afpw (Amwiw) kqcycivanIfm A`n
X]nnsv ]oUnnsv ]hn{XamIpp.
36. ZnhkIrXx {]Xnkqcym PeIrZp ZMvZntWntXmf \neIrXv
D`bx kene `bw \r]ap]cn \nlyt[mP\lmkqcys Dc`mKv {]Xnkqcys\ Im ag Dmhpw, kqcy
s ZnW`mKv Im sImSpmv Dmhpw. cp hipw
Im kene`bw (shsmw apXembh) Dmhpw. XmsgbmWv
IsXn temI\miw. apIfn Im `cWm[n]\v \miw.
37. cp[nc\nt`mhnbXyh\n ]mItcm \NncmXv
]cpjctPm cpWo IrX X\pcyZnhmZn\IrXv.
BImtim]cn cp[nc\n`ambnpw ]cpjamb s]mSnaqSn AcpW
hambnpw Im `cWm[n]\v DSs\ arXyp kw`hnpw.
38. AknXm hnNn{X \oe ]cptjm P\LmXIcx
JK arK ss`ch kzccpssX ivN\nimZyapssJx
204

{]Imiknp

kqcys\ IrjvWhnepw hnNn{X \oehnepw ]cpj


ambpw kybvv Zinbpw, ]narKmZnI IgpX kzcw Dmp
Ibpw sNbvXm P\ HSw \inpw.
39. Aae h]p ch{I aex kv^pS hnaemae ZoLZo[nXnx
AhnIrX X\p h Nnlv\ `q KXnItcmXn inhw ZnhmIcx
Aae h]pmbn, Ah{I aeambn, (tKmfmIrXn) kv^pShpw
Aaehpw hn]pehpamb kpZoLIncWtfmsS, AhnIrX X\phmbn,
hsfm, Nnlv\tfm Cm kzkzcq]tmsS KXn sNp
ZnhmIc inhw (awKfw) \Ipp.
CXn {iohcmlanlncIrXu _rlZv
kwlnXmbmamZnXy Nmc kvXrXotbmymbx

205

{]Imiknp

Aymbw 4

N{Nmcw
1. \nXya[x -tkytm `m`n `mt\mx knXw `hXyw.
kzOmbbm\yZknXw Ipw`ky hmX]ky.
Hcp Ipw`s kqcy\v A`napJambn ]nSnm kqcy\p t\p
Aw kqcymX]w XnXnfpw. at Aw kzw Ombbm
AknXw (Idpv) BbnmWpw. CXpt]msebmWv \nXyhpw kqcys
Xmsg ]nSnncnp N{s Hcw {]Iminp ipambpw at
Aw IrjvWambpw CcnpX.v
2. keneamb cmin\ncthnXtbmaqOnXmkvX
tamss\iw. ]bn ZtWmZc\nlXm Ch anckymx
ImSnbn ]Xn kqcyIncWw ancns D`mKs Ccp
ns\ \opXpt]mse, keneamb cminbn ]Xn kqcyIncWw
(N{\n ]XnXv) XsbmWv cm{Xnbnepw CcpIpXv (\nemhv,
{]Xn^en kqcycivanbmWv, AmsX N{civanb Fw).
3. XyPtXmf Xew iin\x ]ivNmZhew _tXbYm iuyw.
Zn\Ichim tZtmx {]ImitXf [x {]`rXyZbx
kqcy{]Xes Dt]nv N{s ]ivNna`mKs Ahew_n
kqcyIncWw F{]Imcw iphambncnppthm AXpt]mse, Zn\
Ichiamb B Cp, Xs At[m`mKp {]`rXnIsfbpw {]Imin
npp.
4. {]Xn ZnhktahamXv m\ hntitjW iuy]cnhrnx
`hXn iint\mf ]cmlvt\ ]ivNmZv `msKLStkyh.
{]XnZn\w C{]Imcw kqcym\ hntijm, A]cmlv\n
iinbvv ip ]cnhrn kw`hnpp; LSns ]ivNmZv`mKs
t]mse.
206

{]Imiknp

5. sF{kyioXInctWm aqemjmVmZzbky hmbmXx


bmtay\ _oP PeNcIm\\ lm hlv\n `bZivN
sF{w (Xrt), aqew, ]qcmSw, D{XmSw FnhbpsS Zml`mK
fntev ioXIncW {]thinptm _oP, PeNc, ImSp
I Fnhbvv AKv\n`bapmhpw (hnpIfpw, PeNcfpw ImSp
Ifpw AKv\nbvncbmhpw).
6. ZnW ]mtiz\ KXx iiohnimJm\pcm[tbmx ]m]x
aty\Xp {]ikvXx ]nXrkyhnimJtbmivNm]n.
hnimJw, A\ngw \{XfpsS ZnW ]mizneqsS kcn
p N{ Aip`amWv. AhbpsS ay`mKp IqsS kcnp
tm ip`Zmbnbpw ]nXr Fv t]cptI {]Pm]XnbpamWv.
7. jUv \mKXm\n ]ujvWmZv ZzmZicu{ZmaytbmKo\n
tPyjvTmZym\n\hmWypUp]Xn \mXoXybpPyt
tchXn apX arKincphscbp Bdp \{Xfn {]thin
msX, B{Z apX A\pcm[w hsc ]{p \{XfpsS aya
KXnbmbn, tPyjvT apX Dc `{Z]mZwhsc HXp \{Xsf
AXn{Ianv (AXoX\mbn) N{s\ ImWmw.
8. DXaoj OrwKw \u kwmt\ hnimetXm tNmm
\mhnI]oVmXkvan `hXn inhw ktemIky
N{s Db irwKw Hcp \uI t]mse hnimeambnm
\mhnImv ]oVbpw, ap ktemIpw awKfhpw `hnpw.
9. AtmtX NewKeanXn]oVm X Zp] Pohn\mw Xkvan
{]oXnivN\n \nanw a\pP]Xn\mw kp`nnw N.
]IpXn DZn N{s irwKs emwKesap ]dbpw. AXv lew
(Ie) sImv D]Pohnphv ]oVhcppw. cmPmm
\nansampw IqSmsXbpw {]oXntbmSpw kp`nambpw Pohnpp.
10. ZnW hnjmW atmXw bZmZrjvS emwKemJyw XXv
]my\tcizc \n[\ IrtymKIcw _em\mw N.
207

{]Imiknp

]IpXn Dbp ImWp N{s ZnW irwKs ZrjvSmemwK


sav ]dbpp. ZrjvSemwKew Im ]mycmPmhns BfpI
Xs Atls h[nm {ianpw.
11. kacmin\n kp`n tahrjvSmbx {]YamZnhk kZrimx kyp
ZhZpZntX ]oVmKhmw \r]ivtNm{K Ztmf {Xx
kacminbn N{ DZnm kp`nw, taw, hrjvSn Fnh
AXn\p aps Zn\n\p kZriambnv Dmhpw, Zw t]mse
DZnm ]ipv ]oVbpmhpw; \r]m Z\oXn \Smpw.
12. ImpI cqt] bpm\n b{XXp PymX tXmPbkvtXjmw
m\w bpKanXn bmtaymcmbXw `qanImb.
hnns cq]n DZnm bpw Dmhpw. hnns Pymhv (au
n) GXp tZi`mKtv Nqppthm Ahp hnPbapmhpw.
B irwKw ZnW `mKtbvtm Dc `mKtbvtm Nqnbncn
p m\amWv bpKw. B Znn `qan hndbvpp (`qIw Dm
hpp).
13. bpKtah bmaytImSyw InnXvirwKw k ]mizmbnXn
hn\nln kmhmlm hrjvtSivN hn\n{Klw IpcymXv.
bpKsa irwKw batImSn (ZnW `mKw) bn \nv Dbp
\nm AXns\ ]mizimbn Fv hnfnpw. AXv kmhml
kwLtfbpw hrjvSntbbpw \innpw.
14. Acyp{Ombm tZIw bZn iint\mf hmMv apJw `thmOrwKw
BhnXanXykp`nImcn XZv tZymL\kym]n.
iinirwKw Xmtgv apJambnm AXns\ BhnXw
Fv ]dbpw. AXv ]ipv kp`nw CmXmpw. ]pv IqSn apf
bvpIbn.
15. BhypOnm tcJmkatXm aem NIpmJyw
Akvan amenIm\mw m\XymtKm\c]Xo\mw.
N{aens Nppw AhnOnamb, AJamb tKmfm
IrXnbnep tcJmaew ImWpXmWv Ipw. Ipw GXp
208

{]Imiknp

aen \nv (`q`mKw) ZriyamIppthm B aense cmPm


m m\XymKw sNpw.
16. t{]mm\m`mhmZpZKx kkyhrnhrjvSnIcx
ZnW XpwK Ot{mZp`n `bmb \nnjvSx
t\cs ]d m\`mh DmhpIbpw, irwKw Dbp
ImWpIbpw sNbvXm kkym`nhrn, [mcmfw ag; ZnWirwKw Db
m Zp`nhpw `bhpw Dmhpw.
17. irwtKssWtIt\p hnlo\ aYhm]yhmMv apJairwKw
kq Nm`n\hw {ZjvssSztIm PohnXmXv{`tiyXv.
H irwKw, Xmtgp t\mnb irwKw, irwKlo\w, kqw,
A`n\hw- Cs\ N{s\ Zinm, Zinhcn Hcmv PohnXw
\jvSsSpw.
18. kwm\ hn[n; IYntXm cq]mWykvamZv `hn N{akx
kzevt]m Zp`nItcm alm kp`n hlx t{]mx
N{ans kwm\ hn[nbn At\Iw cq] `hnp
Xmbn ]dbsncnpp. sNdnb N{ Zp`nw sImphcpw. henb
N{ kp`nhpw.
19. ayX\p{PmJyx pZv `bZx kw{`amb cmmw N
Nt{m arZwK cq]x ta kp`nmhslm `hXn.
ayX\phmb N{s\ h{Pw Fp ]dbpw. AXv hnins `bw
Dmpw; cmPmmv kw{`ahpw. arZwKcq]nep N{ ta
hpw kp`nhpw Xcpp.
20. ttbm hnimeaqnc]XnevanhnhrtbN{Ix
qex kp`nImcn {]nb[m\yIckvXp X\paqnx
hnimeaqnbmbn hnp N{ cmPmmv evan
hnnpp. {]nbcfmb [m\y kp`nambn \Ipp.
21. {]Xym Ip\r]mw ivNlypUp]tXx irwtKIp tP\mltX
ikv{X pXv `bIr[yta\ iintP\mhrjvSnp`nIrXv
209

{]Imiknp

t{ijvTm ln\r]m atl{ KpcpWmipt{IW Nmm\r]m


ipt bm]yanZw ^ew {KlIrXw IrjvtW btYmIvXmKaw.
N{ irwKn sNm kv]inpsap tXmpwhn[w ASpp
hm No `cWm[nImcnIv lm\n kw`hnpw; i\nsbn
Bbp[w sImpw hnipsImpw Ahp `bapmhpw. _p[s\
n A\mhrjvSnbpw Zp`nhpw Dmhpw. _rlkv]Xnsbn
t{ijvT cmPmmpw ip{Is\n km[mcW cmPmmpw
\miw hcpw. IrjvW]nemWv Cu {Kl N{Spv ImWp
sXn Cu ^efpsS ]qm\p`hhpw ip]nemsWn
Aev]m\p`hhpw ]dbmw.
22. ]mme ssIIbIpeqXI ]qcpjmZm
l\ymZpio\cP\m\ ]nk]vXamkm
IrjvW]n N{irwKw ip{I\m ]oUnXambm ]mm
ew, ssIIbw, IpeqXIw, Dio\cw Fo {]tZifnse P\v
Aip`m\p`h kw`hnpw.
23. KmmckuhocI knpIocm
[m\ym\nssiem {ZhnUm[n]mwivNm
ZznPmw ivNamkm ZiioXcivanx
km]tbZzmIv ]Xn\m hn`nx
_rlkv]Xnbm irwKw `nambm Kmmcw, kuhocIw,
knp, Iocw, {ZmhnUw, ssietZi FnhnSfnse {_mlvaW
pw [m\ypw \miw kw`hnpw.
24. DZypm klhmlss\\c]Xnw kvss{XK IIm
amehm Iuenm KW]pwKhm\Y
in_o\mtbmyIm ]mnhm.
l\ymXv Iuchayipy[n]Xo cmP\yapJym\]n
{]mtebmwipc krKv {KtlX\pKtXjamk acymZbm.
sNmbm irwKw `namsm {XnKw, amfhw, Iuenw,
in_n, Atbmy, Ipcp, ayw, ipntZiw FnhnSfnse KW
]pwKhmcpw, ]mnhmcpw, cmP\yapJycpw DZypcmb (bptmZyp
!) hml\ktaXw Bdpamkw sImv \miw {]m]npw.
210

{]Imiknp

25. tbmt[ymbm kNnhm kuchm {]mKoim\Y


Nmp\mb\m\rl\ymZP`naex
ioXmw ipi amk]oVbm.
i\nbm N{aew `namsm ]qtZifn hkn
phcpw, Ap\ hwiPcpw, IpcphwiPcpamb cmPmm, a{n
am, tbmm Fnhv ]p amktv ]oVmImeambncnpw.
26. aK[m aYpcmw N ]oUtbXv
thWmbmizXSw iim IPx
A]c{XIrXw bpKw htZZv
bZn `nXz iio hn\nXx
_p[\m N{aew `nambm aK[, aYpc, thWm\ZoXocw
(thWmSv), FnhnSfnse P\v ]oU Dmhpw. Amev
]ivNnatZip BfpIv IrXbpKw Bcw`npw.
27. Dbm bZm iio{KkvX Ghl\ytX
l\ytX XZm \rt]m bkyP\nnXx
D sImv iin {KkvX\mbm sImebmfnIpw, \r]m
pw AXmXp P\{Xnse nXn A\pkcnv \miw {]h
Nnmw.
28. `kva\n`x ]pcptjmf cpWaqnx
ioXItcmx IncWu ]cnlotWmx
iymhX\px kv^pSnXx kv^pctWm hmpXv
ka cmab Nuc `bmbx
`kva kZriw, AcpWhw, IncWlo\w, iymahw, kv^pSn
Xw, kv^pcWw Fns\ N{s\m hnipw, bphpw tcmK
hpw tNmc`bhpw Dmhpw.
29. {]mteb Ipcp IpapZ kv^SnImhZmtXm
bXv\mZnhm{Zn kpXbm]cnarPy N{x
Dssx IrtXm \nin`hnjyXnta inhmb
tbm ZriytX k `hnXm PKXx inhmbm.
cm{Xnbn CXv F\nv inhambn `hns Fv A{ZnkpXbm
211

{]Imiknp

bXv\w sNstm Ft]mse, lnaIWtmSpw, IptmSpw,


IpapZtmSpw kam\amb ip{`htmsS DZnp N{ PK
n\v inhIcamWv.
30. bZn IpapZ arWmemlmcKuc kvXnYn \nbamXv
b taXn htX hm.
AhnIrX KXn aemwip tbmKo
`hXn \rWmw hnPbmb ioXcivan.
IpapZw, arWmfw, lmcw Fnh t]mse shfpv, XnYn \nbam\p
krXamb hrnbtfmSpIqSn AhnIrXKXnbmb aetmSp
IqSn N{ ImWsm Fm \r]mpw (P\pw) hnPbw
`hnpw.
31. ipt ]t kw{]hrt {]hrnw
{_lva{Xw bmXnhrnw {]PmivNx
lot\ lm\nkvXpeyXm XpeyXmbmw
IrjvtW kw XXv^ew hy]ytb\m.
CXn {io hcmlanlncIrtXm _rlXvkwlnXm
bmw N{NmcivNXptmymbx
ip]n hnphcp N{ {_lva{Xpw
P\pw karn \Ipp; ip]n lo\\mbn ImWp
N{ Ahv lm\n hcppp. kaambn Im ka^ew. IrjvW
]n Cu ^e hn]coXambn ]dbWw.

212

{]Imiknp

Aymbw 5

cmlpNmcw
cmlp FXv Atlmcm{Xw FXnse aya]Zfmb tlmcm
Xncnn cmtlmbn \nv kw`hnXmWv. kqcyN{m {]Imi
{Klfpw aph Xtam{KlfpamWv. Xtam{Klfn {][m\n
bmb cmlp `qan XsbmWv. CXv ]knmnIm X{n
\np hyamWv. `qanbpsS BIrXnsbpdnv `nm`n{]mbfpw,
{KlWthfbnse `qOmb sImv AXns tKmfmIrXn {Klnmhp
Xpw hcmlanlnc ChnsS ]dbppv.
1. AarXm kzmZ hntijmOna]nincx InemkpctkyZw
{]mWu c]cnXrw {KlXmw bmXw hZt\ytI.
2. Cz aemIrXncknXXzmXvIne \ZriytX KKt\
A\y{X ] ImemXv hc{]Zm\mXv Iae tbmt\x
incv OnamsWnepw AarXns BkzmZ\hntijm
{]mWs\ ]cnXyPnm asmcp {Klapv. N{kqcymsctmse
tKmfmIrXnbmWv CXn\pw. Fm AknXXzw (shfpv AYhm {]Im
ins A`mhw) sImv CXns\ KK\n ZriyamIpn. {KlW
Imev Iaetbm\nbmb krjvSnImhns hcZm\m CXns
tKmfmIrXn \apv Zinm km[npp.
3. apJ ]pO hn`mwKw, `pPwKamImcap]ZniytXy
IYbyaq a]tc Xtamabw sskwlntIbmJyw.
Nne ]dbpp apJhpw ]pOhpw hn`ammhp hn[n
Hcp `pPwKns cq]amWv CXns\v. ap Nne ]dbpp Aaq
hpw Xtamabhpw Bb CXv knwlnIbpsS ]p{X BsWv.
`qanbvv Hcp DSepw Hcp hmepapv Fv Ctmt\jym Icp
Xpp. AXn\m Ah `qansb Hcp Devtm Fv hnfnpw. Xangp
`mjbnse DeIw F ]Zhpw Dw F ]Zhpw Ctmt\jy
mcpsS Cu ]Zns aptmSnIfmWv. thZfn `qan Ccp apJ
213

{]Imiknp

hpw {]Iminp ]pOhpap


kknWnbmb tZhnbmWv.
CuPn]vXn Cu Imek
ns incv cmbn ]nf
hn[n Nn{XoIcnpp.
CXn knwlntIbs\
]Zhpw, DIfpw `qanbpw
Xnep _hpw Ncn{X]c
ambn khntij {iblnp
p. cmbncw hjw app
CuPn]vXy ]mdpIfn
DIsf ]cmainnpv.
{In. ap. 1768 se ssN\okv tcJ
Ifn Ahsbpdnp ]dnpv. sImdnbbnepw Pm\nepap
tcJIfn \nv Cv \mw *ensbmWnUv jhdpI Fp hnfnp
Dmhjw Hmtcm 33 hjnepw A[nIcnp {]Xn`mkw Npcp
nbXv 3500 hjpapv Cu cmPymv Adnbmsav In
pv (Meteors- F {Kn hn. s^Unkvn CXv ]cmain
pp). ensbmWnUv AYhm entbm (knwlw) cminbn \nv P\n
p knwlntIbm F cmlp hjn\v `qantbmSp _am
Wv ChnsS ]cmaiw. 1799, 1832-33 hjfn am{XamWv lwt_mpw,
AhmtKmbpw, _tbmpw apw ]mivNmXy cmPyv Chsb BZyambn
ZinXpw ssN\okv tcJItfmSv Hpt\mnbXpw.
ayImew hsc, DI `ua{]Xn`mkfmsWv hnizknn
cpXmbn Acntmnensbpw at\Iw Xzm\nIfpsSbpw {K
kqNnnppv. 1734- am{XamWv djybn Cu {]Xn`mkw
]T\hnt[bamnbXv. 1855-66 Cwv Cu ]T\w Bcw`np. Cen
bn jnbm^dnbpw Atacnbn \yq\pw Ahsb ]Tnp. D
Ifpw [qatIXpfpw Xnep _w jnbms^dn Ispw
apt ]qtZim IsnbncpXn\p sXfnhmWv, Ah cmlp
sh Ftmgpw tIXphnt\mSp _np ]dbpXv. sk]vXw_ 24 (1948)
\v s]kbnse Zm\ntemh {Kman I Dmhjns Nn{Xw
* ImnI, A{KlmbW amkn Nncmin `mKv ImWmw.
\hw_ 10 apX 18 hsc- amIvknaw \hw_ 16-mw XnXn.
214

{]Imiknp

F. bqkptmhv (t]Pv 37-38. Meteors- by V. Fedynsky) hcXv Hcp


kcq]nemWv FXv khntij {i Alnpp. 1948 HIvtSm
_ 11 \v s^ktImhpw \{XnSbn kstmse
\o hmev Cg cq]nemWv Dmhjsf \nconXv. Ah
bpsS intcm`mKn\v Xnfp sh \ndhpw (dazzling whitish hue)
hmen\v Nphp\ndhpw Bbncpp. CXv cmlptIXpfpsS h\
bmWv FXn kwiban.
DI s]mSn [qfoIWfm Hcp {]Iminp hmev
X\np Nppw krjvSnpsImmWv `qan kqcy\p Nppw *kcnp
sXv B[p\nI imkv{Xw Isnbnpv. DeIw, Devtm, `pPKm
Imcw, apJ]pOhn`w, knwlntIbw, Aaqw, Xtamabw apXemb
hcmlanlncsbpw ]qnIcpsSbpw ]Z{]tbmKsf Cu Adnhp
shv ]p\hnNn\w sNbvXv AhcpsS imkv{XobX {KlnpI.
4. bZnatm`hnNmcn intcmf Yhm `hXn aeo cmlpx
`KWmt\mmcntXm KrlvWm\n IYw \nbX Nmcx
Aaqhpw aenbpamb incmb cmlp `KWmn\
Iv (6 cmin) \nbXambn kcnpp. aew Fm tKmfmIrXn
Fpw, Field Fpw, Aw. aetmSp IqSnbXv aen (a
enbpsS Hcp ]cymb]Zw ksapw BWv). 6 cmin Fm 180 Un{Kn.
\nbXambn 180 Iv kqcyN{msc hn`Pnp `qanbmWv ChnsS
cmlp.
5. A\nbX Nmcx Jep tNZp]e_v[nx kwJybm IYw Xky
]pOm \\m`n[mt\mf tcW Ikvam KrlvWmXn.
cmlphns Nmcw (`qanbpsS kmcw) A\nbXambncppshn
Fs\bmWv {KlWw {]hNnm km[npI? ]pOw, B\\w
Fnh shtsdsbn Fs\ {KlWw kw`hnpw (tKmfmIrXn
bsn Fs\?).
6. AYXp `pPtK{cq]x ]ptO\ aptJ\ hmkKrlvWmXn.
apJ]pOmckww KbXn Ikvam `KWmw.
kw apJwsImmsX hmepsImv {KlnpI (hngppI)
bn. apJn\pw ]pOn\pw CSbnep `mKw (DS) sImpw
* 18 -mw \qmn temat\mtkmhv BWv CXv BZyw DulnXv.
215

{]Imiknp

hngppIbn (Chsbmw `qanbpsS tKmfIrXn Nqnmpp). Nne


kqcys\ {KknpXpw N{s\ {KknpXpw shtsd cmlpfm
sWv IcpXppv. ASp tmIw Ahsc ASpXn\mWv.
7. cmlpZzbw bZnkymZw {KkvtX f kvXantXf YthmZntX Nt{
XXv kaKXn \mt\y\ {KkvXx kqtcymf ]nZrtiyX.
cp cmlp Dsn N{\v {Kmkw, AkvXabw, DZbw
Fnh \Sptm AXns kaKXnbm kqcy\pw {KkvXambn
ImtWXt? As\ ImWmbvIbm Hcp cmlpthbpq.
8. `qOmbmw kz{KltW `mkvca{Ktl {]hniXopx
{]{KlWaXx ]ivNmttm `mt\mivN ]qmmXv
N{ kz{KlW thfbn `qOmbbnepw, A{KlW ka
bv kqcy\nepw {]thinpp. AXn\m ]ivNnaZnibn N{{Kl
Wtam ]qZnibn kqcy{KlWtam kw`hnpn (N{ Ingv
DZnbpw kqcy ]SnmdkvXanbpw sNp ]uanbn
am{Xw N{{KlWw).
9. hrky kzOmbm bssYI ]mtiz\ `hXn ZoLmN
\nin\nin XZzZv `qtacmhcWhimnt\iky
hrOmb F{]Imcw Bdp cminbvv, Htc hitbvpXs
\op \op sNppthm AXpt]mse, Hmtcm cm{Xn Ignbptmgpw
`qanbm BhcWw sNs OmbZn\w {]XnZoLnphcpp.
10. kqcymXv k]vXacmiubZn tNmZKv ZntW\ \mXnKXx
N{]qm`napJ Ombm auo XZm hniXn.
F{]Imcw kqcys Ggmw cminsb ISv Dc ZnWZnibn
AXnKXamhpntbm, AXpt]mse ]qm`napJamb `qOmb N{
\n hogpp. Dc ZnW Znibn `qan kqcy\n \nv 7 cmin
pdw t]mIbn. ]q ]ivNnaZnibn N{ `qanbn \npw 7 cmin
pdw t]mIbn.
N{{KlWw
]qw

]naw
`q

N
216

kq

{]Imiknp

kqcy{KlWw
Dcw
kq

Vertical

`q
]qw

]naw
N

ZnWw

kq
N{{KlWw (Horizontal)

kq

11. Nt{mf [x KbXnchnaw_pZ hamKXx ]ivNmXv


{]XntZi aXivNn{Xw ZrjvSnhimZv `mkvc {KlWw.
kqcys At[m`mKp N{, ]ivNnaZnibn \nv kcn
phv, taLw t]mse kqcys\ adbvpp. Hmtcmtcm tZifnepw
AXn\m hnNn{Xfmb {KlW ImWm km[npp.
12. BhcWw almZntmx IpWvT hnjmW kvXtXmf kx
kz]w cthcytXmf XkvXovW hnjmtWmchn`hXn.
N{s BhcWw almWv. AXn\m ]IpXn {Kkns
N{irwKw AXnibIcamw hn[w IpWvTnXw Xcpp. kqcymhcWw
A]amWv. AXn\m chnbpsS irwKw XovWamWv. hnjmWw
AYhm sImv (irwKw) FXmWv hnjw (Poison) Bbn hymJym\n
sSpXv.
13. Ghap]cmK ImcWw DanZw ZnhyZrKv`ncmNmcyx
cmlpx ImcWakvannXypx imkv{X kZv`mhx
ZnhyZrpIfmb BNmcym C{]Imcap D]cmK ImcWw cmlp
hmWv Fv ]dp. cmlp ImcWsa Dn imkv{X kXy`mhw am{XamWv.
217

{]Imiknp

14. tbmfkmh kptcm cmlpkvXkyhtcm {_lvaWmb am]vXx


B]ymb\ ap]cmtKmZ lpXmwti\tX `hnXm.
Akpcamb (A{]Imiw) cmlphn\v {_lvamhn\m hcw e`np.
GXphn[w tlmaw P\ sNppthm B bmwim \o
kwXr]vX\mhs Fv. AXn\m, a\pjybw (Iw) tlXp
hmbn `qan kwXr]vXambn, kZm AarXambncnpp.
15. \ IYn Z]n\nanss {KlWw hnmbtX \nanm\n
A\ykvan\m]n Imte `hy tYmXv]mXcq]mWn.
16. Xkvan Imte kmnyakytXt\m]NcyXvcmlpx
bmtaymcmiinKXnWntXf ]yp] NcytXtX\.
{KlWImev AXns kmnyw \mw Adnbpp. N{s
DcZnWKXnImemWv KWnX]cambn {KlWw kw`hnpXv.
AXm Imev \nanw sImv {KlWw Im, {KlWw {]h
NncpXv. DXvLmX cq]nep {]Xn`mk am{Xta {]hNnmhq.
17. ]{KlkwtbmKmIne {KlWkykw`thm `hXn.
ssXemivNPtef jvSaymw \ hnNnyanZw hn]ivNnXv`nx
]{KlkwtbmKm {KlWw kw`hnn Fpw AjvSan
\mfn Pen ssXew Iecpw Fpw ]dbpXv hnNn\w sNbvX
tijw am{Xw kzoIcntXmWv.
18. Ah\Xym {KmtkmZnKvtbm]e\bmh\XymN
XnYyhkm\mtZzemIctW IYnXm\nXm\nabm.
Ah\Xnbm A{Kmkw, he\w Fnhbpw Znv, XnYyhkm
\w Fnhbm thfbpw ImWpXv Rm t\ct (]knmnI
F IcW{Kn) ]dpIgnp.
19. jamtkmchrbm]imx k]vXtZhXmx {Iaix
{_lva iio{ Ipt_chcpWmKv\nbamivNhntbm.
Bdpamks hrnb\pkcnv ]n\v {Ian GgptZhX
amsc ]dbpp: {_lvamhv, iin, C{, Ipt_c, hcpW, AKv\n,
ba.
218

{]Imiknp

20. {_mlvta ZznP ]iphrntamtcmKymn kkyk


XZzXv kutay Xkvan ]oVm hnZpjmahrjvSn.
21. sFt{`q]hntcm[x imcZ kky tbm\ N taw
Iut_tcf ]Xo\m ahn\mix kp`nw N.
{_lvamhv {KlWm[n]Xnbmbm {_mlvaWpw ]ippw
A`nhrnbpmhpw. BtcmKyhpw kkyknbpw Dmhpw. N{
s\n hnZzmmv ]oVbpw AhrjvSnbpw Dmhpw. C{s\n
cmPmmcpsS hntcm[hpw icZvEXphn kky\mihpw tacmlnXy
hpw ]dbmw. Ipt_cs\n ]Wmv Ahn\mihpw ap
hv kp`nhpw Dmhpw.
22. hmcpW ah\oim ip` at\yjmw ta kkyhrnIcw
BKvt\bw an{XmJyw kkymtcmKy`bmw_pIcw.
hcpWs\n cmPmmv Aip`w. A\yv taw. kky
v A`nhrn. an{Xs\ AKv\nsbn kkyhrnbpw BtcmKy
hpw A`bhpw hrjvSnbpw.
23. bmayw ItcmXyhrjvSnw Zp`nw kwbw N kkym\mw
bZXx ]cw XZip`w pmcm hrjvSnZw ].
bas\n AhrjvSn, Zp`nw, kkybw, pv, almamcn,
A\mhrjvSn.
24. themlot\ ]Wn K`hn]nivN ikv{XtIm]ivN
AXnthte Ipkpa^etbm `bw kky\miivN
thfmlo\ambn {KlWw hm K`hn]nbpw ikv{X tIm]
hpw, AXnthfbn hm ]qpw Imbvpw \mihpw kky
\mihpw ]dbmw.
25. lo\mXncn Imte ^eapw ]q imkv{XZrjvSXzmXv
kv^pSKWnX hnZx ImeIZivNnZ]n\m\yYm `hXn.
thfm lo\hpw AXncnhpamb Imefnse ^ew ]q
imkv{Xfn IXp ]dXmWv (kzbw KWntXm \ncon
tXm A). kv^pSKWnX hnZKv[cmb ]qimkv{Xm ]d
Ime adnp kw`hnphm bmsXmcp \ymbhpan.
219

{]Imiknp

26. bt[yIkvan amkw {KlWw chntkmatbm kvXZmnXnjx


kz_etmss` kwb ambmzXn ikv{XtIm]ivN.
Htc amkn Xs kqcy{KlWhpw N{{KlWhpw kw`hn
m cmPmm kz tk\bpsS Xs tm`w sImv ikv{X
tIm]m bnpt]mIpp (]mf hnhw).
27. {KkvXm DZnXkvXanXu imiZ[m\ymh\oizcbZu
k {KkvXu Zp`n acIZu ]m]kwZrjvSu.
]m]mcm ZrjvSn sNs kqcyN{m {KkvXcmbn DZn
tbm AkvXantbm sNbvXm icZrXphnse [m\yfpw cmPmm
cpw bnpp; Zp`nw Dmhpp.
28. AtmZntXm]tcmtm ss\crXn Im ln kbmw ivNx
AKv\yp]Pohn KpWm[nI hn{]mivNantWmf bpKmivNpZnX;
]IpXn DZn thfbn {KlWw Dmbm ss\crXn tImWn
(\njmZtZifn) kbhpw l\nsSpp. AKv\yp]Pohn
Ifpw (AKv\nsb B{ibnph- {_mlvaW) KpWm[nIyap
hn{]cpw iaWmcpw AhnsS CmXmhpp (CXv BImins {]Y
amwin {KlWw \SmemWv).
29. IjI ]mjn hWnI{Xnb _e\mbIm
ZznXotbwf timImcqI iq{ZtOm J XrXobmw tika{XnP\m
cmas Awin {KlWw kw`hnm IjI, ]mj
m, hWnI, {Xnb, tk\m\mbI Fnhpw, aqmas
Awin kw`hnm Imcp (in]nI), iq{Z, tOm,
a{nam FnhpamWv \miw hcnI.
30. aymlvt\ \c]Xn aytZi lm tim`\ivN [m\ym;
XrW `rKamXym; ]pcsshiyLv\; ]takzmwti.
aymlv\n {KlWapmbm aytZinse cmPmm
pw tim`\fmb [m\ypw \miw kw`hnpw. ]amwin
{KlWapmbm ]ppXnp Pohnbvphbvpw, a{nampw
Ax]pchmknIpw sshiypamWv tZmjw.
31. kv{Xo iq{Zm jjvtTf tiZkyp{]Xy lmkvXabImte
bkvan kzmwti tamkvXXv t{]mm\mwinhw`hXn.
220

{]Imiknp

jjvT `mKambm kv{XoIpw iq{Zmpw k]vXa`mKamb


AkvXab Imev Impw tZmjamWv. FhnsS {KlWtamw
kw`hnppthm AhnsSbphv inhw kw`hnpw.
32. ZznP \r]Xo\pZKbt\ hnUvivNp{Zm ZnWmb t\ln
cmlp cpZKmZn ZrjvSx {]ZnWw lnhn{]mZo.
Dcmb\ Imes {KlWw ZznP\r]Xnampw, ZnWmb\
Imes {KlWw sshiyiq{ZmZnIpw \miw hcppw. Dc
]qZnW ]ivNna`mKfn FhnsS cmlp ZrjvSamIpp Fv t\m
pI. ZnWw apX {Ian {_mlvaWmZnIv bw ]dbmw.
ZnWw - {_mlvaW
]ivNnaw - {Xnb
Dcw
- sshiy
]qw
- iq{Z
33. tOm hnZnIntXm bmbn\ivNl\ymZv [rXmi kmwivN
keneNc ZnLmtXm bmtayt\m Zmhmaip`x
Cuim\ tImWn tOmpw AKv\ntImWn ]YnImpw
ZnW`mKv PePohnIpw B\Ipw Dc`mKv ]ip
pw {KlWw Aip`IcamWv.
34. ]qtWm kene ]qmw ItcmXn hkp[mw kamKtXm ssZXy
]ivNmXv IjI tkhI _oP]n\mimb \nnjvSx
]q`mKv cmlp hm `qan Pe]qbmbnocpw. ]Snm
dmWv hsXn IjIcptSbpw AhcpsS tkhImcptSbpw _oP
v (hnv) \miw hcpw.
35. ]mme IenwK iqctk\mx Imwt_mPuIncmX ikv{Xhmmx
Pohn Ntb lpXmihrym tX]oVmap]bmn tajkw tm.
36. tKm]mx ]ithmf Y tKmant\ma\pPmtbNmal XzamKXmx
]oVmap]bmn `mkvtc {KkvtX ioXItcf AYhmhrt.
taScminbn cmlp nXn sNptm {KlWapmbm
]mmew, IenwKw, iqctk\w, Imwt_mPw, HuwKw, IncmXw FnhnS
fnse Bbp[[mcnIfpw AKv\nsb D]Pohnphcpw ]oV A\p`hn
221

{]Imiknp

pw. hr`cminbn kqcy, N{{KlW kw`hnm tKm]m


pw, ]ippw, AhcpsS _ppw _pnappI t\cnSpw.
37. anYp\n t{ijvTmwK\Ipw, cmPmmpw, kma
mpw, _eimenIpw, IemImcmpw, bap\mXShmknI
pw, _mlvfoIpw, aytZimpw, kplvatZi P\pw.
38. B`ocmivN_cm k]lvehm am ayIpcp OIm\]n
]mme hnIemwivN ]oV bXyw Nm]n\n lnItSm.
InSIn B`ocmpw i_cmpw ]lvhmpw,
ampw aympw, Ipcppw, imImpw, ]mmem
pw, hnIepw ]oV Dmhpw.
39. knwl ]pfn KW taIe kXybpm
cmtPm]am \c]Xo h\tKmNcmwivN
jjvtT XpkkyIhnteJItKb km
lyivaI {Xn]pc imenbpXmwivN tZim
knwlcminbnse {KlWw sImv ]pfnKWw, taIense
kXybpcmb cmtPm]am, cmPmm, h\fn kcnp
h (BcWyIm) Fnh \inpw. Inbnsen kkyfpw
IhnIfpw teJIcpw kwKoXt{]anIfpw, AivaIcmPytbpw {Xn]pc
ntebpw imen (s\v) bpw BWv \inpI.
40. Xpem[tcf hy ]cmykm[q
hWnKvZimm acpIivN]mw ivNm
Aen\y tYmZpw _ca{Z tNmem
{Zpam kbu t[ybhnjmbp[obm.
Xpemnsen Ahn, A]cmw (]ivNnakap{ZXocw) Fn
hnSfnse km[pP\fpw hWnpIfpw, Zimmcpw, acptZim
cpw, IO]tZimcpw ]oVnXcmhpw. hrivNnInsen DZpw_cw,
a{Z, tNmftZiw Fo P\kaqlfpw hrfpw t{ijvTtbmm
fpw hnjmbp[nIfpw (hnjsshZym) ]oV A\p`hnpw.
41. [\zn\yamXyJchmPn hntZl am
]mme sshZyhWntPm hnjambp[m
l\ym\vartKmXpja{n Ipem\n \oNm
a{uj[ojp Ipiem hncm bp[obm.
222

{]Imiknp

[\phnsen a{nt{ijvTm, IpXncI, hntZlm, a,


]mme, sshZym, hWnpI, hnjamkv{Xm\nI Fn
hpw aIcnsen aym, a{nIpew, \oNIpem, a{u
j[Ipiem, hrcmb Bbp[[mcnI Fnhpw ]oV.
42. Ipwt`f KncnPm k]ivNnaP\m
`mtcmZzlmwkvXkvcm
B`ocm ZcZmcyknwl]pcIm
l\ymYmcm.
aot\ kmKc Iqe kmKcPe{ZhymWn am\ym P\m
{]mm hmcyp]Pohn\ivN` ^ew Iqtm ]tZimZztZXv
Ipw`nsen aebnSppIfn hknp KncnP\, ]m
ivNmXy, `mtcmZzl\w sNph, Xkvcm, B`ocm, ZcZm,
Bcym, knwl]pcm, _c Fnhpw ao\nsen
kap{ZXochmknI, kap{ZPe {Zhy, am\yP\, {]mm,
Ptem]PohnI (apph) Fnhpw \miw kw`hnpw.
43. khym] khytel {Kk\ \ntcm[mh a\mtcmlmx
B{LmXw ayXakvsXtamf y CXntX Zi{Kmkmx
]phn[w {Kmkfm {KlWw kw`hnpp. Ah -khyw,
A]khyw, telw, {Kk\w, \ntcm[w, Ahaw, Btcmlw, B{LmXw,
ayXaw, Xtamyw FnhbmWv Zi{Kmk.
44. khyKtX Xakn PKeqXw `hXn apZnXa`bivN.
A]kthy \c]Xn Xkvcmhat {]Pm\mix
khyn PKp apgph Xan apnbXpt]mse, ]q
ambn Beb\w kw`hnbm apZnXhpw A`bhpw Bb Ah
bmWv. A]khyn cmPmmpw Impw ]oVbpw {]Pm
\mihpw kw`hnpw.
45. Pntlzh teVn ]cnXkvXnancPtZmaew bZnktelx
{]apZnX kakvX `qXm{]`qX tXmbmN X{Xaln.
cmlp Pnlzt]mse aes Hp \pI am{Xw sNp
XmWv telw. Cu {KlWn kakvX`qXfpw B\npp.
[mcmfw hrjvSnbpw Pekarnbpw Dmhpp.
223

{]Imiknp

46. {Kk\ anXn bZm{Xnwix ]mtZmhmKrlytXf Yhm ]ya


kv^oX\r] hnlm\nx ]oVmNkv^oX tZim\mw.
{Klaens aqp ]mZtam, Hcp ]mZtam, Atam {KkvX
ambm AXv {Kk\w. KnIfmb \r]mp hnlm\nbpw, K
ap tZip ]oVbpw ^ew.
47. ]cytjp KrloXzm aty]noIrXw XakvXnjvtTXv.
k\ntcmt[mhntbx {]tamZIrXv k`qXm\mw.
aens ay`mKv ]ncq]n cmlp\nbpw
AXns ]cn[n HgnsI asmw cmlphm adbsncnbpw sNp
XmWv \ntcm[w (]cn[n Hcp corona bmbn ImWmw). CXv k`qX
pw B\Imcnbmb Zi\amWv.
48. Aha\anXn\nx tijtah kRvOm[ybZnNncw XnjvtTXv.
l\ymXv {][m\ tZim {][m\`q]mwivN Xnancabx
aes apgph {Kln cmlp AhnsSs IqSpX
kabw \nm Aha\w. {][m\ tZipw {][m\ \r]mpw
\miw hcpw; AImcambncnbpw sNpw.
49. hr {KtlbZnXakvXXv WamhrXyZriytX `qbx
BtcmlW antXyt\ym\yass\`bIcw cmmw.
tKmfhrmImcamb {Kln Hcp Wt\ctbvv Xap
sImp aqSnb tijw, hopw AXns\ Zriyampamdv cmlp Dbcpp.
AXns\ BtcmlWsap ]dbpw. BtcmlWapmbm cmPm
mnSbn `bcamb bpw Dmhpw.
50. ZW CsshItZtik _mjv]m\nx ivNmkamcptXm]lXx
ZrtiyXm{LmXw XXvkphrjvSn hrymhlw PKXx
\nizmkm ImSnbn Ft]mse, cmlphns \nizmkw
am{Xw (hmbpaew) {Klaen Xn _mjv]oIcnpXmWv
B{LmXw. AXn\m kphrjvSnbpw PKn\v A`nhrnbpw Dmhpw.
51. atyXax {]hnjvTw hnXakvw aew N bZn]cnXx
XaytZi\miw ItcmXn Ipymab`bw N.
224

{]Imiknp

ayn kz]`mKw Xav. ]cn[nbn \mep`mKw \new.


CXv ayXaw. aytZiv \mihpw DZctcmK`bhpw ^ew.
52. ]cytzjzXn _lpew kz]w atyXakvX
tamf ymtJy. kkym\m aoXn`bw `bakvanw
kvXkvcmWmw N.
N{aens ]n`mKs ]cn[nbn cmlp AXyw
_lpeambpw adp`mKv AXyw sNdpXmbpw Omb hogvpXmWv
Xtamyw. kkyv \mihpw, Xkvcmp `bhpw ^ew.
53. tiztXta kp`nw {_mlvaWo]oVmwN\nnti{Zmlu.
AKv\n`b a\eh ]oVmNlpXmihro\mw.
{KlW thfbn {Kkns N{kqcym tizXhambn
Im taw, kp`nw, {_mlvaW]oV; AKv\nhsan
AKv\n`bhpw AKv\nIw sNphsmw ]oVbpw.
54. lcntXtcmtKm_WXm kkym\m{aXo`nivN hn[zwkx
I]nte io{LKa kXztOzwtkm fY Zp`nw.
lcnXhamsWn tcmK A[nIcnpw. kkyfpw amhv
apXemb hrfpw \inpw. I]nehamsWn io{LKman
Ifmb {]mWnIfpw tOmcpw \inpw; Zp`nw Dmhpw.
55. AcpW IncWm\pcqt] Zp`nmhrjvStbmhnlK]oVmx
B[qt{a takp`n amZntiacphrjvSn.
AcpW IncWm\pcq]san Zp`nw, BhrjvSn, ]n]oV;
[q{aamsWn taw, kp`nw, ahrjvSn.
56. Imt]mXmcpW I]ne iymhmt` pZv`bw hn\niyw.
It]mXx iq{ZmWmw hym[nIcx IrjvWm hivN.
It]mXw, AcpWw, I]new, iymaw, IrjvWw Fo h
tNp Im pXv`bw, It]mX iq{ZmZnIp hym[n.
57. hnaeaWn ]oXmt`m sshiy[zwtkm `thXvkp`nmb
kmnjv aXymKv\n`bw ssKcnIcqt]Xpbpm\n.
225

{]Imiknp

hnaeamb aWnt]mse a\ndn tim`nm sshiy[zwk\


hpw, kp`nhpw ^ew. Anpt]mse Im (AKv\n\mfw) AKv\n
`bw. ssicnIcq]n Im bpw.
58. Zqm Imiymta lmcnt{Z hm]n \nntiacIw.
Ai\n `ak{Zmbn ]mSeo Ipkptamcmlpx
IdpIpt]mse iymaamtbm, lmcn{Zw (AcnXmcw) t]msetbm
Im acWw ^ew. ]mSeo ]pjv]w t]mse Im Ai\n]mXw
^ew.
59. ]mwiq hotemlnXcq] {X[zwkmb `hXnhrjvtSO.
_mechn IaekpcNm]cq] `rOkv{XtIm]mb.
[qfo]Sew sImv Nphp Im {Xnb[zwk\hpw, hrjvSn
bpw {]hNnmw. DZbkqcy Xmact]msetbm C{[\ppt]msetbm
Im ikv{XtIm]w ^ew.
60. ]iy {KkvXw kutaymLrXa[pssXebmb cmmw N
`uax kachna inJntIm]w Xkvc`bw N.
_p[s {KlWw kw`hnm s\v, tX, F, cmPmm
Fnhv bw, `ua (sNm) BsWn bpw, ktIm]w,
Xkvc`bw.
61. ip{Ix kkymhna \m\mtimwOP\bXn [cn{XymwchnPx
ItcmXyhrjvSnw Zp`nw Xkvc`bw N.
ip{I\m {KlWapmbm kky\mihpw, `qanv \m\mhn[
tifpw ^ew. i\nbmemsWn AhrjvSn, Zp`nw, Xkvc
`bw (`qan AYhm cmlpsh IqSmsX ap {Klfmepw {KlWw kw`hn
psa m\w {itbamWv).
62. bZip` ahtemI\m`ncpw {KlP\nXw {KltW
{]tamtWhm kpc]XnKpcpWmhtemIntX
XOaap]bmXnPsse cnhmKv\ncnx
*ZoLIme {`aW]Yfp hkvXpsf {lkzIme ]Yfphbmbn
amm hymgn\p Ignbpw. Ccw hkvXp (t{SmP {Kqv), hymgw, kqcy
Fnh 60 hyXymkn Hcp ka`pP {XntImWns aqeIfn \npp.
Chsb Libration point Fp ]dbpw.
226

{]Imiknp

{KlW kabpw tamImepw I Fm Aip` ^e


fpw, AKv\n Pemse t]mse, *hymgZrjvSn sImv ianpp.
63. {KkvtX {Iamnanssx ]p\{Ktlmam kjUvI ]cnhrym
]ht\mm]mXcPx nXnIXtam f i\n]mssX
Imv, Dm]mX, cPv (s]mSn), `qIw, Xav, Ai\n
]mXw Fo \nan \nconp ]w {Ian, Bdp amk
n\Iv {KlWapmhpsav Ddnmw.
Imv
- 6 amkn\Iw
Dm]mXw - 5 amkn\Iw
cPv
- 4 amkn\Iw
- 3 amkn\Iw
`qIw
Xav
- 2 amkn\Iw
Ai\n]mXw - 1 amkn\Iw (Ai\n]mXamWv fireballs
AYhm AKv\ntKmfcq]n hogp DI).
64. BhnImP\]Zmx Imthco\ZmXSm{ibnWx
Zr]vXmivN a\pP]tbx ]oVyt nXnkptX {KkvtX.
`qanbpsS ]p{X\mb sNmbm {KlWapmbm BhnIm
P\]Zw, Imthco Xocw, \ZmXocw FnhnSfnse cmPmmv
]oV kw`hnpw.
65. AtZo kcbpw t\]mfw ]qkmKcw timWw
kv{Xo\r]tbm[Ipamc klhnZzZv`n _pt[mln.
_p[\m {KlWapmbm AtZn, kcbqXocw, t\]mfw,
]qkmKcXocw, timWm\ZoXocw ChnSfnse kv{XoI, \r]m,
tbmm, Ipamcm, hnZzmm Fnhv \miw.
66. {KltWm]KtXPoth hnZz\r]a{nKPlbzwkx
knpXShmkn\ma ]ypZKvZniw kw{inXm\mwN.
_rlkv]Xn {KlWImhmbm knp\ZoXShmknIpw,
DcZnnephpw, hnZzmm, \r]m, a{nam, B\I,
IpXncI Fnhpw \miw hcpw.
227

{]Imiknp

67. `rKpX\tb cmlpKtX ZtkcImx ssIIbmkbu


t[ybmx Bcyhm in_bx kv{Xo kNnhKWmw ivN]oVyty.
ip{Is\n ZmtkcIm, tIIbm, Atbmym, Acym
hm, in_nI Fnhcpw kv{XoIfpw a{nKWfpw \inpw.
68. kutc acp `h ]pjvckucmjv{Sm
[mhtXmApZmyP\mx
tKma ]mcnbm{Xm{inXmivN\miw {hPymip
i\nbmsWn acp`qanIfnepw ]pjvcnepw kucmjv{Snep
ap P\fpw ssk\yfpw, tKmaIw, ]mcnbm{Xw Fo ]X
sf B{ibnp Ignbphcpw ]oVnXcmhpw.
69. ImnIyma\tem]Pohn aK[m {]mNy[n]m
tImiem Imjm\Y iqctk\ klnXm
IminwivN km]tbXv l\ymivNmXp IenwKtZi\r]Xnw.
kmam\y`rXyw XtamZrjvSw {XnbXm]Zw
P\bXn taw kp`nm\znXw.
ImnI amkn {KlWapmbm AKv\nsb D]Pohnp
h, aK[m, ]qZnns A[n], tImie, Iamjm, iqc
tk\m, IminhmknI Fnhv km]apmhpw. {Xnbv
Xm]apmp cmlp IenwKtZis cmPmhns\ kmam\y`rXym
tcmSpIqSn l\nbpw, P\v tahpw kp`nhpw hcppIbpw
sNpw.
70. ImivaocIm IuieIm k]p{m
arKmwivNl\ymZ]XImwivN
tb tkma]mwkvXmw ivN\n]mn kutay
kphrjvSnIrXv takp`nIrO.
B{KlmbWn, Imivaocw, tImiew, ]p{w, A]cm
tZiw (]ivNna tZiw), ZnWtZiw FnhnSfnse tkma]v
\miw hcpw. aphv kphrjvSnbpw tahpw kp`nhpw ^ew.
71. ]utjZznP{XPt\m]tcm[x
ksskhmJymx IpIpcmhntZlmx
228

{]Imiknp

[zwkw{hPy{XN ahrjvSnw
`bw N hnZymZkp`n bpw.
]ujamkn {KlWw hm {_mlvaWpw {Xnb
pw D]tcm[w, sskh, IpIpc, hntZlmp \miw, ahrjvSn,
`bw, Akp`nw.
72. amtLXp amXr]nXr`hknjvT tKm{Xm
kzmymb [\ncXm IcnWkvXpcwKm
hwKmwKImin a\pPmw ivNZpt\mXn cmlp
hrjvSnw N IjIP\m\paXmw ItcmXn.
amLamkn {KlWapmbm amXr]nXr`cmb hknjvT
tKm{Xmpw, kzmymb[\ncXpw, B\Ipw, IpXncI
pw AwK, hwK tZifntebpw Iminbntebpw a\pjypw ZpxJw
kw`hnpw. ]s, IjIv [mcmfw ag e`npw.
73. ]oVmIcw ^mKp\amkn ]
hwKmivaImhI taIem\mw
\r kky{]hcmwK\m\mw
[\pjvc {XX]kzn\mw N.
^mKp\ amkn hwKw, AivaIw, Ahn, taIe Fo
tZimpw, \rmpw, kkypw, t{ijvT kv{XoI
pw, [\pmcnIpw, {Xnbpw, X]kznIpamWv tZmjw.
74. ssNt{XXp Nn{XIctebI tKbkm
cqt]m]Pohn\nKalncWy]Wym
]u{UuWv{U ssIIbP\m\Y NmivaImwivN
Xm]x kv]riXyhc t]mf {X hnNn{Xhjm.
ssN{Xnse {KlWw, Nn{XImcm, teJI, Km\{]nb,
cqt]m]PohnI (thiyam), \nKa, kzWnm, ]u{w,
D{w (Hdok), ssIIbw, AivaIw FnhnSfnse P\\mYm
Fnhv Xm]apmpw. hjw (ag) hnNn{Xambncnpw.
75. sshimJamtk {KltW hn\miambmnImmkXnemx
kap{Zx CymIpcyut[ybiImx IenwKm tkm]{Zhmx
Inp kp`n akvan.
229

{]Imiknp

sshimJamknse {KlWw sImv ]cpn, Fv, kap{Zw,


CzmIp, Hut[b, iIm, IenwKm FnhmWv \jvSw.
]s kp`nw Dmhpw.
76. tPyjvtT \tc{ZznPcmP]Xv\yx
kkym\n hrjvSn almKWmivNx
{]zwk ambmn \cmivNkuaymx
kmssezx ktaXm ivN \njmZ kmx
tPyjvTamkn cmPmm, ZznPm, cmP]Xv\nam, kky
, ag, almKW, kmeztZis P\, \njmZm Fnh
mWv \miw.
77. BjmV]WypZ]m\h{]\Zo{]hmlm ^eaqehmm
Kmmc Imivaoc ]pfn No\mlXm htZae hjakvan.
BjmVamkn Ipffpw InWdpIfpw, \Zo{]hmlfpw
^eaqemZnIfpw \inpw. KmmcImivaoc ]pfn, No\tZifn
Hcp aeImew \op\np hjw e`npw.
78. Imivaocm k]pfnNo\bh\ml\ymXv Ipcpt{XIm
Kmmcm\]naytZi klnXm ZrjvtSm {Klx {imhtW.
Imwt_mssPI i^mw ivN imcZa]n Xyzm btYmm \nam\\y{X
{]NpcmWlrjvS a\pssPm{Xow ItcmXymhrXmw.
{imhWn {KlWapmbm Imivaocw, ]pfnw, No\w,
bh\w, Ipcpt{Xw, Kmmcw, ay{]tZiw, Imwt_mPw, GIi^w,
imcZw FnhnSfn [mcmfw agbpmhpIbpw Aw sImv
karamb `qanbn a\pjy B\ Xpnecmbn Pohnbvbpw sNpw.
79. IenwK hwKm aK[m kpcmjv{Sm
tOm kphocm ZcZmivNImwivN
kv{XoWmw N K`m\kptcm\nln
kp`n IrZv `m{Z]tZf {ipt]Xx
`m{Z]Znsen IenwKw, hwKw, aK[, kpcmjv{Sw, tOw, kphocw,
ZcZw, iIw FnhnSfnse kv{XoIfpsS K`w AekntmIbm
Io Hgppp. Fm AhnSfn kp`nw Dmbncnpw.
230

{]Imiknp

80. Imwt_mP No\bh\m klieylrZv`n mlvfoIknpXS hmknP\mwivNl\ymXv


B\ ]u{`njPmwivN XYmIncmXm
ZrjvtSm fkptcm fivNzbpPn `qcnkp`n Ir.
Bizn\nse {KlWw sImv Imwt_mP, No\, bh\ tZim
pw, ieyapmp _mlvfoIntebpw, knp\ZoXSntebpw
B\ntebpw ]u{ntebpw P\pw sshZympw
IncmXmpamWv \miw. s]mXpsh kp`nw Dmhpw.
81. l\p Ipn]mbpt`Zm ZznZznx kO\w N PcWw N
aymtbmivN hnZcWanXn Zi iin kqcytbmtmmx
iinbvpw kqcy\pw ]phn[w {KlWtamapv. cp hn[w
l\pt`Zw, cphn[w Ipnt`Zw, cphn[w hmbpt`Zw, kwO\w,
PcWw, ayhnZmcWw, AhnZmcWw.
82. BKvt\bym a]Ka\w ZnW l\pt`Z kwnXw.
iin\; kkyhnatm apJcpKv\r]]oVmkymXv kphrjvSn
AKv\ntImWn tamw kw`hnpXv ZnWl\p. [m\y
\miw. apJtcmKw, \r]]oV, kphrjvSn^ew.
83. ]qtmtcW hmtaml\pt`tZm \r]Ipamc`bZmbn.
apJtcmKw ikv{X`bw Xkvan hnZymXv kp`nw N.
]qtmcZnibn tamw hm hmal\p. \r]Ipamc
mv `bw, apJtcmKw, ikv{X`bw, kp`nw ^ew.
84. ZnWIpn hntZtZm ZnW]mtiz\bZn`th tamx
]oVm\r] ]p{XmWmaZntbmPym ZnWmcn]hx
ZnWZnibn tamw `hnpXv ZnWIpnhnt`Zw. \r]
]p{Xmp ]oVbpw, ZnWtZis cmPmmtcmSv Ielhpw
^ew.
85. hmakvXp Ipnt`tZm bZypcam kwntXmcmlpx
kv{XoWmw K`hn]n kkym\nN X{X aymWn.
Dcamn tamw hcpXv hmaIpnt`Zw. kv{XoIfpsS
K`\mihpw, kkyv aya^ehpw.
231

{]Imiknp

86. ss\crX hmbhyu ZnWhmauXp ]mbpt`Zu


Zzu. KplycpK]mhrjvSnttbmkvXp cmn tbmhmta.
ss\crXn tImWn ZnW hmbpt`Zw. KplytcmKfpw, A]
hrjvSnbpw, cmnamp bhpw ^ew.
87. ]qtW{]{KlWw IrXzm {]mtKh Nm]ktX.
kO\manXnXv takkylmn{]Zw PKXx
{KlWw ]q`mKp XpSn aptmv Nenv tamw kw`hn
pXv kO\w. kkyv hrnbpw, kwkmcn\v tahpw
^ew.
88. {]mNv {]{KlWw bkvan ]ivNmZkWw XpXcWw.
pOkv{X `tbmZznKv\mx I icWap]bmn X{XP\m.
]ivNna `mKp XpSn, ]ivNna`mKp Xs tamw \Sm
pv, Akv{X`bw Fnhbm Dgdp P\ FmsWmcp
icWw Fv hebpp.
89. atybZn {]Imix {]Yaw XayhnZcWw \ma.
Ax tIm]Icw kymXv kp`nZw \mXnhrnIcw
ayw BZyw {]IminnsSpXv ayhnZcWw. {]mWnI Ax
tm`w A\p`hnpw. kp`napmhpw. Fnepw AXnhrnIca.
90. ]cytjp hnaeXm _lpew atyXtam fZcWmtJy
aymJy tZi\mix imcZkkyb ivNmkvan.
Npp `mKw hnaew, ay`mKw Ccpv- C{]Imcw Ccpm A
hnZmcWw. ay {]tZin\v \mihpw icmev kkybhpw
^ew.
91. GtX kt tammhhym `mkvtc]nf Inz{X.
]qmZnIv cmin\n bYm XYmcshu ]ivNnam I]ym
N{{KlWn\p ]d Cu khpw kqcy{KlWn\pw
_m[IamWv. N{\v ]qZnIvcmin ]dsXms kqcy\v ]ivNnaZnIv
cminbmbn I]nWw.
232

{]Imiknp

92. apt k]vXmlmmx ]mwkp\n]mtXm fkMv bw


IpcptXm \olmtcm tcmK`bw `qIx {]hc\r]arXypw.
93. Dm a{nhn\miw \m\mhm L\mivN`baXpew
kvX\nXw K`hn\miw hnZypr] Zwjv{Sn ]cn]oVmw.
94. ]cnthtjm cpIv]oVmw ZnKvZmtlm\r]`bw NkmKv\n`bw
cqtmhmbpx {]_eivNuckaryw `bw [tm.
95. \nLmXx kpcNm]w Z O pZv`bw k]cN{Iw
{Klbpw \r]bpw tIXpivN X tZhkwZrjvSx
96. AhnIrX kene\n]mtX k]vXmlmx kp`namtZiyw
bmip`w {KlWPw XXv k\miap]mbmXn.
97. tkma{Ktl\nhrt ]mt bZn`thZv {Ktlm fky
X{Xm\bx {]Pm\mw ZtXymsscat\ym\yw.
98. A{KlmXv Xp iint\m {KlWw bZnZriytX.
XtXm hn{]mx ss\I{IXp^e`mtPm `hn
apZnXmx {]PmivssNh.
CXn hcmlanlncIrXu _rlXv kwlnXmbmw
cmlpNmcx ]tam fymbx
{KlWtamw Zinv GgpZnhkn\Iw Nne eW
Im {]hNnthbmWv Cu tmIfn ]dbpXv.
1. [qfohjw
- Abw
2. \olmcw
- tcmK`bw
- t{ijvT \r]mcpsS arXyp
3. *`qIw
4. *D
- a{nhn\miw
5. \m\mhn taLw - `bw
- K`hn\miw
6. *taLK\w
7. *hnZypZv]mXw
- \r]\pw Zwjv{SmarKpw ]oV
8. ]cnthjw
- tcmK]oV
- \r]`bw, AKv\n`bw
9. *ZnKvZmlw
*1908 ssk_ocnbbn Dmb TUGUSKA FALL- \{X Nnlv\an
eW Incpp. djybnse N{Ihn hwins ]X\ns
aptmSn.
233

{]Imiknp

10. cqhpw {]_ephamb Imv - tNmc`bw, arXyp`bw


11. \nLmXw, C{[\pv, - at N{In (AtKmfn)
Zw
Dhv pXv`bw (\ofn
Hcp hSnt]mse ImWp Eros
BWv Zw)
12. {Klbpw
- \r]bpw
13. tIXp
- bpw
14. AhnIrXamb Pe]mXw - kp`nw (CXpsImv, {KlW
ns tZmjsfmw ianpw)
15. N{{KlWw Ignv A]Zn\Iw kqcy{KlWw
hm P\ ZpSpImcmhpw. ZXnamv ]ckv]cw sshcw
P\npw.
16. kqcy{KlWm\cw (Hcp ]n\p tijw) N{{KlWw
hm hn{]m At\Iw {IXpfpsS ^ew `pPn-bpw {]PI
B\nbpw sNpw.

234

{]Imiknp

Aymbw 6

`uaNmcw
1. bZypZbtmZz{Iw ItcmXn \hamjvSk]vXatjp
XZz{I apjvWm apZtb ]oVmIcaKv\nhmm\mw
GXp \{Xn sNm DZnpthm B DZb\{Xns 7,8,
9 \{Xfn sNm h{IamIppshn B h{Is DjvWw
Fp ]dbpw. DjvWht{ImZbn AKv\nbm D]Poh\w sNp
h ]oVnnsSpp.
2. ZzmZi Zissa ImZi \{XmZz{IntX IptPf {ip
apJw ZqjbXn ckm\pZtb ItcmXn tcmKm\phrjvSnivN.
DZb\{Xns 10,11,12 h{Iw kw`hnm AXns\ A{ip
apJw Fp ]dbpw. A{ipapJns DZbImev kckfpw
Zpjnpp. tcmKfpw A\mhrjvSnbpw Dmhpp.
3. hymfw {XtbmZim NXpimZzm hn]NytXf kvXatb.
Zwjv{SohymfartKmivNyx ItcmXn]oVmwkp`nw N.
GXp \{Xn IpP AkvXanppthm, B \{Xn
s 13,14 \{Xfn IpP h{IamIp ]w B h{In\v hymf
sap ]dbpw. Zwjv{Sbp arKpw hymfpw ]oVbpw, ap
hp kp`nhpw ^ew.
4. cp[ncm\\anXn h{Iw ]ZimXvtjmVimw ivNhn\nhrt
XXvmew apJtcmKw kZbw N kp`namhlXn.
15,16 \{Xfn h{IamIpXv cp[ncm\\w- cp[ncm\\Imev
apJtcmKw, `bw, kp`nw5. Aknapiew k]vXZimZjvSmZitXm ]nhmf XZ\pht{I
ZkypKtWivNx ]oVmw ItcmXyhrjvSnwk ikv{X`bw.
17,18 \{Xfn A\ph{Iw hcpXv Aknapiew. Imcn
\npw Bbp[fn \npw `bw, AhrjvSn Fnh ^ew.
235

{]Imiknp

6. `mKym tamZntXmbZn \nhtX sshiztZhtX `uax


{]mPm]tXyf kvXanXkv{Xo \]ntemImn]oV bXn.
IpP ]q^mKp\n, Dc^mKp\n Fo \{Xfn
DZnv, DcmjmVn \nhrambn (h{Iw) tcmlnWnbn AkvX
anp ]w {XntemIpw ]oV kw`hnpw.
7. {imhtWmZnXky h{Iw ]ptjyaqm`njn]oVIrXv
bkvanrtf ivNpZnXkvXZnKvhyqlm P\mln.
{imhWn DZnv ]pjyn h{Iambm, A`njncmb
cmPmmv ]oV- DZb\{Xw GXp ZnibnemtWm B Znibn
ephv Cu ^e ]dbWw.
8. aty\ bZn aLm\w KXmKXx temlnXx ItcmXn XXx
]mtym\rt]m hn\iyXn ikvt{Xm tZymKmZv `b ahrjvSn
aIw \{Xsan ayneqsSbmWv IpPs kmcsan
]mycmPmhn\v \mihpw, Bbp[`bhpw, AhrjvSnbpw ]dbmw.
9. `nXzmaLw hnimJw `n `uax ItcmXn Zp`nw
acIw ItcmXn tLmcw bZn`nXzm tcmlnWow bmXn
aIsbpw hnimJtbpw sNm t`Znp sNm Zp`napm
hpw. tcmlnWnsb t`Znm tLmcacWw ^ew.
10. ZnWtXm tcmlnWymivNcalotPmf hrjvSn \n{KlIrXv.
[qamb kintJm hmhn\nlXymXv ]mcn bm{Xmm.
tcmlnWnbpsS ZnW`mKpIqSn sNm kcnm ag
Ipdbpw. [qaw t]msebp inJItfmSpIqSn sNmsb Im ]mcn
bm{X m\php \miw kw`hnpw.
11. {]mPm]tXy {ihtWmaqteXnkrjpcmkp imt{IN.
hnNc L\\nhmlm\m ap]LmXIcx amX\bx
tcmlnWn, XncpthmWw, aqew, Dc^mKp\n, Dc BjmVw,
Dc`m{Z]Zw, tPyjvT Fo \{XfneqsS kcnp sNm
taLpw \miw hcppw.
236

{]Imiknp

12. NmtcmZbmx{]ikvXmx {ihWabmZnXyaqe lkvtXjp


GI]Zmizn hnimJm {]mPm]tXyjp N IpPky.
{imhWw, aIw, ]p\hkp, aqew, Aw, ]q`{Z]mZw, Aizn\n,
hnimJw, tcmlnWn Fnhbn sNm DZnpXpw NcnpXpw ip`
IcamWv.
13. hn]pe hnaeaqnx InwipImtimIhx
kv^pScpNnc abqJ kvX]vX Xm{a {]`mhx
hnNcXn bZn am tNmcw taZn\oPx
ip`IrZh \n]m\mw lmnZivN{]Pm\mw.
CXn {iohcmlanlncIrXu _rlXvkwlnXmbmw
`uaNmcx jjvtTmymbx
hn]pehpw hnaehpamb cq]tmsS, AtimInttbm InwipI
nttbm ]pjv]n\p kam\amb htmsS kzOat\mlc
fmb IncWtfmsS, X]nn Xm{aw t]mse {]`mhtmsS; Dc
{Imn]YneqsS kcnp awKe cmPmmv ip`acpfpp;
{]PIv kpJacpfpp.

237

{]Imiknp

Aymbw 7

_p[Nmcw
1. t\mXv]mX ]cnXyx IZmNn Z]n
N{tPm {hP XypZbw
Pe Zl\ ]h\`b IrZzm\ym b hnhrtb.
N{\n \np P\n _p[ DXv]mXtfmSpIqSnbnmsX DZn
pIbn. Pes ZlnnpXpw `bIrpfpamb DjvWmp
I AXn Dv. _pt[mZbw [m\yfpsS bhpw hrnbpambn
_sncnpp.
2. hnNmc{mhW [\njvTm {]Pm]tXyp hnizssZhm\n
arZvK lnaIcX\bx ItcmXyhrjvSnw ktcmK`bmw.
{imhWw, [\njvTw, tcmlnWn, arKincv, Dc BjmVsao
\{XfneqsS _p[ kcnptm A\mhrjvSnbpw tcmK`b
hpw Dmhpp.
3. cu{ZmZo\n aLmm \yp]m{intX N{tP
{]Pm]oVm ikv{X\n]mX pZv`b tcmKm\mhrjvSn kmt].
B{Z apX aLw hsc _p[ kcnptm ikv{X,
hniv, tcmKw, A\mhrjvSn Fnhbm {]PIv ]oV kw`hn
pp.
4. lkvXmZo\n hnNc jUvmWyp] ]oVb Khmaip`x
kvt\lckm hnhrnw ItcmXn tNmo{]`pXmmw.
Aw apX Xrt hscbp Bdp \{Xfn kcnp
tm ]ipv Aip`amWv. ]s kvt\lckmZnI hnv
`qan At\I{Zhyfm kqbmbnocpw.
5. BcyavWw luX`pPw `{Z]Zmapcw btaiw N
N{ky kptXm \nLv\ {]mW`rXmw [mXpkwbIrXv.
238

{]Imiknp

Dc^mKp\n, IrnI, Dc`m{Z]Zw, `cWn \{Xfn


kcnptm k{]mWnIpw [mXpbw kw`hnpp.
6. Bizn\ hmcpWaqem \yp]arZvK tchXnw NN{ kpXx
]Wy`njKv\u PohnIkene PXpctKm][mXIcx
AizXn, imXm`njw, ]qbw, tchXn \{Xfn kcnp
tm hmWnPyhkvXp, sshZym, Pebm\w sNp \uIm
PohnI, Pe]Zm, IpXncI Fnhbvv D]{Zh kw`
hnpw.
7. ]qm[y{XnX bmtZIa]otmx kptXm `narZvKobmXv
pO kv{XXkvcmab `b{]ZmboNc PKXx
]q^mKp\n, ]qmjmVw, ]q`m{Z]mZw, Fo aqp
\{Xfn GXns\sbnepw Hns\ t`Znv _p[ kcnp
tm hniv, Bbp[w, Im, tcmK Fnhbn \nv `bap
mhpw.
8. {]mIrXkwm hmbhy bmayss]Xmalm\n _lpemivN
an{im KXnx {]XnjvTm icocnh]nXr`pP KssZ]m\n
ss]Xmalknmn \{XfneqsSbp _p[Nmcw Ggp
hn[w ]dnpv. {]mIrXw, hnan{iw, kwn]vXw, XovWw, tbmKm
w, tLmcw, ]m]w. kzmXn, `cWn, tcmlnWn, ImnI \{X
fn \npXmWv {]mIrXw. aIbncw, XncphmXnc, aIw, Bbneyw
Fnhbn \npXv an{iw. ]pjyw, ]p\hkp, ]q`m{Z]Zw,
Dc`m{Z]Zw, Aizn\n, tchXnIfn XovWw (9 -mw tmIw t\m
pI).
9. kwn]vXmbmw ]pjyx ]p\hkpx ^mKp\oZzbw tNXn
XovWmbmw `m{Z]ZmZzbw kimmizbpIv ]ujvWw.
10. tbmKmn tIXnaqew tZz NmjmtV- KXnx kpXtkytm
tLmcm {ihWkvXzmjv{Sw hkptZhw hmcpWw ssNh.
aqew, ]qmjmVw, Dc BjmVw \{Xfn _p[
kcnpXns\ tbmKmnI sav ]dbpp. {imhWw, Nn{X,
[\njvTw, iXm`njw Fnhbnse KXnsb tLmcsap ]dbpw.
239

{]Imiknp

11. ]m]mJyw kmhn{Xw ssa{Xw i{ImKv\nssZhXw tNXn


DZb {]hmk Znhsskx k Gh KXneWw {]ml.
Aw, A\ngw, Xrt, \{Xfn kcnpXv ]m]w,
DZbw, AkvXabw (_p[s) Fnhsb B[mcamn ]cmicap\n
C{]Imcw _p[s KXneWw ]dp.
12. NXzmcnwim {XnwiZv ZznktaXm hnwiXnn\ h{Iw N
\h amkmw ZissNIkwbpXm {]mIrXm[ym\w
{]mIrXKXn
40 Znhkw
an{iw
30 Znhkw
kwn]vXw
22 Znhkw
XovWw
18 Znhkw
tbmKmw
9 Znhkw
tLmcw
15 Znhkw
]m]w
11 Znhkw
BsI
145 Znhkw
13. {]mIrX KXym amtcmKyhrjvSn kky {]hrbx taw
kwn]vX an{itbmn{X taX Z\ykp hn]coXw.
{]mIrXKXnbn [m\y, hrjvSn, BtcmKyw, Fnhbvv
karn^ew. an{iw, kwn]vXw Fnhbn {Ian Chbvv
kn{i^ehpw, hn]coX^ehpw ]dbmw.
14. EPzXn h{Im h{Im hnIem N atX\ tZhesskyXmx
]NXp Zzssb ImlmEPzmZo \mwjUiykvXmx
tZheaX{]Imcw _p[KXn \mephn[amWv. EPzn, AXnh{Iw,
h{Iw, hnIe Chbvtmtcmn\pw bYm{Iaw 30 Znhkw, 24 Znhkw, 12
Znhkw, 6 Znhkw Fv tZhe ]dbpp (72 Znhkw BsI hcpw.
]cmics 145 Znhkns ]IpXntbmfw am{Xw tZhe FSppp).
_p[Nmcspdnv hnhn[ aljnamnSbn hnhn[m`n{]mb
DmbncpXmbn ]cmics Cu ]cmain \nv {Klnmw.
\apdnbmhp cminN{I nXn A\pkcnv BZyw ]cmic
tZhe aX XmcXayw sNmw.
240

{]Imiknp

]cmicaXw
I {]mIrXw

\{Xw

cminN{In

Un{Kn

kzmXn
`cWn
ImnI
tcmlnWn

186.40'-200
13.20'-26.40'
26.40'-40
40-53.20'

13.20'

53-20'

40

40 Znhkw

aIocw
XncphmXnc
aIw
Bbneyw

53.20'-66.40'
66.40' to 80
120-133.20'
106.40' to 120

sImv

II an{iw

53-20'
26.40'
30 Znhkw
26.40'

sImv

26.40'

53-20'

III kwn]vXw

]pWXw
]qbw
]qcw
D{Xw

80-93.20'
93.20' to 106.40'
133.20' to 146.40'
146.40' to 160

22 Znhkw
26.40'

sImv

53.20'

18 Znhkw

IV XovWw

]qtcmcpmXn
D{XmXn
tchXn
AizXn

320 to 360
13.20'

sImv

V tbmKmnIw

aqew
]qcmSw
D{XmSw

9 Znhkw
240 to 280

(40 )

sImv

VI tLmcw

XncpthmWw
Ahnw
NXbw
Nn{X

280 to 320

17320' to 186 40'

5320 '

sImv

Aw
A\ngw
Xrt

160 to 173.20'
213.20' to 226.40'
226.40' to 240

40.

11

15 Znhkw

VII ]m]w

Znhkw

(200 to 213.2' D hnimJneqsS _p[ Ncnpn. AXmbXv 346.


40'. 145 Znhkw sImv).
241

{]Imiknp

Hcp Znhkn = 2,23', 26 sk v Fv kmam\yambn thKX


]dbpXpsImv ]cmic Xr]vXnsSpn.
{]mIrXw
an{iw
kwn]vXw
XovWw
tbmKmnIw
tLmcw
]m]w

=
=
=
=
=
=
=

53.20'
53.20'
53.20'
53.20'
40
53.20'
40

40 Znhkw
30 Znhkw
22 Znhkw
18 Znhkw
9 Znhkw
15 Znhkw
11 Znhkw

Hcp Znhkw = 1.20"


Hcp Znhkw = 1.46'-44"
Hcp Znhkw = 2.25'-27"
Hcp Znhkw = 2.57'-46"
Hcp Znhkw = 4.26'-40"
Hcp Znhkw = 3.33'-20"
Hcp Znhkw = 3.38'-10"

BsI 7 KXnI = 346.40' = 145 Znhkw = 20.08'.07"


icmicn = 20.08'-07"
7

= 2.52'-35"
Fv IrXyambn ]dbpp.
am{Xa, Chsb `qZn\amm Hmtcmnt\bpw 30 sImv KpWnpp.
30 {]mIrX Zn\w
an{i Zn\w
kwn]vX Zn\w
XovW Zn\w
tbmKnI Zn\w
tLmc Zn\w
]m] Zn\w

=
=
=
=
=
=
=

1.20' x 30
1.46'-44" x
2.25'-27" x
2.57'-46" x
4.26'-40" x
3.33'-20" x
3.38'-10" x

=
=
=
=
=
=
=

30
30
30
30
30
30

40
75
80.43'
88.1'-53"
120.13'-20"
90.16'-10"
90.19'-5"

210 Zn\w sImv,


= 584.33'-28"
AXns ayKXn = 1 Zn\w = 2.47'-0.9" sk v
88 `qZn\n\v _p[Nmcw
= 2.47'-.9" x 88

= 204,1',19"
= 6 cmin; 24,1', 19 Sec.

176 `qZn\n\p _p[Nmcw

= 12 cmin; 48.2', 38 Sec.

]cmics Cu KWnXw B[p\nI imkv{Xw hfsc IgnmWv Isn


bXv. 176 `qZn\w sImv kzw ApXn 3 XhW Idpp. _p[{Klw
(1.5 Idw Hcp {`aWn\v) `qanbpsS 366 IdamWv Hcp `qhjw. Atm
_p[s hjw 1.5 _p[Zn\amWv; 58 Znhkw 16 aWnqdn (176/3) _p[ Hcp
Idw ]qnbmpp. CXmWv ]cmics KWnXw.
Great world Atlas (Readers digest) t]Pv 110 - Cs\ ImWmw.
242

{]Imiknp
"It was once thought that the same side of Mercury always faced the sun and
therefore that its rotation was exactly synchronised with its orbit. But in 1962 American
Radio-astronomers discovered that both sides of the planet radiated heat which would
not have been the case if the same hemisphere had always faced the sun. In 1965, it was
confirmed by the use of radar that the planet rotated on its axis three times every 176
earth days. This fact was confirmed by the American Mariner 10 space probe in 1974.
Having established this rotation rule it was possible to calculate that Mercury only
rotates one and a half times on its axis during one complete orbit of the sun. This means
that Mercury's year is only made up of one and a half days.
[ss]Xmal, ]cmicmZnIv Adnbmhp Hcp Imcyw \mw hfsc Ipdp
Imeambnt Ip]nSnnpq. Ah N{s ]p{Xs\p _p[s\ ]dbpp.
B[p\nIcmIs, kaXefpw, Kfpw, taSpIfpw \nd _p[{]Xehpw
AXns kqcycivanIsf dn^vfIvv sNm\p Ignhpw N{XpyamsWp
]dbpp.]

]cmics {]mIrXw tIhew EPznbpw, an{ikwn]vX AXnh{Ihpw,


tbmKmnIw h{Ihpw, ]m]tLmcI hnIebpw BWv. ]cmic 145 Fv
FSpptm tZhe AXns ]IpXnbmb 72 FSpp FXmsX henb
hyXymkw Cu ]XnI Xnen.

hknjvT ]Xn Cs\bmWv.


81 Zn = 0 45'-0"
88 Zn = 1 38'-30"
14 Zn = 0 51'-8"
30 Zn = 1 0.0
104 Zn = 0 55'-0"
31 Zn = 0 44'-30"
348 Zn = 5 54'-16"
346 40. D 7 KXn Fp ]dbpXn\p]Icw hknjvT 348 Znhk
n 5-54.16" Fp ]dbpp (]knmnI t\mpI).
348 = 174
2
174 `qZn\w = 2.57'.8" FmWv Atm InpI. Fs\bmWv
Cu EWmIamb KXn hknjvT\p e`nXv. hknjvT IcpXpXv
]cmicmZnI hnNmcnptmse, kqcy\p Nppw Idnsmv kqcy
\p Nppap 12 cminbn 176 (174) Zn\n {]ZnWw shp
_p[ kqcy kmao]ym kqcyt\msSmw ]nntebvv kcnp
243

{]Imiknp

papv. Cu EWmI Ne\memWv Atlw 12 cmin FXn\p


]Icw shdpw 2 Un{Kn Fv ]dbpXv.
]knmnImX{nse hknjvTknm{]Imcap EW
[\mIamb _p[Nmcw ChnsS ]dbmw.
taSw - In (6 cmin)
taSw

CShw

anYp\w

39
37
29
29

+7

45
23
49

+14
-27
+4

45
23
23
49

+5
-22
0
+26

InSIw 42

Nnw

In

-5

(XovWw, {]mIrXw)
-21
+9

18
30
46

-14
-13.5
+13.5
-1

34
16
32
45

0
-7
+9
+1

26
38
38
38

-1
+18
+11
+6

+13

({]mIrXw, an{iw)

+9

(an{iw, kwn]vXw)
-15

(kwn]vXw, an{iw)

+3

(an{iw, kwn]vXw)

+34

(kwn]vXw, ]m]w,
tLmcw, {]mIrXw)

BsI 817 = +59-20 = +39


Xpemw ao\w (6 cmin)
Xpemw

42
40
34

-25
-5
+32

+2

({]mIrXw, ]m]w)
(hnimJn\v Aan)
244

{]Imiknp

hrivNnIw 18

[\p

aIcw

Ipw`w

ao\w

BsI
taSw
CShw
anYp\w
InSIw
Nnw
In
Xpemw
hrivNnIw
[\p
aIcw
Ipw`w
ao\w
BsI

45
34
48
40
16
42
32
20
13
38
32
23
22
24
32
24
25
29
27
700
134
140
140
136
127
140
116
145
130
103
101
105
1517

-44
+32
-7
+29
-35
-27
+32
-8
-16
-5
+25
+19
-36
+3
-5
+40
-34
+4
0
19
+25 - 99 = -74
-5
+13
+9
-15
+3
+34
+2
-48
-38
+23
-2
-11
-35

- bmKmnIw
-48 t

-38 tLmcw, tbmKmnIw

+23 tbmKmnIw, tLmcw

-2 tLmcw

{]mIrXw
-11XovWw

]cmic
XovWw
{]mIrXw
an{iw
kwn]vXw
]m]w
tLmcw
{]mIrXw, ]m]w
tbmKmnIw
tLmcw
tbmKmnIw
tbmKmnIw
{]mIrXw
245

tZhe
?
EPzn
AXnh{Iw
hnIe
hnIe, EPzn
h{Iw
hnIe
h{Iw
h{Iw
EPzn

{]Imiknp
1517
1
/2-AYhm 758 1/2

=
=

-35
-17 1/2

379 1/4
189
94 1/2

=
=
=

-8 3/4
-4 1/2
-2 1/4

=
=
=
=

-1
-1/2
-1/4
0

47 1/4
23
10 1/2
5

BsI 3002

2937 -2.25

-0

_p[{]Xes 3002 to 3004 ka`mKambn hn`Pnm AXns


Hmtcm `mKsbpw kqcycivan kv]inp eKv\w Fv IcpXnbm
3002 `mKs kqcycivan kv]inptm _p[\pw kqcy\pw 0 bn
BZys tbmKmhbnembncnpw (_p[s aytcJm`mKs
hymkw B[p\nI imkv{Xw 3032 ssa Fv KWnpp. hknjvT
3002 Fpw).
XmcXayw
Modern

Ancient

1. kqcy\n \nv Mean distance


36000000 ssa
sidereal revolution 87-97
Axial rotation 58 Zn 15 aWn -36 an
Escape velocity 2-64
To travel 36 million miles,
speed= 30 miles/sec
6. Maximum distance- 36900000 miles
7. 3 Rotation in 176 earth days
2.
3.
4.
5.

36000000
88
58 Zn 16 aWnq
2-57
30 miles per second
36600000
3 Rotation in 176 earth days.

tZhes 72 Ccnbmb 144 FSpmWv ]cmic KWnXw Bcw`n


pXv (144 Hcp ^ns_m\mn kwJybmWv). 210 Zn\n\v 584 F
ss]XmalKWnXn Xs Cu Fm KWnXfpw Fntcp
pv (Xmsg ImWpI).
246

{]Imiknp

tZhe

]cmic

72 x 2144 x 2
288 x 2 =
576 x 2 =
1156 x 2 =
2312 x 2

144
288
576
115 6 ------- 115 (hknjvT]cw )
2312
4624
9248
18496
38992
77984
155968
311936
6238 72
1247744
2495488
4990 976
EXp k]vX\h kwJytbmSp
tN an\naw Zqcw
9981952
19963904
amIvknaw Zqcn\Spp
39927808
hcp kwJy
79855616
159711232
319422464
638844928
1277689856
2555379712
5110759424
1022 1518 848

72 s\ 27 {]mhiyw XpSbmb 2 sImp s]cpnbm Inp


kwJybpsS aya kwJy 1518.
Cu kwJy ss]Xmals 366 F `qZn\hj kwJysb 12
{]mhiyw XpSbmbn 2 sImp s]cpnbm Inp 1507328 F
kwJybpsS BZnakwJybmb 1507 \nv 11 A[nIamWv. hknjvT
1507 t\mSv ]pIqnb 1517 `qZn\n -35 _p[Nmcw.
247

{]Imiknp
3002 = 0 Fp ImWpXv CXpIqSn IWnseSpmWv.
ss]Xmals 36600000, ]cmics 39927808 Fo kwJyInSbn
amIvknatmSSp 39000000 F kwJy hknjvT KWnp (]kn
mnIm X{w t\mpI. 366 \p ]Icw 390 Fns\Spp Fv
Xnt_mv kwibnpXn\v Dcw CXmWv).
hknjvT ]ueni knm {Ian 115, 114 Znhk ]d
bpXmbn ]knmnIbn ]cmaiw ImWmw. 8 ]q{`aW
n\v _p[ 927 Zn. 2 \mgnI FSpppsv hknjvT ]dbpp.
Atm Hcp ]q{`aWns\Spp Zn\w 115 BhWatm. CXv
]cmicmZnIfpsS 584 t\mSv Fs\ _sSpsav Xmsg ImWn
]nI kmysSppw. hn`nZi\v Xnep A`n{]mb
hyXymkw hn`n imkv{Xv Htc imkv{Xhnjbspdnp
AmZanIv A`n{]mbhyXymkw am{XamWv. ASnm\]camb XXz
Ahsmw HpXsbmWv.

]ueniw
114 x 2
228 x 2
456 x 2
912 x 2
1824 x 2
3648 x 2
7296 x 2
14592 x 2
29184 x 2

hmknjvTw
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

228
456
912
1824
3648
7296
14592
29184
58368

115 x 2
230 x 2
460 x 2
920 x 2
1840 x 2
3680 x 2
7360 x 2
14720 x 2
29440 x 2

= 230
= 460
= 920
= 1840
= 3680
= 7360
= 14720
= 29440
= 58880

Chbvp cn\pw CSbn D 584 F ip{INmc kwJybmWv


]cmic, ss]XmalmZnI kzoIcnXv (CXns imkv{XobX ip{I
Nmcw ]dbptm IqSpXembn shfnsSpmw). XmcXay]T\w
sImv hn`n EjnamcpsS A`n{]mbhyXymkfnep imkv{XobX
bpw, AXv B[p\nIimkv{XtmSv F{Xam{Xw ASpp\npp
F hkvXpXbpw \apv {Klnmw.
366 s\ 12 {]mhiyw (`qZn\ kwJy x 12 cmin) s]cptWm, 72
s\ 27 {]mhiyw (\{X kwJy) s]cptWm, 72 x 2 s\ 9 {]mhiyw
({KlkwJy) s]cptWm Fv hyXykvX coXnbn KWnXw sNbvXp
248

{]Imiknp

ImWnXnemWv BNmcymcpsS hyXymkw. Ahsbms HmsW


ASnm\]camb Hcp \ncb\Xzw B Zi\fnsemsbpv.
imkv{XmcpsS Cu kzX{mivNtcymXv]mZnXx m\{]`mh
s kwhckq{Xn {]Xn]mZnXv HmpI.
(^ns_m\mn kwJyI
1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 371, 610, 987, 1597, 2584, 4181,
6765, 10946, 17711, 28657, 46368, 75025, 121393, 196418, 317811, 514229, 832040,
1346269, 2178309, 3524578, 5702887, 9227465, 14930352, 24157817, 39088169,
63245986, 102334155, 165580141, 267914296, 433494437 ......)
_p[

`qan

L = angle of aberration
IWmp hn[w: {]Imicivan `qanbnse \ncoIs In
sem FSp kabw = t Fp IcpXpI. Cu kabv {]Imiw
e Zqcw ISp. B kabw sImv (`qNmcm) `qanbnse \ncoIs
m\w v Zqcw amdn. Atm
tan = `qanbnse \ncoIs amdnb Zqcw/ {]Imicivan kcn
Zqcw = v/e
`qan Hcp EPptcJbn Htc thKXbn kcnncppshn
\mw _p[h{Iw t]mep aberrations AdnbpIXsbn. kqcy\p Npp
ap `q{`aWn `qanbpsS shtemknn amdpXn\mepw, {`aWw
IpSnetcJbnemIbmepamWv h{Iw ImWpXv (1727 am{XamWv
{_mUven {UmtmWnbkv F \{Xs \nconv h{Is
]TnXv). ampamkn `qanbpsS thKX IqSpw, kqcy_p[mtcmS
Spphcpw. Atm h{Ins angle Ipdbpw. _p[s Amwiw
(Dmmwiw) `qm\a\pkcnpw _p[m\a\pkcnpw amIvknaw,
an\naw Bhpw. AXn\m `qanbnse \ncoI\v _p[ Hcp Fen]vn
249

{]Imiknp

{SmPIvSdnbn \opXmbn tXmmw. Cu _p[NmcamWv


]cmic, hknjvT, ]ueni, tZhemZnI hfsc hyambn {]Xn]mZn
pXv. Jw (BImiw) ANea, `qantbmsSmw AXpw Nenpp
s ^ntkymhns ]coWw CXns\ XpSphp. Cmcyw
]knmnIbn hcmlanlnc ]dXpXsbmWv. ^ntkym
(Fizueau) sh XpSv ssatk samen Cu ]coWs
hnPbIcambn XpSp. ]nsbmWv temdkv {Smkvt^mtaj
hXpw, sFss BImis Hgnhmn, sshcpy Xov
kvs]jy dntenhnn sImphXpw.
temdkv ImektmNw (time contraction), ImehnImkw (time
dilatation) Fnhsb ktmN hnImkcq]nWnbmb {]IrXnbpsS \nba
ambn F{Xtbm kl{km_vZpapt `mcXob AwKoIcnn
pv. Fnpw Cmcyw ]dv tPymXnjnI Xn Xnsmt
CcnbmWv. ChnsS Rm Cu DZmlcWw sImv Ielns
Aiq\yX ImWnmw.
A,B,C F aqv t]. A `qaytcJm`mKp \npp. B, Dc
{[phn; C ZnW {[phn. E1 (_pt[mZbw), E2 (Nt{mZbw)
F cp kw`hsf Ah \nconpp. A bvv E1 E2 Hcp t\
tcJbnemWv. Abm Xs hmn t\mn Cu kw`hfpsS CSthf
sb T1-T2 Fv Ffpn IWmpp. B bvv Dc{[ph`mKm
Ibm kqtcymZbhpw _pt[mZbhpw Fm Imepw Hcpt]mse Im
Wm Ignbpn. Abm Nt{mZbw ImWpp. adnv, C kqcy_pt[m
Zbw AtX Imev Zinpp Fp IcpXpI. B.C Fnh CXns\
]ckv]cw NIfneqsS ssIamdnb m\amn amptm am{X
amWv Ahv T'2-T'1 Fv IWmm\mhpI.
A F hyn E1, E2 Fnh Xnep ImehyXymkw T2-T1
Fpw B,C Fnh T'2-T'1 Fpw ]dp Ielnpp. Hcp Xw
Bhn`hnpp. CXn
B
kXyw CcpIqcpsS Inep
apv . CXmWv Relativity of
E
E2
1
A
simultaneity. S,S' F cp
N
_p
m\ \ncb\m\
fmWv. ImcWw Ah ]ckv]cw
C
kathKXbn Ncnp cp
250

{]Imiknp

_npfmWv. Hcp _nphnencpp t\mptm Hw kw`hnXmbn


tXmp kw`h, asmcp _nphnencpp t\mptm As\
bmhWsan. V (thKX) {]Imicivan kcn thKXtbmSp Xpeyam
Iptmdpw hyXymkw IqSnqSn hcpw. kqNot{Xns DZmlcWw
Imn `mkvcmNmcy Cu {]Xn`mkw hnnpv.
kq
_p
kqNot{Xw
Light corn
A
C

`qan

Imew, tZiw Fnhsb Hcp ss\ccyambn (Time space continum)


ImWm _p[Nmc \nbaamWv ]ucmWnIs t]mse B[p\nI
pw klmbambn hnnpXv. sFsss t_m[{]]n
AXn\p sXfnhpI F{Xtbm Dv (Ideas and opinion of Einstein, At
the speed of light, A brief history of time Fo ]pkvXI hmbnpI).
hnkvXc`bm ChnsS Ahsb IqSpX ]cmainpn. \yq\p
{]hNnm km[nm _p[Nmc\nbaw sFss Third astronomical effect of Mercury F t]cn {]hNnbpmbn. ]knmnI
Xmcm{Kl kv^pSoIcWmymbw tmIw 10 XpSn Cu _p[Nmc
\nbaw khnkvXcw {]Xn]mZnsnpv. 1889 hsc Cu \nbaw ]mivNm
Xyv Adnhpmbncpn. ]knmnIbpsS `mjyn Pn,
Xnt_mv ]dbpp. The text then goes on to give a general rule, obscure to
us about the adjustment of true and mean motion (stanza 21) and there upon
gives a detailed account (stanza 42 to 53) of the difference of Mercury's motion
according to the sign of the ecliptic in which the planet stands at the time. We
are unable to account for these rules by calculation. sFss shdpw

]p hbp _me\mbncnsbmWv Xnt_mv Cu hcnI {]kno


IcnXv Fv HmpI.
251

{]Imiknp

15. EPzn lnXm {]Pm\m aXnh{Imw KXnn\mibXn.


ikv{X`bZm Nh{ImhnIem `btcmKkRvP\\o.
EPzn KXn {]PIp lnXImcnbmWv- AXnh{Im [\\miw
kw`hnpw. h{IKXnbn ikv{X`bhpw hnIen `bhpw tcmKhpw
P\npw.
16. ]ujmjmV {ihW sshimtJ jznpPx kamtLjp
ZrjvtSm`bmb PKXx ip`^eIrXv t{]mjnXkvtXjp
]ujw, BjmVw, {imhWw, sshimJw, amLw Fo Ime
fm _p[s\ Im PKn\v `bapmIpw. Fm Cu Ime
fn _p[ AkvXanpXp Im ip`^eamWv.
17. ImntIf izbpPnhmbZnamtkZriytX X\p`hx inincmwti
ikv{X NuclpX `ptXmb pZv`bm\n NXZmhnZLmXn
ImnI, Aizn\w Fnhbn Im ikv{Xw, Im,
AKv\n, tcmKw, Pew, hniv Fnhbm `bw t\cnSpw.
18. cpm\n skutayf kvXantX ]pcmWobm bpZvKtXXm
\yp]bmwXn tamw At\y ]mZpXntX hZnem`x
]pcmWmw`hXoXoXmx
_p[Nmc hn[n Adnbph ]dbpp. _p[ AkvXan ]pcw
\inpIbpw, DZn ]pcw tamw {]m]npIbpw sNppshv! ap
Nne ]dbpp, ]na `mKv _p[ DZnm ]pcv em`am
sWv!
19. tlaImncY hmipIvhm kkytI\aWn\mkZr timhmkv\nKvaqnceLp lnXmb hyXytb\ ip`IrOin ]p{Xm
CXn{io hcmlanlncIrXu _rlXv
kwlnXmbmw _p[Nmcx k]vXtamymbx
tlaImntbmSpIqSnsbm XbpsS \ndntem, kkyIsa
aWnv kZriamtbm, kv\nKvaqnbmbn, AeLphmbn DZnm
Fmhpw awKfw `hnpp.

252

{]Imiknp

Aymbw 8

_rlkv]XnNmcw
1. \t{XW ktlmZb ap]KOXntb\ tZh]Xn a{n
XXv kww hhyw hjamk {ItassWh.
\{XfpsS IqsS DZnv kcnp tZth{\mb N{s\
t]mse, \{Xsf A\pKanp hymgs N{s a{nbmb
_rlkv]Xn Fv ]dbpp. hymgw GXv \{Xkaqln \np
pthm AX\pkcnv thWw hjhpw amkhpw ]dbm. N{ Aev]
amb aens ]XnbmWv. AXn\m N{ \np \{Xw
t\mn \mw \mfpw ]hpw ]dbpp. _rlkv]Xn _rlmb a
ens ]XnbmIbm amkhpw hjhpw AXns m\a\pkcnv
]dbWw.
2. {Iaikv{Xn`w Xp ]aap]my ayw N bZzjw
3. iISm\tem] PohI tKm]oVmhym[nikv{XtIm]ivNhrnkvXp c]oXI Ipkpam\mw ImntI htjHcp _rlkv]Xn hjw ]{pamkamWv. ImnI \{X
ns BZnapX Cu cp \{Xn ImnImZnhjw kw`hn
pw. ]{p hjfnse aynse Apw, ]Xns\mpw ]{
pw aqqp \{XfnemWv kw`hnpI. ImnI, tcmlnWn
\{Xfn _rlkv]Xn DZnp hjamWv ImnI hjw.
Cu hjn hml\fm D]Poh\w Ignp hWnpIpw,
AKv\nsb ]menphpw, tKm]meImpw ]oVI kw`hn
pw. hym[n, Bbp[ ]oV Fnh Dmhpw. Nphpw abpw \ndn
ep ]pjv] karnbmbnpmIpw.
4. kutay_vtZm f\mhrjvSn rKmJp ie`mssPiz kkyh[x
hym[n `bw anss{X c]n`q]m\mw PmbtXsshcw
kuayw F A_vZn A\mhrjvSn, arK, FenI, ie`
, ]nI apXemb AP Fnhbvpw kkypw
253

{]Imiknp

\miw, hym[n`bw, an{XnSbnepw cmPmmnSbnepw ]ckv]c


sshcw Fnh kw`hnpw.
5. ip`IrKXmx ]utjm \nhr sshcmx ]ckv]cw nXn ]mx
Zzn{XnKpsWm[m\yx ]ujvSnI I {]knnivN.
]uj hjn PKn\v ip`w hcpw. sshc`mhw Dt]nv
cmPmm ssa{Xnbn Ignbpw. [m\y kv Ccntbm, aqncn
tbm hnpw. ]ujvSnII hnpw.
6. ]nXr ]qPm]cnhrnmtL lmnivN k`qXm\mw
BtcmKy hrjvSn [m\y kw]tZm an{Xem`ivNx
amL hjn ]nXr]qP hnpw. k `qXfpw B\n
pw. BtcmKyw, ag, [m\y kv Fnh IqSpw. an{Xem`apmhpw.
7. ^mKp\htj hn[ymXv IzNnXv IzNnXv ta hrnkkym\n
Zu`mKyw {]aZm\mw {]_emivNucm \r]mtm{Kmx
^mKp\hjn kkyhrnbpw tahpapmIpw. kv{Xo
Iv Zu`mKyhpw, tNmcmpw {]_eXbpw cmPmmv D{KX
bpw A[nIcnpw.
8. ssNt{X amhrjvSn {]nbaw tah\n]marZhx
hrnkvXp tImi[m\y ky `hXn ]oVmcq]hXmw
ssN{Xhjn hrjvSn Ipdbpw. Fn tNmdv [mcmfw e`npw.
cmPmm amh kz`mhw Impw. `mcn\pw [m\yn\pw hrn
Dmhpw. kpcnIpw kpcmpw ]oV Dmhpw.
9. sshimtJ [ ]cm hnKX `bmx {]apZnXmx {]Pmx
k\r]mb {Inbm {]hrn njv]x k kkym\mw
sshimJ hjn Fmhcpw [njvTcpw, A`bcpw, B\
ioecpambncnpw. {]PIfpw \r]mcpw XmmfpsS b{Inbm
{]hrnI apdt]mse sNpw. khkkyfpw karamhpw.
10. tPyjvtTPmXnIpem[\ t{iWn t{ijvTm \r]mx k[mx
]oVbt [m\ym\n NlnXzmIwKpw iao PXow.
254

{]Imiknp

tPyjvTmhjn cmPmm PmXn, Ipew, [\w, t{iWn


Fnhbn t{ijvTcmbhtcmSpw [mtcmSpw tNncnpw.
IwKp, iao Fnhsbmgnp [m\ysms ]oVbpmIpw.
11. BjmtVf Pmbtf kkym\nIzNnZ hrjvSn c\y{X
tbmKtaw ayw hy{KmivN `hn `q]memx
BjmVn kkkyhpw hrn {]m]npp. Nne e
fn A\mhrjvSn Dmhpw.
Ae_v[ hkvXpfpsS em`w (tbmKw), e_v[hkvXpfpsS
c (taw) Fnhbvv aya^ew. cmPmm AXoh hy{Kcmbn
cnpw.
12. {imhW htj taw kayv kkym\n ]mIap]bmn
p{Zmtb ]mjx ]oVty tbNXZv `mx
{imhWn kkyp tahpw B\hpw Dmhpw.
p{Zmcmb ]mjmcpw AhcpsS A\pbmbnIfpw ]oVnXcmhpw.
13. `m{Z]tZ hoPw \njv]nw bmXn]q kXywN.
\ `hyXy]cw kXyw IzNnXv kp`nw IzNnXv `bw.
`m{Z]Z hjn eXIv karn ]s t]mse kw`hn
pw. ap NnebnSfn eXIv bhpw `bhpw ^ew.
14. BizbptP _vtZ Pkv{Xw ]XXnPew {]apZnXmx {]Pmxtaw
{]mWNbx {]mW`rXmw ktjm a _mlpeyw.
BizbpPw (Bizn\w) F hjn [mcmfw ag e`npw.
{]PI B\`cnXcmhpw. Fmhpw taw kw`hnpw. {]mW
\p kn\pw [mcmfw Aw e`npIbm {]mW {]hr
amIpw.
15. DZKmtcmKy kp`nta ItcmhmIv ]Xnc `m\mw
bmtay XZzo]cntXmaty\Xp ay^eZmbo.
_rlkv]Xn k \{Xpw D]cnbmbn tim`nptm
Fmhpw BtcmKyw, kp`nw, taw, Xmsg (ZnW Znn)
Fn hn]coX ^ew. ayn aya ^ew.
255

{]Imiknp

16. hnNc ` ZzbanjvSkvXXv kmhtcW ay^ex


kkym\mw hnzwkn hnNtcZ[nIw bZnIZmNnXv.
Hcp hjmew _rlkv]Xn cp \{Xv aynembn
kcnm ip`^ew. Ahcw Cs\ kw`hnm ay^ew.
Hcp hjne[nIw \nm kky\mi ^ew.
17. A\e`b a\e hshym[nx ]otXcWmKax iymta.
lcntX N Xkvtcm`yx ]oVmctXp ikv{X`bw.
AKv\n hn hymgw Im AKv\n`bw. ]oX \ndn
Im hym[n. iyma\ndnsen bpw hcm t]mIpp. lcnX
san Imv ]oV. c hsan Bbp[`bw.
18. [qamt`f \mhrjvSn kv{XnZiKpcu \r]ht[mZnhm ZrjvtS
hn]ptef ate kpXmtc cm{Xu ZrjvtS {]Pmx kzmx
[qa \ndsan A\mhrjvSn; ]I kabv hymgw Im
a\pjyv \miw ^ew. cmPmhn\v h[w. hn]pehpw, Aaehpw, kpXmc
hpambn cm{Xn Im {]PIv kpJw.
19. tcmlntWymf \e`w Nhc Xim`n kvXzmjmV
Zzbw kmlrXv ]nXrssZhXw N Ipkpaw ipssx
ip`w ssXx ^ew.
ImnI, tcmlnWn Fnh tZlw- (\{X hjns)
]q Dc BjmU \m`n. Btjw lrZbw, aIw ssZhXw-Ch cpw ]pjv]fmWv. ipamb ChI ip`^ew Xcpp.
tZtl{Iqc\n]oUntXf Kv\y\nePw \m`ymw`bw
pXvIrXw]ptWyaqe^etbm YflrZtb kkyky \mtim {[phw
_rlkv]Xn tZl\{Xn \nsh AhnsS ]m]{Kl
]oUbpmbm AKv\n, Imv Fnhbm `bw Dmhpw. \m`o \
{Xn ]m] {Kl ]oVbpmbm pXv`bapmhpw. ]pWy {Kl
\nm Cu ^e DmhmsX t]mIpw. lrZb`mKv ]m]
{Kl ]oVbpmbm kky\miw \nbamWv.
20. KXm\n hjmWn itI{ ImeZzXm\n cpss{ZKpWtbXp`nx
\hmjvS ]mjvSbpXm\n IrXzm hn`mPtb iq\yicKcmssax
256

{]Imiknp

itI{ (iImZnXy imenhml\) cmPyw `cn Imep\nv


F{X hjw Ignpthm, AXns\ cp m\fn \nn, Hcp
m\nse kwJytb 11 sImp KpWnpI. ]ns, \mepsImp
KpWnpI. 8589 Iqnbnv 3750 sImv lcnpI. cmw m\p
iIhj kwJytbmSp IqSn Cu `mK^es IqpI. Cu tbmK^e
s 60 sImv lcnpI.
21. ^te\bpw iI`q]Imew kwtimy jjvTymhnjssb n`Py
bpKm\n \mcmbW ]qImWn e_v[m\n tijmx {Iaix kamkypx
AXns\ 5 sImp lcnm ]qnIamb \mcmbW bpKIme
Inpw. _mnhcp {Iaamb hjp kaI (_rl
kv]Xn hjw) Fp ]dbpp.
22. GssII a_vtZjp\hm ltXjp ZXzm]rYKvZZzm ZiIw {ItaW
lrXzmNXp`nkptZhXm[ym\pUq\ntijmwiI ]qa_vZw.
D hc kwJysb 12 sImv lcnv ^es H]XpsImv
KpWn kwJytbmSp tNv 4 sImp lcnm e`np kwJybp
sS A{Xbpw \{Xfn _rlkv]Xn kcnXmbn AdnbWw.
KW\m kabv 24 Fp Innbm 25 -mw \{Xamb ]q`{Z]mZ
n, KW\mImev 24 -mw \{XsbmWv 1 Fv IcpXpsX
n (24 -mw \{Xn _rlkv]Xn \ns KW\mcw`san)
1 Fv Dcw Innbm AXv 25 -mw \{Xw, 2 Fv Innbm 26 -mw
\{Xw- As\ FWw.
23. hnjvWpkptctPym _e`nZvlpXmi kvXzjvtSmc t{]mjvT]Zm
[n ]m{Iam [yqtKimx ]nXrhniztkmamx i {Im\em
Jymizn`Kmx {]ZnjvTmx
{]`hmZn Adp]Xp kwhcfn 12 bpKapv. ZzmZibpK
fpsS A[n]XnI {Ian hnjvWp, kptcPy, _e`nXv, AKv\n,
Xzmjv{S, Dct{]mjvT]Zw, ]nXrKWw, hniz, tkma, i{Im\e,
Aizn, `K FnhcmWv ]{p ]hjob ss]Xmalw IqSnb
Adp]Xp kwhcfn, Hmtcm ]hjob bpKns A[n]Xn
Iv kuIcymw \maIcWw sNpp.
257

{]Imiknp

24. kwhtcmf Kv\nx ]cnhtcmf CZmZnIx ioXabqJ ameo


{]Pm]Xnm]y\phcx kymZnZzcx ssie kpXm]Xnx
kwhcw, ]cnhcw, CZmhcw, A\phcw, CZzcw,
FmWv ]hjob ss]XmalImen Hmtcm hjn\p t]cv.
Ahbvv AKv\n, N{, kqcy, {]Pm]Xn, almtZh Fv A[n]Xn
Ifpw Iev]npp.
25. hrjvSnx kamt[y {]aptJZzXobw {]`qXtXmb IYnXm XrXotb
]mzew apXnbXp kzevt]mZIw ]aa_vZ apw.
CXn {]Ya hjn \ ag Inpw. cmatXn hjmcw`
n am{Xw ag Inpw. aqmatXn AXn hrjvSn hcpw. \memat
Xn Ahkm\ ]IpXnbn ag Inpw. AmatXn ag Ipdbpw.
26. NXzmcn apJym\n bpKm\yssYjmw hnjvWnh{ Pohm\e ssZhXm\o
NXzmcn aym\n N ayam\n Nmym\yLam\n hnZymXv.
]{v bpKsf hnhbn hnjvWp, C{, _rlkv]Xn,
AKv\n Fnh A[n]Xnbmbncnp NXpcypK ip`^e
\Ipw. AXn\p tijap NXpcypK aya^ehpw, Ahkm\
s \mepbpK Aip` ^ehpw Xcpw.
27. BZyw [\njvTmwia`n {]]tm amtLbZmbmXzXbw kptcPyx
jjvSy_vZ ]qx {]`hx k\mav\m {]htX `qXlnXkvXXm_vZx
GXpImen _rlkv]Xn [\njvSns BZymwin
{]thinv amLamkn (kqcyt\msSmw) DZnppthm, B hj
sbmWv jjvTy_vZfpsS (60 A_vZfpsS) BZys {]`h
\maamb hjambn KWnpXv. B hjw k`qXlnX Imcn
bmWv [Cu hjnemWv Ipw`tafbpw, amamhpw sImmSpXv
FtmpI].
28. IzNnXzhrjvSnx ]h\mKv\ntIm]x koXbx tjvaIrXmiztcmKmx
kwhtcf kvan {]`th{]hrt \ ZpxJ am]vt\mXn
P\kvXYm]n.
{]`h kwhcn AhrjvSnbpw, Imv, AKv\n FnhbpsS
tIm]hpw, tjva tIm]hpw, Dmbm t]mepw P\ Ahbp
258

{]Imiknp

sS A\njvS ^etam AXpsImp ZpxJtam A\p`hntn hcp


n.
29. XkvamZv ZzXotbm hn`hx {]ZnjvSx ipkvXrXobx ]cXx {]tamZx
{]Pm]Xn tXn b tYmcmWn ikvXm\n hjmWn
^em\n ssNjmw
cmatXv hn`hw, aqmatXv ipw, \mematXv {]
tamZw, AmatXv {]Pm]Xn, Ch Dtcmcw ip` ^esf
{]Zm\w sNpp.
30.\njv]imeojvSbhmZn kkyw `ssbn apm hp]im sshcmw
kwlrjvStemImw IentZmj apmw {Xw X[m imkvXn
N`qX[m{Xnw.
Amefn imen (s\v), Cp (Icnv), bhw apXemb
kky karnbmbn Dmhpp. P\ `bhnapcmbn,
]ckv]c sshcw ianhcmbn, kpjvScmbn IentZmjfn \np
hnapcmbn kpJambn Pohnpp. \ {Xw (`cWw) sImv
`qX[m{Xnbmb `qan lj]pfInXbmIpp.
31. BtZymf wKncmx {ioapJ`mhm kmlyubphmY[mtXXn
bptKZznXotb
hjmWo ]ssh bYm{ItaW {XoWy{X ikvXm\n
kta]tctZz.
cmas ]hjob _rlkv]Xn bpKfpsS \ma
{Ian AwKncv, {ioapJw, `mhw, bphmhv, [mXmhv Fns\
bmWv. CXnse BZys aqsw ip`w Xcpp. Ahkm\s
csw ip`mip`^ew kaambn Xcpp.
32.{XnjzwKncmt[yjp \nIma hjmtZthm\ncmX`bmtemImx
A_vZ Zztbf tyf ]nkamkphrjvSnx Inz{X tcmKmx kacmK aivN.
AwKncmZyamb aqp hjfn tZhm [mcmfw Pew hjn
bm temI ZpxJanmsX, A`bcmbn kpJnp Pohnpp. Ah
km\s cp hjfnepw kphrjvSn e`nppv. ]t, bp
fpw tcmKfpw DmhpIbm Aw [mcmfw Dev]mZnnnpw P\
kpJhpw imnbpw ]qambn A\p`hnpn.
259

{]Imiknp

33. imt{I bptK]q atYizcmJyw hjw ZznXobw _lp[mamlp


{]amYn\w hn{Ia a]ytXm\yZrjwNhnZymXv KpcpNmctbmKmXv.
KpcpNcWm DmIp aqmas im{Iw (sF{w) F
bpKn BZys hjw Cuizcw, cmatXv _lp[mw, aqm
aXv {]amYn, \mematXv hn{Iaw, AmatXv hrw.
34. BZyw ZznXobw N ipt`Xp htj IrXm\pImcw IpcpXmx {]Pm\mw
]m]x{]amYn hrhn{IauXp kp`nZutcmK`b {]ZuP.
CXn Cuizcw, _lp[mw Fnh ip`Icw. {]PI IrXbpK
nse t]mse kpJambncnpp. {]amYn AXyw ]m]ZmbI
amWv. hn{Ia, hrjmZn hjfn kp`napsnepw tcmKfpw
`bhpw DmIpw.
35. t{ijvTw NXpky bpKky ]qb n{X`m\pw IYbnhjw
ayw ZznXobw Xp kp`m\p kww tcmK{]Zw arXyIcw \X.
\memas lqXmisa bpKnse {]Ya hjw Nn{X`m\p,
AXypa ^ew \Ipp. cmas hjw kp`m\p aya ^ew
\Ipp. Amev tcmKfpmIpw. ]t B tcmK arXyp
IcfmhpIbn.
36. XmcWw XX\p `qcn hmcnZw kkyhrn apZnXwN
]mnhw ]aw hybyapin tim`\w aY {]_e aphmIpew
aqmas XmcWn [mcmfw ag Inpw. \memas ]mnh
n kky karnbm B\apmIpw, AmatXn\v hybw
Fp ]dbpw. Amev P\ X kw`cn Dus sNe
hmn ]pXnb krjvSn \Spp. Amew aY {]_ehpw Dhm
Ipehpw {]Pm krjvSn sImv tim`\hpamWv.
37. Xzmjvt{S bptKkPnXmZyDx kwhtcmf \yx Jepk[mcn
XkvamZn tcm[ohnIrXx kzc ikvtXm ZznXobmf {X` bmbtcmjmx
Xzmjv{S bpKn {]Ya hjw kPnv. cmatXv k
[mcn, aqmatXv hntcm[n, \mematXv hnIrXn; AmatXv
kzcw. CXn cmatXv awKfImcnbmWv. ap \msen
tcmjw, `bw Fnh DmIpp.
260

{]Imiknp

38. \t\mf Y hnPtbmPbYm atYm fky ]cZ ZpapJx


Ima{XbpK BZnXkv{Xbw aYx ka^tem f[tam f]cx
t{]mjvT]ZbpKn BZys hjw \\w, cmatXv
hnPbw, aqmatXv Pbw, \mematXv aYw, AmatXv Zp
apJw. BZys aqsw at\mlcfmWv. aYw ka^ew Xcpp.
ZpapJw A[aamWv.
39. tlaew_ CXnk]vXta bptKkymZznew_n]ctXm hnImcnN
icoXnXZ\phx kvartXmhtcm Kpcphti\ ]ax
KpcpNmcmepmIp ]nXr\maIamb k]vXa bpKn
{]Ya hjw tlaew_w, cmatXv hnew_n, aqmatXv hnImcn,
\mematXv icn, AmatXv hw.
40. CuXn {]mbx {]Npc ]h\mx hrjvSnc_vtZXp ]qt
aw kkyw\_lpkenew htctXm ZznXotb
AXyptZXx {]Npc kenex kmrXob Xptm
Zp`nmb h CXn XXx tim`t\m `qcntXmbx
CXn BZy hjn sImSpmpw, t]amcnbpw sImv `bw
P\npp. cmatXn Aev]hrjvSnbpw, kkym[m\yfpsS
mahpw DmIpp. aqmatXn shs]mhpw, AXnbmb DtZz
Khpw DmIpp. \mematXn Zp`nw DmIpp. hn
kphrjvSnbpv. B Imew tim`\amWv.
41. sshtizbptK tm`IrZoXyYmZyx kwhtcmf Xx ip`Iy ZznXobx
t{Im[o XrXobx ]cXx {ItaW hnizmhkptXn ]cm`h
sshiz bpKn {]Yaw tm`IrXv, cmaXv ip`IrXv, aqm
aXv t{Im[n, \memaXv hnizmhkp, AmaXv ]cm`hw.
42. ]qm]ssc {]oXnIcu {]Pm\mtajmw XrXotbm
_lptZmjtZmf _vZx
Au kauInp ]cm`thf Kv\nikvt{Xm abmn ZznP
tKm`bx
CXn Hpw cpw {]PIsf {]kcmpp. aqmatXv
Aip` ^ew Xcpp. _mn cpw ka^ew Xcpp. ]cm`h hj
261

{]Imiknp

n AKv\n, Bbp[w, tcmKw Fnh sImv ]oV, tKm{_mlvaW


mv ]oU Fnh kw`hnpw.
43. BZyxhw tKm \hta bptKf _vZx
kymXv IoetIm\yx ]cX kuayx
km[mctWm tcm[IrZnXyYm_vZx
ip`{]Zu IoeI kuaykwu
HXmas kuaybpKn hwKw IoeIw, kuayw, km[mc
Ww, tcm[Irv ChbmWv A_vZ. IoeI, kuay ip`Zmbn
IfmWv.
44. IjvSx hwtKm_lpix {]Pm\mw
km[mctWf ev]w Pe`oXb
bx ]tam tcm[IrZnXyYm_vZ
n{Xw Pew X{XNkky kw]Xv.
hwKhjn {]PIv AXyw IjvSw kw`hnpp.
km[mcWsa hjn Aev]w am{Xw Pew e`npp; `bw P\n
pp. tcm[Irn hnNn{Xambn Pew e`npp; kky kv
A[nIcnpp.
45. C{mKv\n ssZhw Ziaw bpcwbXv
X{XmZya_vZw ]cnLmhn kww
{]am[yYm\aXx ]cwbXv
kym{Zmkw Nm\e kwnXw Nm
C{mKv\n ssZhfmb bpKn ]cnL, {]amZn, B\w, cm
kw, A\ew, F ]hj.
46. ]cnLmhn\n aytZi\mtim \r]lm\neaev]aKv\n tIm]x
AekkvXp P\x {]amZnkwtUacw cI ]pjv]_oP\mix
47. XXv]cxkIetemI\t\mcmkx bItcmf \e kvXmYKv\n
jva[m\y P\t\mf {Xcmtkm _lvfotIm]\c I{]tZmf \ex
]cnLn aytZin\p \miw, cmPmmp lm\n, Aev]
hrjvSn, AKv\ntIm]w. {]amZnbn P\ Aekcmhpw, Nph ]q
fpsS hnpI \inpw. B\hjn kIetemIn\pw
262

{]Imiknp

B\hjw. cmkm\e hjfn B\\miw. cmk hj


n {KojvaIme kky Dmhpw. A\ehjw AKv\n tIm]w,
_mlvfoImcpsS tIm]w Fnhbm \cI Xpeyambncnpw.
48. GImZtim ]nwKe Imebp knm cu{Zmx JepZpXn
Bt[Xp hrjvSn lXnk Nucm izmku l\q IbqXImk
]Xns\mmas AiznbpKn ]nwKew, Imebpw, knm
w, cu{Zw, ZpXn F ]hj. BZytXn AXnhrjvSn,
tNmc`bw; izmkXSapmpXpw IogvmSnsbp IqnbnSnp
Xpamb NpatbmSp IqSnb ImktcmKw.
49. bXvmebpw XZt\I tZmjw
knm kwt _lthm KpWmizm
cut{Zmf Xn cu{Zx bIrXv {]ZnjvtSm
tbm ZpXnya hrjvSnIrXvkx
Imebpw tZmjImcnbmWv. knmhjw [mcmfw ip`^ew
Xcpp. cu{Zw AXohcu{Zhpw bImcnbpamWv. ZpXn aya
hrjvSn \Ipp.
50. `mtKy bptK Zpp`nkwamZyw
kkyky hrnw alXnw ItcmXn
DZvKmcn kww XZ\pbmb
\tcizcmWmw hnjamNhrjvSn.
`Km[nssZhXsa 12 -mw bpKn Zpp`n F {]Yahj
n [m\ykarnbpmhpw. cmas DZvKmcn (cp[ntcmZvKmcn)
cmPmmp bhpw hnjahrjvSnbpw \Ipw.
51. cma_vZw IYn\w XrXobw
bkvan `bw Zwjv{SnIrXw KZmivN
t{Im[w _lpt{Im[Icw NXpw
cmjv{SmWn iq\yoIpcptX hntcm[x
cmsa aqmw hjn tcmKfpw Zwjv{SoIrXamb
`bhpw Dmhpw. t{Im[sa \memw hjw t{Im[IcamWv. t{Im[w
sImpw ]ckv]c hntcm[w sImpw Dfhmb bpfm cmjv{S
sf iq\yamnopp.
263

{]Imiknp

52. banXnbpKkymykymyw
_lpbImcIw P\bXn`bw XZzn {]mWmw
Irjohe hrnZw
D]NbIcw hnSvOq{ZmWmw ]ckzlrXmw
XYmIYnX aJnewjjvTy_vtZ bZ{X kamkXx
Ahkm\ hjw bsadnbpp. bImcIamb Cu hjw
{_mlvaWp `bw P\nnpp. Irjnmv karnbpmhpw.
]ckzv A]lcnphpw, sshiympw, iq{Zpw karn
bpmhpw. C{]Imcw kwn]vXambn jjvTy_vZp ^ew
]dbsSpp.
53. AIepjmwip PUnex ]rYpaqnx
IpapZIpIpkpa kv^SnIm`x
{KlltXm\bZn kXv]Yho
lnXItcmf acKpcp\p Pm\mw
CXn {iohcmlanlncIrXu _rlZvkwlnXmbmw
_rlkv]Xn Nmtcmf jvStamf ymbx
tZhKpcphmb ({]Iminphbn hv hepXmb Fw FSp
pI) _rlkv]Xn \neIncW\pw qeaqnbpw, IpapZ, Ip
IpkpafpsStbm kv^SnInstbm tim`tbmSpIqSnbh\pw, ap
{Klfm t`ZnsSmh\pambn kXv]Yn hnptm
a\pjyv lnXImcnbmWv.

264

{]Imiknp

Aymbw 9

ip{INmcw
1. \mK KssPcm hrXhrtKmPcZvKh arKmPZl\mJyx
Aizn\ymZyx ssInXv {Xn`m {IamZzoYbmx IYnXmx
Aizn\ymZn apX apqp \{X {Ian Hmtcmtcm
hoYnbmWv Fp ]dbpp. C{]Imcap HXp hoYnIfpv. \mKw
KPw, sFcmhXw, hrj`w, tKm, PcZvKhw, arKw, APw, Zl\w.
2. \mKmXp ]h\bmaym\em\n ss]Xmalm{Xn`{Xn kv{Xx
`KmhoYy aizn\yx ]ujvWw tZzNm]n `{Z]tZ.
ss]XmalnIfpsS A`n{]mbn kzmXn, `cWn, IrnI \
{XfnemWv \mKhoYn. KPw, sFcmhXw, Ej`w Fo aqp hoYn
I tcmlnWn apX Dc ^mKp\n hsc aqqp \{Xfn
InSpp. tKmhoYn, AizXn, tchXn, ]q `{Z]mZw, Dc `{Z]mZw
FnhbnemWv.
3. PmcZvKhymw {ihWmXv {Xn`wN ssa{Xm[yw
lkvXhnimJm Xzjv{SmWy tPXyjmVmZzbw Zl\m.
XncpthmWw, Ahnw, NXbw Fnhbn PmcZvKhn F hoYn.
A\ngw, Xrt, aqen arKhoYn. Aw, hnimJw, Nn{Xbn
APhoYn, ]qmjmVw, DcmjmVw \{Xfn Zl\hoYn.
4. Xn{kn{kkvXmkmw {Iam ZpZMvaybmayammx
Xmkma]ypcay ZnWmhn ssXssIImx
27 \{Xsf HXmbn `mKnncnbm Hmtcm hoYnbpw aqq
samWv. aqsw kqcyamns Dc`mKpw, aqsw
ay`mKpw, aqsw ZnW `mKpw BWv. Ahbns
Hmtcmpw bYm{Iaw Dcm]Yw, ay]Yw, ZnW ]Yw Fns\
bpv. AXmbXv \mKhoYnbn aqsapXv Hv Dc amw,
Hv aya amw, Hv ZnW amw- C{]Imcw.
265

{]Imiknp

5. hoYnamm\]tc IYbn bYmnXm ` amkyx


\{XmWmw Xmcmbmtaymc ayamkvXZzXv
Fm \{XfpsSbpw \{X amhnIfmb tbmKXmcm
KW F{]Imcw Dc aya ZnW `mKfn hncmPnpp
thm, kakvX hoYnamfpw A{]Imcw hncmPnpp Fv Nne
hnZzmm ]dbpp.
6. Dcamtm bmaymZn\nKZntXm ayakvXp `mKymyx
ZnW amt- jmVmZnssIizotZhw IrXmammx
`cWn apX Dcamhpw, ]q ^mKp\n apX aya am
hpw, ]qhmjmVw apX ZnW amhpw Bcw`npXmbn Nne
IcpXpp.
7. tPymXnjamKaimkv{Xw hn{]Xn]u\tbmKy akvamIw
kzbtah hnIev]bnXpw Inp _lp\mw aXw hty.
tPymXnjw BKa imkv{XamWv. AXns\ aoamwk sNm \s
tmeph tbmKyc. AXn\m, Ejnamcmb At\Iw t]cpsS A`n
{]mb ChnsS ]dbmw. Ahbn \nv kzbw sXcsSpp sIm
pI.
8. Dc hoYnjp ip{Ix kp`n inh IrZvKtXmf kvXapZbw hm
aymkp ay^eZx IjvS^tem ZnWmmkq.
ip{I Dc hoYnbn DZnbpw AkvXanbpw sNptm
awKfImcnbmWv. kp`nw \Iph\mWv. aya hoYnbn aya
^ew. ZnWhoYnbn IjvS^ew.
9. AXyptamtam\w kaay\yq\a[a IjvS^ew
IjvSXaw kuaym[ymkp hoYnjp bYm{Iaw {_qbmXv.
B{Z apX arKincphscbp HXp hoYnbn ip{I
DZntbm AkvXantbm sNbvXm {Ian AXypaw, Daw,
Du\w, kaw, ayw, \yq\w, A[aw, IjvSw, IjvSXaw Fv ^ew.
10. `cWo]qw aearNXpjvwkp`nIcamZyw
`wKmwKalnj_mlvfnIIenwK tZtijp`bP\\w
266

{]Imiknp

`cWn apX \mep \{X aefn ip{I DZnkvXanp


tm, {]Ya hoYnbnsen kp`nw hcpw. Fm AwKw (_olm),
hwKw (_wKm), alnjw, _mlvfoIw (Ctmgs ]mnm),
A^vLm\nm) IeowKw FnhnSfn `bapmhpw.
11. At{XmZnX amtcmtl Z{Ktlmf ]tcmbZnknXw XtXml\ymXv
`{Zmiziqctk\Ibus[bItImSnhj \r]m
Cu {]Ya aen DZnpb ip{Is D]cnbmbn atsX
nepw {Klapsn, `{Zmizw, iqctk\w, but[bIw, tImSnhj
sao {]tZifnse cmPmmv \miw kw`hnpw.
12. `NXpjvSbam{Zm[yw ZznXob aanXmw_pkky kssy
hn{]mWmaip`Icw hntijXmx {Iqc tNjvTm\mw.
B{Z apX \mep \{XfmIp ZznXob aen ip{I
\pZnkvXanm [mcmfw ag Inpw. kky kpmhpw, {_mlva
Wv Aip`amWv. hntijnv P\ {Iqc tNjvSI sNpw: Ah
\inpIbpw sNpw.
13. At\ym\m{Xm{ImttOmShnImiz PohntKmam
tKm\o\oNiq{Zm sshtZlmw izm\mbx kv]riXn
ip{It\msSmw B hoYnbn atsXnepw {Klapsn, t
m, BcWyIm, AizPohnI (kmcnI), \mbvsf
smv D]Pohnp tKmam, [mcmfw tKmtfmSp IqSnbh
(CSbm), \oNm, iq{Z, hntZl cmPym Fnhscsbmw A[
w kv]inpp.
14. hnNc aLmZn ]IapZnXx kky{]WmiIOp{Ix
pkvc`b P\t\m \otNmXn kwIcIc
aIw apX Nn{X hsc 5 \{Xfn kcnptm
kakvX [m\yhpw \inpp. hnipw, Xkvc `bhpw P\v
Dmhpp. \oNm DXn {]m]npp. h kcw DmIpp.
15. ]n{XmtZyf hjvS_vsZm lyt\y\mhnImRvO_c iq{Zm
]p{m]cyiqenIh\hmkn {ZhnUkmap{Zm.
267

{]Imiknp

aLmZnbnse aqmas aen ssZXyKpcpsh atsXn


epw {Klw knm \mhnIm, i_cm, iq{Z, ]p{w, A]
cmw (]ivNna Xocw) FnhnSfnse Aw, iqenI, h\hmknI,
{ZmhnUm, kmap{Zm Fnhv \miw kw`hnpw.
16. kzmXymyw`{XnXbw aetaXXpa `bIcw
{_lva{X kp`nm`nhrtban{Xt`Zmb.
tNmXn, hnimJw, A\ngw, Fnhbn D NXp aen
ip{I Ncnptm A`bapmIpp. {_lva{Xmv kp`n
hpw Dmhpw. Fm an{X Xn A`n{]mbt`Z Dmhpw.
17. A{Xm{Imt arXypx IncmX`rx ]n\jvSn tNzmIq
{]Xymhn]pen XwKWmivNqc tk\mwivN
NXpaew ap {Klfm B{Imambm, IncmX
cmPmhn\p arXyp kw`hnpw. CzmIpIpw, {]Xymhn, ]pfn,
XwKW, iqctk\o hmknIpw t]mjWw kw`hnpw.
18. tPyjvTmZyw ] pkvctcmKZw {]_m[ybtX
ImivaocmivaI aym kNmcp tZho ahowivN.
Xrt- apX XncpthmWw hscbp Ap \{Xfn
]a aen ipt{ImZbw kw`hn-ptm Imivaocw, AivaIw,
ayw, NmcptZhn, Ahn FnhnSfnephp hniv, Xkvc
`bw, tcmKw Fnhbpmhpw.
19. Btcmlf {Xm`ocm {ZhnUmw_jvT {XnK kucmjv{Sm\mibXn knp kuhocImw ivN Imioizcky h[x
B`ocm (Ad_nI ChcpsS tKm{XamWv), BivaIm, {Zmhn
Um, Aw_jvTm, {XnKm, kucmjv{S, knp tZim,
kuhoc tZim Fnhpw Atm \miImeamWv. ImincmPm
hns h[w Xs kw`hnmw (Imin cmPhwiw Aw_jvTtKm{XamWv).
20. jjvTw j\{Xw ip`taX\vaew [\njvTmZyw `qcn[\
tKmIpemIpe a\ev][m\yw IzNnXv k`bw. Ahnw apX AizXn
hsc Bdp \{Xfn kcnp ip{I ip`ImcI\mWv. P\
268

{]Imiknp

[\[m\y karntbmSpw [mcmfw tKmtfmSpw kpJambncnpp.


Fnepw Nne {]tZifn `bw Dmhpw.
21. A{XmtcmtlipenI Kmmcmhbx {]]oyt
sshtZlh[x {]Xybh\iIZmk ]mcnhrnx
`bapmIp {]tZi- iqenI, Kmmcw, Ahn, ssh
tZlw FnhbmWv. ip{I Btcmlw sNbvX Imev Ch ]oVnX
cmIpp. sshtZl cmPmhv h[nsSpp. {]XytZinse bh\
m, imIm, Zmkm Fnhv Cu Imew hnPbnsbpw
karnbptSbpw ImeamWv.
22. A]ckymw kmXymyw tPyjvTmywNm]n aew ip`Zw
]n{Xmyw ]qkymw tijmWnbtYm ^eZm\n.
Bdmas aen kzmXnbptSbpw tPyjvT\{Xns
bpw BZnbnse cp ae Dsncpm, Ah ]na Zni
bn ip`ImcnIfmWv. aL\{Xns BZyaew ]qZnibn
AXy ip`^ew Xcpp.
23. ZrjvtSmf \kvXKtXf t `bIrXv p{ZtcmKIrXv kakvXalx
A Znhkw Ntkp \r] _e ]pct`ZIrNXp{Ix
kqcy AkvXanpw apt ip{Is\m p{ZtcmKfpw
`bhpw Dmhpw. ]IpXn Znhkw ImWpItbm, N{t\msSmp ImWp
Itbm sNbvXm cmPmmcptSbpw _ehmmcpsSbpw \Kc t`Zn
sSpw.
24. `n KtXmf \ew IqemXn {Imhmcnhmlm`nx
AhrXpw K\nav\m\ kamkcnZv`n{`hn [m{Xn.
ImnI \{Xs t`ZnpsImv ip{I kcnptm
IcIsf AXn{Ian PecminIfmepw hmln\n (\Zn) Ifmepw, Ahy
hpw XpwKhpw, \nav\hpw, kahpamb kcnpsf, hln A{`fm
epw (taLw) `qan BhrXamIpp.
25. {]Pm]tXyiItS `ntIrtXzh ]mXIwhkp[m
tIimncmIe_eIm]meanh{hXw[tm.
269

{]Imiknp

tcmlnWnbpsS iISs `namn ip{I kcnptm,


apSnbpw, Anbpw, AXns Jfpw, At\Ihfpw [cn
`qan Im]menI{hXw [cnhsctmse ]m]]neamhpp.
26. kutaym]KtXm ckky kwbm tbmiv\m karnjvSmx
B{ZKXkvXptImieIenwKlm kene\nIcIcx
aIbncw \{Xn ck (Pe) n\pw kkyn\pw \miw.
B{Zm \{Xn tImie IenwKcmPyfn \mi\jvS
Dmhpw. ag [mcmfw e`npw.
27. AivaI sshZ`mWmw ]p\hkpt
kntXalm\h ]ptWy
]ptWy]rjvSm hrjvSn hnZym[cKW hnaivN.
]pWXn ip{I kcnptm AivaI hnZ`tZi
fn A[w Dmhpw. ]qbn [mcmfw ag Inpw. Fm hnZym
[c KW ASnasSpw.
28. Btjmkp`pPwKaZmcpW ]oVmhlizcivNp{Ix
`n aLmw almam{XtZmjIrZv `qcnhrjvSnIcx
Bbneyn k`bw, ZmcpWamb ]oVI Fnh kw`hn
pw. aIcn almam{Xm (lkvXn ]mI, B\mm) v tZmj
amWv. ]s \ ag Inpw.
29. `mtKy i_c]pen {][zwkItcmf w_p\nhl tambx
BvasW IpcpPmwKe]mmeLv\x keneZmbn.
]q^mKp\nbn i_cm, ]penm Fnhp \miw.
[mcmfw ag Inpw. Dc ^mKp\nbn hjw e`npw. Ipcp, PwKe,
]mme tZimv \miw `hnpw.
30. Iuch Nn{XImcmWmw lkvtX ]oVm PekyN \ntcm[x
Iq]IrZP ]oVm Nn{Xmttim`\m hrjvSnx
As ip{I t`Znptm Iuchmpw Nn{XImcm
pw ]oVmImeamWv. Atm Pew \ntcm[nsSpp (ag InmsX
bpw, Peam ASnpw) Nn{Xbn ip{I \nptm Iq]
270

{]Imiknp

Irppw (InWdp Ipgnph) APpw ]oVmIme


amWv. tim`\amb hrjvSn e`npw.
31. kzmXu{]`qXhrjvSn ZqX hWnKv \mhnIm kv]riXy\bx
sF{mKvt\ ]nkphrjvSnWnPmw N`bw hnPm \obmXv.
kzmXnbn ZqXm, hWnpI, \mhnIm Fnhsc A\oXn
kv]inpw. hnimJn kphrjvSnbpmhpw. hWnpIv `b
apmIpw.
32. ssat{X {X hntcmt[mtPyjvTmbmw {XapJy km]x
auenI `njPmw aqte {Xnjz]nssNtXjz\mhrjvSn.
A\pcm[n {Xnbh[w, tPyjvTbn {][m\nIfmb {Xn
bv km]w, aqen {][m\nIfmb sshZymv ]oV: Cu
aqp \{Xn ip{I \nptm A\mhrjvSnbpmhpw.
33. Bt]y keneP]oVm hntiztihym[mbx{]Ip]yn
{ihtW {ihWhym[nx ]mjWvVn `bw [\njvTmkp.
]qmjmVn PePp ]oV: D{XmSn hym[n: {imh
Wn {ihtW{nb hym[n: Ahnn ]mjWvVnIp (\]pw
kIw) `bw.
34. iXm`njPn iunIm\massPIss]ZypXPohn\mw ]oVm
Ipcp]mmema]nItcmXnNmkvan knX kenew.
NXbn \nptm iunIpw, ]q `{Z]mZn
\nptm NqXmmpw ]oV. Ipcp]mme tZimv ]oV
bpw, \ agbpw Inpw.
35. Aln_p[vt\y ^eaqeXm]Ir[mbn \mw NtchXymw
Aizn\ymwlb]m\mwbmtayXp IncmXbh\m\mw
Dc `m{Z]mZn ^eaqepw, tchXnbn Im\Sm
pw, AizXnbn Aiz]mempw, `cWnbn IncmXpw, bh\
pw Xm]w GsSpw.
36. NXpti]Zti XYmjvStaXankv{X ]kyXnYu `rKux kpXx
bZm{htPi\akvXtaXnhmXZmaln hmcoaboh eytX
271

{]Imiknp

IrjvW] NXpin, ]Zin, AjvSan FnhIfn ip{I


DZnkvXanptm `qanbn [mcmfw ag Inpw.
37. Kpcp `rKpm]c]qImjvTtbmx ]ckv]cw k]vXa cmin KubZm
XYm{]PmcpKv`btimI]oVnXm\hmcn ]iyn ]pctcmnXw
hymghpw, ip{I\pw ]q ]na ZniIfn ]ckv]cw Ggmw cmin
bn (180) DZnm, {]PI tcmK`bhpw timIhpw sImv ]oVnXcm
Ipw. ag ImWm IqSn InpIbn.
38. bYmnXm Poh_p[mckqcyPmx knXky ktf {K
]Ym\phn\x
\r\mKhnZym[c kwKcmkvXZm `hn hmXmizk ar{OnXmI
hymgw, _p[, i\n Fnh ip{Is A{K]Yn (apn)
kcnp ]w \r]m, \mK, hnZym[c Fnh Xn bp
apmbn \min Ieminpw. hmbp Zpjnpw.
39. \an{X`mthkplrtZm hyhnXmx {Inbmkp kayMv \cXmZznPmsb
\Nmev]a]yw_pZZmXn hmkthm `n\n ht{PW incmwkn`q`rXmw.
kplrp an{X`mhn hnpIbn. ZznPmcpw ap
hcpw XmmfpsS {InbIsf Dt]npw. C{ Aev]w ag t]mepw
XcmXmhpw. h{P]mXm ]XfpsS incp ]nfcpw (AKv\n
]Xw).
40. iss\c tO _nUme IpRvPcmx Jcmx alntjymf
knX[m\y iqIcm
]peniq{Zmiz kZnWm ]Ymxbw {hPyna cpZvKtZmZv`sshx
i\n ip{Is apn kcnm tOm, KplmhmknI,
B\I, IgpXI, alnj, Idp [m\y, ]nI, ]pen
m, iq{Zm, Aiz, ZnWm]Ynse P\ Fnh
t\{X tcmKw sImpw, hmbp tIm]w sImpw tcmK_m[nXcmbn bw
{]m]npw.
41. \nlnip{IxnXntP {KXx {]Pm lpXmi ikv{XpZ
hrjvSnXkvsscx
272

{]Imiknp

NcmNcw hy atYmcm]Yw Zntimf Kv\nhnZyp{ZP


kmN]oVtbXv
ip{I\p apn sNm kcnm AKv\n, Bbp[w, hniv, Ahr
jvSn, Im Fnhcm {]PIv henb `bw t\cnSpw. Dcm
]Ynse NcmNcv \miw t\cnSpw. FpZnpw AKv\n, hnZypXv,
s]mSn FnhIfm ]oVnXamIpw.
42. _rlkv]Xuln]pcxntXknXx knXw kakvXwZznP
tKmkpcmebm
ZniwN]qmIcImkrtPmf _pZmKteZm`qcn `th imcZw
ip{I\p apn _rlkv]Xn kcnm shfpp \ndap
kakvXhpw, {_mlvaWcpw, ]ipfpw, t{Xfpw, ]qZnibpw
\inpp. taL [mcmfw ag hjnpp. temIv IWvT
tcmKw DmIpp. icXvme [m\y [mcmfw Dmhpp.
43. kutaymf tkvXm Zbtbm ]ptcm`rKpkpX
kymhkvXnX tkvXmbIrXv tcmKm ]nPImaemw
NIpcptX ]rjvWmXn N ss{KjvaoIw
l\ymXv {]{hPnXmKv\n tlm{XnI`njKvcw
tKm]Pohym lbm sshiymKmx
klhmlss\c]Xo ]oXm\n]izmniw.
ip{ImZbntem, AkvXabntem, ip{Is ]ptcm`mKv
_p[s\ Im, hjhpw tcmKhpw Dmhpw. ]n tcmKhpw, Imae
tcmKhpw hnpw. {Kojvaphn Dmhp {Zhy A[nIambn
Dev]fmhpw. ]cn{hmPIm, AKv\n tlm{XnI sshZym, \S
\Im, Aiz, sshiy, ]ip, hml\tfmSpIqSn cmPm
m, a \ndnep ]Zm, ]na Zni Fnhv \miw
kw`hnpw.
44. inJn `ba\emt` ikv{XtIm]ct
I\I\nIj Kutc hym[tbm ssZXybqssPy
lcnX I]ne cqt] izmkImk {]tIm]x
]XXn\kene kymZv `kvacqmknXmt`
AKv\n hambn ip{Is\ Im inJn`bw, chsan
273

{]Imiknp

Bbp[ tIm]w, NpsSp kzw t]mse Kucsan hym[n, lcnX


I]ne hfn izmk tcmKhpw, Imk tcmKhpw, `kva hhpw,
cqamb AknX hhpsan ag s]pIbn.
45. Z[nIpapZiim Imn`rXv kv^pS hnIkXv
InctWm _rl\pxkpKXnc hnIrtXm Pbm\znXx
IrXbpKcq]Icx knXmlzbzx
CXn{io hcmlanlncIrXu
_rlXv kwlnXmbmw ip{INmtcm \htam ymbx
ssXcv, B, Anfn FnhbpsS ImntbmsS kv^pSambn
hnIkn IncWtfmSpw, kpKXntbmSpw, AhnIrXambpw IrXbpK
nse cq]w [cnv Pbm\znX\pw, hnImcclnX\pambn Ncnp
ip{I kpw awKfw \Ipp. ip{Is\ `mcXob AkpcKpcp
Fp hnfnpp. `mcX `qJn\v 180 amdn InSp Atkmckv
Zzo] AXem kap{ZnemWv. Akpc Kpcphmb abs\
Zm\hinev]nbptSXmb Hcp tPymXnj ]Xn B `q`mKfn \ne
\nncpp Fv `mcXw hnizknpp. atmZco ]nXmhmb abs
hwim Cpw Atacnbnepw, AXem Zzo]pIfnepapv. ip{I
Nmc kwJysb ]knmnIbn hnp ]dIbm ChnsS
Bhnpn. Fm hknjvT ]ueoi, ss]XmalmZnIfpsS
ip{INmchpw, kwJybpw amb kwkvImcndnbmambncpp Fp
ImWnp Nne imkv{Xobamb sXfnhpI ChnsS NqnmWn
mw. dnmUv s^bvam F temI{]ikvX\mb Bkvt{SmWadp
sS BIYbn CXns\ ]cmainnpv.
s^bvam Hcn s{UkvU tImUIvkn Nne KWnX]c
amb {]tXyIXI Isn.
1) 584 F kwJysb ambm 236, 90, 250, 8 Fv \membn
`mKnpp (] knmnI t\mpI. CtX hn`P\w ImWmw).
2) 2920 s 13 hscbp KpW\nI Xncnpp.
3) N{{KlW{]hN\n\v 11959 ZnhkfpsS ]nIbmWv D]
tbmKnpXv.
4) 91 s KpW\ ]nI Xncnpp. AsXn\msWv s^bv
am\v a\nemhpn.
274

{]Imiknp

ip{Is {`aW kwJy 583.923 BIbm ambmcpsS 584 F


kwJy kWnX]camb Hcp sXmbnmWv BZyw s^bvam IcpXn
bXv. ]ns kqnp t\mnbtmgmWv Ah CKannkv
BWv sX Fv Atlw a\nemnbXv.
2920 tbpw 91 tbpw KpW\nI, Cu ]cmaiw hmbntm,
Rm Hv FgpXnt\mn. AXv`pXmhlhpw ckIchpamb Nne Adn
hpI AsX\npXp (]nII Xmsg ImWpI).
2920 x 1
2920 x 2
2920 x 3
2920 x 4
2920 x 5
2920 x 6
2920 x 7
2920 x 8
2920 x 9
2920 x 10
2920 x 11
2920 x 12
2920 x 13

= 2920
= 5840
= 8760
= 11680
= 14600
= 17520
= 20440
= 23360
= 26280
= 29200
= 32120
= 35040
= 37960

91 x 1
91 x 2
91 x 3
91 x 4
91 x 5
91 x 6
91 x 7
91 x 8
91 x 9
91 x 10
91 x 11
91 x 12
91 x 13

= 91
= 182
= 273
= 364
= 455
= 546
= 637
= 728
= 819
= 910
= 1001
= 1092
= 1183

(ip{INmckwJy x 10)

(`qZn\ kwJybpsS ASp kwJy)

275

{]Imiknp
91 x 14
91 x 15
91 x 16
91 x 17
91 x 18
91 x 19

= 1274
= 1365
= 1456
= 1547
= 1638
= 1729

s^bvam\v 91 s ]nI Fns\p a\nembn. ]s \ap


Xv a\nemmw. 91 slIvktKmW \dpIfn 6 -mas kwJy
bmWv (1.17.19.37.61.91.127......).
Hp apX Bcw`nv XpSbmbn ]nKmanIfmbn hcp sl
IvktKmW kwJyIfpsS XpI Ftmgpw Iyq_v Bbncnpw
(principle of mathematical induction) 91 x 19 F kwJybpsS Dcamb
1729 cp {XnhfpsS XpIbmbn cphn[w {]ISnnmhp Ghpw
sNdnb kwJybmWv.
[103 + 93

= 123 + 13
= 7 x 13 x 19
= 7 x 247]

tPymXnj]cambn AXn{][m\amb Cu kwJysb {io\nhmk


cmam\pP, lmUnv ]v hnpsImSpnpv. s^bvam
Hcev]w tlmwhv sNbvXncpsn Ip]nSnts\!
1728 `mcXobcpsS kXybpK kwJybmsWp IqSn ]dbptm
ambmcpsSbpw, `mcXobcpsSbpw Ncn{XmXoXamb Bib hn\nabhpw
khpw hyamIpw.
ip{I, _p[ Nmcsf _nnp Hcp InbmWv Cu ]nI.
]ueois _p[ Nmcn\p ]nIbn,
456 x 2 = 912
912 x 2 = 1824
1824 x 2 = 3648 Fv XpScptm 29184 x 2 = 58368 Fv InnbXv
Hmpatm. 583.68 Fv Ipdp IqSn ip{INmcs kv^pSw sNm

Cu ]nI XsbmWv ambmcpw D]tbmKnncpXv Fp IcpXm


\ymbapv.
276

{]Imiknp
1. 91 x 4 = 364
1824 x 2 = 3648
[182.4 x 2 = 364.8

(ip{INmc ]nI)
(_p[Nmc ]nI)
(BWtm)

2. 91 x 10 = 910
(ip{INmc ]nI)
456 x 2 = 912
(_p[Nmc ]nI)
[(91 x 5) + 1]2 = 912
(91 x 10) + 2 = 912

Cu cv DZmlcW _p[Nmc, ip{INmcsf ]ckv]cw


_sSppp. ChbmIs, 364 F `qZn\kwJytbmSpw _
sXmWv. Imens haqeamb 19 sImv 91 s\ KpWnp Inp
cp {XnhfpsS XpIbmb (kXybpKkwJy+1) 1729 t\mSpw _
sXmWv. KWnX]camb Cu t_m[w DZn kwkvIrXnI `mcX
nepw Atacnbnepw Ncn{XmXoX Imew apXt Dmbncpp
(Ah Xn khpw ]penbncpp FXn\p sXfnhp
I \mK]aw, Ncn{Xns CS\mgnbneqsS F cp {K
fnembn Rm kamlcnp shnpv).

277

{]Imiknp

Aymbw 10

iss\cNmcw
1. ivchWm\ne lkvXmt{Zm `cWo `mtKym]Kx
kptXmf kym {]Npc kentem] KqVmw
ItcmXn [m{Xnw bZn kv\nKvx
kqcy ]p{X\mb i\n, XncpthmWw, kzmXn, Aw, B{Z, `cWn,
]q ^mKp\n \{Xfn \nptm [mcmfw Pew e`nv
`qan kv\nKvambn Xocpp.
2. Aln hcpW ]pccssZhtXjp kqtaIr NmXnPew
pO{kvXmhrjvSnItcmaqte {]tXyI a]nhty.
Bbneyw, NXbw, Xrt Fnhbn kcnptm i\n
A[nIw hjw XcnIbnsnepw taIrmWv. aqenemsWn
pv, Bbp[ `bw, AhrjvSn. C\n Hmtcm \{Xn i\n k
cnptmgp {]tXyI ^e ]dbmw.
3. XpcK XpctKm]NmcI IhnsshZymamXylmtPmf iznKXxbmtay \I
hmZItKb p{Z\uIrXnIm
AizXnbn i\n \nptm, IpXncI, IpXncm, Ihn
I, sshZym, a{nam Fnhv lm\n kw`hnpw. `cWnbnse
n \Im, D]IcW hmbnph, ]mpIm, sNdnb
hnIfn D]Poh\w Ignph FnhmWp lm\n.
4. _lpemt ]oVbt kutcf Kv\yp]
Pohn\iz aq]mizmtcmlnWymw
tImiea{ZImin]mme imISnImx
ImnIbnsen AKv\nsImv D]Pohnphpw cmPm
mpw lm\n. tcmlnWnbnsen tImiew, a{Z, Imin, ]mmew,
FnhnS-fnephpw imISnImpw (hnm) ]oV.
278

{]Imiknp

5. arKinckn hbmPI bPam\mcyP\ ay tZimizm


cu{Zt ]mcXcmaT ssXenIcPINucmiz.
aIbncnsen h tZimpw, bmPImpw, bPam\
mpw, Bcy P\pw, ay {]tZinse P\Xbvpw ]oV.
XncphmXncbnsen cmaTtZiw, Fm, tUm_nI, Xkvcm
Fnhp ]oV.
6. BZntXy]\Z {]Xykpcmjv{S knp kuhocmx
]ptjymLmnItLmjnI h\ hWnnXhIpkpam\n.
]pWXnsen ]m_v, {]Xyw, kucmjv{Sw, knp,
kuhoctZifn ]oV. ]qbnsen LmaWn ASnph,
s]cpd sImn tLmjnph, bh\, hWnpI, Jem,
]pjv] Fnhp \miw.
7. kt Pecplkmx ]nt{Xy _lvfoI No\m Kmcmx
iqenI ]mcXsshiymx tImjvTmKmcmWn hWnP.
Bbneyn ]Xva, k, Fnhbvpw, aIn
_mlvfoI, ssN\m, Kmmcm, iqenIm, ]mcXhm, ssh
iy, `mc, IhSm Fnhpw ]oV.
8. `mtKyckhn{IbnWmx ]Wymkv{Xo I\yIm almcmjv{Sm
BcyavtW \r]KpUeh`n pImw_p\n Xinem.
]qcn ck hn{Ibw sNph, ]Wy kv{XoI (thiy),
I\yIam, almcmjv{Snse P\ Fnhpw, D{Xn cmPm
m, ic, Dv, `np, Pew, Xinebnse P\ Fn
hpw ]oV.
9. lkvtX\m]nX Nm{InINuc`njIvkqNIZzn]{Kmlmx
_Iyx IuieImamemImcmiz ]oVbt.
An Nm{IoIm (N{Iw sImv IcIuie hkvXp Dm
ph, N{Iw Nhnph) Im, sshZym, kqNnIm, B\
Isf ]nSnph, _nph, Iuiem, ame tImph
Chv ]oVmImew.
279

{]Imiknp

10. Nn{Xmt {]aZmP\teJI Nn{X Nn{X `mm\n.


kzmXuamK[ NcZqXkqXt]mXh\ \Sm[yx
Nn{Xbnsen kv{XoI, Nn{XsagppIm, teJIm, km
cnI Fnhv At\I {]Imcnep {Zhy ]oV A\p`hsSpw.
tNmXnbn i\n \nm aK[w, ZqXm, Ncm, kmcYnI, \uI
Ifn kcnph, \Sm FnhmWv ]oVmImew.
11. sF{mKv\mtJy ss{XK No\IueX Ippaw emm
kkym\yY amRvPnjvTw Iukp`wNbw bmn.
hnimJn i\n \nptm {XnKw, ssN\, IpeqXw,
Fo tZimpw, Ippaw, em, [m\yw, aRvPnjvTw, Ipkpw_w
Fnhbvpw bImeamWv.
12. ssat{XIpeqX XwKW Jk Imivaocx ka{n N{INcmx
C]Xm]w bmn N LmnI hnt`Z an{XmWmw
A\ngn \nm IpeqXw, XwKWw, Jkw, Imivaocw Fn
hnSfnse a{nam, N{Iw Nhnph, LmaWn apgph
Fnhpw Xm]tasSpw. an{X Xn Ielapmhpw (N{I
Ncmcn N{Iw Npn Fbmphcpw, N{Iw Npn shw hnp
hcpw, N{Iw Npn a]m{Xapmphcpw s]Spw).
13. tPyjvTmkp\r]]ptcmlnX \r]kXvIrX iqcKW Ipet{iWyx
aqteXp Imin tImie ]mme ^euj[o tbm[mx
tPyjvTbn i\n \nptm cmPmm, ]ptcmlnXm,
\r]mcm _lpam\nsSp [ocm, KWIpe t{iWnI
(k\ymkn aT) Fnhp ]oV kw`hnpw. aqensen
Imin, tImiew, ]mmew, ^e, Huj[nI, tbmm Fn
hbvmWv bw.
14. Bt]y AwKhwK Iuie Kncn{hP amK[]pMvanYnem
D]Xm]w bmnP\m hkntb Xm{amen]vXymwN.
]qmjmVnsen AwKw, hwKw, IenwKw, Kncnh{Pw, tImk
ew, amK[w, ]p{w, anYnew, Xm{aen]vXn FnhnSfnephv
Xm]w.
280

{]Imiknp

15. hntiziztcf ]p{Xizccmm\nln bh\mw


Db\ow i_cm ]mcnbm{XnIm Ipnt`mPmw.
D{XmSnsen Dbn\n, ]mcnbm{XnIw, Ipnt`mPw apXemb
cmPyfnephpw bh\pw, i_cmpw \ Imea.
16. {ihtW cmPm[nIrXm\zn {]m{Kb`njIv k]ptcmlnX IenwKm
hkpt` aKt[ cmPtbmhrnivN [t\jz[nIrXm\mw.
XncpthmWnsen cmPm[nImcnI, {_mlvaW, sshZy,
]ptcmlnX, IenwK Fnhv km]w t\cnSpw. Ahnnsen
aK[bnse cmPmhn\v, hnPbhpw [\m[nImcnIv A`nhrnbpapm
Ipw.
17. kmtPiXm`njPn `njhn iunI ]Wy\oXn hm\mw.
Aln_p[vt\y \tSymbm\Icmx kv{Xo lncWywN.
NXbntem, ]qtcmcpmXnbntem kcnptm sshZym,
IhnI, iunI, ]Wy PohnI, \ymbm[n]m Fnhv
hnLv\ kw`hnpw. Dc `m{Z]Znsen \SnI, kmcn
I, kv{Xo, kzw Fnhbvv \miw kw`hnpw.
18. tchXymw cmP`rXmx {IuZzo]m{inXmx icXvkkyw
i_cmivN \n]oUyt bh\mivN iss\ssc NcXn
tchXnbnsen cmPmhns `rXym, {Iu Zzo]\nhmknI,
icXvmes kky, i_cm, bh\m Fnhp ]oV.
19. bZm hnimJmkp atl{ a{o kpX `mt\ml\ bmXx
XZm{]Pm\ a\tbmAXntLmcx ]pc{]t`tZm KXtbm`taIw
_rlkv]Xn hnimJn \nptm i\n ImnIbn
{]thinm {]PInSbn A[w DXv`hnpw. Ah cp
t]cpw HnsmcnSp \nm AXntLmcamb coXnbn ]W
\innsSpw.
20. APlmchntPmbXn Nn{Xx p[v `b Ir[yZn ]oXabqJx
ikv{X `bmbN c khtm `kva\nt`m _lpsshc Ic.
281

{]Imiknp

At\Iw Nn{X htfmsS ImWp i\n APp


hn\miImcnbmWv. ]oXhamsWn hnipw, `bhpapmpw.
`kva hsan i\n sshcw P\nnpw.
21. sshUqcy Imncaex ip`Zx {]Pm\mw
_mWmXkoIpkpa h \n`ikvXx
]m]nhap]KOXn XXv khm
kqcymPx ]bXoXn ap\n{]hmZx
ap\nam ]dbpp: sshUqcy Imn Nnn Aae\mbn, _mWq
hnstbm, AXko Ipkpanstbm htmSp IqSn DZnp
i\n {]PIv AXoh ip`{]ZmbIamsWv. shfpv, Nphv, a,
Idpv, \m\mhw Fo hfn i\nsb Im {Ian
{_mlvaW, {Xnb, sshiy, iq{Z, kc hm Fn
hv \miw kw`hnpw.
CXn {io hcmlanlnc IrXu_rlXv kwlnXmbmw iss\c
NmtcmZitamf Aymb.

282

{]Imiknp

Aymbw 11

tIXpNmcw
1. Kmobw inJnNmcw ]cmicaknXtZheIrXw N
A\ymw _lq ZrjvSzm {InbtX Aba\mIpemcx
Kmn, ]cmic, AknX, tZhe, apXemb ap\namcpw at\I
imkv{Xcpw Zinv \nbn {]Imcap inJnNmcs
]dbpp.
2. Zi\akvXatbm hm\KWnX hn[n\mky iIytX mXpw
Znhymco `uamkv{Xnhn[mxkyqx tIXthmbkvamXv
tIXphns DZbmkvXabsf shdpw KWnXw sImp am{Xw
Adnbm\mhpIbn. ImcWw Znhyw, Acow, `uaw Fv aqp
hn[ tIXpfpv.
3. AlpXmtiA\ecq]wbkvanw XXv tIXpcq]tathmw
JtZymX ]nimNmeb akncXv\mZo ]cnXyPm
JtZymXw (anman\pv), ]nimNmebw (s]mnNqv), Akn, cXv\w
FnhsbmgnsI AKv\n kam\ambn Pzenp k ]Zmfpw
tIXp cq]fmWv.
4. [zP ikv{X`h\XcpXpcK IpRvPcmtZyjz YmcomkvtX
Znhym \{Xm `uamx kypctXmA\yYm inJn\x
sImSn, Bbp[w, Krlw, hrw, IpXnc, B\ apXembhbpsS
BIrXnbn ImWsSp tIXp AcoP\yamb tIXphmWv.
Znhyambn \{XnSbn Ccnp tIXp Znhy tIXphmWv.
Chbmhsbmw `ua tIXp BWv.
5. iXtaIm[nI tatI kl{ka]tc hZn tIXp\mw
_lpcq]taItah{]mlap\nmcZx tIXpw.
]nXm `nm`n{]mbmcmWv. Nne 111 Xcw tIXpsf
hnpp. ap Nne Bbncw tIXpsf hnpp. \mcZ ap\n
283

{]Imiknp

]dbpp:- tIXp Htbpq AXp _lpcq]n {]XysSpI


bmWv.
6. btZytImbZn _lhx Inat\\ ^ewXp
kYmhmNyw DZbmkvXassbx mss\x
kv]ssi cm[qass\hss
Htm ]etXm Bhs, DZbw, AkvXabw, m\w, kv]iw,
[qahw, ChbpsS ^ew- C{Xbpw ]dtbXpv.
7. bmhylm\n Zrtiym amkmkvXmh Gh^e ]mIx
amsskc_vZmw htZXv {]YamXv]{XbmXv]cXx
F{X Znhkw tIXp ZriyamIppthm A{Xbpw amktmWv
AXns ^ew ImWpI. tIXp AkvXanv 45 Znhkn\Iw ^e
ImWm XpSpw.
8. {lkzX\px {]kx kv\nKv[ kvXrPqcpNnc kwnXx ipx
DZntXm hm]y`nZrjvSx kp`nkuJymhll tIXpx
sNdpXpw, {]khpw, kv\nKv[hpw (tcmaw AYhm hmenmXv)
kcfhpw at\mlchpw shfpXpw Bbn DZnp ImWp tIXp
kp`n ZmbI\pw, kuJy ZmbI\pamWv.
9. D hn]coXmcqt]m\ ip`Itcm [qa tIXpcXv ]x
C{mbp[m\pImco hntijtXm Zzn{Xn Nqtemhm.
CXn\p hn]coX cq]amb tIXp [qatIXp FdnbsSpp.
AXv ip`Ica. C{[\pp t]mse hfpw, ctm, aqtm hmep
ItfmSpIqSnbpw ImWp [qatIXp Hpw ip`Ica.
10. lmcaWn tlacq]mx IncWmJymx ]hnwiXn kinJmx
{]mK]cZntimZriym \r]Xn hntcm[m hlmchnPx
lmcw, aWn, kzw FnhbpsS cq]n IncWtfmsS, 25
inJItfmsS ]q, ]na ZniIfn DZnp tIXp kqcy\n \nv
P\n tIXphmWv. CXn\v IncWw Fpw t]cpv. CXv DZnptm
cmPmmv ]ckv]c sshcw Dmhpp.
284

{]Imiknp

11. ipIZl\ _p Poh Iemm XtPm]am lpXmi kpXmx


BKvt\bmw ZriytXmhkvtX A]ninJn `bZmx
X, AKv\n, sNcnqhv, em, cw Fnht]mse ImWp
Xv AKv\nbn \np P\n tIXphmWv. Ch Ccp]p Xcapv.
Ch DZnptm AKv\n`bw Dmhpw.
12. h{I inJmarXypkpXmcqmx IrjvWmtX A]nXmhx
Zriyt bmaymbmw P\ac ImthZn\ kvtXN.
h{IinJItfmSpw cqamb IrjvW htmSpw IqSnb 25
tIXp ZnW Znn ImWmw. Ch arXyphn \nv P\nhcmWv.
Ch DZnptm P\ acnpp.
13. ZW hrmImcm hninJmx ImcWm\znXm [cmX\bmx
pZv`bmZmZzmhnwiXn sscim\ym aw_pssXe \n`mx
ZWw t]mse tKmfmImcambn, inJmclnXambn, IncWtfm
sS, Pehpw Fbpw \ndXpt]mse Cuim\Znibn ImWp 32
Xcw tIXp `qanbn \np Xs DmbhbmWv. Ah DZnp
tm Zp`nw Dmhpp.
14. iinIncWPXlnaIpapZIpIpkptam]amx kpXmxiin\x
DctXm Zriyt{Xbx kp`nm hlx inJn\x
N{IncWw, shn, av, B, apq Fnhbvv kZri
ambn Dc Znn ImWp aqp hn[w tIXp N{\n\np
P\nhcmWv. Ah kp`nw \Ipp.
15. {_lvakpX GIGh {XnntJmhkv{Xn`nbpKIcx
A\nbXZnv kw{]`thm hnttbm {_lva ZmJyx
{_lva ]p{X\mbn, {_lvaZsa t]cn bpKmImcnbmbn
DZnp Hcp tIXphpv. CXn\v GXp Znnepw {]`hnbvmw. aqp
inJbpw aqp hhpw CXn\pv.
16. iXa`nlnX taIktaX taXtZtI\ hnclnXm\y kvamXv.
IYbntjytIXq\mw iXm\n\hessWx kv]jvssSx
Cs\ 111 tIXpsf hnpp. 899 tIXpfpsS kv]jvS
eWw ]dbsnpv. Ahsb C\n ]dbmw.
285

{]Imiknp

17. kussayimt\ymcpZbw ipIvckpXmbmn NXpc ioXymJyx


hn]peknX XmcImkvtX kv\nKvm `hn Xo{h ^emx
Dc Znibnepw Cuim\ tImWnepw DZnp tIXp ip{I
\n \npmbhcmWv. Ah 84 t]cpv. henbXpw, shfpXpw,
\{X Xpyhpw, kv\nKvhpamb Ch Xo{h ^e XcphcmWv.
18. kv\nKvm {]`mktaXm ZzninJmx jjvTnx iss\cmwKcplmx
AXnIjvS ^emXriym kss{XtX I\I kwmx
kv\nKvhpw {]`mktaXhpw cp inJbpXpamb 60 tIXp
i\n ]p{XcmWv. Ch k{X ImWsSpp. AXn IjvS^ew
Xcpp. Chsc I\Isap hnfnpp.
19. hnINm\maKpcpkpXmx knssXIXmcmx inJm]mcnXymx
jjvTn ]`nc[oImkvanKvmbmaym{inXmx ]m]mx
inJIfnmsX shfp \ndtmSpIqSn GIXmcn\p kZriy
ambn ZnWZnibn ImWsSp 65 tIXpfpv. Ch hnINsa
dnbsSpp. Ch DZnptm `qanbn ]m]w hnpp.
20. \mXnhym kqvam ZoLmx ipm btYjvS Znv {]`hm
_p[Pm kvXkvckwmx ]m]^em kvtXzI]miZv
A[nIw hyamsX kqvahpw ZoLhpw shfpXpambn
CjvSap Znn ImWsSp 51 tIXp Xkvcsap hnfn
sSpp. _p[\n \npmb Ch ]m]^ew Xcpp.
21. XPm\em\p cq]mkv{XnNqeXmcmx IpPmXvaPmx jjvTnx
\mav\mNIupamkvtXkuaymimkwnXmx ]m]mx
c htam, AKv\n htam Bbn, aqp hmepItfmsS \
{Xkam\ambn 60 tIXp Dc Znibnepv. Ippasadnbs
Sp Ch sNmbn \nv Dev]mZnnshcmWv. Ch ]m] ^ew
Xcpp.
22. {XnwiXy[nIm cmtlmkvtX Xmak IoeIm CXnJymXnx
chn iinKmZriyt tXjmw ^ea Nmtcmw.
Xmak IoeI F t]cn 3 x 30 tIXpfpv. Ah
cmlphn nXn sNpp. Ah N{ kqcy aefn ImWs
286

{]Imiknp

Spp. Chsc ANmcn ]cmainp (Aymbw 3- 7-mw tmIw


apX Chsb ]cmainppv).
23. hnwiXy[nI a\yOXaKv\n hnizcq] kwm\mw
Xo{hm\e `bZm\mw Pzmemamem IpeX\q\mw.
Xo PzmeIfpsS Hcp ame t]mse ImWpXpw hnizcq]sap
t]cpXpambn 120 tIXpfpv. Ah Xo{hamb AKv\n`bw Dm
pp.
24. iymamcpWmhnXmcmma cq]m hnIom Zo[nXbx
AcpWmkymhmtbmx k]vXk]vXXnx ]m]Zm ]pcpjmx
iymamcpW hn Nmac cq]n IncWanm Fgp]
tgv tIXp hmbphn \npmbhbmWv. AcpWF Ch
]m]^ew Xcpp.
25. Xmcm]pRvP \nImimKWIm\ma {]Pm]tXjvSu
tZzNitX NXpc[ntI NXpc{km {_lvakm\mx
Xmcm ]pRvP kam\ambn Fp {]Pm]Xn]p{Xmcpv. Ahsc
KWImscp hnfnpp. 204 t] {_lvakm\fmbnv thsd
bpapv.
26. IwIm\ma hcpWPm Zzm{XnwiZzwiKpeva kwm\mx
iinhXv {]`mktaXmkvXo{h^emx tIXhx t{]mmx
hcpW ]p{Xmcmbn 32 tIXpfpv: IwIm Fv t]cv. N{
kam\amb Imnbp Ch Aip`^eZmbnIfmWv.
27. jmhXnxImekpXmx I_kwmx I_ kwm\mx
Nmx`b{]Zmx kyq cq]XmcmivN tXinJn\x
I_kam\amb BImcw [cnv I_sapt]cp 96
tIXp Imens ]p{XmcmWv. Nmcpw, `b{]Zcpw Bb
ChnSbn Ip cq][mcnIfmbn \{Xfpapv.
28. iphn]psseIXmcm\hhnZnimwtIXhxkapXv]mx
Ghw tIXpkl{kw hntijtajmatXmhty.
287

{]Imiknp

shfpXpw hn]pehpamb \{Xsftmse HXp tIXp


hnZniIfn Dev]ambhcmWv. C{]Imcw BsI kl{kw tIXp
fpv. Chbn khntijambhsb C\n ]dbmw.
29. DZImbtXmalm kv\nKv aqnc]tcmZbo hkm tIXpx
kZyxItcmXnacIwkp`na]ypaw IpcptX.
]Snmdp`mKv DZnv DcZnn AkvXanp alpw
kv\nKvaqnbpamb tIXp hkmtIXp FdnbsSpp. amcIsan
epw CXv Daamb kp`nw \Ipp.
30. XtWm ntIXpx kXpcqx p{Zbmhlx t{]mx
kv\nKvkvXmXrIv {]mNymwikv{XmtJymUacacImb.
CtX eWtmsS cqhpw p{Zhpw kv\nKvhpambn ]Sn
mdpZnp ikv{Xsa tIXp khpw XeIogmpp: amcI
hpamWv.
31. Zrtiymamhmkymbmw I]metIXpx k[q{a civan inJx
{]mMvx\`tkm hnNmco p acImhrjvSntcmKIcx
Aamhmknbvv BImins ]q`mKv kl{kcivanItfm
Spw [mcmfw inJItfmSpw DZnp I]me tIXp hnipw, acWhpw
tcmK`bhpw sImphcpp.
32. {]mssKzizm\camt iqem{Kx kymhcqXm{amnx
\`kkv{Xn`mK Kman cu{Z CXn I]meXpey^ex
]q Znibn ZnW amn iqem{Kwt]mse cqambpw
Xm{ahnep IncWtfmSpw IqSn BImins aqp`mKw
hsc kcnpXv cu{Zsa tIXphmWv. CXpw I]meXpeyamb
^ew Xcpp.
33. A]ckymw NetIXpx inJbm bmaym{KbmMvKptem
{OnXbmKtO[yYmbtYmZIXYmssZLyambmXn.
GsXmcp [q{ah\mb tIXp ]ivNna Znn DZnv ZnW
Znns HcwKpew Dbcn inJItfmsS \nppthm, Dc Znn
tev bYm{Iaw hfpsImv kcnppthm AXns\ NetIXp
Fv ]dbpw.
288

{]Imiknp

34. k]vXap\o kwkv]riy{[pha`nPnXtah N{]Xn\n hrx


\`tkmam{XanXzmbmtay\mkvXw kap]bmXn.
NetIXp DcZnn k]vXjnaew kv]inv A`nPnn
t\bpw kv]inv BImins Hcp hipIqSnt]mbn ZnWZni
bns AkvXanpp.
35. l\ymZv {]bmKIqemXv bmhZhow N]pjvcmJymw
DZK]nN tZhnIma]n`qbnjvTw aytZimJyw.
{]bmKXocw apX Ahn hscbpw, ]pjvchpw, hSphiv
tZhnIm\Znhscbpw ay{]tZihpw Cu tIXp l\nbvpp.
36. A\ym\]nNk tZim IzNnXv
IzNnZzntcmKZp`nssx
Ziamkm ^e]mtImkyssIivNnZjvSmZit{]mx
Cu tZifn tcmKhpw Zp`nhpw ]pamktbvpmhp
sav Nne ]nX ]dbpp. A ]Xns\pamktv Fv ap
Nne ]nX ]dbpp.
37. {]mKcm{XZrtiymbmaym{KxtizXtIXpc\yivN
I CXnbpKmIrXnc]tcbpK]u k]vXZn\ Zriyux
]qZnn Acm{Xnbn Zriyambn ZnW Znns ]ptcm
`mKpImWp tizX tIXp I F bpKmIrXnbpXmWv ({_
lvanbnse + F Ipcnins BIrXn) bpKw amdp thfbn CXv
Ggp Znhkw ZriyamIpw.
38. kv\nKvu kp`n inhZm[nIw ZriytXI\mambx
ZihjmWy]Xm]w P\bXn ikv{X{]tIm]IrXw.
kv\nKvhpw kp`n awKfIchpamWv I F t]cp Cu
tizXtIXp. Fm 7 Znhkne[nIw \nm, ]phjtv
Xm]apmhpw, Cu Xm]w Bbp[m {]tIm]nnsXmhpw.
(kmbp[ hnhw- bpw)
39. tizX CXn PSmImtcmcpx
kymthmhnb{Xn`mKKXx
hn\nhtXf ]khyw {Xn`mKtijmx{]PmxIpcptX.
289

{]Imiknp

PSmcq]n cqambn iymahambn BImins aqp


`mKfn sNpXncnphcpXv tizXsa tIXphmWv. CXv {]P
Isf \innpp.
40. B[q{abmw Xp inJbm Zi\ambmXn IrnIm kwx
tbxk civantIXpx tizXkam\w ^ew [t.
[q{ahamb inJItfmsS, ImnIm \{Xn ImWp
Xv civantIXphmWv. CXv tizXnp kam\amb ^ew Xcpp.
41. {[phtIXp c\nbXKXn{]amW hmIrXn`hXn
hnjzImZnhymcn`utam`hXybw kv\nKv CjvS^ex
{[phtIXphns KXn, {]amWw, hw, BIrXn Fnh A\n
bXamWv. AXv Znhytam Acotam `uatam BImw. kv\nKvamb
CXv CjvS^ew Xcpp.
42. tk\mwtKjp \r]mWmw
KrlXcpssitejpNm]ntZim\mw
KrlnWm ap]kvtcjphn\min\mw Zi\w bmXn.
CXv hn\miw kw`hnm t]mIp \r]mcpsS tk\mwK
tm, hn\miw kw`hnp Krlw, hrw, ssiew, tZiw Fnh
bvtm, apIfnembn ImWsSpw. \inm t]mIp Krlns DSa
\m ImWsSpw.
43. IpapZCXnIpapZImnmcpWymw{]mIvOntJm\n imtaImw
ZrjvSx kp`naXpewZiIne hjmWnkItcmXn.
IpapZImntbmSpIqSn ]ivNnaZnn \nv Ingtmp \o inJ
ItfmSpIqSn Hcm{Xn ImWpXmWv IpapZtIXp. CXv ]phj
tbvv AXpeyamb kp`nw \Ipw.
44. kIrsZIbmaZriyx kpkqva Xmtcm]tcW aWntIXpx
EPo inJmky ipmkvXt\mZvKXmoc[mtch.
kpkqvaamb \{Xw t]mse ]ivNna Znn Hcp bmaw am{Xw
ImWpXv aWntIXphmWv. kvXt\mZvKXamb oct]mse EPphpw
shfpXpamWv CXns inJnI.
290

{]Imiknp

45. DZbthkp`nw NXptcmamkm ItcmXyku kmm


{]Zp`mhw {]mbx ItcmXn N p{Z Pp\mw.
aWntIXp DZnm \mepamktbvv kp`namWv. ]s CXn
s ^ew (kp`nw) p{ZPpmWv: (a\pjy).
46. PetIXpc]nN]mXv
kv\nKvxinJbm]tcWtNmXbm
\h amkm kkp`nw ItcmXn imnwNtemIky.
apIfn [mcmfw inJItfmSpw Xmsg kv\nKvambn sambmbpw
CcnpXv PetIXp. CXv DZnm HXpamkw kp`namWv. k
temIpw imn e`npw.
47. `hsIXptcIcm{Xw Zriyx{]mIv kqvaXmcIxkv\nKvx
cnemip tem]abm {]ZnWmhbminJbmx
H cm{Xnam{Xw ZriyamIpXpw, ap`mKw kqvaXmc kZri
hpw kv\nKvhpambncnpXpw, ]n`mKw knwlhmept]mencnp
Xpw, ZnW`mKtv inJ \oXpamb tIXp `htIXphmWv.
48. bmhXv Gh aplqm Zi\ambmXn \nnti amkm
XmhZXpekp`nw cqt {]mWmnIm tcmKm
`htIXp F{X aplqw Zriyamtbm A{Xbpw amkw kp`n
apmhpw. AXv cqambn Im {]mWmIfmb tcmK
Dmhpw.
49. A]tcW ]ZvatIXprWme Kutcm`thnimtaImw
k]vXItcmXn kp`nw hjmWyXnljbpm\n.
arWmfw t]mse shfpv ]naZnn Hcp cm{Xn am{Xw Im
Wp ]tIXp Ggphjtv kp`nhpw agbpw B\hpw
\Ipw.
50. Bh CXn\nimt khyintJmf cpW\nt`m ]tckv\nKvx
bmhXv eWm k ZriykvXmh amkm kp`nIcx
\nimwhsc khyinJItfmSv AcpWhambpw Hcp `mKw
kv\nKvambpw ImWpXv BhamWv. CXv F{X Ww
ImWpp thm A{Xbpw amkw kp`napmhpw.
291

{]Imiknp

51. ]ivNmXv kymImte kwhtm\ma[q{aXm{ainJx


B{Iay hnbXv{Xywiw iqem{KmhntXm cu{Zux
[q{a Xm{ahfnep inJtbmSpIqSn `bc cq]n
BImins {Xn`mKs B{Ianv iqem{Kkam\ambn kym
Imev ]naZnn ImWsSp tIXp kwhamWv.
52. bmhXv Gh aplqm ZrtiymhjmWnXmhn
`q]mivNkv{X \n]mssXcpZbw Nm]n]oVbXn.
F{X aplqw CXv ZriyamIppthm A{Xbpw hjw cmPm
m bpwsImv ]oVnXcmIpp. AXns DZbImev F{X \
{Xw ham\ambncnppthm, B Pjfn Bscms P\nn
ptm, Ahcpw ]oVnXcmhpw.
53. tb ikvXmkvXm lnXzmtIXp`ncm[q antX Yhm kv]rjvtS
\t{X `hXn ht[m tbjmw cmmw {]htyXm
GsXmw \{Xfn tIXp B[qa\w sNbvItbm kv]jvSam
Itbm sNpIbm, GsXmw cmPmmcpsS h[w kwhZnpp
Fv C\n ]dbmw.
54. Aizn\ym aivaI]w `cWojp IncmX ]mnhw l\ymXv
PePmPohm[n]wXYm{Zmkp
BZntXyf ivaI\mYw ]ptjyaK[m[n]w ln.
AizXnbn AivazIcmPmhv, `cWnbn IncmXcmPmhv, ImnI
bn IenwKcmPmhv, tcmlnWnbn iqc tk\m]Xn. arKincn Dio
\c, XncphmXncbn aycmP, ]p\hkphn AivaIcmP,
]qbn aK[cmPmhv.
55. AkntIiw `uPwtK ]nt{Xf wKw ]my\mYa
]n`mtKy
Hub\n IkmcyavtWm kmhnt{X ZIm[n]Xnw.
Bbneyn AkntIi, aIn AwKcmP, ]qcn
]mycmPmhv, D{Xn Dbn\n cmPmhv, An ZIm[n
]Xn.
292

{]Imiknp

56. Nn{Xmkp Ipcpt{Xm[n]ky acWw kamZntcmPvR


ImivaocI Imwt_mPu\r]Xn {]m`RvPt\ \ kvXx
Nn{Xbn Ipcpt{Xm[n]p acWw; kzmXn \{Xn
Imivaocw, Imwt_mPw Fo tZifnse cmPmmpw \miw.
57. CzmIpcXv\\mYult\y tX bZn`thZv hnimJmkp
ssat{X]p{m[n]Xn tPyjvTmkzY km`uah[x
hnimJn CzmIp, cXv\I\mYm, A\ngn ]p{m[n
]Xn, tPyjvTbn N{Ihnam.
58. aqtef { a{ZI]XnPetZthImint]macWmtaXn
but[cyImp\mb\in_n ssN[ym sshiz tZthN.
aqen B{Iw, a{ZIw FnhbpsS cmPmm, ]qcmS
n Imin]Xn, D{XmSn tbm[, cmP, Ap\mb\, in_n,
ssNZn\r].
59. l\ymXv ssIIb\mYw ]m\Zwknlem[n]whmwKw
ss\anj\r]w IncmXw{ihWmZnjpjSvkznam {Iaix
XncpthmWw apX 6 \{Xfn {Ian tIIb, ]
\Z, knwlf, hwK, ss\anjmcWy, IncmX Fnh.
60. Dm`nXmUnXinJxinJo inJx inhXtcmf `nhrjvtSmbx
Aip`xk Gh tNmemhKmWknXlqWNo\mw.
tIXphns inJ DIfm XmUnsm
awKfIcamWv. [mcmfw ag Inpw. Fm tNmf, A^vLm,
knX, lqW, No\tZiv AawKfamWv.
61. \{ambXx inJninJm`nkrXmbtXmhmEw
NbXkv]riXnXXv IYnXmwiz tZim
Znhy{]`mh \nlXmkbYm KcpXvam `pwt
KtXm \c]Xnx ]ct`mKn t`mKm.
CXn {iohcml anlncIrXu_rlXv kwlnXmbmw
tIXp Nmc GImZtimymbx
tIXphns inJ GXp tZitv Nqntbm Ip\ntm Ccnp
pthm, GXp tZikw_nbmb \{Xs kv]inppthm B
293

{]Imiknp

tZi AXns Znhy{]`mhm \innsSpp. KcpU k


sf `pPnpXpt]mse cmPmm B Ahkcw Adnv AXmXv
tZisf B{Ianv Pbnv ]ct`mKw `pPnpp.
hcmlanlncs Imev tIXphns hoIcWhpw \ncoW
hpw F{Xam{Xw ]ptcmKanncpp Fpw Cu hoIcWw (classification) Kmn, tZhe, ]cmic, AknX, apXemb ]qnIcpsS
Imet Dspw D hkvXpX BZyw a\nemWw.
anman\ppw s]mnqpw (ivaim\n Xnfp t^mkv
^dkv) hmfpw cXv\hpsamgnsI k {]Imitfbpw tIXphns
hoIcWn s]SppIbm [qatIXp (Comet), meteorites,
asteroids, fireballs, dark elouds, counterglow and glow Chsbmw tIXp
hmWv (hcmlanlncs classification Chsbmw s]Spp). \mep
hn[w mkn^ntj hcmlanlnc ]dbppv. Cu \mep ho
IcW Kmn, ]cmic, AknX, tZhe FnhcpsS BhWw.
Cu \ment\bpw GIoIcnp Hcp AssZzX knmw \mcZtXm
bnpw AhXcnnpp.
I. tIXp (Kmn)

Znhyw

Acow

kucbqYn\pds
\{X]Yfn \nv
hfscmew IqSptm
{]XysSph

`uaw

kucmIjWm Xcn
Wambn Acon
tev CSbvnsS {]hln
ph (kqcy ap{Kl
FnhbpsS ]Y
fn \nv).

`qanbn \npXs
Dmbn `qanbpsS A
cons Xmgs
`mKv ImWp {]Xn`m
k

II. 111 Xcw tIXp (]cmic)

t]cv

Fw

DXv`hw Zni

hw

^ew

IncWw

25

kqcy

Ingv
]Snmdv

lmc, aWn
tlaw

]ckv]c
sshcw

BKvt\bw 25

AKv\n

----

X,
AKv\n, em,
sNcnq
cw

AKv\n`bw

294

{]Imiknp
h{IinJ

25

arXyp

sXv

hninJ

32

`qan

Nm{w

N{

hSp
Ingv
hSv

{_lva
Zw

{_lvamhv GXp
Znnepw

cqamb
IrjvWhw
ImSnbn
Pehpw Fbpw
N{IncWw
B, shn
av, apqhv
aqphw
aqpinJ

acWw
Zp`nw
hniv
kp`nw

bpKmhkm\w

III. Bbncw Xcw tIXp (AknX

t]cv

Zni

NXpc
ioXn

24

henb shfp
\{Xw t]mse

60

<0> kv\nKv[w, 2 inJ, {]`

hnIN

hSv,
ip{I
hSp
Ingv
GXp Zn i\n
ibnepw
ZnWw Kpcp

65

XkvIcw

------

_p[

51

Ippaw

Dcw

sNm

60

Xmakw

A,
N{
ae

cmlp

3 x 30

hnizcq]w
AcpW
KWIw
{_lva
km\w
IwIm
I_w

-------------

---hmbp
{]Pm]Xn
{_lvaw

120
77
8
204

shfp henb \{Xw


t]mse. inJbn.
Ahyw, kqvaw, ZoLw
shfp \ndw
cw, AKv\n FnhbpsS \ndw
3 hmep \{Xw t]mse
kw, Pzme, I_w, Im,
O{Xw, [zPw, Nmacw, hrw,
IpXnc, B\, kv^penwKw, [qaw
F BIrXnI, IrjvWw, a,
Nphv sh Fo \nd
Pzmemame
iymamcpW, Nmac cq]w
Xmcm]pRvP kam\w
Xmcm]pRvP kam\w

-------

hcpWw
Ime

32
96

I\Iw

hnZni ----

DXv`hw

kwJy cq]w

hnZninI 9
295

N{kam\w
Nmcpw, Ipcq] [mcnIfmb
\{Xfpw
shfpv \{X kZri

{]Imiknp

896 +
111
BsI
1007
BsI 1007 BWv ]dncnpXv (1000 A)
IV. khntijambn \nconsv \maIcWw

sNsnp 16 tIXp
t]cv

DZb
Zni

AkvXab
Zni

BImin cq]w
hym]vXw

hkmtIXp ]Snmdv

Dcw

------

ikv{Xw

]Snmdv

Dcw

------

I]mew

Ingv

------

------

cu{Zw

Ingv

ZnWw

3/4 `mKw

NetIXp

]Snmdv

ZnW Znn
s HcwKpew
Dbcn,
AhnsS \nv
DcZnnte
v hfp
sImv k
cnpp. A
kvXabw sX
pXs
ZnW Znn
s ]ptcm`m
Kv ImWpw

k]vXjn
aehpw
A`nPn
ehpw kv]
inpp

I({InkvXp Ingv

P\ntm
DZnXv)

tizXw

------

------

civan
tIXp

ImnI\ -----{Xn

------

3/4 `mKw

-----296

alv, kv\nKvw
(hmen)
cqw, p{Zw
kv\nKvw
[mcmfw civanItfmSpw
inJItfmSpw IqSn
Aamhmkn \mfn
iqem{Kw t]mse,
cqamb Xm{ahw
[q{a hw

kv\nKvw+ F
bpKmIrXn (Ipcnip
t]mse) bpKw amdp
thfbn 7 Znhkw Im
Wpw (Acm{Xnv)
PSt]mse cqw,
iymaw
[qahamb inJ

{]Imiknp
(A\nb
XambXv)
]Snmdv

------

------

------

------

]Snmdv

------

------

Pe
tIXp

------

------

------

`h
tIXp

------

------

------

]
]Snmdv
tIXp
Bhw

------

------

kwhw ]ivNna
Znv

------

3/4 `mKw

{[ph
tIXp
IpapZ
tIXp
aWn
tIXp

kv\nKvw
(hmen)
Ingtmp \o inJ
Hcm{Xn ImWpw
kqva\{Xw t]m
se, EPphpw shfp
Xpamb t\ inJ
I, H bmaw am{Xw
ImWpw
apIfn [mcmfw inJ
Xmsg kv\nKvw
(Nqep t]mse)
Hcm{Xnam{Xw ImWpw
ap`mKw kqvaXmc
kZriw, kv\nKvw- ]n
`mKv knwlhmep
t]mse-hmev ZnnW
Znntev \oncnpw
Hcp cm{Xn arWmfw
t]mse shfpXv
\nimw hsc Im
Wmw. Hcp `mKw kv\n
Kvw. adp`mKw khy
amb inJI. AcpW
hw
[q{a Xm{a h
fn inJ iqem{Kw
t]mse kym
thfbn

Cv \mw tImsapIv Ah Ip]nSnhcpsSsbm, Ip ]nSn


s sImnssbm t]cv \Ipp. ]ph kmb\Imen
t\m, AXmXv Imes hynIsm A {]m[m\yw sImSpncp
sXv AhcpsS \maIcWn \np hyamIpp. Fm tIXp
hpw IjvSmSpsImphcphb Fpw, kp`nw sImphcm\pw
Ahbvv km[npsapw ]ph IcpXn. bpK]cnh\ns
aptmSnbmbn IngpZnv, sXp`mKv ZriyamIp I ({_lvaen]n
bn + FmWv IImcw FgpXpI) BWv Ipcnins {]hmNIbmbn
297

{]Imiknp

Adnbp {InkvXpakv \{Xw. bpK ]cnh\thfbn 7 Znhkw


CXv Im ]pXpbpKw \mbncnpw. ]pZnhkw Im kmbp[
hnhfpw bpfpw Dmhpw; ]pXpbpKndhn \mi\jvSneqsS
bmbncnpw.
B[p\nI imkv{X {]Imcw Nne tImsapIfpw AhtbmSp _
s aontbmdpIfpw:Comet

1. 1861 I
2. 1910 II lmen
3. 1862 III
4. 1866 I sSw]

aontbm (Activity IqSpX)


endnUpI (sshimJn
Ghpw A[nIw)
Kma AIzmdnUpI (sshimJw, tPyjvTw)
HmdntbmWnUpI (Aizn\w, ImnIw)
kzn^vSv Sn s]knUvkv ({imhWw)
ensbmWnUvkv (ImnI,
B{Klmb\w)
_qnUvkv (BjmVw)

5. 1951 VI t]mkv
hns
6. 1946 V Knbtm_n\n {UmtmWnUpI (Bizn\w)
kn
7. 1911 ii KIES
HmdnKnUvkv, (`m{Zw)
Bt{UmsaUnUvkv (ImnIw,
8. 1852 III _nbe
B{Klmb\w)
9. 1954 IX FtI
tSmdnUpI (Bizn\w,
ImnIw)
10. jqta sehn (1994)
11. lbpXms
12. lment_mv (C/1995-01)
13. Hmn

II hymgns aen\pdp\nv hcph:-

endnUvkv, Kma AIzmdnUvkv, HmdntbmWnUvkv, s]knUvkv,


ensbmWnUvk-v AhbpsS Ghpw ASp \{X kaql Xmsg
]dbpp.
298

{]Imiknp

endnUvkv

entd

HmdntbmWnUvkv

HmdntbmWnkv

Kma AIzmdnUvkv

AIzmdn
kvtmn
s]kn
entbm\nkv

s]knUv
entbmWnUvkv

(XncpthmW) Ahnw
FnhbvnSbn A`nPn
n\p kao]w
tcmlnWn, aIocw, Xncphm
Xnc apXembhbvv ASpv
NXbw
A\ngw
aIw, ]qcw, k]vXjn
FnhbvSpv.

hymgns {`aW XetmSSpv InSpIbm hymgm


{`aW]Yw CSbvnsS {]tNmZnXamhp tPmhnb IpSpw_w.
t]cv
Bt{UmsaUnUv
_qnUv
{UmtmWnUvkv

ASp \{Xw
Bt{UmsatU D{XmXn, tchXn, AizXn
DtkatPmdnkv kzmXn, k]vXjn
{UmtmWnkv

`q{`aW]Ynt\mSSpp InSph (sNdnb {`aWImew)


hnKntbmWnUvkv
sUmIzmdnUvkv
kvtm]n
tbmWnUv
sPan\nUv

hnPn\okv
AIzmdn
kmPntdnssb
sPant\mdw

Aw, Nn{X
Ahnw, NXbw
aqew, ]qcmSw, D{XmSw
FnhbvSpv
aIocw, B{Z, iq\I Xmcw

lment_mv Hcp PetIXphpw, Hmn Hcp NetIXphpw Bbncn


Ww.
tIXphns ]cymbamWp inJn. inJ Fm apSn. inJn apSnbp
Xv. {KopIm AhcpsS `mjbn kometes (\o apSnbpXv) Fv
Xa sNbvXXmWv tImsav. eWn tImsapI {`aWw
sNppspw Ahbn hfsc Ipdsw am{Xta ]mivNmXy im
kv{Xw ]T\ hnt[bamnbnpq Fpw HmWw. Cwnse sk
Uv tdmb Bkvt{SmWa Bbncp k FUvav lmen 1682
299

{]Imiknp

I tImsav 1607, 1531, 1456, 1378, 1301 hjfn h AtX tIm


samsWv IsnbXn\p ]nn Cy tImf\nItfmSv Cwn
\pmb klhmkns {]tNmZ\w DmbncpXmbn kwibnt
Xpv. tImfss\k tImfs\kvUnt\m (bPam\ ASnatb
m) tIa\mhWsa B{KlntXmb Hcp C^ocntbmdnn
tImwIvkv 1705- lmen FgpXnb Hcp hmIyn Rm ImWpp.
B hmIyw CXmWv:- Candid posterity will not refuse to acknowledge
that this was first discovered by an English man. Kmy, ]cmic, AknX,
tZhe, \mcZ, hcmlanlncmZnI ]tbvp ]t \nconv hn
v hoIcnpsh Hcp {]Xn`mks Hcp apqdp hjs \nco
W ]mccyn\pam{Xw AhIminIfmb ]mmXycptSsXv
DSs\ AwKoIcnpsImSpm\p _uoIamb ASnahpw, bPam\
kvt\lhpw (Hcp]t Adnhnmbvabpw) Cpw \ sImp \S
pp. CtX _uoIamb ASnaw \mw shfphcmb {KokpIm
cpsS apnepw At\Iw aefn ImWnppv: saUnkn\pw
Bkvt{SmWanbpw ASw!!

300

{]Imiknp

Aymbw 12

AKkvXyNmcw
1. `mt\m hXva hn[mX hrinJtcm hnymNex kvXw`ntXm
hmXm]nap\n Ipn`nXv kpccn]po tb\mkpcx
]oXizmw_p \n[nkvXt]mf Aw_p\n[n\m bmaymN ZnKv`qjnXm
XkymKkvXapt\x ]tbmZypXn IrXmcx kamkm Zbw.
kqcymhcWs XSppsImv Dbcp hnymNes kvXw`n
nh\pw, tZhmcpsS i{Xphmbn ap\namcpsS Ipn ]nfcp hmXm]n
F Akpcs\ Ponn (Zlnn) h\pw, X]mIp Pe \n[n
bm aSens\ hnv ZnW Znn hncmPnph\pw, ]m
t]mse shfp {]Imim ZnWZnn\v Aemc cXv\ambh\p
amb AKkvXy ap\nv {]Wmaw sNmn AKkvXyNmcw hnm
Bcw`npp.
2. kapt{Zm Ax ssieIc \JimXvJmX inJsscx
IrXkvtXmtbmOnymx k]Zn kpXcmw tb\ cpNncx
]Xapm anss{ix{]hcaWn cXv\mw_p\nhsslx
kpcm{]XytZjvSpw knXaIpScXv\m\nh ]pcm
IncoS cXv\ [mcnIfmb tZhmsctmepw a\pjy \ncmIcnp
amdv, ]qImev, kap{ZmambXpw, aIcns \Jw ]Xn
inJctmSp IqSnbXpamb ssien at\mlcamb appt]mse
bpw t{ijvTambnp aWncXv\ Dev]mZnnXpt]msebpw Cu
\{Xw DZnpp.
[aIcsa ]Zn\v ChnsS aIc aysapw aIc cmin Fpw cw]

3. tb\ Nmw_plctWf A]nhnpssa`q[sscx kaWn cXv\ hnpssax


\nssX kvXZpcssK cmPnXx kmKtcm [nI Xcw hncmPnXx
Aw_p (Pew) apgph\mbn lcnsnpw, Pecmintbm cpNnc
amb Pe \n[nbmIp aWn, cXv\w, hn{Zpaw, ]pdph DcK
FnhtbmSp tN kmKcw A[nI Xcw {]tim`np.
301

{]Imiknp

4. {]kv^pcnanPte `PnlyKx
n]vX cXv\ \nKtcm atlmZ[nx
B]mZmw ]ZKtXm ]nbm]n tXmtb\
]oXkentemf ac{inbw
{]kv^pcnp Pe lkvXnIfmepw, \mKfmepw, adp InS
p cXv\tiJcfmepw, IpSnp hns atlmZ[nbnse a
\ndap shw (AKkvXy\m IpSnsSpIbm) AarXamb
{iosb {]m]np.
5. {]Nenan ipn iwJ NnXx kente ]lrtX ]n]Xnx kcnXmw
kXcw KwkntXmXv]e lwk`rXx kckx icZnh _n`n cpNw.
kcnpfpsS ]Xnbmb kap{Zw kenew apgph A]lcns
npw, {]Neamb Xnan, ipn, iwJv, FnhIfm hym]vXambn kX
cwKhpw ip{` hhpw lwk IaemZnIfm tim`nXhpamb kcn
s tim` [cnp.
6. XnanknXmw_p[cw aWn XmcIw
kv^SnI N{ a\w_p icypXn
^Wn^tWm ]e civan inJn {Klw
IpSne tKi hnb NImcb
shtaLsf [cn aWnXmcIw DZnp. kv^SnI hhpw,
Aw_p clnXhpw, icZypXn NnpXpamb icXvme N{\pw hp.
^WnbpsS ^Wnse civan XqIp inJn {Klw (Pzmem {Klw)
IpSneamb (hf) icXvme hnlmbn sXfnp.
7. Zn\IccYam hnOntbf {ipyXw
beOywKapZv {`mhnZym[cmw
kmhk {]nbmhy{KZmw ItZlmhew_mw_cm
iyp{OntXmqb am\[zssPx tim`nXw
IcnISaZaniz cmhtelm\p hmkm\p kmcn
Zzntc^m heot\mamwssKx
IrXm _mW]pjvs]cnthmwkIm
[mcbZv`nrtKss{x k\mYo IrXmwXco \nQcw
KK\XeanthmnJw {]hrss302

{]Imiknp
-PmIrjvS ^p {Zpa {Xmk

hn{`m aXZzntc^m heo KoX a{ kzss\x


ssieIqssSkvX c imqe imJmarKmym knssXx
clkn aZ\ k bmtchbm Imtb thm] KqUw
kpcmymkntXm [ym\awt`m i\m\ aqem\nemlmc
hn{]m\znXw hnyakvXw` b[yizXtkymZbx {iqbXmw
kqcy cYns amw hntOZnpsImv Dbcp Nenp
sImSpapSn, DZv{`mcmb hnZym[cmcpsSbpw AhcpsS {]nbamcpsSbpw
tZlsf Ahew_n hkv{X ]dp t]mIpIbm At\Iw
sImSnqd sInb [zPfm tim`np. KplIfn hknp knwl
fpsS akvXIn, _mWpame Nmn HgpIp B\IfpsS
aZPew Ie cns Kw tIv hsnb {`acfpsS Km\
\nQcw apgn, BImiw apJcnXambn. B\Ifm BIrjvSamb
]q acfpsS Nppw {Xknv hn{`mcmbn. aZacmbn ]dp
{`acfpsS KoXa{ kzcw: ssite{IqSn hknp cp
I, E, imqe, imJm arK FnhcpsS \mZ.
ChtbmSp IqSnb ssite{\mYs\ clkyambn, aZ\mkbmb,
Imbmb tchm \Zn (\Z) ]pWcth, kpcmcpw [ym\np, Pew
am{Xw IpSnpw ^eaqemZnIfpw AKv\nbpw am{Xw Blcnpw hn{]m
hknp, hny ]Xs I\w sImnpsImv DZnp
hs hrmw tImepw!!
8. DZtb Napt\c KkvXy\mav\x IpkpamtbmK ae{]ZqjnXm\n
lrZbm\nkXmanh kz`mhmXv ]pXcw_q\n`hn \nem\n
F{]Imcw, Zp\ kamKaw sImp Zpjn lrZbw km[p
P\sf ImWptm ]hn{Xamhppthm A{]Imcw AKkvXyap\n
bpsS DZbn, hjmes amen\ysfmw \on Pew kzm`m
hnIambn \neambn Xocpp.
9. ]mizZzbm[njvTnX N{IhmIm
am]pjvWXn kkz\ lwk ]wnw
Xmw_qe ctmXvjnXm{KZn
hn`mXn tbmtjh kcnXv klmkm
Xmw_qe cm Nph A[cnSbn ]pncn XqIp
kpcnbpsS apWnpt]mse, ]mizZzbfn N{IhmIfpw
303

{]Imiknp

ayn kzcw XqIp lwkfpambn kcnv NncnpsImv tim`n


pp.
10. CohcmkkntXmev]em\znXm
kcnZv {`aXv jSv]Z]wn {`qjnXm
k{`qeXm t]ISm hoWm
hnZKvtbmtjh hn`mXn kkvacm.
Cohcfpw tizX]fpw \ndv, {`aWw sNp {`acmZn
jUv]Z tN kcv, {`qeXbpsS ISm hoWfm hio
IcnpXn hnZKvbmb kv{Xosbtmse {]tim`npp.
11. Ctmx ]tbmZhnKtam]lnXmw hn{`qXnw
{ZjvSw XcwKhebm IpapZw \nimkp
D\vaenbXyen\oeZew kp]va
hm]o hntemN\ anhmknXXmcImw.
taLsamgn BIminse N{\mIp B`cWw Zinv
XcwKfmIp hfI Inepp Iman\nbmb kcv, hpIfm
Ip CamtmSpIqSnb \oe ZefmIp IpapZpI Xpdv,
t\mn.
12. \m\mhnNn{Xmw_pPlwk tImIImc
hm]q XSmIlkvXm
cXvss\x {]`pssXx Ipkpssax ^sse
`qOXo hmL aKkvXy\mavt\.
\m\mhn[fpw hnNn{Xfpamb Aw_pP, lwk, N{I
hmI, Ic]nI Fnhbm ]qamb XSmIlkvX
fn cXv\fpw ]pjv]fpw ^efpw Gnb `qaotZhn AKkvXy
ap\nbvv ALyw \Ipp.
13. kene aac]m tbmnXw
bZz\ ]cnthjvSnXaqn`n`pPwssKx
^WnP\nX hnjmKv\n k{ZrjvSw
`hXn inhw XZKkvXy Zit\\.
C{mbm hjn Pew, taL]cnthjvSnXaqnbmb
304

{]Imiknp

`pPwKns ^Wn\np P\n hnjmKv\nsb Zinm\mhp


kabambnpt]mepw, AKkvXy Zi\w tlXphmbn awKfambn `hnp.
14. kvacWZ]n ]m]a]mIpcptX InapX
kvXpXn`n hcpWmwKcplx
ap\n`nxIYntXm ky bYmLyhn[nx
IYbman XssYh \tclnXw.
hcpWmwKn \npXv`hn GsXmcp almap\nbpsS kvacW
sImpXs k]m]hpw \inppthm, B ap\nbpsS kvXpXnbpw
ALyhn[nIfpw ]v ap\nam ]dXpt]mse, cmPmhns lnXn
\mbnv ]dbpp.
15. kwJymhn[m\mXv {]XntZiaky
hnmb ki\amZntix
Xtmb\ymaKXkyI\ymw
`mssKx kzcmssJyx kv^pS`mkvcky
]nXm kwJymhn[m\wsImv Hmtcm tZinepw AKkvXy
Zi\w Dmhp Imew Adnncnpp. kqcy, kv^pSw Ggv `mK
amIptm Dbn\nbn Incmin BKXamhptm AKkvXys\
Zinmw.
16. CujXv {]`ntf cpWcivanPmssetif Imtc ZniZnWkymw
kmwhcm thZnX ZnKvhn`mtK
`qt]mL aphymw {]bXx{]bivtNXv.
Amev kqcys AcpW civanPmew amv AImcw
]cptm, kwhcmcm Adnbs ZnKvhn`mKfn ZnW
Znibn cmPmm `qanbn AKkvXy ap\nbvmbn ALyw ka
nWw.
17. ImtemZv`shxkpc`n `nxIpkpssax^seO
cXvss\O kmKc`sshx I\Imw_c ivNx
t[\zm hrtjW ]cambpssXivN
`ssyZvZ yssXx kpc`n[p]hnte]ss\ivN
305

{]Imiknp

icXvmepmhp kpc`ne ]pjv], ^e, kmKc`h


fmb cXv\, kph hkv{X (Ikhv), ]ip, Ej`
, ]cam bpfmb `y, ssXcv, AXw, kpc`neamb
[q]w, N\w FnhbmWv ALyambn `qanta shbvtXv.
18. \c]XncnaaLyw {i[mt\m Z[m\x
{]hnKXKZtZmtjm \nnXmcmXn]x
`hXn bZn N Z[ymXvk]vXhjmWnkayKv
Pe\n[nck\mbmxkzmanXmw bmXn`qtax
{im]qw ALyw \Ip cmPmm ktZmjfpw
ianv, i{Xpsf Pbnpp. C{]Imcw XpSbmbn Ggphjw A
Lyw \Iph kap{Zck\bmb `qanbpsS kzman (N{Ihn)
bmbnocpw.
19. ZzntPmbYmem`ap]mlrXmLx
{]m]vt\mXn thZm {]aZmiz]p{Xm
sshiy Kmw `qcn[\wNiqt{Zm
tcmKbw [^ew Nkt.
{_mlvaWv, Xp InnbsXmw ALyambn AKkvXy
\p \Ip ]w, thZm\w {]m]npIbpw {]a \Iphsf
`mcybmbn {]m]nbpw Ahfn k]p{Xem`w DmIbpw sNpw.
sshiy sNbvXm [mcmfw ]ipfpw [\hpw e`npw. iq{Z sN
bvXm ktcmKlcamWv. kpw AXv [^ew \Ipw.
20. tcmKm ItcmXn ]cpjx I]nekvXzhrjvSn
[qt{am Khmaiq`IrXv kv^pctWm`bmb
amRvPnjvScmK kZrimx p[amlhmwivN
IpcymZWpivN]pctcm[aKkvXy\mav\m.
AKkvXyXmcw ]cpjambnm tcmKhpw, I]nehsan
AhrjvSnbpw [q{asan IpImenIv Aip`hpw kv^pcWw
(I\w) sNbvXm `bhpw, aRvPnjvT\ndsan hnipw, sNdpXmbn
m ]pctcm[hpw ^ew.
21. imX Ipw`kZrimxkv^SnIm`kvX
]cynhalnw IncWussLx
306

{]Imiknp

ZriytX bZnXXx{]Npcmm
`p `hXy `btcmK P\mVbmimXIpw` kZrihpw kv^SnIm`hpambn AKkvXy ap\n`qansb
IncWfm X]nnpIm, [mcmfw Aw Dmhpw. `bhpw tcm
Khpw AI `qan P\ \n_nVamhpw.
22. Dbm hn\nlXx inJn\mhm
p{Zbw acItahN[t
ZriytXk Ine lkvXapss]Xn
CXn {iohcmlanlnc IrXu_rlXv
kwlnXmbm aKkvXyNmscm ZzmZtimymbx
DIfm hn\nlXamtbm inJntbmSpIqSntbm Im hni
pw acWhpw ^ew. kqcy Incminbn {]thinptm am{Xsa
AKkvXys\ kcpw ImWq. tcmlnWnbn {]thinptm AK
kvXy AkvXanbpw sNpw.
ChnsS hcmlanlnc imkv{Xt\mfp]cn IhnbmbnmWv
{]XysSpXv. AKkvtXymZbsbpw AKkvXyNmcsbpw
Npcpndv AKkvtXymZbImes `qanbnse EXpt`Ztbpw,
AKkvXyNmcs BZyambn ]d AKkvXyap\nbpsS Ncn{Xt
bpw IqSpX {]kvXmhnpp.
aS (yellow sea) hnv ssN\bnsenb Ncn{X]pcpj
\mb AKkvXy\pw Atlw \nconv, KWnXknm {]Imcw Nmcw
kv^pSw sNbvsXSp AKkvXyXmchpw Hmbnocp {]{Inb \mw
ImWpp. `mKhXnse icme h\t]mse cpNncamWv AK
kvtXymZbnse icme h\. icmemWv AKkvtXym
Zbw. IpSneamb icme hnlmbn aWnXmcIamb AKkvXy
t\msSmw Hcp \m DZnbvp inJn{Klw (Pzmem{Klw) F tPymXn
ns\ hcmlanlnc {]Xn]mZnppv. aIcamkn ImWp
aIc \{Xhpw aIctPymXnpamWv Cu {]Xn]mZy. Cu AK
kvXy Zi\hpw tPymXnZi\hpw t\Sn ]m]apcmhm As
t]mse Cpw kcpw tamlnpp.
]knmnIbn InSIcmin `mKmWv AKkvtXymZb
sap ]dbpIbpmbn. AioXn`mssKm`ymbmaKkvXym anYp\m
KXmx (anYp\cminbpsS Ay`mKp\nv 80 Awiw ZnW hnt
307

{]Imiknp

]n ImWp \{XamWv AKkvXy) Fpw kzmXyKkvXy


arKhym[ Nnt{Xm tPyjvTmx ]p\kp. A`nPnZv {_lvalrZbw {Xtbm
Zi`ncwissIx (kzmXn, AKkvXy, arKhym[, Nn{X, tPyjvT, ]p\
hkp, A`nPnv, {_lva lrZbw Fo Fp \{X 13 Awi
Imemwin DZnkvXanpp) Fpw kqcy knmw ]dbpp.
imXIpw`kZriw FXn\v kph cu]ytbmZztbmc]n
hmNIx A{XXp cq]yhmNIx Fv atlmev]e.
`mcXns sXs ap\mb I\ymIpamcnbn 10-13 hsc
Amwinep Hcp Db _nphn \nv \nconm (AK
kvXyIqSw, i_cnKncn) (75-76 tcJmwiw) ImWp AKkvtXymZb
s ]knmnIbn ]dp. AKkvXy aljn F Ncn{X
]pcpjs \ncoWm\amWXv. 23 1/2 Dc Amwinep
Dbn\nbnephv 90 tcJmwiw 80 ZnW Amwinep-
AKkvXys\ ImWm XpSpXv Ftm Fv ChnsS ]dncn
pp.

308

{]Imiknp

Aymbw 13

k]vXjnNmcw
1. sskImheoh cmPXn kkntXmev]eamen\o klmtkh
\mYhXoh NZn ssKyx Iut_co k]vX`n ap\n`nx
2. {[ph\mb tIm]tZimcn\o thmcm{`aZv`nivN
ssbivNmcalw tXjmw IYbntjy hrKm aXmXv.
tiztXmev]e amen\nbpw almktemebpw Iut_cnbpw k\mY
bpamb k]vXjn aew {[phs\ \mYs D]tZim\pkcWw
DcZnn {`aWw sNbvXv \rw shbvpXmbn hr Kmap\n
bpsS aXw A\pimknpp (ZnW {[phs \{X kaql kln
Xw AKkvXy hnp. Dc {[phs hr Kmy\pw).
3. Bk aLmkpap\bx imkXn
]rYznw bp[njvTntc\r]Xu
jUvZznI]RvPZznbpXx iIImekvXky cmivN.
bp[njvTncs `q`cW Imev aIw \{X kaqlnSpv
k]vXjnI Fn. iIw 2526 tev iIm_vZw tNm bp[n
jvTncImew Inpw.
4. sFssIIan\rt iXw iXwtX Ncn hjmWmw
{]mKpc XivssNtX ktZmZbw tX kamznImx
Hmtcmtcm \{Xn \qdp\qdp hjw hoXw kcnpp
k]vXjnI. Ah Dc ]q Znibn kmznbmb AcpXntbm
sSmw kZm DZnpp.
5. ]q`mtK `Khm acoNnc]tcntXm
hknjvtTmf kvamXv XkymwKncmkvXtXmf
{XnkvXkymkx ]pekvXyivNx ]pelx {IXpcnXn
`Khm\mkm\p {ItaW ]qmZymX{X
hknjvTw ap\nhc ap]m{inXmcpXo kzmzo.
]q`mKv `Khm acoNn. acoNnbpsS ]ivNna`mKv hkn
jvT, AXn\p ]nn AwKncv, ]ns A{Xn, A{XnbpsS ASpv
309

{]Imiknp

]pekvXy, ]pel, {IXp- Cs\ {Iam\pkmcw ]qZnibn


XpSn k]vXjnIsf ImWmw. AhnSbn hknjvT \{Xs
D]m{ibnp kmznbmb AcpXo \{Xhpw Dv.
6. Dmi\n [qamss[ylXm hnhmhncivatbm {lkzmx
l\ypx kzwkzw h hn]pemx kv\nKvmivNXXv hrtbx
Cu \{X kaql D, i\n, [qaw, Fnhbm lX
ambpw hnhambpw civan lo\ambpw Im AhchcpsS h
sf l\npp. hn]pehpw kv\nKvhpambnm XmmfpsS
hs A`nhrnsSppp.
7. K tZhZm\hat{mj[nkn b \mKm\mw
]oVmItcmacoNnttbm hnZym[cmWmw N.
acoNn taev]d {]Imcw Im K, tZhZm\h, kn,
b, \mK, hnZym[cm[nIpw b{uj[pw ]oV.
8. iIbh\ ZcZ]mcX Imwt_mPmw
kvXm]km ht\mt]Xm
ln hknjvtTm`nltXm hnhrn
tZmcivan kx
hknjvTs\n imIm, bh\m, ZcZm, ]mcXm,
Imwt_mPm, h\hmknIfmb X]kznI FnhmWv ^ew InpI.
9. AwKnctkmm\bpXm [oatm
{_mlvaWmivN \nnjvTmx
At{X Immc`hmPePm\ywt_m\n[nxkcnXx
AwKncskn m\nI, _pnamm, {_mlvaW Fnh
pw A{Xnsbn Imnepw Penepw \nv Dmbh, Pe\n[n (kap
{Zw), ]pg Fnhbvpw ^ew.
10. cx ]nimNZm\hssZ\y`pPwKmx kvarXmx
]pekvXyky ]pelkyXp aqe^ew
{ItXmkvXp bmkb`rXx
]pekvXys\n cmkm, ]nimNp, Zm\hm, ssZXy,
\mK Fnhbvpw, ]pels\n aqe^e-pw {IXpshn
bn\pw bImpw taev]d ^e ]dbWw.
310

{]Imiknp

Aymbw 14

Iq hn`mKw
1. \{X {Xb hsscmKvt\bmssy hyhnssXh[m `mcXhtj aymXv{]mKmZn hn`mPnXmtZimx
apqp \{X hoXw Hmtcmtcm hamWv. C{]Imcw
HXp h-fpv. Cu hfpsS Bcw`w ImnI \{Xn
emWv. `mcX hjs Ingp apX {]ZnW{Iam\pkmcambn
CXn\m, tZifmn hn`Pnncnpp.
2. `{Zmcn taZamhykmez\o t]mnlm\kw JymXmx
acph tLmjbmap\ kmckzX ayamyanImx
3. amYpc tIm]tPymXnj [mcWym\n iqctk\mivN
Kuc{KothmtlnI ]mp KpUmiz]mmemx
4. kmtIXIwI Ipcp ImetImSn IpIpcmivN ]mcnbm{X
\KxHuZpw_c Im]njvTe KPmlzbmivtNXn ayanXw.
ImnI, tcmlnWn, aIocw \{Xfn hncmPnp
{]tZi:`{Zw, AcntaZw, amhyw, kmezw, \o]w, Dnlm\w, kwJymXw,
acp, htLmjw, bmap\w, kmckzXw, ayw, amyanIw, amYpcw,
D]tPymXnjw, [mcWyw, iqctk\w, kuc{Kohw, DtlnIw,
]mpKpU, AizXy, ]mmew, kmtIXw, IwIw, Ipcp, ImetImSn,
IpIpcw, ]mcnbm{X\Kw, HuZpw_cw, I]njvTew, lkvXn\mtZiw Ch
ayatZi.
5. AY ]qkym aRvP\ hrj`zP ]ameyhZvKncbx hym{LapJ kqva IS Nm{]pcmxiq Im ivN.
6. JkaK[ in_ncKncnanYne kaXsSuw KmizhZ\ZpcImx
{]mKvtPymXnjeulnXyotcmZ kap{Z ]pcpjmZmx
311

{]Imiknp

7. DZb Kncn`{Z KuVs]ut{mXvIeImintaI emw_jvTm!


GI]Z Xm{a en]vXnItImieIm ham\ivNx
XncphmXnc, ]pWXw, ]qbw \{Xfn hncmPnp {]tZ
i:Ingphiv ARvP\ ]Xw, Ej`[zPw, ]w ameyhm
Kncn, hym{LapJw, kqvaw, ISw, Nm{]pcw, iqIw, Jkw,
aK[, in_ncKncn, anYne, kaXSw, HuZv, AizhZ\w, ZpcIw, {]mKv
tPymXnjw, eulnXyw, otcmZ kap{Zw, ]pcpjmZw, DZbKncn, `{Z
KuUIw, ]u{w, DXvew, Imin, taIe, Aw_jvTw, GI]Zw,
Xm{aen]vXnIw, tImieIw, ham\w.
8. BKvt\bmw Znin tImieIenwKhw tKm]hwKPw
cmwKmx iuenIhnZ` hm{tNZnImtm IWvTm.
9. hrj\mentIc NZzo]mhnymhmkn\mkv{Xn]pcncap[ctlaIqShyme {Kohm alm{Kohmx
10. InjvnmIWvTIe \njmZcmjv{SmWn ]pcnI Zmimmx
kl\{K]i_ssc cmtjmt[y {XntItZimx
Bbneyw, aIw, ]qcw Fo \{Xfn hncmPnp {]tZi
:AKv\ntImWnep tImiew, IenwKw, hwKw, D]hwKw, PTcw,
AwKw, iueoIw, hnZ`w, hw, B{, tNZn, DuzIWvTw, hrw,
\mentIcw, NZzo]w, hnymNe \nISw, {Xn]pcn, iva{iq[cw, tla
IqSw, hyme{Kohw, alm{Kohw, Injvnm, IWvIew, \njmZ
cmjv{Sw, ]pcn, Zimw, \{K]Ww, i_cw.
11. AY ZntW\ em ImemPn\ kuco IoXmenISmx
Kncn\KcaeI ZZpc atl{amenymacpIOmx
12. IwISSwIWh\hmkn in_nI ^WnImctImw IWm`ocmx
BIc thWmh IZi ]pctKmK\tIcfIm.
13. ImSI almShn Nn{XIqSm \mknIymtImKncn tNmemx
{IuZzo]m PSm[c Imthtcym EjyaqI.
D{Xw, Aw, Nn{X Fo \{X-fn hncmPnph:312

{]Imiknp

ZnW `mKv e, ImemPn\w, kucoIon (Nqnc),


XmenISw, Kncn\Kcw, aebw, Zpcw, atl{w, acpIOw, IwISw,
SwIWw, h\hmkn, in_nIw, ^WnImcw, tImWw, B`ocw, BImcw,
thW, BhIw, Zi]pcw, tKm\w, tIcfIw, ImSIw, almShn,
Nn{XIqSw, \mknIyw, tImeKncn, tNmfw, {IuZzo]w, PSm[cw,
Imthcn, EjyaqIw.
14. sshUqcy iwJ apm {XnhmcnNc [ ]\Zzo]mx
KWcmPy IrjvWmthqc ]ninI iqm{Zn Ipkpa \Kmx
15. Xpw_h\ImtWbIbmtaymZ[nXm]km{iam EjnImx
ImoacpNo ]\tNtmI knwlem Ej`m.
16. _etZh ]\wZImh\ XnanwKnemi\m `{Zmx
ItOm AY IpRvPc[cokXm{a]oXn hntbmx
sshUqcy iwJ apm IctZiw, A{Xym{iaw, hmcnNcw, [
]\ Zzo]w, KWcmPyw, IrjvW, theqcv, ]ninIw, iqm{Zn, Ipkpa
\Kw, Xph\w, ImtWbIw, ZnW kap{Zw, Xm]km{iaw,
EjnIw, Imn, acpNn]\w, tNbw, BcyIw, knwlew, Ej`w,
_etZh ]\w, ZImh\w, XnanwKemi\w, `{ZIOw, IpRvPc
[cn, Xm{a]n.
17. ss\cyXmw ZnintZimx ]lvehImt_mP knp kuhocmx
hUhm apJmchmw_jvSI]ne\mco apJm\mx
18. t^WmKncn bh\amIcI {]mthb ]mcmic iq{Zmx
_c IncmXJm{Ihymiym`oc NpIx
19. tlaKncn knpIme IsschXI kpcmjv{S _mZc {ZhnUmx
kzmXymty `{XnXtb tb alm thmss{Xhm.
tNmXn, hnimJw, A\ngw Fo \{Xfn hncmPnph:ss\crXn Znibn ]hw, Imwt_mPw, knp, kuhocw, _Uhm
apJw, ALw, Aw_jvTw, I]new, \mcoapJw, B\w, t^WKncn,
bh\w, amIcw, I{]mthbw, ]mcmicw, iq{Zw, _cw, IncmX
Jw, {IhymZw, B`ocw, NwNqIw, tlaKncn, knp ImeIw, ssch
XIw, kpcmjv{Sw, _mZcw, {ZhnUmZn tZiw, almhw (almkap{Zw).
313

{]Imiknp

20. A]ckym aWnam aLhm h\uLx pcmtWm AkvXKncnx


A]cmI imnIssllb {]kvXm{ZnthmmWmx
21. ]\ZcaT]mcX XmcnXnPqwK sshiy I\I iImx
\ncymZmtssOtb ]na Znv nXmtN
Xrt, aqew, ]qcmSw \{Xfn hncmPnXamb {]tZi:]naZnibn aWnam, aLhm, h\uLw, pcmWw,
AkvXKncn, A]cmIw, imoIw, ssllbw, {]ikvXm{Zn, thmm
Ww, ]\Zw, caTw, ]mcXw, XmcnXn, PrwKw, sshiyw, I\Iw,
iIw, \ncymZamb tOtZiw.
22. Znin ]ntamckymw, amhy Xpjmc Xmele a{Zmx
AivaI IqepXelU kv{Xo cmPy\rknwl h\Jmx
23. thWpaXo^KpeIm Kpcplm acpIpNcwKmIym GIhntemN\m iqenI ZoL{KohmkytIim.
D{XmSw, XncpthmWw, Ahnw \{Xn hncmPnph:]ntamc Znnembn amhyw, Xpjmcw, Xmew, lew, a{Z,
AivaIw, IpeqXw, elUw, kv{XocmPyw, \rknwlh\w, JkvXw,
thWpaXn, ^KpeIw, Kpcqlw, acpIpw, NcwKw, GIhntemN
\w, iqeoIw, ZoL {Kohw, BkytIiw.
24. DcXx ssIemtkm lnahm hkpam Kncn \pjvamw
{Iutmtacpx IpchkvXtYmcmp{Z ao\m.
25. ssIIb hkmXnbmap\t`mK {]mp\mb\m Kv\o{[mx
BZim Zzo]n{XnK XpcKm\\miz apJmx
26. tIim[c Nn]nS\mknI Zmtkc IhmS [m\ ic[m\mx.
Xinem]pjvemhXssIemhX IWvT[m\m.
27. Aw_ca{ZIameh ]uch _OmcZ ]nwKeImx
amWhelqW tImle ioXI amhy `qX]pcmx
28. Kmmc btimhXn tlaXme cmP\yJNc KhymOx
but[bZmktabx iymaIx ta [qO.
NXbw, ]qtcmcpmXn, D{XmXn \{Xfnse tZi:314

{]Imiknp

Dc Znibn ssIemkw, lnahm, hkpam, [\pjvam,


{Iuw, tacpKncn, DcIpcp, p{Z ao\w, ssIIbw, hkmXn, bmap\w,
t`mK{]w, Ap\mb\w, AKv\o{[w, BZiw, AZzo]w, {Xn
Kw, XpcKm\\w, AizapJw, tIi[cw, Nn]nS \mknIw, ZmtkcIw,
hmS[m\w, kc[m\w, Xine, ]pjvemhXw, ssIemhXw, IWvT
[m\w, Aw_cw, `{ZIw, amhw, ]uchw, IOmcw, Z]nwKeIw, am\w,
lew, lqWw, tImlew, ioXew, amhyw, `qX]pcw, Kmmcw,
btimhXn, tlaXmew, cmP\yw, JNcw, Khyw, but[bw, Zmktabw,
iymaIw, ta[qw.
29. sFim\ymwtacp I\jvScmPy ]ip]meIocImivaocmw
A`nkmc ZcZXwKW IpeqX sskcnt{ h\cmjv{Smx
30. {_lva]pc ZUmac h\cmPyIncmXNo\IuWnmx
`m]temePSkpcIp\TJktLmj IpNnImJymx
31. GINcWm\p hnizmx kph `qh kph\w ZnhnjvTmx
]uch Noc\nhk \{Xnt\{X apRvPm{Zn Khmx
tchXn, AizXn, `cWn \{Xfnse tZi:Cuim\tImWn tacpIw, \jvScmPyw, ]ip]mew, Iocw, Im
ivaocw, A`nkmcw, ZcZw, XwKWw, IpeqXw, sskcnvcw, h\cmjv{Sw,
{_lva]pcw, ZmUmacw, h\cmPyw, IncmXw, No\w, IuWnw, `m]w,
temePSw, kpcIp\Tw, Jkw, tLmjw, IpNnIw, GINcWw, A\p
hnizw, kph`q, hkph\w, ZnhnjvTw, ]uchw, Nnc\nhk\w, {Xn
t\{Xw, apRvPm{Zn, Kmw.
32. hsscmKvt\bmssZyx {Iqc{Kl ]oUnssXx {ItaW
\r]mx ]mmtem amK[nI IenwK bw bm\n.
33. Bhtmf AYm\tmarXypw NmbmXnknpkuhoc
cmPmNlmc lucm `t{Ztim A\y IuWnx
CXn {io hcml anlncIrssX _rlXv kwlnXbmw
Iq hn`mKXptimf Aymbx
BKvt\bmZnIfmb \{Xhfn {Iqc {KlfpsS ]oU
ImWp ]w bYm{Iaw ]mmew, amK[oIw, IenwKw, Ahn,
315

{]Imiknp

B\w, knp kuhoc, lmclucw, `{Zw, IuWnw FnhnS


fnse cmPmmv \miapmIpXmWv.
Iq hn`mKw `mcXn thZImew apX {]Nmcnencp
Hcp Xcw `q]S \nnXnbmWv. Hcp sS{Sm sl{U BWv Iqw
(Ba). BabpsS ]pdwtXmSns\ HXp ka`mKambn hn`Pnmw. A
tKmfmIrXnbnep AXns\ Fp ZniIfn Fp`mKhpw, ayn
Hcp tacpJhpambn hn`PnWw. Hcp tKmf t{Xs Cs\
hn`PnmWv BZys a\p Xs ]p{Xmv \InbXv. `qtKmfs
sb t]mse Hmtcm {]tZisbpw Iq hn`mKa\pkcnv hn`Pn
mw (temjphns\ Ipdnv ] knphn ]dXv hmbnpI).

Hmtcm `mKtbpw ZoL NXpcamn AXn \nv Hcp Iyq_v


hcbvpI. 9 x 8 = 72 apJw Inpw. CXns\ Bkv]ZamnbmWv Ab
\mwi KWnXw.
1 kcnm 72.2 hjw FSpp Hcp _np 25992 hjn
360 kcnpw. AXn\m, 25992 apX 26000 hjw hsc precision
of equiox Fp hnfnp Ab\mwi {IaoIcW Imeambn IWm
pp.
CXnt\mSv {Imnt`Z\ _nphns ]cn{`aW Imes IqSn
tNpI.
76 hjnsemcn (Imens haqeamb 19 x 4) 1 k
cnp {Imnt`Z\ _np 27360 hjn 360 t]mIpw. icmicn
FSpm
25992 + 27360/2 = 26676
AXn\m Nne 27000 hjw Fv Iqpp. ebnsem, sXs
Cybntem Ccpv \nconptm D{Xw, D{XmXn BIvknkv tc
Jmwihpw, aIw, hnimJw BIvknkv Amwihpw BWv. AhcpsS
tacp Zw aytZimcptSXmbncnn (ay tcJaqew ]pWXa,
hnimJw aIw BWv).
316

{]Imiknp

CXv Hcp t^mapebmWv. CXphv GXp {]tZincppw, Ime


]pcpj\p kamcambn hmkvXp ]pcpjs\ hcbvmw. F{X sNdnb
`q`mKtbpw Cs\ hn`Pnmw.
ebnsebpw ZnW `mcXnsebpw BfpI abZm\hs\
]na tZipImc\pw (Atkmckv, AXem Zzo]pIfn \np IpSn
tbdnb inev]n; Atacn ab kwkvmcw ChcpsS kw`mh\bmWv).
ay `mcXnse tPymXnjnIpw Xpw kzoImcyamb Im
nI, aqew, BIvknkv kzoIcnp. Dc `mcXneph Ahnw,
Bbneyw, tchXn, Xrt, BIvknkpIfpw, XncpthmWw, AizXn
Fo aytcJbpw FSpphcmWv. Dc ZnW ZnpI Xn
epmb sNdnb A`n{]mb hyXymkw Cpw Adnhnm Ipsd Bfp
I Ab\mwi Xhpw, ]mwK Xhpambn s]cpnp sImp
\Spp!
t{jmUnwKdpsS XcwK bm{nI \ymb {]Imcw n kwJy {Zhy _np
fp Hcp bm{nI knw KWnX]cambnv, {Xnam\fp tZi n
(space) Nenp H {Zhy _np (masspoint) hn\v kam\amWv.
n = 9 Fn
3n = 27

4 cminv 9 \{Xw (27) hoXap cminN{Iw. Ccw Hcp single


mass point BWv. AizXn, aIw, aqew- 0, 120, 240 - Hcp ka`pP
{XntImWns 3 tImWpIfmWv. Cs\ 9 {XntImWw hcbvmw
({ioN{In F t]mse).
AizXn

aqew

aIw

Ch ]ckv]cw co-ordinate system BIbm, Hp ew amdptm


atXn\pw ]cnkv]w hcpw. AXn\m Ch \ncb\n (inertia) BWv.
cmin N{Iw C{]Imcw \ncb\amWv. Atm ]ns, Ab\mwiX
n\p {]knbn.
`qanbpw kqcy\pw Xntem, `qanbpw \{Xhyqlhpw Xntem
DX bYm precision of equinox. \ncb\amb {_tms
{]Xn^ennp \ncb\ cminN{Ihpw, AXns (Duns)
317

{]Imiknp

A`nhynbmb {Kl kmb\ Ne\hpw XnemWv. AXmIs km[m


cW hyhlmcnI PohnXns\m PmXI KW\nt\m Bhiyhpan.
]ns, kmb\ KWnXntbpw ]mwKntbpw Bhiy
sav? shdpsX ]ckv]cw Xnm\pw, Rm CXv Ip]nSnp
Fv hop ]dbm\pw, app t]mbhcpsS Imev]mSpIsf Nhnn \Sn
pw Ahsc \nnm\pamtWm? A, \ncb\s {KlnWsan
BZyw kmb\s Ipdnv t_m[apmhWw (Dialectics). app
Imetam ]n]p Imetam C-- ImetZi ss\ccyn Znv
tZi ImeKXn ^e iq\y amb ]cam kbmb {_lvata Dq.
B {_lvasa Dus (E) Adnbm {Zhysbpw (mass) AXn
s Ne\tbpw, Ne\ thKns htbpw (c2) AdnbWw.
E = Mc2

{_lvaw = {_lva {Zhyamb {]]w x Ne\ thKXbpsS hw


\ncb\w = kmb\w
{_lvaw = {]]w AYhm {]IrXn, {_lvaamsX asmn.
kw {_lvaabw. {_lvaabamb Cu NnZm\ kmKcn Rm\m
Ip IWhpw Hcp Xpn. Alw {_lvaw Akvan.
Cu thZt\{Xw Xpdm am{XamWv kmb\ns Dtiw:
eyhpw.

318

{]Imiknp

Aymbw 15

\{Xhyqlw
1. BKvt\tbknX IpkpamlnXmKv\n a{ kq{X `mjym
BIcnI\m]n XZznP LSImc ]ptcmlnXm_vZm
shfp ]pjv]w, AKv\n tlm{XnI, a{m, kq{X`mjy
m\nI, BIcnIm, ZznPm, Ipw`Imcm, ]ptcmlnXm,
A_vZm Chsms BKvt\b tImWpw, ImnI kaql
hpamWv B{ibw.
2. tcmlnWymw kp{hX ]Wy`q][ \ntbmK bp imISnIm;
tKmhrj PeNc IjI intemssbcykm
kp{hX, ]Wy hkvXp, cmPmm, [\nIm, tbmK
bp, tKm, hrj, PeNc, IjI, intemb,
Ncyk Fnh tcmlnWo kaqlns A[o\XbnemWv.
3. arKinckn kpc`n hkv{Xm_vP Ipkpa^e cXv\h\Nc hnlwKm;
arKtkma]oYn Km ImapI teJlmc.
kpc`n, hkv{Xw, ] Ipkpaw, ^ew, cXv\w, h\Ncw, ]nI,
arK, tkma]m, Km, ImapIm, FgppI sImp
t]mIph (Cmev t]m UnmvsapIm) Fnh arK
incn\v A[o\amWv.
4. cut{Zh[_m\rX]c ZmckvtXb imTyt`ZcXmx
Xrj[m\y XovWma{m`nNmc thXme Ix
h[w, _w, AkXyw, ]cZmclcWw, imTyw, t`Zw Fnhbn
cXnbphcpw, sNdpXcw [m\yfpw, XovW a{w sImv B`nNmc
Iw sNphcpw, thXmfI m\nIfpw XncphmXncbvv
A[o\amWv.
5. BZntXy kXyuZmcyiuNIpecq] [obtimbpXmx
Da[m\yw hWnPx tkhm`ncXm; kinev]nP\mx
319

{]Imiknp

kXyw, HuZmcyw, siuNw, Ipew, cq]w, [o, biv, Aw Fo


KpWtfmSpIqSnb a\pjycpw, Da [m\yfpw hWnPfpw,
tkh\ Xev]ccpw, \ inev]n P\fpw ]pWXntXmWv.
6. ]ptjybhtKm[qamx imeoph\m\n a{ntWm `q]m
kentem]Pohn\x km[hizbtb jvSnkmivN
bhw, tKmXv, imens\v, Icnv, a{nam, `q]m, kentem]
PohnI, km[p bnepw CjvSnbnepw Bknbph
Fnh ]pjyntXmWv.
7. AlntZh Ir{Xna Iaqe^e IoS]KhnjmWn
]c[\lcWm`ncXm kvXpj [m\yw k`njPivN.
Ir{Xnaambn Dev]mZnns I, aqe, ^e, IoS
, ]K, hnj hkvXp, Xrj [m\y, ]c[\w lcnp
Xn Xmev]cyaph, k sshZym FnhcmWv Bbneyn
tXv.
8. ]nt{X [\[m\ymVymx tImjvTmKmcmWn ]qXm{ibnWx
]nXr` hWnv, iqcx {IhymZmx kv{XoZzntjma\pPmx
aIw \{Xn [\[m\ymVym, `mc, appm
bnp kwkvmcsf (Traditions) _lpam\nphcmb ]nXr
`, hWnpI, iqcm, {IhymZm, kv{Xo hntZzjnIfmb
a\pjy FnhmWv m\w.
9. {]mIv^Kp\ojp \SbphXo kp`K Km inev]n ]Wym\n
Imk ehWamnI ssXem\n IpamcImizm]n.
\Sm, bphXnI, kp`Km, KmbIm, inev]nI, ]cpn
hkv{Xw, Dv, tX, ssXe, IpamcKW, Aiz Fnh
]q ^mKp\npXmWv.
10. BcyavtWmamhtimNho\nb]mjWvUnZm\
imkv{XcXmx tim`\[m\yalm[\ [m\pcXmx ka\rtP{mx
D{Xn\v amhw, ]hn{XX, hn\bw, \mkvXnIXzw, Zm\ioew,
imkv{Xm`ncpNn, tim`\[m\y, alm[\w, [m`ncpNn Fnh
tbmSp IqSnb P\fpw cmPmmcpw.
320

{]Imiknp

11. lkvtX XkvIc IpRvPc cYnIalmam{X inev]n ]Wym\n


Xrj [m\yw pXbpmhWnP kvtXtPmbpXmizm{X
Im, B\I, cYnI, alma{nam, inev]nI, ]Wy
, Xrj[m\y, hniph, hWnPm, tXtPmbp Fn
h AntXmWv.
12. Xzmjvt{S`qjWaWncmKteJyKm K
bpnmKWnX]SpXphmbm; imemIymcmP[m\ym\n.
Nn{X\{Xn B`cW, aWnI, AwKcmK, teJy
, Km hyhlmc, Kbpnm\nI, KWnX]Sp
, XpWn s\ph, imemIyX{cmb sshZym, cmPm
m, [m\y.
13. kzmXukzK arKXpcKmhWntPm[m\ym\n hmX_lpem\n
AnckulrZeLp kXzXm]km; ]Wy Ipie;
tNmXnbn kzKw, arKw, XpcwKw, hmWnPw, [m\yw, Imtmw
[mcmfap e, Ancfmb kplrZv _, eLpkXz
ap (eLp kzm`mhnIfmb) Xm]k ]Wy Ipiem Fnh.
14. C{mKv\nssZhssX c]pjv]^eimJn\; kXne apZvKm;
ImmkamkNWIm, ]pcclpXmi `m.
hnimJn\v c]pjv]w, ^e, imJnI, Fv, apZvKw,
]cpn, NW, AKv\n`m Fnh.
15. ssat{X iucyktaXm KW\mbIm km[ptKmjvTnbm\cXm;
tb km[hiz temtI kw NicXvkapXv]w
A\ngn iucyaph, KW\mbIm, km[pkwL,
aThmknIfpw ktemIkmcnIfpamb km[p, icXvImen
epmb hkvXp Fnh.
16. ]sscfssc fXniqc; Ipehnbtimf \nXz: ]ckzlrX
hnPnKojthm \tc{; tk\m\mwNm]nt\Xmc;
Xrtbn AXniqcm, Ipehnp, biph, ]c
kzv lcnph, hnPnKojpfmb cmPmm tk\m\mbIm.
321

{]Imiknp

17. aqte t`jPm`njtPm KWapJymx Ipkpa aqe ^e hmmx


_oPm\yXn[\bpm; ^eaqssetcy Nht.
aqen k t`jPfpw `npIfpw, KWapJymcpw,
]pjv]w, Ingv, ^ew, CeI, hnpI Fnhbpw AXn[\hmm
cpw, ^eaqefm D]Pohnphcpw.
18. Bss]y arZthm PeamKman\x kXyiuN [\ bpmx
tkXpIchmcoPohI^eIpkpam\ymw_pPmXm\n
]qcmSn arZpioecpw PeamneqsS kcnphcpw
kXyw, iuNw, [\w FnhtbmSp tNhcpw, tkXp sIphcpw,
Pew sImv D]Pohnphcpw, ^efpw, ]qfpw, XmacIfpw.
19. hntiziztc almam{Xa IcnXpcK tZhXm`x
mhctbmm t`mKm\znXmtb NuPkmbpmx
D{XmSn alma{n, a, B\, IpXnc, tZhXm `m,
mhc hkvXp, tbmm, t`mKm\znX, HmPph.
20. {imhtW ambm]Sthm\ntXym[ypmI kpkam
Dmln\mx k[tm`KhXx kXyhN\m
XncpthmWn ambmhnZybn ]Sp, \nXyhpw DtZymKw
sNph, IIpie, DmlnI, [aSanjvT, `mKhXm,
kXyhmpI.
21. hkpt`amt\mpmx o_mizekulrZmxkv{XnbmwtZzjym
Zm\m`ncXm _lpnwkwbpXmx ia]cm\cm.
Ahnn am\w t]mbh, \]pwkI, Ne kulrZ
tmSp IqSnbh, kv{XotZzjnI, Zm\ioe, _lphn kwbpX,
iaKpWaph.
22. hcptWti]minIay_PePm\n PeNcm PoJm
kuImcnIcPIiunI imIp\nImm]n htf kvan
NXbn hym[m, ay_\w sNph, PeP hkvXp
, PeNc PohnI, kuImcnIm (]n hfph), Aep
Im, iunI, imIp\nIm.
322

{]Imiknp

23. BtP Xkvc]ip]me lnwkv{XIo\mi \oNiwtNjvTmx


[ {hssXnclnXm \nbpIpie a\pPmx
]qtcmcpmXnbn Im, CSbm, lnwk sNph, Io
\mim, \oNm, iTtNjvSm, [{hXanmh, abp
Ipiem.
24. Aln_p[vt\y hn{]x {IXpZm\Xt]mbpXm alm hn`hx
B{ianWx ]mjm \tcizcm kmc[m\yw N.
D{XmXnbn bw, X]v, Zm\w FnhtbmSp IqSnb alm
hn`h imenI, B{ianI, cmPmm, {_mlvaW, ]mjnI,
t{ijvT [m\y.
25. ]ujvtWkene P^e Ipkpa ehW aWn iwJ aun Im_vPm\n
kpc`n Ipkpam\n KmhWntPm\u I[mcmivO.
tchXnbn Ptemev], Ipkpa, ^e, Dv, iwJv,
cXv\w, apv, Xmac, kpc`ne ]pjv], kpK hkvXp, hWn
pI, \uIIfn kcnph.
26. Aizn\maizlcmx tk\m]XnsshZytkhImkvXpcKx
XpcKm tcmlhWn{Kqt]mt]XmkvXpcKcx
AizXnbn IpXncIsf lcnph, tk\m]Xnam, sshZy
m, tkhIm, IpXncI, AizmcqV, hWnpI, cq]hmm,
AizcI.
27. bmtayfkrIv]ninX`pPx{Iqcmh[_XmU\mkm
Xrj[m\yw\oNIptemXv`hm hnlo\mktXy\m
`cWnbn camwkmZnI `pPnph, {Iqcm, h[w, _
\w; XmU\w Fnhbn Bknbph, Xrj[m\y, \oN
IptemXv`h, kXyanmh.
28. ]qm{Xbw km\ea{KPm\mw cmmw
Xp]ptjyW ktlmcmWn
323

{]Imiknp

k]ujvWssa{Xw ]nXrssZhXwN
{]Pm]t`wNIrjohem\mw.
29. BZnXylkvXm `nPnZmizn\m\n
hmWnKv P\m\mw {]hZn`m\n
aqem{Xn t\{Xm \nehmcpWm\n
`m\yp{KPmtX{]`hnjvWpXmbmw.
]q ^mKp\n, ]qmjmVw, ]q`{Z]mZw, ImnI Fnh
{_mlvaWpw Dc ^mKp\n, Dc BjmVw, Dc `{Z]mZw,
]pjyw Fnh {Xnbpw A[nImcnIfmWv. tchXn, A\pcm[,
aIw, AizXn Fnh sshiymWv. aqew, B{Z, kzmXn, iXm`njw
Fnh D{KPmXnImWv.
30. kutay{Nn{Xmhkp ssZhXm\n
tkhmP\kzmay]p]mKXm\n
km hnimJ {ihtWm `cWyme
PmtXcnXn \nnimn.
aIocw, Xrt, Nn{X, Ahnw Fnh tkhImcpsS kzman
bmWv. Bbneyw, hnimJw, XncpthmWw, `cWn NmemcpsS kzman
bmbn \ntinsncnpp.
31. chn chnkpXt`mKamKXw nXn
kpXt`Z\h{IZqjnXw
{KlWKXatYmbm lXw
\nbXapjmIc]oUnXw NbXv.
32. XZp]lXanXn{]NtX {]IrXn hn]cybbmXtahhm
\nKZnX]cnhZqjWw IYnX hn]cybKw karytb
CXn{iohcml anlncIrXu _rlXv
kwlnXmbmw \{Xhyql; ]Ztimymb;
GXp \{Xw kqcy\n \npw i\nbn \npw aphpw, sNm
bm t`ZnsXpw h{IZqjnXhpw, {KlWw kw`hnpXpw D
Ifm ]oUnnsXpw BbnmWppthm AX\pkcnv AXmXv
324

{]Imiknp

\{Xfm kqNnXamb hv {]IrXnhn]cybtam, karn


tbm ]dbmw.
Iq hn`mKn \{Xm\pkrXamb map (`q]Sw) Dmn.
\{Xhyqln AXXp {]tZifn ImWphbpw AhbpsS
kz`mhhpw ]dp. CX\pkcnv Amepw ayaZnW ]q
tZifnemWv {][m\ambnv Zi\fpw imkv{Xfpw `cWkwhn
[m\fpw CtmWanbpw `mchpw Fmw nXn sNpXv.
A imkv{Xnepw CXns sXfnhpI ImWmw.

325

{]Imiknp

Aymbw 16

{Kl`n
1. {]mMv \Zm, timsWuwKhwK
kplvamx IenwK _moImxiI
bh\aK[ i_c {]mKvtPymXnjNo\Imwt_mPmx
2. taIe IncmXhnSIm _lncx
ssiePm ]penmivN {ZhnUm\mw
{]mKw ZnWIqew Nbap\mbmx
3. Nwt_mZpw_c Iuimn tNZnhnym
`hnIenwKmivN ]p{m tKmemw
iqe{io ]X ham\mivN
4. CpaXoXyY Xkvc ]mcXImmc
tKm]_oPm\mw Xrj[m\y ISpI
XcpI\IZl\ hnjkaciqcmWmw
5. t`jPnjIv NXpjv]ZIrjnIc
\r]lnw{kbmbNucmWmw
hymemcWybtimbpX XovWm\mw
`mkvcx kzman,
\ZbpsS ]qmw, timWw, AwKw, hwKw, kplvaw, IenwKw,
_moIw, iIw, bh\w, aK[w, i_cw, {]mKv tPymXnjw, ssN\,
Imwt_mPw, taIew, IncmXw, hnSIw, KncnbpsS A, _ln`mK
(Kncn{hPw), ]penw, {ZmhnUtZins ]qmw, bap\bpsS
sXtSw, Nw_m, DZpw_cw, Iuimw_n, tNZn, hnyShn, IenwKw,
]p{w, tKmemwKqew, {io]Xw, ham\w, CpaXoXocw Fo
tZipw, Xkvcm, ]mcXm (apph), Immcm, tKm]
_oP, Xrj[m\yw, ISpmacw, I\Iw, AKv\n, hnjw, bphoc
m, Huj[, sshZym, NXpjv]Z, IjI, cmPmm,
lnwkIm, ImfkmZnIfpw Zwinp Pp Fnhbvpw
XovWfmb Imphn`hpw kzman kqcy\mWv.
326

{]Imiknp

6. Kncn kene Zp tImie acpIO kap{Z tcmaI Xpjmcmx


h\hmkn XwKWle kv{XocmPy almh Zzo]mx
7. a[pcck Ipkpa^e kene ehWaWniwJsaunIm_vPm\mw
imenbshuj[n tKm[qatkma]m{IZhn{]mWmw
8. knXkp`KXpcKcXnIcbphXnNaq\mYt`mPy hkv{XmWmw
irwKn \nimNc IjIbhnZmw Nm[n]{;
]Xw, Pew, Zpw, tImkew, acpIOw, kap{Zw, tcmaIw, Xpjm
cw, h\hmkn, XwKWw, lew, kv{XocmPyw, almhZzo], a[pc
ckw, Ipkpaw, ^ew, PeehWw, aWn, iwJv, apv, ]w, imen,
bhw, tKmXv, tkma]cmb {_mlvaW, shfpp `wKnbp IpXnc
I, cXn DWp bphXnI, tk\m]Xn, `Ww, hkv{Xw, irwKn,
\nimNc, IjI, bhnpI ChcpsS kzman N{\mWv.
9. timWky \Zmbm `oacYmbmt]nammx
\nnym th{XhXo in{]m tKmZmhcothWm
10. amIn\o ]tbmjvWo alm\Zo knpamexo]mcmx
Dw ]myatl{m{Zn hnymaetbm]Kmtem.
11. {ZhnUhntZlm{mivaIm`mkm]pcsIuwIWmx ka{njnIm
IpetIcfZIImn]pctOkwIcPmx
12. \mknIyt`mKh\hncmS hnym{Zn ]mizKmtZimx
tbN ]n_n kptXmbmw Xm]nw tbNm]n tKmaXo kenew
13. \mKc IrjnIc]mcX lpXmi\mPohncm{X]mn\mw
BShnIZp ISh[I\riwkmhen]vXm\mw
14. \c]Xn Ipamc IpRvPc Zmw`nIUnw`m`nLmX ]ip]m\mw
c^e Ipkpahn{Zpa Naq]KpUaZy XovWm\mw.
timW, \Z, `oacYn FnhbpsS ]Snmsd Icbneph,
\nhny, th{XhXn, in{]m, tKmZmhcn, thWm\Zn, amIn\n, ]tbm
jvWn, alm\Zn, knp, ameXn, ]mcm\Zn (]mcXpg- `mcXpg), Dc
]mytZiw, atl{Kncn, hny, aeb]Xns Xmgvhc,
tNmfw, {ZmhnUw, hntZlw, B{w, AivaIw, `mkm]pcw, sImWw,
ka{njnIw, Ipfw (ImSIw), tIcfw, ZIw, Imn]pcw,
tOw, kc\mSpI, \mknIyw, t`mKh\w, hncmSw, hnys
]miztZi, X]Xn, tKmaXo\ZnIfnse Pew IpSnph, \Kc
327

{]Imiknp

hmknI, Irjnm, ]mcXm, AKv\nsb D]Pohnph, cm{Xn


kcnph, h\NmcnI, Zp ISfn ]mph,
lnwknph, Kph, cmPmm, Ipamcm, B\I, Zw`p
h, ]ip]me, {hWnX, Nph ]qfpw ]gfpw, ac,
tk\m]Xn, ic, aZyw, XovWw15. tImi`h\mKv\n tlm{XnI[mXzmIc imIy`npNucmWmw
iwZoLsshc _lzmin\mwN hkp[mkptXmf [n]Xn.
`mcw, hoSv, AKv\ntlm{Xn, [mXpsfsmv ]Wnbph,
imIy`np, tNmcm, iTm, ZoLsshcnI, A[nIw Xnp
h ChcpsS kzman `qan ]p{X\mb sNmbmWv.
16. seulnXyx knp\Zx kcbq Kw`ocnImcYmlymN
IwKm sIuinIymZymx kcntXm sshtZlImwt_mPx
17. aYpcmbmx ]qmw lnahZv tKmaNn{XIqSmx
skuacmjv{StkXp Peam]Wy_ne]Xm{ibnWmx
18. DZ]m\b{ KmteJyaWncmKKbpnhnZx
BteJyi_vZ KWnX{]km[Imbpjyinev]mx
19. Nc]pcpj IplI PohI inipIhniw kqNIm`nNmccXmx
ZqX \]pwkIlmky `qXXt{{Pmemx
20. BcI\S\ILrXssXe kvt\l_oPXnm\n
{hXNmcnckmb\ Ipiethkcm{]p{Xky.
eulnXy, knp\Zw, kcbq, Kw`ocI, cYmlzm, KwK, IuinIn,
Imwt_mPw, sshtZlw, aYpcbpsS ]qmw, lnamebw, tKmaw,
Nn{XIqSw, tkXp, Peam-, ]Wy, _nefnepw, aeIfnepw
Pohnph, kuacmjv{Sw, ]nXm, \bX{, Km
m, kwKoXw, Nn{Xsagpv, aWn, cmKw, Kw ChbpsS bpn Adn
bph, BteJ\w sNph, i_vZimkv{Xw, KWnXw, {]km[\w,
inev]w Fnhbn {]mKXv`yw t\Snbh, kcnp ]pcpjm,
Kplma\pjy, inip, IhnI, iTm, kqNIm, A`nNmccX
m, ZqXm, \]pwkI, lmkym, `qXX{hpw, C{Pm
ehpw Adnbph, cIm, \Sm, \Im, s\v, ssXew,
Fpcp, Ibv]pckw, {hXNmcnI, ckmb\Ipiem, thkc
Chsbms N{]p{X\mb _p[s A[o\XbnemWv.
328

{]Imiknp

21. knp\Z ]q`mtK a[pcm ]m `cXkuhocmx


kv{XpKvt[mZo Nyhn]mikcnOX{ZpcaTkmezmx
22. ss{XK ]uchmw_jvT]mcXmhmS[m\ but[bm
kmckzXmp\mb\aym {Kmacmjv{SoWn.
23. lkvXypiz ]ptcmlnX`q]a{n amwKey ]ujvSnImkm
ImcpWykXyiuN{hXhnZymZm\ [bpXmx
24. ]ucalm[\i_vZm thZhnZptjm`nf Nmc \oXnmx
a\ptPiztcm]IcWw O{X[zPNmacm[yw N.
25. ssitebI amwkoXK c IpjvTcksskhm\n hoPw
a[pc cka[qOnjvSm\n tNmcItXn Pohky.
knp\ZnbpsS ]q`mKw, a[pcbpsS ]na`mKw, `cXkuhocw,
kv{XpKv[ns Dc`mKw, hn]mi, iX`{Zp, cmaTw, kmezw, ss{X
Kw, Aw_jvSw, ]mcXw, hmS[m\w, but[bw, kmckzXw, Ap
\mb\w, acmPynse ]IpXn {Kmafpw cmjv{Sfpw, B\I,
IpXncI, ]ptcmlnXm, `q]m, a{nam, amwKey ]ujvSnI
fn Bk, IcpW, kXyw, iuNw Fo {hX A\pjvTnv
hnZymZm\sa [m\pjvTm\w sNp ]ucm, alm[\w, i_vZm
hpw thZhpw {Kln hnZz\, B`nNmc \oXnm, a\p
jypw Cuizc\pw D]IcWfmb O{Xw, [zPw, Nmacw Fnh,
]Xn Dmhp ssitebI, PSman, XIc, IpjvSw,
ckw, sskhw, hnPw (hnbn \npmbXv), a[pcckw, a[p
OnjvSw, tNmcm- Ch _rlkv]XnbpsS A[o\nemWv.
26. Xine amnIm hk_lpKncnKmmc ]pjvIem hXImx
{]eamehssIIbZmimtmio\cmx in_bx
27. tb N ]n_n hnXkvXmancmhXnw N{`K kcnXwN
cY cPXmIc IpRvPc XpcKalmam{X[\bpmx
28. kpc`nIpkpam\pte]aWn h{Phn`qjWmw _pcpl imx
hcXcpWbphXn Imtam]IcW arjvSm a[pc`qPx
29. DZym\ keneImapIbix kpJuZmcycq]kmx
hnZzZamXy hWnKvP\ LSIrOn{XmPmkv{Xn^emx
30. Iutib ]Iw_e]t{XmnItcm{[]{X tNmNm\n.
PmXo^em KpcphNm]nyiz\wN `rtKmx
329

{]Imiknp

Xine, am{XnImhXw, _lpKncn, Kmmcw, ]pjvem{hXw,


{]ew, amh, tIIbw, Zimw, Dio\cw, in_ntZiw: hnXkvX,
CcmhXn, N{`mK Fo \ZnIfnse Pew ]m\w sNp {]tZi,
cYw, shn, B\, IpXnc, ]mmm, [\hmm, kpc`ne ]pjv],
A\pte]\, aWn{hP hn`qjW, ]w, i, t{ijvTIfpw
XmcpWyaphcpamb bphXnI, Imtam]IcW, arjvSmw,
a[pc `ppI, DZym\w, kenew, ImapIm, biv, kpJw, HuZmcyw,
cq] k, hnZzmm, AamXym, hWnKv P\, IpSapmp
h, Nn{XmP, {Xn^e (ISp, s\n, Xmn), h
]Inp hkv{X, Iwf, ]{X, PmXo^ew (nutmeg)
AYhm PmXn, AKcp, hN, ]nen, N\w Fnh ip{Is A[o\
nemWv.
31. B\mpZ ]pjvc kucmjv{Sm`oc iq{Zssch XImx
\jvSmbkvan tZti kckzXo ]ntamtZix
32. Ipcp`qanPmx {]`mkwhnZnim thZkvarXnaloXSPmx
Jeamen\\oNssXeoIhnlo\ktXym]lX]pwkvXzmx
33. _\imIp\nImipNn ssIhnhncq] hr kuIcoImx
KW]qPy kvXzenX{hXi_c ]penm ]mcolo\mx
34. ISpXncmkmb\ hn[hmtbmjntXm `pPKXkvc alnjyx
JcIc` NWIhmXpe\njv]mhmizm ]p{Xky.
B\w, ApZw, ]pjvcw, kucmjv{Sw, B`ociq{Zw, ssch
XIw, kckzXo \Zn \jvSambntmb tZi, ]na tZi, Ipcp
t{Xw, {]`mkw, hnZnim, thZkvarXn, aloXSn (`qanbn) P\n
h, Jew, aen\w, \oNw, kvt\l hnlo\w, kXyanmXv, ]pcpjXzw
\inXv, _\w, imIp\oIw (hym[), AipNn, ssIhw, hncq]w,
hrw, kuImcnIw, KW]qPyw, kvJenX{hXw, im_cw, ]pfnw,
A]mcolo\w (Zcn{Zw), ISp, Xnw, ckmb\w, hn[hbmb kv{Xo,
`pPKw, Xkvcw, alnjw, IgpX, Ic`w, NWIw, ]mWn]bdv- Ch
kqcy]p{X\mb i\nbptSXmWv.
35. Kncn inJc IcZcn hn\nhnjvSmtOPmXbiq{Zmx
tKmambp`iqenIthmmWmiz apJhnIemwKmx
36. Ipe]mwk\lnw{kIrXLv\ Nuc \nxkXyiuNZm\mizx
JcNc\nbphno{htcmjK`mibm\oNmx
330

{]Imiknp

37. D]lXZmw`nIcmk \n{Zm_lpemiz Phx kt


[tWN kymamjXnemi inckvt{Xmx
KncninJc, Ic, KplIfnencnp avtfOPmXnm
cmb iq{ZKW, tKmambp, `, iqen, thmmW, AizapJ, hnI
emwK, Ipe\miIm, lnwknph, IrXLv\, tNmcm, kXy
iuNZm\ clnX, IgpXpdp kcnph, bpn\p Xmdm
bh, Xo{h tcmjtmSpIqSnbh, \oN K`mibfn P\np
h, D]lXm, Zw`ph, cmk, A[nIw Ddph, Pp
, [w XyPnh, amjw, Xnew Fnh kqcy N{mbp[amb
cmlphns hiKcmWv.
38. KncnZp ]htizXlqW tNmemhKmWacpNo\mx
{]Xy [\natlOhyhkmb]cm{Itamt]Xx
39. ]cZmc hnhmZcXmx]cmIIpXqlem atZmnmx
apJm[mnIhnPnKojhtItXmx kamJymXmx
40. DZbkatbbx kv\nmwiplm {]IrXnntXmb
ZnN \ltXm\nLmtXmevmctPm {Klass\x
kz`h\ KX; tkz {]m]vX; ip`{KlhonX; k`hXn
inhkvtXjmw tbjmw {]`p; ]cnIonX;
KncnZp, ]hm tizXm (shm), lqWm,
tNmfm, AhKmWm (A^vKmm), acptZim, [\nI, atl
Obm hyhkmbw sNph, ]cm{IanI, ]cZmcfnepw hnhmZ
fnepw cXnbph, ]cmI IqXqle, aZw sImv Kv ]nSn
h, aqJm, [mnIm, hnPnKojp- Ch tIXphns A[o\
nemWv.
GsXmcp {Klw DZbkabv kv\nKvZmwiphmbn almbn kz
{]IrXnnX\mbn, \nLmXw, D[qfn Fnhbm XmUnsSm
Xmbn, kzt{Xn {]thinv, D\pw, ip`{KlhonX\p
ambn \nppthm, B{Klw GtXXp tZipw hkvXppw
Xmkzmantbm, B tZipw hkvXppw inhw (awKfw)
Xcpp.
41. A`nlnX hn]coXessW; bap]KXnXXv
]cn{Klx Uac`bKZmXpcm P\m\c]Xb`hn ZpxJnXm;
331

{]Imiknp

CXnp hn]coX eW AXmXp hkvXpp bw


hcppp. B Imefn B{Ians P\Xbpw \r]mcpw ZpxJn
Xcmbn `hnpp.
42. bZn\cn]q IrXw`bw \r]mWmw
kzkpXIrXw\nbamZaXyPw hm
`hXnP\]ZkyNm]yhrjvSym Ka\a]q ]pcm{Zn\nav\Kmkp
CXn {iohcml anlncIrXu _rlXv kwlnXmbmw
{Kl`tbm\max tjmUtimymbx
Ftm cmPmmv kzw ]p{Xmcn \ntm, i{Xpfn
\ntm `bw P\nppthm, Ftm AhrjvSn aqew cmPyw ]nWnv
hnt[bamIppthm, Atm B P\]Zw hnv A]qfmb ]pcfn
tepw A{ZnIfntepw, \ZoXocfntepw amdn ]mWsamWv
\nbaw.
i{XpfpsS `bn \nv c t\Sm KncnZpfnepw,
B{IanIfmb ]p{Xmcn \npw c t\Sm hntZifnepw, Ahr
jvSnbpw mahpw XSbm \ZoXocfnepw amdn ]mpI FXv
Hcp ]gb ]XnhmWv. A imkv{Xn Cu KncnZptfbpw
cmm\tfbpw apw NmWIy hnhcnnpv.
tamlRvtPmZmtcm, lmc Fo P\]Z Hcp i{Xphntbpw
B{IaWw IqSmsX Dt]nsXmsW Hcp hmZKXnbpv. ma
`bw sImv, tPymXnj {]hN\s am\nv, A`bm\tbvv
A`bmnIfmbn Hcp P\]Zw amdnmaknp ]Xnhpsv
hcmlanlnc NqnmWnp nXnv knp \ZoXS kwkvm
cw Dt]n P\]Z-sf Hcn IqSn hnebncptXpv. kc
kzXn HgpInbncp \jvS tZiw F ]cmaihpw {itbamWv.
I tZiw (Km tZiw) F t]cn `mcXob kwkvmc
v Nnc]cnNnXamb bq{^nkv ssS{Kokv Xocv Ianjv
(Carchemish) F KncnZpn\v _n.kn. 2500 hjw ]gapv.
CuPn]vXnse tZho`cmb s\m_mbv (Nobatai) F \p_obm
cpsS PeZphpw. Chcpw ItZis lnsspIfpw Xnep
_hpw Ncn{X{]knamWv (\_mnbm Fv s\m_mbvIsf
Jpdm hnfnpp). _n.kn. 1200 I tZim apjvn F
332

{]Imiknp

Hcp ]pXnb hwihpambn c_w m]nXmbn Nne Ncn{XImc


m ]dbpp. apjvnI AYhm aqjI cmPhwihpw \_mnbm
F \qcn AWcpsS hwihpw hmkvXhn ]t _ap
hcmWv. CXv {InkvXphn\v aqmbnctam Ambnctam ]gap _w.
AXns\ Cu {K\vYn hnkvXcnm kmya (Ncn{Xns
CS\mgnbneqsS F {Kn CXv khnkvXcw {]Xn]mZnmw).

333

{]Imiknp

Aymbw 17

{Klbpw
1. bpw bYmb `mhm `hnjy ZmZniytX{XnImess
XZznm\mw IctW abmIrXw kqcyknmmXv.
{XnImem bpw Ftmsgtm `hnpw Fp ]dn
pv. Fm cNns IcW* {Kn (]knmnIbn)
kqcyknm {]Imcap {Klbphnm\w ]dbsp Ignp.
2. hnbXnNcXmw {KlmWm ap]cyp]cym am kwm\mw
AXnZqcmZrKvhnjtb kaXm anhkw{]bmXm\mw.
*kqcyknm{KlbpXy[nImcn awKemZn]{Klw awK
emZn ]{KltfmsSmp Im bpw: N{s\mp Im
kamKaw; kqcys\mp Im AkvXa\w.
{Kl Hn\p apIfn Hmbn XmmfpsS amn
(Iybn- nXn sNbvXv kcnbvbmWv. AXnZqcn \npw
Znptm kaXsb (kam\s- Htc m\s) {]m]n
Xpt]mse tXmpIbmWv. CXns\bmWv {Klbpsap ]dbpXv.
3. Bk {IatbmKZvt`tcmtJmw ipa\m]ksshybpw
NXpjv{]Imcw ]cmicmssZp\n`ncpw
]cmicmZnIfmb aljnam Bkamb {IatbmKm
DtJw, Awipa\w, t`Zw, A]khyw Fv \mephn[w {Klbp
sf ]dnpv.
4. t`tZhrjvSnhn\mtimt`Z; kplrZmw almIpe\mwN
DttJ ikv{X `bw a{nhntcm[x{]nbmXzw.
t`Zn hrjvSn\mihpw, kplrppw almIpepw
CSbn `nnpw kw`hnpw. DtJn Bbp[ `bhpw a{n hntcm
[hpw Zp`nw tlXphmbn An sImXnbpw Dmhpw.
5. Awiphntcm[ bpm\n `qXmw ikv{XcpIvp Zhax
bpt Nm]y]kthy`hn bpm\n `q]m\mw.
334

{]Imiknp

Awip hntcm[n cmPmm Xn cqamb Bbp[


bpw kw`hnpw. tcmKw, hniv, Aha\w Fnh Dmhpw. A]
khynepw `cWm[nImcnI ]ckv]cw bpw sNpw.
6. chn cm{Itmay ]ucx ]q ]tcntXmbmbn
]ucm _p[KpcpchnPm \nXyw ioXmwipcm{Immx
kqcy aymlv\n B{ImcmWv. _p[\pw, Kpcphpw, i\n
bpw kZm]uc {KlfmWv. N{ \nXyhpw B{I\mWv.
7. tIXp IqP cmlp ip{Imbmbn\ GtXlXm{Klml \ypx
B{Ibmbn ]ucm Pbnt\m PbZmx kzhkyx
tIXp, sNm, cmlp, ip{I ChcmWv bmbn (]m]) {Kl.
ChbpsS lXysImv, bmbn, ]uc{Kl {Iam\pkmcw \mi
{]m]vXn ASbpp. Pbw sImv, kzhv Pbw \IpIbpw
sNpp.
8. ]utc ]utcWltX ]ucmx ]ucm \r]m kn\n Lv\n
Ghw bmaym{Iu \mKcbmbn {Klmsshx
]uc\m ]uc l\nsSptm ]ucm AhcpsS `cWm[n
]XntbmSpIqSn \miaSbpp. C{]Imcw bmbn{Klhpw B{I\pw IqSn
tbm ]uc\pw bmbnbpw IqSntbm ]ckv]cw l\nmepw XmmfpsS
`cWm[n]mv \miw hcpw.
9. ZnWZnIv; ]cptjm th]Ypc{]m]yknhrtmWpx
AXnKqtVm hnIrtXm \njv{]t`m hnhbxkPnXx
]cpjambpw th]YpthmsS Imbam\ambpw, A{]m]yhpw kn
hrhpw AWphpw Bbpw A[nKqVambpw hnIrXambpw \njv{]`am
bpw hnhambpw Hcp{Kls ZnW`mKv Im AXv {Kl
bpKm ]cmPnX\mWv.
10. Dhn]coXeW ktm PbKtXm hn\njvS;
hn]pemx kv\nKvt[m [rXnam ZnWZnIv kvtYm]nPbbpx
CXn\p hn]coXamb eWfp {Klw hnPbnbmWv. hn]pe
hpw kv\nKvhpw [rXnam\pambn Hcp {Kls, (AXv ZnW `mKm
bmepw) Im AXv hnPbnbmWv.
335

{]Imiknp

11. Zzmh]nabqJ]ruhn]peukv\nKvu kamKta `hXx


X{Xmt\ym\y{]oXnn]coXm ]m]Lv\u.
Ccp {Kl abqJtfmSp IqSn hn]pehpw kv\nKvhpambn
]ckv]cw kamKaw sNptm Ahv Xn At\ym\yw {]oXn
kw`hnpp (Ah bpw shSnv kJyw sNpp). hn]coXsa
n, B]ss l\npIbpw sNpp.
12. bpw kamKtamhm byZzbuXpessW`hXx
`qhn`q`rXm a]nXYm ^emahy{Kw hn\ntiyw.
bpamtWm kamKaamtWm kw`hnXv FX\pkcnv eW
shp thWw `qanbnse `cWm[n]mcpsS bphpw ssa{Xnbpw
]dbm.
13. KpcpWmPntX h\nkrssX_moIbmbn t\mKv\n hmm
iintP\kqctk\x IenwKkmezm ]oUytX
Kpcp sNmsb Pbnm _moI tZip ]m]n P\p
AKv\n]oUbpmbn F hm tIpw. _p[\mWv PbnsX
n kqctk\m, IenwKm, kzmem FnhmWv ]oV Dm
hpI.
14. kutcWmtchnPntX Pbn ]ucmx{]Pm koZnx
tImjvTmKmctO{Xb Xm] ipIvcntX.
i\nbm Pbnp Im ]ucmp hnPbw: {]PIp
ZpxJw, ip{I\m Pbnsm tImjvTmKmcpw, tOmpw,
{Xnbmpw Xm]w.
15. `uta\ltX iintPhrkcnm] kmivaI \tc{mx
Dc Znmx{IXp ZonXm km]ambmn{Klbpn sNmbm _p[ h[nsm hrw, \Zn,
X]kznI, AivaIm, \tc{m Dc Znnse b,
ZonXm Fnhv km]w kw`hnpw.
16. KpcpWm_pt[PntXtO iq{Z Nucmbp]uc P\mx
ss{XK ]mXobmx ]oUyty ItXNalo.
336

{]Imiknp

Kpcphm _p[ Pbnsm tO, iq{Z, tNcm, [\hm


mcmb ]ucP\, ss{XK tZim, ]X tZim- Fn
hbvv ]oV kw`hnpw. `qIw Dmhpw.
17. chntP\_pt[[zkvtX \mhnItbm[m_vPk[\ K`nWyx
`rKpWmPntXKv\n tIm]xkkymw_pZbmbn hnzwkx
i\nbm Pbnsm \mhnIm, tbmmm, PeP
hkvXp, [\hmm, K`nWnI Fnhv ]oV. ip{I\mse
n, AKv\n tIm]w, kkypw, taLhjfm bmbn P\
pw ]oU.
18. PothipIvcm`nltXIeqX KmmcssIIbma{Zmx
imezmhm hwKm Kmhx kkym\n\iyn.
ip{I\m Kpcp A`nKX\mhp ]w IpeqXw, Kmmcw, tI
Ibw, am{Z, imeyw, hw, hwKw Fo tZifpw, ]ipfpw, {Kma
fpw, kkyfpw \inp t]mIpw.
19. `uta\ltXPothatymtZtiktcizcmKmhmx
kutcWNmp\mb\hkmXn but[bin`n hn]vcmx
sNmbm Kpcp l\nsSptm ay tZinse \tcizc
mcpw, ]ipfpw: i\nbm l\nsSptm Ap\mb\w,
]kmXn, but[bw, in_n, hn{]KWfpw \innsSpw.
20. iinX\tb\m]nPntX_rlkv]XutaOkXy ikv{X`rXmx
D]bmnaytZi kwbwe `n^ew
_p[\m Kpcp Pbnsm tOm, kXyw, ikv{X[mcnI
Fnhbvpw, ay{]tZinse kn\pw bw kw`hnpw.
21. ipt{I _rlkv]XnltXbmbn{tijvTm hn\miap]bmXn
{_lva{Xhntcm[x kenewN\ hmkh kvXy PXn.
Kpcphm ip{I lX\mbm t{ijvTmcmb bmbnIv
hn\miapmhpw. {_lva{XnSbn hntcm[w P\npw. C{
kenew (ag) hjnpIbn.
337

{]Imiknp

22. tImieIenwK hwKmh aymaytZibpXmx


alXnw {hP]oUmw \]pwkIm iqctk\m.
tImkew, IenwKw, hwKw, hw, ayw, aytZiw, iqctk\w
FnhnSfnse P\pw \]pwkIKWpw alm]oUI
kw`hnpIbpw sNpw.
23. IpPhnPntX`rKpX\tb _eapJyht[m \tc{ kw{Kmamx
kutay\]mXobmx ochn\mtimev] hrjvSn
IpP\m ip{I Pbnsm _eapJymv (tk\m]Xn)
h[hpw, cmPmmv bphpw ^ew. _p[\m Pbnsm
]X tZiv IjvSmSpmIpw, ]m Ipdbpw, Aev] hrjvSn
kw`hnpw.
24. chntP\kntXhnPntXKWapJymx ikv{XPohn\x{Xw
Pem\o]oUyt kmam\yw `n^ea\yXv.
i\nbm ip{I Pbnsm KWapJym, Bbp[w sImv
D]Pohnph, {Xnbm, PeP Fnhbvv ]oV. Aw
kmam\yambn e`npw.
25. AkntX kntX\ \nlntX
hrjvSn cln hnliam \n\mw ]oV
nXn tP\SwIWm{uVv Imin
_moImtZim\mw.
knXm (ip{I), AknX (i\n), l\nsm Aln, hnl
Kw, A`nam\nI Fnhv ]oV (Adnhpw Adhpw D hnthIn
Ifmb [njvT\mWv kw AYhm \mKKWw. kzX{kmcn
bmWv ]n). IpP\m i\n l\nsm SwIWw, B{, DUv
ew, Imin, _moI tZiw FnhmWp ]oV.
26. kutay\]cm`qtXatw KhWn Kznhnlw Kw]ip\mKmx
km]ytKpcpWmkv{Xn _lpemalnjIimx
_p[\m i\n ]cmPnX\mbm AwKtZiw, hWnpI, hnlwK
, ]ip, \mK Fnhbvv km]w t\cnSpw. Kpcphmse
n, kv{XoI, _lpe, alnjI, iIm FnhmWv
km]w.
338

{]Imiknp

27. Abw hntitjm`nlntXm lXm\mw


IpPhmKoiknXmknXm\mw
^ew XphmNyw {Kl`n tXm\y[yYm
XYmLv\n KXmx kz`nx
CXn{io hcmlanlnsscIrXu _rlXv
kwlnXmbmw {Klbpx k]vXZtimymbx
sNm, _p[, hymgw, ip{I, i\n Fo ]{Kl ]c
kv]cw ]\npXpsImp khntijamb {Klbp^efmWv
ChnsS ]dbsXv. {Kl At\I m\fn bpfnte
sv AXmXp m\v \nbXamb ]Zmv \miw kw`hn
npw. AXn\m GXp t{Xn GXp \{X ]ZnemWv {Kl
bpw kw`hnXv FpIqSn \ncondnnp thWw ^ew {]hNn
phm!

339

{]Imiknp

Aymbw 18

N{{Kl kamKaw
1. `m\mwbYm kw`haptcWw bmtXm
{KlmWmw bZnhmiimx
{]ZnWwX NXr`IrcmWmw bmtay
\tbmtXminhx iimx
{KlfptStbm \{X hyqlfptStbm Dc `mKmbnv
N{ kcnp]w, B kmcn\v {]ZnWw F t]cv
]dbpw. AXv a\pjyv ip`IcamWv. adnv ZnW `mKp N{
Ka\w a\pjyv awKfIca.
2. N{ambZnIpPky bmXyZIv ]mXob
_eimeo\mw Pbx
{Xnbmx {]apZnXmx kbmbnt\m
`qcn[m\yapZnXmhkpcm.
sNmbpsS Dc `mKmbn N{ kcnm _eimen
Ifmb ]mXnbv Pbw e`npw. XfpsS bmbn (]m]n) ItfmSp
IqSn {Xnbm B\npw. ]rYzn[m\y ktmSp IqSn ljnX
bmbn Xocpw.
3. DcXx kzkrXky iimx
]ucPbmb kp`nIc
kky kkyNbw IpcptX P\Nmn
tImiNbw N \cm[n]Xo\mw
N{ _p[s Dc`mKv kcnptm ]ucmv Pb
hpw, kp`nhpw Dmhpw. kky h\hn\m cmPmmcpw
B\npw.
4. _rlkvtXcpctK iimt
]ucZznP {Xnb ]nXm\mw
340

{]Imiknp

[ky tZikyNayaky hrnx


kp`nw apZn\m {]Pm
_rlkv]XnbpsS Dc`mKp kcnm ]ucm, ZznPm,
{Xnb, ]nXm, ay tZinse [w Fnhbvv hrn
kw`hnpw. kp`nw sImv {]PI B\npw.
5. `mhky bZnbmXypZIv iio
tImibpKPhmPnhrnZx
bmbn\mwNhnPtbm [\pjvaXmw kky
kZ]n tNmam XZm.
ip{Is Dc Znn kcnm tImiw, KPw, Aizw Fn
hbvp hrn: bmbnIpw, hnmfnIpw hnPbw: Da kky
kv Fnh ]dbmw.
6. chnPky iio {]ZnWw
IpcymtXv ]pc`rXmw Pbx
iI _moIknp ]lvhm\m
apZv_mtP bhss\xka\znXm
i\nbpsS {]ZnWn\mbn iin hm ]ucmpw cmPm
mpw Pbw. iIw, _moIw, knp tZiw, ]lvhw, bh\tZiw
Fnhbvv B\w.
7. tbjm apZKOXn `{KlmWmw
{]mteb civanncp]{Zh.
XZv{Zhy ]utcXc `n tZim
]pjvWmXn bmtay\\nln Xm\n.
{]mteb civan ka\znX\mbn \{XfpsS Dc Znn
kcnp N{ Hcp]{Zhpw DmpIbn. {Zhypw, ]ucm
pw, AXmXp tZipw ]pjvSn hcppp. ZnW Znnsen,
Ahbvv \mihpw hcppp.
8. iin\n ^eapZIvt bZv {Kltkym]ZnjvSw
`hXn XZ]kthy k tah {]XoIw
CXn iin kahmbm; IontXm `{KlmWmw
341

{]Imiknp

\Jep `hXn bpw kma antm{Klssx


CXn {io hcml anlnc IrXu _rlw
lnXbmw iin {KlkamKtamjvSmZtimymbx
N{ {KlfpsS Dc`mKp kcnmep ^e
]dbsp. ZnW `mKv A]khyambn (A{]ZnWw) kcnm
hn]coX^efpmhpw. {Kl\{XtfmSp IqSn N{\v kamKaw
Dmhpw: ]t Ahbpambn {Klbpw Hcnepw DmhpIbn.
Aymbw 17 cmw tmIn {Klbpns \nN\w ]dp.
`qan F {Kln \npsImv honp a\pjy awKemZn
] {Klsf kam\w {]m]nXpt]mse Zinp {]Xn`mk
amWv {Klbpw AYhm {Kl HmKw. Fm `qanbpsS Xs D]{Kl
amb N{s\ kw_nv `qanbnse \ncoI\v bpan: kamKaw
am{Xtabpq. awKemZn ]{KlfpsS Nmchpw N{Nmchpw hyXy
kvXamWv F AdnhpIqSmsX CXp ]dbphm kmya.

342

{]Imiknp

Aymbw 19

{Klhj^ew
1. k{X`q hncekkybpXm h\m\n
ssZhmZzn `bnjpZw jv{Sn kamhrXm\n
kynss\hN ]bx {]Npcw kv{Xhtym
cpKv t`jPm\n\XYm Xn_em \znXm\n.
2. XovWw X]XyZnXnPx inintc]nImte
\mXyw _pZm PeartNmf NeknImimx
\jvS{]`KW ioX Icw \`ivN
koZn Xm]kIpem\nktKmIpem\n.
3. lkvXyiz]naZkly_sse cqt]Xm
_mWmk\mkn apkemXn ibmivNcn
Lvtm \r]mbp[n \r]m\Nssc ivNtZim
kwhtc Zn\ Icky Znt\f Yamtk.
kwhcn\pw, amkn\pw, Zn\n\pw kzmanbmbnv kqcy
Ccnp ImeLn `qanbn k{X kkyhncfX A\p`hs
Spw. h\`qanIfn FmbnSpw hrfn IoS_m[ hcpw. \ZnI
fn Pew Ipdbpw. Huj[nIv _ew Ipdbpw. ioXw A\p`hs
tS inincImept]mepw kqcy XovWambn NqSv Xcpw. ]X
kam\fmbn DcppIqSp taL ag XcnIbn. \`n N{
tbpw \{XfptSbpw {]` \jvSamIpw. ]ippw X]kznI
pw ZpxJw Dmhpw. Aizfpw, lkvXnIfpw, ImemSbpw D
_ehmmcmb cmPmm [mcmfw Akv{Xhpw, hnpw, hmfpw apke
hpw apw tiJcnv XmmfpsS A\pNcmtcmSpIqSn bpn\p
]pdsv kakvX tZitfbpw \innpw.
4. hym]vXw \`x {]NenXmNe knImssi hymemRvP\menKheO hn`ox ]tbmssZx
Kmw ]qcbZv`ncJnemaem`ncZv`n
cpXvWvT tI\ KpcpWm [Sh\n tX\Nmimx
343

{]Imiknp

5. tXmbm\n]Zv aIpaptZmev]ehyXoh
^p{ZpamWyp ]h\m\y en\mZnXm\n.
Kmhx {]`qX ]btkm\b\m`ncmam
cmam cssZchncXw cabn cmam.
6. tKm[qaimeobh[m\y htcphmSm
`qx]meytX \rP]Xn`nKcmIcmVym
NnXynXm {IXp]tcjvSn hn[pjvS\mZm
kwhtc ininctKmc`nkw {]hrt.
N{ kzmanbmbncnp ImeLn, Nenp ]X
p Xpeyhpw ARvP\\ndap hymfo kZrihpambn, alm taL
\`msI hym]npp: DXvWvbpfhmp hepXmb [z\n
(CSn) apgnsmv ZniIsf ]qcnnpp. Ah hnaeamb Pew hjn
pp. ktcmhcfn ]w, IpapZw, Dev]ew Fnh hnScpp, D]
h\sf ^p {Zpafmepw {`ac kwKoXmepw \ndbvpp. ]ip
[mcmfw ]m Npcpp. \b\m`ncmaIfmb kpcnam (cmam)
cXntbmSpIqSn AhncXw cmamsc cannpp.
tKmXv, imen, bhw apXemb t{ijvT[m\yfm karamb
`qansb cmPmm kwcnpp. ssNXyfn bfpsS
awKf [z\n apgpp.
(kqcy\m `cnbvsSp Dcmb\nepw N{\m `cnbv
sSp ZnWmb\nepw D `qanbpsS AhI tPymXnjw
Cs\bmWv hnhcnpXv. agbn \nv Ahpw An \nv
tcXpw tcXn \nv {]Pbpw DmIp ImeamWv ZnWmb\
sav D]\njpIfn \npw {KlnpI).
7. AXypXm hnbXn kwlX aqtbm ]n
apRvPn \IzNn Z]x {]Npcw ]tbmZmx
koav\n {]Pm Xa]n timjapss]Xn kkyw
\njv] a]yhn\bm Z]tc lcn.
8. `q]m\ kayK`n]me\k Nnmx
]ntmcpIv {]NpcXm`pPK {]tIm]x
Ghw hnss[cp]lXm `hXn {]tPbw
kwhtcf h\nkpX kyhn] kkym.
344

{]Imiknp

9. hmtXmzXcXn hlv\ncXn {]Ntm


{Kmam h\m\n \KcmWnN kn[px
lmtlXn ZkypKW]mXlXm cmn
\nkzoIrXm hn]ithm`qhn aXykwLmx
sNm hjns kzmanbmbncnp ImeLn Imn\m
Bfnns {]Namb AKv\nbm {Kmahpw h\hpw \Kchpw
Fcnbpp. `qanbnse a\pjykwL ZkypKWfm hogs
pw h[nspw Bew_lo\cpw, ]iplo\cpambn lm-lm Fv
AeapdbnSpp. BImin AXypXambpw kwlXaqnbmbpw
taL \ncmepw Ah [mcmfw hjw XcpIbn. AXnnIfn
se {]PI IjvSsv Aev]w kkyw Dmnbmepw, hn\blo\cmb
aph AXns\ tamjvSnsSppp (AhcpsS cmPyv `Wma
apmIbm). cmPmm {]PIsf ]cn]menpXn hnapJcmbn
ocpp. ]ntcmK hnpp. ktIm]w DmIpp. {]P
I Zo\cpw lo\cpw arX Xpeycpambnocpp.
10. amtb{Pme IqlImIc\mKcmWmw
Km teJyKWnXmkv{XenZmwN hrnx
]n{]ojmbm \r]XtbmZvf `pX Zi\m\n
ZnXv knXpjvSnP\\m\n ]ckv]tciyx
11. hmm PKXyhnXYm hnIem{Xbo N
kayIv NcXy]n at\mcnhZ\oXnx
Aycw kz`n\nhnjvS[ntbmf {X tINn
Zm\znnIojp N]cw ]Zaolam\mx
12. lmky ZpXI hn_me \]pwkIm\mw
bpn tkXp Pe ]X hmkn\mw N
lmw ItcmXn arKemRvP\Px kztI_vZvtZ
amtkf Y hm{]NpcXmw `qhn Nuj[o\mw.
_p[ kwhcnp kzmanbmbncnptm amb, C{Pmew,
IplIw, Fnh sNphcpw, Km hnZym, teJ\w, KWnXw,
Akv{XhnZy Fnhbpw hrn {]m]npp. {]oXnsb Imanp cmPm
m AXv`pX Zi\fpw XpjvSnIcfpamb {Zhy ]ckv]cw
ssIamdn kn sNpp. PKn kXyhpw AhnIehpamb hm
bpw {Xbo hnZybpw kaymbn Ncnbvpp. a\phntXpt]mse Z
345

{]Imiknp

\oXn \Smpp. Ah\h\v A`ncpNnbp m\w GtXm AXn


a\pjycpsS _pn hym]npp. A{]Imcw B\znnInbn, ]ca]Zw
{]m]nm\mhpp. lmkym, ZqXm, IhnI, IpnI,
\]pwkI, bpnhmZnI, tkXp, Pew, ]XhmknI Fn
hscmw Xr]vXn]qw hknbvpp. `qanbn Huj[nI karn
bmbn Dmhpp.
13. [z\ncpcntXmf ztc ZypIman hn]ptcm
b arjmw a\mwkn`n
hnNcXy\niw ZzntPmam\mw
lrZbm\Itcmf zcmwi `mPmw
14. nXncpakkyhXyt\IZzn]]yiz
[t\m cptKmIpemVym
nXnss]c`n]me \{]hrm
ZypNckv]n P\mXZmhn`mXn.
15. hnhnss[wnbZpssXx]tbmssZhrXaqnw ]bkm `nXbZv`nx
kpccmPKptcmx ipt`{X htj
_lp kkymnXncpaZznbpm.
_rlkv]Xn kzmanbmbncns, bfn kzImanIfm
DcnsSp thZa{[z\nbm BImiw apJcnXamIpp. AXv
b zwkIcmb aycpsS am\ksf hnZoampIbpw
t{ijvT {_mlvaWcptSbpw bmwit`mPnIfpsSbpw lrZbs
B\nnbpw sNpp. nXn Da kkyhXnbmbn At\Iw B\,
Imem, Aizw, [\w, tKmIpew, Fnhbm BVybmbn, \ nXn
]mcm ]cn]menXbpw {]hrbpambnocpp. AXn\m `qanbnse
P\ tZhmsctmsebmbn {]` sNmcnbpIbm tZhmcn
kv] P\nnpp (`qanbnep `qtZhm kzhmknIfn
Akqb P\nnpp).
hnhn[ hfnep taL a[pc ckap Pem `qan
sb XWw sNpp. ip`Ichpw kky_lpehpamb `qanbn Da
amb A`nhrn kw`hnpp.
16. imeopaXy]n[cm [cWo [cm `[mcm
[tcmRvPnX ]bx ]cn]qmh{]m
346

{]Imiknp

{ioaXvktcmcplXXmw_pXSmKIom
tbmtjh `mXy`n\hm`ctWmzemwKo.
17. {Xw nXu]nX `qcn_emcn]
apZv LqjvSs\ IPb i_vZhncmhnXmiw
kwlrjvS injvS P\ZpjvS hn\jvS hmw
Kmw ]mebyh\n]m\Kcm IcmVyw
18. t]]o btX a[p a[u klIman\o `nPvtPKobtX {ihWlmcnkthWp hoWmw
t_m`pPytXf XnYnkplrXv kzPss\xklma_vtZ knXky aZ\ky PbmhtLmjx
ip{I kwhcns kzmanbmbncns Pew [cnv `mcw
Npa KncnirwKp Xpeyfmb taL (kvX\) tfmSp IqSnb
`qan, XSmIn \nv Ipfnod\mbn hv ]pXp]p B`cWf
Wnv DzemwKnbmb XcpWnsbtmse at\mlcnbmbncnpp.
imens\pw Icnpw [mcmfw hfcpp. i{Xpsf bnnpXpw,
t]mjnnpXpamb PbPb i_vZfm ZnpI apJcnXamp
`q]mem injvSmp ktmjhpw ZpjvSmp km]hpw hf
pp. hkEXphn a\pjy Iman\namtcmsSmv hmcw hmcw a[p
]m\w sNbvXv {ihW lmcnIfmb thWp Km\hpw hoWm\mZhpw DXn
pp. AXnYn, kplrp, _p FnhtcmsSmw
arjvSmw `pPnpp. C{]Imcw aZ\s PbmhtLmjw ip{Ihj
n apgpp.
19. DZvhr ZkypKpW `qcncWmIpem\n
cmjv{SmWyt\I ]iphnhn\mIrXm\n
tcmcqbamWv lX _pPss\ Pss\ivN
tcmtKm amIpe Ipem\n _p`pbmN.
20. hmtXmyXmw _p[chnXacoamcpKvW ss\IhnS]w N[cmXew Zyux
\jvSm N{IncWmXnctPmf h\z
tXmbmibmizhnPem, kcntXmf ]nXpx
21. PmXm\n Ip{X NnZtXmbXbmhn\mikrOn ]pjvSn a]cmWn PtemnXm\n
347

{]Imiknp

kkym\na\vZa`nhjXn hr{Xi{Xu
htjZnhmIckpXky kZm{]hrt.
i\n kzmanbmbncns tamjWw sNphcmepw bpfmepw
kakvX cmPyhpw hymIpeamIpp. ]ipfpw [\hpw \jvSamIpp.
_phntbmKm a\pjy Icbpp. hnipw tcmKfpw sImv
temIw hebpp. BImin taLw hcptmsgms Ahsb Im
Snv ]dnfbpp. Acow taL clnXhpw \ocmhn clnXhp
amIpp. `qanbmIs tcmKfm hebpp kqcyN{mcpsS IncW
t]mepw {]`mclnXfmWv. Pemib hpp. \ZnI Ir
imwKnIfmbnocpp. PecmlnXym [m\y CmXmhpp.
apNne efn shsmsSpXnI kw`hnpp. C{
[m\ysf \Ip Pes aaw am{Xw CShnv hjnpp.
22. AWp c]SpaYtJm \oNtKm ss\ntXmbm
\ kIe^eZmXm ]pjvSn tZmtXm\yYmbx
bZzip` aipt`f _vtZ amkPw Xkyhrnx
ip`^e a]nssNhw bm]yat\ym\yXmbm.
CXn {iohcmlanlncIrXu _rlXv kwln
Xmbmw {Klhj^etatIm\ hntimymbx
GsXmcp {Klw p{Zhpw, ]pjvSnbnm IncWtmSp IqSn
bXpw, \oNnXhpw, ap {Klm ]cmPbsXpw, Bbncnpp
thm, B {Klw kIe ^eZmXmhpw ]pjvSnZhpw BIm kmyXbn.
A{]Imcap {Klw kwhcnttbm amknttbm kzmanbmbn
cpm Aip` ^efpmhpw. adnmsWn ip`^ew e`npw.

348

{]Imiknp

Aymbw 20

{KlirwKmSIw
1. bkymw ZninZriyt hnin Xmcm{Klm chnw kt
`hXn `bw Znin Xkymambp[ tIm]p[mXssx
GXp ZnibnemtWm Xmcm{Kl khpw kqcy\n {]thin
pXpt]mse ImWsSpXv, B Znibn Bbp[ tIm]w, hniv,
ZpxJw FnhsImv `bw kw`hnpp.
2. N{I[\px irwKmSIZ]pc{]mkh{Pkwm\mx
pZhrjvSnIcmtemtI kacmb Nam\th{mWmw.
N{Iw, [\pv, irwKmSIw (NXpjv]Zw), Zw, ]pcw, {]mkw,
h{Pw FnhbpsS BIrXnbn {Kl hn\yknsXmbn
Ftm ImWppthm Atm hniv, AhrjvSn, cmPmm Xn
bpw FnhsImv temI IjvSsSpp.
3. bkvan kzwtiZriy{Klamem Zn\Itc Zn\mKtX
X{Xmt\ym`hXn \r]x ]cNt{Im]{ZhivNalm.
Zn\myn kqcyIncW AkvXan tijw AtX AwiI
n {Klame ZriyamIp]w B tZin (]ivNnatZiw) A\y
cmPmhns `cWw kw`hnpw (]pXnb `cWw hcpw). ]cN{In
(]qmtKmf tZin) almb D]{Zh AXn\m Gs
SpIbpw sNpw.
4. bkvan rt Ipcypx kamKaw X\m {Klml\ypx
Ahnt`Z\mx ]ckv]caae abqJmx inhmkvtXjmw
GXp \{XnemWv {KlfpsS kamKaw ({Klame) ImWp
Xv B \{Xns P\v hn\miw kw`hnpp. {Kl
]ckv]cw hnt`ZnmsX, Aae abqJtfmsS ImWsSp]w
ip`^eZmbIfmWv.
5. {Klkwh kamKaktmlkamP kn ]mXmJymx
tImitiztXyjm a`nLmtkyeWw k^ew.
349

{]Imiknp

{KlfpsS kwhw, kamKaw, ktmlw, kamPw, kn


]mXw, tImiw Fo \matfmSpIqSnb A`nLmXfpsS (tcmK
fpsS) eW AXmXp P\fn ImWsSpp.
6. GIt NXzmcx kl]ussc cymbnt\mf Yhm]
kwhtm \ma`thOn JncmlpbpXxk ktmlx
Hcp \{Xn ]uc{KltfmSpIqSn \mtem Atmbmbn
{KlfpsS tbmKw Im kwhw Fpw, cmlp tIXpfpsS
tbmKw Im ktmlsapw ]dbpp.
7. ]ucx]ucktatXmbmbn klbmbn\m kamPmJyx
ba PohkwKtaf t\ym b[ymKtOZm tImix
]uc{KltfmSv ]uc{Klfpw, bmbn {KltfmSv bmbn {Kl
fpw ktfnpXmWv kamPw. i\nbpw hymghpw kwKanncns,
AhnsS atsX-nepw Hcp {Klw IqSnhp tNcpXv tImiw.
8. DZnXx ]izmtZIx{]mIvNmt\ymbZn kn]mXmJyx
AhnIrXX\hx kv\nKvm hn]pemivN kamKta [\ymx
]ivNna`mKv Hpw ]q`mKv asmpw DZnncnpXv kn
]mXw. N{{Kl kamKan {KlKW hnImcclnXhpw kv\n
Kvhpw hn]pehpw Bb icoctfmsS [\yfmbn ImWsSpp.
9. kauXpkwh kamKamsJyu
ktmltImiu`bsZu{]Pm\mw
kamPkwx kpkax {]ZnjvtSm
sshc{]tIm]x Jepkn]mtX.
CXn {iohcmlanlnc IrXu_rlXv kwln
Xmbmw {KlirwKmSIw \mahnwiXn Xtamymbx
kwh, kamKav ka^ew. ktml tImi {]P
Iv `bapmpp. kamPn\v kpkaw: kn]mXn sshc
hpw tIm]hpw ^ew.

350

{]Imiknp

Aymbw 21

K`eWw
1. Aw PKXx{]mWmx {]mhrVv Imeky Nmambw.
bkvamZXx ]coyx {]mhrVvImex{]bXvt\\.
AamWv PKns {]mW. hjmew sImmWv Aw
e`yamIpXv. AXn\m {]bXv\nv hjIme ]co sNWw.
2. XWm\n ap\n`nym\n \n_m\nXm\n ZrjvtSzZw
{InbtX K]cmic Imiy] hmymZncNnXm\n.
Rm Cu K`eWw cNnncnpXv K, ]cmic, Imiy
], hmy apXemb ap\namcm hncNnXamb IrXnIsf k{iw
t\mnbnmWv.
3. ssZhhnZhlnXNntmZyp\niw tbmK`etW`hXn.
Xkyapt\cnh hmWo\`hXn anymw _p\ntti.
GsXmcp ssZhhnv (ssZh) AhlnX NntmsS
({i tI{oIcnv) cmI K`eWs a\\w sNppthm,
B ssZhhN\w, ap\nhmIyw t]msebmWv. AbmfpsS taLKWn
Xhpw Aw_p \ntihpw Hcnepw anybmhpIbn (sXntmhpI
bn).
4. InwhmXx ]ca\yOmkv{Xw PymtbmkvXn bZznZnssXzh
{]zwkn\y]nImte {XnImeZio Ieu`hXn
GsXmcp imkv{Xs Adnm, IenImepIqSn Hcm {Xn
Ime Zinbmbnocppthm B imkv{Xtm t{ijvTambn as
pv?
5. tINnZzZn ImnIipmaXoXy K` Znhkmx kypx
\Xp XXw _lp\mw KmZo\mw aXw hty
Nne ]dbpp, ImnI amknse ip]mynemWv
351

{]Imiknp

AXoXs K`Znhkw (Dev]n Zn\w) Fv. Fm Cu aXw


At\Iw t] kzoImcyambncpXpn. AXn\m KmZnIfmb
]qmNmcymcpsS aXw ]dbmw.
6. am incip] {]Xn]Xv{]`rXn ]mItcf jmVmw
]qmwhm kap]KtX K`mWmw eWw tbwamioj (B{KlbW) n ip]{]Xn]Zn N{
]qmjmV \{Xn \nptmgmWv K`eWw AdntbXv.
7. b{Xap]KtX K`ivNt{`thXv N{himXv.
]\htX Zn\itX Xss{Xh {]khambmXn.
GXp \{Xn N{ \nptm taL K`w [cnpp
thm ApapX 195 N{Zn\w Ignm B K`n\v {]khZn\w
Bbn (195 XnYn= 6 amkw 15 Znhkw= 13 ]w).
8. knX]`hmx IrjvtW ipt IrjvWmZypkw`hmcm{Xu
\w {]`hmizml\n kymPmXmizkybmbmw.
ip]n kw`hnv K`w IrjvW]nepw, IrjvW
]n kw`hn K`w ip]nepw, Zn\n kw`hn
K`w cm{Xnbnepw, cm{Xn kw`hn K`w ]Iepw, kybvp kw`hn
K`w hn]coX kybnepw {]`hnpp.
9. arKiojmZymK`m a^emx ]ujkyIrjvW
]tW \nZvtZti {OmhWkyknXw.
am iojmZnbnepw ]uj ip]nepw PmXamb K`w
a^ew Xcpp. ]ujIrjvW]w sImpthWw {imhWnse
ip]Imes agsb \ntinm.
10. amLkntXmm K`mx {imhW Irtj {]kqXnambmn
amLky IrjvW ]tW \nZvZotiXv `m{Z]Zipw.
amLamknse ip]n DXv`hn taLK`amWv {imh
Wnse IrjvW]n {]khnv agXcpXv. amLIrjvW
]m thWw `m{Z]Z ip]nse ag \ntintXv.
352

{]Imiknp

11. ^mKp\ ipkapm `m{Z]ZkymkntX


hn\ntiymx Xsskyh IrjvW ]tmZv`hmkvXp
tb tXf izbpIvipt.
^mKp\ ip]n Db K`w `m{Z]Zns IrjvW
]n s]pw. ^mKp\ IrjvW]nse taLw Bizn\n
se ip]n {]khnpw.
12. ssN{XknX]PmXmx IrjvtWf
izbpPky hmcnZmK`mx
ssN{XmknX kw`qXmx ImnI iptf `nhjn. ssN{X ip
]n P\n K`w Bizn\IrjvW ]n Pew \Ipw.
ssN{X IrjvW]nepmbXv ImnIamknse ip]
n hjnpw.
13. ]qtmZv`qXmx ]izmZ]tcmmx {]mKv`hn PoaqXmx
tijmkz]nZntzhw hn]cytbm`hXnhmtbmivN.
]qZnn D taL ]ivNnaZnn DXv`hnhbmWv.
]ivNna Znibnse taL ]qZnn P\nhbmWv. C{]Imcw
tijw ZniIfnepw hmbphn\m taLv hn]cybw kw`hnpp.
14. mZn arZqZIzoO hi{IZnKv`thm amcptXm hnbZvhnaew
kv\nKv knX_lpe ]cnthj
]cnhrXu lnaabqJmu.
DcZnv, Cuim\tIm, ]qZni FnhnSfnse Imv
BImis hnaehpw, B\Ichpw, Acos arZpehpam
pp. Amev N{kqcym kv\nKvhpw, shfppw, [mcmfw
]cnthjfm ]cnhrXambpw ImWsSpp.
15. ]rYyp_lpe kv\nKvL\w L\kqNn
pcI temlnXm `qbpXw
ImIm taNIm`w hnbZzniptp \{Xw.
qehpw \ kv\nKvhpamb taL, pcIs teml
nt]msetbm kqNnt]msetbm D taL, Imap t]mse
tbm, abn]oen t]msetbm tim`bp taL FnhtbmSpIqSnb
BImin hnipamb N{\pw \{Xfpw Xnfpp.
353

{]Imiknp

16. kpc Nm] a{KnX hnZypXv {]XnkqcyImx


ip`mkym iin inh i{Imimm;
imchmx ]narKkwLmx
aghnv, CSnapgw, {]XnkqcyIw, an ]nW ChItfmSpIqSn
DcZnibnepw Cuim\tImWnepw ]qZnibnepw taL Dcpp
IqSptm, i_vZ imamb ]n arKkwLtfmSpIqSnb ip`
kyI awKfIcfpw caWobfpamWv.
17. hn]pemx {]ZnWNcmx kv\nKvabqJm{Klm
\ncp]kx XchivN \ncp]a krjvSmw Ipcm
\cNXpjv]Zm lrjvSmx
hn]peambn, {]ZnWw sNbvXp kcnphbmb, kv\nKv
IncWfmb {Kl \ncp]{ZhfmWv. hr ]pXnb Xfncp
ItfmSpw \cmcpw \mmenIfpw B\tmSpw K`]pjvSamb
EXpsh kzmKXw sNpp.
18. K`mWmw ]pjvSnIcmx ktjmtahtbmf {XXp hntijx
kzpkz`mh P\ntXmK` hnhru Xa`nLmtky.
K`ns ]pjvSn kpw C{]Imcw hntij EXphmWv.
kz`mhP\nXamb K`ns hrnhnjbspdnmWv ChnsS
]dXv.
19. ]utj kam iotj kymcmtKmw_pZmxk]cn thjmx
\mXy arKiotj ioXw ]utjf Xnlna]mXx
B{KlmbW]uj amkfn taLfn kymcmK tim`
bpw ]cnthj aehpw Im am iojn (B{KlmbWw)
XWpp ITn\ambncnpw: ]ujn AXnlna]mXw Dmhpw.
20. amtL{]_temhmbpkvXpjmcIepjZypXn chniimsu
AXnioXwKL\kyNZmt\m ckvtXmZsbu [s\yu.
amLamkn iamb hmbp (Imv) ASnpIbpw kqcy N{
_nw_v Xpjmc kam\amb IepjZypXnImWpIbpw sNbvXm
AXnioXw Dmhpw. taLtfmSpIqSnbXn\m kqcys DZbmkvXa
b ImWm {]bmkamhpw.
354

{]Imiknp

21. ^mKp\amtk cqNx ]ht\m{`kwhmxkv\nKvx


]cnthjmizmkIemx I]nekvXmt{am chnivNip`x
^mKp\amkn cqamb NamcpX kv\nKvfmb
taLsf ASnp]cnfbpw. kqcy_nw_w I]netam Xm{atam
hn ]cnthjtmSpIqSn ZriyamIpw.
22. ]h\ L\hrjvSnbpm ivssNt{X K`mx ip`mx k]cn
thjmx L\]h\kenehnZypXvkX
v \ossXivN lnXmb himtJ.
ssN{Xn K`w ]h\, taLw, ag, ]cnthjw FnhtbmsS
ImWsm ip`amWv. sshimJn taLw, Imv, \ocmhn, an,
CSnapgw FnhtbmSptN K`w ip`IcamWv.
23. apm cPX\nImimkvX ame \otemev]emRvP\m`mkx
PeNckXzm Imcm Kt`jpL\mx {]`qXPemx
24. Xo{hZnhmIcIncWm`nXm]nXm aamcpXm PeZmx
cqjnXm ch [mcm`n hnkyPyw `x{]khImte.
apv, shn, Fnh t]msetbm Xamew, \otemev]ew, ARvP
\w FnhbpsS tim`tbmSpIqSntbm, PeNcfpsS BIrXnbpXp
amb taLK`n \nv Pew hjnsSpw. Xo{hamb kqcyIncW
fm A`nX]nsXpw aamcpX\m ]Xps NennsXp
amb taL {]khImev cqjnXambn [mcmfw ag hjnpw.
25. Kt`m]LmX enwKm \ypmi\n ]mwkp]mX ZnKvZmlmx
nXnIkz]pc IoeItIXp{Klbp\nLmXmx
sshIrX]cntL{[\pwjn Zi\w cmtlmx
26. cp[ncm[nhrjvSn
CXyXv ]mssXtc`nkv{Xw hnss[izmss\yltXm K`x
D, Ai\n, ]mwkp]mXw, ZnKvZmlw, `qIw, K \Kcw
(kz]pcw) IoeIw, tIXp, {Klbpw, \nLmXw, cp[nchrjvSn, ]cnLw,
C{[\pv, cmlpZi\w, apXemb Fm Dev]mXfptam GsXnepw
aqv Dev]mXfptam Im K`\miw kw`hnpw. ]ns ag Inp
Ibn.
355

{]Imiknp

27. kzp kz`mh P\nssXx kmamss\ysscy essW hrnx


K`mWmw hn]cossXkvssX tchhn]cytbm `hXn.
AXmXp EXp kz`mhm Dmhp kmam\y eW
Im K`hrnbpw, hn]coX eWw Im K`\mihpamWv
`hnpI.
28. `m{Z]ZmZzb hnizmw_pssZhss]Xma tljzYjp
ktjpEXpjphnhrtm Kt`m _lptXmbtZm `hXn.
kEXpfnepw shv `m{Z]Z Zzbfnepw (Dc, ]q, `m{Z
]Z), ]qmjmV, DcmjmVfnepw tcmlnWnbnepw Dm
Ip K`amWv hnhrambn [mcmfw Pew XcpXv.
29. iX`njKmtjm{ZmkzmXnaLm kwbpX; ipt`m K`;
]pjvWmXn _lq Znhkm lypXv]mssX lXm kv{Xn hnss[.
iX`njIv, Btjw, B{Z, kzmXn, aLw FnhtbmSp tN
K`w ip`ZmbIamWv. Ah At\I Znhkw t]mjnns DXv]mX
sf aqp hn[n \innpp.
30. arK amkmZn, jzjvSu jSv tjmUi hnwiXnXppm.
hnwiXn cY Znhk{Xb taIX atW ]iy.
Ftm N{ taev]d Ap \{Xfn Hn \np
pthm Atm B{KlmbWw (am iojw) apX sshimJw
hscbp Bdpamkfn 8,6,16,24,24,3-0 Fns\ {Iam\pkrXamb
Zn\fn [mcmfw ag Inpw.
31. {Iqc {Kl kwbpt IcImi\n ay hjZm K`mx
iin\n chu hmip` kwbptXntX `qcnhrjvSnIcm.
{Iqc{KltmSp tNncpm K`w hjnpXv IcItam
Ai\ntbm aytam Bbncnpw. kqcyt\m N{t\m ip`{KltmSp
tNncntbm ip`{Klm honsSpItbm sNbvXm [m
cmfw hjnpw.
32. K` katbf XnhrjvSn`m `mhmb \n\nanIrXm
t{ZmWmjvSmwtif iy[ntIhrjvtS K`x kvXrtXm `hXn;
356

{]Imiknp

K`kabp Xs AXnhrjvSn kw`hnm K`m `mhw ]dbmw.


{]tXyInpw B AXnhrjvSn {]tXyInv \nansampw IqSmsX Dm
bXmsWn! Hcp t{ZmWns AjvSmwin A[nIw hjnm
K`\jvSamWv ^ew.
33. K`; ]pjvS; {]kth {Ktlm ]LmXmZn`ncyZn \ hrjvSx
Bob K` katb IcIm an{iw ZZmXyw `;
]pjvSambn ]q hnImkw {]m]n K`w {Ktlm]LmXmZn
Ifm hjnmXncpm {]khImev Bob K`kabv
IcItmSv kn{iamb Pew Xcpw.
34. ImTn\yw bmXn bYm NncImeLrXw ]b; ]bkzn\ym;
ImemXoXw XZzhXv kenew ImTn\y ap]bmXn.
F{]Imcw ]bkzn\nIfmb ]ipfpsS ]men \npmb s\v
Gsdmew Ccpv ImTn\yw {]m]nppthm AXpt]mse Imeam
bnpw hjnmsX taLns Ccnp Pew ImTn\yw {]m]n
pp.
35. ]\nanss; iXtbmP\w XZmtaIlm\ymX;
hjXn]kamm{Zqt]ssWhtbm K`;
GXp K`w Ap \nanfm ]pjvSamIppthm B K`w
\qdp tbmP\ Zqcw hsc hym]nv hjnpp. GsXnepw Hcp \nan
ns A`mhw sImv \qdp tbmP\bpsS Aw hsc hym]nv h
jnpp.
36. t{ZmW; ]\nant Kt` {XoWymVIm\n ]ht\\
jUv hnZypXm \hm ss{`; kvX\n tX\ZzmZi {]kth.
AXmbXv \mep \nanap K`w 50 tbmP\ (200 tImiw), aqp
\nanapXv 25 tbmP\ (100 tImiw), cp \nanapXv 12 tbmP\
(50 tImiw), Hcp \nanapXv 5 tbmP\ (20 tImiw) hsc hjw
Xcpw. ]\nanI K`w Hcp t{ZmWw Pew hjnpw. ]h\ \nan
IambXv aqv BVIhpw, sshZypXn \nanambXv Bdv BVIhpw
Pehjw Xcpw.
357

{]Imiknp

37. ]h\ kene hnZypZv KnXm{`m\zntXmb;


k `hXn _lptXmb; ]cq]m iyp t]X;
hnkrPXn bZn tXmbw K`Imte Xn`qcn {]kh
kabanXzm ioIcmw`; ItcmXn
CXn {io hcml anlncIrXu _rlXv
kwlnXmbmw K`eW taIhnwtim ymb.
GsXmcp K`w ]h\, Pew, sshZypXn, KnXw (CSn), A{`w
(taLw) Fo Ap \nantfmSp tNncnppthm B K`w
[mcmfw Pew Xcpw. GsXmv K`ImepXs [mcmfw Pew hjn
ppthm AXv {]kh kabv PeIWw Xpn Xpnbmbn am{Xw
Xcpw.

358

{]Imiknp

Aymbw 22

K` [mcWw
1. tPyjvTkntXf jvSaym Xzmtcmhmbp [mcWm Znhkm;
arZpip` ]h\m; ikvXm; kv\nKv[ L\ KnXKK\m.
tPyjvTamknse ip ]mjvSan apX \mep Znhktv
hmbphns K`[mcW ZnhkfmWv. KK\w arZpeamb ip`]h\\m
epw kv\nKvL\fmepw t{ijvTambnocpp.
2. Xss{Xh kzmXymsZyhrjvtS `NXpjvStb {Iamamkm;
{imhW]qm tbmw ]cnkvXrXm [mcWmkvXm; kyp;
AXn kzmXn apXemb \mep \{Xfn hjw kw`hn
p ]w {imhWw apX {Ianep \mep amkfn hrjvSn
e`npIbn.
3. bZnXm; kyptcI cq]m; ip`mkvXX; kmcmkvXp
\ inhmbXkvIc`bZm; t{]mm;
tmImzm]y{X hmknjvTm;
Cu \mep Zn\fn GsXnepsamv ip`^eZmbnbmbnpw
asmv Aip` ^eZmbnbmbnpw Im XkvIc`bapmIpsav
hknjvT aljnbpsS tmIw ]dbpp.
4. khnZypX; k]rjX; k]mw kqXv IcamcpXm;
km N{ ]cnOm [mcWm; ip`[mcWm;
sshZypXn (Zman\n), ]rjXw (PeIWw), s]mSn]SetmSpIqSnb
Imv, kqcyN{msc BhcWw sNbvX taLw Fns\bp K`
[mcWw ip` K` [mcWamWv.
5. bZmXp hnZypX; t{ijvTm;
ip`mim{]Xyp]nXmx
XZm]n kkkym\mw
hrnw {_qbmXvhnNW.
359

{]Imiknp

t{ijvTamb sshZypXn ip`Icamb ZniIfn D]nXambncnp


tm k kkypw A`nhrnbpmhpsav m\nI
]dbpp.
6. k]mwkphjm; km
ip`m _me{Inbm A]n
]nWmw kpkzcmhmNm;
{IoVm ]mw ip PemZnjp.
IpnI s]mSn sImpw Pew sImpw hjnp IfnbvpXp
t]msebp hjw ip`IcamWv. ]nI s]mSnbnepw Penepw
IfnpsImv a[pckzcw DXnpXpw ip`hj kqNIamWv.
7. chn N{ ]cnthjm;
kv\nKvm \mXyZqjnXm;
hrjvSnkvXZm]n hntbm
k kkym`nhrtb.
kqcy N{mcpsS ]cnthjw kv\nKvambpw AXyw ZqjnXam
sXbpw Ccpm \ agbpw k kkypw A`nhrnbpw
DmhpsadnbWw.
8. taLm; kv\nKvm; kwlXmiv
{]ZnW KXn{Inbm;
XZm kymlXn hrjvSn;
k kkym km[nIm.
CXn hcmlanlnc IrXu _rlXv kwlnXmbmw
taL K` [mcWw \ma Zzmhnw timf ymb.

360

{]Imiknp

Aymbw 23

{]hjWw
1. ssPjvTymw kaXoXmbmw ]qmjmVm Znk{hrjvtS\.
ip`aiq`w hm hmNyw ]cnWmaw Nmw`kkvXssx
tPyjvTbnse ]uanbn hjapmb tijw ]qmjmV
\{Xnepw hjw kw`hnm agbpsS ]cnamWw (Afhv), AXp
sImpmImhp ip`mip` Fnh m\nIp {]hNnmw.
2. lkXvhnimew IpI a[nIrXmw_p
{]amW \ntix ]miXv]eamVI
at\\ an\pbmRvPew ]XnXw.
Hcp In IpIw (Hcp ]m{Xw) FSpv Pens {]amWw
\ntinWw (Hcp lkvXw hnimeamb ]m{Xw agbv shv AXn
\ndbp shns Afh\pkcnv hjw {]hNnWw). ]m{Xn
s Afhv AXp ]eamWv. ]m{Xw shw sImp \ndbp ]w
agbpsS ]cnamWw Hcp BVIw (Hcp ]d).
3. tb\ [cn{Xo ap{Zm P\nXm hm]nhkvXrWmt{Kjp
hrjvtS\ tX\ hmNyw ]cnamWx hmcnWx {]Yaw.
ag hogptm `qanta ap{ZI P\nnpItbm, ]ppp
Ifn Pe_np ImWpItbm sNbvXm B hjn \nmWv
Pens {]Ya ]cnamWw (BZys Afhv) ]dtbXv.
4. tINnZyYm `nhrjvSw Zi tbmP\
aew hZyt\y K hknjvT
]cmic aX taXZv ZzmZ im ]cw.
Nne ]dbpp ImWmhp Zqcnep agbpsS AfhmWsXv.
ap NnecpsS A`n{]mbw ]ptbmP\ aens hjamsW
mWv. K, hknjvT, ]cmic FnhcpsS aX{]Imcw 12
tbmP\ (48 tImiw) bpsS AIv FmWv.
361

{]Imiknp

5. tbjpNt`jz`nhrjvSw `qbkvtX tjzhhjXn {]mbx


bZn \m]ym Znjp hrjvSw ktjp XZmXz \m hrjvSnx
GXp \-{XnemtWm hjapmbXv, AtX \{Xfn
{]khImev ag hjnpp. ]qmjmVw apX aqew hscbp
\{Xfn Hn hjw Dmbnsn k \{Xnepw
A\mhrjvSn Xs ^ew.
6. lkvXm]y kuay Nn{Xm ]ujvWm[\njvTmkp
tjmUi t{ZmWmx iXm`njssK{
kzmXnjp NXzmcx IrnImkp Zix
N{ Aw, ]qmjmVw, aIbncw, Nn{X, tchXn, [\njvTw
Fnhbn \nptm 16 t{ZmWw ag Inpw. iXm`njw, tPyjvT,
kzmXn Fnhbn 4 t{ZmWw; ImnIbn 10 t{ZmWw.
7. {ihtW aLm\pcm[m`cWo
aqtejp Zim NXpcypmx
^Kp\ymw ]IrXnx
]p\ku hnwiXn t{ZmWx
8. sF{m{KmtJy sshtizhnwiXn
kmt`N Zi {Xy[nImx
Bln _p[v\ymavWm
{]mPm]tXyjp ]IrXn
9. ]ZimtP]ptjy IonXm
N hmPn t` Zi ZzuN
cut{Z jvSmZi IYnXm t{ZmWm
\ncp]{Zth tjzjp
XncpthmWw, aIw, A\ngw, `cWn, aqew Fnhbn 14, ^mKp\n
bn 15, ]p\kphn 20, hnimJw, Dc BjmVw Fnhbn 20,
Btjn 13, Dc `m{Z]Znepw Dc ^mKp\nbnepw tcmln
Wnbnepw 15, ]q`m{Z ]Znepw ]qbnepw AizXnbnepw 12, B{Z
bn 18- Cs\ ag ]dbmw. CsXmw N{ \ncp]{Zh eW
tfmSp IqSn ImWsmemWv.
10. chn chnkpX tIXp ]oVntX t`
nXn X\b {Xnhn[mZv `qXmltX N
362

{]Imiknp

`hXn ln \inhw \ Nm]nhrjvSnx


ip`klntX \ncp]{Zthinhw N.
CXn {iohcml anlnc IrXu _rlXvkwlnXmbmw
{]hjWw \ma {Xtbm hnwtimf ymbx
Cu \{X kqcy, i\n, tIXp, Fnhbm ]oVnXtam,
sNmbpsS {Xnhn[w AXv`pXfm XmVnXtcm BsWn ag
InpIbn. ip`{KltfmSpIqSn \ncp]{Zhfmbncpm ip`^ew
Xcpw.

363

{]Imiknp

Aymbw 24

tcmlnWotbmKw
1. I\Iinem NbhnhcPXcpIpkpamkwKnw a[pIcm\pcptX
_lphnlK Ielkpc bphXn KoX a{kzt\m]ht\
2. kpc \neb inJcn inJtc _rlkv]Xn \mcZmb bm\ml
K]cmicImiy]abmivN bmnjy kwtLiyx
{`ac ]qfn BkntbmSpIqSv Xv[wImcw apgn Nppw
]dpXpw, At\Iw ]nIfpsS IfKoXw apgpXpw, tZhkv{Xo
IfpsS KoX a{kzcw ]cpXpamb tZhtemIns sImSpapSnbn
se D]h\n hrphnse I\Iinebn Ccpv _rlkv]Xn
\mcZ\v D]tZinpsImSpXpw, K, ]cmic, Iiy], ab
apXembhcm XmmfpsS injykwLp ]TnnsXp
amb N{s tcmlnWotbmKw ]dbmw.
3. Xm\htemIy bYmhXv {]mPm ]tXyp k{tbmKmm
kzev] {Kt \mlw Xmt\hmiypZytXm hpw.
B ]qPcpsS IrXnIsf t\mn, {]Pm]Xn (tcmlnWn) tbm
Sp Cphns kw{]tbmKmw Cu sNdnb {Kn ]dbp
Xn\v Rm DZyp\mbncnpp.
4. {]tPi amjmV Xan{k ]t
]m ItctWm]KXw kaoy
hhyanjvSw PKtXmf ip`w hm
imkvt{Xm ] tZimZv {Kl NntI\.
BjmV amknse IrjvW ]n tcmlnWn N{t\mSp
tNcpXpsImv PKns ip`mip` imkvt{Xm]tZia\pkcnv
{Kl NnIm ]dbpp.
5. tbmtKm bYm \mKXv Gh hmNyx
k [njvWb tbmKx IctW atbmx
364

{]Imiknp

N{ {]amWZypXn hamsscpXv ]mX ]mssX ivN ^ew \nKZyw.


tcmlnWn tbmKw kw`hnpw appXs AXv F{]Imcw Ccnpw
Fv {]hNnm km[npw. Fs IcW {Kn (]knm
nI) B [njvWb tbmKw ]dp Ignp. N{ {]amWw, ZypXn,
hw, amw, DXv]mX ]mXw Fnh sImmWv Cu ^e {]hN\w.
6. ]pcmZpZKyXv ]pc]ntXmf ]n hmew
{XytlmjnXkvX{X lpXmi Xev]cx
{Klm k \{X KWm kamentJXv
k[q] ]pjvss] _en`nivN ]qPtbXv.
AKv\ycm[I XfpsS ]pcfpsS ]qtmc ZniIfnembn
B ip` thfbn \{XKWtfmSpIqSnb {KlfpsS Nn{Xw
BteJ\w sNbvXv [q]w, ]pjv]w, _en FnhtbmSpIqSnb ]qP
sNpp.
7. kcXv\ tXm buj[n`nivNXpnimw
Xcp {]hmem]nlnssXx kp]qPnssXx
AImeaqssex Ie ssicewIrXw
IpimkvXrXw neamhtkZznPx
cXv\w, tXmbw, Huj[nI, hrfncpI FnhIfm
AewIrXhpw kp]qPnXhpamb Iei \mep ZniIfnepap aqe
Ifn shv, Ipipp hncn b thZnIfn {_mlvaW Ccn
bvpp.
8. Beiy at{W alm{htX\
_oPm\n kmWn \n[mb Ipwt`
mhym\n NmaoIc Z`tXmssb tlmtam acpZzmcpW kuayass{x
alm{hXsa \matmSpIqSnb a{m k _oPtf
bpw B a{Ww sNbvXv kzw, Z`, Pew, FnhtbmSpIqSn Ipw`
n \nt]nv, mhnXw sNbvXv amcpXw, hmcpWw, kuayw Fo
a{tfmSpIqSn tlmaw sNpp.
365

{]Imiknp

9. vWmw ]XmImaknXmw hnZymZ {]amWw {XnKptWm {OnXmw N


B Zu IrtX ZnKv {KltW \`kzm
{KmlymkvXbm tbmK KtX iimt.
N{tbmKw kw`hnptm ]{p lkvXw \ofap Z
nt \mep lkvXw hepap Idp ]XmII sIpp. BZy
Znhkw B ]XmI F{X Wt\cw GXp Znibntev Nenpp
Fp \nbnv Imns KXn Adnbpp.
10. X{Xmamkmx {]lsscnIev]ym
hjm \nanw ZnhkmkvX Zw ssix
kthy\ KORv{Op`Zx kssZh
bkvan {]XnjvTm _ehm k hmbpx
Hcp {]lcw hsc Htc Znibn Imp hoinbm 15 Znhkw hj
apmhpw. ]noSv hmbpkmc Imew t\mn Znhkns Awiw
\nbnWw ({imhWw apX ImnI amkw hscbp \mep
amknse Fp]n\v Hv, cp]n\v Hv, cv Awi
m \ntinWw). Cu hn[n hmbp kcnm thKw ip`
Zmbnbmb ag e`npw. Htc \nbX eWn Htc Znibn Xs
kcnp _ehm\mb hmbphns\ B Znibn {]XnjvTmhm
Bbn Adnbpp.
11. hrtXp tbmtK f pcn Xm\nbm\n
kol_oPm\n LrXm\n Ipwt`
tbjmwXp tbmw f timw f IpcnXkvXZwikvtXjmw hnhrnw kapss]Xn \m\yx
LrXtmSpIqSn Ipw`n \nt-]ns b_oPfn
GtXXv Apcnppthm Ahbvv hrn kw`hnpXmWv. ap
hbvv A`nhrn kw`hnbnsv {]hNnmw.
12. im ]narKcmhnXm Zntim
\new hnbZ\nntXmf \nex
ikytX iin\n tcmlnWobptXx
taLamcpX ^em\n hNvayXx
366

{]Imiknp

13. IzNn ZknX knssXx knssXx IzNn


IzNnZknssX`qPssK cnhmw_p hmsslx
henX Pwc ]rjvTam{X Zrssix
kv^pcnXXUn {Zkss\hrXw hnimssex
14. hnIknX IatemZcmhZmssXccpW IcZypXncRvPn tXm]IWvssTx
NXpcnXanh hnbZzss\nNnss{X
[pcIcIpwIpaInwipImhZmssXx
15. AknXL\ \ncptah hmNmenX XSnXv kpc Nm] Nn{XnXw
Zzn] alnjIpemIpeoIrXw h\anh Zmh]coX aw_cw.
16. AY hmRvP\ssie inem \nNb{]Xncq][sscx KnXw KK\w
lna aunIiwJiim IcZypXn lmcn`ncw_p[ssc cYhm.
17. XSnssZzaIssemIm{KZssx
kv{XhZzmcn Zmss\ z eXv {]mlkvssXx
hnNnt{Xt{Nm]ztPm {Omb timss`kvXamemen\ossehrXw Nm_vZ\mssKx
18. kym\pct \`mknnXm\manohciymacpNmw L\m\mw
hrm\n ]oXmw_c thjvSnXky
Imnw ltctizmcbXmw bZmhm.
19. k inJn NmXI Zpc \n kzss\cyZn hn[n{inX k{]Spkz\mx
J ahXXyZnK hnew_n\x
keneZmx keneuLapNx nXu
BImiw Nnetm Idppw shfppw Iepw, Nnetm shfp
pw, Nnetm Idppw, Pehmlnbmb `pPwKstmse Nnetm
PTcw am{Xhpw Nnetm ]rjvTw am{Xhpw Nnetm \m`n am{Xhpw
ZrjvSambpw, kv^pcnp XSnXIfmepw CSnapgtmSpw IqSnbXm
bpw hnimeambpw D taLfm BhrXamIpp. hnS Xmacbp
sS DZcw t]mse at\mlcamb AcpWtim`tbmSpw, Nppw At\Iw
hnNn{Xhpw, a[pIchpw, Ippa InwipI ]pjv] kZrihpamb h
]Spw. IrjvW taLfm tim`mbam\ambpw BImiw
{]tim`npp. IrjvWtaL Nenp hnZypXIfmepw aghnm
367

{]Imiknp

epw Nn{XmnXambnmWpp. B\Ipw alnjIpw BIpeX


bpmp ImpXo ]S almh\w t]mse Aw_cw tim`bmn
pp. AYhm ARvPe ssie inemJ t]mep taL
fm BImiw BhrXamIpp. lnaw, apv, iwJv, N{ IncWw Fn
hbpsS tim`sb lcnp Aw_pZ BImiv \ncpp.
annWcpIfmIp sslaImkfpw, _emIfmIp
A{KZfpw, {khnp PeamIp aZPehpambn {`mcq]n
Nenphbpw, hnNn{X cq]nIfpw Bbn, C{s Db sImSnqd
Ifm (zPw) AerXambn, XamekZritam \oe hns kZri
tam Bb hap B\qsftmsebp taL BIm
iv \ncpp. kymcmKw ]Sv tim`bm BImin \oe
] kZrifmb taLhr ]oXmw_cw [cn lcnbpsS Imn
sb lcnpsImpw, abn, NmXIw, Zpcw, apXembhbpsS kpkzc
tfmsSmw taLK\w ktfnpsImpw Jn (BImi
n) ZnKsf hym]np ]cp taL `qanbvv [mcmfw
Pew Xcpp.
20. \nlKnI cqss]e [cPmsse
iylahcpw Zzl aYhmlx
bZnhnbtZhw `hXn kp`nw
apZnXP\mN {]NpcPem`qx
taev]d cq]fn Pew [cn taL-q ctm aqtm
Znhkw \`n \np ]w kp`nw Dmhpw. `qanbn [m
cmfw ag e`npIbm P\ B\`cnXcmhpw.
21. cqsscXvssmcpXmn {]tZsslcpjv{S zmw t{]XimJm arKmss`x
At\yjmw hm \nnXm\mw kcqss]qssIizm_vssZminhw \m]n hrjvSnx
cqambn hoip Aev] hmbphm saen icoctmSpIqSn,
HIw, Im, t{]Xw, Ipcv apXembhbpsS BIrXnbntem, AXp
t]mep ap \nnXcq]fntem, i_vZclnXambn (CSn IqSmsX)
taLw Im Aip`amWv; ag InpIbn.
368

{]Imiknp

22. hnKX Lt\hm hnbXn hnhkzm\marZp abqJx keneIrtZhw


kc Ch ^pw \ninIpapZmVyw
JapVp hnipw b ZnN kphrjvssS
taL HpanmsXbpw, kqcy XovW IncWtfmSp IqSn
bncpm ag e`npw. cm{Xnbn ^p IpapZ \nd \ne
kcs t]mse BImiw \{Xfm hnipambnmepw
kphrjvSn ^ew.
23. ]qtmZv `qssXxkky\njv]nc_vssZ cmKvt\bmim kw`sshcKv\ntIm]x
bmtay kkyw obtX ss\cytXyf w
]mPvPmssXx tim`\m hrjvSnc_vssZx
]q Znn DXv`hn taL kkyv A`nhrn Dm
pp. BKvt\b tImWn DXv`hnh AKv\n tIm]w Dmpp.
ZnW Znnse taLw kkyw bnnpp. ss\cyXn tImWn
DXv AXns ]IpXn ^ew Xcpw. ]ivNna Znn P\nXv tim`\
amb hrjvSn Xcpp.
24. hbmthymXvssYmXhrjvSnx IzNn
]pjvSm hrjvSnx kuayImjvTm kapXvssYx
t{ijvTw kkyw mWpZnIv k{hrssmbpivssNhw Znp[t ^em\n.
hmbp tImWn P\n taLw ImtmSpIqSnb ag sImphcpp.
DcZnibnse taLw ]pjvSamb ag Xcpp. Cuim\tImWnse ta
Lw t{ijvTamb [m\ysf karampp. \mepZnn \npw
k{hramIp Imns Dev]nsImpw taLp ]d
AtX ^e {]hNnmw.
25. Dm \n]mXm kvXSntXmf i\n
ZnKvZml \nLmX alo {]Imx
\mZm arKmWmw k ]X{XnWmw N
{KmlymbssYhmw_p[cmkvXssYh
369

{]Imiknp

tcmlnWntbmK thfbn D hogpItbm, annW, Ai\n


]mXw, ZnKvZmlw, \nLmXw, `qIw Fnh kw`hntbm, arK]n
IfpsS i_vZtImemlew tItbm sNbvXm taLeWw ]d
Xpt]mses ^ew {Klnmw.
26. \mamw InssXkvssXcpZKmZnIpwss`x
{]ZnWw {imhWamk]qssx
]qssx kamkx keneky ZmXm
kvXrssXc hrjvSn ]cnIev]yaqss\x
tcmlnWn tbmKn agshw ]Xnbvptm Dcw apX
emb \mep ZnpIfnembn {imhWw apX ImnI hscbp \mep
\{X {]ZnW {Ian m]nXambncpm, AXmXp
\{X Pe]qambn \ ag Xcpw. GXv I]men (Ipw`
nse \{Xw DZnpnsbm AhnsS hrjvSn Dmhpw.
27. Ass\ivN Ipwss`\r]\ma Nnlvss\ZvtZimw InX izm]y]ssckvXssYh.
`Kvss\x kvXr ssXcyq\ Psse kp]qt
-`mKym\n hmNym\n bYm\p cq]w.
CXpt]mse, ]dbs cmP\mapw tZi\mapw D
Nnlv\fnepw ZniIfnepw {]ZnW {Ian Hcp Znhkw m]nX
ambpw ASp Znhkw `Kv\ambpw ImWsSpItbm, Pe]qamtbm
Pe hncfXtbmSpIqSntbm ImWsSpItbm sNbvXm, bYm\pcq]
ambn {Klnv AXmXp tZimp `mKyw {]hNnmw.
28. ZqctKm \nIStKmf Yhm iio
ZntW]YnX bYmXYm nXx
tcmlnWow bZnbp\n kYm
IjvStahPKtXm hn\nZvZntiXv.
N{ Zqcmbmepw ASpmbmepw ZnW]Yn tcmlnWn
bp\mbn Im PKn\v IjvSXI Dmhpsav ]dbmw.
29. kv]rirZKymXn bZm iimkvXZm kphrjvSnlptem]kx
Akwkv]rit\ymKapZIv ktaXx
ItcmXn hrjvSnw hn]pemw inhwN.
370

{]Imiknp

tcmlnWnbpsS Dc`mKp \{Xsf kv]inpsImv


N{ kcnm [mcmfw ag e`nbvpsaXp am{Xa, ag sImv
D]khpw kw`hnpw. tcmlnWntbmKw IqSmsX Dc Znibnse
\{Xfn kcnm awKfIcamb kphrjvSn kw`hnpw.
30. tcmlnWo iISaykwntX
N{akyicWoIrXm P\mx
Izm]nbmn inipbmNnXmi\mx
kqcyX]vX ]nTcmw_p]mbn\x
tcmlnWnbpsS iISn (iIScq]nep Ap \{Xw)
N{ nXn sNth a\pjy AicWcmbn, iniptfmSpIqSn
hnip XmmsX bmNnv, kqcymX]w sImv hev, shw am{Xw
IpSnv Pohntn hcpw.
31. DZnXw bZnioXZoLnXnw
{]Yaw ]rjvTX GXn tcmlnWo
ip`tah XZmkvacmXpcmx
{]aZmx ImanhtiN kwnXmx
BZyw N{\pZnv ]nmse tcmlnWn DZnm kvacmXpcIfmb
kpcnam XmmfpsS ImapImcpsS hiKIfmbnocpw.
32. A\pKOX ]rjvTXxiio
Imaoh\nXmanh{]nbmw
aIc[zP_mW tJZnXmx
{]aZm\mw hiKmkvXZm\cmx
Xm Imanbvp {]nb h\nXsb A\pKanpXpt]mse iin
tcmlnWnsb ]nXpSm, Ima_mWm he a\pjy kp
cnamcpsS hiKmcmbnocpw.
33. BKvt\mw Znin N{ambZn `tht{Xm]ktm
alm ss\cyXymw kap]{ZpXm\n \n[\w
kkym\nbmoXn`nx {]mtPim\neZnIvntX
lnaItc kkyky ayiztbm
bmtXmWp ZniwKpWmx
kp_lhx kkym hrym`bx
371

{]Imiknp

N{ AKv\ntImWnemsWn almb D]k Dm


hpw. ss\cyXnbnemsWn kakvX [m\ypw \jvSw kw`hn
pw. ]ivNnatImWntem hmbptImWntem BsWn kkyv
aya^eamWv. Cuim\tImWnemsWn [mcmfw kkykp
mhpw. [m\yfpsS aqeyw hnpw.
34. XmUtb ZyZnN tbmKXmcImamhrtWmXn h]pjmbZm]nhm
XmUt\ `bapin ZmcpWw
OmZt\ \r]ht[mf wK\mIrXx
tbmKXmcIsb N{ XmUnpItbm icocm adbvpItbm
sNbvXm, {Iam\pkmcw ZmcpWamb `bhpw, kv{XotlXphmbn cmPm
hns h[hpw kw`hnpw.
35. tKm{]thikatb {KtXmhrtjm
bmXn IrjvWm ]iptch hm]pcx
`qcnhmcn i_teXp ayaw
t\m kntXf w_p ]cnIev]\m]sscx
N{ tbmKXmcbn {]thinp kabhpw tKm Bebn
{]thinp kabhpw HmhpI, Imenqns apn Hcp
Idp ]ipthm Imftbm BhpI As\sbn [mcmfw ag Inpw.
hi_famb ]ipshn aya^ew, shfp ]ipshn ag
Ipdhv.
36. ZriytZ \bZn tcmlnWo bpX
ivN{am\ `kn tXmbZmhrtX.
cpKv`bw alZp]nXw XZm
`qivN`qcnPe kky kwbpXm.
CXn {iohcmlanlncIrXu
_rlXv kwlnXmbmw tcmlnWntbmtKm
\maNXpnwtimymbx
taLmhrXamb BImin tcmlnWntbmSp tN N{ Zriy
amImXncnp ]w `qanbn [mcmfw agbpw [mcmfw kkyfpw
DmIpsanepw, `bcamb tcmK`bw Dmhpw.
372

{]Imiknp

Aymbw 25

kzmXotbmKw
1. bt{ZmlnWo tbmK^ew XtZh
kzmXmhjmVm klntX N Nt{.
BjmV ipIvf \nJnew hnNnyw
tbmf kvan hntijkvXalw {]hty.
tcmlnWo tbmK^ew F{]Imctam A{]Imcw XsbmWv
kzmXotbmK^ehpw BjmVtbmK^ehpw. BjmV amknse
ipIvf ]n Fmw hnNn\w sNbvXp thWw ChbpsS hntij
^e ]dbpXv.
2. kzmXu \nimwti {]Ytaf `nhrjvtS
kkym\n kmWyp ]bmn hrjvSnw.
ZznXotb XneapZvKamjm
ss{Kjvaw XrXotbf kvXn\ imcZm\n.
kzmXnbn cm{XnbpsS {]Yamwin hjapmbm k
{]Imcap kkypw A`nhrn Dmhpw. ZznXobmwin h
jnm Fv, apZvKw, amjw Fnhbvpw XrXobmwin hjn
m {KojvaImepmhp kkypw A`nhrn ]dbmw.
Fm icZrXphnse hnfhpIv A`nhrn DmIbn.
3. hrjvtSf lv\n `mtK {]Yta kphrjvSnkvXZz ZznXotbXpkIoS km.
hrjvSnkvXp aym]c `mKhrjvtS
\nivNn{Z hrjvSn Zyp\niw {]hrjvtS.
]Iens {]Ya`mKnsen kphrjvSn; cmw `mKnsen
k IoSmZnI; ay, A]c`mKfnsen kphrjvSn. cmIenm
sX ag s]pw.
4. kaaptcWXmcm Nn{Xmbmx
IontX ly]mwhx
Xkymkt Nt{ kzmtXtmKx inthm `hXn
373

{]Imiknp

*Nn{XbpsS Dc`mKp \{Xs A]mw h sap


]dbpp. AXnSpmbn N{s kzmXntbmKw kw`hnpXv awKf
IcamWv.
5. k]vXaymw kzmXntbmK bZn]XXn
lnaw amL amkmImtc
hmbpmNthKx kPe Pe[tcm
hm]nKXy Pkv{Xw.
hnZypmem IrXw hmbZn`hXn \t`m
\jvS N{mXmcw
hntbm{]mhrtVjm
apZnX P\]Zm kksskycqt]Xm.
amL amk IrjvW ]nse AImcn, k]vXaXnYn
bn kzmXn tbmKn lnaw hogpItbm {]N thKn Imp
hoipItbm, Pew [cn taLw KnpItbm, hnZypmeIfm Ae
-rXambn ImWsSpItbm, N{, kqcy, \{X Fnhsb
adbvpItbm sNbvXm, B kwhcnse hjmev k
kkykarntbmSpIqSn P\]Z B\nbvpsadnbWw.
6. XssYh ^mKpt\ ssNt{X
sshimJ kymkntXf ]nhm
kzmXn tbmKw hnPm\obmZmjmV N hntijXx
CXn {io hcmlanlnc IrXu_rlXv
kwlnXmbmw kzmXotbmtKm\ma]hnwtimymbx
^mKp\amkw, ssN{Xamkw, sshimJamkw Fnhbnse Ir
jvW ]nepw C{]Imcw kzmXntbmKapmhpw. ]s, BjmV
amknse kzmXn tbmKamWv khntijw.

*kqcy knm \{X {Klbpym[nImc{]Imcw A]mwhXvkkvXp


Nn{Xmbmaptc ssikvXp ]`nx Nn{Xbn \nv 5 Awiw Dchnt]
n (kv^pSw 3 Awiw) ImWp henbXmcw.
374

{]Imiknp

Aymbw 26

BjmVotbmKw
1. BjmVymw kaXpenXm[nhmknXm\mat\yZypcyZ[nIXm apss]Xn _oPw
XZv hrn `hXn \ PmbtX bZq\w
at{mf kvan `hXn Xpem`n a{Wmb.
BjmV ]uanbvv D{XmSn N{ \nptm k
m _oPhpw [mcmfw hnbpw ]ntv henw hnbpw sN
bvXm B [m\yv karn DmIbn. Ahbn Xpem`na{W
sa a{w P]nWw.
2. kvtXmXhym a{ tbmtK\ kXymtZho kckzXo
Zibnjy knbXv kXyw ktXy kXy{hXm lykn.
kXymtZhnbmb kckzXnsb C{]ImcamWv a{tbmKw sImv
(Xpemamknse A`na{Ww sImv) kvXpXntXv. tl, kXy
tZhnbmb kckzXo, AhnSpv kXyn kXy{hXbmWv; AXn\m
kXyw Zinpp.
3. tb\ ktXy\ N{mtm
{Ktlm tPymXnWmkvXYm.
DnjvTol ]qtW
]ivNZkvXw {hPnN.
Cu kwkmcn GXv kXyns _ememtWm N{\pw
kqcy\pw {Kl \{XmZn tPymXnWfpw ]qn DZnbvbpw
]noSv (]Snmdv Fpw) AkvXanbvbpw sNpXv,4. bXyw kthtZjp bXv kXyw {_lvahmZnjp
bXv kXyw {Xnjp temtIjp XXv kXyanl ZriyXmw.
GXp kXyamtWm k thZnepw, k {_lvahmZnIfnepw,
aqp temIfnepw CcnbvpXv B kXys ChnsS ImWnp
Xmepw.
375

{]Imiknp

5. {_lvatWm ZplnXmkn XzamZntXyXn {]IonXm


Iiy]o tKm{XXivssNh\maXm hn{ipXm Xpem.
\o {_lva ]p{Xnbmb BZnXy Fv {]IonbvshfmWv;
Iiy]o tKm{Xn Xpem F \mam {]knbmWv.
6. uaw NXpx kq{XIkn_w
jUwKpew inIyIhkv{X akymx
kq{X {]amWw NZimw Kpem\n
jtUhItm`binIyaty.
\mep kq{Xm kn_ambn, BdwKpew Awiap
hkv{Xw [cnv, AXns \mep hipw ZimwKpew hoXw kq{X{]amW
ambn, cv koaIpw CSbn Bdv IyItfmSpIqSn Ccnpp.
7. bmtay intIy Im\w tij{ZhymWn
Dtcf w_q\n ssNhw tXmssbx
Iuss]yx krn`nx kmcsskivN hrjvSn
lo\m ayam tNmamN.
sXs koabn kzw; Dc koabn ap {Zhyfpw Pe
hpw; InWdv, \Zn, kcv apXembhbnse Pew A\pkcnv Da
hrjvSn, ayahrjvSn, hrjvSn lo\X Fnh ]dbmw.
8. ZssmKmtKmlbmZymivNtemav\m
tlav\m `q]mx knIvYtI\ZznPmZymx
XZztim hj amkmZniivN
tij{ZhymWymcq] nXm\n.
Zw sImv \mKKWw, tcmaw sImv tKm, IpXncI apX
embh, kzw sImv cmPmm, knIvYIw (Hcp {Kmkw {]amWw)
sImv {_mlvaW Fnhbvv ^ew ]dbmw. AXmXv tZiw, hjw,
amkw, Zni, tij{Zhy FnhbpsS Bcq]kvYnXn A\pkcnp
^ew ]dbWw.
9. sslao{][m\m cPtX\ aym
Xtbm cem t` JZntcW Imcy.
hnZzx ]pamt\y\ itcW kmhm
Xpem {]amtW\ `th ZznXkvXnx
376

{]Imiknp

kzw sImp XpemZmWv Daw. shnsImv ayaw.


CXp cpasn am{Xw JZncw F acwsImpXv D]tbmKn
mw. hnZzmmcmb ]pcpjm A\yicfmepw hnXkvXnbpsS {]am
Wnep Xpem krjvSnpp.
10. lo\ky \mtimf iy[nIkyhrnkvXptey\Xpeyw XpenXw Xpembmw
GXpemtImi clkyapw
{]mtPitbmtKf ]n\tcm hnZymXv.
Xpembn Xpe\w sNptm Xptey\ Xpeyw, A[nIns
hrn, Ipdhns \miw. Fv aqp hn[w kw`hnpXns\ Xpem
tImiclkysap ]dbpp. CXns\ tcmlnWotbmKthfbn
s hnZKvcmb \ncoI a\nempp.
11. kzmXmhjmVmkzY tcmlnWojp
]m]{Klm tbmKKXm \ imkvXmx
{Kmlyw Xp tbmKZzb a]yp t]mjy
bZm[namtkm ZznKpWo ItcmXn.
kzmXn, BjmVw, tcmlnWo \{Xfn ]m]{Kl tbmKw
\. Fm A[namkap hjn (BjmV amkw aeak
amIp hjn) t\cs ]d cp tbmKfpw {Klnmw.
(Akw{Imn amtkmf [namkx kv^pSw kymXv Fv knm
intcmaWn. N{amkn chnkw{Iaw CmsX hcpXv A[namkw).
12. {Xtbmf ]ntbmKm kZrim ^te\
bZm XZm hmNy akwitb\
hn]cytb bXznl tcmlnWoPw
^ew XtZhmiy[nIw \nKZyw.
kzmXn, BjmVo, tcmlnWotbmKfpsS ^ew kZriamsWXv
\ntlamWv. ip`mip`^e ]dbptm tcmlnWotbmK ^e
n\v apXqw ({]m[m\yw) sImSpp thWw ]dbm.
13. \njv]ncKv\ntIm]mhrjvSn amYayamt{ijvTm_lpPe ]h\m]pjvTm ip`mN]qmZn`nx ]h\x
377

{]Imiknp

]qZnn \nv Imphoinbm [mcmfw Pehpw kkym`nhrn


bpw Dmhpw; ip`IcamWv. AKv\ntImWn \nmsWn AKv\n
tIm]apmhpw- ZnWmZn ZnpIfn \np {]ZnW {Ian
ahrjvSn, ayhrjvSn, DahrjvSn, ]pjvShrjvSn- Cs\ ]dbmw.
14. hrmbm amjmVymw IrjvWmNXpymassPI ]mZt.
bZnhjXn ]P\yx{]mhrVv
ikvXm\ tN XXx
BjmV ]qN{\ptijw, IrjvWm NXpnbn ]qm
jmV \{Xn hjnp ]\y ip`IcamWv. A{]Imc
amsX hjnpXv \.
15. BjmVyw ]uamkymwXp
bssZyimt\m \ntem `thXv
AkvXw KOXn XovWmw iu
kkykncpam.
CXn {iohcmlanlncIrXu _rlXv kwlnXmbm amjmVo tbmtKm\ma jUznwtimf ymbx
BjmV ]uanv kqcykvXab thfbn Cuim\tImWn
Imp hoinbm `qanbn Daamb kkykpmhpw.

378

{]Imiknp

Aymbw 27

hmX N{Iw
1. ]qx ]q kap{ZhoNn inJc {]kv^me\mLqnXivN{mmwipkSm`nLmX IentXm
hmbpcyZm[yiXx ss\ImnX \oetaL]Semw imcZy kwhnXmw hmktmXvS
kkyanX Xem hnZymYm taZn\ow.
Ing Imv ]qkap{ZhoNninJcsf kv]inpsImp
hoipIbpw, kqcykvXab thfbn N{ kqcy IncWfpsS kS
sImv A`nLmXw sNs t]mse ImWpIbpw, GImnXamb
\oetaL ]SetfmSpIqSn icZrXphrn {]m]nbpw sNbvX `qan
bn hkImev kkkyfpw A`nhrn {]m]np ImWmw.
2. bZmKvt\tbm hmbpebinJcm kv^me\ ]Spx
hXykvan tbmtK `KhXn]XwtK {]hkXn
XZm\ntXymo]vXm Pze\inJncmenwKnX Xem kzKmt{Xmtjvam OzmsskaXn hkp[m `kva\nIcw
BKvt\b tImWnse hmbp, aeb ]X inJcsf kv]inp
sImv hoiptm, ZntXymo]vXbpw Pzenbvp sImSpapSnIfm
BenwK\w sNs {]XetmSpIqSnbhfpw kzKm{Xns Dujva
famb DOzmkn \npmb [qfo`kvaamIp hkv{Xw [cnhfp
amb `qaotZhn NndIpI e`nhsftmse io{LKa\w sNm
Bcw`npp.
3. Xmeo]{X eXmhnXm\Xcp`nx imJmarKm\w
tbmtKf kvan hXn [z\\w kp]cptjm
hmbpcyZm ZnWx ktm tZymK kapXmivN
KPhmempssiLnXmx Io\mim Ch ahmcn
IWnIm apRvPXn taLmkvXZm.
]cpjamb ZnWhmbp (sX Imv) i_vZtmSpIqSn ]mdn
hcptm, imJmarK \\w sNp Xmehrfpw eXm
379

{]Imiknp

hnXm\fpw Xcp\ncIfpw i_vZapJcnXamIpp. ktmtZymKfpw


kapXfpamb KPt{ijvTm XmempimZnIfm \nb{ns
mseXptmsebpw, Ir]Wcmb a\pjysctmsebpw taL
GXm\pw PeIW am{Xw hjnp Xcpp.
4. kqssva emeheoe hwK\nNbm hymLqb kmKtc `mt\mckvXatb hXy hnctXm
hmbpcyZm ss\cyXx prjvWmarXam\pjmniIe {]kvXmc `mcivNZm am t{]X
h[qcn thm{KN]em `qankvXZmeytX.
kqcymkvXab thfbn ss\cyXn tImWnse hmbp, kmKc Xoc
s sImv Cen, CehwK Xcpsf Debvp ]w, hnipw
Zmlhpw sImv arXcmb a\pjycpsS An iIesf {]kvXmcw
sNbvX `mcw Xmnb `qan D\vabmb t{]X h[pshtmse D{Kbpw
N]ebpambn ImWsSpw.
5. bZm tcWqXv]mssXx {]hnISkSmtSm]N]ex
{]hmXx ]zmt Zn\ Icm]mXkatb.
XZm ktkym t]Xm {]hc \r]cm_kacm
[cmmt\ mt\jzhncXhkmamwkcp[nX.
s]mSnhjw sImv kS Agnnt]mse N]ebpw KnjvTbp
amb ]ivNna hmbp (]Snmd Imv) kyv hoinbm kkyiym
afbmb `qanbn {][m\s N{Ihnam Xn bpw \Spw.
[cmm\fn AhncXw hkbpw amwkhpw chpw hogpw.
6. BjmVo]Imte bZn IncW ]tX ckvXImtem]]u
hmbthymhrthKx hXnL\cn]px ]KmZm\pImcn
Pm\obmzmcn [mcm{]apZnXapZnXmw ap aqI IWvTmw
ktkymZv`msskI Nnlv\mw kpJ_lpeXbm `mKy tk\man
thmow.
BjmV ]uanbvv kqcymkvXabn taL i{Xphmb
Imv karthKn hmbhytImWneqsS, KcpUkam\ambn ]ds
nbm `qan hj[mcbm B\hXnbpw {]^pbpw Bbn aqI
IWvTfm kvXpXn]mSn, _lpkkytim`m[mcnWnbpw, kpJ_lp
ebpambn `mKytk\sbtmse ImWsSpw.
380

{]Imiknp

7. tacp{KkvX acoNnaeXse {Kojvamhkmt\ chu


hmXymtamZnIZw_K kpc`nmbpcyZm tNmcx
hnZypZv{`mn kakvX Imn Ie\m amkvXZm tXmbZm
D\vam ChZrjvS N{IncWmw Kmw]qcbyw_p`nx
{Kojvamyn kqcy tacp ]Xs Xs acoNn ae
m {Kknbpw B\ZmbIamb hS Imv IZw_K kpc`n
eambn hoipIbpw sNptm sshZypXnbm hn{`mhpw kakvX
Imnbpw tNXpw, ahpamb tXmbZw D\vasbtmse N{
IncWmwKbmbn `qansb Pe]qampp.
8. sFimt\mbZn ioXtemf acKssWx kwtkhy amt\m`thXv ]pmKmKpcp ]mcnPmX kpc`nmbpx{]Nz\nx
B]qtmZIbuh\m hkpaXo k kkymIpem
[njvTmx {]WXmctbm \r]Xtbm cn hmkvXZm
CXn{iohcmlanlnc IrXu_rlXv kwlnXmbmw
hmX N{Iw \ma k]vX hnwtimf ymbx
{]N [z\ntbmSpIqSn ]pmKw, AKpcp, ]mcnPmXw apXemb
]pjv]kpKw Ie Imv ioXfhpw AacKW tkhnXhpambn
Cuim\ tImWn\np hoiptm hkpaXn ]qtmZI buh\
bpw k kkymIpebpw [njvT N{Ihnamcm ]menbv
s htfmSpIqSnbhfpambnocpp.

381

{]Imiknp

Aymbw 28

ktZymhrjvSn eWw
1. hjm {]ivt\ kene \nebw iinam{inXy Nt{m
eKv\w bmtXm `hXn bZnhm tI{Kmx ip]t.
kussay ZrjvSx {]Npc apZIw ]m]ZrjvtSm hev]aw`x
{]mhrVvImte krPXn\ Nncm{hZv `mthm ]n
hj{]iv\n, N{ PecminIfmb InSIw, Ipw`w,
ao\w, I\y, aIcw apXembhsb B{ibnv eKv\ntem tI{n
tem, kuay {Kl ZrjvS\mbncnp ip]n [mcmfw ag Inpw.
]m]ZrjvSs\n Ipdt ag In q; ]ns Iptd Imetv ag Inp
Ibpan. ip{I\pw N{\p Xpeyamb ^eamWv XcnI.
2. B{Zw {Zhyw kv]riXnbZnhm hmcnXXv kwIwhm
tXmbmktm `hXn bZnhm tXmb ImtmptJmhm
{]jvSm hmNyx keneaNncmZkvXn\nx kwitb\
]pOmImtekene anXnhm{iqbsXb{X i_vZx
{]iv\w tNmZnm h hyn tNmZnp kabv B{Z
hkvXp kv]intbm PekwIambtXm Pew Xstbm
sXmsm, AXnSptm \ntbm; {]iv\ thfbn PehmNIamb
i_vZw tI-tbm sNbvXm hfsc thKw agbpmhpsav \n
tlw {]hNnmw.
3. DZb inJcn kwtm Zp\ncotymf XnZo]vXym
{ZpX I\I\nImix kv\nKv[sshUqcyImnx
XZl\n IpcptXf w`kvtXmbImte hnhkzm
{]X]XnbZnthmssx Jw KtXm XohXovWw
agmev kqcy`Khm DZb inJcnkw\mbn Zp \ncoy
ambn AXnZo]vXambn NpsSp kzw t]msetbm kv\nKv[ ssh
Uqcy ImntbmSpIqSntbm ImWpIbpw, Dthfbn BImin
AXnXovWambn X]nbvpIbpw sNp ]w [mcmfw ag
e`npw.
382

{]Imiknp

4. hnckapZIw tKmt\{Xm`w hnbZznaem ZntimehW


hnIrXnx ImImm`w bZmN`th`x ]h\hnKax t]mqbtQjmx eKmant\mck\akIr aqIm\mw PemKatlXhx
Pemibfnse Pew cklo\ambncnpI, ]iphns Ins
tim`tbmSpIqSnb BImiw, hnaeamb ZniIv Dpckw, Imns
Ka\w XSsSpI, ay hopw hopw Pemibn s]mn
hcnI, XhfI i_vZnpI- Chsbmw ag hcpp FXns e
WfmWv.
5. ammcm`riah\ow \ssJenJtm
temlm\mw ae\nNbx khnkv{XKx
cYymbmw inip\nNnXmivNtkXp _mx
kw{]m]vXw PeaNncmnthZbn
`qanta ]qI \JwsImv ampI, temlv aens
tbm amwknstbm Zpw tXmpI, hgnIfn IpnI AW
spsIpI- Chbpw DSs\ ag s]psaXns eWfmWv.
6. Knctbmf RvP\]pRvP kn`mbZnh _mjv]\ncp Icmx
IrIhmIphntemNt\m]amx
]cnthjmx iin\ hrjvSnZmx
]X ARvP\ ]pRvPsf t]mse IdpncnpI, Ah
bpsS KplIfn _mjv]w (\ocmhn) \ndbpI, N{\p Nppw tImgn
bpsS Ins \ndap ]cnthjw ImWpI- Chbpw agbpsS eW
fmWv.
7. hnt\m]LmtX\ ]n]oentI\matm]kw {Imn clnhyhmbx
{Zpam[n tcml `pPwKam\mw
hrjvtSnanm\n Khmw pXwN.
{]tXyInv D]{ZheWsampanmsXbpw DdppI Xfp
sS apI HcnSp\nv asmcnStv ampI, ]mpI hr
smn Ibdn CW tNcpI, ]ip- IcbpI- CXpw agbpsS e
WamWv.
383

{]Imiknp

8. Xcp inJtcm]KXmx IrIemkm


KK\Xe nX ZrjvSn\n]mXmx
bZnNKhmw chn hoWaqzw
\n]XXn hmcnXZm\ NntcW.
HmpI acfn Ibdnbncpp tatemp t\mpIbpw, ]ip
apIfntev kqcys\ t\mn\npIbpw sNbvXm ASpp
Xs ag s]pw.
9. t\On hn\naw KrlmZvLp\zn
{ihWm Jpcm\]n
]ihx ]iph IppcmbZyw`x
]XXoXn \nntiXv.
]ip sXmgpn \nv ]pdndm aSnpI, Ipfp
sImp NpcampI, tImgnIfpw ]ipsftmse sNpI- Ch ag
bpsS eWamWv.
10. bZm nXm Krl]Stejp
Ipcm `hn hmbZn hnXXw ZnthmpJmx
ZnhmXUnZyZnN]n\mInZnKv`hm
XZmam`hXn kamXnhmcnWm.
]pcpdp Ibdnbncpv tImgn BImiw t\mpI, Cuim\
tImWn XSnXI {]IminpI Ch ag hcpXns eWamWv.
11. ipI It]mX hntemN\knt`m
a[p\n` bZmlnaZo [nXnx
{]Xn iinNbZmZnhncmPtX
]XXn hmcnXZm\ Nncmnhx
N{ XbptStbm {]mhnttbm In\p kZriamtbm, tX
\ndamtbm ImWsSpI, BImin {]Xn iin (N{s {]Xn_nw_
amb cmasXmcp N{ cq]w) ImWpI Fnhbpw ag hcpXns
eWamWv.
12. kvX\nXw \ninhnZyptXm Znhm
cp[nc \n`mbZn ZhXv nXmx
384

{]Imiknp

]h\x ]pcX ioXtembZn


keneky XZmKtam `thXv.
cm{Xnbn CSnshtmsSmw, c\ndntem ZmIrXnbntem
sshZypXn ImWpI, XWp Imv apn hoipI- Ch agbpsS e
WfmWv.
13. ho\mw KK\XtempJmx {]hmemx
kv\mbt bZn Pe]mwkp`n hnlwKmx
tkht bZnNkcnkr]m kvXrWmt{KmWymktm`hXn XZm Peky]mXx
hnI BImtimpJfmb ]pXnb XfncpIfWnbpI, ]n
I Pentem s]mSnbntem IpfnpI, kcnky]mZn IoS XrWm
{Kfn CcnbvpI- Chbpw agbpsS eWfmWv.
14. abqcipI NmjNmXIkam\hm
bZmP]mIpkpa ]PZypXn apjivNkym[\mx
Ptemn\K\{IIO]hcml aot\m]amx
{]`qX]pSkbm\Xp NntcW bOy]x
kymImefn taL abn, X, \oeIWvTw, NmXIw,
FnhbpsS h [cntm, sNcn Xmac FnhbpsS tim`
tbmSpIqSntbm \ncpIbpw, Pemibfnse XncI ]Xw, apXe,
Ba, ]n, ayw FnhbpsS cq]saSpv DbcpIbpw sNbvXm ag
bpmIpw.
15. ]cytjpkp[miim[hem atyf RvP\menXznjx
kv\nKvm ss\I]pSmx ceIWmx tkm]m\hntOZn\x
amtl{o {]`hmx {]bmy]cXx
{]mIv Nmw_p ]mtimZv`hmtbtX hmcnapNkvXy
Pn\NncmZw_x {]`qXw `qhn.
\mephihpw kp[miim [hfambpw ay`mKw am{Xw hn
]pdwt]mse ARvP\\ndambpw, kv\nKvambn, PeIWhmlnbmbn,
tkm]m\w t]mse Hn\papIfn Hmbn ASpSpmbn amtl{
]Xn \np ]pdsv ]Snmv kcnp taLsf
Im [mcmfw ag e`npsadnbpI.
385

{]Imiknp

16. i{I Nm] ]cnL{]Xnkqcym


tcmlntXmf YXUnXx ]cnthjmx
DZvKamkvX katbbZn`mt\mcmZntiXv ]cvNpc aw_pX Zmip
kqcys DZbmkvXab thfIfn aghnv, ]cnLw, {]Xnkqcy,
tcmlnXhw XSnX, ]cnthjw Fnh Im [mcmfw ag Inpw.
17. bZn Xnnc ]{X\n`wKK\w apZnXmx
{]hZn N ]nKWmx
DZbmkvXatb khnXpyp\niw
hnkrPn [\m \ NntcW Pew.
kqcys DZbmkvXabfn BImiw ssXncnnbpsS Nnd
Ins tim` hlnpIbpw, ]nI B\]qw i_vZnbpw sN
bvXm [mcmfw ag Inpw.
18. bZytamL IncWmx kl{ktKckvX`q[cIcm Cthm{OnXmx
`qkaw NcktXbZmw_pZkvX\valZv `hXn hrjvSn eWw.
kl{kmwiphmb kqcy AkvXanth, AtamL IncWtfm
SpIqSnb AkvXa\Znn `qantbmSv hfsc ASpv i_vZapmn
smv taLKW Dbm \ ag Inpw.
19. {]mhrjn ioXItcm `rKp]p{XmXv
k]vXacminKXx ip`ZrjvSx
kqcykpXmh]atKm hm
k]vXaKO PemKa\mb.
hjmev N{ ip{Is Ggn ip`ZrjvS\mbpw i\nbpsS
HXv, Av, Ggv `mhfnsemn ip`ZrjvS\mbpw \nptm
gmWv PemKaw (ag) hcnI.
20. {]mtbm {KlmWm apZbmkvXImte
kamKta aekw{ItaN
]tb XovWmIcmb\mt
hrjvSnKtXf w \nbta\ Nm{Zmw.
386

{]Imiknp

{KlfpsS DZbmkvXabIme, ae kw{IaW Imew,


kamKaw, ]bw, Ab\mw, kqcys B{Z {]thiw Chsbm
s \nbam\pkmcw hrjvSn kw`hnp ImefmWv.
21. kamKta ]XXn Pew ip{ItbmPohtbm KpcpknXtbm kwKta.
bamctbmx ]h\ lpXmiPw
`bw\ ZrjvStbm cklnXtbmkZv{Ksslx
_p[ip{ImcpsS kamKaw, _p[ _rlkv]Xn kamKaw, ip{I
_rlkv]Xn kwKaw- Chbn Pew hjnpw. ip`{KlZrjvSntbm
kwtbmKtam IqSmsX i\nbpw sNmbpw ktfnm Imns\sm
pw AKv\nsbsmpw hepXmb `bapmhpw.
22. A{KXx ]rjvTtXmhm]n
{Klmxkqcymhew_n\x
bZmXZm {]Ipn
alotaImhm anh.
CXn {iohcmlanlncIrXu _rlXvkwlnXmbmw
ktZymhrjvSn eWw \mamjvSmhnwtimf [ymbx
kqcys Ahew_\w (parallalax) sImv {Kl kqcys
apntem ]nntem ImWsm Ah `qansb Hcp kap{Zw t]mse
Pe ]qbmnopp.

387

{]Imiknp

Aymbw 29

IpkpaeX
1. ^eIpkpa kw{]hrnw h\kv]Xo\mw
hntemIy hntbw kpe`Xzw
{ZhymWmw \njv]n zm]n kkym\mw.
h\kv]XnIfpsS ^efpw ]pjv]fpw [mcmfaptm Fp
t\mnbm {ZhyfpsS kpe`Xzhpw \njv]nbpw {Klnmw.
2. imte\ Iae imeocmtimtI\ cimenivN
]mqIx ocnIbm\oemtimtI\kqIcbx
3. \y t{Kmt[\ Xp bhIkvXnp I hrym
N jjvSn tIm `hXn Aizt\
tbm\njv]nx kkkym\mw.
ime]pjv]m IaeimenbptSbpw cmtimIm c
imenbptSbpw ocnIsImv ]mqInsbpw \oemtimIw
sImv kqIcIntbpw A`nhrn {]hNnmw. \yt{Km[w sImv
bhIntbpw XnpIw sImv jjvSnI[m\yfptSbpw hrn {Kln
mw. Aizns A`nhrn sImv k kkyfpsSbpw A`n
hrn {]hNnmw.
4. Pw_q`nkvXneamjmx incoj
hrym N IwKp\njv]nx
tKm[qamivN a[qssIh
hrnx k]vX]t\.
Pw_phrm Xnew, amjw FnhbptSbpw incojw sImv
IwKphnsbpw k]vX ]w sImv tKmXv, a[qIw FnhbptSbpw
A`nhrn A\pam\nmw.
5. AXnapIIpmymw Imkw kj]m\ztZZiss\x
_Zco`n Ipemw nc_ntez\mZnti apZvKm
388

{]Imiknp

AXnapIw, Ipw ChbpsS A`nhrn t\mn ]cpn, ISpIv,


Ai\ FnhbptSbpw _ZcnbpsS hrn t\mn Ipew, _nezw,
apZvKw FnhbptSbpw hrn ]dbmw.
6. AXkothXk ]qjvss]x]emiIpkpssa
tIm{Zhm tbmx XnetI\ iwJsaunI
cPXm\yY tNwKptZ\iWx
thXk ]pjv]m AXknbptSbpw ]emi ]pjv]m tIm
{Zhntbpw, Xnem iwJw, apv, shn ChbptSbpw CwKpZ
m NWbptSbpw hrn Adnbmw.
7. IcnWlkvXn Is cmtZiym hmPn t\mf iz Iss\
Kmh ]mSem`nx IZeo`ncPmhnIw `hXn
lkvXnIm B\IfptSbpw AizIm IpXncIfp
tSbpw ]mSem ]ipfptSbpw IZfnbm APfptSbpw hrn
]dbmw.
8. NIIpkpssax I\Iw hn{Zpak_pPoth\IpcphI hrym h{Pw sshUqcyw \nImhssx
NIqhm kznsbpw IpcphIm h{Pnsbpw
\nImhm sshUqcynsbpw hrn ]dbmw.
9. hnZym knphmtcW aunIw Ippaw Ipkpw`u
ctmXv]te\ cmPm a{o \otemev]tet\mx
knphmcm apntbpw Ipkpw`m Ippantbpw
ctmev]em cmPmhntbpw \otemev]em a{nbptSbpw
hrn ]dbmw.
10. t{ijvTokph ]pjvss]x ]Zvssan{]mx
]ptcmlnXmx IpapssZx kuKntI\
_e]XnctW lncWy ]cnhrnx
kph ]pjv]m hWnIpw, Xmacbm {_mlvaW
pw, Bem ]ptcmlnXpw, kpK {Zhym tk\m[n
]pw, A ]pjv]m kzn\pw A`nhrn ]dbmw.
389

{]Imiknp

11. Bss{ax taw `mXssI`bw ]oep`nkvXYmtcmKyw


JZnc iaoiymw Zp`n apss\x tim`\mhrjvSnx
amhpsImp tahpw `mXIw (]nemhv) sImp `bhpw ]oep
sImv BtcmKyhpw JZncw, ian ChIfm Zp`nhpw Ap\
m tim`\amb hrjvSnbpw ]dbmw.
12. ]nNp a\mKIpkpssax kp`naYamcpXx I]nt
\m\nNqte\mhrjvSn `bw hym[n`bw `hXn IpStP\.
thpw \mK]pjv]hpw sImv kp`nw; I]nw sImv Imv,
\nNqem A\mhrjvSn `bw IpSPm hym[n`bw.
13. ZqmIpi Ipkpamiymanp hlv\nivN tImhnZmtcW
iymameXm`nhrym _tIym hrnambmn.
Zq, Ipiw Fnhbm Icnv; tImhnZmcm AKv\n; iymam
eXbm _In Fnhbvv A`nhrn (_In FXn\v hy`nNm
cnWn Fv Aapv).
14. bkvan tZti kv\nKv[ \nivNn{Z]{Xmx
kwZriyt hrKpevam eXmivN
Xkvan hrjvSnx tim`\m kw{]ZnjvTm
cqssivNn ss{Zcev] aw_x {]ZnjvTmw.
CXn {iohcml anlnc IrXu _rlXv kwlnXmbmw IpkpaeXmymb GtIm\{Xnw timf ymbx
GXp tZimtWm hr kkyeXmZnI kv\nKv[ambpw On{Z
anmXpamb CeItfmsS ImWsSpXv AhnsS ip`amb hrjvSn
e`npw. cqambpw On{Zambpw D sNdnb CeIfp tZifn
ag Ipdth e`npIbpq.

390

{]Imiknp

Aymbw 30

kym eWw
1. AmkvXanXm \pZnXmXv
kqcymZkv]jvSw \t`m bmhXv
XmhXv kymImeivNnlvss\tcssXx ^ew Nmkvan.
{]XnZn\w kqcymkvXabw apX \{X BImin
sXfnbpXphscbp kabhpw, \{X AkvXanv kqtcymZbw
hscbp kabhpamWv kymImew.
2. arKiIp\ ]h\ ]cnthj ]cn[n ]cnLm{` hr kpcNmss]x
K \Kc chnIc ZcPx kvt\lhssm.
arK, ]nI, Imv, ]cnthjw, ]cn[n ]cnL, taLw, hrw,
aghnv, K\Kcw, kqcyIncWw, Zw, s]mSn, kvt\lw, hw,
FnhsImv kym^ew ]dbWw.
3. ss`ch apssncph artKmf kIrZv
{KmaLmX amNjvtS.
chn Zo]vtXm ZnWtXm almkz\x ssk\yLmXIcx
`bc i_vZpapmp arK {Kman\v \miw kw`hnp
sa kqN\ Xcpp. ssk\yns sXp`mKp \np arK
AkvXab kqcys\ t\mn henb H ]pdsSphnm ssk\y
n\ \miw kw`hnpw.
4. A]kthy kw{Kmax kthy tk\m kamKax imt
arKNt{I ]ht\ hmkymbmw an{it` hrjvSnx
ZnibpsS A]khyambn (ZnW`mKv) arK imambm
bphpw khyambn (hma`mKv) imambm kamKahpw \Spw. arK
fpsS i_vZhpw Impw kn{iambn kyp tIm agbpmhpw.
5. Zo]vX arKmP hncpXm {]mIv
kym tZi\mi amJymXn
391

{]Imiknp

ZnW ZnIv kvssY ncpXm


{KlWmb ]pcky Zo]vXmsskyx
{]mXxkybvv Ingp`mKv kqcys\ t\mn arKfpw
]nIfpw i_vZnm kymtZins (]q tZins) \miw
]dbmw. ZnWZnn \nmWv kqcym`napJambn i_vZnsXn
\Kcs i{Xp IogSpw.
6. KrlXcp tXmcW aYt\
k]mwkptemjvtSmXvtcf \nte {]_te
ss`chcmth cqtJK]mXn\n Nmip`mkymhoSv, hrw, tXmcWw Chsb aYnpXpw s]mSntbmSpIqSn
Ipw IqSn DbpXpamb iamb Imv, `bc i_vZtmSp
IqSn AXncqambn ]nI ]Xnbv Fnh Aip` ky
Ifn kw`hnpp.
7. a ]h\mh LnX NenX ]emi {Zpamhn]h\mhm
a[pckzc imhnlwK arKcpXm ]qPnXmkym.
a]h\\m ]Xps Nenbvp ]emi hrtfmSp IqSn
tbm, ImnmsX a[pc kzcapbptXm imtam Bb ]nItfm
Spw arKtfmSpw IqSnbtXm Bb kp]qPnXbmb ky ip`w Xcpp.
8. kymImte kv\nKvm ZXSn\vay ]cn[n ]cnthjx
kpc]XnNm ssNcmhX chnIncWmivNmip hrjvSn Icmx
kyv Zw, XSnX, ayw, ]cn[n, ]cnthjw, C{ [\pv,
sFcmhXw, kqcyIncWw Fnh kv\nKvambncpm ag e`npw.
9. hnOn hnja hnzkvX hnIrXIpSnem]khy]cnhrXmx
X\p{lkzhnIeIepjm hn{KlmhrjvSnZm: IncWmx
kqcyIncW hnOnhpw hnjahpw hnzkvXhpw hnIrXhpw
IpSnehpw, A]khyhpw, ]cnhrXhpambpw, AhbpsS BImcw {lkz
hpw hnIehpw Iepjhpambpw Im hrjvSn DmIpIbn; bpw
DmIpw.
10. DtZymXn\x {]kmEPthmZoLmx {]ZnWmhmx
IncWm inhmb PKtXm hnXakvt\`kn `m\paXx
392

{]Imiknp

{]IminXhpw {]khpw EPphpw ZoLhpw {]ZnWmhhp


amb kqcyIncW XtamclnXamb BImin ImWpXv PK
n\v awKfIcamWv.
11. ipmx Icm Zn\IrtXm ZnhmZn aymKman\x kv\nKvmx
AhypOnm EPthm hrjvSnIcmkvtXlytamLmJymx
kqcys shfpp kv\nKvamb IncW Zn\ns BZn
aymfntev AhnOnhpw EPphpambn Kanm ag e`npw.
AXn\v AtamLw Fp ]dbpw.
12. I\vamj_{`qI ]nem hnNn{X
amRvPnjvT lmcoX i_em`mx
{Xn Znhm\p_nt\m hrjvStbfev] `b ZmkvXp k]vXmlmXv.
Idpv, a, I]new, hnNn{X hw, Nphv, ] apXembn h
i_fambn BImiw ImWpXv agbpmIpsaXns kqN\bmWv.
Fm Cs\ Im HcmgvNmetbvv kqnWw. GsX
nepw `bZmbIambXv kw`hnbvmw.
13. Xm{am _e]XnarXypw ]oXmcpWm kn`m
XZvhyk\w lmcoXm: ]ip kkyh[w
[qakhm Kmhmw \miw.
Xm{a hsan tk\m]XnbpsS acWw; atbm Nphtm
Fn tk\m]Xnbvv hyk\w kw`hnpw. lmcoX (]) hsa
n tKmh[hpw kkyh[hpw (Irjn\miw); [qahsan ]ip
p \miw.
14. amRvPnjvTm`mx ikv{XmKv\nkw{`aw _{`hx ]h\hrjvSnw
`kva kZrim kvXzhrjvSnw X\p`mhw i_eI\vajmx
amSnpcp \ndsan Bbp[ `bhpw AKv\n`bhpw; asb
n Impw agbpw, `kva hsan AhrjvSn, i_etam Idptm
Fn Aev] hrjvSn.
15. _qI]pjv]mRvP\ Nqmkn`w kmyw
ctPmf tiyXn bZm ZnhmIcw temIkvXZm
393

{]Imiknp

tcmKiss\\n]oVbtX ipw
ctPm temI hnhrn imtb.
_qI ]pjv]nttbm ARvP\smSnbpsStbm \ndn
kyt\cv s]mSn Dbv kqcys\ adm At\Iw tcmK
DmIpw. s]mSn shfpXmsWn temIn\v A`nhrnbpw imn
bpw e`npw.
16. chnIncW PeZacpXmwkwLmtXm ZhXv ntXmZx
k hnZnIv ntXm\r]mWm aipt`mZnp ZznPmXo\mw.
kqcyIncWhpw PeIWhpw Impw tN kwLmXw Hcp Z
cq]n ImWsm AhnsS Zw kw`hnpw. AXv hnZnpIfn
Im cmPmmcpw ZnpIfn Im ZznPmXnIpw (cmPm
, {_mlvaW) Aip`amWv (Anvil BWv Zw).
17. ikv{X`bmXItcm ZrjvSx {]mMvayknjpZn\ky
ipmtZym hn{]mZo bZ`napJkvXmw\nln Zniw.
Zn\mcw`ntem aylv\ kybntem Zw Im ikv{X
`bhpw tcmKhpw Dmhpw. iphsan hn{]mv Aip`amWv.
GXpZnns\ A`napJoIcnppthm B ZnnephmWv ^ew.
18. Z[nkZrimt{Km \otem `m\pOmZn Jay tKmf {`Xcpx
]oXpcnXmiz L\mL\aqem `qcnhrjvSnIcmx
BImin kqcys\ adpsImv, A{K`mKw ssXcpt]msebn
cnp \oetaLs A{`Xcp Fp ]dbpw. C{]Imcap taLtam,
CtX an a\ndap taLtam L\aqeambn (Hns Nphn
Hmbn apJw tNp shv ASpSpmbn) Im [mcmfw ag
Inpw (Cumulo nimbus FmWv A{`Xcphns\ Ctm imkv{X
hnfnpXv).
19. A\ptematKmf {` hrt kapZvKtX
bmbnt\m \r]kyh[x _meXcp {]Xn
cq]nWo bphcmPm amXy tbm arXypx
i{Xpsf h[nm Hcpnb cmPmhns ]nmse A{`Xcp
A\pKanp sNv ]Xps imambm (hrw sNdpXmbm) bph
cmPmhnt\m a{ntm arXyp kw`hnpw.
394

{]Imiknp

20. Ipheb sshUqcymw_pPInRvPm`m


{]`RvtPt\m\Mapm kym ItcmXn
hrjvSnw chnInctWmZv`mknXmkZyx
Xmac, sshUqcyw, ]tIkcw FnhbpsS tim`tbmsS, Imn
m ky kqcy IncWfm {]IminXambnm ag e`n
bvpw.
21. Aip`mIrXn L\K \Kc \olmc ]mwkp[qabpX
{]mhrjn ItcmXyh{Kla\yuikv{X tIm]Icn.
Aip`mIrXnbp taLw, K\Kcw, lnaw, [qfn, [qaw (Ipl
cw) FnhtbmSpIqSnb ky hjphn Im hjw Ipdbpw,
ikv{X tIm]w Dmhpw.
22. inincmZnjphmx timW]oX
knX Nn{X ] cp[nc\n`mx
{]IrXn `hmx kymbmw kzu
ikvXm hnIrXnc\ymx
inincw apXemb EXpfn Nphv, a, sh hnNn{Xw, ]w,
cw apXemb h AXmXp kym{]IrXnbvv A\pkrX
ambn Im ip`amWv. {]IrXym\pkrXamsX h Im
Aip`hpw.
23. Bbp[ `rccq]w Onm{`w ]c`bmbchnKman
knXkz]ptcf m{Imt ]pcemt`mt`Zt\\mix
Bbp[ [mcnbmb Hcp a\pjys cq]n On`namb tLw
kqcys\ adm i{Xp`bw. shfp BImin K\Kcw
kqcys\ t`ZnpXp Im B{IaWImcnbmb cmPmhn\pw, kqcy
aew K \Kcs t`ZnpXp Im \Kcn\pw \miw
`hnpw.
24. knX \nXm L\mhcWw
cth `hXn hrjvSnIcw bZn khyXx
bZnN hocWKpeva\nss`[ss\nhk`rcZo]vX ZnKpZv`sshx
395

{]Imiknp

shfptXm, shfp IcbptXm Bb taLmhcWm


kqcy adbvsmepw, Z`pp t]msetbm Kpaw (K`Nw)
t]msetbm D Zo]vXamb ZniIfn D`qXamb taLn kqcy
aqSsmtem ag Inpw.
25. \r] hn]nIcx ]cnLx knXx
XP Xpeyh]petIm]IrXv
I\Icq][tcm _ehrnZx
khnXpcpZvKa Ime kapnXx
kqtcymZbn shfp ]cnLw Im cmPmhn\v B]
mWv. chsan ssk\ysf tIm]mcmpw. I\I
hsan ssk\yv A`nhrnbpmhpw.
26. D`b]mizKXu]cn[octhx
{]Npc tXmb `rXuh]pjm\znXu
AYkvakvX IIpcnhmcnWx
]cnLtbmf kvXn ItWmf ]n\hmcnWx
kqcys Ccp]mizfnepw ]cn[n Imtem, kqcy icocn
s cq]w Imtem [mcmfw ag Inpw. ]cn[n kakvX ZniIfnepw
hym]np Im Hcp Xpn agt]mepw Inn.
27. [zPmX ]{X ]X Zzn]mizcq][mcnWx
Pbmb ky tbmL\mcWmbckn`mx
kymtaLw [zPw, O{Xw, ]Xw, B\, IpXnc FnhbpsS
cq]n Im hnPbapmhpw. Nphp Im B hnPbw bp
neqsSbmhpw.
28. ]eme [qakbntXm]am_emlImx
_em\ycqaqtbm hnhbn`q`rXmw.
]eme[qa kbtmSp]anmhp henb sh taL
cmPmmcpsS _es hnnpp.
29. hnew_nt\m{Zptam]amx kzcmcpW{]Imin\x
L\mx inhmb kytbmx ]ptcm]amx ip`mhlmx
396

{]Imiknp

XovW kqcy {]ImitmSp IqSn hrtm]afmbntm, \K


tcm]afmbntm kym Imev taL ImWpXv awKfIc
amWv.
30-. Zo]vX hnlwK inhm arKLpjvSm
ZcPx ]cnLmZnbpXm hm
{]Xyl ahnImcbpXmhm
tZi\tci kp`n h[mb.
Znhkhpw kqcys\ hnImchm\mpXpw, Zo]vXhpw, ]narKmZn
I Ie IqpXpw, Zw, cPv, ]cnL Ch ImWsSpXp
amb kyItfmSpIqSnbp {]tZifn cmPmmpw kp`n
n\pw \miw kw`hnpw.
31. {]mNn XXvWtah\a]cm kym {XylmZzm ^ew
k]vXmlmXv ]cnthj tcWp ]cnLmx
Ipn ktZym\ tNXv
XZzXv kqcyItc{ ImpIXSnXv{]Xy taLm\nem kvXkvan Gh Znt\f jv{Staf Y
hnlKmx k]vXml ]mIm arKmx
]qky XXvWw Xs (Atm Xs) ^eapmpw.
cm{Xnbpw kmbwkybpw aqp Znhkp tijhpw, ]cnLhpw
cPpw ]cnthjhpw B Znhkw Xsbpw, B Znhkw Xcm ]w
Hcp hmcn\pnepw ^ew Xcpw, kqcy IncWw, aghnv, an,
{]Xnkqcy, taLw, hmbp Fnh Fp Znhkn\Ihpw ]n arKm
ZnI Ggp Znhkn\Ihpw ^ew \Ipw.
32. GIw Zo]vXym tbmP\w `mXn kym
hnZypXv`mkmjSv {]ImioItcmXn
]m_vZm\mw KnXw bmXni_vtZm
\mkvXobm ImNnZpm\n]mtX.
ky Xs Zo]vXnsb Hcp tbmP\ Zqchpw sshZypXn Bdp tbm
P\ Zqchpw {]Iminnpw. CSnbpsS apgw Ap tbmP\ Zqcw k
cnbvpw. D hogpXn\v C{]Imcap ]cnamWfn (FhnsSbpw
hogmw).
397

{]Imiknp

33. {]Xykwmx ]cn[nkvXp Xky


{XntbmP\m`m ]cn[ky ].
jSv]Zriyw ]cnthj N{Iw
Zimatciky [\pn`mXn.
CXn {iohcml anlnc IrXu _rlXv kwlnXmbmw kymeWw \ma {Xnwtimf ymbx

398

{]Imiknp

Aymbw 31

ZnKvZml eWw
1. Zmtlm Znimw cmP`bmb ]otXm
tZiky \mimb lpXmihx
bizmcpWx kymZ]khyhmbpx
kkyky\miw ItcmXn ZrjvSx
a\ndnep ZnIvZmlw cmP`bn\pw AKv\nhapXv
tZi\min\pw ImcWambnocpp. AcpWhnep ZnIv
ZmltmsSmw A]khyambn (ZnWambn- s
- XImv) Imv hoin
bm kky\miw ^ew.
2. tbmf Xoh Zo]vXym IpcptX {]Imiw
Ombm a]n hyRvPbtXf hyx
cmtm altZzZbtX `bw k
ikv{X {]tIm]w X Pm\pcq]x
GsXmcp ZnIv Zmlw AXoh Zo]vXamtWm, GsXmv kqcy kam\
amb Ombsb (AX tPymXnsb) {]Iminnppthm B c
cq]amb Zmlw cmPmmv almb `bhpw ikv{XtIm]hpw
(bpw) hcppp.
3. {]Iv {XnbmWmw k\tcizcmWmw
{]mKvZntW inev]n Ipamc ]oVm
bmtay ktlm ss{Kx ]pcptjkvXp sshiym
ZqXmx ]p\ `q{]aZmivNtImtW.
]q Znibnse ZnIvZmlw cmPmmpw {Xnbpw sXp
Ingv `mKv (AKv\n tIm) inev]nIpw cmPIpamcmpw
ZnW `mKs Zmlw. D{K]pcpjm, sshiym, ZqXm, ]p\
hnhmlw Ign {]aZI Fnhpw ]oV hcppw.
4. ]ivNmp ip{Zmx Irjn Pohn\ivN
NucmkvXp cwssKx klhmbpZnIv kvtY
399

{]Imiknp

]oVmw {hPypcXivN hn{]mx


]mjnt\m hmWnP ImivNx imymw.
]ivNnaZnnteXv iq{Zpw, IjIpw, hmbp tImWnteXv
IpXncpdphcp sImmpw, Dc ZnibnteXv hn{]mpw
Cuim\ tImWnteXv ]mjnIpw hWnpIpw ]oV Dm
pw.
5. \`x {]kw hnaem\n `m\n
{]ZnWw hmXn kZmKXnivN
ZnimwN Zmlx I\ImhZmtXm
lnXmb temIky k]mn]ky.
CXn {iohcml anlncIrXu _rlXv kwlnXmbmw
ZnKvZmleWw \mssaI{Xnw timf ymbx
{]kamb BImin, \{X hnaeambncns, kZm
KXnbmb Imv {]ZnWw sNbvIbpw kph hn ZnIvZmlw
ImWpIbpw sNbvXm cmPmmpw ktemIpw lnXIc
amWv; ip`amWv.

400

{]Imiknp

Aymbw 32

`qanI eWw
1. nXn I amlptctI
_rlZ e \nhmknkXzIrXw
`q`mckzn ZnPhn{imakapZv`hw Nmt\y.
Hcp Xcnep `qIw _rlmb Aen \nhkn
p kXzfm DmsSpp. asmcpXcw, `q`mcm Xf
ZnPfpsS hn{imaw sImv Dmhpp.
B[p\nI imkv{Xdnbmw `qIfn `qcn`mKhpw ISen
SnbnemWv kw`hnpsXv. `qIw Hcp hn[nep Du
Dev]mZ\ hnIncW {]{InbbmsWpw. imkap{Znse Pen
Atacnm Xocfnepw, Gjy apX \yqknemp hscbpap ]kn
^nIv s_v `qIfpsS taJebmWv. hcmlanlncs _rl
Ze \nhmknkXzIrXamb `qIw CXmhWw.
Fm `q`mcw sImv kzoamb ZnPfpsS hn{iaw Hcp
sIpIYbs? Fv ZnPfm Xmn \ns, HXmbn hn`Pn
s BabpsS kev]nse s\pw ]Xncpw \apnhnsS th
Xncnbvmw. Ccsamcmatbbpw B\Itfbpw kev]nXnse bpn
tbbpw bpn iq\yXtbbpw hnthN\w sNpw apv dpUndp F
KWnXbpsS A`n{]mbw t\mmw.
A number of duoverses drift about in a 5 -d- universes..... continue
indefinitely... one is reminded of those eastern descriptions of the world as
a dish resting on the back of elephants who stands up on a turtle, who
stands up on a turtle...

Btme\w sNpIbpw Hcp \nivNnX Imebfhn FnbnSp


Xs Fn ]pXnsbmcp {`aWamcw`nbpw sNp Torroidal spacetime B[p\nI imkv{Xm kev]npp. aenbn Hcp
BatmSv Hcp Torroid (sIm) BWv.
401

{]Imiknp

AjvSZe]w
(8 ZnKvPym)
Torus

Iqw (Ba)
Xmac\mfw
Cylinder

Dcpfp hrw AYhm tKmfw (`qan) slenIvkv Bbn IcpXpp.


Hcp IpgenIv ({`aWIy) B slenIvkv Ipgepambn 45 tIm
WpI Dmnsmv Dcpfpp. Hcp ]q {`aW thfbn tKmfw
Dev]mZnnp Duw hr]cn[nbvp kaamWv. AXmbXv ChnsS
hr ]cn[n PymanXoXe hr ]cn[n am{Xa, tKmfw Xs Ne\w
sImpmp DuamWv.

Octagon

AXmbXv Fp ZnP ZnIvPym BWv. tKmfNe\m


Dmhp Du^eambnv ZnIvPymfpsS KXnamamWv ChnsS
ZnP hn{imaw. tKmfns mass Dmp `mcw (`q`mcw) BWv
in AYhm Duambn ChnsS {]ISamIpXv. (Cysb Is
hcmlanlncs ]knmnIbneqsS- t]Pv 186- 191 apX
196 hsc t\mpI).
402

{]Imiknp

2. A\ntemf \nte\ \nlXx


nXu ]X\ kkz\w ItcmtXytI.
tINnXz ZrjvS ImcnXanZat\y
{]mlpcmNmcyx
Imv Imn\m \nlXamhptm (ImpI Iqnapptm) `qan
bn ]Xnv hepXmb kzcapmpXmWv `qIsav Hcp A`n{]m
bapv. appmbncp BNmcym Nne CXv Aip`amWv Fv
IcpXnbncpp.
3. Kncn`nx ]pcm k]ss hkp[m
{]]XZv `ncpZv ]XZv`nivN
BInXm ]nXmal amlmackZkn k{hoVw
4. `Khma assaXXzbmIrXw
bZNteXn X XYm
{InbtXf Nsse ivNeZv`nx
imlw \mky tJZky.
appImev ]X ]fphsb t]mse (]n) s]m
pIbpw Xmsg hogpIbpw sNbvXncpp. Atm emhXnbmb
`qan BInXbmbn (`qIm hnd) ]nXmalt\mSp ]dp.
`Khm, Av F\nbvv ANe F \maw Xp. Fm Fs
Nenphfmnop. Cu tJZw klnm F\nv inbn.
`qan BZyambn krjvSns Imev ITn\fmb `qI
Dmbnsmncnpp Fv CXv kqNnnpp. AKv\n ]X
kvt^mS\ D `mKfnepw ]pXnb ]X Dmhp Znp
IfnepamWv Ctmgpw `qI A[nIambn ImWpXv. _
apX sXt bqtdmp hsc hym]np InSp lnameb, tImm
kkv, B]vkv ]X\ncI Cpw `qI A[nIambn A\p
`hsSp taJeIfmsWv HmpI.
5. Xymx kKZvKZKncw InnXv kv^pcnXm[cw
hn\X aojXv
km{ip hntemN\ am\\ ahtemIy
]nXmalx {]ml.
403

{]Imiknp

6. a\ypw ltc{ [m{Xymx


n] Ipeniw ssie] `wKmb.
i{Ix IrXanXyp zm am ss`cnXn
hkpaXoaml.
7. Inz \ne Zl\kpc]XnhcpWm
kZkXv ^emh t_m[mw.
{]mKnZz{Xn NXp`mtKjp
Zn\\ntimx Ibnjyn.
hndbvp A[chpw, A{ip]q t\{Xhpw, KZvKZ kzchpambn
]rYznsb ]nXmal ]dp: [m{XnbpsS ZpxJw XopI. tl
C{, ssiefpsS ]w apdnbvm\mbn h{Pmbp[saSppI.
C{ ]dp. As\bmhs- tl, `qaotZhn, `bstS.
Fnepw hmbp, AKv\n, C{, hcpW Fnh kv, Akv
FnhbpsS ^ew Aht_m[nnpXn\mbn Ctmgpw Zn\cm{X
fpsS {]Yaw, ZznXobw, XrXobw, NXpw, Fo `mKfn, `qansb
InXbmpp.
8. NXzmcymcyavWm ym\ymZnXyw arKintcmf izbpIv tNXn.
aetaX Zzmbhyaky cq]mWn k]vXmlmXv.
NXpaefn BZytXmb hmbp aew Dc ^m
Kp\n, Aw, Nn{X, tNmXn, tchXn, Aiz\n, arKincv FnhtbmSnW
pp. ChbpsS ^ew Hcp hmcn\Iv Dmhpw.
9. [qam IpeoIrXm ti \`kn\`kzm cPx
n] `uaw
hncpP {Zpamw hn NcXn
chn]Sp Icmh`mkn N.
Chbn ZnpI [qaw aqSnmWpp. \`v s]mSn \ndbpp;
Cu s]mSn `qanbn \npbXpw hrsf hogvn NcnpXp
amb {]N ]h\\m DmIpp. AXn\m kqcyIncW
tim`tbv anmWpp.
10. hmbthy `qIt Xkymw_ph\uj[o
tbmf `nlnXn.
izbYp izmtkm\vamZ Pzc Imk`hm hWnIv ]oVm.
404

{]Imiknp

hmbhyaense `qIm Pew, kky, h\uj[n


I Fnh bnpt]mIpp. izmktImi tcmK, DmZw, Pzcw,
ImktcmKw Fnh DmIpp. kmcnIfmb IhSm ]oVnX
cmIpp.
`qansb Npnbncnp hmbpaew Ftmgpw Nenpp Fpw
AXn\v At\IiXw ssl{UP t_mw_pIfpsS inbp Npgen
smSpmpbmsapw Cp \apdnbmw. Ccw NpgensmSp
mpI kap{Z kmcnIfmb hWnpIv Cpw `oXnP\IamWv.
Icbn hoip NpgenI Dbp s]mSn]Sew izknm izmk
tImitcmK DmhpXv kzm`mhnIw am{Xw. ldotI (Atacn,
shv CUokv), ssS^q (ssN\S), ssktm (CUym
kap{Zw), hnnknn (Bkvt{Senb) Fnh HtcXcw NpgenbpsS hn`n
tZifnse t]cpIfmWv. \Sphn Iv Fp hnfnp knen
cq]nep Ipgepw, B \ne ZrjvSnpNppw 300 kph thKXbn
ASnp Npgenmpw D Cu {]Xn`mkw Cs\ hcbvmw.

Dntephenp
XWp hmbp

Npgep taL]Se
apIfntepbcp
DjvWhmbp
aw Ipd ew
(\yq\ aw)
imamb IS
(Eye)

(Hmw tmI hymJym\n I tSmdpw slenIvkn\p


]Icw kvss]depw ChnsSbpw Dsv {inpI).
405

{]Imiknp

11. cq]mbpX `r ssZz[ymx


kv{XoIhn K hWy inev]n P\mx
]oVyt kucmjv{S I Ipcp aK[
Zim aQym.
kpcm, Bbp[[mcnI , sshZym, kv{XoI, IhnI,
Km, IhSm, inev]nI Fnhpw, `mcX tZinse
kucmjv{SIw, Ipcp, aK[, Zimw, aQyw Fo `q`mKpw
Ccw NpgenmpsImv ]oV A\p`hsSpp. amv G{]n sabv
({]o akq) amkfn Hdo, _wKm, _olm, {Xn]pc, Bmw
{]tZifn Ctmgpw Cu {]Xn`mkw ImWmw. B\bpsS Xpnss
t]mse Ipg cq]n AXnthKw Npgep tSm\tUmI Cm
ev A\p`hsSpp (1998 epw CXpmbn).
12. ]pjymKvt\b hnimJm
`cWo]n{XymP `mKykwm\n.
htm luX`qtPmf bw
ItcmXn cq]mWyssYXm\n.
]pjyw, BKvt\bw, hnimJw, `cWn, ]n{Xyw, APw, `mKyw Fo
t]cpItfmSpIqSnb \{Xh BKvt\bfmWv. AhbpsS cq]
fpw C{]ImcamWv.
13. Xmtcmm]mXmhrXamZo]vX anhmw_cw kZnKvZmlw
hnNcXn acplmbx k]vXmnx
k]vXZnhkmx
\{X ]mXw, DXvm]mXw Fnhbm Zo]vXamb BImiw
ZnIvZmlbpambn ImWsSpIbpw, Ggp Znhktv k]vXPnlz
\mb AKv\n Imns klmbtmsS kcnpIbpw sNpw.
14. BKvt\tbf w_pZ\mix
khnemib kwtbm \r]Xnsshcw
Z{ZqhnNnIm Pzc hnknImx
]mptcmK.
406

{]Imiknp

15. Zo]vXuPkx {]Nmx ]oVyt


NmivaImwKw _moImx
XwKW IenwK hwK {ZhnUmx
i_cmivNss\Ihn[mx
BKvt\bamb `qNe\m taL \inpp; Pemib
hpp; cmPmm Xn sshcw Dmhpp; Z{Zp, hnhnI, Pzcw,
hnknI, ]mp apXemb tcmKfpmhpp (DjvW tcmK).
Zo]vXamb HmPtmSp IqSnbhcpw, {]Nmcpamb XwKW, IenwK,
hwK, {ZmhnU, i_c KW Fnh ]e {]Imcnep ]oV
I klntn hcpp.
16. A`nPn{OhW[\njvTm{]mPm]ssXy{sshizssa{XmWn
kpc]Xnae taXZv `hn Nmky
kzkzcq]mWn.
A`nPnXv, {imhWw, [\njvTw, tcmlnWn, tPyjvT, DcmjmVw,
A\ngw Fo Ggp \{XfmWv C{ aew. ChbpsS kzcq]w
C{]ImcamWv.
17. NenXmNe hjvamtm
Kw`oc hncmhnWkvXUnXzx
KheemenIpem ln\n`m
hnkrPn]bx ]tbmhmlmx
Nenbvp ]XfpsS BImcw [cnv Kw`ocamb CSn\mZw
apgn, annWcpI AWnhbpw Impt]mv, Icnhv, Imf
kw Fnhbvp Xpeyambhbpw, Pew hlnhbpamb taL
hjnpp.
18. sF{w {ipXnIpe PmXnJymXmh\n]me KW] hnzwkn
AXnkmc Ke{KlhZ\ tcmK IrOntIm]mb
{ipXn, Ipew, PmXn Fnhbn JymXntI cmPmmtcbpw
KW]Xn (tk\m[n]) amtcbpw sF{w \innp Ifbpp. AXn
hjw sImv AXnkmcw, IWvTtcmKw, {KlWn, apJtcmK, On
Fo tcmK ]cpp.
407

{]Imiknp

19. Imin bpKc ]uchIncmXIocm`nkmcle a{Zmx


ApZ kp hmkvXp ame h ]oVmIcanjvS hrjvSnIcw.
Imin, bpKcw, ]uchw, IncmXw, Iocw, A`nkmcw, lew, a{Z,
ApZw, kphmkvXp, amfhw Fnhsb ]oVnnppshnepw
Ahv CjvSwt]mse ag \IpIbpw sNpp.
20. ]ujvWym ]ym{Zmtjmaqemln _p[v\y hcpW tZhm\n.
ae taXZmcpW akym]n `hncq]mWn.
21. \otemev]em`n`nmRvP\Xzntjm
a[pc cmhntWm _lpemx
XUnZpZv`mknX tZlm
[mcmpi hjntWm PeZmx
tchXn, ]qmjmVw, B{Z, Bbneyw, aqew, Dc `{Z]mZw,
iXm`njw Fo 7 \{X hcpWaeamWv. \oemac,
Idp {`acw, ARvP\w Fnhbvp kZriambn, an ]nWcpI
DZv`mknp tZltmSpIqSnb taL [mcmfw a[pc i_vZw ]pd
sSphnpsImv Pe[mcm cq]ambn Apisf hjnpp.
22. hmcpW ah kcnZm{inXLv\ aXnhrjvSnZw hnKX sshcw.
tKm\ tNZnIpIpcm
IncmX sshtZlIm ln.
hmcpWamb `qanIw ISent\bpw \Zntbbpw B{ibnv D]Pohn
phsc \innpw. ag \mbn InpXn\m (maanmbvIbm)
cmPmm sshcwshSnv ]ckv]cw ssa{Xnbn Pohnbvpw. tKm
\w, tNZn, IpIpcw, IncmXw, sshtZlw Fo tZihmknIv CXv
Aip`Icamb ^efpmpw.
23. jUv`n msskx Itm Zzmiymw
]mIw N bmXn \nLmXx
A\ym\]ypXv]mXm PKpct\y
assetcssXx
408

{]Imiknp

`qIns ^ew Bdpamkn\Iw A\p`hnpw. \nLmX


ntXv cp amkn\Ipw. ChtbmsSmw DXv]mXw IqSn Ds
n AXns ^ehpw cp amkn\Iw ZriyamIpw.
24. Dm lcnivN{]pcw cPivN
\nLmX `qI IpIp{]Zmlmx
hmtXmf XnNtm {KlWw chot{m
{X XmcmKW sshIrXm\n.
D, lcnivN{]pcw, cPv ([qfn), \nLmXw, `qIw, ZnIv
Zmlw, {]NhmXw, kqcy N{{KlW Fnh \{X Xmcm
KWfpsS sshIrX (hnImc) BWv. K\Kcw F
Xn\v ChnsS lcnivN{]pcsa t]cv sImSpncnpXp {itbw
(IrjvWsshcmPsa Fs D]\njZv hymJym\n Im]pcw, {]mXn
amIw Fp hnfnp {Xnip kzspdnp hnhcWw
tNpshv hmbnpI).
25. hrt{` hrjvSn sshIrXw hmX hrjvSn [qtamf \
Kvt\ hnkv^penwKmntjm hm
h\yw kXzw {Kmaaty hntimm
cm{Xmssh{w ImpIw ZriytXhm.
taLw IqSmsX ag, sshIrX (app ]dh) Impw agbpw,
]pI, AKv\nkv^penwK, Xo\mf (Anv- tPymXnv), Imp
arK {Kmaayntep hcnI, cm{Xn aghnp ImWpI26. kym hnImcmx ]cnthjJm \Zyx {]Xo]m
Znhn Xqcy\mZmx
A\y bXvkymXv {]IrXx {]XoXw
X\vasse ssch^ew \nKZyw.
kym hnImcw. ]cnthj Jw, \ZnI Zniamdn HgpIpI,
ZnpIfn Zpp`o\mZw- C{]Imcw {]IrXnhncpambXv ImWptm
AhbpsS aem\pkrXambn ^ew {]hNnWw.
27. lssy t{mhmbhyw hmbp
ym]y{ tah at\ymf \yw.
409

{]Imiknp

hmcpW luX`qPmh]nthem
\-{XPmx Ix
C{aew hmbp aettbm adntm ]ckv]cw l\np
tmgpw, hmcpW aew BKvt\b aettbm adntm ]ckv]cw
l\nptmgpw `qIw Dmhpp. CXns\ them \{XPamb
`qIsap ]dbpp.
28. {]YnX\tcizc acW hyk\m\ymKvt\b hmbp aetbmx
pZv`b acImhrjvSn`n cq]Xm]ys P\mivNm]n.
BKvt\b hmbp aefpsS XmU\wsImv hnJymXcmb
cmPmmcpsS acWw, ZpxJw, maw, hniv, AhrjvSn sImp
km]w Fnh P\ A\p`hnpp.
29. hmcpW ]ucctbmx kp`ninhhrjvSn
lmtbm temtI.
Kmthmf Xn `qcn]btkm
\nhrsshcmivN `q]mem.
C{ hcpW aefpsS A`nLmXm kp`nw, ip`
hjw, B\w; ]ip [mcmfw ]mep Npcpp. cmPmm
sshcw shSnv ssa{Xnbn IgnbpXn\m `qan bpanm
(Atbmy) Xmbnocpp.
30. ]ssivNXp`n\nekv{Xn`ncKv\n tZhcmSv N k]vXmlmXvx
kZyx^eXnN hcptWmtbjp\ ImtemZv`ptX jpx
AKv\nhw aqp ]n\Ihpw, hmbphw \mep ]n\
Ipw, C{hw Ggp Znhkw Ignpw hcpWhw DSs\s
bpw I\mZnIfmb ^e ImWnbvpp.
31. NebXn ]h\x iXZzbw iXa\tem ZitbmP\m\znXw
kene ]XncioXn kwbpXw Ipeni[tcmf iy[n Iw N jjvTnIw.
]h\ hw 200 tbmP\bpw, AKv\nhw 110 tbmP\bpw, hcpW
116 tbmP\bpw h{Pmbp[tanb C{ BdptbmP\bn Aev]
a[nIw Zqchpw kcnv A{Xbpw `qansb hndnpp.
410

{]Imiknp

32. {XnNXp k]vXamZn\ amtk


]t XYm{Xn]tN
bZn `hXn `qanIx {][m\\r]\mit\m`hXn.
CXn{iohcmlanlncIrXu_rlXv kwlnXmbmw
`qanI eWw \ma Zzm{Xnw timymbx
`qIn\ptijw 3,4,7 Fo Zn\tm, amktm, ]
tm tijtam, aqmw ]ntem hop Hcp `qIapmbm
{][m\\r]\v \miw kw`hnpXmWv.
`qaew (crust) ]X inemJefm \nnXamWv. Ch
\nccw NenbvpXn\m Dmhp atlXphmbn Nne Zpe
m\fn Ahbvv ]nfv GsSpp (fault) Fpw ]X
J Ahbntev NenbvpIbm `qIapmhpp Fpw
B[p\nI imkv{Xns hm kXnppv. Hcp tbmP
\bvv HXn ]cw \mgnIbmWv Afhv. AXmbXv 54 \mgnI (C{
hw) apX 1800 \mgnI (]h\hw) hsc \ofaptXm, A{Xbpw
Zqcw `qansb {]I\w sImnptXm Bb inIfpv, hcml
anlncs A`n{]mb{]Imcw
1. Iment^mnbbnse km B{Unbmkv. 800 \mgnI \ofw
(1906 se km {^mknkvtm `qIw).
\qdphjn\Iw ChnsS hopw Hcp `qIapmIpsav im
kv{X IcpXpp.
2. Pm\nse kq\man F thentbnc.
Hcp XncbpsS irwKn \nv asmns irwKntev Zqcw100 ssa. Ch IctbmSSpptm apXp ao (100 ASn) Dbcn
ImWmw (1944 shkqhnbkv s]mnsdnncpp). 1946 Aeqjy
Zo]kaqln `qIw sImpmb kq\man lhmbn hSn
tm 54 ASn (16 ao) Dbcapmbncpp. AXv Iment^mnb
Xocw hsc Fn. Atm AXns Dbcw 13 ASn (4 ao)- thKX
720 kph (450 mph). AXnthKw hfsc Zqcw kcnpXv (hmcpWw).
3. 1923 tSmntbmhn Dmb `qIn 100000 t] acnp.
`qIs XpSv AKv\nbpmbn. 7,00,000 hoSpI AKv\nbn
Zlnpt]mbn (BKvt\bw).
411

{]Imiknp

Pm\n Hcp hjw NpcpnbXv 6 XhW `qIapmhpw; cv


Asn aqv t\ Ne\ Zn\w {]Xn A\p`hsSpw.
4. 1556 ssN\bnse sjkn {]hniybn Dmb `qanIpep
n 830000 t] acnp (1943 apX 1952 hsc saIvkntmbnse
]mcnpn AKv\n]Xw s]mnsdnncpp).
5. 1935 se Iz (]mnm) `qNe\w- Iz \Kcw apgph\mbn
\inp. 1998- ]mnm AWpt_mw_p ]coWs XpSv
A^vLm\nm\n Ne\apmbn.
6. 1750 e\nepmb `qNe\spdnv tPm shkven
Cs\ FgpXn. There were three distinct shakes, or wavings to and fro
attended with a hoarse rumbling like thunder.

7. 1957 s^{_phcn 11 Cu \qmn {_n\nse Ghpw henb


`qNe\w. {_n\n t\m B{IaWn\p tijw 1000 XhW `qIp
epapmbXpw 1884 se tIms `qIw Ahbn shv G
hpw hepXmbpw IcpXsSpp. 1883 BKv 27 \v kpam{X Pmh Zzo]p
Ip atybp {Imph AKv\n]Xw s]mnsdnv 30 In.ao.
Zqcw inemJhpw s]mSnbpw hjnp. 5000 In.ao. Apdw Bkvt{Sen
bbn B kvt^mS\ i_vZw tIp. AXns ]nmsebmWv tIm
s `qIw (Bkvt{Xey bptdjy tpI Xnep _w
t\mpI).
Fv ae (sSIvtSmWnIv tpI) Bbnncn `qanbn
\mtemfw ae-fn (Ic`mKw) `qIw A\p`hsSpp Fpw
CXn\v hmbp, AKv\n, Pew (hcpWw), sF{w (akq) FnhbmWv
ImcWsapw a\nemmw. Cybn 3 hn[ ImemhIfpv.
1. ampapX Pq hsc- NqSpImew- agbn (hSs Cy
bn ITn\Xm]w, \yq\aw).
2. Pq apX \hw_ hsc- agmew.
3. Unkw_ apX amphsc- XWppImew. agbn
Pq ayamhptmtgpw \yq\aw `qaytcJm m\amb
e hsc Fpp; sXp Ing ImehjmpIsf Cybn
tep {]thinnpp (hmcpWw + sF{w). Ch Cy kaXe
n \nphcp DjvWmpambn Cym almkap{Zn shv
]ckv]cw Iqnapptm ag e`npp. \hw_dmhptmtgpw Hcp
412

{]Imiknp

kwhcn e`nt agbpsS 3/4 `mKw Cybn s]bvXp Ign


ncnpw.
Atm Ic XWppp. kw IqSpp. hSp Ing Ime
hjmp hcpp. CXv {ioebnepw Xangv\mSns Ing Xocpw
agXcpp (sk]vXw_dn [mcmfw ag).
1986 amp amkn {^v Cym kap{Znse do bq\nb
Zzo]n AKv\n]X kvt^mS\hpw `qIhpw Dmbn. 1986 sabv
amkw 8-mw XoXn Atacn sFIy\mSpIfn AXniamb `qI
w A\p`hsp. tlenbpsS [qatIXphnt\mSv _shbmbncpp
Cu `qan Ne\.

djy
bqtdmv
Cy

B{^n

,
m
P N\
e ss
taSw

Bkvt{Senb
ebvv t\sc FXnhiw
tKmfns ]Snmsd
AtKmfn Xpemw(Atacn tv)

1986 G{]n 10 -mw XoXn AizXn \{Xn {]Ya XnYn


bn ssN{X hk EXzmcw`nembncpp bpKmZn. 10, 11 XoXnIfn
XsbmWv lmenbpsS [qatIXp `qanv Ghpw ASpsnbXv.
hrivNnIcminbn Xrt (ANTARUS) \{XnSpmbnv [qa
tIXp Ip. 1985 apX [qatIXp Zriyambncpp. Ej`cminbn
emWv BZyw IXv. ]ns taSw, ao\w, Ipw`w cminIfneqsS A]khy
ambn kcnmWv HSphn hrivNnIn tPyjvTm \{Xn
`qanbpsS ASpsn Xs aSbm{X XpSnbXv. hrivNnIw cmlp
hnsbpw sNmbpsSbpw t{XamWv. hrivNnI cminbnse A\ngw
(A\pcm[w) F \{Xn\v km akvXIw Fpw t]cpv.
413

{]Imiknp

1986 se (\hw_ 9) lnp Zn\{Xw tSmntbmbn HIvtSm_


30 \v Isnb Ddm-\nPna [qatIXphns\ ]cmainncpp. HIvtSm
_ 30 \v ImfktbmKw Dmbncpp. HIvtSm_ 17 \v N{{Kl
Whpw Zo]mhenbpw AizXn tchXn \{X knp 0 taS
n hp. AXmbXv taS_np, N{, kqcy, `qan, cmlptIXp
Fnh t\tcJbn hp. HIvtSm_dn _p[ kqcy\pw `qanbvpw
CSbn hv {KlWapmp A]q {]Xn`mkhpw \Sp. 1986-1987 se Fss\t\m F {]Xn`mkm `qanbpsS Imemh
amdn. CsXmw shpt\mptm 1986 se [qatIXphpw ZnPfpsS
Ne\hpw, \{X Xmcm{KlsshIrXhpw, ImfktbmKhpw, {Kl
bp, kamKabpw taS_nphn \S N{{KlWhpw, aqp amkn
\Ip \S cp `qIfpw- B hjw Hcp {][m\ bpKmZnbm
sWpw Ggp hjIw Htm AXne[nItam {][m\ `cWm[n
]mp \miw kw`hnnpsapw Nqnmphbmbncpp (kzo
U\n He^v]mta, Cybn cmPohvKmn) tUhnUvdqpw Pq\nb
tPm sk]v tImkvnbpw (NnmtKm bqWnthgvknn) 3500 t^mkn
epI ]T\ hnt[bamn. 1984 BZyn Ah Hcp \nKa\n
sen. 2600000 hjn `qanbnse `qcn]w PohPmev
hwi\miw kw`hnpp FXmWXv. 38000000 hjw apv Znt\mkdp
I \inXv Cs\bmWv. `qanbnse an CdnUnbw [mXp Gdp
tmgmWv hwi\miw hcnI. CdnUnbw [mXp Ghpw A[nIapXv
[qfnIfnepw BtdmbnUpIfnepw (D) BWv. Hmtcm 2600000 hj
nepw AXniamb Dm]mXw Dmhpp; s]mSn hjnpp.
PohPme NsmSppp. BImi KwKbpsS \{X {`aW Xe
neqsS kucbqYns Nmw{InI {`aWXew tZme\w (oscillate)
sNptm \{XtfmSpw XmciemIm]SetfmSpw ASpp
XmWv Cu Dm]mXn\v ImcWw. 2600000 hjn Hcn
Cu tZme\w kw`hn-mw. 2600000 hjnsemcn kqcys\ Hcp
hw {]ZnWw shbvp Hcp Ccp \{Xw (Xtam{Klw?) Dm
Imsav Ch IcpXpp. CXns\ Ah s\saknkv Fv hnfnpp.
kqcys 10 Hp henap Cu \{Xw Hcp ss_\dnbmWv.
_lncmImin\pdv sskzchnlmcw \Sp XmciemIm]Se
fpsS taJebmb Duv taLpw ApdamWv s\saknns
{`aW ]Ysanepw, Hmtcm 2600000 hjn\nSbnepw 1000000 hj
mew Cu ]SeneqsS s\saknv ISpt]mIpp. Ans\
414

{]Imiknp

ISp t]mIptm Ah ]ckv]cw Dmp \nLmX ^eambn


Xmcm iemIm ]Sen \nv At\Iw DIfpw [qfnIfpw
`qanbn ]Xnpp. cmlp, {Imnt`Z\ _np, Dmhjw,
[qatIXp, Itbmkv Fp hnfnsSp ImctWm Pe[n]qnIcpw asmcp `mjbn ]dXv CsXms Xs. Chsbmw
\{X XmcmKW sshIrXamsW 24 -mw tmInse ]cmaiw,
2600000 hjnsemcn Ab\mwi{IaoIcWw \Spsa
tPymXnj kw_nbmb hnizmkw- ChIsfqSn tNphmbnm
Hcp ]q cq]w e`npw.

415

{]Imiknp

Aymbw 33

DmeWw
1. Znhp`q ip`^em\mw ]XXmw cq]mWnbm\n Xm\yqmx
[njvtWymmi\n hnZypmcm CXnX][m`nmx
D Fp ]dbpXv {]Imi temIfn (kztmIv)
XmmfpsS ip`I^e `pPntijw ]Xnbvp (`qanbn
s Xncnsp) cq]sfbmWv. Ahsb Ap `ncq]fmbn
ImWmw. [njvWym, D, Ai\n, hnZypXn, Xmc.
2. Dm]tW ^ew XZz ZnjvWym i\n kv{Xn`n]ssx
hnZypZtlm`nx jUv`nkvXZzmcm hn]mNbXn
D Hcp ]n\Ipw (15 Znhkw) [njvWybpw Ai\nbpw
3 ]n\Ipw (45 Znhkw) ^ew Xcpp. hnZypXn, Xmc Fnh
IfpsS ^ew Bdp Znhkn\Iw e`nbvpw.
3. Xmcm^e ]mZIco^emZm{Xo {]IonXm [njvWymw.
Xn{kx kq ^em hnZypZtYmmi\n ivtNXn.
Xmcbvv 1/4 ^ehpw [njvWybvv 1/2 ^ehpw \Imt\ km[n
bvq. hnZypXv, D, Ai\n Fnhbvvv kq ^ew Xcm
km[nbvpw.
4. Ai\o kzt\\ alXm\rKPmizarKmiva thiva Xcp]ipjp
\n]XXn hnZmc bn [mcmXew N{I kwm\mx
Ai\n almb kzctmSpIqSn N{Icq]n \n]Xnv [cm
Xes ]nfpp. a\pjy, B\I, IpXncI, arK, hr
, ineI, Krl Fp th kIetbpw l\nbvpp.
5. hnZypXv kXz{Xmkw P\bn
XUXUkz\m klkm IpSnehnimem
\n]XXn Poth\ cminjp PzenXm.
416

{]Imiknp
XUXU Fv kzcw apgnsmv IpSnehpw hnimehpw km
lkcq]hpambn hsp hnZypv kkXzfnepw {Xmkw P\n
npsImpw PohnItfbpw C\tfbpw cminItfbpw Dzen
npsImpw \n]Xnbvpp.

6. [njvWym Irime]]pOm [\qjnZi ZriytXf cmiy[nIw.


PzenXmwKmc\nImim sZzulkvXukm{]amtW\m.
Iribpw Aev] ]pObpamb [njvWy Pzenp Hcp Icn
t]msebmWv. CXv ]p hnnSbn Ipd[nIw cmin `mKt ImWq.
CXns {]amWw (henw) cp lkvXw am{XamWv.
7. Xmcm lkvXw ZoLmipm
Xm{am_vPXpcq]mhm.
XncyK[tizmzwhm
bmXn hnbXyplyamt\h.
Xmc shfptm, Xm{ahtam, Xmac\mfocq]w t]msetbm Im
Wpw. AXns \ofw Hcp lkvXta hcq. BImin adncptm,
]IpXn am{Xw Zriyamtbm Xmsgbpw apIfnepw Btbm AXv kcn
pp.
8. Dmincknhnimem ]n]Xo htX {]X\p ]pOmZoLm
`hn N]pcpjw t`Zm_lthm `hykymx
D Xmtgv ]XnbvpwtXmdpw AXns intcm`mKnv
hepw hnphcpXmbpw, AXns ]pOw sNdpXmbnsdpXmbn
Xosc CmXmhpXmbpw `qanbn \np \ncoI\v A\p`hs
Spp. DI a\pjysctmsebmWv; Ah _lphn[ t`ZtfmSp
IqSn ImWsSpp.
9. t{]X{]lcW hcIc`\{II]n
Zwjv{Sn emwKearKm`mx
tKm[mln [qa cq]mx
]m]mbm tNm`b inckvXm.
t{]Xw, Bbp[w, Jcw, Ic`w, \{Iw, I]n, Zwjv{Sn, emwKe arKw,
tKm, Aln, [qacq]w, cp incpXv Cs\ ]e cq]n
Chsb ImWmw.
417

{]Imiknp

10. [zPQyjIcnKncn Iatep


XpcKk]vXcPX lwkm`mx
{iohkvXh{P iwJkzkvXn Icq]mx
inhkp`nmx
sImSn, ayw, B\, ]Xw, Xmac, N{, IpXnc, Npv FSp
shn, lwkw, {iohw, h{Pw, iwJw, kzkvXnIw Fo cq]n
Im inhhpw kp`nw \IpXpamWv.
11. Aw_caymZv _lztbm\n]Xtym
cmPcmjv{S\mimb
_w{`aXn KKt\m]cn
hn{`a amJymXn temIky.
BImiayns \n]Xnbvp cmP, cmjv{S \miI
rfmb At\Iw DIfpv. Ah temIs hn{`anpsImv
BImtim]cn \nccw ]cn{`aWw sNppv.
12. kwkv]riXu N{mu
XZznkrXm hm k`q{]Im N
]cN{ImKa\r] h[Zp`nmhrjvSn `b P\\o.
Ah N{ttbm kqcyttbm BIjW ]cn[nsb kv]inp
tm Xmtgbvv ]Xnv henb `qIapmpp. \Kc]meIs
(\r]s) h[w, Zp`nw, AhrjvSn FnhsImv `bw P\nnpp.
13. ]utcXcLv\ apm]khyIcWw
ZnhmIc lnamwtizmx
Dmip`Zm ]pctXm
ZnhmIc\nxkrXm bmXpx
kqcy N{mv A]khyambn D hoWm ]utcXcmsc
\nl\npw. kqcy DZnptm apn ImWsSp D ip`Z
bmWv. {]tXyInpw kmcnIv.
14. ipmcm ]oXmIrjvWmtNmm ZznPmZnhLv\o.
{Iai ssizXm l\yqmcx ]miz ]pOmx
418

{]Imiknp

sh, Nphv, a, Idpv Fo hnep D {Ia


n ZznPmZn \mep hp \miw sNpw. DbpsS l\p,
aqmhv, ]mizw, ]pOw Fo `mKfn Cu h Imepw
Cu ^eapv.
15. Dc ZnKmZn]XnXm hn{]mZo\m a\njvSZmcpm
EPzo kv\nKvm Jm \otNm]KXmN XZvhrssy.
{]ZnW{Ian, DcZnv apXemb ZnpIfn \nv cq
amb Dm]mXw Dmbm {_mlvaW{Xnb sshiy iq{ZmZn
Iv A\njvS^ew ]dbmw. EPphmbpw, kv\nKvambpw, AJam
bpw BImins Xmgs `mKmbnpw (\mep Znn Im)
{Ian \mep hpw A`nhrnbpmhpw.
16. iymam hmcpW\oem krKvZl\m knX`kva \n`mcqm.
kymZn\Pm h{ImZenXm N]cmKa`bmb.
iymaw, AcpWw, \oew, cw, Zl\w, knXw, `kvakZriw Fn
s\bpw cqambpw kybvpw ]Ienepw h{Iambpw ZenXambpw
ImWsSp D ]cmKa`bw hfpp.
17. \{X {KlLmtX XZv `n\mw bmb \nnjvSm
DZtb Lv\Xn choq ]utcXc arXythf kvtXhm.
\{X LmXtam {KlLmXtam Bb D `nsb bnn
pp. kqcy N{mcpsS DZbmkvXabfn D Im ]utc
Xcmv arXyp kw`hnbvpw.
18. `mKymZnXy[\njvTm aqtejqmltXjp bphXo\mw
hn{] {Xnb]oVm]pjym\nehnjvWp tZthjp
]q ^mKp\n, ]p\kp, [\njvTw, aqew Fo tbmKXmc
Isf D l\nbvpXmbm bphXnIv ]oV. ]pjyw, kzmXn,
{imhWsf l\nm {_mlvaWpw {Xnbpw ]oV.
19. {[phkutayjp \r]mWmapt{Kjp kZmcptWjp NucmWmw.
nt{]jp IemhnZpjmw ]oVm km[mctWNltX.
tcmlnWn, D{Xw, arKincv, Nn{X, A\pcm[w, aLw, B{Z, Bt
jw, tPyjvT, aqew \{Xsf D XmUnptm tNmcmv
419

{]Imiknp

]oV kw`hnpw. AizXn, ]pjyw, A`nPnXv, IrnI, hnimJw Fn


hsb XmUnptm IemhnZpjmv ]oV.
20. IptyXmx ]XnXm tZh{]Xnamkp cmPcmjv{S `bw
it{Im]cn \r]Xo\mw KrtljpXXvkzman\mw ]oVmw.
Cuizc{]XnaIfpsS ta D ]Xnm cmjv{Sn\pw cmPy
n\pw `bw kw`hnpw. C{[zPn ]Xnm cmPmhn\pw Krtlm
]cn ]Xnm Krl\mY\pw ]oV.
21. Bim{Ktlm]LmtX Xtim\mw Jte Irjn cXm\mw
ssNXyXscu knXm kXv IrX ]oVmw ItcmXypXvm.
GXp Znnte {KlamtWm D]LmXambXv B tZihmknIfmb
Irjnmpw ssNXyXcphn (Aehrw- t_m[n) ]Xnm
k\pw ]oV kw`hnpw.
22. Zzmcn ]pcky]pcbatY{Iote P\tbm f`nlnXx
{_lvambXt\hn{]mhn\nlXymZvtKmant\m tKmjvtT.
]pcZzmcn D ]Xnm ]pcbw. C{Ioen ]Xn
m P\bw. {_lva]pcn ]Xnm hn{]mpw tKmjvT
n ]Xnm [mcmfw ]ipfphpw bw.
23. tzUmkvt^mSnX hmZnX KotXmXvIrjvSkz\m`hn bZm
Dm\n]mX kasb `bmbcmjv{Sky k\r]ky.
GsXmcp Dm]mXkabv tzUw (bpthfbn hocm
sNp knwl\mZw), kvt^mSi_vZw, hmZyi_vZw, KoX i_vZw, apX
emb DIrjvS kzc kw`hnppthm B D \r]mtcmSp
IqSnb cmjv{Sv `bP\IamWv.
24. bkymizncw XnjvTXn tkzf \pjwtKm ZmIrXnx
km \r]tX `bmb.
bm tNmlytX Xp LrtXh kzm bmhm
atl{[zPXpeycq]m.
ZmIrXnbn BImiw apn hfsc t\cw \np D
\r]Xnamv `bw P\nnpp. s\ns {]hmlw t]mse [mcbmbn
420

{]Imiknp

ImWpXpw atl{[zPXpeycq]ambXpamb D cmPmmp


`bZmbnbmWv.
25. t{ijvTn\x {]Xo]Km XncyKm \r]mwK\mx
lyt[m aqJo \r]m {_mlvaWm\ tYmzKm.
XpSnbnSp Xs Xncnspamdv hn]coX KXnbn Nenp
D t{ijvSnIpw, Xmtgp Nenp D \r]mwK\ampw,
At[mapJnbmbXv cmPmmpw, DuzKambXv {_mlvaWpw
`bP\IamWv.
26. _ln ]qO cq]nWo temI kwbmhlm
k[Xv {]knWo tbmjnXm a\njvTZm.
abn ]oen t]msebp D temIn\p apgph \miImcn
WnbmWv. kst]mse kcnpXv kv{XoIv A\njvSw
Dmpp.
27. ln aem ]pcw O{XhXv ]ptcmlnXw
Lwi KpevahXv nXm cmjv{S tZmjImcnWo.
ae cq]ambXv \Kctbpw, O{X cq]ambXv ]ptcmlnXt\
bpw, Kpevaw t]mepXv cmjv{Stbpw tZmjambn _m[npw.
28. hyme kqItcm]am hnkv^penwKamen\o
Jtimf Yhm KXm kkz\m N Nm]Zm.
hymfw (Ime kw), kqIcw apXembh t]msebp BIrXn,
hnkv^penwKtfmSp IqSnbpw, Jw Jambpw i_vZtmSp IqSn
bpap kmcw Ch ]m]Zmbn\nIfmb DIfpsS eW
fmWv.
29. kpc ]Xn Nm] {]Xnam cmPyw
\`kn hneo\m PeZm ln
]h\ hntemam IpSnew bmXm
\ `hXn ikvXm hn\n hrm hm.
C{[\pv t]mepXv cmPys \innpw. \`n hneo\
amb D taLsf \innpw; ImpIsf {]XnIqe ZniIfn
IpSne `mhn kcnnph ip`ImcnIf.
421

{]Imiknp

30. A`n`hXnbXx ]pcw _ew hm `hXn


b`w XX Gh ]mnhky
\n]XXn N bYm Znim {]Zo]vXm PbXn
cn]q\ Nncmbm {]bmXx
CXn {io hcmlanlncIrXu _rlXv kwlnXmbm
DmeWw \ma {Xb kv{Xnwtimf ymbx
GXp `mKp \nmWv D hv ]pcstbm ssk\ys
tbm XmUnpXv, B Znibn \nmWv i{Xp ssk\yw B{IanpI.
CXdnbp cmPmhv DbpsS Znit\mn sNv i{Xp cmPysf
B{Ianv IogSpp.

422

{]Imiknp

Aymbw 34

]cnthj eWw
1. kqnXm chotmx IncWmx
]ht\\ aeo `qXmx
\m\m h IrXbkvX\zt{`
thymav\n ]cnthjmx
kqcytbpw N{tbpw IncW kqOnXfmbn, ]h\
\m aeo`qXambn \m\m htfmSpw BIrXnItfmSpw IqSn,
taLw Ipd BImin ImWsSpXns\ ]cnthjsap ]d
bpp.
2. tXc\oe ]mp cImt]mXm {`m`
i_e lmcn ipmx
C{ bahcpW \ncyXn izkt\ im]nXmalmKv\nIrXm
cw, \oew, tizXw, It]mX hw Fns\bp taL
v {Ian i_fw, lmcoXw, ipw Fo ]cnthj
C{, ba, hcpW, \ncyXn, hmbp, almtZh, {_lvam, AKv\n
Fnhbn \nv Dev]amIpp.
3. L\Zx ItcmXn taNIat\ymf \y.
KpWm{itbW Nm]yt\y.
{]hoenbtX aplpaplp Aev]^ex
tkmf ]n hmbp IrXx
L\Z\mb Ipt_c taNI hw \Ipp. At\ym\y KpWm
{ibm A\p\nanjw hnebnp Aev]^ew \Ip ]cnthjw
hmbphn\m DmsSpXmWv.
4. Nmj inJnc PXssXe oc Pem`x
kzIme kw`qXx
AhnIe hrx kv\nKvx ]cnthjx
inh kp`nIcx
423

{]Imiknp

GsXmcp ]cnthjw \oeIWvTamb abn, shn, ssXew, ocw,


Pew FnhbpsS tim`tbmsS kzImefn kw`qXamIppthm,
GsXmns hrw AhnIehpw kv\nKvhpw Bbncnppthm B
]cnthjw inhhpw kp`nIchpw BWv.
5. kIe KK\m\pNmcn ss\Im`x
XP knt`m cqx
AkIe iIS icmk\ irwKmSIhXv
nXx ]m]x
GsXmv kIe KK\nepw hym]nv cw t]mse cqambncn
ppthm, s]mnb hn, hnv, irwKmSIw Fnh t]msetbm ImW
sSppthm AXv ]m]ImcnbmWv.
6. inJnKe ktaf Xnhtj _lpht
\r] ht[m `bw [qt{a.
lcn Nm]\nt` bqzm\ytimIIpkpa {]t` Nm]n.
abnens Igppt]mse ]cnthjw Im AXnhjapmhpw.
At\I hfpsn cmPmhv h[nsSpw. [qahsan
`bapmhpw. C{[\pnstbm AtimI ]pjv]nstbm kam\
amb Imnbpsn bpw kw`hnpw.
7. hss\tI\ bZm _lpex
kv\nKvx pcm{` ImIox
kzsu ktZym hjItcmXn
]oX Zo]vXmx
GXp EXphn ]cnthjw Hcp htm _lpeambpw,
kv\nKvambpw, InbeIpt]mse t\ taLtfmSp IqSnbpw,
kqcy IncW Zo]vXamb ]oXhtmSp tNpw ImWppthm
Atm ktZymhjw thKw kw`hnpsadnbWw.
8. Zo]vX hnlwK arKcpXx Iepjx
kym {XtbmntXmf Xn alm
`b IrUn Zpm ssZyltXm
\r]w ln ikvt{XW.
424

{]Imiknp

kqcym`napJambn \np arKfpsStbm ]nIfpsStbm


i_vZtmSpIqSn {XnkyIfn Dbp ImWp almb ]cnth
jw `bcamWv. AXns\ Dtbm XSnXItfm t`ZnpXmbn
Im \r]\v Bbp[w sImv h[w kw`hnpw.
9. {]XnZn\ alnamwtizm clniw
ctbmtc{ h[x
]cnhnjvStbmc`ovWw
eKv\mkvX\`x tbmkvXZzXv.
{]XnZn\w cmI kqcy N{mv c ]cnthjw Im
cmPmhv h[nsSpw. DZbw, AkvXabw, Zn\ayw, cm{Xnayw Fo
thfIfn c]cnthjw Imepw CtX ^eamWv.
10. tk\m]tX `b Itcm Zznatem
\mXn ikv{X tIm] Icx
{Xn{]`rXn ikv{XtIm]w bphcmP`bw
\Kctcm[w.
Zznaeamb ]cnthjw tk\m]Xnbvv `bcamsWnepw
AXnikv{X tIm]Ica (henb bpw DmpIbn). {Xnae
tam AXne[nItam Bb ]cnthjw ikv{XtIm]w, bphcmP`bw, \K
cn\v D]tcm[w Fnh Dmpw.
11. hrjvSncpbtlW amtk\ hn{Ktlm hm
{Ktlp `\ntcmt[.
tlmcm Pm[n]tbmt
hm ipt`m cmx
`uamZn {Klfnsemtm, N{t\m, \{Xtfm ]cnthj
tmsS Im, aqp Zn\n hrjvSntbm, Hcp amkn\Iw bp
tam Dmhpw. tlmcm[n]t\m, eKv\m[n]t\m P\{Xtam ]cnthj
tmsS Im cmPmhn\v Aip`w kw`hnpw.
12. ]cnthjaeKtXm chnX\bx
p{Z [m\y\miIcx
P\bXn N hmXhrjvSnw
mhcIrjn Irn lm N.
425

{]Imiknp

i\nsb ]cnthj aeKXambn Im p{Z[m\y


\inp t]mIpw. mhc hkvXppw Irjnmpw \miIm
hmbn ]h\bpamb hrjvSn DmhpIbpw sNpw.
13. s`uta Ipamc _e]Xn ssk\ym\mw
hn{Zthmf Kv\n ikv{X`bw
Poth]cnthj KtX ]ptcmlnXmamXy
\r] ]oVm.
sNmv ]cnthjw Im bphcmPmhv, tk\m]Xn, tk\ Fn
hbvv hymIpeX, AKv\n`bw, Bbp[`bw. _rlkv]Xnv ]cnthjw
Im ]ptcmlnX, a{n, cmPmhv Fnhv ]oV.
14. a{n mhc teJI]cnhrn{tP kphrjvSn
ipt{I bmbn {Xnbcmmw ]oVm{]nbw Nmw.
_p[\v ]cnthjw Im a{n, mhc hkvXp, teJ
Im Fnhv A`nhrnbpw kphrjvSnbpw. ip{I\v ]cnthjw
Im {Xnbmpw cmPmmpw ]oVbpw Zp`nhpw.
15. pZ\earXyp\cm[n] ikvt{Xtiym PmbtX`bw tIsXu
]cnhnjvtS K``bw cmsluhym[n \r]`bw N.
tIXp ]cnthjtmsS Im hniv, AKv\n, arXyp, cmP`bw,
ikv{X`bw Fnhbpw cmlp ]cnthjtmsS \nm K``bw,
hym[n, cmP`bw Fnhbpw Dmhpw.
16. bpm\n hnPm\obmXv ]cnthjmiytc Zztbm{Kltbm
ZnhkIrXx cmint\mhmpZhrjvSn `bw {Xnjpt{]mw.
kqcyN{mp ]cnthjw ImWpI, Zzn{Kl Xn bp
apmhpI, Asn 3 {Klp ]cnthjw ImWpI. Cs\
hm Zp`nw, AhrjvSn Fnh Dmhpw.
17. bmXn NXpjp \tc{x
kmamXy ]ptcmlntXmhiw artXymx
{]eb anh hnn PKXx
]mZnjp aetjp
426

{]Imiknp

Asn\v ]cnthjw Im PKn {]fbw Dmhpw.


\msen\p Im AamXy, cmPmhv, ]ptcmlnX Fnhv
arXy^ew.
18. Xmcm{KlkyIpcymXv ]rYtKh kapntXm \tc{h[w
\{XmWmaYhm bZn tItXmm Ztbm `hXn.
Xmcm{Kl Fmw ]cnthjtmsS DZnm cmPmhv h[n
sSpw. CXv tIXp DZnm]amWv. tIXp DZnnpsn tIXq
Zb ^eamWv Xmcm{KlmZn^ea ]dtbXv.
19. hn{]{Xnb hnSviq{Zlm `thXv
{]Xn]ZmZnjp {Iaix
t{iWo ]pc tImim\mw ]aymZnjyip`Ico `hXn.
{]Xn]Zw apX 4 XnYnhsc ]cnthjw Im {Ian {_m
lvaW, {Xnb, sshiy, iq{ZmZnIp \miw hcpw. ]an apX 7
XnYn hsc Im t{iWn, ]pcw, tImiw FnhbvmWv Aip`w.
20. bphcmPkymjvSaymw ]cX kv{Xnjp
]mnhky tZmjIcx
]qctcmt[m ZzmZiymw ssk\ytm`
kv{Xtbm Ziymw.
AjvSanv ]cnthjw Im bphcmPmhn\pw AXn\p tijap
aqp XnYnIfn Im cmPmhn\pw tZmjIcamWv. ZzmZinv ]cn
thjw Im \Kcs i{Xp D]tcm[npw. {XtbmZinp Im
ssk\ytm`w (bpw) Dmhpw.
21. \c]Xn ]Xv\n]oUmw ]cnthtjmf iypnXXpiymw
IpcymXv Xp ]Ziymw ]oUmw a\pPm[n]sskyh.
NXpin\m ]cnthjw Im cmP]Xv\npw ]Zinp
]cnthjw Im cmPmhn\pw ]oV kw`hnpw.
22. \mKcnImWm amiycmnXm
bmbn\mw N _mly m
427

{]Imiknp

]cnthj aytcJm
hntbm{I kmcmWmw.
]cnthjns AxnXambn Hcp aytcJ Im \Kc
hmknIpw ]pdp Im i{XpcmPmmpw ]oU kw`hn
pw. ]cnthj aytcJ t\mnbnv BscmsbmWv B{I\w
sNpI Fdnbmw.
23. cx iymtam cq `hXn tbjmw]cmPbkvtXjmw
kv\nKvx tiztXm ZypXnam tbjmw `mtKm PbkvtXjmw
CXn{io hcmlanlnc IrXu _rlXv kwlnXmbmw
]cnthj eWw \ma NXp kv{Xnwtimf ymbx
Iq hn`mKm\pkcWw GtXXp `mKv ]cnthjw, cw,
iymaw, cqw Fns\ ImWppthm AXmXp tZiv ]cmPbw
kw`hnpw. kv\nKv[w, tizXw, Zo]vXw Fp ImWp tZiv
bpn hnPbw kw`hnpw.

428

{]Imiknp

Aymbw 35

C{mbp[ eWw
1. kqcyky hnhn[hmx ]ht\\ hnLnXmx Icmx kmt{`
hnbXn [\px kwm\m tb Zriyt XZn{[\px
hnhn[ htfmSp IqSnb kqcyIncWw ]h\\m t`Znsv
taLbpamb BImin hnns BIrXnbn Zriyamhp
XmWv C{[\pv.
2. tINnZ\ IptemcK\nx izmtkmZvLpX amlpcmNmcymx
XZymbn\mw \r]mWm a`napJ aPbmhlw `hXn.
Nne BNmcymcpsS A`n{]mbw A\s\ Ipe\mKns
izmkn \nmWv C{[\pv DmIpsXmWv. C{[\pn\v
A`napJambn bpn\pt]mIp cmPmm ]cmPnXcmIpp.
3. AOn ah\nKmVw ZypXnaXv kv\nKvw [\w hnhn[hw
ZzncpZnX a\ptemaw N {]ikvXaw`x {]in N.
AhnOnambn `qanbn sXmSpXpw {]Imihpw kv\nKvhpw
[\hpw hnhn[ hapXpw Ccphitpw DZnv A\ptema
ambXpw Bb t{ijvSamb C{[\pv [mcmfw ag sImphcpp.
4. hnZnKpZv`qXw ZnIvkzman \mi\w hy{`Pw acWImcn
]mSe]oXI\ossex ikv{XmKv\n pXvIrXm tZmjmx
Cuim\m, AKv\n, ss\cyXn, hmbp tImWpIfn C{[\pp
Im AXmXp Znnse cmPmhn\p acWw. ]mSew, a, \oe Fo
h Im Bbp[w, AKv\n, Zp`nw Fnh sImv tZmj
kw`hnpw.
5. Peatyf \mhrjvSn`phn kky h[kvXscu ntX hym[nx
haotI ikv{X `bw \nin kNnh h[mb [\pssc{w
Peayn C{[\pp Im A\mhrjvSn, `qanbn kky
429

{]Imiknp

\miw, hrnt hym[n, hmXvaoIn Im ikv{X`bw,


cm{Xn Im a{nh[w.
6. hrjvSnw ItcmXyhrjvSymw hrjvSnw hrjvSymw\nhmcbssXy{ymw
]mZv \ssZh hrjvSnw Ipeni `rXizm]amNjvtS.
A\mhrjvSn Imev ]q Znibn aghnp Im hrjvSn
e`npw. hrjvSnImev ]qZnibn aghnp Im hrjvSn e`nm
Xmhpw. ]na`mKv C{[\ppIm kZm ag e`npw.
7. Nm]w atLm\x IpcptX \nimbm amJembmw.
Znin `q] ]oVmw.
bmay]tcmZIv {]`hw \nl\ymXv tk\m]Xnw
\mbI a{nsWu N.
]qZnibn cm{Xn aghnp Im cmPmm ]oUnXcmhpw.
ZnW, ]na, Dc ZniIfnse aghnv tk\m]Xn, \mbI, a{n
Fnhsc \innpw.
8. \nin kpcNm]w knXhmZyw P\bXn ]oUmw
ZznP ]qmWw
`hXn Nbkyw ZninXtiyw \c]XnapJyw
\ NncmZz\ymXv.
CXn {iohcmlanlnc IrXu _rlXv kwlnXmbm
an{ eWw \ma ]{Xnwtimf ymbx
cm{Xnbn tizXw, cw, ]oXw, IrjvWw Fo hp
{]mapJytmsS aghnp Im {Ian {_mlvaWmZn NXp
p \miw. Fm GXp ZnibnemtWm IXv B Znibnse
cmPmhn\mWv thKw \miw kw`hnpI.

430

{]Imiknp

Aymbw 36

K \Kcw
1. DZvKmZn ]ptcmlnX \r]_e]Xn bphcmPtZmjZw J]pcw
knXc ]oX IrjvWw hn{]mZn\m a`hmb.
Dcw, ]qw, ZnWw, ]naw Fo ZniIfn {Iam\pkrX
ambn ImWp J]pcw ]ptcmlnX, cmPmhv, tk\m]Xn, bphcmPmhv
Fnhv hnLv\ Dmpp. tizXw, cw, ]oXw, IrjvWw
Fo hfn ImWsm hn{]mZnNXphv tZmjw.
2. \mKc \r]Xn PbmhlapZKznZnIvw hnh\mimb
immimbmw ZrjvSw ktXmcWw \r]Xn hnPbmb.
DcZnn K\Kcw Im \Kcn\pw cmPmhn\pw
hnPbw e`npw. Cuim\tIm, AKv\n, hmbptIm Fo Znp
Ifn Im Ahmv \miw kw`hnpw. imZnibn
tXmcWbpamb K \Kcw Im cmPmhn\v hnPbapmIpw.
3. k ZnKpw kXtXmnXw N `bZw \tc{cmjv{SmWmw
sNucmShnIm l\ymZv `qam\e i{I Nm]m`w.
kZm kZniIfnepw DZnp\np K \Kcw cmPmhn\pw
cmjv{Sn\pw `bmP\IamWv. AKv\n t]msetbm C{[\ppt]mse
tbm AXp ImWsm tNmcmpw h\hmknIpw \miImcW
ambnocpw.
4. K\KcapnX am]mpcai\n ]mX hmXIcw
Zo]vtX\tc{arXypmtaf cn`bw Pbx kthy.
]mpchm K \Kcw Im h{P]mXhpw sImSp
mpw Dmhpw. Zo]vXZniIfn Im cmPmhn\v arXyp. hmaZnibn
i{Xp`bw. ZnW`mKsn hnPbw.
5. At\I hmIrXn tJ {]ImitX]pcw
]XmIm zPtXmcWm\znXw
431

{]Imiknp

bZmXZm \mKa\pjyhmPn\mw
]n_XykrKv `qcnctW hkpcm.
CXn {iohcmlanlncIrXu _rlXv kwlnXmbmw
K \Kc eWw \ma jUv{Xnwtimf ymbx
At\I htmSpw BIrXntbmSpw IqSnb ]XmI, [zPw,
tXmcWw FnhtbmSpIqSnb K\Kcw BImin {]Imin
p ]w bpn At\Iw B\I, IpXncI, a\pjy Fn
hbpsS cw `qan IpSnpp.

432

{]Imiknp

Aymbw 37

{]Xnkqcy eWw
1. {]XnkqcyIx {]ikvtXm ZnhkIrZrXphk{]`x kv\nKv[x
sshZqcy\n`x kzOx ipO ta sku`nx
GXp EXphn kqcytbpw {]Xnkqcytbpw hw kv\nKv
amb sshZqcyn\pkaw kzOhpw iphpambncnppthm B EXp
hn tahpw kp`nhpw Dmhpw.
2. ]otXmhym[ow P\bXy timIcq] ikvt{X tIm]mb
{]XnkqcymWmw amemZkyp `bmX \r]l{n.
a\ndnep {]Xnkqcy hym[nbpmpp. AtimI
]pjv]ns \ndsan ikv{XtIm]apmIpw. At\Iw {]Xnkqcy
mcpsS ame Im Zkyp`bw, BXw, cmPmhns h[w Fnh
kw`hnpw.
3. ZnhkIrXx {]Xnkqtcym
PeIrZpZKv ZntW ntXmf \neIrXv
D`bx kene`bw
\r]ap]cn\nlyt[mP\lm.
CXn {iohcmlanlncIrXu _rlXv kwlnXmbmw
{]XnkqcyN{Iw \ma k]vX {Xnwtimf ymbx
Dc `mKv {]Xnkqcys\ Im ag e`npw. ZnW
`mKp Im Impmhpw. cp Znibnepw Im Pe`bw Dm
hpw (shsmw)- apI`mKp Im cmPmhn\pw Xmsg Im
P\Xbvpw \miapmIpw.

433

{]Imiknp

Aymbw 38

ctPmeWw
1. IYbn ]mnhh[w cPkm
L\ Xnanc kb\nt`\
Ahn`mhy am\Kncn ]pcXchx
kZnimx
L\tadnb Ccpns kbw t]mse kZniIfnepw aqSnbncn
p s]mSnsImv ]Xhpw \Kchpw hrfpw Hpw ImWmXm
hptm cmPmhns h[w {]hNnmw.
2. bkymw Znin Zqcn Nbx
{]mIv {]`hXn \mitaXn hmbkymw
BKOXn k]vXmlmss{Xh
`bw\ ktlx
BZyw GXp ZnibnemtWm [qfnkaqlw ImWsSpIbpw, \nhr
amIpIbpw sNbvXXv, B Znibn Ggp\mIw `bapmhpsa
Xn ktlan.
3. tiztX ctPm Ls\utL ]oVm
kym a{nP\]Zm\mw N
\ NncmXv {]tIm] ap]bmXn
ikv{XaXnkwIpem knnx
[qfncmiocq]amb taLkaqlw tizXhamsWn a{n
ampw P\]Zpw ]oV Dmhpw. ikv{XtIm]w thKn
kw`hnpw. Imcyknn DmhpIbn.
4. AtmZtb hnPrw`Xn
bZn Zn\taIw Zn\Zzbw hm]n
Kbnh KK\Xew
`baXyp{Kw \nthZbXn.
434

{]Imiknp

AtmZb thf apX Hcp Zn\w apgph\ptam, cpZn\tam BIm


in cPv hnPrw`nXambn \nm GtXm AXyp{K`bw kw`hnm
\ncnppv.
5. A\hcXkbhlw cP\otaImw {][m\ \r] lr
tamb N tcmjmWm hnNWm\mw \tc{mWmw.
Hcp cm{Xn apgph s]mSn]Sew \nm {][m\ \r] h[n
sSpw. av hnNWcmb \r]mv taw Dmhpw.
6. cP\o Zzbw hnkbXn bkvan cmjvt{S ctPmL\w _lpew
]cN{IkymKa\w Xkvan]n knt_mhyw.
cp cm{Xntbmfw [qfntaLw Hcp cmjv{Sn \nm asmcp
cmPys cmPmhn\m `cnsSpw FdnbWw.
7. \n]XXn cP\o {XnXbw
NXpjvW a]yc khn\mimb
cmmw ssk\y tmt`m
cPkn `thXv ]cm{X `th.
aqv AYhm \mep cm{Xn s]mSn hjnp sImncpm A
n\pw ckn\pw \miapmhpw. Apcm{Xn s]mSnhjnm cmPm
mcpsS ssk\ynSbn tm`apmhpw.
8. tIXzm ZypZb hnapw bZmctPm
`hXn Xo{h `bZmbn
inincmZ\y EsXu ^e ahnIe amlpcmNmcyx
CXn {ihcmlanlnc IrXu _rlXv kwlnXmbmw
ctPmeWw \mamjvS{Xnwtimf ymb
tIXp apXembhbpsS DZbn\p tijamWv s]mSn hjnsX
n Xo{h `bw Dmhpw. BNmcymcpsS A`n{]mbn ininc
EXphnsemgnsI, ap EXpfn cPpIm ^ew A[nIamsW
mWv.

435

{]Imiknp

Aymbw 39

\nLmX eWw
1. ]h\x ]h\m`nltXm
KK\mZhs\u bZmkam]XXn
`hXn XYm \nLmXx kN
]mt]m Zo]vX hnlKcpXx
Imv Imn\m A`nlXambnv BImip\nv `qanbn ]Xn
p kabv \nLmXw kw`hnpp. B kabv kqcym`napJ
ambn i_vZapmnsmv ]nI ]dm Aip`IcamWv.
2. AtmZtbf [nIcWnI
\r][\ntbm [mwK\mhWn tKziymx
B{]lcmw tif PmhnIap]l\ymOp{Z s]ucmw.
kqtcymZbn \nLmXapmbm A[nIcWnIm (Nn
Im- hnNmcIm) \r], [\nI, AwK\am, tbmm, hWn
pI, thiyI Fnh \inpw. {]lcmwi kabmsWn
BnSbm, iq{Zm, ]ucm FnhmWv \miw.
3. Baymlv\m{ZmtPm]tkhnt\m
{_mlvaWmw ]oVbXn.
sshiy PeZmw kvXrXotb sNucm
{]ltc NXpt N.
aymlv\ thfbnemsWn cmPmhns\ tkhnphpw {_m
lvaWpamWv ]oV. aqmas {]lcn \nLmXapmbm
sshiymcpw hrjvSn \Ip taLfpw \inpw. \memas {]l
cn Dmbm ImmWv \miw.
4. AkvXw bmtX \oNm {]Yta bmta \nln kkym\n
cms{Xu ZznXobbmta ]nimN kwLmn]oVbXn.
436

{]Imiknp

kqcymkvXabn \nLmXapmbm \oNmcpw cm{XnbpsS


{]Yabman Dmbm kkyfpw \inpw. cm{XnbpsS cm
as bman \nLmXapmbm ]nimNkwL ]oVnX
cmIpw.
5. XpcKIcnWkvXrXob hn\nl\ymZymbn\Xpt N
ss`ch Pc i_vtZm bmXn bXkvXmw Znimw ln.
CXn {io hcmlanlnc IrXu _rlXv kwlnXmbmw
\nLmX eWw \mssatIm\ NXzmcnwtimf ymbx
cm{XnbpsS aqmw {]lcn \nLmXapmbm B\, IpXnc
Fnhbvpw \memw bman Dmbm Bymbn\mpw
\miw. GXp Znibn ss`ch Pc i_vZtmSpIqSn \nLmX
apmhppthm B Znibn \miw kw`hnpw.

437

{]Imiknp

Aymbw 40

kky PmXIw
1. hrnI hrj{]thti `mt\mt _mZcmbtWt\mmx
{Kojva icXv kkym\mw kZktZymKmx IrXmkvX Cta.
hrivNnIw, Ej`w Fnhbn kqcy {]thinptm {Kojva
phntebpw icZrXphntebpw kkyfpsS kpw Akpw _mZ
cmbW\m ]dbshbmWv. Ah ]dbpp:
2. `mt\mcen {]thtKti tIss{kvXkvam Op`{Klm{Imssx
_ehZv`nx kussaym \nconssX ss{KjvanI hnhrnx
kqcy hrnIn {]thinptm AXns tI{ m\
fn (hrnIw, Ipw`w, CShw, Nnw) ip` {Kl _ehmmcmbn
\nm {Kojvaphnse kkyv karn Dmhpw. ip` {Kl
ZrjvSnbpmbmepw CtX ^ew.
3. AjvSacmin KtXf t Kpcpiint\mx
Ipw`m knwlnXtbmx
knwl LSm kwtbmm \njv]n {Kojva kkyky.
AjvSacminbmb hrnIn kqcy {]thinsh Ipw`
n Kpcphpw knwln N{\pw (adnv knwln Kpcphpw Ipw`
n N{\pw) \nm {KojvaImekky hnpw.
4. AmXv kntXZznXotb _pt[f Yhm bpK]tZhhmkvXnXtbm
hybKX tbmc]nX Zznjv]n cXoh Kpcp ZrjvSym.
kqcys cmw cminbn ip{It\m _p[t\m \npI, As
n Ah cpwtNv kqcys 11 -mw cminbn \npI- Cs\
hmepw [mcmfw Aw Dev]mZnnsSpw. hymgZrjvSnbpsn
B Aw Daambncnbpw sNpw.
5. ip`atyf en\n kqcymZv Kpcp iint\mx
k]vXta ]cmkXv
AeymZnt khnXcn Kpscu ZznXotbf m\njv]nx
438

{]Imiknp

hrnIn \np kqcys Ccphipw ip`{Kl


DmhpI, AhtbmsSmw hymghpw N{\pw IqSn DmhpI Fp
hm [mcmfw hnfhv Dmhpw. hrnIn chnbpw AXns
cn Kpcphpw \nm ]IpXn hnfhv Inpw.
6. em`ln_qImbpssx kqcymZenKmXvkntXpcmin]pss{Xx
kkyky ]cm kXv IWn Poth Khmw NmKym.
hrnI kqcys 2,4,11 cminIfn ip{I, N{, _p[ Fn
h \nm kky kv [mcmfw e`npw. 10 -mw `mhn Kpcp
\nm IpImenIv Daamb Aw [mcmfw Inpw.
7. Ipwt` Kpcphn iin kqcymf enaptJIpPmsPu aItc
\njv]nckvXn alXn ]mXv ]cN{I tcmK`w.
kqcy hrnIn {]thinptm Ipw`n Kpcp, Ej`
n N{, aIcn IpPt\m i\ntbm- Cs\ \nm [mcmfw
kkykpmhpw. Fm XpSv A\ycmPyp \np
B{IaWhpw tcmK`bhpw Dmhpw.
8. aty ]m]{Kltbmx kqcyx kkym hn\mi bXyenKx
]m]x k]vXacmsiu PmXw PmXw hn\mibXn.
hrnIn ]m] {Kl aynX\mbn kqcy \nm [m\y
\inpt]mIpw. CXpt]mse hrnI cminbpsS 7 -mw cminbmb
CShn \nm apfbvp [m\ysams \inpp.
9. A mt\ {Iqcx skussay c\nconXx {]YaPmXw
kky \nln ]iymZp]vXw \njv]mZ tbZvhyw.
Am\p \np {Iqc {Kls skuay {Klsfm
pw Xs ZrjvSn sNmXncpm BZyw \ kkysamw \inpw.
]noSp \sXms apfp hfcpw.
10. PmanX tI{ kwsu {Iqcm kqcyky hrnI ky.
kky hn]nw IpcpXx skussay{ZsjvSu \ k{X.
hrnI kqcys Ggnsem, tI{ntem \np {Iqc {Klw
kkysf \innpp. ip` {Kl ZrjvSnbpsn kky\miw
km{XnIambncnbn.
439

{]Imiknp

11. hrnIkwm ZmXv k]vXajjvsTm]sKu bZm{Iqscu


`hXn XZm \njv]nx kkym\ma ]cnlm\nx
hrnI kqcys Bdnepw Ggnepw {Iqc{Klw \nm kky
Dmhpw. Fm AhbpsS aqeyw ]IpXnbmbn Npcppw.
12. hn[n \mt\ss\h chn hrj {]thti icXv kapm\mw
hntbx kkym\mw \mimb inhmb hmXss
hrj cminbn kqcy {]thinptm Dmhp icZrXp
hn Dev]amb [m\yfpsS \miw, inhw (ip`w) Fnh IqSn Adn
bWw.
13. {Xnjp, tajmZnjp kqcyx kuaybpsXu honsXmf ]n hm hnNc
ss{KjvanI[m\yw IpcptX kaap`tbm] tbmKywN.
taSw apX 3 cminIfn kqcy kuay{KltfmSp tNtm,
kuay{KlZrjvSnbntem \nm ss{KjvanI [m\y [mcmfw Dm
hpw. P\ Clw, ]cw F cp temIntepw AXv D]tbmKn
m kacmhpw (CltemIv [mcmfw `nm\pw, At\Iw
t]v AZm\w sNbvXv Daamb ]ctemI {]m]nm\pw th
{X [m\yw Dmhpw Fw).
14. ImpI arK LS kwx
imcZky XZz tZh chnx
kw{Kl Imte ttbm
hn]cybx {Iqc ZrtKymKmXv.
CXn {io hcmlanlncIrXu _rlXv kwlnXmbmw
kkyPmXIw \ma NXzmcnwtimf ymbx
[\p, aIcw, Ipw`w cminIfn \np kqcy icXvIme kky
pw ta]d hn[w A`nhrn \Ipp. kw{Kl Imev
{Iqc{Kl kwtbmKtam ZrjvSntbm Dmbm CXn\v hn]coXw Gs
SpsadnbWw.

440

{]Imiknp

Aymbw 41

{Zhy\nbw
1. tb tbjmw {ZhymWm a[n]Xtbm cmibx kapnjvSmx
ap\n`nx ip`m ip`mw Xm\mKaXx {]hyman
GtXXp {Zhyv GtXXp cmiym[n]m Fv ap\nam app
]dnpv. ip`mip`mambn BKafnep hn[w, Ahsb
Rm ]dbmw.
2. hkv{XmhnIIpXp]m\mw akqctKm [qacmfIbhm\mw
ekw`shuj[o\mw I\Iky N IontXm tajx
tajcmin hkv{Xw, Bptcmaw sImp Iw_fw, ]cnpI,
tKmXv, hrtmev], bhw, ew, kw`hw, acppI, kz
w Fnhbvv kzmanbmWv.
3. Khnhkv{X IpkpatKm[qa imenbh alnjkpc`nX\bmx kypx
anYpt\f ]n [m\y imcZho imeqI Imkmx
]ip, hkv{Xw, ]q, tKmXv, imenbh, alnjw, kpc`o
]p{Xm Fnhbvv Ej`cminbpw, [m\y icZrXphn Dev]
amIp hnI, Xmacw, Ippaw, ]cpn Fnhbvv anYp\cmin
bpw kzmanbmWv.
4. InWntIm{Zh IZfo Zqm ^eI]{XtNmNm\n.
knwtl Xrj[m\yckmx knwlm Zo\mw XzNx kKpUmx
InSIw IZfn, Zqm, ^e, IngpI, CeI Fnh
bvpw Nnw, Xrj[m\y, ckw, Xzv, Kpfw Fnhbvpw A[n
]XnamcmWv.
5. jjvtTf XkoIembmx Ipe tKm[qam apZvK \njv]mhmx
k]vXa cmsiuamjm tKm[qamx kj]mx kbhmx
I\y AXkn, ]cnp h, Ipew, tKmXv, Dgpv, \njv]m
441

{]Imiknp

hw (HcpXcw ]cnv) Fnhbvpw Xpemw Dgpv, tKmXv, ISpIv, bh


sanhbvpw kzmanbmWv.
6. AjvSacmim hnpx sskIyw teml\yPmhnIw Nm]n
\hta Xp XpcK ehWmw _cm kv{XXne [m\y aqem\n.
hrnIw, Icnv, Pemwiap k hkvXpfpw (Icnnepw
Pew ]ngnsSp-mw), k temlfpw, BSv, ImenI apXembh
bvp kzmanbmWv. [\p, Aizw, Dv, hkv{Xw (Aw_cw- hkv{Xw Fpw
BImisapw) Akv{Xw, Xne[m\yw aqew (aqew \{Xw, thcv,
Ingv, Dev]nm\w Fv \m\mw) Fnhbvv kzmanbmWv.
7. aItc Xcp KpevamZyw ssktIyjp kphm IrjvWm temlm\n
Ipwt` keneP ^e Ipkpa cXv\ Nn{XmWn.
aIcw hrKpevamZnI, ]ngnp Inp Icnv apXemb hkvXp
, kphw, IrjvW temlw (Ccpv) Fnhbvpw Ipw`w Pe
n \npmhp ^e, Ipkpa, cXv\, Nn{X
(cq]) Fnhbvpw kzmanbmWv.
8. aot\ I]memkw`h cXv\mw\yw_qZv `hm\n h{PmWn
kvt\lm ss\Icq]m hymJymXm ayPmXw N
I]men \np kw`hn cXv\ (B\bpsS akvXIn
se apv, \mK incnse amWnIyw, a\pjy akvXnjvInse Nnm
aWn F {]) Pen \nv DXv`hn hkvXp (Poh
ASw) h{Pw, kvt\lw (t{]aw, F, sImgpv- \m\mw) apXembn
At\I cq]n hymJym\nshsbmw ayPmXamWv (ao\w
cmin Fpw, aycmPysapw cn FSppI).
9. cmtiXpimmbk]vX \h]antXmPohx
tyImZi Zi]mjvStajp cminP hrnIcx
GXp cminbpsS 2,4,5,7,9,10,11 m\fn Poh (hymgw) Dtm,
2,5,8,10,11 m\fn _p[ Dtm B cminbn ]dbs {Zhy
n\v hrnbpmhpw.
10. jUv k]vXa tKm lm\nw hrnw ip{Ix ItcmXntitjkp
D]Nb kwmx {Iqcmx ipt`mx titjjp lm\nIcmx
442

{]Imiknp

C{]Imcw Xs, Cu m\fn ip{I \nm hrn, 6,


7 \nm bw. {Iqc{Klw D]Nbfn \nm (3,6,10,11) ip`
ZmbnbmWv. atsXnepw cminbn \nm lm\nIcamWv.
11. cmtiycyky {Iqcmx ]oVm mt\jp kwnXm _en\x
XXv t{]m {ZhymWmw almXm Zp`Xzw N.
_ehm\mb {Iqc{Klw GXp cminbn ]oVmm\v (D]Nb
amnSv) \nppthm B cminbpsS A[o\Xbnep k
{Zhyfpw \inv Zp`ambnXocpp.
12. CjvSmt\ skuaym_ent\m tbjmw `hXn cmio\mw
XZv{ZhymWmwhrnx kmayaZp`Xzw N.
_ehm\mb ip`{Klw GXpcminbpsS CjvSm\v (D]Nb
n) \nppthm B cminbpsS A[o\nep k hkvXp
pw A`nhrn DmImhpXmWv; am{Xa B {Zhy kpe`
ambn e`npIbpw sNpw; AXn\p (Ah t\Sm\p) kmayhpw
cmjv{Spmhpw.
13. tKmNc]oVmbma]ncminen`nx ip`{KsslZrjvSx
]oVmw \ ItcmXn XYm {Iqssctchw hn]cymkyx
CXn hcmlanlnc IrXu _rlXv kwlnXmbmw
{Zhy\ntbm \mssaI NXzmcnwtimf ymbx
cminIfn _ehmmcmb ip`{KlfpsS ZrjvSnbpsn
tKmNc]oVsb DmpIbn. {Iqc{KlfmsW-n CXn\p hn]
coX^ew ]dbmw.

443

{]Imiknp

Aymbw 42

A Imw
1. AXnhrjvSypevIm Zm ]cnthj {KlW ]cn[n ]qm
ZrjvSzm amhmkymbmapev]mXm s]uamkymw.
2. {_qbmZhntijm {]Xnamkw cminjp {IamXv kqcy
A\yXnYm hypXv]mXm tb tX Uacmtb cmmw.
{]Xnamkw cminIfn {Ian kqcy Kanptm Aam
hmkn, ]uamknIfn ]cnthjw, {KlWw, ]cn[n, AXnhrjvSn,
D, Zcq]amb DXv]mXw Fnh Im {Iam\pkmcw hnjbw
{Klnv {]hNnWw. Cu DXv]mX cmPmmv `bw Dm
pp.
3. tatjm]KtX kqtcy {KojvaP [m\yky kw{Klw IpcymXv
h\aqe ^eky hrtj NXpamtk Xtbmm`x
kqcy taScminbn {]thinptm {Kojva PmXfmb
[m\ysf kw{Klnv kqnWw. CShn h\hkvXp, Ing
pI, ^e Fnh kw{KlnWw. \memw amkn ChbpsS
em`w ]dbmw.
4. anYp\t kckm [m\ym\n N kw{Klwkap]\ob
jjvtT amtk hn]pew hn{IoW {]m]vkbmm`w.
anYp\n \nptm khn[ckfpw [m\yfpw kw`
cnv Bdmw amkn Ahsb hn{Ibw sNbvXm \ em`w Inpw.
5. InWyt a[pKssXeLrX^mWnXm\n hn\n[mb
ZznKpWm ZznXobamtk e_v[n lo\m[ntI tOZx
InSIn \nptm a[p, kpKhkvXp, ssXe
, LrXw, ic Fnh kqnp kw`cnm cp amkw
sImv \ em`apmmw. cp amkne[nIw shncpm em`w
Ipdbpw, \jvSapmhpIbpw sNpw.
444

{]Imiknp

6. knwtl kphaWn Nikv{XmWn saunIw cPXw


]aamtk e_v[nnt{IXpctXmf \yYm tOZx
knwln \nptm kphw, aWn, Nw, Bbp[w,
apv, shn Fnh kw`cnm Amw amkw hnv [mcmfw em`ap
mmw. CXnp hn]coXambn sNbvXm \jvSamWv.
7. I\ymKtX Zn\Itc Nmac kzc Ic`hmPo\mw t{IXm
jjvtS amtk ZznKpWw em`ahm]vt\mXn hn{IoWm.
Inbn \nth Nmacw, IgpX, B\, IpXnc Fnh hmn
Bdmw amkw hnm Ccn em`w Inpw.
8. sXuen\o Xmh `mw aWnIw_eImN ]oXIpkpam\n
BZ[ym Zzm\ym\n N jWvamkm ZznKpWoXm hrnx
Xpemn \nptm Xp (\qep) sImp hkv{Xw,
]m{Xw, aWn, Iw_fw, ImNw (sekv), a\ndap ]q (a
qhn \nsSpp Nmbw), [m\y Fnh kw`cnp shbvpI.
Bdpamkw sImv ChbpsS aqeyw Ccnbmbn hnpw.
9. hrnIkwt khnXcn^eIIaqemhnhn[cXv\m\n
hjZzb apjnXm\n ZznKpWw em`w {]bOn.
hrnIn khnXmhv \nptm ^e, IngpI,
thcpI, hnhn[Xcw cXv\ Fnh kw`cnv cv hjw kqnp
shm ZznKpWo `hn em`w Dmmw.
10. Nm]KtX KrlobmXv IppaiwJ{]hmeImNm\n
apm ^em\n N XtXm hjmmZznKpWXmw bmn.
[\phn kqcy \nptm Ippaw, iwJv, {]hmfw, ImNw,
apv, ^e Fnh kw`cnm Bdpamkw sImv (CShw, anYp\w)
ChbpsS hne Ccnpw (AmemWv ImehjmpIfpsS klm
btmsS hntZikmcnI IhSn\v FpXv).
11. arKLStKKrlobmZv ZnhmItc teml`m[m\ym\n
nXzm amkw Z[ymm`mm ZznKpWam]vt\mXn.
445

{]Imiknp

aIcw, Ipw`w cminIfn kqcy \nptm, teml,


]m{X, [m\y Fnh kw`cnWw. Hcp amkw FSpv shv
hnm, em`ImwnIv Ccn hneInpw.
12. khnXcn Qjap]bmtX aqe^ew I`mcXv\m\n
kwm]y hcmw em`IanjvSw kam]vt\mXn.
ao\cminbn kqcy {]thinm ^eaqe, IngpI,
]m{X, cXv\ Fnh kw`cnv Bdpamkw Ignp hnm
\ em`w Inpw (NnnsscqS FdnbsSp IqSen Fm
hntZi hWnpIfpw kztZin hWnpIfpw cmP]pcpjmcpw B_me
hr P\fpw ktfnp Nn{XIqSmWn AXp hngnbpw).
13. cmsiu cmsiu bkvan ininc abqJx kl{kInctWm
hmbptmf [nan{X ZrjvSkvX{Xmbw em`tImZnjvSx
GsXmw cminIfn ioXfabqJ\mb N{\pw, kl{kIncW
\mb kqcy\pw A[nan{X{KltfmsSmpw, Ahcm ZrjvScmbpw
\nppthm, B cminIfn ]dbs hkvXpfpsS {Ibhn{Ibw
sImv em`apmhpw.
14. khnXy klnXx kqtm hmipss`pXhonXx
inincIncWx ktZymf ky {]hrnIcx kvarXx
Aip` klnXx kZrjvtSmhmln\kvXyYhm chnx
{]Xn {KlKXm `mhm _pzm htZXv kZkXv ^ew.
CXn {io hcmlanlncIrXu _rlXv kwlnXmbm
aImw \maZznNXzmcnwtimf ymbx
Aamhmknbn kqcyt\msSmtm, ]uamknbn kq
\mtbm ip`{Klho-nX\mbn \np N{ io{Ln A
{]hrnbpmpw. kqcy Aip`{Kl-tfmSp IqSntbm Ahbm
ZrjvS\mtbm \nm hnLv\ Dmhpw. C{]Imcw Hmtcmtcm {Kl
fpw {]m]nncnp `mhsf t_m[nnv kpw Akpamb
^ew ]dbmw.

446

{]Imiknp

Aymbw 43

C{[zPkv
1. {_lvamWaqNpcacm `Kh{O{Imx kva \mkpcm katc
{]Xntbm[ bnXpaXkvXzmw icWyicWw kap]bmXmx
Aacm {_lvamhnt\mSv ]dp: tl `Khm, Rv
AkpcmtcmSv bpw sNm th kmayan. AXn\m R
Asb icWw {]m]npp.
2. tZhm\phmN `Khm otcmtZ tIihx khx tIXpw
bw ZmkyanXw ZrjvSzm \msPu mynthm ssZXymx
{_lvatZh ]dp. `Khm tIih otcmZ[nbn hncmPn
pp. Atlw \nv Hcp tIXpsh \Ipw. B tIXp Im
]ns ssZXym \nfpsS apn \nm ss[cysSpIbn.
3. e_v[hcmx otcmZw KXzm tX XpjvSphpx kpcmx tk{mx
{io hmw sIukvXp`aWn InctWmZv `mkntXmckvIw.
C{]Imcw hcw Innb tZhm ]mSen sNp. C{\pw
tZhmcpw {]oXn]qw Ip. {iohmnXhpw, sIukvXp`aWnbpsS
IncWw Xn {]IminpXpamb almhnjvWphns amdnSw.
4. {io ]Xn aNny akaw kaXx k tZln\mw kqvaw
]camXvam\ a\mZnw hnjvWpahnmX]cyw.
ANnyhpw, Akahpw, kaZihpw, ktZlnIfptSbpw kq
vaXzhpw, A\mZnbpw, AhnmXamb ]cn[ntbmSp IqSnbXpw
(]cn[nbnmXv) Bb ]cammhmb {io ]Xn hnjvWpsh (Ah
Zinp). (50-54 tmIfpsS hymJym\w IqSn t\mpI).
5. ssXx kwkvXpXx ktZhkvXptXmj \mcmbtWmZsZu tNjmw
[zP akpc kpc h[qapJIaeh\XpjmcXovWmwipw.
C{]Imcw \mcmbWs\ kvXpXn Ah, kpch[pfpsS apJ
447

{]Imiknp

Iaeh\v kqcy\pw, Akpch[pfpsS apJIaeh\v


N{\pw F t]mse {]Iminp [zPw Iv kpjvScmbn.
6. Xw hnjvWp tXtPm`hajvSNt{I tnXw `mkzXn cXv\Nnt{X
tZZo]yam\w icZnh kqcy[zPw kamkmyaptamZi{Ix
C{, icXvmekqcys\tmse {]Iminp hnjvWp tXP
n \npmbXpw Fp N{IapXpw cXv\Nn{Xfm `mknXhpw
Bb cYn nXnsNp [zPs Iv BtamZnp.
7. k InwInWo Pme]cnjvIrtX\ kv{XIvO{XLm ]nSIm\zntX\
kap{OntX\maccmMv [ztP\ \nt\y hn\miw katc fcnssk\yw.
InnWn Pmefm ]cnjvIrXambn, ame O{Xw, L, ]nSIw
FnhtbmSpIqSn Dbp \np B [zPm C{ i{Xp
ssk\ys bpn \innp. amebpw IpSbpw aWnbpw, InnWn
bpw ]nSIw F `qjWhpw Nmnb [zPw Fv `mjyImc
Aw ]dbppv. Fm, CXnt\m Ihnsmcw CXn
\pv. cmPmmpw sshiympw s]mXphmbp Hcp Dh
amWv Ct{mhw. C{[zPw, Pcw, bq]w \mnb bmKw, Xpemkv,
Iens ]mbvv ChIsfmw ChnsS [zPw sImv ]dbppv.
]nSIw Fm henb I, bm\]m{Xw. (s]cpw ]nSIapcb
F alm\mhnI\mb alma{n cmaLSaqjnIs Imew sXmv Fm
tNc cmPmmcptSbpw D]tZiI\mbncpp. kmaqXncnbpsS Imes
Ipmen acbvm hsc XpS Cu sshiy]mccyw D]cnNc
hkphmWv \SmnbsXv ASp tmIfn ]dbpw. CXns
hniZmwi aqjnIhwis Bkv]Zamn Rm FgpXnhcp
s]cpSns Ncn{Xn ImWmw).
7. kv{XoISymw taJem Imo k]vXao ci\mXYm
ot_ kmck\m NmY ]pwkvISymw irwJem{Xnjp.
]mZmw KZw XpemtImSnRvPotcm]ptcmkv{Xnbmw
lwkIx ]mZISIx InnWop{ZLnIm F AactImi
tmIn\v ]ptcn \oeIWvTibpsS ]mctaizcn hymJym\w
t\mpI. kv{XoIfpsS Acbn [cnp taJebvv (AcmWw)
KXn hntijs [m\w sNpXv Fpw, Imnv tim`bpXv
448

{]Imiknp

Fpw, k]vXInv k]vXkzcw ]pdsSphnpXv Fpw ck\v


i_vZnpXv Fpw \mZck\bpXv Fpw, IqSn Aapv. Nne
n\v XpemtImSn, p{ZL, InnWn, inn\n, aRvPocw, \q]pcw,
lwkIw, ]mZISIw Fsms t]cpv (aWntaJe, NneXnImcw
F Xangv CXnlmk sshiym, \rtm]PohnI, Ct{m
hw sImmSp cmPmm, Fnhsc Bkv]ZamnbmWv).
XpemImcamb AtmSpIqSnbXv, Xpemkns Aw Fpw Xpem
tImSnsb ]dbmw; CXv Xpemw cminbpsS A{K `mKp Nn{Xm \
{XtbmKtbpw, sshiys Xpemknt\bpw IqSn Ipdnpp. Inn
IWw ItcmXnbmWv InnWn- ]mbw sImp XpgpmIp
Xgpw InnWnbmWv. InWn, ImWn Fpw Cu ]Zns XZv`h
amWv. Iw kpJw IWXn- kpJs iwknpXmWv IwInWn,
ImWn. Ln, Lm Fm aWn; Lw F Imebfhp
Ignp Fdnbnm aWn apgp b{w LmaWn AYhm
LSnImcw (kap{Z kmcnI D]tbmKnpXv). (]nSIn\v inJn
AYhm apSn ^Ww Fpw Aapsv ]nSIeWsa Aym
bn ImWmw; inJbp ^WnI F kmcnhw) Atm
At\Iw ]mbfmIp B`cWw Nmn (]cnjvIrX=B`cWw),
amebpw IpSbpw Nmnb henb bm\]m{Xw (I) BWv ]nSIw.
]nSItmSpIqSnbh ]oSI BWv ]oSnImc, ]oSI F
^WnI AYhm ]WnI (hWnpI).
cmjv{S ]p\\nmWn\v [\w thWw. AXv cmPmm
Ab\mpImsc bpn tXmev]npw AhcpsS `mchpw Irjn
ehpw sImbSnpw, ]pcSvNntmcpI \Snbpw sNbvXpt]mp.
Cu {]mIrX k{Zmbw sImp `hnjypI Hgnhmm\pw
kZvhyhsb \ne\nm\pw BWv sshinIX{w Bhnjvcn
Xv. sshinIX{n IhSw, kpIpamc IeI, kap{Zkmcw,
Afhpw Xqhpw t\mn IrXyambn am\Zw sNp ]Xnhv
AsXms s]Spw. Afp am\Zhpw, \rw, Km\w Fnh
t\mn Dinw \Ip Pchpw, hmZ{]XnhmZw sNbvXv cm
jv{SfpsS _pnbpsS ampcp {_lvaZhpw (bmKthZnbnse
bq]w CXns\ {]Xn\n[m\w sNpp) sImv cmjv{S`mKmcn
tev [\w tNmsan, lnwkmIamb bpw Hgnhmmw.
lnwkmIbpn AkpcmtcmtSpapm Ignbm tZhm,
449

{]Imiknp

Cu kacapdIfm Ahsc Pbnp. almhnjvWp \Inb Cu m\


[zPw, BZys Alnwkm XcwKambncpXmw. sshiys\ [zP
m cmPmhv i{Xpsf Pbnpp.
8. D]cnNckymact]mhtkmZsZu tNZn]kythWpabnw
bjvSow Xmw k \tct{m hn[nhw]qPbmamk
Aac \r]\mb tZth{ tNZncmPmhmb D]cnNchkphn\v thWp
abnbmb Cu Zw (thWpZw- ]ppg Fpw Aw ]dbmw)
\In. \tc{\mb D]cnNchkp AXns\ hn[n t]mse ]qPnp (C{
Zns\ ]qPnp Ct{mhh\v `cXap\nbpsS \mSyim
kv{Xhpw, NneXnImchpw hmbnpI).
9. {]otXmatl\aLhm {]msslhw tb\r]mx Icnjyn
hkphZzkpakvtX `qhnknmm `hnjyn.
10. apZnXmx {]PmtXjmw `btcmKhnhnXmx {]`qXmmx
[zPGh Nm`n LmkyXn PKXn \nanssx ^ew kZkXv.
C{ B almaln {]k\mbn. D]cnNchkpshtmse
GsXmcp cmPmhv Ct{mhw \Sppthm, B cmPmhv hkpam\mbn,
kpa\mbn, `qanbn knnIsf Adnh\mbn `hnpsapw, {]P
I kpjvScmbn `btcmKclnXcmbn [mcmfw AtmSpIqSn Pohn
psapw C{ A\p{Klnp. PKn \nanfpmn ^e
kpw Akpamn AcpfpXv Cu [zPamWv.
11. ]qPmXky\tcss{ ehrnPbmn `nYm]qw
i{Imbm{]bpm XmaKaXx {]hyman.
_ew (tk\m_ew) hnpXn\mbn PbmnIfmb \tc{
m i{Is B{]Imcw, bYm]qw, GsXmcp ]qPsb Ctmgpw
\Sppthm AXns\ BKam\pkmcw ChnsS ]dbmw.
12. Xkyhn[m\w ip`IcWZnhk \{XawKe aplpssx
{]kvXm\nssi\anbm sshx kq{X[mcx
AXns hn[m\w C{]ImcamWv. ip`IcWw, ip`Znhkw, ip`
\{Xw Fnh t\mn awKfaplpn ssZhmcpw kq{X
[mcmcpw h\ntep t]mIpp.
450

{]Imiknp

13. DZym\ tZhXmeb]nXrh\hevaoI am NnXnPmXmx


Ip_vtPmz ipjvIIohohmIbpm.
14. _lphnlKmebtImSc]h\m\e ]oVnXmtbXchx
tbNkypx kv{Xokwm\tXip`mx i{ItIXzx
DZym\w, tZhmebw, ]nXrh\w, hevaoIw, amw, NnXn Fnhbn
P\nXpw \s sNdpXpw, hfsc DbXpw, ipjvInXpw, appXpw,
hnIfm _nsXpw, At\Iw ]nI hknp s]mp
Xpw, Impw AKv\nbpw ]oVnnXpw, kv{Xo\maw hlnpXpamb
hr C{[zP\nnXnv Aip`amWv.
15. t{ijvtTmf pt\mf iz I {]nbI[thmZpw _cm]sstX
GtXjm a\yXaw {]ikvX aYhm]cw hrw.
Ap\w, AizIw, {]nbIw, [hw, DZpw_cw Fo Ap
hr tijvTamWv. Ahbn An Hp t]mepw e`nnsn
ap hr kzoIcn-mhpXmWv.
16. KucmknXnXn`hw kw]qPy bYmhn[n ZznPx ]qw
hnPt\ ktaXy cms{Xu kv]rjvSzm {_qbmZnaw a{w.
Kuchtam IrjvW htam Bb an \nv Dmb B
hrs bYmhn[n ]qP sNbvXv, cm{Xnbn hnP\amb h\n
hrns AcnIn sNv Cu a{w P]npI.
17. bm\nl hrt `qXm\n tX{iyx kzkvXn \tamf kvXp hx
D]lmcw KrlotXzaw {InbXmw hmk]cybw.
18. ]mnhkvXzmw hcbtX kzkvXn tXf kvXp \tKma
[zPmw tZhcmPky ]qtPbw {]XnKrlyXmw.
Cu hrn GsXmw {]mWnI hknppthm Ah
bvsmw kzkvXn; Rm Ahsb \akvIcnpp. Fs D]lmcw
kzoIcnnv Ah atsXnepw hmkm\w kzoIcns. tl, hr
tmam, tZhcmPs [zPn\mbn ]mnh Asb hcnncn
pp. Atbvv kzkvXn. Fs ]qP ssIsmpI.
19. OnymXv {]`mXkatb hrapZIv {]mMvaptJmf ]n hm`qXzm
]ctimci_vtZm t\jvSx knKvtm [\ lnXx
451

{]Imiknp

AXn\p tijw {]`mXn hStmtm Ingtmtm Xncnp


\nv hrw apdnpI. agpsImv apdnbvptm Pc i_vZap
mbm AXv Aip`amWv. at\mlchpw L\Kw`ochpamb i_vZw
tIm ip`amWv.
20. \r]PbZahnykvXw ]X\amIpnXw N ]qtmZIv
AhneKv\w Nm\yXscu hn]coX aXkvXy tPXv]XnXw.
shpw apv hrw ]XnpI, apdnbmXncnpI, asmcp hr
n Xn hogmsX \npI, ]qtmc ZniIfntep hogpI
Fnh \r]\v PbZmbIamWv.
21. OnXzmt{K NXpcwKpe asjvSu aqte Pte nt]yjvSnw.
DrXy ]pcZzmcw iItS\ \tb a\pssjm.
apIfn \nv \mepw, aqen \nv Fpw AwKpew apdnv sh
n acSn HgppI. ]noSv AXns\ Dbn hnIfntem a\p
jy XepaSmbntm \KcZzmc n Fnmw.
22. Ac`wtK _et`tZm t\aym \mtim _ekyhntbx
Atbmf `wtK XYmWn `wtKN hIn\x
hnbpsS Ac apdnm ssk\y t`ZnsSpw. t\an
apdnm ssk\y\miapmhpw. Aw apdnm Abw.
BWn apdnm hIo\miw.
23. `m{Z]Z ip]kymjvSaymw \mKsschrtXm cmPm
ssZh kNnhIpInhn{]apssJx kpthj[sscx
`m{Z]mZnse ip]mjvSan\mfn kpthj[mcnIfmb ssZh
, kNnhm, IpInI, hn{]{]apJm, \KchmknI Fn
hcm Nps cmPmhv \Kc{]thiw sNnpp.
24. AlXmw_c kwhoXmw bjvSnw s]uccnw ]pcw s]utcx
{kKvK [q] bpmw {]thitbOwJXpcycsshx
\ ]p hkv{Xm s]mXnv, ameyw, kpKw, [q]w Fn
htbmSpIqSnb [zPs iwJpIfpsS awKfmchw apgsh cmPmhpw
]pchmknIfpw \Kc {]thi\w sNn-pp.
452

{]Imiknp

25. cp[nc ]XmIm tXmcWh\amemewIrXw {]jvSP\w


kmn XmnX]Yw kpthj KWnImP\m Iow
Nph sImSnI, tXmcW, h\ameI FnhIfm Aew
IrXambn kw]qPnXamb cmPhoYnIfn kpthj[mcnWnIfmb
KWnIm P\tfmsSmw B\np P\ \ndbpp.
26. AizmnXm ]WyKrlw {]`qX ]pWyml thZ \ntLmjw
\S\I tKbsscmIo NXpjv]Yw \Kcw.
Fm ]Wy Krlfpw (]oSnII) kpkw. Fpw ]pWyml
thZ \ntLmjw. \Sm, \I, ]mpIm Fnhcm \Kcn
s NXpjv]Yfpw \ndbpp (sshinI X{cptSbpw kam[m\
ImwnIfmb m\nIfptSbpw DhamWnXv. NneXnImc, aWn
taJem Imfpw AhcpsS Imhyfpw CXns\ DZmlcnpp).
27. X{X ]XmImx tizXm hnPbmb `hn tcmKZmx ]oXmx
PbZm Nn{Xcq]m cmx ikv{X {]tIm]mb.
shfp ]XmI hnPbtbpw, asmSn tcmKtbpw Xcp
p. hnNn{X hap ]XmI Pbw Xcpp. NphXv Bbp[tIm]w
Dmpp (shfpXpw, _lphhpamWv Dhw sImSntbdp
tm D]tbmKntXv).
28. bjvSnw {]thibnw \n]mXbtm `bmb \mKmZym
_mem\mw Xmei_vtZ kw{Kmax kXzbpt.
C{[zPns \Kc {]thithfbn h ImcWhimepw AXp
\new ]Xnm `bhpw \mihpw Dmhpw. B kabv IpnI Xmen
(tZmfn) i_vZw DmpItbm GsXnepw Pp ISn]nSnIqSpI
tbm sNbvXm bpw Dmhpw.
29. ky ]p\kvXm hn[nhZyjvSnw ]tcm]tb[yt
PmKc taImZiymw \tcizcx Imctbmky
bjvSnsb Zs hn[n {]Imcw sImphv ]pcn m]np
Ignm cmPmhv GImZin\m {hX \njvTtbmsS DWncnWw.
30. knXhkvt{XmjvWoj[cx ]ptcmlnXx
im{I sshjvWsshss{
PqlqbmZKv\nw kwhtcm \nanm\n KrlobmXv.
453

{]Imiknp

sh hkv{Xhpw DjvWojhpw [cn cmP ]ptcmlnX sF{


hpw sshjvWhhpamb at{mmcW klnXw AKv\nbn tlman
Ww. kwhc Hcp hjtbvp \nan (hj^ew)
ktcbpw [cnnWw.
31. CjvS{ZhymImcx kpc`nx kv\nKvtmLt\mf \temf njvam
ip` IrZtXm t\ym t\jvtSmbm{Xmbw hnkvXtcm `nlnXx
AKv\n, CjvS{Zhyns BIrXnbnepw, kpc`neambpw, kv\nKv
L\ambpw, Ankmbpw Pzenm ip`IrmWv. CXm Xcw
AKv\n A\njvSapmpw. Ahsb hnkvXcnv bm{Xbn ]dn
pv.
32. kzmlmhkm\ katb kzbapemnx kv\nKvx
{]ZnWinthm lpX`rKv \r]ky
KwKm ZnhmIckpXm Pe Nmcplmcmw
[m{Xnw kap{Z ck\mw hiKmw ItcmXn.
kzmlmhkm\ kabv kzbw Dzenp Ankv kv\nKv
ambpw ZnW`mKtbvv PzmeItfmSp IqSnbpw awKfIchpambn
Im, KwKmbap\IfmIp at\mlc PelmcfWnv, kap{Z
ck\bmb Cu `qan apgph cmPmhn\v hiKambn Xocpp (ChnsS
kap{Z hk\m F kap{Zck\m FmWv {]tbmKw FXv {i
tbw).
33. NmaoIcm timIIpcIm_vP
sshZqcy \otemev]e knt` f sKv\u
\zm a`ht\f hImiw ItcmXn
cXv\mw iplXw \r]ky.
kphw, AtimIw, IpcIw, ]w, sshUqcyw, \otem
ev]ew Chbvp Xpeyambn AKv\n tim`nm cmPmhns Ax]pc
n cXv\{]`Ifm l\nsSpIbm AImcw Hcnepw {]th
inbn.
34. tbjmw csYu Lmh tLZn\mw
kakzt\mf Kv\nZnhm]n Zppt`x
454

{]Imiknp

tXjmw aZmt ` LSmhnLnXm `hn


bmt\ Xnantcm]amZnimx
GsXmcKv\nbn cYw, kap{Zw, taLw, B\ Fnhp kam\
amb kzctam Zpp`n\mZtam tIppthm B Imev cmPmhv bp
n\p t]mbm aZw sImv Aamb B\IfpsS Iqw \ndbpIbm
Xnantcm]aamb Ccpp \nd ZniI AZriyamIpp.
35. [zPIpw`ltb ``q`rXma\pcqt] hitaXn `q`rXmw
DZbmkvX[cm [cm[cm lnaZzny]tbm[cm[cm
GXKv\nbn [zPw, Ipw`w, IpXnc, B\ Fnhbvp kaamb
BIrXnI ImWppthm, DZb ]Xw apX AkvXa\ ]Xw
hsc [mcWw sNbvXncnphbpw lnameb hny]Xkam\amb
]tbm[cfphfpamb [c B AKv\n thfbn cmPmhn\p hiK
bmbn Xocpp ([cm {]tbmKw hcmlanlncs IhnXzs Nqn
ImWnpp).
36. ZzncZaZalo ktcmPemssPLrXa[p\m
NlpXmit\kKt
{]KX\r]intcmaWn {]`m`n `hXn
]pcpcntXh `q\r]kym.
Ccsm\m\bpsS aZw, aln, ktcmPw, LrXw Fnhbvp
kaamb kpKw AKv\nbn \npbcptm AKv\nsb {]Wan
cmPmhns incnse cXv\ {]`bm \Kchpw `qanbpw hym]vXamIpp.
37. Dw bZpnjvTXn i{ItIsXu
ip`mip`w k]vXacoNncqss]x
X\yb {Klimnbm{Xm
hnhml Imtejz]n Nn\obw.
C{[zPw Dbp thfbn k]vXPnlz\mb AKv\n cq]
n ]d ip`mip` Xs P\\w, bw, {Klimn, bm{X,
hnhmlw apXemb Imefnepw NnntXmWv.
38. KpU]q] ]mbkmssy-n{]m\cy ZnW`n
{ihtW\ ZzmZiym apmt]ymf \y{Xhm {ihWmXv.
455

{]Imiknp

Kpfw, ]q]w, ]mbkw FnhtbmSp IqSn ZnW \In {_mlva


Wsc Ncym]qw `n \In BZcnv ZzmZinbpw {imhW \{X
hpw hcp \mfn [zPw DbWw (ZzmZinbntem, XncpthmWw \m
fntem Fpw FSpmw).
39. i{IIpamcyx Imcym {]mla\px k]vX]hmXss
\tm]\ kwt ]mtZ\t\ tNm{OmbmXv.
[zPn\p apIfn Atm Gtgm i{IIpamcnIsf \nnh
a\phmbn Xocpp. F{X DbcnemtWm [zPapXv AXns \men
semv Awiap D]\, Aw (1/2) D \ Fnhsc i{IIpamcn
Isf) \nnWw.
40. tjmUi`mKivN[ntI PbhnPb
tZzhkptc Nmt\y.
A[nIm i{IP\n{Xn atyf jvSmwti\w ssNXmkmw.
tjmUi `mKtm Aev]w A[nIambn Pb, hnPb Fv
cp hkpcamsc \nnWw.
(1/4 D]\, 1/2 \, 1/16 Pb hnPbI, 1/8 i{IP\\n)
41. {]ossX IrXm\n, hn_pss[cym\n ]pcm`qjWm\n kpctItXmx
Xm\n{ItaW ZZymXv ]nSIm\n hnNn{X cq]mWn.
BZyw tZhXI (]i{IIpamcnI) {]oXcmbn C{[zPn\v
`qjWfmbn Xop. ]noSv {Ian ]nSIfpw hnNn{X cq]
fmb hn`qjIfpw \Imw (]nSIw- ]oTw, ]oSnI, ]nSIv FdnbsSp
bm\]m{Xw Fv \m\mw. tZhXIsf ]dbptm ]oTw F
saSpWw).
42. cmtimI \nImiw NXpc{kw hnizIWm {]Yaw
ck\m kzbw `qhm itcW Nmt\I h[co.
43. AjvSmkv{Xo \oecw XrXob ant{W `qjWw Zw
AknXw baXpw akqcIw ImnaZbOXv.
BZyw hnizImhv Nph AtimI]qhn\p kZriyamb NXpc
{iw \In. ]noSv At\I h[mcnbmb ck\sb kzbw`phpw
ic\pw \In. aqmaXmbn C{ \oebpw Nphpw \ndnep
456

{]Imiknp

AjvStIm `qjWw \In. \memaXmbn ba Imnapw IrjvW


hhpamb akqcIw \In (CXv {io]Xvaw F ]]oTs
hnpp).
44. aRvPnjvTm`w hcpWx jUnkv{Xn XXv]aw Ptemn\n`w
ambpcw tIbqcw jjvTw hmbpeZ\oew.
amSn \ndapXpw PeXcwK kZrihpambn jVvN{Iw hcpW
AmaXmbn \In. hmbp, taL\oeamb ambqctIbqcw \In.
45. kvx kzw tIbqcw k]vXa aZZZzPmb _lpNn{Xw
AjvSaa\e Pzmem kwImiw lhy `qKvZw.
kv _lpNn{X hi_famb tIbqc sa kz`qjWw
GgmaXmbn \In. tlmamKv\nPzmem kZriamb Fmas `qjWw
AKv\n \In.
46. sshUqcykZri anq \haw ss{kthbIw ZZmh\yXv
cYN{Im`w Ziaw kqcykvXzjvSm {]`mbpw.
HXmas Aemcw N{\mWv \InbXv. AXmIs ssh
Uqcy kZriamb IWvTm`cWamWv. ]matXv XzjvSmhmb kqcy
\In. {]`mbpamb cYN{IImntbmSpIqSnbXmWv B B`cWw.
47. GImZi apZzwiw hntiztZhmx ktcmPkmiw
ZzmZia]nN\nhwiw ap\tbm \otemev]em`mkw
48. InnZ[ Duzw \nXap]cn hnimew {Xtbm Ziw tItXmx
inckn _rlkv]Xnips{Iuemmck kn`w ZZXpx
]kZriamb GImZim`cWw hntiztZhm \In. \oe Iae
kZriamb \nhwiw F ZzmZim`cWw ap\nam \In. _rlkv]Xn
bpw ip{I\pw emmck kn`amb hnimeamb ]Xnaqmas B`
cWw C{[zPns incn Aev]w Xmsgbpw Aev]w apIfnep
ambn, Dbcn Nmn.
49. bZytZy\ hn\nnX aatcW hn`qjWw [zPkymt
XssZzhXyw hnmXhyw hn]nZv`nx
[zPn\pthn GtXXv B`cWw GtXXv Aacm \nnp
thm, AXmXv B`cWfpsS tZhX AXmXv tZh\msWv ]nX
457

{]Imiknp

m AdnbWw (CX\pkcnv jUvN{Iw hcpW, hmcpWn Fo


tZhXm kev]nepXmWv).
50. [zP ]cnamW{Xyw ix ]cn[nx {]Yaky `hXn
]nSIky ]cXx {]Yam ZjvSmw ilo\m\n.
BZys ]nSIns ]cn[n [zPns ]cnamWns {Xywi
ambncnWw. AhnSptmp Fm ]nSIfptSbpw ]cn[n BZy
s ]cn[nbpsS AjvSamwiw Ipdhmbnv FSpWw (ImetZisf
NmSnSp apgtmens ]mctUmIvkv F D]iojIn
Iogn eoe F tPymXnimkv{X {Kn Rm CXns\ ]cma
innpv. AtX {Kn Xs hniZamnb KKyaljnbpsS
{_lvam Nn{Xs ChnsS Cu Afhn hcp t\mmhpXmWv.
Nn{Xw: {iohmnXamb almhnjvWphns amdnSw

4
6

5
E.hncP

F.tKmtemIw
N{
kqcy
kqcy {`aW]Yw
{`aW]Yw B.`qan
{[phtI{w
C.kqcy
(kucbqYw)
G.]cn[n
bnmXv
A.

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.

N{aew (`qtI{w)
`qaew (kqcytI{w
kqcyaew F kucbqYw (kqcy{[phtI{w)
AjvSaeambn hn`Pn {[phXmc aew (cminN{Iw)
hncP F BImi bap\m aew (IrjvW aew)
tKmtemI aew
tKmtemIn\pw AXoXamb ae (]cn[nbn)
458

{]Imiknp

(hniZmwi hnkvXc`bm Hgnhmpp. ImetZi ]cn[n


sb Ipdnv tKm`neImcnIm]w {_lvakq{Xic`mjy n\p
]knp F hymJym\n Rm ]cmainnpv. AXn\m
Bhnpn).
CXv B[p\nI tPymXn imkv{Xn\pw kzoImcyamWv. C{ [zP
hpw AXns amXrIbmb {io N{I]oThpw {_lvam {]Xn_nw_
fmWv Fp am{Xw ChnsS {KlnpI.
51. IpcymZl\n NXpt ]qcWan{[zPky imkv{Xx
a\q\m NmKaKoXm a{mt\Xm ]tTnbXx
imkv{Xm \mev Atlmcm{X Cu C{[zPs a\\w
sNbvXv a\n ]qamnbnv (]qambdnnv) BKan
a\phm a\\w sNbvX Cu a{ \nXyhpw ]Tnpp.
52. lcm sshhkzX i{Itkmssat\i sshizm\c]mi `rZv`nx
aljn kssx kZnK]vktcm`nx
ip{ImwKncx kvacpZvKssW
lc, kqcy, ba, C{, N{, Ipt_c, AKv\n, hcpW
aljnKW, kZnpI, k A]vkcpI, ip{I,
AwKncv, kv, acpZvKW Fo,
53. bYmXzaq kvcss\Icqss]x
kanXkvXzm`cssWcpZmsscx
XtYl Xm\ym`cWm\ntZh ip`m\n
kw{]oXa\m KrlmW.
At\I cq]fn, DZmcfmb B`cWfmbn kans
Sp Dukvcm (Duw Acpfph- DuIncWm)
Fmw Xs AhnSpmWv. tl tZhm, Cu ip`Icamb B`cWsf
sbmw (Cu Du Icsfsbmw) kw{]oX\mbn kzoIcnmepwXntep Xs XncnsSpmepw.
54. AtPmf hybx imizX GIcqt]m
hnjvWp cmlx ]pcpjx ]pcmWx
XzaIx klcx Irim\px
kl{k iotjm iXa\yp coVyx
459

{]Imiknp

PclnX\pw, Ahyb\pw, imizX\pw, GIcq]hpw ]pcmW ]pcp


j\pamb tl hcmlm, tl hnjvsWm, AhnSpp Xs k lc\mb
AI\pw, AKv\nbpw. kl{kioj\mb iXa\yphpw AhnSpp
Xs. AhnSptp \akvmcw.
55. Ihnw k]vXPnlzw {XmXmcw CvcahnXmcw kptciw
lzbman i{Iw hr{Xl\w kptjWakvamIw hocm Dtc `hp.
Ihnbpw k]vXPnlz\pw {XmXmhpw, AhnXmhpw, kptci\pamb
C{ AhnSpmWv. hr{Xlmhmb i{Im, kptjWs\ \maw
hlnp \ns R Blzm\w sNpp (hnfnpp), RfpsS
k hocmcpw hnPbnpXn\mbnv!
56. {] ]qctW tNm {ObWn {]thti
kv\mt\XYm amey hns[u hnkt
]tTZnam \r]Xnx tkm]hmtkm
a{m {Oq`m ]pcplqXky tItXmx
C{[zPs ]qcWw sNbvXv Dbn, {]thinnv, kv\m\w
sNbvXv ameymZnI Nmn hnkw (\na\w) sNpw hsc D]hm
kmZn {hX\njvTItfmsS cmPmhv Cu ip`a{w P]n-pp.
57. O{X[zPmZi^emz Nss{
hnNn{X amemIZeo pZss{x
khymeknwsslx ]nSssIhmss
cewIrXwZnpNtemI]msse.
O{Xw, [zPw, ImSn, ]g, A N{, hnNn{XameI,
IZfnpeI, Icnv, Imfkw, knwlw FnhIfm Aecnv
]nSIns ([zPnepw) \mephihpw Khmhpw ZnIv]mecq]fpw
hn\yknWw.
58. AOncpw ZrV ImjvSamXrIw
kpojvS b{me]mZ tXmcWw
Dm]tbva kl{k Npx
kmc{Zpam`Kv\ IpamcnIm\znXw.
apdnbm IbdpsImv sIn, ZrVambXpw apdnhnmXpamb
hr Imnt kme`RvPnIm IpamcnIfm AewIrXamn,
460

{]Imiknp

b{w, Afw, ]mZw, tXmcWw Fnh Nmn Bbncw t\{Xap


tZhs Nnlv\ Nmn, AXns\ DbpI.
59. AhncXP\cmhw awKeminx {]Wmssax
]Sp]SlapZwssKx iwJt`cymZn`n
{ipXn hnlnXhtNm`nx ]m]TZv`n
hnss{]cip`clnX i_vZw tIXpapm]bnXm.
AJambn P\ awKeminp ]mSn {]Wansh, ]Slw,
arZwKw, iwJw, t`cn Fnh apgsh, hmcw Ccnp hn{]mcpsS
{ipXn hnlnXamb hNpItfmsS, km[mcWm t]mepw Aip`cln
Xamb ip` i_vZw apgsh tIXpsh (sImSn) DbWw.
60. ^eZ[n LrX emPm su{Z ]qjv]m{KlsskvXx
{]Wn]XnX intcm`nkvXrjvSp hnZv`n s]usscx
LrX\nanj `rx tIXpanix {]Pm\m
acn\Kc \Xm{Kw Imctb ZznMvh[mbm.
]qjv]w, ssXcv, s\v, em, ]pjv]w Fnhsb BZyw ssIn
[cnv, ]noSv incn hlnv ]pchmknI (]ucm) AXns\
BZcnpp. C{]Imcw C{ [zP[mcWn\p tijw i{Xp h[n
\mbn, i{Xp \Kcsf t\mn [zPm{K`mKp\nv {]Pm]Xnbmb
cmPmhv ]pdsSpp.
61. \mXn{ZpXw \ N hnew_nX a{]I azkvX amey]nSImZn
hn`qjWw N
Dm\anjvSaip`w bZtXmf \yYmkymXv
XOm{n`n\c]tXx iatbXv ]ptcm[mx
A[nIw thKamsXbpw, A[nIw aamsXbpw, {]I\w Cm
sXbpw, amey ]nSImZn hn`qjW hogmsXbpw Dbp ]w
ip`amWv. C{]Imcamm cmPmhn\v A\njvS ^ew kw`hnpw.
]ptcmlnX AXn\v imn sNWw.
62. {IhymZ sIuinI It]mXI ImIIwssIx
tIXp nssXulZpimn `bw \r]ky
NmtjW Nm]n bphcmP `bw hZn
tiyt\m hntemN\ `bw \n]X ItcmXn.
461

{]Imiknp

amwk `ppIfmb ]nI, aq, {]mhv, Im, sImn Fnh


tIXpta Ccpm cmPmhn\v Aimnbpw `bhpw ^ew. \oe IWvTw
Ccpm bphcmPmhn\pw; tiy\ Ccpm t\{X `bapmhpw (tiy
\ Fm KcpU\mWv. lnn ]cn`mjmImc CXns\ _mP]n
AYhm h{P]n Fp hnfnpp. hmPt]bw F bn
tiy\ NnXn \nmWapXpsImv, hmP]n F t]cpmbn).
63. O{X`wK]Xt\ \r]arXypkvXkvIcm a[pItcmXn \neo\w
ln Nm]yY ]ptcmlnXapm ]mnhkyalnjo ai\n
O{X`wKw Dmbn AXv \new ]Xnm cmPmhn\v arXyp kw`hn
pw. tX\oqSpmbm XkvIcm acnpw. D hoWm
]ptcmlnX\pw Ai\n]mXapmbm cmP]alnjnpw arXyp.
64. cmohn\miw ]XnXm]XmImItcmXy hrjvSnw ]nSIky ]mXx
aym{Kaqtejp N tIXp `wtKm \nln a{n nXn ]me]ucm
]XmI hoWm cmn acnpw. ]nSIw (]oTw) hoWm Ahr
jvSnbpmhpw. tIXphns ayw, A{Kw, aqew Fnh `wKsm
{Ian a{n, cmPmhv, ]ucm Fnh \inpw.

A{Kw -cmPmhv
ayw -a{n
aqew -]ucm

65. [qamhrtX inJn`bw Xakm N tamtlm


hymsse `Kv\]Xn ssX `hyamXymx
mbypZIv {]`rXn N {IatimZznPmym
`wtK N _In h[x IYnXx Ipamcymx
[qamhrXambn Im inJn`bw; CcppaqSnm tamlw;
]noSv apdnp Im a{namcnm Ah; DcZnp apX
462

{]Imiknp

\mep Znntev adnphoWm {Ian \mephp


\miw(Dcw -- {_mlvaW
-- {Xnb
]qw
ZnWw -- sshiy
]naw -- iq{Z)
Ipamcnam (kme `RvPnII) apdnp hoWm _InIfpsS
h[w (thiymhrnbntes Nmc h\nXIfmWv _InI-).
66. cq kwKtOZt\ _e]oVmcmtm amXrx ]oV\w
amXrImbmx
bZyXv Ipcyp meImmcWmN XmZrKv`mho ]m]w
ip`w hm.
[zPw Dbptm Ibdv apdnm IpnIv ]oV. tXmc
Ww apdnm cmPamXmhn\v; IpnI C{[zP kao]ncpv
Fsv tNjvSI (ip`amtbm Aip`amtbm) ImWnppthm, AXn
\\pkcnpw ip`mip`w ]dbmw.
67. Zn\ NXpjvSb apnX anXw
ka`n ]qPy \rt]mf l\n ]ta
{]IrXn`nx klevahnktbXv
_e`nXx kz_em`n hnhrtb.
Dbn AnXamb [zPs \mep\m ]qPn tijw Amw
Znhkw cmPmhv ]pchmknItfmSp tNv AXns\ (\Znbn) hnkn
p ]w Atlns ssk\y^ew hnpw; (_wKmfn
Imfo ]qPpw, almcmjv{Sn KtWi]qPpw tijw hn{Klw
\Znbn \na\w sNp k{Zmbw C{[zP ]qPbpsS AhinjvS
amWv).
68. D]cnNchkp {]hntXw
\r]Xn`nc]y\p kXw IrXw
hn[nanaa \pa\y ]mnthm\
cn]pIrXw `bam]v\pbmZnXn
463

{]Imiknp

CXn {io hcmlanlncIrXu _rlXv kwlnXmbmw


C{[zPkma {XnNXzmcnwtimf ymbx
D]cnNchkp \Sn hcpnbXpw, AXn\ptijw cmPmm
cm kZm A\pjvSnsp t]mcpXpamb Cu hn[n A\pkcnv
GsXmcp cmPmhv C{[zP]qP sNppthm, Atln\v i{Xp `bw
DmhpX.

464

{]Imiknp

Aymbw 44

\ocmP\w
1. `KhXn Pe[c ]va ]mIcmt
tW Iae\mt`
DoebXn XpcwKw aIcn\c\ocmP\w IpcymXv.
Pe[cfmb taL BcpsS CaItfm, N{kqcym Bcp
sS t\{Xtfm, B Iae\m`\mb `Khm (hnjvWp) t\{Xsf
Doe\w sNptm (tbmK\n{Zbn \npWcptm) IpXncIfpw
B\Ifpw a\pjycpw \ocmP\w sNpp.
2. ZzmZiym ajvSaymw ImnI ipky ]Ziymwhm
AizbptPhmIpcy\ocmP\ kwnXmw imnw.
ImnI amknse ip]]uanbnepw ZzmZin, AjvSan
Ifnepw AizbpPamknepw \ocmP\sap t]cp imn Iw
A\pjvTnpp.
3. \Ktcmc ]qZnin {]ikvX`qsau
{]ikvX Zmcpabw
tjmUilkvtXm{Ombw Zihn]pew
tXmcWw Imcyw.
\Kcn hSpIngs Znibn t{ijvT`qanbn, t{ijvT
hrm ]Xn\mdplkvXw Dbcnepw ]plkvXw hoXnbnepw
Hcp tXmcWw \nnpp.
4. ktmZpw_c imJmIIp` abw
imn kXva Ipi_lpew
hwihn\nnX ay[zP
N{ImewIrX Zzmcw.
hnPbkmcfmb DZpw_cw, Ap\w apXemb hrJ
fm imnKrlw \nnv [mcmfw Ipipp hncnpp. AXns
465

{]Imiknp

Zzmcn apfsImv \nn sImSnacn aysmSn ]dpp.


hmXn {io N{Iw hcv Aecnpp.
5. {]Xnkctbm XpcKmWmw
`mXI imeoIpjvT knmm
IWvtTjp \n_[v\obmXv
]pjvTyw imn{Kl Km\mw.
imn{Kln\mbpw kcptSbpw ]pjvTnmbpw IpXncbpsS
Igpn {]Xnkncma{w _npp. `mXIw, imens\v Fnh
knnpthn sInbnSpXv \XmWv.
6. chn hcpW hniz tZh{]tPi
]pcplqX sshjvWm sshss{x
k]vXmlw imn Krtl IpcymXv
imnw XpcwKmWmw.
kqcy, hcpW, hntiztZhm, {]Pm]Xn, C{, hnjvWp
FnhcpsS a{fm GgpZnhkw imnKrln XpcwKv
(Aizv- A
- iz\nIv) imn sNpp.
7. AiznXm \ ]pcpjw hhym
\m]n XmU\o bmkvtX
]pWyml iwJ Xpcy [z\nKoXcssh
p`bmx
]pWymlw, iwJw, t`co[z\n, kwKoXw apXemb awKfi_vZ
fm ap`bcmbn, AnXcmb Aiz ItTmchmpI tImepw,
XmV\w klnmepw \Kcs hnpt]mIbn (AhnsSs Ahcp
sS kmnyw kZm Dmhpw).
8. {]m]vtXf jvStaf lv\n IpcymZpZMvapJw
tXmcWky ZnWXx
IpiNocmhrX am{iaKv\nw
]pctXmf kyth[ymw N.
Fmw Znhkw Ipiw, hew Fnhbm BhrXamb B{ia
nse AKv\nthZnbpsS apIfnepw sXphSmbpw tXmcW
sIpI.
466

{]Imiknp

9. N\ IpjvT kawKm lcnXmea\x


inem{]nbwKphNmx
ZyarXmRvP\cP\okph]pjv]mKv\n am.
N\w, IqSw, aRvPnjvTw, AcnXmcw, a\xine, {]nbwKp, hmv,
Zn, AarXw, ARvP\w, shn, kzw, ]pjv]w, AKv\naw,
10. tizXmw k]qtImimw ISw`cm{XmbmamW kltZhnx
\mKIpkpaw kzKp]vXmw iXmhcnw tkmacmPnw N.
tizX, k]qtImi, IZw_w, {Xmbam\x kltZhn, \mK Ipkp
aw, kzKp]vX, iXmhcn, tkmaeX,
11. IetitjzXm IrXzmkw`mcm\p]ltcZv_enw kayIv
`ssy\m\mImssc[p]mbkbmhI{]Npcx
Fo hkvXpsfsbmw \nd Iein tX, s\v, ]mbk
bmhImZnI apXemb \m\mhn[ `yt]b tNv kaymbn
_enXqIpI.
12. JZnc]emtimZpw_c Imivacyiz \nnXmx kan[x
kv{ap\Im{ZPXmZzm Ihym`qXnImta\.
JZncw, ]emiw, DZpw_cw, Imivacn, Aizsanhbm kanp
\nnv, hninjvSkns\ Imanph shnbmepw kzm
epw {kppw Dmn _en \Ipp.
13. ]qm`napJx {ioam sshbmt{L NWnntXm cmPm
XojvtT Ze\kaot] XpcK`njKvssZh hnXvklnXx
AKv\nbpsS kao]v, Aizn\nIfmb `njpIfmIp ssZh
hnpItfmSv tN {ioam\mb cmPmhv, ]qm`napJambn ]pentm
en Ccnpp.
14. bm{Xmbmw bZ`nlnXw {Klb hns[u atl{ tIsXu N
thZn]qtcmlnXm\e eW akvanw kvXZh[mcyw.
bm{Xbnepw, {Klb hn[nbnepw, C{[zP hnjbnepw
]ptcmlnXtbpw AKv\nbptSbpw eW ]dsXmw Cu
hn[m\n\pw _m[IamsWdnbWw.
467

{]Imiknp

15. eWbpw XpcKw ZzncZhcw ssNh


ZonXw kv\m\w AlXknXmw_c Kkv{XKv
[q]miymnXw IrXzm
eWbpamb IpXnctbbpw B\tbbpw hcnnv Ahsb
Zom]qw kv\m\w sNnv Iodm ip`hkv{Xw, Kw, ame [q]w
Fnhbm AnpI.
16. B{iatXmcW aqew kap]\tbXv kmzbRvO ss\mNm
hmZn{X iwJ ]pWyml\nx kz\m ]qcnX ZnKw.
a[pcamb kmz\ hN\fmepw iwJmZn a[pckzc apg
p ZnpIfmepw ]pWymlmepw Ahsb D]\b\w sNbvX,v B{i
atXmcWns ISbvtep sImpt]mIpI.
17. b[ym\oXkvXnjvtT ZnWNcWw lbx kapv n]y
kPbXn XZm \tc{mx i{Xp NncmZzn\m bXv\mXv.
C{]Imcw B\bnp IpXnc BZyw hepIm Dbn sh
m cmPmhv hfsc thKn {]bmkw IqSmsX i{Xpsh Pbnpw.
18. {XkytjvtSm cmx ]cntijw tNjvSnXw Zzn]lbm\mw
bm{Xmbmw hymJymXw XZnl hnNnyw bYmbpn
Aizw `bNInX\mbn Im cmPmhn\pw `bw kw`hnpw. bm{X
bvp hymJym\nXpt]mses, B\, IpXnc FnhbpsS ap
tNjvSIsf bpn]qw Nnnv ap ^e ]dbWw.
19. ]n a`n a{y Z[ymXv ]ptcmlntXm hmPn\ kbZn Pn[vt\Xv
AizobmZzm PbIrZzn ]cotXmf tXm f\yYm `nlnXx
]ptcmlnX a{w P]nv IpXncbvv `nm\p ]nw
(Dcpf) \Ipp. Aizw AXv aWp `nm Pbw. hn]coXam
bm ]cmPbw.
20. IetimZtIjp imJm amm shyuZpw _cnw kv]rtipcKm
imnI s]ujvSnIass{tchw tk\mw k \r]\mKmw.
DZpw`c hrns Cebp imJ Ieinse Penenv
Aizs sXmp\nv ]ptcmlnX imnI ]ujvSnI a{ P]n
468

{]Imiknp

pXv cmPmmpw AhcpsS AizXpcKtfmSpIqSnb tk\


Ipw imnbpw hrnbpw \Im\mWv.
21. imnw cmjv{S hnhrtbIrXzm
`qtbmf `nNmc ssIss{x
arab acnw hn`nym Oqte t\mcx te hn{]x
imn cmjv{Ss A`nhrnsSpm sNpp, AXn\mbn
hopw hopw A`nNmc a{w (A`oNmcw- aptmp t]mv- ]ptcm
KXn) sNmpp. ]ptcmlnXm apsImv i{Xp_nw_w Dmn
iqem AhbpsS amdp ]nfpp (bYmn i{Xphns\
h[np lnwk In\p ]Icw, i{Xp hn{Kls `RvPnpI
F Iw sNbvXv t{Im[w Xov imn ASbpp).
22. Jen\wlbmb Z[ym Z`na{y ]ptcmlnXkvXXtXm cmPm
BcptlymZIv ]qw bmbmocmPnXx k_ex
]ptcmlnX a{P]tmsS IpXncbpsS apJv eKm sI
pp. cmPmhv AXnt BcqV\mbn DZIv]qw \ocmPnX\mbn ssk
\ytmSp IqSn kcnpp (Dc]q Znibn).
23. arZwKiwJ [z\nlrjvSIpRvPc kv{XhaZmtamZkpKn
amcpXx
intcmaWn{hmX NeXv {]`mNssbe hnhkzm\nhtXmb
ZmXysb.
arZwK iwJ [z\nbn B\n B\I Hgpp aZKm
kpc`neamb Imn\m XgpIsv, intcm aIpSn AWn aWn
KWfpsS Ne\{]`tbmSpIqSn, ImtaLsamgnv {]mIinp
kqcykn`\mbn,
24. lwk]wn `ncnXkvXtXmf Zv`ncmSv
kXZv `ncnh ipNmasscx
arjvS K ]h\m\p hmln`n
[v[qbam\ cpNnc kv{XKw_cx
AcbKWfm tim`mbam\amb ]XcmPs\t]mse,
kXnbvp (Xmgvp InSp Fpw, kXtcJ t]mse hopw
469

{]Imiknp

Nenm\mbn ]qnXn {]m]n Fpw) shfp Nmacfm Npg


pw, kpKnbmb Imns\ hlnpw, at\mlc hkv{Xfpw ameIfpw
AWnpw tim`npp.
25. ss\I haWn h{P `qjnssX
`qjntXm apIpS IpemwKssZx
`qcncXv\ IncWm\pcRvPnXx
i{I ImpI cpNw kapZzl.
At\I \ndfnep cXv\fpw h{Phpw [cnv, aIpSw, Ip
ew, AwKZw Fnhbm AewIrXambn, cXv\-fn \np {]kcn
p \m\mhfm C{[\pns ImntbmsS,
26. DXv]XZv`ncnhJw XpcKw ssaZcnbZv`ncnh Zn`n[cmw
\nnXmcn`ncnhmasscsscx i{IhXv ]cnhrtXm {htP \r]x
BImin \nv Dev]XnXpt]msebp Aizhpw, [cWnsb
hnZmcWw sNp B\bpw, i{Xp-sf kwlcnp Aaccmb \c
hocmcpw (hoctbmm) Nppw \nsh, tZhmcm Nps
tZth{ kn`\mb cmPmhv kcnpp.
27. kh{P apm^e `qjtWmf Yhm
knXkv{X KpjvWoj hnte]\mw_cx
LrXmX]t{Xm KP]rjvT am{intXmx
Lt\m]cothp ete `rtKmx kpXx
h{Pw, apv, B`cW, shfp ]pjv]amem, DjvWojw,
N\mZn kpK te]\, kphkv{X, O{Xw FnhtbmSp
IqSn B\pdv hcp cmPmhv, tatLm]cn, N{\pXmsg hncmPn
p ip{I\p kam\w tim`npp.
28. kw{]lrjvS \chmPnIpRvPcw
\ne {]lcWmw ip`mkpcw
\nnImcacn] `ojWwbky
ssk\yaNncmXv kKmw PtbXv
CXn {io hcml anlncIrXu _rlXv kwlnXmbmw
\ocmP\hn[nma NXpcXzmcnwtimf ymbx
470

{]Imiknp

GXpImev tk\bn tbmmfpw IpXncIfpw B\Ifpw


B\Nncmbncnppthm, \nefmb Akv{Xikv{XImn
bm {]Imiam\ambncnppthm, B Imev Ah \nnImccmbn
Acn]s h[nv i{Xp `ojWcmbncnpw. Acw ssk\y
tmSp IqSnb cmPmhv `qansb thKn Pbnpp.

471

{]Imiknp

Aymbw 45

JRvP\ eWw
1. JRvP\sIm\mambw tbm hnlKkvXkyZit\ {]Yta
t{]mmw \nbm\n ap\n`nx ^em\nXm\n {]hyman
JRvP\sa t]tcmSp IqSnb ]nsb BZyw Zinmep
^ew, apv ap\namcm ]dbsXv, Rm ChnsS ]dbmw.
2. qtemf iyqX IWvTx IrjvWKtem `{ZImctIm `{Zx
BIWvTapJmXv IrjvWx kw]qx ]qcbXymimw.
XSnv, \ov IrjvWhap IgptmSp IqSnb JRvPI
]n `{ZImcI\mIbm `{Zsav AdnbsSpp. Igpp apX
apJw hsc IrjvW hsan kw]qw Fv hnfnpp. CXv
k BiItfbpw ]qcnnpp (JRvPcnSkvXp JRvP\x Aac
tImi {]Imcw IpcnIn ]nbpsS ]cymbw. A]nJRvP\aRvP\m
ntX F {io lj hN\s Bkv]Zamnb ]mctaizcn JRvP
\w IcnwIpcpIn Fp ]dbpp. JRvP\w IpcnInepw, ARvP\m
RvPnXamb JRvP\w IcnwIpcnInepamWv. Igppam{Xw IdpXv
`{Zw, Igppw apJhpw IdpXv kqw).
3. IrjvtWm Ktef ky _npx knXIcSmx kcn IrZvcnx
]otXm tKm]oX CXntiIcx JRvPt\m ZrjvSx
Idpv, Kfn shfp _nphpXv cnw Fdnbs
Spp. AXv kItbpw \njv^ew (cnw) Bpp. a
\ndapXv tKm]oXamWv. AXns\ Im ti Dmhpw (Icn
pcnens Igpn shfppsn cnw; abmsWn tKm
]oXw).
4. AY a[pc kpc`n^e Ipkpa Xcpjp
kenemitbjp ]ptWyjp
IcnXpcK `pPK aqv\n
{]mkmtZmZym\ ltyjp
472

{]Imiknp

5. tKmtKmjvTkXv kamKabRvtPmh
]mn]ZznPkaot]
lkvXn XpcwKaimem O{X[zPNmacmtZyjp
6. tlakao] knXmw_cIatemXv]e ]qPntXm]en]vtXjp
Z[n]m{X [m\yIqtSjp N {inbw JRvP\x IpcptX.
a[pc ^efpw kpc`ne Ipkpafpw \nd hr;
]pWy Pemib; B\, IpXnc, kw FnhbpsS aqmhv; {]m
kmZ, DZym\, ly: ]ipsXmgpv, kXv kwKm\
, bime, Dh ew, cmPmhnstbm {_mlvaWstbm
khn[w, B\n, IpXncn, O{Xw, [zPw, Nmacw, kzns
ASpv, ip`hkv{Xw, Xmac, B ]qPy m\, tamm{Xw,
[m\yIqSw- Cu m\fn JRvP\s Zinm {io ^ew.
7. ]t kmZzm]vXn tmck kw]tKma tbm[KtX
imZze tK hkv{Xm]vXnx iISt tZihn{`wix
Nfnbn CcnpXp Im kzmZp `Ww Inpw. NmWI
n CcnpXpIm \ ]mep Inpw. imZzen CcnpXp
Im hkv{Xw Inpw. hnbn Im tZi\miw kw`hnpw.
8. Krl]Stef {`wtim h[vt\_tmf ip sNu`hXn tcmKmx
]rjvtT XzPmhnIm\mw {]nb kwKaamhlXymip.
hoSn\p apIfnencpm A\miw; On{Zfn (s]mn)
Im _\w. AipNnbmb m\p Im tcmKw, BSv, Ip
ImenI FnhbpsS ]pdncnpXp Im {]nbkwKaw.
9. alntjmjv{S K`mnivaim\ KrltImW icm{Znx
{]mImc`kvatItijvT Nmipt`m acW cpKv `bZx
t]mv, HIw, IgpX, An, ivaim\w, KrltIm, ic,
]Xw, {]mImcw, `kvaw, XeapSn apXembhta CcnpXp
Im Aip`amWv. acWw, tcmKw, `bw Fnh P\nnpw.
10. ]su[p\zip`x ip`x ]n_ hmcn \nav\Km kwx
kqtcymZtbf Y ikvtXm t\jvS^ex
JRvPt\mf kvXatb
473

{]Imiknp

Ccp NndIpw hoinsmp Im Aip`amWv. \Znbn Pew


IpSnpXmbnIm ip`amWv. kqtcymZb Imev JRvP\ Zi
\w t{ijvTamWv. AkvXabn Im CjvS^e{]m]vXn km[np
Ibn.
11. \ocmPt\ \nhrtbbmZnim JRvP\w \rt]m bmw
]tiybm KXky n{]acmXnhiapss]Xn.
\ocmP\n\p ]pdsSptm GXp Znibvv A`napJambn k
cnp JRvP\s Ipthm, B Znibn sNm io{Ln
Xs i{Xphns\ himm cmPmhn\p km[npw.
12. Xkvann[n`hXn ssaYp\taXn
bkvan bkvanwkvXp ObXn X{XtXtef kvXn ImNx
AwKmca]yp]Znin ]pcojtWky
XXv IuXpIm]\b\mb Jt\cn{Xow.
GXp m\v JRvP\w ssaYp\w sNppthm AhnsS \nv
\n[n e`n-pw. JRvP\w Onp `q`mKv ImNw e`npw. ]pcoj
anSp ew J\\w sNbvXm Icn Inpw- Cu hn[ sIuXpI
A]\b\w sNpXn\v (sXfnbnpXn\v) `qanbn J\\w
\Stn hcpw.
13. arXhnIehn`n tcmKnXx kzX\p kam\ ^e{]Zx JKx
[\IrZ`nXneobam\tIm hnbXn N _p kamKa {]Zx
NXpw, hnIemwKapXpw, hn`n tcmK_m[nXhpamb JRvP\
n kzX\p kam\amb ^ew Xcpw. BImin ]dpbcp
Xmbn Im [\w e`npw; _pkamKahpw Dmhpw.
14. \r]Xn c]n ip`w ip`{]tZi J ahtemIy aloXte hnZ[ymXv
kpc`nIpkpa[q]bpaLyw ip` a`n\nX tahtkXn hrnw
ip`amb ]nsb ip` tZip Iv, AXn\v kpc`ne ]pjv]w,
[q]w FnhtbmsS ALyw \Inb cmPmhn\v ip`w kw`hnpw.
B cmPmhv kcmepw A`n\nX\mbn `qansb {]hrampw.
15. Aip`a]nhntemIy JRvP\w ZznPKpcpkm[pkpcmt\ cXx
\ \r]Xncip`w kam]v\pbm bZn Zn\m\n N k]vXamwk `pIv.
474

{]Imiknp

ZznPm, Kpcp`qXm, km[p-, tZhXI Fnhsc An


pXn cXntbmSpIqSnb cmPmm BgvNbn GgpZnhkhpw
amwk`Ww shSnh IqSnbmsWn IpcnIn ]nsb Aip`
m\p Zinmepw Hcip`hpw kw`hnpIbn.
16. AhjmXv {]Yta Zit\ ^ew {]XnZn\w Xp Zn\tisj
ZnIv m\aqn eKv\ im Zo]vXm Zn`n tOmlyw
CXn {io hcmlanlncIrXu _rlXv kwlnXmbmw
JRvP\ Zi\w \ma ] NXzmcnwtimf ymbx
{]Ya JRvP\ Zi\w Hcp hjn\Iw ^ew \Ipw. Fm
Cmen\nSbvv hopw Im AXns ^ew kqcykvXab
n\p appw e`npw. Znv, m\w, aqn (BIrXn, eKv\w), \
{Xw, imn Zni, Zo]vXZni Fnh IqSn \nbn tijsa IpcnIn
Zi\ ^ew {]hNnmhq Fv ]nXm AdnncnWw.
Jw P\w, Jw Ncn Fo ]Zv (BIminse P\,
BImin Ncnbvph FmWv ]Zmw. IpcnIn ]n F
hntijmw IqSmsX, ]n F kmam\yw IqSn Cu ]Zn
\pv. ]n \ncoWw, BZyw ImWp ]nsb t\mn \nan
hpw hj ^ehpw ]db Fnh kap{Z kmcnIfmb BZna {]m
\ hmcpsS Hcp ]gb k{ZmbamWv. tImfdnUvPns B
jy v amcn\dpsS B_t{Smkns\tmse ip`hpw Aip`hpw \
Ip Hcp ]n kmcnIfmb \mtSmSn hmv Dv. t]mfnt\
jyImcpsS a\pXmtcm F a\yzc ]nIsfpdnv Rm apv
{]kvXmhnnpv (Refer Cu sFense cmk ineI- {]KXn
1988. Unkw_. hmfyw 40, t]Pv 113). tamknv a sImph
ImSnIfpw, tkmfa\v ti^m cmPIpamcnsb Ipdnv Adnhp \
Inb ambnbpw ss__nfnepw Jpdm\nepapv. ]nXr Im
Ifmbn Xsf kinpsav `mcXobcpw, ISmIfmbn k
inpsav t]mfnt\jycpw Im Bbn kinpsav CuPn]vXp
Imcpw hnizknp.
tIcfnse aqjI hwim Hcp Imev bq{^okntbpw
AXns t]mjI\ZnbptSbpw CSbnep Imanjv F I
tZiw (KtZiw) hsc Ab\w sNbvXnpv (Mushki F hwim
FhnsS \np hp Fv Ncn{XImcm AXv`pXw Iqdpp. ]t
475

{]Imiknp

Imanjnse lnssXbXm ^pWnjycpambn _w ]penbn


cpp Fv kXnpp. Dead towns and living men). Cpw \q_nb
bnse {KmaoW, ss\ Xocp\nv ]mekvXo\neqsS DcZnibn
hkImev kcnp henap Idp tZimS\nfnIsf
(Glossy Ibis) {_nPnnfn ({hPnfn) Fp hnfnpp. AhnSps
XpnI \oXn\ymb hnNmcW sNp \Spaps Ah Cpw
tNcn (Sheri, Serai), tNssc Fp hnfnpw. BZyw Fp h{Pnfn
sb {KmaapJy cmPIob AISnItfmsS tNcnbn sImphv
`Ww \In, eWw ]Tnv hnbbvpp (Page 158, Dead towns
and living men). ap `q`mKfn D Cu ss{S_ NSpIv
Aw ImWm hcmlanlncs JRvP\ eWsa Cu Aym
bw temIsamSpap \chwiimkv{Xsc klmbnpw.

476

{]Imiknp

Aymbw 46

DXv]mX eWw
1. bm\t{X cpXv]mXm Kx
t{]mhmN Xm\lw hty
tXjmw kwtt]mf bw
{]IrtX c\yXz apXv]mXx
K aljn A{XntbmSv ]d DXv]mXsf Rm kwt
]np ]dbmw. {]IrXnbn \nv A\ymbambsXmw DXv]mXamWv.
2. A]NmtcW\cmWmap]kx
]m]kbmZv `hXn.
kwkqNbn Znhymco
`uamkvXZpXv ]mXmx
{]IrXn hncpamb A]Yamb kmcw sImv kw`hnp
]m]kb\fm a\pjyv D]{Zhw kw`hnpp (BymnI
amb An kZmNmchncpamb Iw sImv hopw hopw
kwkmcw kw`hn; B[nssZhnIamb An {`aW ]Yw
hnp kcn; A]khy {`aWw apXembh). Cu D]{Zhsf
Znhyw, Acow, `uaw Fns\ aqp hn[nep Dev]mX
kqNnnpp (Dev]mXmZnI sImv D]{Zhw kw`hnpIb, DXv]m
XmZnI D]{ZhfpsS kqN\tbm apdnbntm XcnIbmWv Fv
BNmcy hyambn ]dbpp).
3. a\pPm\m a]NmcmZ]cm tZhXx krPtyXm
XXv {]XnLmXmb \r]x imnw cmjvt{S {]bpRvPoXm
a\pjycpsS A]Nmcw sImv IfnXamb {]Imi tZhXam
krjvSnp DXv]mXsf XSpm `cWm[nImcnI cmjv{Sfn
imnI sNpp.
4. Znhyw{Kl sshIrX apm\nLmX ]h\ ]cnthjmx
K ]pc ]pcc Nm]mZn bZmcow XXv.
477

{]Imiknp

{Kl\{XmZnIfpsS sshIrX, D, \nLmXw, ]h\,


]cnthjw Fnhsb Kmy Znhy DXv]mXfmbn KWnpp.
Kh\Kchpw C{[\ppw AcoP\yamb Dev]mXamWv.
5. `uaw Ncnc`hw XOmn `ncmlXw
iaapss]Xn
\m`k apss]Xn arZpXmw imayXnt\m
ZnhymantXyI
Ncw, ncw (NcmNc) Chbn \npmb Dev]mX
`ua Fp hnfnsSpp. Chsb iannm km[npw. Nne
cpsS A`n{]mbn \m`kamb (Aco-P\yw) Dev]mXsf
Aev]sams iannmw; Acotm]cnbp {]Imi temIfn
se Znthymev]mXsf iannm\pw imamm\pw a\pjyv
kmya.
6. Znhya]n iaapss]Xn {]`qXI\Im tKmaloZmss\x
cp{ZmbXt\`qsautKmtZmlmXv tImSntlmam.
inhs hmk m\v (lnameb `qanbn) tKmtZml\hpw
tImSn tlmahpw sNbvXv [mcmfw I\Iw, Aw, ]ip, `qan Fnh
Zm\w sNbvXm Znhyamb DXv]mXsf IqSn iannmsamWv ap
NnecpsS A`n{]mbw.
7. BkpXtImi hml\ ]ptcmlntXjp temtIjp
]mIap]bmXn ssZhw ]cnIev]nXajvS[m \r]tXx
kzmXvamhv, a, `mcw, hml\, ]ptcmlnXm, km{am
Pyw, ktemI, kv{XoI Fns\ Fphn[n ]cnIev]n
Xamb ssZh Dev]mXsfbpw cmPmm {]m]npp.
8. A\nanawKNe\ tkzZm{ip \n]mX Pev]\mZzm\n
enwKmbX\m\mw \mimb \tcitZim\mw.
A\nanamb AwKNe\, hnbv, Io, Pev]\w, enwK
\miw, t{XfpsS \miw Fnh cmPmmcpsS tZi\mis
kqNnnp `ua Dev]mXfmWv.
478

{]Imiknp

9. ssZhXbm{Xm iISmN{IbpK tIXp`wK ]X\m\n


kw]cymk\ kmZ\ kwKmiz \ tZi\r]ip`Zmx
ssZhcYbm{Xmthfbn hnbpsS Aw, N{I, ]XmI
Fnh apdnphogpI, hn adnbpItbm sNcnbpItbm BcpsSsb
nepw ta hgnamdnsp appI CsXms cmPmhn\pw tZin\pw
Aip`amWv.
10. Ejn[]nXr{_lva t{]mXw sshIrXw ZznPmXo\mw
b{Zp{ZtemI ]mtemXv`hw ]iq\ma\njvSw XXv.
Ejnam, []nXr (]nXrfpsS [Imb), {_lvaw
Chbn kw`hnp sshIrXfpw, cp{Z, AjvStemI]mem
Chcn kw`hnp sshIrXfpw ]iptemIn\v A\njvS^ew
\Ipw (AXn\m, ]iplnwk sNcpXv F hmn\v IqSpX hn]p
eamb Hcapv. Ejnamcpw, [Imb_pcpw, {_lvam\n
Ifpw, inhclkyadn knXm]kcpw, AjvSZnIv]mecpw ]dbpI
bpw BNcnpIbpw sNbvX [n\pw EXn\pw hn]coXamb
]mhn kcncpXv FmWv AXn\w).
11. KpcpknXiss\tcmw
]ptcm[kmw hnjvWpPw N temIm\mw
kvI hnimJkapw aenIm\mw
\tc{mWmw.
hymgw, ip{I, i\n apXemb {Klfn \nv DXv`hn DXv]m
X ]ptcmlnXhn\pw, hnjvWpPamb Dev]mXw kakvX tem
In\pw, kvI (sNm hnimJw \{Xkaqlw Fnhbn
\np Dev]mX aenImcmb cmPmmpw (km{amPy
]Xn- N{Ihn) D]{Zhw sNpw (hnimJw \{Xkaqlns
m\amb Xpemw, hrivNnI, ImnI \{Xkaqlm\amb
taSw, CShw Fo cminaefnse Dev]mXfpw kvI^ew
sNpw. taSw, hrnIw sNmbpsS kzt{XamWv, sNmbn \np
DXv]mXhpw, ImnI, hnimJw \{Xhyqln \np DXv]mX
hpw Htc^ew).
12. thZhymtk a{nWn hn\mbtI sshIrXw Naq\mtY
[mXcn khnizImWn temIm `mhmb \nnjvSw.
479

{]Imiknp

thZhymk\n \npmb DXv]mXw a{namtcbpw, KW]Xnbn


\npmb sshIrXw KW]Xn (tk\m]Xn) amtcbpw hnizImhv,
[mXmhv Fnhcn \npmb Dev]mXw ktemItbpw \in
npw.
13. tZhIpamcIpamcoh\nXm t{]tjyjp sshIrXw bXvkymXv
Xc]tXx IpamcI IpamcnImkv{Xo ]cnP\m\mw.
14. cx ]nimN KplyI \mKm\m taXtZh \ntiyw
amssk izm ]yjvSm`nx ktjmtah ^e]mIx
tZhIpamc, tZhIpamcn, tZhh\nXm, t{]jym (tZhZqXm)
FnhcpsS sshIrX cmPIpamcm, cmPIpamcnam, kv{XoI,
]cnP\ apXemb c, ]nimN, KplyI, \mKmcn ]Xnv
Ahv Fpamkn\Iw ^ew \Ipp.
15. _pzm tZhhnImcw ipNnx ]qtcm[mkv{Xy tlmjnXx
kv\mXx kv\m\ Ipkpam\p te]\ hkvss{Xciy tbXv {]mXnamw.
16. a[p ]tW ]ptcmt[m `ssy en`n hn[nh Zp]XnjvtTXv
meo]mIw PqlqbmZzn[nh ass{ XnwssKx
ipNnbmb (ipamb AKv\n ka\mb) ]ptcmlnX tZhhnImcw
_pnbm {Klnv, aqp cm{Xn D]hknv kv\m\w apXembh Ignv,
{]Xnasb kv\m\w sNnv IpkpamZn A\pte]\, hkv{Xw Fn
hbm Anpp; a[p]w, `yw apXemb ]qtPm]lmc
hn[nt]mse \In, GXp {]Xnasb Anppthm AXns enwK
n\v (eWn\v) A\ptbmPyamb a{tfmsS meo]mIhpw
tlmahpw \Spp.
17. CXn hn_p[ hnImtc imbx
k]vXcm{Xw ZznPhn_q[ KWmm
KoX \rtXymhm
hn[nhZh\n ]mssessx
{]bpm\ tXjmw `hXn
ZpcnX ]mtIm ZnWm`n cp{Zx
C{]Imcw imamnb hn_q[ hnImctmsS Ggpcm{XnI
ZznPmcpw ]nX KWfpw KoXw, \rw, Dhw Fnhbm
480

{]Imiknp

hn[nt]mse cmPmmcpw ZnWm`napJamb {]Xnasb Anm


kZpcnXfpw ianbvpXmWv (Da ]qP).
18. CXnenwKsshIrXw
cmjvt{Sbkym\Kv\nx {]Zo]ytX Zo]ytX
N t\\hm.
a\ptPizcky ]oVmXkykcmjv{Sky hntbmx
C{]Imcw enwK sshIrX. GXp cmjv{Sn AKv\n CmsX
bpw hkvXp Ippthm, hndtImSp tNnpw AKv\n ImXncn
ppthm, B cmPys cmPmhn\v ]oV kw`hnm t]mIpp
FdnbWw.
19. Peamwkm{ZPzet\ \r]Xn h[x
{]lctW ctWm cu{Zx
ssk\y{Kma ]ptcjvTv N\mtim
hlvt\`bw IpcptX
Pew, amwkw, \\ hkvXp Fnh Inm B cmPyv
`cWm[n] h[nsSpw; tLmcamb bpntem, AKv\n`bmtem
ssk\yhpw, {Kmahpw \Kchpw \inpt]mIpw.
20. {]mkmZ `h\ tXmcW tIXzmZnjz\te\ ZKvtjp
XUnXm hmjWvamkmXv ]cN{IkymKtam \nbamXv
{]mkmZ, `h\, tXmcWw, sImSn Fnh AKv\nbmtem
CSnan sImtm Zlnm \nbam\pkmcw Bdpamkn\Iw Ahn
sS asmcp `cWm[n] `cWw GsSppw.
21. [qtamf \Kv\n kaptm cPkvXaizmlv\nPw alm`bZw
hyt{`\niypUp\mti Zi\ a]nNmlv\n tZmjIcw
AKv\nbnmsX ]pI DbcpI, ]I s]mSn hjnv `bcamb
AImcw ]cpI, cm{Xn taLlo\amb BImin \{X
\miw ZinpI (\{Xn\v kvt^mSw kw`hnv AXv A{]Xy
amhpI) ]Ien \{Xw ImWpI CsXms tZmjIcamWv.
22. \Kc NXpjv]mZmP a\pPm\mw `bcw
Pze\amlpx [qamKv\n hnkv^penwssKx
imw_c tIissKrXypx
481

{]Imiknp

`bcambn Pzenp AKv\n a\pjypw, \Kcpw, \m


menIpw, APpw \miw hcppp. InSbv, hkv{Xw,
XeapSn Fnhbn AKv\nbpsS s]mcn hoWmtmepw AXv arXyp
hn\v ImcWambn `hnbvmw.
23. Bbq[Pze\ kWkz\mx
tImi \na\th]\m\nhm
sshIrXm\nbZn hmbpt[f ]cmWymipscu{ZcWkwIpew htZXv.
Bbp[ PzenpI, Ahbn \mZw ]pdsSpI, tImin
\np ]pdsSpptm Ah {]I\w sImpItbm ap sshIrX
ImWnpItbm sNpI- tLmcbpapmhpsaXns kqN\
IfmWnh (Bbp[w D]tbmKnphs hnImcamWv Bbp[w ImWn
pXv- Bbp[w PzenpXn\w D]tbmKnph AXv tXp
an\pnbnpv FmWv. Ddbn \nqcptm AXv hndbvpXn
\w D]tbmKnph tm`nX\msWmWv).
24. ass{mlvss\x ochrmXv kanZv`ntlmXthymf Kv\nx
kj]x knjm N
AKv\ymZn\mw sshIrtX imntchw tZbw Nmkvan
Im\w {_mlvatWiy
apdnm ]m hcp hramWv oc hrw. oc hr
n \np kanv Pzenn AKv\nbn ISpIpw s\pw a{m
hml\tmsS tlmanv {_mlvaWv kzw Zm\w sNbvXm
AKv\n sshIrXfn \nv imn e`npw.
25. CXyKv\nsshIrXw
imJm `w tKf Ikvam ZrmWmw \nnti {ZtWmtZymKw
lkt\ tZi{`wiw cpZntX Nhym[n _mlpeyw
C{]Imcw AKv\n sshIrXw. hr imJI HSnp hoWm
bp]pdmSv Dmhpw. NncnsImv tZi{`wihpw, IcnsImv At\
Iw tcmKfpw kw`hnmw.
26. cmjv{Shnt`ZkvXz\rsXu _meht[mf Xoh IpkpantX _mte
hrmXv ockv{Xmth k{Zhytbm `hXn.
482

{]Imiknp

EXpImenemsX EXp t`Zw Im cmjv{Sw A\rXfm


t`ZnsSpw (]nfsSpw) _me hr ]qm _meh[w
Dmhpw. hrfn \nv ocw {khnm k {Zhybw
^ew.
27. atZy hml\ \mix kw{Kmax timWntX a[p\n tcmKx
kvt\tl Zp`n `bw alZv `bw \nx krtX kente.
hrfn \nv aZyw Npcm hml\ \miw; cw hm
bpw; a[p Npcm tcmKw, F Npcm Zp`n`bw; Pew Npc
m alm`bw.
28. ipjvhntcmtl hocym kwbx
timjtW N hncpPm\mw
]XnXm\mapmt\ kzbw `bw ssZh\nXw N.
apf ipjvInncpm hocyw Dmhn. Aw Cmm bw
Dmhpw. tcmKlo\amb hr-w Hcp ImcWw IqSmsX timjnm
Abhpw tk\mbhpw DmIpw. hoW hrw Xmt\ Fgpt
m ssZh P\nXamb `bw Dmhpw (Cu ]dsXms hrn\p
am{Xa k PohPmepw _m[IamWv).
29. ]qPnXhrt ly\rXu Ipkpa^e \r]h[mb \nnjvSw
[qakvXkvan PzmemYhm `th \r]h[mssbh.
]qPnX hrn EXp ImenemsX Ipkpa ^emZnI
Im \r] h[nsSpw. ]qPnX hrn ]pItbm XoPzme
tbm Imepw \r]h[w ^ew.
30. kXvkp Xcpjp Pev]Xvkp
hm]n P\kwtbm hn\nnjvS
hrmWmw sshIrtXy Zi`n
amsskx ^ehn]mIx
hrw CgbpItbm Pev]npItbm sNbvXm a\pjyp
bw kw`hnpw FmWv lnn `mjyn ImWpXv. hrn
kw NpnnSv komc i_vZw ]pdsSom Fmhmw A
w. hrfn ImWsSp sshIrXfpsS ^ew ]p amk
n\Iw A\p`hnpw.
483

{]Imiknp

31. {kKv K[q]mw_c ]qPnXky O{Xw \n[mtbm]cn


]mZ]kym IrXzminhw cq{ZPt]mf {X Imtcym
cpt{Z`y CXy{X jUwK tlmax
ameyw, kpK{Zhyw, [q]w, hkv{Xw FnhtbmsS hrs
]qPnv, hrtm]cn IpSNqSnpI. hrs inh\mn kev]nv
cp{ZP]w sNbvIbpw cpt{Z`yx CXymZn a{tfmsS jUwKtlmaw
sNbvIbpw thWw.
32. ]mbtk\ a[p\m Nt`mPtbZv
{_mlvaWm LrXbptX\ `q]Xnx
taZn\o \nKZnXm{X ZnWmsshIrtX
XcpIrtX aljn`ox
hrsshIrXsf imampXn\mbn cmPmm s\bvm
bkhpw tX\pw tN `Ww {_mlvaWv \In, Ahv
ZnWbpw `qZm\hpw sImSptXmsWv aljnam IqSn ]dn
cnpp.
33. CXn hr sshIrXw
\mtef _vPbhmZn\m taIkvan Zzn{Xn kw`thm acWw
IYbXnXZ[n ]Xo\mw baew PmXw Ipkpa^ew.
C{]Imcw hr sshIrXw.
Xmac, bhw apXembhbpsS Hcp Xnt ctm aqtm Dm
bXmbn ImWpI, Asn Hcp Xn cp ]qthm, cp Imtbm
ImWpI- CXv B Xmacpfnttbm, [m\y hbenstbm DSa
s acWs kqNnnpp.
34. AXnhrnx kkym\mw \m\m^eIpkpa`thm hrtm`hXn
lnbtZy Ikvan ]cN{ImKtam\nbamXv.
[m\yfpsS AXnhrn, Htc hrn At\I {]Imcn
ep ]qfpw ImbvIfpw ImW- Ch i{Xptk\bpsS BKa\t
bpw `cW amtbpw kqNnnpp.
35. At\ bZm ssXew `hXn Xnem\m assXeXm hmkymXv
AkyN sshckyw XZm N hnZymXv `bw kpalXw.
484

{]Imiknp

Fns ]IpXn ssXeamhpI, Fn \nv ssXew InmXncn


pI- CXv Ans sshckyw sImv almb `bw Dmhm
t]mIpXns kqN\IfmWv.
36. hnIrX Ipkpaw ^ew hm {KmamZYhm ]pcmZv _lnx Imcyw
kutayf {X Ncpx Imtcym \nhmt]ymhm ]ipx imssy.
hnIrXambn ImWp ]qfpw ImbvIfpw {Kmanttbm \Kc
nttbm ]pdp sImpt]mbn IfbWw. CXns imnpw ]ip
fpsS imnbvpambn kuayw F Ncp sNWw.
37. ktky N ZrjvSzm hnIrXnw {]tZbw
XXv t{Xtah {]Yaw ZztP`yx
Xsskyh aty Ncpa{X `uaw IrXzm\
tZmjm kapss]XnXm.
C{]Imcap sshIrXtfmSp IqSnb kky GsXmcp t
{Xn (`qanbn) Ipthm, B t{Xw BZyw {_mlvaWv
Zm\w sNpI. ]noSv `qanbpsS ayn `qantZhnv Ncp sNpI.
]ns Acw tZmj hopw DmZnsSpIbn.
38. CXn kky sshIrXw
Zp`na \mhrjvSymaXnhrjvSymw pZv`bw k ]cN{Iw
tcmtKmly\rXr`hmbmw \r]ht[mf \ `qPmXmbmw.
C{]Imcw kkysshIrXw. A\mhrjvSn sImp Zp`nw, AXn
hrjvSn sImv kkykpmbm i{Xptk\ B{Ianv `cW
amw hcppXn\m ma`bw, EXpImenemsX hjw (ag)
e`nm tcmKw, taLw IqSmsX ag s]bvXm `cWm[nImcnbpsS
h[w Ch {]hNnmw.
39. iotXmjvWhn]cymsk t\m kayKv EXpjp N k{]hrtjp
jamkm{Zmjv{S`bw tcmK`bw ssZhP\nXw N.
ioXImehpw {Kojvahpw (DjvWImew) ]ckv]cw amdnhcpXp
sImpw kaymbn EXpfpsS {]h\w kw`hnmbvI sImpw
Bdpamktv cmjv{S`bw, tcmK`bw, ssZh`bw Fnh Dmhpw
(EXpamw Dmhptm P\v ]Ihym[nIfpmhpXv
485

{]Imiknp

tcmK`bw; {]IrXntm`apmhpXv ssZh`bw; s]mfnn Bbn


`cWamw DmhpXv cmjv{S`bw).
40. A\ysu k]vXmlw {]_htj {][m\ \r]acWw
ct ikvt{XmtZymtKm amwkmnhkmZn `nacIx
EXpImemsX HcmgvNmew ags]bvXm {][m\\r]\v
acWw kw`hnpw. cw hjnm Bbp[ Iem]w Dmhpw.
amwkw, An, hk Fnh hjnm arXyp km{XnIambn kw`
hnpw.
41. [m\y lncWyXzIv^e Ipkpam ss[
jn ssX `bw hnZymXv
AwKmc]mwkphtj hn\miambmXn XKcw.
[m\yw, kzw, arKNw, ]g, ]q Fnh hjnm
`bapmhpw. GXp \Kcn Icnbpw s]mSnbpw hjnppthm
B \Kcw \inpt]mIpw.
42. D]em hn\mPe[sscnIrXm hm
{]mWot\m bZm hrjvSmx
On{Zw hm]yXnhrjvsSu kkym\manXnkRvP\w.
Pew [cn taLfpsS A`mhn hnIrXfmb {]mWnI
fpsS hjw kw`hnmepw, AXnhrjvSn kw`hnmepw hbense kky
\inpt]mIpw.
43. ocLrXsu{ZmWmw Z[vs\u
cp[ntcmjvWhmcnWmw htj
tZihn\mtimt tbmf krKv
htjNm]n\r]bpw.
]mev, LrXw, tISph tamcv, cp[ncw, NqSpshw Fnh hjn
m tZihn\mihpw, cw am{Xw hjnm cmPmm Xn
bphpw Dmhpw.
44. b[yta ef Ombm \ ZriytX ZriytX {]Xo]m_m
tZikyXZm kpalZv`bambmXw hn\ntiyw.
486

{]Imiknp

\neamb kqcy\n Omb (Idp ]pn - Black dots) ImWp


Itbm, hn]coXOmb ImWpItbm sNbvXm tZin\v GtXm al
mb `bw hcm t]mIpp Fw.
45. hyt{` \`ko{[\pnhmbZmZriytXf Yhm cm{Xu
{]mNym a]ckymw hm XZm`thXv pZv`bw kpalXv
taLlo\amb \`n cm{Xntbm ]Item, Ingtm ]Snmtdm
C{ [\pp Im almb ma`bw hcm t]mIpp.
46. kqscyp]\y kaocWm\mw tbmKx
kvartXmhrjvSnhnImcImte
[m\ymtKmIm\ZnWm tZbmkvXXx
imnapss]Xn ]m]w.
agmev kqcy, N{, hjtaLw, hmbp FnhbpsS
tbmKw kw`hnptm (InSInse Aamhmkn) [m\yw, Aw,
]ip, kzw Fnh sImSpm k ]m]n\pw imn Inpw
(]amkamIbm BfpIv [m\yw, Aw apXembh Amev
BhiyhpamWtm).
47. CXn hrjvSnsshIrXw
A]kWw \Zo\mw \KcZNntcW iq\yXmw IpcptX
timjzm timjymWmas\yjmw hm {lZmZo\mw.
C{]Imcw hrjvSnsshIrXw.
\Kcns A `mKp IqSn (`qK`neqsS) HgpIp \Zn
Itfm, \Kcnse ap Pemibtfm timjnv hcpt]mbm B
timjWw \Kcs s]sv iq\yampp (P\hmk tbmKyamXm
pp).
48. kvt\lmkrwKv amwk hlmx kwIpe Iepjmx {]XoKmizm]n
]cN{IkymKa\w \Zyx IYbn jamkmXv.
Ftbm ctam amwktam Iev Iepjambntm, hgn amdnbn
tm \Zn HgpIpXp Im Bdp amkn\Iw A\ycmPmhns
ssk\yw Fntcpsav {Klnmw.
487

{]Imiknp

49. Pzmem[qaIzmYm cpZntXmXvIrjvSm\n Nh Iq]m\mw


X{]Pev]nXm\n N P\acImb {]ZnjvSm\n.
InWdn Xobv, ]pI Fnh ImWpItbm, Icbp i_vZtam
Pev]\ i_vZtam tIpI Fnh P\fpsS acWs kqNnn
pp (hnjw IeXns kqN\).
50. tXmtbmev]n cJmtX Kckhn]cytbN tXmbm\mw
kenemim bhnIrsXuhmalZv`bw X{X imncnbw.
`qanbn Bcpw IpgnmsXs s]sv shw Ddsmgp
IpI, Pens Kw, kzmZv Fnhbn amw ImWpI, Pemib
fn sshIrX ImWpI Ch alZv `bapmphbmWv. Ch
bvp imn (]cnlmcw) DSs\ sNWw.
51. kene hnImtc IpcymXv ]qPmw
hcpWky hmcpssWass{x
ssXtch N P]tlmaw iatahw]m]ap]bmXn.
Pen hcpWa{w sNmn hcpW]qPbpw, AtX a{m
P]tlmafpw sNWw.
52. CXn PesshIrXw
{]khhnImtc kv{XoWmw
Zzn{XnNXpjv{]`rXn kw{]kqsXuhm
lo\mXncn Imte N Zi Ipe kwtbm `hXn.
C{]Imcw PesshIrXw.
{]kh Imev 2,3,4 Fns\ IpnI P\npI; ]mw amk
n\v aptm, tijtam {]khw kw`hnpI- CXv ]p Ipesf
bnnpw (inipacWw, amXr acWw FnhbpsS rates Ccw
{]khfn IqSpX BbXpsImv).
53. _Uthmjv{Salnj tKmlkvXn\ojvTbatfmXv`th acWtajmw
jamkmXv kqXn^ew imsu tmsIu N Ktmsu.
s] IpXnc, HIw, Fcpa, ]ip, B\ Fnhbvv Cc P\nm
Ahbn Hv Npt]mIpp. {]kh sshIrXw sImp inip
488

{]Imiknp

acWmZnI {]khw Ignv Bdpamkn\Iw Xs {]ISamIpp.


Chbvp imnbmbn Kmap\n ]d cp tmI Xmsg sImSp
pp.
54. \mcyx ]cky hnjtb XyhymkvXm lnXmn\m
Xtb ZznPm Imax imnw ssNhm{XImctbXv.
55. NXpjvZmx kzbqsY `nkvXyhymx ]a`qanjp
\Kcw kzman\w bqYa\yYm lnhn\mitbXv
lnXmnI C{]Imcw {]khnp \mcnIsf {_mlvaWm
cpsS Imaimnmbn XWw sNbvXv A\ycmPyfn sImp
sNv XyPnWw. \mmenIsf kzw bqYn \np ]ncnv
A\y`qanbn XyPnWw. CXp sNmm (P\scpw sImv)
\Kcnse `cWm[n]\pw (`ymaw sImv) \mmenqn
\pw \miw hcpw.
(Cv \apv IpSpw_mkq{XW hn[nIfpv. {`qWlXy Ahbn
semmWv. {`qWlXyp ]Icw IqSpX {]khnp kv{XoIsf
\mSp ISemWv Kmys imnhn[n. A\ymbamb Hcp hn[n!!
]s, Htmm {`qWlXybpw A\ymbamWtm).
56. CXn {]kh sshIrXw.
]ctbm\mh`nKa\w `hXn Xncakm[pt[\p\mw
DmsWuhmt\ymf \yw ]n_Xnizmhm kpc`n]p{Xw.
Hcp C\n s] ]iphns\ asmcn\n s]Xpambn ssaYp
\w sNnpXv AawKfamWv; ImfIsf At\ym\yw CW tNp
Xpw, \mb ]ippnv ]m sImSppXpw \ (kch
krjvSn, kzh kwt`mKw Fnh).
57. amk{XtbW hn[ymXv Xkvannx kwibw ]cmKa\w
XXv {]XnLmXmssbsXu tmsIuKtW \nnjvsSu.
C{]Imcw kw`hnm aqp amkn\Iw i{Xptk\ B{Ianp
sav \nwibw ]dbmw. CXnp ]cnlmcambn K \ntin
cp tmI ]dbmw.
58. XymtKmhnhmk\w Zm\w Xkymip ip`w `thXv
XtbZv {_mlvaWmw m{X P]tlmamw ImctbXv.
489

{]Imiknp

Ahsb XyPnpItbm Zm\w sNpItbm sNbvXm ip`w `hnpw. {_mlvaWm XWhpw {Xnbm P]tlmafpw
sNWw.
59. meo]mtI\ [mXmcw ]ip\mN]ptcmlnXx
{]Pm]tXy\ at{W btPZv_lz ZnWmw
]ptcmlnXm {]mPm]Xya{w sNmn men]mIw sNbvIbpw,
]ipfm [mXmhns\ bPnbpw, [mcmfw Aw ZnWbmbn \
IpIbpw sNWw.
60. CXn NXpjv]ZhmIrXw
bm\w hmlhnbpwbZn KtOhmlbpXw
cmjv{S `bw `hXn XZm N{ImWmw kmZ`wKw N.
C{]Imcw \mmen sshIrXw.
cYw, I apXemb hml\sfqSmsX IpXnc, Imf apXemb
hbpsS ]pdpIbdn kcnpXp Im cmjv{Sn\v bp`bw
Dmhm t]mIpp Fw; `cWn amw hcpIbpw sNmw.
61. A\m`nlXXqcy\mZx i_vtZm hmXmUntXjpbZn\kymXv
hypXv]suhmtXjmw ]cmKsam\r]Xn acWw hm.
hmbnmsX Xs hmZy i_vZapmpI, hmbnptmgpw
sImptmgpw Ahi_vZw ]pdsSomXncnpI, Ahbn At\I
hn[w i-_Zv Dev]amhpI- i{Xp tk\bpsS BKa\hpw cmPmhn
s acWhpw Ch kqNnnpp.
62. KoXchXqcy\mZm\`kn bZmh Ncncm\yXzw
arXypkvXZm KZmhm hnkzcXqtcy]cm`n`hx
BImin KoX hmZy FnhbpsS \mZ[z\n tI
pI, Nccmin, nccmin (InSIw, Nnw, Xpemw, hrivNnIw,
aIcw, Ipw`w) Fnh ]ckv]cw amdpI- Ch tcmKw, arXyp Fnh
hcppw. t`cni_vZw kzclo\ambm i{XpfpsS ]cmPbw ]dbmw.
63. tKmemwKpetbmx kwtKZnipmZyp]kvIc hnImtc
t{ImjvTpI\mtZ NXYm ikv{X`bw ap\nhNtZw.
490

{]Imiknp

IpImenIfpsS kwKthfbn apdw apXemb Krtlm]IcW


fpsS i_vZapmhpI, Ipdp HmcnbnSpI Fnh Bbp[`bw Dm
IpXns kqN\bmsWv ap\nam ]dnpv. AXn\p imn:
64. hmbthytjzjp \r]Xnmbpw kp`nctbXv
B hmtbmcnXn ]tm Pm]ymiz {]bssXZznssPx
65. {_mlvaWm ]camt\ ZnW `nizXtbXv
{_lvaW ZnWm tlmamx Ihym {]bXv\Xx
hmbhyn cmPmhv k\mbn hmbpsh Anv, ZznPm
B hmtbmx F EIv ]Im P]w sNbvI; ]camhpw Zn
Wbpw sImv {_mlvaWsc kpjvScmpI, bXv\nv [mcmfw Aw
Dmn ZnW, tlmaw Fnh IgnpI.
66. CXn hmbhy sshIrXw.
]pc ]ntWm h\Ncm h\ymhm \n`bm hnin]pcw
\w hm ZnhkNcmx ]mNcmhm Ncy l\n.
C{]Imcw hmbhy sshIrXw
hfp ]nI h\NcfmhpI, h\y ]nI \n`bambn
\mn {]thinpI, cm{Xn kmcnI ]Iepw, ]I kmcnI
cm{Xnbpw kcnpI,
67. kymZztbf ]n aeam_[v\tm arKmhnlwKm hm
Zo]vXmbmw ZniyYhm t{Imix kwlXm `bZmx
]qm]ckyIfn arK]nI hw IqSn CcnpI, Zo]vX
amb kqcyZni (Ingtm ]Snmtdm) t\mn IcbpI Fnh `bw
P\nnpp.
68. izm\x {]cpZ Ch Zzmtc hknPw_qIm Zo]vXmx
{]hntitc{ `ht\ It]mXIx sIuintImbZnhm.
\mb HmfnbnpsImv hmXn CcnpI, Ipdp Zo]vXZni
t\mn IcbpI, {]mthm, aqtbm cmP `h\n {]thinpI,
69. IppScpXw {]tZmj slmsZuN tImInemem]mx
{]Xntemam aeNcmx tiy\mZymizmw_tc `bZmx
491

{]Imiknp

{]tZmjn tImgn IqhpI, tlamcw`n Ipbn ]mSpI,


BImin ]cpv apXemb ]nI {]Xntemaambn hw Npn
kcnpI- Chbpw `bmP\Iamb \nanfmWv.
70. Krl ssNXy tXmctWjp Zzmtcjp N
]nkwLkmXmx
a[phaoImw t`mcpl kapZv `hmizm]n\mimb.
Krlw, ssNXyw, tXmcWw, {]thi\ Zzmcw FnhnSfn ]n
I Iqw IqSpI, tXIqSv, NnX]pv, Xmac FnhIfn DXv`hn
hkvXp hogpI Fo k`fnepw Bm\v \miw
kw`hnpw.
71. iz`ncn ihmhbh {]thi\w antcjp acImb
]ip ikv{Xhymlmtc \r]arXypn\nhNtizZw.
\mb AnjvWtam ihns Ahbhtam hon\Ip
sImphm acW eWamWv. ]ipth apdnp Xnm, \r]
arXyp ]dbmw. CXns imn ap\nam ]dbpp.
72. arK]n hnItcjp IpcymZv tlmam k ZnWm
tZhmx It]mX CXn N P]vXhyx ]m`nZznssPx
73. kptZhm CXn ssNtI\tZbm KmhmizZnWm
Pt]Om Ip\kqw hm at\mthZincmwknN.
arK ]nIfn, ZnWm ]qw tlmaw sNpI- (Ahbvv
Xnm sImSppI). ] {_mlvaWm tZhmx It]mXssl F
a{w P]npsImncnWw. kptZhm F a{tmsS ]ip,
IpXnc Fnh ZnW \In, imIp\ kqw P]npI, imIp\
kqn\p ]Icw at\mthZ incmwkn F a{w P]nmw.
74. CXn arK]ymZn sshIrXw.
i{I[ztP{Ioe kvXw`Zzmc {]]mX`wtKjp
XZXv I]mS tXmcW tIXq\mw \c]tXcWw
C{]Imcw arK]ymZn sshIrXw.
C{[zPw, C{Ioew, kvXw`w, Zzmcw, I]mSw, tXmcWw, sImSn
Fnh apdnbpItbm hogpItbm sNbvXm `cWm[n]s acWw kw`
hnmw.
492

{]Imiknp

75. kymZzbky Zo]vXn[qtamXv]mcn Im\t\f \Kvs\u


On{Zm`mth `qtaZcWw I `bImcn.
]qm]c kyIfn Zo]vXn ImWpI, AKv\n clnXamb h\
n ]pI ImWpI, `qansb shmsXbpw InfbvmsXbpw AXn
K ImWpI, `qIw DmhpI Ch `bapmpp.
76. ]mjm\mw \mkvXnIm\mw N `x
km[zmNmc t{]mnXx t{Im[ioemx
Cujvcpx {Iqtcm hn{Klm tNXm
bkvan cmPm Xky tZiky \mix
GXp tZiv cmPmhv ]mjt\m, \mkvXnIt\m, AhcpsS `
t\m Bbncnppthm, kZmNmc sNmh\pw, t{Im[ioe\pw
Bbncnppthm, Cujybph\pw, {Iqc\pw Bbncnppthm,
hn{Klfn Ans tNXpw [\hpw Dh\mbncnppthm,
B \mn\v \miw kw`hnpp.
77. {]lc lcOnn`noXymbp[ ImjvTmiva ]mWtbm _memx
\nKZx {]lct X{Xm]n `bw `hXymip.
_mem Bbp[hpw Ipw apw InseSpv, Ah Fdnv
ASn, ]nSn, sIv Fv Bt{Iminpp, Fn AhnsS `bw `hnpw.
(IpnI t]mepw ]ckv]cw ASnbvbpw _nbpw sNp cmPyw
Iel {]nbcpsS cmPyamWv Fw).
78. AwKmc sKucnIm ssZy hnIrtX {]Xm`n teJ\w bkvan
\mbI Nn{XnXaYhm tbbw bmXn \ NntcW
IcnsImtm Ipmbw sImtm hnIrX t{]XmZnIfpsS Nn{X
tfm, Krl\mbIs Nn{Xtam Krlns Npacn hcm B
Krln\v thKw bw kw`hnpw.
79. eqXm]SmwK i_ew \ kytbmx
]qPnXw Ielbpw \ntXymOnjvS
kv{XoIw NbZv Krlw XXv bw bmXn.
FpImen heI \ndXpw, kyIfn ]qP CmXpw,
Ielw DXpw, kv{XoI \nXyhpw Fn am{Xw XnpXpamb
Krl bnpt]mIpw.
493

{]Imiknp

80. ZrjvtTjp bmXp[mt\jp \nnti acIamip kw{]m]vXw


{]XnLmXm ssbtXjmw Kx imnw NImtcamw.
cmkmsc ImWp ]w acWw ASpmdmbn Fw.
CXns imnv K C{]Imcw ]dp:
81. alm imtymf Y _etbm t`mPym\n kpalmnN
ImctbX atl{w N amtl{n`nx katbXv.
\ \ hnijvS t`mPy ]Zmfpw _enbpw sImv alm
imn e`npw. atl{w sImv C{s\ AnpIbpw thWw.
82. CXn i{I [ztP{ IoemZn sshIrXw
\c]Xn tZihn\mti tItXmcpZtbf Yhm {Ktlf ttmx
DXv]mXm\mw {]`hx kzr`hizm ]ytZmjmb.
C{]Imcw i{I[ztP{ IoemZn sshIrXw.
cmPmhnttbm tZinttbm hn\minepw, [qatIXphns
DZbnepw, kqcyN{ {KlWfnepw AmsX, DXv]mX Dm
hpXv tZmjamWv.
83. tbN\ tZmjm P\bypXv]mXkvXm\rXpkz`mhIrXm
Ejn]p{XIrssXx tmssIhnZym tZssXx kamtkmx
tZmjapmm DXv]mX AXmXp EXpkz`mhIrX
fmWv. Cu kamkspdnv Ejn]p{X ]d cp tI
Dv.
84. h{Pmi\n aloI kym\nLmX \nx kz\mx
]cnthj ctPm[qacmkvXat\mZbmx
h{Pw, Ai\n, `qIw, ky, \nLmXkzcw, ]cnthjw, cPv,
[qaw, DZbmkvXabfn chamb kqcy,
85. {Zpta t`ymf ckkvt\l _lp]pjv] ^temZvKamx
tKm]naZhrn inhmb a[pam[th.
{Zpafn Aw, ckw, F, [mcmfw ]pjv]^e, ]n
arKmZnIfn aZhrn- Ch a[p am[hfn (ssN{X sshimJ),
inhn\v (awKfw) ImcWamIpp.
494

{]Imiknp

86. Xmtcmm]mX Iepjw I]nemtp aew


A\Kv\n Pze\ kvt^mS[patcWz \nemlXw.
\{Xfpw DIfpw hoWv Iepjambncnp I]neh
amb kqcyN{ae AKv\n CmtXbpw Pzenphbmbpw
kvt^mSw kw`hnphbmbpw, ]pIbpw s]mSnbpw Impw sImv
ASnsXmbpw Ccnpp. A\Kv\nPze\ kvt^mS[qatcWz \nem
lXamWv \{X aehpw kqcyaehpw Fv imkv{Xw Cu
bnsS Isnbncnpp. Dm]mXIepjamb N{\nse ]pIbpw
s]mSnbpw Cv HcXv`pXta A.
87. c]mcpWw kmyw \`x p_v[mthm]aw
kcnXmw Nmw_p kwtimjw ZrjvSz {Kojvtaip`w htZXv.
{Kojva Imev Nph Xmacqt]mse kymcmKw ImWpI,
BImiw p_v[amb IS t]mse (taLncameItfmSpIqSn)
ImWpI, \ZnIfnse Pew IpdbpI Fnh ip`IcamWv.
88. i{Imbp[]cnthjhnZypOpjvI hntcmlWw
ItmZz\ sshIrXw ck\w ZcWw ntXx
C{ [\pv, ]cnthjw, hnZypv, ipjvInpWnb hrn
Apc ImW, `qIw, DZz\w, {]IrXnhncpamb {]Xn`mk
, an hyXykvXamb Khpw kzmZpw, KfpsS DXv`hhpw,
89. ktcm\ZypZ]m\m\mw hryzXcW hmx
kcWw Nm{tKlm\mw hjmkp\`bmhlw.
kcpI, \ZnI, InWdpI Fnh \ndsmgpIn Ichsc
F sImv Ahsb XcWw sNm tXmWn thnhc (Pem[n
Iym shsmw) KncnIfpw hoSpIfpw I\w sIm Fnh
agmemWv kw`hnsXn AXv `bsSm\pX.
90. Znhykv{Xo `qXK hnam\mZv`pXZi\w
{Kl\{XXmcmWmw Zi\w N Znhmw_tc.
91. KoXhmZn{X \ntLmjm h\]Xkm\pjp
kkyhrn c]mw lm\n c]m]mx icZnkvarXmx
495

{]Imiknp

Znhykv{Xo, acn-pt]mbh, Km, hnam\w apXemb


AXv`pX Zi\, ]Ienepw BImin {Kl\{XmZnI
ImW, KoXhmZy\ntLmj h\fnepw ]Xkm\pfnepw
tI, kkym`nhrn, Pew Ipdb Fnh icXvImev ip`Zmb
IfmWv.
92. ioXm\ne XpjmcXzw \\w arK]nWmw
ctmbmZnkXzm\mw Zi\w hmKam\pjn.
93. Zntim[q amImcm k\t`mh\]Xmx
Dx kqtcymZbmkvsXuN tlat tim`\mx kvarXmx
XWp Imv, av, arK]nIfpsS i_vZw, ctmbmZn
kXzfpsS Zi\w, Aam\pj hmIv {ihWw, [qamImcabamb
ZniI, \`v, h\]X kqcy Dn DZbmkvXabw
sN- Ch tla Imev tim`\^eZmbnbmWv.
94. lna]mXm\ntemev]mXm hncq]mZv`pXZi\w
IrjvWmRvP\m`amImiw Xmtcmm]mX]nRvPcw.
95. Nn{X Kt`mZv`hmx kv{Xojp tKmf Pmiz arK]njp
]{Xmpc eXm\mw N hnImcmx inintc ip`mx
lna]mXw, ImphogvN, hncq]amb AXv`pXZi\, IrjvWm
RvP\ \ndamb BImiw, BImin \{XfpsSbpw DIfp
sSbpw hogvN, kv{Xo, ]ip, BSv, IpXnc, arK ]nI Fnh Nn{X
K`fn D`hnpI, ]{Xw, Apcw, eX Fnh inincn
ip`amWv.
96. EXp kz`mhPmtlytX ZrjvSmx kzsu ip` {]Zmx
EtXmc\y{X tNmX]mXm ZrjvSm kvtX ZriZmcpWmx
AXmXp EXp kz`mhw AXmXp EXphn ImWpXv ip`{]Z
amWv. A\y EXpfn kz`mhw amdn DmXw Im ZmcpW ^ew
e`npw.
97. Dm\mw KoXKmYmx iniq\mw `mjnXw NbXv
kv{Xotbm b {]`mjt Xky \mkvXn hyXn{Iax
496

{]Imiknp

Dm ]mSp ]mnt\bpw inipfpsS `mjnXtbpw kv{Xo


IfpsS {]`mjWtbpw Hcnepw Xn \ScpXv (ImcWw ChcpsS
hN\w ssZhhN\amWv).
98. ]qw NcXn tZthjp ]mXv KOXn am\pjm
\m tNmZnXm hmKvhZXn kbmtljm kckzXn.
kXy cq]hpw At{]cnXhpambn hm{Kq]nWnbmbncnp kckz
Xn BZyw tZhmcn kcnnmWv ]noSv a\pjycn Fnt
Xv (`n sImv Dcmbh, IpnI, kv{XoI Fnhv
ChnsS ssZhm\w sImSppp. AhcneqsS kcnmWv kckzXn
aphcn FpXv).
99. DXv]mXm KWnX hnhntXmf ]n _pzm
hnJymtXm `hXn
\tc{ h`ivN
GX ap\nhN\w clky apw
bmXzm `hXn \ckv{Xn ImeZin
CXn {io hcmlanlnc IrXu _rlXv kwlnXmbmw
D]mX eWw \majvS NXzmcnwtimf ymb
GsXmcp ssZh KWnXn ka\mbvIbm AXn
s\ hnppthm Ah t]mepw DXv]mXsf _pn]qw \nco
np ]dm hnJymX\mbn cmPmhn\p {]nbc\mbn Xocpw. cl
kyamb Cu ap\n hN\w {Kln \c {XnIme Zinbmbn `hnpp.

497

{]Imiknp

Aymbw 47

abqc Nn{XIw
1. Znhymcom{ib apamsZu
ambm^ew imkvXatim`\w N
{]mtbW Nmtcjp kamKtajp
bptjp ammZnjp hnkvXtcW.
{Kl \{X Nmcw, kamKaw, bpw, {Kl \{X {`aW amw
apXemb Acom{ibfmb Znhy {]Xn`mk, AhbpsS tim`
\hpw Atim`\hpw Bb ^e Fnhsb Rm BZyta hnkvX
cnp ]dp Ignp.
2. `qtbm hcmlanlncky \bptaXXv
Ipw kamkIrZkm hnXnXky tZmjx
X\ hmNyanZap ^em\pKoXn
bZv _ln Nn{XIanXn {]YnXw hcmwKw.
Ah hopw hopw ]dbpXv hcmlanlnc\v tbmPnX; (At
lns) tZmjw, Xm kwt]np am{Xw ]dbph\mWv F
XmWv. _ln Nn{XIw (abqc Nn{XIw) F Cu hcmwKs Adn
bp ]nXm, AXns Cu h\w tIv, Atls C{]Imcw
\nnpIbn.
3. kzcq]tahXkyXXv {]IonXm\p Io\w
{_hoaylw \ tNZnXw XYm]n taf {X hmNyXm.
(t\s taL hnjbn) abqc Nn{Xns kzcq]w ]d
XmWv. AXn\m hopw AXns\ {]Iont Bhiyan. AXn
\m hnmXncpmepw Ipw ]dbpIbn.
4. Dc hoYnKXm ZypXn ax
ta kp`n inhmb kakvXmx
ZnW am KXm ZypXn lo\mx
p{ZbXkvc arXyp IcmkvtX.
498

{]Imiknp

AXns\ Dc {`aW amn {]Imihmbn Im k


pw taw, kp`nw, awKfw. ZnW amn {]Imilo\
ambn Im p{Zw, Xkvc `bw, arXyp Fnh ^ew.
5. tImjvTmKmcKtX `rKp ]pt{X ]pjytNKncmw {]`p hnjvsWu
\nsscmx nXn]mx kpJ`mPx kwlrjvSmz P\mKX tcmKmx
ip{I tImjvTmKmcn (aIw \{Xw) kcnbpw, hymgw
]pjy \{Xn (InSIw) \nbpw sNptm cmPmm
]ckv]cw sshcw IqSmsX, kpJnIfmb {]PItfmsS B\nv, tcmK
clnXcmbn Pohnpp.
6. ]oVbn bZn IrnImw aLmw tcmlnWow {ihW ssa{ tahhm
t{]my kqcya]tc {KlmkvXZm ]nam ZnK\tb\ ]oUtbXv.
kqcys\mgnp {Kl ImnI, aIw, tcmlnWn, Xncpthm
Ww, Xrt Fo \{Xsf ]oUnnm ]mmXy cmPy
A\oXn sImv ]oVnXamIpw.
7. {]mNymw tNzP hZhnXm Zn\mt
{]mNym\mw `hXn ln hn{Klm \r]mWmw
atytNZv `hXn ln aytZi]oVm
cqsskvssX\ XpcpNnsscbqJ hrnx
kymkabv Ingp Znibn [zPmIrXnbn {Klhyql
Im Ingp Znnse cmPmmnSbn bpw GsSpw. BIm
ins ay`mKmWv CXv IsXn ay{]tZinse cmPm
m Cu ^ew A\p`hnpw. Fnepw, at\mlchpw IncWhrn
bpXpamWv Cu ImgvN Fp hcnIn ]oV DmhpIbn.
8. ZnWm IIp`am{inssXkvXp ssXZnWm ]Y]tbm
arNmw bx
lo\cq X\p anizhn{Klx qetZl IncWm\znssX ip`w.
ZnW `mKs B{ibnp\nm ZnWm]Yn\pw AXnse
agtaLpw bw hcpw. Fm cqhpw, sNdpXpamb cq]am
sWnte Cu ^eapp. hepXpw [mcmfw IncWapXpamsWn
ip`amWv.
499

{]Imiknp

9. Dcamt kv]jvSabpJmx imnIcmkvtX X\r]Xo\mw


{lkzicocm `kvakhm tZmjIcmx kypti\r]mWmw.
Dcamn kv]jvSIncWtfmSp \nm B `mKfnse
cmPmmp imn e`npw, {lkzicochpw `kva\ndhpambn
\nm cmPmhn\pw {]PIpw tZmjamWv.
10. \{XmWmw XmcImx k{KlmWw [paPzmem hnkv^penwKm
\znXmtizXv
BtemIw hm \n\nanw \ bmn bmXn zwkw k
temIx k`q]x
GsXmw {Kl\{XXmc [qaw, Pzme, hnkv^penwKw Fn
hItfmSpIqSn ImWppthm, \nansampw IqSmsX s]sv A{]Xy
amIppthm, Ah cmPmhnt\mSp IqSn k temItcbpw \inn
pp.
11. Znhn `mXnbZm Xpln\mwip bpKw ZznPhrncXoh XZmip ip`m
XZ\chctWmf bptK PKXx {]ebkv{XnNXpx {]`q`nx
cp N{msc BImin {]Imihmmcmbn Im {_m
lvaWmv AXoh awKfhpw A`nhrnbpw Dmhpw. aqpw \mepw
kqcyN{msc Im {]fbw Dmhpw.
12. ap\o\`nPnXw {[phw aLhX `w kwkv]ri
inJnL\ hn\miIrX Ipie Ilm timIZx
`pPwK aaYkv]rtimZv `hXn hrjvSn\mtim
{[phw bw {hPXn ho{ZptXm P\]t _memIpex
k]vXjnI, A`nPnXv, {[phw, aLhXv (tPyjvTXmcw Fv lnn
`mjyw) Fnhsb inJn kv]inm taL\miapmbn ag CmXm
hpw. IpieIsfmpw temIn CmXmhpw; timIw Dmhpw.
BbneysbmWv kv]insXn hrjvSn\miw XobmWv. t{i
jvT P\]Z t]mepw bnpw; IpnI t]mepw BIpecmhpw.
13. {]mKvZzmtcjp Ncchn]pt{Xm \t{XjpItcmXn N h{Iw
Zp`nw IpcptX `bap{Kw an{XmWmw N hntcm[ahrjvSnw.
500

{]Imiknp

i\n ]qZzmcn (ImnI apX Bbneyw hscbp 7


\{Xn) kcn-th h{Iambm Zp`napmhpw. an{X
Xn hntcm[w, `bw, AhrjvSn Fnh kw`hnpw.
14. tcmlnWoiIS a\t\m bZnZn\n cp[ntcmf Yhm inJo
Inw hZman bZ\njvSkmKtc PKZtijap]bmXn
i\n, sNm, inJn Fnhcn Hcm tcmlnWn iISs t`Zn
m, Fp ]dtbp, PKpapgph C{]Imcw A\njvS kmKc
n apn bnp t]mIpw.
15. DZbXn kXXw bZminJn NcXn ` N{Iatijtahhm
A\p`hXn ]pcmIrXw XZm^e aip`w kNcmNcw PKXv.
Ftm inJnkZm DZnp\nv cminN{In apgph kcnp
pthm Atm k NcmNcPKpw Cd Aip`^e
A\p`hn-pXmWv.
16. [\px mbo cqtmcp[nckZrix pZv`bItcm _temtZymKw
tNpx IYbXn Pbw Pymkp NbXx
AhmMv irwtKm tKmLvt\m \n[\a]n kkykyIpcptX
Pze [qamb hm \r]Xn acWm ssbh `hXn.
[\phn cqhpw ckZrihpambn \np N{ hnipw
`bhpw Dmpw. AXns irwKw GXpZnibnemtWm AhnsS tk\
bvv DtZymKw Dmhpw- AXv PbkqNIamWv. Fm irwKw Xmtg
bvmsWn kky\mihpw tKmlXybpw kw`hnpw. Pzenpw, [qaw
hlnpw Im `cWm[n]s acWhpw kw`hnpw.
17. kv\nKv[x qex ka irwtKm hnimekvXpwKtizZKzn
NcmK hniymw
ZrjvSx skussayip ssZhn{]bptm temIm\w
IpcptXf XohN{x
kv\nKvhpw hn]pehpw kairwKhpw hnimehpw DnX\pambn,
DchoYnbn \mK hoYnbn kcnpIbpw, Aip`{Klkwtbm
KanmsX ip`{Klbp\mbpw ZrjvS\pambncnp N{ temI
n\v B\w Acpfpp.
501

{]Imiknp

18. ]nXrssa{X]pcqlpXm hnimJm


XzmjvSmtayXy Nbpn iimx
ZntW\ \ ipt`m lnXIrXv
kmyXIv NcXn ayKtXmhm.
aLw, A\pcm[w, tPyjvSw, hnimJw, Nn{Xm\{XfpsS Acn
Inembn ZnW`mKtbvp Ncnp N{ ip`w XcnIbn, Dc
Znntebvtm, aynstbm Ncnp ]w lnXImcn
bmWv.
19. ]cnL CXntaLtcJmbm Xncym `mkvtcmZtbf kvtXthm
]cn[nkvXp {]Xnkqtcym ZkvXrcn{Nm]\n`x
kqtcymZbnepw AkvXImenepw ImWp taLtcJbvv
]cnL Fv t]cv. AXv Xncymbn (Xnco\ambn- adv) Ccpm
]cn[n. kqcykam\san {]Xnkqcy C{[\pn\p kam\sa
n Zw.
20. DZtbf kvtXmhm`mt\mcy ZoLmcivataLmkvtX
kpc Nm]J arqbZvtcmlnXssacmhXw ZoLw.
DZbmkvXabfnse kqcy ZoLcivanI AtamLsadnb
sSpp. ZoLambmepw sNdpXmbmepw kpcNm]Js sFcm
hXw Fp]dbpw.
21. AmkvXabmXv kym hyn`qXm \ XmcIm bmhXv
tXPx ]cnlm\n apJmZv `mt\mctmZbw bmhXv.
kqcy ]IpXn AkvXanncns XmcI hyamImXncn
bpw kqcy ]IpXn DZn kabv tXPlo\ambncnpIbpw sNp
kabw kybmWv.
22. Xkvan kymImte NnssltcssXx
ip`mip`w hmNyw.
ksstcssXx kv\nKvssx
ktZym hjw `bw cqssx
B kymImev Cu Nnlv\ t\mn ip`mip`w ]dbWw.
k tXtPm tKmfhpw kv\nKv[hpsan ag DSs\ Dmhpw. cqsa
n `bapmhpw.
502

{]Imiknp

23. AOnx ]cntLm hnb hnaew


iymam abqJm cthx
kv\nKv[m Zo[nXbx knXw
kpc[\phnZy ]qtmcm
kv\nKv taLXcpZnhmIcIssccmenwKntXmhmbZm
hrjvSn kymyZn hm akvXkatb tatLmalmw ZtbXv.
Anhpw ]cnLhnaehpamb BImiw, kqcys iymaIncW
(kyv), kv\nKvhpw shfpXpamb \{XfpsS hnv,
]qtmc Znibn hncmPnbv sshZypXn, ZnhmIcIcfm
BenwKnXambn kv\nKvamb taLXcp, kqcymkvXabn alm
taLmOmZnXamb BImiw- Ch hrjvSnsb kqNnnpp.
24. Jtm h{Ix IrjvtWm{lkzx
ImImssZmNnlvt\hrnx
bkvan tZticpizmkvX{X`mhx {]mtbmcmx
kqcy Jnstm, h{Iamtbm, Idptm, {lkzamtbm,
Im apXemb Nnlv\fm apdntm, cqamtbm GXpcmPyv
ImWppthm AhnsS cmPmhns A`mhw (AcmPIXzw) kw`hnpw.
25. hmln\owkap]bmXn ]rjvTtXmamwk`pIv
kzKKtWmbpbphx
bkyXky _ehn{Zthm alm\{KssKkvXp
hnPtbm hnlwKssax
bpn\p ]pds cmPmhns ssk\yn\p ]nmse amwk`p
pIfmb ]nI ]dm, B ssk\yn\v almb `bw (]cm
Pbw) kw`hnpw. hnlKKWw apn ]dm hnPbw Dmhpw.
26. `mt\mcpZtb bZnhmkv{Xatb K ]pct{]Xmam [zPn\o
_nw_w \ncpWmzn XZm\r]tXx {]m]vXw kacw k`bw {]htZXv
kqtcymZbntem AkvXabntem [zPtmSp IqSnb K
]pcns {]Xna kqcy_nw_s adm B cmPmhn\v k`bamb
bpw \Stnhcpsav {]hNnmw.
27. imkvXm imZznP arKLrjvSm
kym kv\nKvm arZp]h\m N
503

{]Imiknp

]mwkp[zkvXm P\]Z\miw
[tcqm cp[nc\n`mhm.
kv\nKv[hpw arZp]h\ hoipXpamb ky, ]qZnibn
]narKfpsS i_vZw- CXv ip`amWv. s]mSn aqSn, chamb
ky P\]Zsf \innpp.
28. bZnkvXctW IYnXw ap\n`nkvX Zkvan
kw abm \nKZnXw ]p\cphw
{ipXzm]ntImIne cpXw _en `rKznscuXn
bXv kz`mhIrXaky ]nIw \ tPXpw.
CXn {io hcmlanlnc IrXu _rlXv kwlnXmbmw
abqc Nn{XIw \ma k]vX NXzmcnwtimf ymbx
ap\nam app hnkvXcnp ]dsXmw, ]p\cpn hnv
Rm ]dncnpp. Ipbnens ]mptIm Im IcbpXv,
ImbpsS kz`mhamsWv {ipXnbpv. Im i_vZapmpXv
Ipbnens\ Pbnm\.

504

{]Imiknp

Aymbw 48

]pjykv\m\w
1. aqew a\pPmXn ]Xnx {]Pm]Xnx
{]mPmXtcmkvXpZp] LmX kwkvmcmXv
Aip`w ip`w N temtI `hXn btXm
tXm \r]Xn Nnm.
{]PmXcphns (P\fmIp hrns) aqew (thcv- DXv`h
m\w, cmm\w) cmPmhmWv. {]PmXcphns apIfn D]LmX
kwkvmcn\m, Aip`ip`^e Dmhpp. AXn\m
Ftmgpw thcv ip`ambncnm (\inbvmXncnbvm) Nn sNWw.
2. bm hymJymXm imnx kzbw`qhmkpcKptcm tl{mt
Xmw{]m]yhrKx {]mbYm `mKptcx irWpXv.
C{\p thn {_lvamhv _rlkv]XntbmSpc imnsb {]m]n
hrK, `mKpcntbmSv ]dXv tImepw.
3. ]pjykv\m\w \r]tXx Ihyw ssZhnXv ]ptcm[mymw
\mXx]cw ]hn{Xw ktmXv]mXmIcakvXn.
ssZhhnpw, ]ptcmlnXmcpw tNv ]pWykv\m\w sNtXv
\r]XnbpsS IhyamWv. CXnt\m ]ca]hn{Xhpw k DXv]m
Xtfbpw \innpXmbn asmn.
4. tjvamXImIWvTIn ISpXn hnKn]mZ]m hnlot\
sIuinI KrZv{]{]`rXn`nc\njvS hnlssKx ]cnXyt.
5. XcpWXcp KpevahoeXm{]Xm\mhrsXht\mtti
\ncp]lX ]{X]h at\ma[pc {Zpa{]mtb
6. IrIhmIpPohXiqIinJniX]v{XNmjlmcossXx
{IIcNtImc I]nRvPehRvPqe]mcmhX{iossIx
7. Ipkpack]m\aZntc^]pw kvtImInemZn `nizmss\zx
hncptX ht\m]IWvtT t{Xm KmtcipNmhYhm.
505

{]Imiknp

tvamXIw, Aw, IIn, ISpXnhpw Klo\hpamb


hr, aq, IgpI apXemb A\njvSImcnIfmb ]nIfm
Dt]ns XcpWhr (buh\ {]mbsanb), eXI,
hnI, Kpaw, FnhIfm BhrXamb ImptZiv D]{Zhn
m (apnm) ]{X]htfmSpIqSn at\ma[pcamb {Zpa
- Ch hfcp h\amWv ]pjykv\m\n\v ]nb ew.
IrIhmIp, NtImcw, X, abn, iX]{Xw, \oeIWvTw, lmco
Xw, {IIcw, I]nRvPew (NmXIw), hRvPpew (]n hntij)
Acn{]mhpI, ]qfn \nv tX \pIv aZn hpI, Ipbnep
I apXembhbpsS a[pc i_vZ apgpXpw h\n\p kao]
apXpamb t{XmKmcnemWv ipNnIw tNtXv.
8. lrZn\n hnemkn\o\mw PeJK\JhntXjpctayjp
]pen\PLt\jp IpcymZrlva\tkmx {]oXnP\t\jp.
lrZbtbpw Int\bpw Ihcp Pe]nIfpsS \Jw
sImp Xw ]nb \ZnbmIp hnemkn\nbpsS ]pfn\amIp PL
\n {]oXn]qw Cu imnIw A\pjvTntXmWv.
9. t{]mpXlwkOt{X ImchIpckmctkmZvKotX
^pt o hc\bt\ kckn kl{kImn[tc.
10. t{]mXv^p IaehZ\mx IelwkIekz\{]`mjnWyx
t{]mpwK IpeIpNmbkvanen\ohnemkne\yx
Dbp ]dp lwkpSbphfmbn, Imcw, Ipccw, kmc
kw apXemb ]nIfpsS KoXw Dbcphfmbn, hnS Xmacq\b\
fm kl{km\mb C{s Imn[cnphfmbncnp kc
mIp \fn\ohnemkn\nI hnS IaehZ\hpw, IflwkfpsS
Ifkz\ {]`mjWhp, Dbp \np XmacsammIp IpNfp
ambn a\w Ihcp Znnsemw imn A\pjvTnWw.
11. IpcymXvtKmtcma Pt^\ ehiIrXvJpctXm]mNntX
ANnc {]kqX lpwIrX hevKnX htmXvkth tKmjvtT.
Asn, ]ipw]m ISv AXns \pc (sh) hcpXpw,
IpfSn sImv NmWIsmSn DbcpXpw, Atm {]khn Ip
506

{]Imiknp

IpnbpsS lqwImc m htmkhw \SpXpamb tKmjvT


n (tKmime- tKm]hmSw) imn A\pjvTnmw.
12. AYhm kap{ZXotc IpieKXt]mX cXv\kw_mt[
L\ \nNpfeo\ Pe NcknX JKi_fnIrtXm]mt.
IpieKXfmb (kmay]qw Ncnp) t]mX (I
epI- ]ppI) sImph cXv\kw_m [\w \nd
Xpw, L\ap apSnt]mse sh]nI \ndXpamIbm At\I
hi_famb kap{ZXocpw imnIw sNmw. (\nNpfw IS
ocp hfcp hramWv).
13. abm t{Im[ChPnXx knwtlmarKym`n `qbtXb{X
`m`b JKarK imhtIjvT tZjzm{itajzYhm.
abm t{Im[s PbnpXpt]mse, knwlfpw arK
fpw HnphmgpXpw, arK]nIfpsS Ipp A`bcmbn Ifnp
\SpXpamb B{ianepw Bhmw.
14. Imo Iem]w \q]pcwKpcpPLt\mZzl\hnLv\oX]ZmZnx
{ioaXn artKWm`nKrtl \y`rXhKphN\m`nx
Imn, Iem]w, \q]pcw Fnhbm hepXmb PL\s DtZz
l\w sNbvIbm ]mZw XSbs (aKXnbmb) hcpw, am\ns Ipw,
Ipbnens a[pckzcaphcpamb {ioaXnamcpsS Krlnepw imn
sNmw.
15. ]ptWyjzmbXt\jp N XotjqZym\ caytZtijp
]qtmZh`qsau {]ZnWmw t_m hlbmw N.
]hn{Xamb Krl, Xo, DZym\, caytZi,
Ingtmpw hStmpw {]ZnWambn Pew HgpIp `qanI ChnS
fn ]pjykv\m\w sNmw.
16. `kamKmcyqjc XrjtIiiz{`ISmhmsskx
izmhnaqjIhnhsscevao ssIm N kym`kvaw, Icn, An, Dujcw, Xrjw, tIiw, Fnh IXpw
Rp XmaknpXpw \mbbpXpw FenaS, NnX]pv Fnh
IXpamb `qan hnWw.
507

{]Imiknp

17. [m{XoL\m kpKmkv\nKv[m a[pckamN hnPbmb


tk\mhmtkf t]yhw tbmPbnXhymbYmtbmKw.
L\ap, kpKhpw, kv\nKv[hpw, a[pchpamb `qan hnPbw
Xcpp. tk\Iphknm tbmKyamtWm Fv C{]Imcw t\mn
\nbnWw.
18. \njv{Iay]pcmw ssZhmamXybmPImx {]mNymw
sIut_mcyw hm IrXzm _eow Znioim[n]mbmwhm.
ssZh, Aam\y, bPnph Fnh \Kcn \nv
]pdsv Cu m\fpsS ]q, DcZniIfntem Cuim\ tImWn
tem hknv _en \Ipp.
19. emPmXZ[n Ipkpssax {]bXx {]WXx ]ptcmlnXx IpcymZv
Bhml\ aY a{mkvan ap\n`nx kapnjvSx
20. BKNpkpcmx kttbf {X ]qPm`nemjnWx
Zntkm \mKm ZznPmssh tb Nmt\yf ]rwi`mKn\x
]noSv ]ptcmlnX Acpw AXhpw ssXcpw ]qhpw _enb
nv a{fm Bhmlnpp. ap\nam ]dbpp ChnsS A`nemjn
Ifmb Rfm ]qPnXcmb kkpcmcpw, ZniIfnsemw hkn
bvp \mKfpw ZznPfpw, b`mKns Awiw `pPnphsc
mhcpw BKXcmIs. (\mKZznP- ]mpw ]nbpw- AP
Fv Hcw. \mKfpw {_mlvaWcpw Fv \chwi imkv{X]c
ambn asmw).
21. Bhmsslhw XXx kmt\hw {_qbmXv ]ptcmlnXx
kzx ]qPmw {]m]y bmkyn ZXzm imnw alo]tXx
Bhmln tijw ktcbpw hnfnv ]ptcmlnX C{]Imcw
]dbpp. AhchcpsS ]qPsb {]m]n \n, alo]Xnbvv imn
\Inbmepw.
22. BhmlntXjpIrXzm ]qPmw Xmw imcnwhtkbkvtX
kZkXv kz]v\ \nanw bm{Xbmw kz]vXhn[ncpx
Bhmlnv (Wnv) hcpnbhsmw ]qP Ignv Ap
cm{Xn AhnsS Xmaknm kuIcyw sImSpWw. B cm{Xnbn
508

{]Imiknp

ImWp ip`tam Aip`tam Bb kz]v\fpsS ^e \ncq]Ww hn[n


t]mse sNWw. Cu kz]v\hn[n bm{Xmymbn ]dnpv.
23. A]tcf l\n {]`mtX kw`cm\p]ltcy tYm KpWm
KXzmh\n {]tZti tmImizm]y{X ap\nKoXmx
24. Xkvan aeamenJy Iev]tb{X taZn\ow
\m\mcXv\mIchXow m\m\n hnhn[m\n N.
25. ]ptcmlntXm bYmm\w \mKm\ym kpcm]nXr
Km]vkc kssh ap\o kn hn\ytkXv
26. {Klmw kl \s{Xu cp{Zmw kl amXr`nx
kvIw hnjvWp hnimJw N temI]mem kpckv{Xnbx
27. h ssInhnss[x IrXzm lrssZ KpWm\zn ssXx
bYmkzw ]qPtb ZznZm Kameym\p te]ss\x
28. `ss c\yiz hnhnss[x ^eaqemanssjkvXmYm
]m\ssI hnhnss[lrssZyx kpcmocmkhmZn`nx
]ns Znhkw ]I hnhn[ kw`mc sImphv, `qan
bn sNthsbpdnv ap\namcpsS KoXw ]dbpp. hnZzm\mb
]ptcmlnX `qanbn aew hcv, At\I cXv\mIchXnbmb
(At\Ikap{ZtfmSp IqSnb) `qanbpsS hnhn[ m\ tcJs
SpWw. B m\sf k]nv bYmm\fn \mK,
b, ]nXr, Km, A]vkckpI, ap\nam, knm,
{KltfmSpIqSnb \{X, amXrtfmSpIqSnb cp{Zm,
kvI, hnjvWp, hnimJw, temI]meI, kpckv{XoI Fnhsc
hn\yknbvWw. ]noSv hnhn[ h \In, lrZyamb kpK
ap Kamem\p te]\fm bYmhn[n ]qPnbvWw. hnhn[
fmb `W, N\w, ^eaqe, amwkw, lrZyfmb ]m\o
b, kpc, ocw, Bkhw apXembh sImv AXmXv tZhXIsf
]qPnbvWw.
29. IYbmayXx ]calw ]qPmakvan bYm`nenjnXm\mw
{Klbtbx t{]mm hn[n {KlWmw kIhyx
Chbn AXmXp tZhXIv A`nejnXamb ]qPIsf Rm
]dbmw. {Klbn {Kl]qPbvv ]d hn[nIfmWv sN
tXv.
509

{]Imiknp

30. amwkuZ\ aZymssZx ]nimNZnXnX\b Zm\hmx ]qPymx


A`yRvP\mRvP\ Xnex ]nXscu amwtkmZ\m]n.
amwkw tN tNmdpw, aZyhpw apw ]nimNp, ssZXym,
Zm\hm Fnhsc ]qPnm\pXmWv. A`yRvP\hpw, ARvP\
hpw Fpw, Nnetm amwkw tN tNmdpw ]nXrsf ]qPnbvm
\pXmWv (Nne hm amwkw ]nXr]qPbvv D]tbmKnpp).
31. kmabPq` apbkvXz`ssss [q] ameybpXx
Atj Ihtm kv{Xna[ptcWm Nm`ytbmKm
kmaw, bPqv, Ev apXemb a{tfmsS Kbpamb [q]w
sImpw ameyw sImpw At\I hamb {Xna[pcw sImpw \mK
KWtfbpw ap\namtcbpw AnWw (ap\namcpw \mKKWfpw
Htc Xcnep ]qP B{Klnpp. \mK Nnlv\w I esm
s ap\namcpsS kmn[yapv. CXns\ Ncn{XImcm ssP\aX
kmn[ysav hnfnpp).
32. [q]mPym lqXn amssen_p[m
cssxkvXpXn {]WmssakvN
Km\ctkm K\vssU
amssey kpKssx
[q]w, BPymlqXn, ame, cXv\w, kvXpXn, {]amWw FnhIfm
hn_p[mscbpw, kpK{Zhyfpw Kameyfpw sImv Km
]vkcpIsfbpw Xr]vXcmmw.
33. tijmwkvXp km hnI_en`nx ]qPm\ytk kt jmw
{]Xnkc hkv{X ]XmIm `qjWbtm ]hoXm\n.
ap ktcbpw km hnI_ensImv ]qPnbvWw (\mep
hpw Hcpt]mse kzoImcyamb Da]qP) {]Xnkcw,
hkv{Xw, ]XmI, `qjWw, btm]hoXw Fnh Fmhpw D]
tbmKnWw.
34. ae ]ivNna `mtK IrXzmKv\nw ZntWf Yhm th[ymw
BZZymXv kw`mcm Z`m ZoL\K`mw.
510

{]Imiknp

aens ]Snmtdm sXtm `mKv thZnbvv apIfn


AKv\n m]nv Z` apXemb k kma{KnIfpw kw`cnpshbvpI.
35. emPmPyXZ[na[pknmI Kkpa\tkmZq]m
tKmtcmN\mRvP\Xnem kzrP a[pcmWn N^em\n
36. kLrXky]m]bky NX{X icmhmWnssX kw`msscx
]na th[ymw ]qPmw IpcymXv kv\m\kykm thZn.
Acv, BPyw (Ncp, ]ptcmUmiw) ssXcv, tX, knmIw,
N\w, [q]w, tKmtcmN\w, ARvP\w, Xnew, AXmXp EXpfn
e`yamIp a[pc^e, s\v apXemb kakvX hkvXptfmSpw
IqSn, Anv {][m\ thZnbpsS ]naZnnse thZnbn ]qPnWw.
Cu ]nathZn kv\m\ thZnbmWv.
37. Xkyx tImtWjpZrUm Ieim
knXkq{X thjvSnX {Kohm
koc hr ]h ^em]n
[m\m hyhm]y.
38. ]pjykv\m\ hnant{imWm ]qm\w`km
kcXv\mw ]pjykv\m\
{Zhym\mZ[ymZvK KoXm\n
39. tPymXnjvaXnw {XmbamWm a`bma]cmPnXw
Pohmw hntizizcow ]mTmw kaKmw hnPbmw XYm
40. klmw NkltZhm N ]qtImimw iXmhcow
AcnjvSnImw inhmw `{Zw tXjp Ipwt`jp hn\ytkXv
41. {_mlvanw tam aPmw ssNh k _oPm\n Im\w
awKeym\n bYmem`w khmjtymckmw kvXYm
42. cXv\m\n k Kmw _nezw N k]nIXw
{]ikvXu \mav\yssu t[ym lncWyw awKem\nN.
sh hkv{Xw Igpn s]mXnXpw, ]mep hrfpsS
Xfncnebpw ^efpw \ndXpw, \ZoPew sImp ]qhpamb
Ieisf thZnbpsS \mep tImWpIfnepw m]nv ]pjykv\m\n
\pth {Zhy sImpw cXv\fmepw hnXm\nWw. Ky
]dnp ]pjykv\m\{Zhy ChbmWv.
511

{]Imiknp

tPymXnjvaXn
{XmbamW
A`b
A]cmPnX
Poh
hntizicn
]mTm
kawKm
hnPb
kl

kltZh
]qtImi
iXmhcn
AcnjvSnI
inhm
`{Zm
APm
tam
{_mlvan
k_oPw
Im\w
AXmXp {]tZip e`np awKe{Zhy, Huj[, ck
, cXv\, khn[K{Zhy,
_neyw
]nIXw
{]ikvXfmbnp Huj[fpw kzhpw awKe{Zhyfpw
sImv Iei \ndncnpp.
43. BZmh\Uplm Pcbm kwlrZmbpjx
{]ikvX eW`rXx {]mNo\ {Koh amkvXtcXv.
Bbpjvam\mbn hfsc Imew Pohnv hr\pw, {]ikvX eW
tfmSp IqSnbh\pamb {]mNo\ {Koh\mb hrj`Nw BZyw ]ncn
pp.
44. XtXm hrjky tbm[ky N tcmlnXaXw
knwlkymY XrXobw kymZv
hym{Lky N XXx ]cw.
]ns tbmmhmb hrns Nph AXamb Nhpw
aqmaXmbn knwlntbpw AXn\p apIfn hym{Lntbpw hncn
pp.
45. NXzmtcyXm\n NmWn Xkymw th[ymap]mkvXtcXv
ipt` aplqt k{m]vtX ]pjybpt \nimItc.
512

{]Imiknp

Cu \mepXcw Nhpw thZnta D]kvXcnpp; N{ ]pjy


\{Xn Fp ip`aplqw Fptm
N

hrj`w (apXpImf)
anYp\w (bphmhmb Imf)
Xangn bphmhv FmWv
Imfbvv Aw

InSIw (]pjyw)
aIw
knwlw Equator (celestial)
In

46. `{Zmk\ taIXta\ ImcnXw I\IcPX Xm{amWmw


ocXcp \nnXw hm hn\yiyw NWmap]cn
47. hnhn[kvXtkym {OmtbmlkvXx ]mZm[ntImf bp
amenIm\cPnXv kakvXcmPmn\mw ip`Zx
kzw, shn, sNv, oc hrw Fnhbm \nns
`{Zmk\ Np]cn hn\yknsncnpp. Chsb Hcp
lkvXw, apm lkvXw, AclkvXw, C{]Imcap Afhn Db
nWnncnpp. CXn\m cmPmhmIm B{Klnph
smw ip`w kw`hnpp; Ah aes am{Xa, aen
s A\camb DuztemItfbpw Cu Afhn Pbnpp.
48. Amb lncWyw Xt{Xm ]hntitcizcx kpa\m
kNnhm]vX ]ptcmlnX ssZhs]ucIeymWm\mahrXx
kpa\pIfmb cmPmm a{namcmepw B]vXmcmepw ]ptcm
lnXmcmepw s]ucmcmepw awKfminpI Ansv Ahp
kzw Zm\w sNbvXv `{Zmk\n Ccnpp.
49. _nP\]uchn{]{]LpjvS]pWyml\ntLmssjx
karZwK iwJ XpcyawKe i_vssZ lXm\njvSx
513

{]Imiknp

_nP\, s]ucm FnhcpsS Dhi_vZw, hn{]mcpsS


]pWyml\ntLmjw, arZwKiwJXpcyawKei_vZw Fnhbm
k A\njvSfpw CmXmbnXocpp.
50. AlXsua \nhk\w ]ptcmlnXx
Iw_te\ kmZy
IrX_en]qPw Iessic`njntXv
knjm ]qssx
]noSv Iodm ip{`hkv{Xw [cnv ]ptcmlnX _en]qP
sNbvXv Iw_fm s]mXnXpw s\v sImv kqambXp
amb Ieim A`ntjIw sNpp (s\`ntjIw).
51. AjvSmhjvSmhnwiXn cjvSiXw hm]nIei]cnamWw
A[ntIf [ntI KptWmcabw N at{mf {Xap\nKoXx
52. BPyw tXPx kapnjvSamPyw ]m]lcw ]cw
BPyw kpcmWmamlmcmtPytemImx {]XnjvTnXmx
53. `uamcow Znhyw N
btIn_njamKXw
kw XZmPykwkv]imXv
{]Wmiap]KOXp.
\qstm, \qn \mev]n \mtem (8 x 18) Ieiw CXn\p]tbmKn
mw. Ieiw F{X A[nItam A{Xbpw KpWhpw A[nIamWv. Cu
hnjbn ap\n ]mSnb a{w ]dbmw. BPyw (s\v) ]catXP
mWv; Ghpw t{ijvThpw km]lmchpamWv. BPynemWv (tXP
nemWv) ktemIfpw {]XnjvTnsncnpXv. `uaw (`qan
tbmSp _sXv) Acow, Znhyw ({]ImitemItfmSv- \
{XmZnI) Fns\bp GsXmw amen\y hptNmepw,
Ah khpw ]catXPns\ kv]inp am{Xbn \miw {]m]n
pp- CXv B[p\nI imkv{XZrjvSym km[phmWv.
54. Iw_e al\ob XXx ]pjykv\m\mw_pZnx k^e]pjvss]x
A`njnt a\ptP{w ]ptcmlntXmf t\\ at{W.
]noSv cmPmhns icocnse hkv{Xw amn, ^e ]pjv]klnX
amb ]pjykv\m\Pem a\ptP{\mb Atls ]ptcmlnX
514

{]Imiknp

A`ntjIw sNpp. Atm sNmp a{w 55 apX 70 tmIw


hsc ]dbpp.
55. kpcmkvXz a`njnp tb N knmx ]pcmX\mx
{_lvam hnjvWp iw`p kmymm kacpZvKWmx
56. BZnXymhkthm cp{Zm Aizns\u N`njKzscu
AZnXothamXm N kzmlm knnx kckzXn.
57. Ionvan [rXnx {io
ko\n hmeo IqlqkvXYm
Z\p kpckm ssNh
hn\Xm I{Zptch N.
58. tZh ]Xv\y bm t\m
tZhamXc GhN
kkzma`njnp
Znhym m]v kckmw KWmx
59. \{XmWn aplq
]m tlmcm{Xkbx
kwhcmZnt\im
Iemx ImjvTmx Wm ehmx
60. kt Xzma`njnp
Imekymhbhmx ip`mx
ssham\nImx kpcKWm
a\hx kmKsscx kl.
61. k]vXjbx kZmcm
{[phm\m\n bm\nN
acoNn c{Xnx ]pelx
]pekvXyx {IXpcwKncmx
62. `rKpx k\Xv Ipamcm
k\tImf Y k\\x
k\mX\ Z
ssPKojthym `Kcx
515

{]Imiknp

63. GImX ZznXssh


{XntXm Pm_men Iiys]u
64. amttbm ZoLX]mx
iq\x tit^mhnZqcYx
Dux kwhIssh
Nyht\mf {Xnx]cmicx
65. ssZz]mbt\mbh{IotXm
tZhcmPx klm\pPx
GtXmNmt\yNap\tbm
thZ{hX]cmbWx
66. kinjymkvtXf `njnp
kZmcmXt]m[\m
]XkvXcthmhyx
]pWym\ymbX\m\n N.
67. kcnX alm`mKm
\mKmx Inw]pcpjkvXYm
sshJm\km alm`mKm
ZznPmsshlmb kmtb
68. {]Pm]XnnXnssh
Kmthmhnizmky amXcx
hml\m\n N Znhym\n
ktemImcmNcmx
69. AKv\bx ]nXckvXmcm
PoaqXmx kzw ZntimPew
GtX Nmt\yN _lhx
]pWyko\mx ip`mx
70. sXusscykvXzma`njnp
ktmXv]mX\n_lssWx
IeymWw tX {]Ipp
BbpcmtcmKytahN.
{_lva, hnjvWp, iw`p, acpZvKW, ]pcmX\cmb knkmy
m Fnh \s A`ntjIw sNs. BZnXy hkp, cp{Zm,
`njKzcmcmb Aizn\nI, tZhamXmhmb AZnXn, kzmlm, knn,
516

{]Imiknp

kckzXn, Ion, evan, [rXn, {io, ko\nhmen, Iqlp, Z\p, kpck,


hn\X, I{Zp apXemb tZh]Xv\namcpw tZhamXmfpw Znhym]vkcKW
fpw \ns A`ntjIw sNs. \{Xw, aplqw, ]w, Atlm
cm{X, kyI, kwhcw, Znt\im (Zn\\mYmcmb {Kl
), Ie, ImjvT, Ww, ehw apXemb ip`Icfmb Imemhbh
, (Imens Ahbh- `mK- am{XamWnh) khpw
\ns A`ntjNns.
ssham\nImcmb kpcKW, kmKctfmSpIqSnb a\p
(BIminepw ISenepw kcnph) []Xv\namtcmSpIqSn
{[phm\fn Ccnp k]vXjnIfmb acoNn, A{Xn, ]pel,
]pekvXy, {IXp, AwKncv, `rKp Fnh (ChnsS k]vXjn{Ian
hknjvT\n Fv {inpI) k\Xv Ipamc, k\I, k\\,
k\mX\, Z, ssPKojhy, `Kc, GIX, ZznX, {XnX,
Pm_men, Iiy], Zpn\oX, Zpmmhv, IWz, ImXymb\,
ZoLX]v, amtb, ip\xti^, hnZqcY, Duz, kwh
I, Nyh\, A{Xn, ]cmic, ssZz]mb\, bh{IoX, tZh
cmP\pw A\pP\pw, injymtcmSpw ]Xv\namtcmSpw IqSn thZ{hXcmbn
X]kznIfmbncnp k ap\nKWhpw, k]Xfpw hr
fpw hnIfpw k]pWytZhmebfpw \ns A`ntjIw sNs.
alm `mKIfmb \ZnI, \mK, Inw]pcpjm, hm\{],
BImihmknIfmb alm`mKmcmb ZznPKW (]nI) {]Pm
]Xn, ssZXyamXmhmb ZnXn, k]ipfpw Znhyhml\fpw
kakvXNcmNctemIhpw AKv\nKWhpw ]nXrfpw, Xmcfpw, taL
fpw, BImihpw kZniIfpw Pehpw _lp]pWy ko\
fpw, kDev]mXtZmjtfbpw \innp ip`ZmbIamb Cu Pe
cq]n \ns A`ntjIw sNbvXv \n\v IeymWhpw BbpcmtcmKy
fpw Zm\w sNs.
71. CtXyssXizmss\ym]yYIev] hnlnssXx
kcp{ZKssWx sIujvamamlmsculnW Ipt_c lrssZyx
kapZzbmNx
72. Bt]mlnjvTmXnkr`nIlncWyhtXn
NXkr`n]vXw ImmknI hkv{XbpKw
_n `rbmXv kv\msXm \cm[n]Xnx
517

{]Imiknp

at\mlcamb AYIev]n hnlnXamb {]Imcw cp{ZKW


, sIuivamw, amlmsculnW, Ipt_cmZoI FnhcpsS a{
hpw Cu a{hpw kkarnItfmSpw IqSn A`ntjIw sNs
BtlmlnjvTm Fmcw`np aqp EpI, lncWyht
Fmcw`np \mep EpI Fnh P]npI. ]noSv cmPmhv
kv\m\w Ignv ]cpnpWn sImp cp hkv{Xw (appw
ta appw) [cnpp.
73. ]pWymliwJi_vssZcmNmtmf cy
tZhKpcphn{]m
O{X[zPmbp[m\n N XXx
kz]qPmw {]bpRvPnX.
74. Bbpjyw hkyw cmbkvt]mjm`ncyKv`ntcXm`nx
]cnP]vXw sshPbnIw \hw hnZ[ymZewImcw.
]pWymlhN\hpw iwsJmenbpw Ignv BNanv tZhKpcphn{]
]qP sNbvXv O{Xw, [zPw, Bbp[w Fnh [cnv (HSphn) kz]qP
bpw sNWw.
Bbpjyw hkyw cmbkvt]mjmx F Ev P]nv ]pXnb
sshPbn Aemc (sshPbnameI) [cnv thZnta
Ccnpp.
75. KXym ZznXobm thZnw kap]hntiWmap]cncmPm
tZbm\n ssNh NmWyp]cyp ]tcyh taXm\n.
]noSv ZznXob thZnbn t\cs ]d, tapta hncn
NfpsS, D]cn Ccnpp.
76. hrjky hrjZwiky cptcm hrjXkyN
tXjmap]cnknwlky hym{Lky N XXx ]cw.
hrjw (Ej`w), hrjZwiw (tX), cpcp (IrjvWarKw), ]rjXw
(lcnWw), knwlw, hym{Lw- Ch Hns\mp ]cnnXn sNpp.
(Chbvpw apIfnembnmWv kn\pw aqeamb tXPns
m\w).
518

{]Imiknp

k]vXjn kaqlw

Celestial equator ({-[phw)

4 _p[
3 kqcy
2
6

2
3
4
5
6

1. CShw
2. hrnIw
kmb\w
3. taSw
4. anYp\w
5. knwlw
6. hym{Lw

\ncb\w

(N{)
cmlp (`qan)
kqcy.
_p[ kqcy tI{w(kucbqYw)
k]vXjn kaqlw (Equator)
({[phw)
D{Xw, Aw, Nn{X \{X kaqltfmSp
IqSnb I\ymcmin ]penpdtdnb tZhocq]w(Southern sky) apX iXm`njw hscbp
cminN{I `mKw- ]pn]pensb t]mse \{X
JPnXw. Cu `mKv k akv X Inse
(hrnInse A\ngw) cXv\w t]mse `qan
Ds \psS {]]w Hcp sImps]mmbn
{`aWw sNpp.

77. apJymt\ PplqbmXv ]ptcmlntXmf Kv\nw kann


eLrXmssZyx
{Xn\b\ i{I_rlkv]XnmcmbW\nXyKXnEKv`nx
thZnbpsS apJym\v {Xn\b\, C{, _rlkv]Xn, \mcmbW,
\nXyKXn (hmbp) FnhcpsS EtmSp IqSn kanpw Xnehpw LrX
hpw AKv\nbn ]ptcmlnX tlmanpp.
519

{]Imiknp

78. C{ [zP \nnjvSm\y Kv\nanm\n


ssZhhnXv {_qbmXv
IrXzmtijkam]vXnw ]ptcmlnXx
{]mRvPen{_pbmXv.
79. bmp tZhKWmx kt
]qPmamZmb ]mYhmXv
knnw ZXzm kphn]pemw
]p\cmKa\mbssh.
C{ [zPmymbn AKv\n\nan \ntinsXms
ssZhhnpIfm eWw t\mn B kabv ]dbsSpp. k
{Inbm kam]vXnbn ]ptcmlnX ARvPen Iqn]dbpp. tl, tZh
KWtf, \nsfmhcpw ]qP ssIsImv hn]peamb knnI
\IpI. C\nbpw hcm\mbnsmv, Ctm bm{X XncnpI. (t]mbn
hcnI).
80. \r]XnctXm ssZhw ]ptcmlnXw
NmtbZzss\ _lp`nx
A\ymw ZnWo bm bYmlXx
t{imXob {]`rXo.
ssZhm, ]ptcmlnXm Fnhsc [mcmfw [\w \In
]qPnv, bYmlamb ZnW \In timXobmsc ]qPn cmPmhv
bm{XbmIpp.
81. ZXzm`bw {]Pm\mamLmXm\ Km\znkrPy]iq
_\tamw IpcymZm`yc tZmjIrZvh{Pw.
h[m\fn sInbn ]iptfbpw (i{Xp]n \np
]nSnpsImphp XShnemnbhtcbpw) hnbv {]PIv A`bw
\Ipp. B`yctZmj (cmPyns AIp s]mnpds
{]Xntj[mZnI) Cu alZvIrXyw sImv ASntmIpp. {]PI
`bclnXcmbnocpp.
82. GXXv {]bqPyam\w]vcXn]pjyw
kpJbtimf hrnIcw
]pjyw hn\m ^eZms]ujoimox
]pcm t{]mm.
520

{]Imiknp

Hmtcm ]pjy\{Xnepw kpJhpw bipw Ahpw hn


p Cu Iw sNmhpXmWv. ]ujamknse ]uan \m
]qbw \{Xne N{ \npsXp hcpIn Av A\pjvSn
p ap]d imnIw A^ew Xcpw (]ujn ]qbw
\{Xn N{ \nptmgp ]ujkv\m\w ]q^ew
Xcpw)- (kqcy aIccminbn Dcmb\w XpSpp. N{
InSI cminbn ]qbn \npp- Daamb ]ujkv\m\
Zn\w).
83. cmjvt{SmXv]mtXm]kssjp
cmtlm! tItXm Zit\
{Klmhat\ssNh
]pjykv\m\w kamNtcXv.
cmjv{Sn DXv]mXw, D]kw, {KlWw, [qatIXpZi\w
Fnh Dmbmepw {Klmha\w Dmbmepw ]pjykv\m\w sNt
XmWv.
84. \mkvXntemtI k DXv]mtXm
tbmlyt\\ \ imayXn
awKew Nm]cw \mkvXn
bZkvamZXncnNytX.
GXp temIn DXv]mX Dmhpntbm, GXptemIw
imnbn \nv Hcnepw AIepntbm (tm`anmXv) FhnsS
AawKeambn bmsXmpantbm B temIw Cu ]pjykv\m\sa
imn In\XoXamWv (B temIv Cu ImNcWw Bhiy
an- BZnics\tmeph B AXoXtemIp\npsImv I
mNcWmZnIsf XnckvIcnp XpcobmcmWv).
85. A[ncmPymnt\m cmx
]p{XP NImwXx
XXv]q a`ntjIN
hn[ntc, {]ikytX.
A[ncmPysf B{Klnp cmPmmpw, ]p{XmcpsS
P\\w Imwnphpw ]qmNmc{]Imcw {]ikvXamb Cu A`n
tjIw hn[n ]qw sNbvXm ^ew e`npw.
521

{]Imiknp

86. atl{maphmtNZw
_rlXvIon _rlkv]Xnx
kv\m\ambpx {]Pmhrn
ku`mKyIcWw ]cw.
_rlXvIonam\mb _rlkv]Xn C{\p thn D]tZin
XmWnXv. Cu ]pjykv\m\w Bbpn\pw, {]Pmhrnpw, ku`mKyn
\pw DXmWv.
87. At\ss\hhn[mt\\
lkvXy izw kv\m] boXbx
Xkym`bhn\napw
]cmw knnahm]v\pbmXv
CXn {io hcmlanlnc IrXu _rlXv kwlnXmbmw
]pjykv\m\w \mamjvT NXzmcnwtimf ymbx
Cu hn[nb\pkcnv Bcv Aiztbpw (Aizw- IpXnc Fpw
]q `{Z]mZw apX AizXn hscbp cmin`mKw Fpw) lkvXntb
bpw (B\ Fpw, lkvXw \{Xw apX tNmXnhscbp cmin`mKw
Fpw) kv\m\w sNnppthm (tZhnbptSbpw KW]XnbptSbpw \na
\w) Ah `bapcmbn, ]ca knn ASbpp.

522

{]Imiknp

Aymbw 49

]eWw
1. hnkvXctim \nnjvSw ]m\mw eWw bZmNmsscyx
XXvkw]x {InbtX abm{X kIem kx
BNmcym hnkvXcnv ]d ]fpsS eWw kIem
kamWv. Rm AXv kwt]n ]dbmw.
2. ]x ip`tZmcmmw atyf jvSmhw Kpem\n hnkvXox
k]vX\tc{alnjymx jUvbphcmPky \nnjvSx
ay`mKv 8 AwKpew hnkvXoap ]_w (IncoSw) cmPm
mpw, 7 AwKpeapXv cmPmhns ]alnjnpw, 6 AwKpeap
Xv bphcmPmhn\pw \ntinsncnpp.
3. NXpcwKpe hnkvXmcx ]x
tk\m]tX`hXn aty
tZzN {]kmZ ]x
]ss tX Io\mx ]mx
ayn 4 AwKpew hnkvXmcapXv tk\m]XnbvmWv. 2
AwKpew hnkvXmcap ]bvv {]kmZsap t]cv. C{]Imcw 5 hn[w
]I {]IonXambncnpp.
4. kt ZznKpWmbmam aym Zt\ ]mizhnkvXomx
ktN ipIm\ hn\nnXmx t{ibtkmhrssyx
k apIpSfpw ay`mKs hnkvXmcn ZznKpWfpw,
]mizhnkvXon AfpamWv. Fmw ipkz \n
nXamsWn t{ibp hnnpw.
5. ] intJm `qan]tX kv{Xn intJm
bphcmP]mnhalntjymx
GIinJx ssk\y]tXx {]kmZ
]tmhn\m inJbm.
523

{]Imiknp

cmPIncoSn\v 5 inJ. cmnbptSXpw bphcmPmhntXp aqp


inJ. ssk\y]XnbptSXv GIinJ: km[mcWm [cnp {]kmZ
n\v inJbn (hn.]n. knwlntXp t]mes sXmn).

6. {InbamWmw bZn]{Xw kpsJ\ hnkvXmctaXn ]ky


hrn Psbu `qan]tX kvXYm{]Pm\mwN kpJkv.
IncoSw \nnp ]{Xw (XInSv) hnkvXmcapXpw kpJw Xcp
XpamsWn cmPmhn\p Pbhpw, {]PIv, kpJkpw
Dmhpw.
7. PohnXcmPyhn\miw ItcmXn aty{hWx kapXv]x
atykv^pSnXkvXymtPym hnLv\Icx ]miztbmxkv^pSnXx
ayw apdnXv cmPyhpw PohnXhpw \innpw. ayw apdn
Xns\ XyPnWw. ]mizw apdnXv hnLv\apmpw.
8. Aip` \nantmXv]su imkv{Xx
imnamZnti{Zm
ikv{X\nanx ]tm
\r]cmjv{S hnhrtb `hXn
CXn {io hcmlanlnc IrXu _rlXvkwlnXmbmw
]eWw \mssatIm\]miX tamf ymbx
C{]Imcap Aip`\nansfpdnv imkv{Xm ]dbp
X\pkcnv imn A\pjvTnWw. GsXmcp IncoSn Hcp hn[
ap Aip`Nnlv\hpw Ctbm, AXv [cnpXp hgn cmPmhn\pw
cmjv{Sn\pw A`nhrn Dmhpw.

524

{]Imiknp

Aymbw 50

JUvK eWw
1. AwKpeiXm apaw Du\x
kymXv ]hnwiXnw Jx
AwKpeam\mttbm {htWmf
ipt`mhnja ]x
AXv AwKpew \ofap JUvKw Daw. AXn IpdhpXv
A[aw. AwKpenI tcJsSpnbXn hnja]fn (3,5,7,9
apXemb tcJIfn) apdnhp Im Aip`amWv.
2. {io hrham\mX]{X inhenwKIpem_vPm\mw
kZrim{hWmx {]ikvXm ZzPmbp[kzkvXnIm\mw N.
{io hrw, ham\w, BX]{Xw, inhenwKw, Ipew, Xmac,
[zPw, Bbp[w, kzkvXnIw apXembhbvp kZriamb BIrXnI
({hW) ip`amWv.
3. IrIemk ImIIw K{IhymZI _ hrnImIrXbx
JUvtK{hWm \ ip`Zmhwim\pKmx {]_qXm
Hmv, Im, sImn, amwk`pmb ]n, I_w, tXfv Fn
hbvp kZriamb {hWtam, hmfpsImp {hWtam ip`a.
4. kv^pSntXm{lkzx Iptm hwi
Ontm\ZrMvat\mf \pKXx
Aiz CXn Nm\njvSx t{]m
hn]cykvX CjvS^ex
kv^pSnXhpw {lkzhpw IpgnXpw hwiOnhpw, ZrjvSnpw
a\n\pw cpNnmXpw, i
- _vZclnXhpamb JUvK Aip`w. hn]
coXambXv ip`w.
5. IzWnXw acWmtbm ]cmPbmb {]h\w tImimXv
kzbapZvKo bpw PzentX hnPtbm `hXn JUvtK.
525

{]Imiknp

shdptX hm i_vZw tIm acWw. ISISm Fv DdbvIn


cpv H shm ]cmPbw. kzbw Ddbn \nv Ducnbm bpw. {]
Imiam\ambn Pzenm hnPbw.
6. \mImcWw hnhrWpbm hnLtb]tiy
X{XhZ\w \ htZaqeyw
tZiw \ Nmky IYtbXv {]Xnam\tb
ss\hkv]rti r]Xn c{]btXm knbjvSnw.
ImcWw IqSmsX hm Ddbn \nv DucpItbm, AXns\ XShp
Itbm, ImWpItbm, AXn apJw t\mpItbm, AXns aqeyw ]dbp
Itbm, AXpmnb tZiw ]dpsImSppItbm, AXns\ A]hn
{Xambn [cnpItbm sNcpXv.
7. tKmPn lzm kwmt\m \otemev]e hwi]{XkZrim
Ichoc]{X ipem{K aem{Kx {]ikvXmx kypx
]iphn \mhv, \otemev]ew, apfbne, Ichocns Ce, iqem
{Kw, aem{Kw Fnh t]mencnp hmfpI DafmWv.
8. hnjv]tm\tOtZym\nIssjx Imcyx {]amWbpx kx
aqte{anbtX kzmanP\\o Xkym{KX Ont.
taev]d JUvKfn ]coWw \SpXpw AXpsImv
tOZnpXpw DNnXa. AXns Aw apdnm hmfns DSa
\pw, aqew apdnm AbmfpsS Abvpw acWw kw`hnpw.
9. bkvan cp{]tZti {htWm `th ZztZhJUvKky
h\nXm\manh XnetIm KrtlyhmtNymaptJZrjvSzm.
F{]Imcw kv{XobpsS apJnse XneIw sImv AhfpsS
Kply`mKs Nnlv\ ]dbmtam, AtXt]mse hmfns aqeyn
se {hWw t\mn hmfnse {hWw ]dbmw.
10. AYhm kv]riXn bZwKw {]jvSm \nnwi`rZh
[mcytImikym tZtiym{htWmkvXn imkv{XwhnZntXzZw.
Hcp JUvK[mcn Cu JUvKns GXwKnemWv apdnhpXv
Fv Ichebw sXmv tNmZnm, imkv{Xw {Kln ssZh\v JUv
526

{]Imiknp

Kw Ddbnembncpm t]mepw FhnsShnsS apdnhpsv ]dbm km


[npw.
11. inckn kv]rjvtS {]Ytaf wKpte ZznXotb
eemS kwkv^ptkm`qaty N XrXotbt\t{X
kv]rjvtS NXpt N.
incp kv]inm BZys AwKpenepw, s\n sXmm
cmw AwKpenepw `qayw sXmm 3 --mw AwKpenepw, Ip
sXmm 4 -mw AwKpenepw apdnhpv.
12. kmtkmjvT It]me l\p{ihW{Kohmw ktIjp ]mZymx
DcknZzmZi kwivXkv{X tbmZtiItbmtbx
\mknI, Npv, Ihnfv, XmSnsbv, sNhn, Igpv Fnh sXmm
{Ian 5,6,7,8,9,10 AwKpen apdnhpv. tXmfp sXmm 11 -mw
AwKpenepw, Dcv sXmm 12 -mw AwKpenepw Iw sXmm
13 -mw AwKpenepw apdnhpv.
13. kvX\lrZtbmZcIpn\m`ojp NXpimZtbmtbmx
\m`oaqte ISymw Kptly ssN tIm\hnwiXnXx
kvX\w, lrZbw, DZcw, Ipn, \m`n Fnh sXmm {Ian
14,15,16,17,18 AwKpen apdnhpv. \m`oaqew, ISn, KplytZiw Fnh
sXmm 19,20,21 AwKpen apdnhv.
14. DutmZzmhnwsikym Zpmty {hWmkv{Xtbmhnw tim
Pm\p\nN
NXpnwtim PwLmbmw ]hnwtimN.
Ducp sXmm 22, Ducp ayw sXmm 23, Pm\p sXmm 24,
PwL sXmm 25 AwKpe `mKv apdnhv.
15. PwLmaty Kpt^]mjvWcymw]mtZXZw Kpeojz ]nNx
jUvhnwiXnImyh{XnwiZoXn atX\ Kmky.
PwLmayw, Kp^w, ]mZw, ]mZmwKpen Ch sXmm 26 apX
30 hsc AwKpen apdnhpImWpsav KmaXw.
527

{]Imiknp

16. ]p{XacWw [\m]vXn\lm\nx kZ _


GImZyw KpekwkvssY{hssWx ^ew \nntiXv {Iaix
HpapX 5 AwKpew hscbp apdnhns ^ew- {Ian
]p{XacWw, [\m]vXn, [\lm\n, kv, _\w.
17. kpXem`x IetlmlkvXne_v[bx ]p{XacWm[\ems`u
{Iaim hn\mi h\nXm]vXn
NnZpxJm\n jUv{]`rXn.
6 AwKpew apX {Ian ]p{Xem`w, Ielw, lkvXne_v[n,
]p{XacWw, [\em`w, hn\miw, kv{Xo{]m]vXn, NnZpxJw.
18. e_v[nlm\n kv{Xne_v[tbm ht[m
hrn acW ]cntXmjmx
tbmXpimZnjp [\lm\nssIhnwtikymXv.
em`w, lm\n, kv{Xoem`w, h[w, hrn, acWw, ktmjw Fnh
14 AwKpew apXep ^e. 21 -mw AwKpen {hWapmbmepw
[\lm\n.
19. hnm]vXnc\nmWmw [\mKtamarXypkw]tZf kzXzw
sFizcy arXypcmPm\n N{Iamkv{XnwiZoXnbmhXv.
[\em`w, A\nmWmw, [\mKaw, arXyp, kv, \n\Xzw,
sFizcyw, arXyp, cmPyw Fnh 22 apX 30 AwKpew hscbp
^e.
20. ]ctXm\ hntij^ew hnjakapmkp ]m]ip` ^eXm
ssInZ^emx {]ZnjvSmkv{XnwiXv ]ctXmf {KanXn bmhXv
CXn\pdw hntij^ew ]dnn. hnjakwJybn {hWap
mbm Aip`w; kakwJybnsen ip`w. 30 AwKpen\pdw
{hWapmbm hntij^esampan.
21. Ichotcmev]e KPaZLrXIppa IpNIkpKtx
ip`tZmf \njvtSm tKmaq{X ]taZx kZriKx
528

{]Imiknp

Ichocw, Dev]ew, B\bpsS aZPew, s\v, Ippaw, Ipw, N


Iw ChbpsS Kap hm ip`ZmbnbmWv. tKmaq{Xw, Nfn, amwkw
ChbpsS Kw hanm Aip`amWv.
22. Iq hkmkrmtcm]a `bZpxJtZm `hXn Kx
sshZqcy I\IhnZypXv {]t`mPbmtcmKy hrnIcx
Iqw, hk, cw, mcw ChbpsS Kw `bw, ZpxJw Fnh
Dmpw. sshUqcyw, I\Iw, hnZypXv{]` Fnh Pbw, BtcmKyw
A`nhrn ChXcpw.
23. CZ saui\kwN imkv{X]m\w cp[ntcW
{inbanOXx {]Zo]vXmw
lhnjmKpWmhpXm`nen]vtkmx
kente\mbanXiz hnw.
evansb {]m]nm COnph Xs hmfns\ c]m\w
sNnpp (bpw sNpp). KpWhm\mb ]p{Xs\ e`nth
Xs hmfns\ s\v IpSnnpp. Abhnw e`nth Xs
Bbp[s shm Ipfnnpp.
24. hUthmjvSItcWp ZpKv]m\w bZn ]mt]\
kaoltXf tknnw Qj]narKmiz hkvXp
ZpKvssx IcnlkvXOnZtb
kXmeKss`x
_Uhm, HIw, ]nSnbm\ FnhbpsS ]mep IpSnnm ]m]w
sImpkmZn [\w e`npw. ayns ]nw, arKw, IpXnc,
am FnhbpsS ]men XmeK`w tNv IpSnnm B\bpsS
Xpnp tOZnmhp{X aq hmfn\pmhpw.
25. B]tbmlpUphnjmW ajoktaXw
]mcmhXm JpiIrXmNbpXw {]te]x
ikv{Xky ssXeaYnXky XtXmf ky
]m\w ]m OnXky \ inemkp `thZznLmXmx
BZyw hmfn F ]pcn, ]noSv A hrns ]mhv,
Bn sImns `kvaw, {]mhnstbm FenbptStbm \Jw Fnh
529

{]Imiknp

AcptNXv AXn ]pcpI. ]noSv Inbp ineta shnbm


epw IqSn hm apdnbpIbn.
26. mtc IZeym aYn tX\ bpt
Znt\mjntX ]mbnX ambkwbXv
kayIv OnXw Nmiva\n ss\Xn`wKw
\Nm\y temtl jz]n Xky ssIuWvTyw
CXn {io hcmlanlnc IrXu _rlXv kwlnXmbmw
JUvK eWw \ma ]iXtamf ymbx
IZfnhrns mchpw aYnXhpw tNv HcpZnhkw shn
cnpI. ]noSv teml\nnXamb JUvKw AXn apn shpI.
AXpsImv inetbtbm temlttbm XmUnm t]mepw apdnp
t]mIbn.

530

{]Imiknp

Aymbw 51

AwKhnZy
1. ssZht\ ip`mip`w ZnKpZnXivYm\mlrXm\oXm
hmNyw {]jvS\nPm]cwKLS\mw NmtemIyw Imew[nbm.
ktmlnNcmNcmXvaIXbmskuk Ztim
hn`pctNjvSmhymlrXn`nx ip`mip`m^ew
kibXyn \mw.
imkv{X t{]mamw hn[w ZniI, DZb _np apXembhbpsS
m\w e`n ssZh tNmZyImhntbpw aphcptSbpw
Xs Xsbpw AwKLS\sb \nconv ip`mip` ^ew {]hNnpp.
NcmNcmI {]]s \mbnv Adnh\pw, kZinbpw,
k\pw hn`phpw (\mcmbW Xpeyw) BWv ssZh. tNjvS
Ifmepw hymlrXnIfmepw Aw Adnbm hcphcpsS ip`mip`
^e Atlw Zinpptm.
2. m\w ]pjv] kplmkn `qcn^e`rXv kpkv\nKv[ IrnOZmkXv]nNypXiivX kwnXXcp Omtbm]KqVwkaw.
tZhjnZzpNkm[pkn\nebwkXv ]pjv]ktkym nXw
kXv kzmZqZI\neXz P\nXmmZw N kOmwKzew.
]pjv] ]qp NncnpXpw, [mcmfw ^efpXpw, kp
kv\nKv[hpw, No ]nIfnmXpw, \ ]nIfncnp hr
fpsS \ng ]XnXpw, ka\ncpw, tZhjn, {_mlvaW, km[p
knP\ FnhcpsS hmkm\hpw \ ]pjv]kky hfcp
Xpw, kzmZp \nePem BmZ`cnXambn ]pp hfcp
Xpamb m\amWv {]iv\ hnNmcn\v Daw.
3. On`n IranJmX IWvTIn pjvS cqIpSnsse kXvIpssPx
{Iqc]nbpX\n\ma`nx ipjvIio _lp] a`nx
On`namb IranI XnpXpw, appXpw, cqhpw, IpSn
ehpambn, {Iqc]nI hknp Zp_ehpw Pohpamb hr
fp e hnWw.
531

{]Imiknp

4. ivaim\ iq\ymbX\w NXpjv]Yw XYm at\mw hnjaw


ktZmjcw
AhkvIcmwKmcI ]me`kva`nnXw Xrssjx ipjv
XrssWtim`\w
GXp ev ivaim\ iq\yXt]msebp Krlfptm,
FhnsS a\n\v ktmjw tXmpntbm, FhnsS Ftmgpw hnja
hpw DujcXbpw tXmppth, FhnsS Bcpw hknpntbm, Fhn
sS Icn, XetbmSv, `kvaw Fnh ImWppthm, FhnsS ipjvnv
]ppI ImWppthm, B e tim`\f.
5. {]{hPnX\Kv\ \m]nXcn]p_\ kq\n ssIkvXYmiz ssNx
InXhbXn ]oVnssXpX ambp[ amznIhn{Issb\ ip`w.
k\ymknI, \mKm, i{Xp, _\w, iq\yhmZnI, iz]
Nm (\mbvamwkw Xnph), iw\vam, ]oVnXm Fnhcp
ehpw Bbp[hpw aZyhpw hn{Ibw sNp efpw ip`a.
6. {]mKptcimZnix {]ikvXmx
{]jvSy hmbzw_pbamKv\ncx
]qmlv\ Imtef kvXn ip`w \ cms{Xu
kymZztb {]iv\IrtXmf ]cmlvt\.
]qw, Dcw, Cuim\tIm Fnh {]iv\ Imhn\v nXn
sNm t{ijvTamWv. hmbptIm, ]na, ZnW, ss\cyXntIm
Fnh \. cm{Xn kyI A]cmlv\w Fnh {]iv\w tNmZn
m \. ]qmlv\w \XmWv.
7. bm{Xmhn[mt\lnip`mip`w bXv
t{]mw \nanw XZnlm]nhmNyw
ZrjvSzm ]ptcm hm P\XmlrXw hm
{]jvTpx nXw ]mWnXtef Yhkvt{X
bm{Xmhn[m\n ]d ip`mip`\nan t\mnbpw,
{]iv\Imhv In sImph hkvXp, hkv{X Nnlv\,
Fnh t\mnbnpw ip`mip`w {]hNnmw.
8. AYmwK\yptmjvT kvX\ hrjW]mZw
NZi\m`pssPu lkvsXu
532

{]Imiknp

KsuINKe\Jmw KpjvSa]nbXv
k iwJw Imwk{ihW KpZkoXn ]pcptj kv{Xobmw
{`q\m kmkv^nKv henISn kpteJmwKpenNbw.
Ducp, HmjvTw, kvX\w, hrjWw, ]mZw, Zi\, `pPw, lkvXw,
Kw, INw, Kfw, \Jw, AwKpjvTw, iwJw, Iw, {ihWw, KpZw,
kn Fnh ]pcpjhmNnkwIfmWv. {`q, \mkm, kv^nIv (amwkf
]nw), hen, ISn, kpcteJItfmSpIqSnb AwKpen Ch kv{Xo \ma
hmNnIfmWv.
9. Pnlzm{Kohm]nntI]mjvWnbpKvaw PwtL\m`nx
I]men IrImSn
h{w ]rjvTwP{Xp Pm\zn]mizw lrXzmez
otalt\mc cnIw N.
10. \]pwkImJyw N intcmeemS
amkyZy kwss]scuntcW
knn`thXp \]pwkssIm
cqssX`Kv\Irssi]qsshx
Pnlz, {Kohw, ]nnI, ]mjvWn bpKvaw, PwL, \m`n, I]men,
IrImSn, h{w, ]rjvTw, P{Xp, Pm\p, An]mizw, lrZbw, Xmep,
An, talw, Dcnse aqp tcJI, incv, eemSw, Bkyw- Ch
\]pwkIfmWv. Chbn cqw Xw, `Kv\w, Iriw apXemb e
Ww Im ^eknnv ImeXmakw hcpw. kv{Xo ]pcpjhmNnI
fmb AwKfnemWv Ccw eWw IsXn ^ew InpItb
C.
11. kv]jvtSthm NmentXhm]n]mZmwKpjvtTf ncpKv `thXv
AwKpeymw ZplnXpx timIw intcmLmtX \r]mZv `bw
]mZmwKpjvTn apdnthm NXthm Dsn {]iv\ Im
hn\p t\{X tcmKw Dmhpw. AwKpeobnemsWn ]p{Xn timIw.
incnemsWn cmPmhn \np `bw.
12. hn{]tbmK apckn kzKm{XXx
ISmlrXnc\Zm `thXv
kymXv {]nbm]vXn c`nKrly ISw
]rXizcW]mZtbm PnXpx
533

{]Imiknp

kzKm{Xns Dcp sXmp\nv {]iv\w tNmZnm {]nbhntbm


Khpw hkv{Xw Agnp tNmZnm A\hpapmhpw. Fm AtX
hkv{Xw ]nn sIn\nv tNmZnm {]nb{]m]vXn ^ew.
13. ]mZmw KpjvtT \ hnentJXv `qanw
tt{Xm Nnbm
lkvtX\ ]msZu IqtbkvXky
Zmknabm N km.
ImhncsImv `qanbn hcp tNmZnm t{Xs (`qanhb) pdnmWv Nn. ssIsImp Im XShn tNmZnm Abm
fpsS Nnbn Zmknabw BWv.
14. Xme`q ]SZit\wf ipIw
NntbXv IN Xpjm n`kvaKw
hym[n cm{ibXn cp PmeIw
hew N ka thy _\w
]\tbme, `q]{Xw FnhbpsS Zi\w sImv hkv{X
Nn ]dbmw. apSn, \Jw, `kvaw, Ibdv sIv Fnh Im hym[n
NnbmWv ]dtbXv. hew Im _\w.
15. ]nen acoN ipWvTn hmcnssZ
tcm{[ IpjvT hk\mw_p PmcssIx
Kamwkn iX ]pjv]bmhtZXv
]rOXkvX KctIW NnXw
{]iv\ kabv ]nen, acnNw, ipWvTn, hmcnPw, tKm{[, IpjvTw,
hkv{Xw, Pew, PocIw, Kamwkn (PSamn), iX ]pjv] Fnhsb
ImWpItbm ]dbpItbm sNbvXm Xmsg ]dbpw {]Imcw {Ian
NnnWw.
16. kv{Xo ]pcpj tZmj ]oVnX kmz kpXm [m\yX\bm\mw
ZznNXpjv]Z nXn\mw hn\miX IonX ZpjvssSx
kv{XotZmj\miw, ]pcpjtZmj\miw, ]oVnX\miw, k\miw,
am\miw, ]p{Xo\miw, A\miw, [m\y\miw, ]p{X\miw, Ccp
Imen\miw, \mmen\miw, `qan\miw.
534

{]Imiknp

17. \yt{Km[ a[pIXnpI Pw_qzm{a_Zco PmXn^ssex


[\ I\I ]pcpj temlmwipI cqt]ymZpw_cm]vXn c]nIcsKux
\yt{Km[w, a[pIw, XnpIw, Pw_p, w, B{aw, _Zcn, PmXn
FnhbpsS ^e Inshp {]iv\w tNmZnpItbm {]iv\thf
bn Ch ImWpItbm sNbvXm {Ian [\w, I\Iw, ]pcpj,
temlw, AwipIw, cq]yw (cq]- DdpnI), DZpw_cw FnhbpsS {]m
]vXn ]dbmw.
18. [m\y]cn]q ]m{Xw Ipw`x
]qx IpSpw_hrn Iscu
KPtKmip\mw ]qcnjw
[\ bphXn kplrZzn \miImcw.
[m\yw \nd ]m{Xtam ]qIpw`tam (\nd]d, ]qIpw`w)
Im IpSpw_m`nhrn, B\nn, NmWIw, \mbvmw Ch
Im {Ian [\w, bphXn, kplrv Chbvv \miw.
19. ]iplkvXnalnj]P
cPXhymss{Lt`XvkwZrjvssSx
Ahn[\\nhk\ aebPsIutibm`cW
kwLmXw.
]ip, B\, t]mv, Xmac, shn, hym{Lw Chsb Im
{Ian BSv, [\w, \qhkv{Xw, N\w, sIutibw, B`cW
Ch e`npw.
20. hrOmhr{imhI kp]mcn{hmSv Zit\ \r`nnlnXm
an{X[yqXm`hm KWnIm\r]kqXn Im IrXm.
hrk\ymknsb Im an{Xtbpw ZyqXt\bpw [\tbpw
Ipdnpw, ]cn{hmPIs\ Im thiym, cmPmhv, kqXnI ({]khn
h), [\w Chsbpdnpw NnnWw.
21. imtIym]mymbmlX \n{K\nan \nKassIhx
Nmcaq]Xn hWnPmw Zmko tbmm]Whym\mw.
imIy, D]mymb, BlX, \n{K, \nanw, \nKaw,
ssIh ChsImv {Ian Nmc, tk\m]Xn, hWnI,
535

{]Imiknp

Zmkn, tbmmhv, B]Wm\s (IhSew) {Zhyw, h[ns


Sm hn[nh Chsc Nnnbvmw.
22. Xm]tk siuntIZrjvtS
t{]mjnXx ]ip]me\w
lrZvKXw ]rOIkykymZv
DRvOhrsu hn]Xm.
Xm]k, siun Chsc Im {]iv\Imhv \mSphnhs\
pdnpw, ]ip]me\spdnpamWv ({Ian) NnnpXv.
DRvOhrn sNphs\ Im GtXm hn]ns\pdn Nn
bmWv lrZbnepsXv A\pam\nmw.
23. COman{]jvTpw`W ]iyXzmx
kamZntiXypt
kwtbmKIpSpwt_mm
emss`iztmZv KXmNnm.
Rm Hcp tNmZyw tNmZnm COnpp, ]dbpI,
t\mq, Bcym, Bm]npI- Cu hmIytfmSpIqSn
Bcw`n m {Ian kwtbmKw, IpSpw_n \npXv, em`w,
sFizcyw ChsbpdnmWv Nn.
24. \nntiXn KZntX PbmzKm {]Xythy aa NnnXw hZ
Bip k P\ayKw Xzbm ZriyXmanXn_p ssNucPm.
\hw Nnnv Fs at\mcYw ]dbpI. \ntinpI,
apXembhbmWv ]dbpsXn Pbspdnpw AXn\p am
spdnpamWv Nn FdnbWw. kP\fpsSbpw \Sphn
\npsImv AhnSpv thKw t\mn ]dbpI FmWv ]dsX
n _psfpdntm Imscpdntm BWv Nn.
25. Ax twf tK kzP\pZntXm _mlytP_mlytP _mly Ghw
]mZmw KpjvTmwKpen Ie\bmZmk ZmkoP\x kymXv
PwtL t{]tjym `hXn `Kn\o\m`ntXm lrZvkz`mcym
]mWywKpjvTmw KpenN bIrXkv]i\w ]p{XIt\y.
{]iv\Imhv A`mKv AwKsf sXmpsImp tNmZn
m kzP\sfpdnpw, _mlymwKsf sXmm ]pdsabphsc
536

{]Imiknp

pdnpw, ]mZnse hncepIsfsbn ZmkZmkoP\sfpdnpw,


PwLbn sXmm t{]jy]pcpjmscpdnpw, \m`nsXmm ktlm
Zcnsbpdnpw lrZbw sXmm kz`mcysbpdnpw Inse hncep
I sXmm ]p{X, ]p{Xn FnhscpdnpamWv AbmfpsS Nn.
26. amXcw PTtc aqv\n Kpcpw ZnWhmasIu
_mlp {`mXmY XXv ]Xv\okv]rjvSz h ssNucamZntiXv.
PTcw sXmm Atbbpw, aqmhp sXmm Kpcphnt\bpw,
ZnWhpw hmahpamb _mlp sXmm {`mXmhntbpw AbmfpsS
]Xv\nbptSbpw I{]hrnItfbpw IpdnpamWv Nn.
27. AcwK ah apNy _mlyKkv]i\w bZnItcmXn ]rOIx
tjva aq{X iIrXkvXy PYx ]mXtbXvIcXe hkvXptNXv.
28. `riah\anXmwK]mcntamS\tXm ]yYhm
P\LrXcn `mhtemIy N sNucP\w
lrX]XnX XmkvarX hn\jvS `Kv\tXm\varjnX arXm`y\njvSchtXm e`tX \ lrXw.
Ah\an AwKtmSpIqSntbm, I^w, aq{Xw, ]pcojw Fnh
hogvptmtgm, Inencnp hkvXp Xmsg Cntm, AcwKw hnv
_mlymwikv]i\w sNbvtXm, BekytmSpIqSntbm, GsXnepw
HcmfpsS In s]mnb ]m{Xw Zinptmtgm, Is\ ImWptm
tgm, lcnpItbm, ]XnpItbm, Xw ]pItbm, hnkvarXnbpw
\jvShpw DmhpItbm, arXyp apXemb A\njvT i_vZ{ihWw Dm
hpItbm sNptmtgm {]iv\Imhns \jvShkvXp Hcnepw
XncnpInpIbn FdnbWw.
29. \nK`nXanZw bXv kw Xrjmn hnjmZnssIx
klarXnIcw ]oVmm\mw kaw cpZnXssXx
Ahbha]nkv]rjvSzmx w ZrVw acpZmltc ZXn_lp
XZm`pzmw kwnXx kplntXm`hXv.
taev]d kakvX Nnlv\tfmsSmw Xrjw, An, hnjw,
apXembh ImWpItbm, ]oV sImv B\mbn IcbpXp tI
pItbm sNbvXm tcmKnIfpsS acWw kw`hnpw. {]iv\Imhv
Ahbh kv]inv ZoLizmkw henmtem, \mbnv `Ww
Ignmtem, Abm {]k\mbncnpp Fv ssZh {KlnWw.
537

{]Imiknp

30. eemSkv]i\mOpI Zi\mOmensPuZ\w.


Dckv]imXv jjvSnImw {Kohmkv]ti N bmhIw.
s\n sXmSpItbm iqI[m\yw Zintbm sNbvXm imens\n
s tNmdpInpw. Dcp kv]inm jjvTnImhpw, IgppsXmm
bmhIhpw Inpw.
31. IpnIpSPw cPm\p kv]ti amjx ]bkvXenb hmKzx
BkzmZ bXtmjvsTuenltXm a[pcw ckw kwtbw.
Ipn, IpSw, PTIw, Pm\pw Chsb kv]inm a[pcckw e`n
psadnbpI.
32. hkv]rt kvt^mStbnlz amt h{w hn{IqWtbXv
ISp Xn IjmtbmjvsWulntXv jvTothivO sskth
hnnsmtm, s]mnsdnpw t]msetbm, apJw tImWnp
sImtm {]iv\w tNmZnm ISpXnw, Ijmbw, DjvWw, DnmXv
apXembhbmWv InpI.
33. tjvaXymtK iqjv Xnw XZev]w {iqXzm{IhymZw
t{]yhm amwkan{iw
`qKsu jpkv]t\imIp\w XZv `pw tXt\Xy]
taXnanw
I^w Xpnbnv {]iv\w tNmZnm iqjvhpw Xnhpw Aev]
hpamb `Ww Inpw. amwk`pmb ]nbpsS \maw tIntm, AXn
s\ Intm Ccnptm {]iv\w tNmZnm amwkw tN A
amWv InpI. ]pcnIw, Ihn, Npv Fnh kv]inp tNmZnm
]namwkw Inpw. AXv ]dbmw.
34. apZvKetIi l\p iwJI PwLw _kvXnwN kv]rjvSzm
KPalnj taj iqIc tKmiarK amwkbpKv `pw.
akvXIw, Igpv, apSn, XmSn, sNhnpn, PwL, _kvXn, Fnh
sXmm B\, t]mv, BSv, ]n, ]ip, apb, am ChbpsS `
Ww IgnnmWv ({Ian) {]iv\Imhv hncnpXv.
35. ZrjvtS{iptXf ]yiIpt\ tKm[makvXymanjw htZZv`pw
K`nWymK`ky N \n]X\ taw {]Iev]tbXv {]ivt\.
36. ]pwkv{Xn \]pwkImtJy ZrjvtSf \pantX ]pcxntX kv]rjvtS
X `hXn ]m\m ]pjv]^eZit\ ip`w.
538

{]Imiknp

K`{]iv\n ]pcpj, kv{Xn, \]pwkIw Fnhsc Zinm


epw, Ahsc kv]inp tNmZnmepw A\pam\ntXv XZ\pkmcamb
{]P P\npsamWv. ]m\w, Aw, ]pjv]w, ^ew, Fnh Zinp
XmWv ip`w.
37. AwKpjvtT\ {`qZcw hmwKpenw hmkv]rjvSz]ptOZv K`
Nnm XZmkymXv
azmPy ss[tl tacXv\ {]hmssXckvssYhm amXr
[m{XymXvassP.
AwKpjvT, {`q, DZcw, AwKpen Fnh kv]inp tNmZnm K`
NnbmWv FdnbpI. a[p, BPyw, kzw, cXv\w, {]hmfw Fnh
tbm A, [m{Xn, ]p{X Fnhtctbm sXmtm apn \nntbm
tNmZnmepw K`NnbmWv.
38. K`bpXm PTtc IctK kymZv ZrjvT\nan him ZpZmkx
IjXn XTcw bZn]otTmXv ]oV\Xx IctK NItcf ]n.
39. {LmWmbmZntWZzmtc kv^rjvtT am tkmcw htZXv
hmta sZzu IGhw hm ZznNXpx {ipXnkvXt\.
K`ap DZcn sXmptNmZnm K`aphfmsWnepw
ZpjvS\nanfm K`\miw kw`hnpw. PTcs Xnsmtm,
IpsImv Ins\ sRcSnsmtm tNmZnmepw K`]oV Dv.
\mknIbpsS ZnWZzmcw sXmptNmZnm Hcp amkn\Iw
K`[mcWapmhpsav ]dbmw. hma`mKs Zzmctam CcpsNhnItfm
sXmptNmZnm \mepamkn\Iw ]dbmw.
40. thWo aqte {Xn kpXm I\ytI tZz
It ]p{Xm ]lkvtX{Xbw N
AwKpjvTmt ]Iw Nm\p]qhym
]mZmwKpjvtT ]mjvWnbpKvtaf ]n I\ymw.
apSnbpsS aqew sXmm aqp ]p{Xmcpw cp I\yIamcpw P\n
pw. Iw sXmm Apafpmhpw. IpsXmm aqpa.
{]iv\Imhv Imens Xhnc sXmm H I\yI Dmhpw.
C{]Imcw X\nsb sXmm cpw, ayasb sXmm aqpw,
A\manIsb sXmm \mepw sNdphnc sXmm Apw I\yIam
pw Pw \Ipw.
539

{]Imiknp

41. khymkthymcpkw kv]ti kqtX It\ykpXZzbw


kv]rjvtT eemSaymt NXpkv{Xn X\bm `thXv.
CSpw hepap Ducp sXmm {Ian 2 I\yIam
cpw cp ]p{Xmcpw Dmhpw, eemSayw sXmm \mepw eemSn
s tij`mKw sXmm aqpw I\yIam P\npw.
42. intcmeemS {`qI Kz l\pcZmKew
khym] khy kvI lkvXu Nn_pI\meIw.
incv, eemSw, ]pcnIw, sNhn, Ihn, XmSn, Igpv, hes
tXm, CSs tXm, CcplkvX, apSn \mfw-,
43. Dcx IpNw ZnWa]ykhyw lrXv ]miztahw PTcw ISn
kv^nIv]mbp kypcp bpKw N Pm\pPwtLf Y
]mZmhnXn IrnImsZu
Dcv, IpNw, ZnWhpw hmahpamb lrXv]miz, PTcw, ISn,
kv^nv, ]mbp, kn, DucpbpKfw, Pm\p, PwL, ]mZ Fnh
ImnI \{Xw apX {Iam\pkmcambn hn\yknncnpp.
44. CXn \nKZnXtaXZv Km{X kwkv]i eva
{]IS a`nXm]vssXy hoyimkv{XmWn kayIv.
hn]pe aXncpZmtcm thn bx k taXc]Xn P\Xm`nx ]qPytXf sku kssZh.
CXn {io hcmlanlnc IrXu _rlXv
kwlnXmbmawKhn\mssaI ]mitamf ymbx
k imkv{Xtfbpw kaymbn \ncon tijw ]nXm
cpsS A`naXa\pkcnv Cu Km{Xkv]ieWw {]ISamnbncnp
p. AXy hn]peaXnbpw DZmcioe\pw Bb hnZzm Cu khpw
{Klnv cmPmhn\mepw P\XIfmepw kZm ]qPnX\mbnocpp.

540

{]Imiknp

`mKw aqv

]ctaizchncNnXm
{KlW\ymbZo]nI

541

]ctaizchncNnXm
{KlW \ymbZo]nI
awKfmNcWw
1. \ax khnt{X {KltW {InbtX \ymbZo]nIm
I{IakvXp X{X {]mMv a\msZu {]ZinX
khnXmhn\v \akvmcw. I{Iaw t\cs {KlWa\mZn
Ifn {]Zinnp. C\n {KlWns \ymbw (Xzw) {]Iminn
pXn\mbn \ymbZo]nI cNnbvpp.
`qaymZv chniint\mccw
(`qtI{n \nv kqcyayntebvpw N{ayntebvp
ap Zqcw).
2. ]hiznjvSct{jvTkmKcm tbmP\{ipXnx
cth, Ctm{iKmKv\nthZcmamx IpayXx
3. Ahntij{ipXnLvs\m sXu {XnPym`IvsXu kv^pSasXmu
kzIymay`qaymZv bXx kzmy^emtc.
`qayn \nv kqcy\ntev 459585 tbmP\; N{\ntebvv
34377. Chsb {Ian Iw sImv (AXmXns {`aW]Yns
Ahymkw) KpWnv {XnPym (3438) sImv lcnm kqcyN{mcn
tev `qanbn \np bYm Zqcw (AXmXp kabtbv-v `qan
bpsS {`aW]Ynse m\w A\pkcnv) e`npw. ImcWw, Ch
ChbpsS {`aW]Yw tI{ambn kev]ns `qanbptSbpw, Ah
cpsS kzmy^entbpw (maximum value) CSbn FhnsSsbnepw
nXn sNWw.
3438 {XnPy. CXv an\pnemWv. CXns\ 60 sImv lcnm 23
tlmc 58 an\pv Inpw (Zn\ssZLyw). Cy tPymXnimkv{Xn
Cu kwJy N{hymkambn D]tbmKnpXv Fn\msWv 18 -mw
\qmphsc bqtdm]y ]nXv Adnhpmbncpn. Ctm,
B[p\nI imkv{Xw N{hymkambn 34375 Fv IWmpp. Cy
m 3437.5 Fv ZimwiamsbSpv Zimwiw Hgnhmn 3438 FsSp
ncpp F hyXymkta Dp.

{]Imiknp

`qanbn \nv N{\ntepw kqcy\ntepap Zqcns A\p


]mXw 1:13.
34377: 459585
459585 tbmP\ x 8.8 = 4044348
34377 x 8.8
= 3025176
3438 sImv lcnm {Ian 1176.3 & 87.9
(87.9 s\ Zimwim\w Ifm 88).
{]Imicivan, Imew, Zqcw, civanbpsS KXn, Omb Fnh Af
pXmWsm {KlWKWnXw.
chniin`qhymkw:
(kqcy, N{, `qan ChbpsS hymkw)
4. ]Mvy_v[nkmKcm `mt\m hymkb, XnYy\tbmhntmx
tkzjVssbImx ntXm ktkztKmem tbmPss\x
5. kv^pStbmP\ Im]vtXm {XnPymltXm \nPx
en]vXm hymtkm chotmxkymXv, {XnPymlnkymXv Iem{ipXn.
kqcyhymkw 4410; N{hymkw 315; `qhymkw 1050; AhchcpsS
tKmfmambn tbmP\Ifn kqcyN{mcpsS kv^pStbmP\
Iw Iv AXns\ {XnPym sImv KpWnpI. kqcyN{mcpsS
hymkw IeIfn e`npw. {XnPym (Iw) IeIfnemWv.
tbmP\sb Iebmm:
4410 x 3438 kqcy
459585
315
x 3438 N{
34377
N{: `qan: kqcy A\p]mXw 315: 1050: 4410. N{t\m 3.3
Ccn hymkw `qanbvv; 1:3.3. 14 Ccn hymkw kqcy\v. 1:14. 1:3.3:14 Fv
hepns A\p]mXw Xcpp. Cs\ 3 tKmffpsS Zqchpw
_nw_hpw Xn A\p]mXw:
Zqcw:- `qan: N{ 1, `qan: kqcy 13
_nw_w:- N{: `qan: kqcy 1:3.3:14.
544

{]Imiknp

{KlWn kqcyN{civanIfpsS KXnbpw, Imehpw IWm


p kabv Cu kwJyI Cp \mw D]tbmKnp {]Imi
hjns bqWnpI (KPC, MPC- Kilo parsec, Mega parsec )
XsbmWv Fv \mw {inpI.
Hcp parsec = 3.1 x 1013
= 3.3 hjw
Hcp Kpc = 3.1 x 1016
= 3.3 Bbncw hjw
= 3.3 aney hjw
Hcp Mpc = 3.1 x 1019
Cs\ apnaptmSn tZh ({]Imi) mcpsS KWnXw.
Nn{Xw 3.1: 15 XnYn
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

kqcy
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 12 cmin
(24 tlmc)
n
`qa

N{ tI{n. kqcy ]cn[nbn. CXv Diagrammatic Bbn


Zqcns A\p]mXw ImWnp Nn{XamWv. CXns\, {KlW\nbaw
Hpw Adnbmh N{tI{/`qtI{ hyhbmbn sXncnbvm
CSbpXmWv. tSmfanbvv Cu sXp ]n.
6. kssjz]n N hrtjp hymkmky Xpen]vXnImx
{XnPym kwJymk, XXkv{XnPym khr Iem{ipXn.
khrfnepw hymkmnse IeI {XnPybnse
kwJyv (3438) XpeyamWv. AXn\m Fm hrpw Ie 3438
545

{]Imiknp

Xs (Iw an\pn). \mw \nconpXv `qanbnencpmbXp


sImv `qanbpsS Zn\ssZLyw (23 aWn. 58 an\pv) BWv Ftmgpw
\apv. AXpsImv Fm KWnXhpw `qanZn\ssZLyamb 3438 shp
Xs sNWw. CmcWmemWv `qtI{nXn ]dbpXv. `qan
tI{ambncnpXv `qanbnencpv \nconp a\pjy\mWv; kuc
bqYn\. hnZym`ymkns {]mYanI ]mTamWXv, JtKmf imkv{X
n! `qanbnencpv, AXns\ B[mcamn CXc tPymXnKWfpsS
]T\w \SpI F hyhbnemWv `qtI{hyhnXn.
15 [XnYn] x 24 [aWnq] = 360
kwJy

kwJy

XnYnkwJybpw tlmcmkwJybpw KpWnm 360,


XnYnkwJybpw cminkwJybpw KpWnm 180.
XnYnkwJysb 23.58 sImp KpWnm 359.5 Ft Inq (360
A). IrXyambn KWnbvpXn\mWv {XnPym Xs D]tbmKnncp
sXw (hcmlanlncs ]knmnI- N.B.S {]knoIcWw
t\mpI).
`qOmb
7. `mt\m hymkZew Zot]mXnx iqXn`phx
ipZo]mcmte `qx kym{ZthtZymP\{ipXn.
kqcys hymkZew Zo]ns DbcamWv. `qanbptSXv iphns
Dbcw; kqcys AIew (tbmP\bn) XcpXv iphn\pw Zo]n\pw
CSbnep ZqcamWv.
8. ipZo]mcmte `qx ipLv\, ipZo]tbmx
t`tZ\m]vXmlnXOmbm, OmbmssZLyw ntXXXv.
ipZo]mcmfw x ip =ipOmb. CXv `qOmb ssZLyw
ipZo]fpsS DbchyXymkw
9. aqte `qan kahymkm kmf Lvt\ tKm]pOknXm
btXmf civanx ]XXn {ItaWm[ykaXx
aqen Omb `qhymkn\p Xpeyw. Av tKm]pOwt]mse
\oncnbvpw. ImcWw, Acivan FmbnSpw kaambn ]Xn
bvpp.
546

{]Imiknp

kqcy 12 ASn Dbcap Hcp Zo]kvXw`tam sImSnactam bq]tam


Fn `qan 12 AwKpeap Hcp iwJv (ip) Fv kev]nWw.
Hv {]Imiw; Hv \mZw. {iobambn {XntImW/]ncanUv cq]n
iphns\ Dmmw. sImSnacw, tKm]pcw, XqWv, kvXq]w, hrw
Ch {Kmaayn \mn `qan, kqcy, `qOmb apXembh Afmw.

Nn{Xw 3.2: iwJcq]n `qan


kqcyIncWw tKm]pOambn hfbpp

civa

12

nbps

S]

mX

ip
12
12

Nn{Xw 3.3

10. hntZym tmP\ Im\mw Ombm ssZLyw kamlXw


`qhymtkt\myXw Ombm ssZtLyW, kymnimIrXx
11. mt\ OmbmanXnk {XnPym\nlXm km`thZvlpXm
hntZym tmP\ It\ Xtamhymkx IemIx
547

{]Imiknp

N{m\s OmbbpsS ssZLyw ImWpXn\v:OmbmssZLyw + N{`q tI{Zqcw x `qhymkw


OmbmssZLyw
CXns\ {XnPy sImv KpWnv N{\ntep Zqcw (tbmP\)
sImp lcnm OmbmhyXymkw IeIfn (an\pv) Inpw.
12. Ombm ssZLymtc kzm{KmXv Ombmhymtkmln`qkax
(Ctmx mt\ Xtam hymkx) Inbm\nXnqhXvIemx
Ombm{Kn \np OmbbpsS hymkw `qhymkn\v ka
sav hcnIn N{m\v AXns hymkw Fv Fv ImWpI.
AXns IeI t\cs N{tXp It]mse ImWWw.
`qhymksaXn\v Xtamhymksap (Xtam{Klw- Ombm{Klw)
]dXpw, t\cs `qanbvv tKm]pOw t]mse hmepsv ]d
Xpw {inpI. Xtam{Klw (cmlp) F hmep `qan bpsS hymkw
(Omb) sImv N{{KlWhpw N{hymkw sImv (N{Omb) kqcy
{KlWhpw kw`hnpp (_rlXvkwlnX, ]knmnI Fnh
bn ]dXv tNpshv hmbnpI).
13. GIZrIv kq{XsKu bmh{msu {KlWw cthx
Xmh \nimIrtXm bmhXv XmhXv kymXv XaknnXnx
`qanbn \npt\mp \ncoIs ZrIvkq{Xns
F{X t\cw N{ kqcym \nppthm A{Xbpw kabw kqcy{Kl
Ww Dmhpw. AXpt]mse F{Xt\cw N{ `qanbpsS XtamOmbbn
\nppthm A{Xt\cw N{{KlWhpw.
14. nXo cntm (kvXtam) aty ]mt kymXviio\tbmx
bpXnx ]mXx {]mKzm ]mZzmew_\mZv `thXv.
]uan \m N{ OmbbpsS ayneqsS kcnpp.
kqcy N{mcpsS tbmKw Aamhmknbnse \hN{s Aev]w apt]m
]nt]m Bbncnbvpw. CXv ew_\w (parallax) sImmWv.
15. aymlv\eKv\w ZrIvt]eKv\w N.
ayeKv\w \Xmtm Zssbcyq\mZntImchn
ZrIvt]eKv\w {]mIveKv\w lo\w cmin{XtbWN.
548

{]Imiknp

aymlv\eKv\w (Point of ecliptic on meridian) \Sp etmZb


{]amWa\pkcnp I \S\mUnIbn \nv kqcytcJmwiw eKv\
JtmSv Ipdsm Iqnsbm InpXmWv. Zrt]eKv\w Fm
{]mKveKv\n (]qeKv\w) \nv 3 cmin IpdXv.
Nn{Xw 3.4 L-3 = D
N

S1
H

D1

Nn{Xw 3.4

Ncn{XmXoXImew apX 14 -mw \qmphscbpw ebmWv `mcXo


bcpsS `qay saXv {int Hcp ImcyamWv. cmhnse kqtcym
ZbeKv\n \nv emcmioam\w D]tbmKnv \X\mUnI ImWpp.
AXnp ayJw (segment of Ecliptic) Iv kqcytcJmwin
\nv Ingnbvpp. sshIov ayeKv\w kqcytcJmwitmSv Iqpp.
ayPym
16. ayeKv\m]amPym [\ptjmtcymK t`ZXx
ayPym, ayZrKvPymkm, XOpykwnXx
ayeKv\ns Pymhv (ayPym- MZ) ayeKv\ns (ME)
declination s\bpw Amwisbpw (AmwiPymhns Nm]w) Iqn
tbm Ipdtm e`npp. (ZE) ayPym ayZrKvPymhmWv (ayeKv\
ns DZqcw). AXns ip ayip FdnbsSpp (Cos Zm).
ayPym= ayeKv\w (ME), Amwiw (ZE) Ch Iqntbm Ipd
tm Inp XpIbpsS Sine of the angle
Sin L

MEtZe
or
Me-Ze
549

{]Imiknp

ZrIvt]ip
17. ZrIvt]ipc]nk Gh{XnPymltXm`thXv
ayeKv\hnlo\{]mKveKv\tZmPy hn`mPnX.
Zrt]eK\vns (Cos ZD) iphmb ZrIvt]ip
ayi-p x {XnPym
ayeKv\w - {]mKveKv\w
Cos Zm x {XnPym
ME - Sin ML

tKmeI{XntImWw MDZ katImW{XntImWw. AXn\m


Cos Dz = Cos Mz = Cos Mz
= Cos Mz
Cos DM Sin (90-DM) Sin Mz

18. ayipyeKv\ lcnPmc Pohbm


bZnIkv{XnPytbXnkymOvipZrIvt]kwnXx
ayeKv\Pym - lcnPw (ML) = ayip
F-n {XnPym sImv F{]Imcw ZrIvt]ip (Cos ZD)
ImWmw?
19. XkyOmbmln ZrIvt]Pohmkzm]aayKm
OmbmIkykm tImSoc, ZrmXnPymNXZv`pPm
AXns almOmb= ZrIvt]Pym (D2). AXv Ins Dbc
hpw {Klns almOmbbpamWv (Sin Sz). ZrXnPym (SD) AXns
`pPamWv.
20. ZrXnPym
ZrIvt]Pymhlo\ Ombmh]ZwsXx
{]mNytX ZrXntPyXn ZrKvtZtZmmKXncyXx
ZrKvPymbpsS haqew (Sin Zs or Sin {KtlmZqcw)- ) Sin ZrIvt]w
(Sin ZD) = Sin DS or Sine ZrXn.
\ncoIs tI{m\w `qtI{m (`qXem\m)
hyXymksSpp. AXn\m tcJmwin DfhmIp hyXymkamb
ZrXnPymhv C{]Imcw IWmWw.
550

{]Imiknp

21. ZrIvt`ZtPmbX: tt]m ZrIvt]tPymXntkmNytX


OmbhimZzn ZrKvt`tZm`thZv ZrKvPym XtXmf {Xkm
ZrIvt`Zw sImpmb (`qXen \npw `qtI{n \npw
D ImgvNbm hcp hyXymkw) Amwiw KWnp Pymhns\
ZrIvt]Pymhv Fp hnfnpw. Omb (Sin DtZcw) sImpmb
hyXymkn\v XpeyamWv CXpw. AXn\m ZrKvt]Pym XsbmWv
ZrIvPym (ZrIvt]eKv\ns Pym- Sine Zenith distance of Nongesimal).
22. iq\yw Jaty lcntP `qhymkmantXm `thXv
ZrKvt`tZm \nPIymbmw Acmtff \p]mXXx
Jayn ZrKvt`Zw iq\yamWv (Nn{X 3.5). lcnPn `qhym
kw AXns Xs Iybn S1 S'1. Acmfn SS'. ZCS s
(Sine of Zenith distance) A\p]mXw A\pkcnv.
Z
S1
S

S1

S1
S

S1
S

Nn{Xw 3.5: Cu Nn{Xns Hcp ]qcq]w lc/samlRvPmZmtcm en]nIfn


Cs\ ImWmsaXv Cu Adnhv Cybn F{X]gapXmsWv
sXfnbnpp.

23. ZrjvS`qaytbmx tJStkymXnhrtbmkvXptb


ZrKvt`tZmf ]nXtbmt`tZm, {ZjvSatykNm]y[x
Hcp {Klns Dm\fn (S, S') E \nconI, C `qtI{
san (2 tI{w) B tI{m\fpsS hyXymkw= ZrKvt`Zw= S S'
CXp IWmm\p Nnlv\amWv apIfn. \ncoI tI{amIp
tm (local time) Zni IotgmmWv (ZrKvt`Zns).
551

{]Imiknp

24. ew_\w b[y]n OmbmbimZv ZrjvSw XYm]nN


knytX ZrXnPym XkvXZv ZrIvt]KpWmXnx
ew_\w (Parallax) almOmbbpsS hyXymka\pkcnv (Sine
Zenith distance) ImWsSppshnepw tcJmwiew_\w ZrXnPymhn
(Sine SD) \np e`nbvpw. ZrIvt]Py Sine ZD bn \npmhp
ew_\w \Xn (Parallax in latitude, Amwiew_\w) BWv.
25. \Xnew_t\
A]am\pKtXm tlyhew_\mw timf {Xew_\w
A]a{]XnZnIv ew_\mw tim\Xn `thXv
tcJmwinse ew_\mwiw Ecliptic (SD') s AmwiamWv.
SS' F ew_\nemWXv. S'D' \v ew_amb ew_\w \XnbmWv
(Nn{Xw 3.4) t\mpI.
26. ZrIvt] ZrXntPy tZz `qhymkmkamlsX
{XnPym`tkzIymbmw tbmPss\ AXnew_t\
ZrIvt]Pym, ZrXnPym, Fnhsb `qhymkmm KpWnv
{XnPymsImv {Ian lcnm Amwiew_\w (\Xn) tcJmwi
ew_\w (ew_\w) Fnh {KlIyIfn tbmP\Ifn Inpw.
27. ZrIvt] ZrXn {XnPymantX tNXnew_t\
`qhymkmantX Xm`ym anjvSm`ymw tXXptICXn.
ZrIvt]Pymhpw ZrXnPymhpw {XnPymv Xpeysan AhbpsS
\Xnbpw ew_\hpw `qhymkmn\p Xpeyambncnpw. As\sb
n \Is ZrIvt] Pymbvpw ZrXnPymbvpw \Xnbpw ew_
\hpw ImWpI.
28. kv^pS tbmP\ It\ `t tX {XnPybmltX
{XnPymhrt{K lky tkz `htXm \Xnew_t\.
Ahsb {Ian Ahbvv `qanbn \np Zqcm (kv^pS
Iw) lcnv {XnPysImv KpWnm AmwitcJmwi ew_\
]dbs {Kln\v Hcp {XnPymhrn Xs e`np
XmWv.
29. hnt[ymXnmtI \Xnlo\mkymZv {KltW\Xnx
kqcymm\mZv hnt[ymcykvamZv KrlytX \Xnew_t\.
552

{]Imiknp

N{s Amwiew_\w - kqcymmwi ew_\w. Cs\


Innb \XnbmWv {KlWw KWnm D]tbmKnpXv. ImcWw
N{s Amwi tcJmwi ew_\ kqcym\a\pkcnpthWw
ImWm.
30. At tm ew_t\ Xptey tbmPss\x kz\XnXYm
`nt Gh Iem`nkvtX, en]vXm[nIyw kZmhnt[ymx
kqcyN{mcpsS ew_\hpw \Xnbpw tbmP\Ifn XpeyamWv.
Fm IeIfn (an\pn) hyXykvXamWv. IeIfn N{tXv
kqcys\m Ftmgpw IqSpXembncnpw.
31. ZrXn PymYhm`qan hymkmLv\m hn`mPnXm
aytbmP\ It\ hnt[ymx jjvSymlXm ]p\x
32. ay`qym hnt[ym`m {KltW ew_\mUnIm
ZrXn Pym {XnjmssK `m tXm ew_\mUnIm.
60
= {KlWns
ZrXnPy x `qhymkmw x
`qanbn \np N{\n
N{s icmicn ew_\\mUnI
tev icmicn Zqcw
Zn\KXn
ZrXnPy = ew_\\mUnI

863
Sine SD bmWv ZrXnPym
(Parallax in longitude in naadikaas)

33. ayImptbm tZmtjm ay`qn ltcnXw


kakvX ew_\mtZmjw kakvtXp KXnltcXv.
N{s ayaZqcw D]tbmKnpXn\m KWnXn hcmhp
tZmj (sXpI) ]cnlcnsSpXv icmicn Zn\Ne\w sImv
lcnbvpXn\memWv. kakvXew_\ tZmjhpw ]cnlcnbvm N{
s Hcp Znhks kakvXKXn sImv lcnm aXn.
34. ZrIvt] {InbtX ssInXv tt]m ZrIvt] eKv\Px
N{tt]m ]ssc Ass\yw_mt\XntZ(?) {IamZv.
ZrIvt] eKv\Pamb Amwiw + ZrIvt] eKv\ns D
Zqcw= N{Iybn ZrIvt] eKv\w Fv Nne ImWpp. ap
Nne N{ew_\w C{]Imcw Iqnbnpw, C\nbpw Nne Amwi tc
553

{]Imiknp

JmwifpsS ew_\ {Ian Inpw sNpp. 3 hyXykvX


am.
35. ZrIvt]Pym {Xnjm ssK`m kqcyiimtbmx
kv^pSKXycpm jjvShym]vXmhm kv^pS\Xnx
ZrIvt]Pym x kqcyN{Zn\KXnbnse hyXymkw = kv^pS\Xn
863
60
36. ]mt ew_\w {]mt]y]mZypKtXXv EWw
A]cmlvt\ [\w, bkvam t{mf mZh ew_tX
Imev, ]mw - ew_\w.
sshIptcw ]mw + ew_\w.
ImcWw N{ kqcys\ Ahew_nv kZm XmsgbmWv. (]m
w= kqcyN{tbmKw AYhm AamhmkybpsS Ahkm\w).
37. At tm tbmK Imeky kntb b{Xew_\w
{InbtX Xv]ntaf m{Jw timya\yYm
kqcyN{tbmKw \nbnm ew_\w IWmptm
N{ kqcys ]Snmdp`mKsn IqpI. Ingsn Ingn
bvpI.
38. Cl ]qmlv\m]cmlv\ i_vsZu ZrIvt]eKv\Xx
]qm]cmitbm `m\p kwntXmNsIuasXu.
ChnsS ]qmlv\w, A]cmlv\w apXemb i_vZ kqcym
\w Zrt]eKv\ns Ingtm ]Snmtdm Fv kqNnnm\mWv
D]tbmKnpXv (Ingsn ]qmlv\w).
39. ew_ kwkvIrX]mt ew_\w Nm]n tIhte
]mZypKtX IpcymZhntijmaphXv.
ew_\ kwkvIrX {Inbbvv tbmKthfbvp ew_\w {Ia
n IpsImv ew_\hyXymkw Hpanm thfhsc (2 ^e
Xn Hpw hyXymkanmXmhpw hsc) ImWWw
x - y = 0 Fmhpw hsc.
AYhm x = y Fmhpw hsc. integer Ghpw ASpphsc ImW
Wsaw.
554

{]Imiknp

40. AhinjvS ew_\w ln kv^pS ew_\ apNytX


bkvamw_\ Imtef ]n `thXv tJSky ew_\w
C{]Imcw {Ian Xpeyamnb kwkvIrX ew_\s kv^pS
ew_\w Fp ]dbpw. AmsX, tbmKthfbnse ew_\w F
Aw. BZyew_\ thfbns {Kln\v ew_\apv.
AX kv^pSew_\w (parallax A, parallax CmsX KWnsSpp
XmWv kv^pSew_\w.
41. ew_ kwkvIrX ]mt ay{KlW apjvWtKmx
Atp_nw_tbm ytcJm tbmKkvXssZhln.
kqcys ay{KlWw ew_\ kwkvIrXw sNs tbmKthf
bn kw`hnpp. Atm kqcyN{tI{fneqsS ISpt]mIp
EPptcJ (civan) \ncoIs IneqsSbpw EPptcJbn ISp
t]mhpp.
42. ayImtep hnt]kvXXvme \XnkwbpXx
XpeyZnIvtXzf \yYmlo\x t] Ctmcth {Klx
kqcy{KlWn D]tbmKnt N{mmwiw {KlWay
thfbnse AmwitmSv Atmgs ZrIv{`wiw IqnbXmWv; Ah
cpw Htc Znibnsen, hn]coX ZniIfnsen IngnbvWw.
43. kzm\mXv ew_\w lntm hnt]m{KmXv XtXm\Xnx
ayPzmbmkvXp bmZnIvkm ZrIvt]kyXtXc]n.
N{ew_\w, Amwim{Knse Cpm\n \npw Ahn
sS \np Amwiew_\ (\Xn) n \npw ImWWw. ay
Pymhns Zni (ayeKv\ns ssk ZM) ZrIvt]ntbpw
Amwiew_\ntbpw Zni XsbmWv.
44. thtWmx ]kp kq{XmWmw ew_nXm\mw bYm`thXv
thWz{K t]hXv t]k, XYmZrIvt]bWXn.
apfbpsS In sInb NcSv, apfbpsS Ans t]a\pk
cnv amdpXpt]mse Amwins ew_nXw ZrIvt]a\pkcnv
amdnsmncnpw FdnbWw.
(hcmlanlncs ]knmnI t\mpI. Cu \nbasfmw
Xs {]mNo\ knmfnephbmWv Fv ImWpI).
555

{]Imiknp

45. bZm Xp _nw_tbmx kv]ikvXZm tI{mXcwXtbmx


_nw_mssIyw lyXkvtX\p IrXw kaew.
{KlnsSp _nw_w, {Kkn _nw_w ChbpsS kv]iw kw`
hnptm ChbpsS tI{ Xnep Zqcw hymkmfpsS
XpIbmWv. AXn\m k aew (contact circle) hcbvp
tm Cu XpIsb Ahymkamn hcbvWw.
46. k ate `m\paty bmhZv hnt[ymx nXnx
XmhZv kymXv {KlWw `mt\mx kv]jvS t`mtKm hnt[ym{Ktl.
kqcy tI{ambncnbvs, N{ kaen\
Ip nXn sNpnStmfw Imew kqcy{KlWamWv. N{{KlW
n N{ BZykv]i_np apX Ahkm\ kv]i _nphsc
kcnp ImeamWv N{{KlW Imew.
47. k aty Ievt]ymf x kZm]n. iio]p\x
ayt]mcmaty, ]cnt[ymx kv]itamtbmx
kqcys\ Ftmgpw kev]nbvtXv kaens
tI{nemWv (ayn). N{\msWn {KlWayn,
k ae tI{n \nv Xs tI{mmwin\p kaw
AIenemWv. N{ BZykv]i, tamthfIfn k
aens ]cn[nbnemWv (Nn{Xw 3.1 se kqcyN{mcpsS m\w
t\sc hn]coXambn ChnsS Fv ImWpI. Ctm kucbqYnse
kqcytI{ hyhnXnbmWv ]dbpXv- Bode's law shv ap {Kl
sfbpw ]dbm\p A\p]mXw hcmlanlnc ]knmnIbn ]d
Xv t\mpI).
48. ayt]ky k hymkmky N h tbmx
t`Z aqew KXn w {X {]mIv (]mXv) N{ItXmhnt[mx
N{ {KlWthfbn kqcys Ingtm ]Snmtdm Bbn
kcn tImWnI Zqcw =

) (kaemhymkw)2 - (ay{KlWmmwiw)2 Or
) (Radius of contact circle)2 - (latitude of mid eclipse)2
556

{]Imiknp

49. t]m{Kln nXnty hnt[mx ]qm]cmKXnx


ktImSnx tt]mf tXm, KXnt{Xw NXZv`pPm
{KlWayn N{ Amwin \nv hStmtm, sX
tmtm Bbncnpw. kcn tImWnI AIeamIs ]q ]na
Znibnepw. AXn\m Amwiw In\v (k aens
Ahymkhpw, tImWnI AIew `pPhpamWv) ew_ambncnpw.

tImSn (k
aem hymkw

Amwiw

90

)
`pPw
(tImWnI AIew or Iw)

Nn{Xw 3.6

50. KXycm]vXw jjvTnLv\w KXnt{Xw ntXew


XtZhtm, cthx kzobew_\mwti\ XrXw
kcn tImWnI Zqcw x 60 = 1/2 {KlW Imew (\mgnIbn)
kqcyN{mcpsS Zn\KXn
Cu tImWnI AIew Xs N{{KlWn\pw kzoIcnmw.
kqcy{KlWn\v kqcytcJmwi ew_\w sImp correction
sNbvXv D]tbmKnWw.
51. nXylo\w ZypKXw ayPkv]iPw kvarXw
kv]iImte ]p\x kmyw ew_\w ktS]XXv.
N{nXnbpsS Aw IngnpInnb ayPkv]iPw ({KlW
ayn \nv IWmp BZykv]i\w) sImv kv]iImew
ImWm CSbvnSbnep ew_\w (parallax) AdnbWw.
52. kv]iPw ew_\w bZv, byPw; XzcwXtbm
nXyt {]nt]Xv XZzn kv]i nXyaocnXw.
ayPw, kv]iPw, ChbvnSbnse ew_\w nXytmSv
557

{]Imiknp

IqnbXns\ kv]inXyw (first contact half duration) Fp


]dbpp.
53. kv]i\ ZypKXw tX\, Xkvamkv]iew_\w
IrXzm ew_\ tijw XpnXyt tIhte nt]Xv
CXp]tbmKnv BZykv]i\ thf ImWpI. AXp]tbmKnv
BZykv]i\ thfbpsS ew_\w hopw ImWpI. hopw ew_\
hyXymkw ImWpI. BZys nXytmSv IqpI.
54. Ghw IrXzm hninjvSw Xp nXyt kv]iPw kv^pSw
tamPw NXYm kmy nXy tamImeXx
Cs\ hopw hopw Hsmmbn kv^pSKWnXw sNbvXpsN
bvXv Innb nXyw BhnpXv bYm nXyw (true
half duration) ImWpXn\mWv. CXpt]mse cmas nXyhpw
(tamImes) ImWWw.
55. CjvSIme{KlWw
atyjvStbmew_\tbmx EWtaIw [\w]cw
bZm XZm ew_\tbm tbmKx t]yx ntXte.
{KlWImew, CjvSImew, ChbpsS ew_\fn Hv EWw,
Hv ]csan AhbpsS XpI aymtmSv IqpI. kv^pSKXn
Inpw.
56. bZcw ew_\tbmkv Xzn-Ime Zztbmtbmx
ImeZzbmImtem ew_\w, `ntbmcypXnx
cp hyXykvX Imes ew_\fpsS hyXymkw, AhbpsS
CSthfbpsS ew_\amWv. AXn\m ew_\ hyXykvXsap
Im Ah IqpIbmWv sNtXv.
57. DZtb{]mIv ]ntaf kvtX ew_\mZXx iin
KXnew_\tXmf tXmf [x (XXx) ImemtXm{Ktl.
kqtcymZbn N{ kqcys Ingp`mKpw kqcymkvXab
n ]Snmdp`mKpw ew_\n ImWsSpp. AXn\m
558

{]Imiknp

Bt]nIKXnbn \nv ew_\w IpdbvWw. CXn\m {KlW


Imew hnpp.
58. nXyw ew_\w bXvkymXv Xkvan Imte N ew_\w
kymZv `q(bm)f ]y hntijmaXx kmyw ntX ew.
{Klaynse ew_\w GXmbncpmepw AXnt\mSv _s
Imev ew_\n hyXymkw ImWmw. AXn\memWv hopw
hopw ASpSp kabv (53,54 tmIw ImWpI) ew_\w
ImtWXv (successive approximation).
59. XXv Imtem hntt]m KXnt{Xky km[\w
CtXyIf t\y XznjvS ayImtemsu Zzmh]oXnsXu.
AXmXv Imes AXmXpt{Xnse Amwiw shpam{X
ta tImWnI AIew (KXn- IemIw) ImWmhq Fsmc`n{]mb
apv. asmc`n{]mbw ayIme{KlWns Amwihpw CjvS
Imes Amwihpw IqSn D]tbmKnWsamWv.
60. CjvShnt]kI IrtXymZcw
atyjvSt]tbm t`ZIrXnbpw N Xpeytbmx
61. hnZntimtO tymKIrXnbpw, Xky]Zw XpbXv
KXnt{Xw lnXXvkv]jvS anXymlpbpn NnImx
bpnNnI (imkv{X) A`n{]mbsSpXv CjvSIme
s (Aw)2, (AhymkfpsS XpI)2 ChbpsS hyXymkw Iv
Innb Ahpw, ay{KlWmhpw Htc Znibnsen (hyXykw)2
IqpI; hyXykvX Znisbn (AhbpsS XpI)2 IqpI. CXns h
aqeamWv {Klayns kv^pSKXn. ]ctaizc Xsbpw, C{]
Imcw KWn hcmlanlnct\bpw bpnNnI cmbn KWnbvp
pv Fw.
62. t]tbmccw tImSn tmtKm hm, _mlpcnjvSPw
KXnt{Xw ln, XXv Itm KXnt{Xa]n kv^pSw.
taev]d kv^pSKXnbpsS {XntImWn (60-61 tmIw)
AhyXymkamWv ew_w. (tmIw 48 Innb) tImWnI AIew
{XntImW]mZw. Ctm Innb kv^pSKXn Iw.
559

{]Imiknp

Iw
(tm. 62)

ew_w
(tm. 60-61)

]mZw
(tm. 48)

Nn{Xw 3.7

63. nXy ew_\m`mhmZv KXnt{X `hw kv^pSw


]mt ayantmx kymXv kv^pSt] tIhew
N{{KlWn\v ew_\an. AXn\m tmIw 60-61 ]d
{]Imcw Innb tImWnIZqcw XsbmWv kv^pSayw. N{s Aw
XsbmWv kv^pSmw.
64. hnax
hna hr anq (\Xatkmf t\) km[nXw
KXnt{Xw hnatmImem{X N ]qhXv.
hnaw (Total eclipse):- ]q{KlW hrw hcbvp hn[w
]dbpp. OmbbpsS Ahymkw- N{s AhymkamWv. ]q
{KlW hrns Ahymkw. ChnsSbpw ]q{KlW ay
ns tImWnI KXn, AXns Imew Fnh ap]dt]mse
IWmnbncnWw.
65. he\w, Ahe\w
\tXmXv {IaPym \nlXm ]ePym{XnPytbmZvLrXm
Aw kymZvhe\w skuayw, {]mlvtW, ]mpZnWw
he\w= Znibn D amw (deviation in direction) Ctm geodesic
Fp ]dbpXv, civan hfbp {]{Inb. Amwihe\w- Amwi
hyXymkw sImv Znibn A\p`hsSp amw.
Sine of latitude x Sine of colatitude = Ahe\w

3438
560

{]Imiknp

CXv {]`mXn hStmpw kmbmlv\n sXtmpw hf


ncnbvpw.
66. \tX XnYy[ntI Xp {XnwiOp{Z alnkv^pSw
XncymXn\ ]mXmte XZmktf ]ytXm bXmx
15 \mUnIbn GsdbmsWn 30 \mUnIbn \nv Ipdv
_mnsb bYm ImeamsbSpmw. tI{`mKv DcZnW t`Z
an FdnbpI.
67. B[nIymZv lcntP XncymtX cpXv {Iakw{Klx
DZtblypZK{Kw kymZv _nw_akvXatbf \yYmx
lcnP (N{Ihmf) n\Spv DcZnWt`Zw Ghpw A[nIw
(maximum) BWv. DZbn DZK{Kw Dc`mKtbvpw, AkvXab
n ZnW `mKtbvpw BIbmemWv Cu B[nIyw (67-68 se
\ymbw sXmsWv knmintcmaWn tKmfmymbw {KlWhmk\
36- `mkvIcmNmcy II).
68. [yphr () ky _nw_ky _nw_kylyqZtb {XnKpWx {ipXnx
XncyXnx ]ePym N, \ kymXv kmtXmf \p]mXXx
Zn\hrn DZbn 3 cminIfpsS Pymhv (sine) IamWv.
Sine of latitude hyXykw Xcpp. AXn\m B hyXymkw Sine of
colatitude t\mSv A\p]mXnembncnbn.
69. Ab\he\w
N{tImSypXv{Ia PymLv\k {XnPym]vXx ]cam]ax
Ab\whe\w, ZnIvXp th[ymf {Xmf b\hXvkZm
70. DZMvapsJm arKv\sZu lntJtSm, bmaymbt\ \yYm
XncymXnkvXp tKmemtf {Xm[nIym ZpXv{Ia{Klx
71. XncymXnln hnw_kntKmemt]cam]ax
{XnPym I kvXzb\mt \XzXx km\p]mXXx
DXv{IaPymsb x Cosine N{tImSn = N{KXnsImp Znimamw
{XnPym
DXv{IaPym (maximum declination)
Zni N{KXn Zni Xs. aIcw apX 6 cmin hSv- InSIw
apX 6 cmin sXv- FmWv N{KXnZni- AhnsS (sXpw hSpw
561

{]Imiknp

AtKmffpsS Aw) \nv taSw, Xpemn Ghpa[nIw (maximum)


DXv{IaPym AYhm Znimamw hcpp. AhnsS Sine of colatitude (CosineN{tImSn) D]tbmKnWw. taSw, Xpemn Znibpw maximum
declination AYhm DXv{IaPymhpw HpXs (Xpeyw) bmWv. Iw,
InSIw, aIcw BZyn {XnPymbvv XpeyamWv. AXn\m Znim
amw B\p]mXnIa- shtsdbmWv (`mkvcmNmcy N{tImSn
D]tbmKnXv sXsv A`n{]mbsSpp).
72. kv^pShe\w
XpeymXpey ZntimtmK t`ZmZvhe\ Nm]tbmx
Pohm (tkmam) I Lv\m {XnPym]vXm he\wkv^pSw.
cv he\Nm]hpw IqSn IqpItbm hyXymkw ImWpItbm Znim
\pkrXambn sNpI. Poh (ssk) Iv N{stbm kqcystbm
hymkm (GXp{KlWsa\pkcnv) AXns\ KpWnv {XnPybm
lcnm he\kv^pSw (total deviation) Inpw.
73. {KlW]cnteJx
kate {KmlyKt` ZnIvkq{X antX
]qtXm he\m{KmXv kymXv {]mKmimf \ym XZzimXv.
kaew hcbvpI. {Klnbvs _nw_w AXn Hn
\Iv Hmbn (Concentric) hcv \mepZni tcJsSppI. Ingv
he\m{K _npsh kaen hcv CXnt\mSv _nXambn
apZniI hcbvpI.
74. kzt]mt{K a[yhnp ymXv bmtaymtcnXx
bmtaymtc\tbXv t-s]u ayXx kv]itamsPu.
{KlWa[y_np Dc ZnWtcJta ay{KlWmmwi
n\v kaamb Zqcn InSpp. kv]i\w XpSpXpw Ahkm
\npXpamb A, tI{n \nv AfshSpv Dc
ZnW tcJta tcJsSppI.
75. kv]itamtmZv`shu _nqhnt]{KmnPmnPmXv
khr]cns[u Imtcym ]qm]cmitbmx
]q ]na tcJta BZykv]i_nphpw, tam_nphpw
k hr]cn[nbn AXmXv Amwin\v kaambn hc
bvpI.
562

{]Imiknp

76. kv]i_nqcthx ]mXv{]mtNym_npkvXp tamPx


hntZymhykvXw, {KmlIXzmXv {KmlyXzmZ]n ioXtKmx
kqcy{KlWn\v BZykv]i_np ]SnmdmWv. IngmWv
tam_np. N{\v t\sc adnmWv. ImcWw kqcy{KlWn
{KmlI ({Kknph) N{\mWv. N{{KlWn N{ {Kmly
amWv ({Kknbv
- sSph).
77. t] ZznKzn ]coXmkymXv N{{KlW teJt\
N{mXv t]mtc bkvamXv Xtam_nw_w {]Iev]ytX.
N{{KlWw hcbvptm kv]i_np AmwiZnibpsS
hn]coX ZnibnseSpWw. Ombmhrw AXns tI{tmSpIqSn
N{mmwiZqcn\p kaambnmWv BZyw hcbvpXv; AXn\m!
78. enJntX {KmltI kzoe (hnw_mc) {KlWnXnx
aty kv]ti N tamtkym OnjvtS {KmlIhXx
{KmlI _nw_w hcbvptm ayw, Bcw`w, tamw F 3
_nptfmsS, {KlWnXn, {KmlIs Hcp IjvWamWv. ap `mK
fn (`qanbpsS) {KmlIy (hgn) A\pkcnv Cu `mKns
hensdpw thsdbmWv. IqSntbm Ipdtm Ccnbvpw ({]mtZinI
amtb honv {]hNnm\mhq. CX\pkcnv ap `mK KWnsSp
Ww).
79. _nq{Xb kv]rKvhr (ky) Jt {KmlIh (Xp)
CjvSImtef `ojvS`mtK h\n{KmlInXnx
_np{XbfneqsS ISpt]mIp hrNm]amWv {KmlIs
hgn (amw- {`aWIy)- CjvSImev, A`ojvS{]tZiv, Cu
KXnbn, Cu _nphneqsS {KmlI ISpt]mIppv.
80. A\mtZiy {KlWw
AjvSmwtif kymjvSn`mtKf (Zrsiyu) Otf ]nioXtKmx
ssXvWymXv cth, nt[mx siuymmkmacoNn`nx
kqcys 1/8 `mKw N{s 1/16 `mKw sImv adbp {KlWw
Zriya. kqcys {]ImicivanIfmepw N{s kqcycivan{]Xn^e\
mepamWXv. Ccw {KlW {]hNncpXv.
563

{]Imiknp

81. en]vXmetmZbmkq\mw Nt{I kmb\XovWtKmx


kZmcw [\w kymXv (I) emhZv [ypKXmkpjp.
kmb\ kqcys etmZbn \nv F{X an\pv Dn Nm]
Jw Fntbm F{Xbpw an\pv tcJmwin Fntbm, ChbpsS
hyXymkw {]mW (1/6 hn\mUnI) {]hNn kabnt\mSv IqpI
tbm IpdbvpItbm sNWw (tcJmwinse an\pv IqSpXsem Ipd
shm F\pkcnv).
82. A`qn {`aWtPm Znt\tim iinam\Xx
katm\m[ntImbkvamZv kwkvmc XZcmXv.
kqcytcJmwin AXns Zn\{`aWnepmhp `qn
kaw, Du\w BhpXv Dnep hyXymknemIbm Chbv\p
kcnv kwkvmc{Inb sNWw.
83. by]y\ptm _lp`nx kwkvmtcmbw XYm]n N
Imcyx kymZv KWssIx ImeaOt{K...(?)
Cu kwkvmcw ]ecmepw ]dbs Hm. ImeKWI Cu
kwkvmcw Xobmbpw sNbvXncnWw (sNmm {KlWw {]h
Nnm kmya. `qan ]mbt]mse ]cXmWv Fv hnizknncp,
]Tnnncp {Koknse anenkv BZyambn {KlWw {]hNn hyn
bmWv Fv temIsamSpap IpnIsf hnZym`ymk m]\
]TnnpsImt CcnbvbmWv, Cpw!!).
84. D]mbmca]ykvXn ] ew_mZn`nn\m
knmZo]nImbmw XnJnXw tKmehnXvkvarXw
kqcy{KlWw KWnbvm N{ew_\w ImWmsX asmcp am
apv. AXv Rm tKmfhnv (kwKa{Kma am[h) ]Tnn {]Imcw
knmZo]nIbn FgpXnbnpv.
]ctaizc KWn {KlW kqcy{KlWfmWv. N{{Kl
Ww hfsc km[mcWhpw kqcy{KlWw A]qhpamIbmemWv At
lw AXn IqSpX {i ]XnnXv. hcmlanlnc 5 knm
fn ]dbs {KlW\nba XmcXaysSpn FgpXnb ]kn
mnIbn imkv{Xobamb Hcp \ne]mSv ImWmw. ]ctaizcs kao
]\hpw imkv{XobamWv. cpt]cpw he\w apXemb \nba ZoL
ambn \nconv ]Tnv tcJsSpnbhcmWv. Ah Xn 1000 hjw
ImehyXykapv FtmWw.
564

{]Imiknp

hcmlanlnc cmas Imev (AD 5 -mw \qmn) FgpX


s Romance of Alexander F {Kn\v 14 -mw \qmn Hcp
Bta\nb tImn hp. CXp{]Imcw AeIvkm N{Ihn
P\nXv Hcp {KlWZn\amWv Fv ImWnp Hcp Nn{Xapv. AXn
iphns BIrXnbn Hcp {XntImWw hcv tase k]vXjnbpw,
AcpXnbpw Xmsg 8 {Klfpw \Sphn kqcyN{mcpw `qanbpw
tcJsSpnbncnpp.

Nn{Xw 3.8

85. {Kkam]vXn
]camZoiztcssWjm tmIm\mw \ymbZo]nIm
IrXm]bpXmioXym tkhyXmw KWtImssa.
CXn ]ctaizchncNnXm {KlW\ymb Zo]nImkam]vXm. Cu {Kl
W\ymbZo]nI 85 tmItfmsS KWtImamv D]tbmKnp
Xn\mbn ]camZoizc\m sNsXmWv. C{]Imcw ]ctaizchncNnX
amb {KlW\ymbZo]nI Ahkm\nbvpp.
ZrWnX ]ctaizc
Ipqcv \mKetcn hStcn a\bvse ]ctaizc 13-14 \qm
pIfn Pohnncp {]kn tPymXnimkv{X\mWv. ]clnX
KWnXhpw ZrWnXhpw ]p\cpcnv AX\pkcnv At\Iw \ncoW
\Snb Atlw cNn {KlW\ymbZo]nI {KlW\nba
hniZampp.
565

{]Imiknp

Bizemb\ tKm{Xn `rKphwin P\n EtKzZnbmbncpp


]ctaizc. tIcfn sXs ae_mdnse Benbqcn shmWv
\ncoW \SnbncpXv. hStcnbvv hSt{iWn FmWv
kpccmPs hmIyIcW hymJym\n ]dbpXv (Ed. Sn.Fkv.
Ip imkv{Xn. sI.hn. i. a{Zmkv 1962 t]Pv 8,28,93)- tNcn, tcn,
t{iWn Fo ]Z DmcWn ]ckv]cw amdphbmWv.
t{iWn Fm Hcp kaqlw. kmhmlI/IpekwLv ]v
Cu t]cv sImSpncpp. hStcn/hStcn/hSt{iWn Fm hSs
]IpXnbnse kaql, hS ]m- \nfm\ZnbpsS hSpIc
bn s]mm\npg Ad_nSen tNcp `mKmWv hStcn Fv
]dbpXn\m \nfbvv hSp tIcfob kaqlw- s]mm\n/
htcn/Benbq/IqSq- Cu `mKsf tI{oIcnmWv IqSq
a\bpsS Hcp imJbmb Ipqcv \mKetcn hStcnm Xmaknn
cpXv. CXn Benbqcmbncpp ]ctaizcs Cw.
\nfmbmx skuayXotcf _vtZx Iqex ]ctaizcx
kwt]mZv tKmekwm\w hn_memb `mhx
(tKmfZo]nI)
kactcJmbmx ]m ZjvSmZim tbmP\mtc {Kmta
kzcIrXjUv Xpent\f t hkXm imtIf jUv{XnN{NntX.
(tKmfZo]nI)
18. tbmP\ katcJbn \nv ]Snmpamdn 647 An
(10 51 N Amwiw) iIhjw 1360 tKmfZo]nI ]ctaizc cNnp.
CXn ]dbp katcJ Dbn\n Fp ]ecpw IcpXpp. {KlW
\nbafnsemw esb katcJbn D]tbmKn ]ctaizc ChnsS
bpw ebmhWw katcJsImptinsXv Hc`n{]mbapv. 9
tbmP\ (8.8-8.9 tbmP\) Fv ]dm Hcp Un{KnbmWv tKmfn.
18 tbmP\ ]Snmp amdpI Fp ]dm ebn \nv 2 ]Sn
mv amdn (8 an\pv kabhyXymkw) FmWw. AXv tKmf\nba
amWv. cp{Z Fsmcp Kpcphns\ ]ctaizc t]scSpp ]dbppv.
tKmfhnv Fdnbp am[h ]ctaizcs Kpcphmbncpp. Chsc
IqSmsX \mcmbW Fsmcp Kpcphpw Atln\pmbncpXmbn
]p{X\pw injy\pamb ZmtamZc\pw, injy \oeIWvT tkmabmPnbpw
tcJsSppp. \mcmbW Bscv Adnhmbnn. aplqcXv\
566

{]Imiknp

Imhmb tKmhns injy ]ctaizcs ap\pw tPymXnjn


bpambncpp. AtlamtWm Fv Xocpam\ambnn. tKmhns\p
dnv ]ctaizc {]Ionv FgpXnbnpv.
55 hjw XpSbmbn BImitKmfsf \ncoWw sNbvX
tijw 1353 iIhjn (AD 1431) ]ctaizc ZrWnXw cNnp.
iIw 1365 (AD 1443) emWv tKmfZo]nI II FgpXpXv. Ien 4536 (AD
1445) ]ctaizc Hcp cN\ sNbvXXmbn \oeIWvT tkmabmPn
tcJsSpnbnpv (`mh ]ctaizcs\ AkvaZv ]caKpcqWmNemw
ikvXzw CXn Iey_vtZ ]Zimwi]qn\nnXm). 1431 apX 55
hjw ]nntev, AD 1375 Xs \ncoWw Bcw`nptm
]ctaizc Hcp IpnbmWv (1442 \oeIWvT tkmabmPnbpsS
P\\w). AD 1360-1455 hscbmWv `mh ]ctaizcs\ Ipq
hStcn \mKetcn ZrWnX ]ctaizcs PohnXImew.
]ctaizcs IrXnI
1. ZrWnXw
2. tKmfZo]nI I
3. tKmfZo]nI II
4. {KlWa\w
5. {KlW\ymbZo]nI
6. {KlWmjvSIw
7. hmIyIcWw
8. `SZo]nI
9. ]ctaizc
10. IZo]nI
11. knmZo]nI
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.

IcW{Kw
Spherical
Geometry

{KlWspdnv

(Astronomical tables)
Bcy`Sob `mjyw
eLp`mkvcob `mjyw `mkvcmNmcy
alm`mkvcob `mjyw Is IrXnIv
tKmhnkzmanbpsS alm`mkvIcob
`mjyn\v `mjyw
apRvPehs eLpam\k`mjyw
hnhcWw- kqcyknm`mjyw
hnhcWw- `mkvc 2 -mas eoemhXn`mjyw
hrn hyXo]mXmjvSIw emSssh[rXw
hrn (tKmfZo]nI II s `mjyw)
567

{]Imiknp

17. BNmckw{Klw
18. PmXI]Xn
19. aplqcXv\`mjyw
20. {io]XnbpsS PmXImtZin\v `mjyw
21. ]rYpbins {]iv\kXv ]inJm`mjyw
22. aplqmjvSIZo]nI
23. hmIyZo]nI
24. `mZo]nI

Astrology

IpInmh

\oeIWvT tkmabmPnbpsS Bcy`Sob`mjyn


]ctaizcmNmtcyW]p\x {KlW{KltbmKmZnI bss{x
]]miZv hjImew kayIv]conXw Fp ImWmw.
55 hjw ]ctaizc \ncoWw \SnbXv {KlW{KltemKm
ZnIb{ D]tbmKnmWv. hcmlanlncs ]knmnIbn
At\Iw b{fpsS \nmWhpw D]tbmKhpw \ncoWhpw ]d
npv. KWnXhpw Zriyhpw Xnep hyXymkw _oPKWnXw
sImv kv^pSw sNm hcmlanlnc \ntinpp. CXv ]ctaiz
c\pw Adnbmw. (Imtemf t\\ N knx IZmNnZ]n `n[ytX kzev]w)
Fnpw, app BNmcycpsS {KlW\nba Dcntijw
Xm KWnXpw ZinXpw IqSn ]dbp hcmlanlncs coXnsb
hnainp ]ctaizc\pw AXpXs sNpp F Imcyw {in
Ww. kzev] hyXymkw ]qnIcpsS KW\n \nv hcmlanlnc
\p Inn. kzev]hyXymkw ]ctaizc\pw ]qoIcpsS KW\n \n
mWv e`nXv. Cu kzev]hyXymkfpsS \nbasbpw kv^pSw
sNbvXv FSppXv _oPKWnXamWv. cp ImeLfnse im
kv{XcpsS imkv{Xw kzev]w hyXymkw ImpXv Adnhnmbva
sIm, Adnhv IqSptmgmWv. Adnhp IqSptm B hyXymkw
hcm\pmb ImcWs- hyXymkns \nbanse Adnhnm
bvasb- a\pjy \ncoWhnt[bampw. \yqs sXpI sF
sss icnIfmhp t]msebmWv Acw Adnhv. Imew sImv
a\pjy kv^pSw sNbvsXSppXmWv m\w/imkv{Xw. \ncc
\ncoWw, XeapdIfneqsS ssIamdp \ncoW KthjW k{
Zmbw, CXnp KpcpIpe kwhn[m\w- Cs\bmWv `mcXn
tPymXnimkv{XapssS Hmtcm hnm\imJbpw hfphXv.
568

{]Imiknp

iIw 1315 \ncoWamcw`n ]ctaizc Xm {]hNn {Kl


Wfnse Ime, _nw_, ZrKv t`ZfpsS \nba \app Xp.
am{Xa GXpZn\w FhnsSshv Xm \nconp F Hcp enpw
Xcppv. kqcyN{m, Nt{mw, cmlp ChpsS kv^pSm\w DZ
bn Hcp Zn\n IWmn AXpapX correction sNt
BhiyIX ]ctaizc Xs ]qoIsctmse FSpp ]dbpp.
CXns\ Imemckwkvmcw FpXsbmWv 14 -mw \qmnepw
Atlw ]dbpXv. ImemcamWv Cwojn IedmbsXv ]
knmnIbn Rm NqnmpIbpmbn.
]ctaizc Zin {KlWfpsS IenZn\ kwJyI
1. k]vX\mKmKv\nKptWjpck`q

1653387 tKm
Iw
1655130

2. iq\ymKv\n`qitcjzwK`q

\nfmXSw
+kwKa
{Kmaw

3. JJiq\ymn _mWmwKiin

1652000 \mhm
t{Xw
4. ZznjUvctkjp ]mwKhn[p`n
1655662 \nfmXSw
5. IrXZzn_mWcmam_v[n jUvNss{
1643524

6. ckXnYy{`nthZ`qjUv`qan
1647156

7. {Zhyy{ZyjvSm_v[n jUvN{
1648722

8. KtWmf_v[n \mKm_v[n ]tjzwssKI 1655484

9. Zns\uftL [y_v[njUv]_mWmwKI 1655647

10. cmac{ ba{]mW _mjjUviin\n


1655293

11. thZc{ ckmo pckioXmwip`n


1652694

12. azw Km_v[njp jUvNss{


1654614

13. {Xnkv{Xm_v[n {iojpctkp`n


1653403

14. thmaiq\ymZnNt{jpck`q
1651700

Chsb {Ian FgpXn 2 {KlW Xnep CSthf Ip


t\mpI.
1.
2.
3.
4.

1643524
1647156
1648722
1651700

3632 Znhkw hyXymkw


1566

2978

569

8176 Znhkn
4 {KlWw

{]Imiknp
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

1652000
1652694
1653387
1653403
1654614
1655130
1655293
1655484
1655647
1655662

3000
694
693
16
1211
516
163
191
163
15

4086 Zn\w10 {KlWw \nconp

12262 Zn\w- 14 {KlWw

BsI

366 Znhkap ]hjob ss]XmalbpKn IrXyambn


33 Imehrw (33 x 366=12078) ]qnbmnb tijw 284 Znhkw
Ignp.
AD 1431 Xs {KlWkw_ab {Kw FgpXnbtijhpw
]ctaizc {KlW \nconnpmhWw. AD 1444 hsc Atlw
\nconnpv. CXv tcJsSpnbXmhmw. \oeIWvT tkmabmPn
]dbp 1445 se cN\. 1946 sabv 6 \v IenZn\kwJy 1843482 (bZph
Zlmcw). CXn \nv ]ctaizcs taev]d IenZn\kwJyI
hyXymkw Ip t\mnbnmWv, Rm Cu \nKa\nsenbXv.
1946 sabv 6 \nv 502 hjw 328 Znhkw apmWv ]ctaizc Xs
Ahkm\s kqcy{KlWw \nconnpXv. IenZn\ kwJy
sImv C{X IrXyambn ]dbmw Fncnbvs ap ]ehn[ Imemc
KW\Ifpw amn amn kzoIcnv \ shdpsX Confusion Dmn
bXmWv ]e Ncn{X]camb A_pw ImcWw.
b{
iwJw, N{Iw, KZ, ]w, thWp (apf), {iob{w- -hfsc ]g
aphbmWv Cu Bkvt{SmWan b{. \nbmUXm a\p
jys An apcfn apX Ctmv knpen]nbnse At\Iw knw_
epI hsc CXn\v sXfnhpI ImWmw. AD 427 ab{w, tKmf
b{w Fnh hcmlanlnc D]tbmKnncpp. 4500-5000 BC bn
knq\ZoXSnepw ay, tKmfb{ D]tbmKnncpp. 1000 BC
bnse {]mNo\ kqcyknmn Cu b{sfmw ]dbpp. 700
570

{]Imiknp
BC bn es injy[ohnnX n 12 b{ ]dbpp. 1072
AD bn `mkvcmNmcy\pw 1506 AD bn KtWi`hyms {Klem

Lhhpw D]IcW hnhcnppv. 6000 hjtmfw `mcXn


XpSbmbn D]tbmKn Cu b{ Fv, Fs\ Fv Adntb
Xpv.
kqcyknmImev ckw, Pew, F, aW, N{Iw Fnh
D]tbmKn b{fmWpmbncpXv.
]cZmcmw_p kq{XmWn ip_ssXePem\nN
_oPm\n ]mwkhjvtSjp{]tbmKmkvtX ]n Zp`m.
BC 1000 n ]cZmcw (ckw), Av, kq{X, ip_w, ssXew,
Pew, _oPw ([m\yw), ]mwkp (aW) Fv 8 Xcw {]tbmKw. Mercury
(ckw) FXn\v ]cZmcw (]ckv{Xob) Fv t]cv sImSpncnpp.
ckm\p`hw IqSpX ]cZmcnse cXnbvmsW Imaimkv{X ]mTw
At {]Nmcnencpncnbvmw. N{InSbn ckw \ndv Id
p tKmfb{w BC 1000 ns D]tbmKnncpp. tImWpI
kqvaambn hnIe hsc Afp D]IcWns kqcyknm
nse h\:60 hnIe
60 Ie
30 `mKw
12 cmin

=
=
=
=

1 Ie
1 `mKw
1 cmin
1 `KWw

AD 1072 eoemhXnbn bthmZcw (bh[m\yw), AwKpew,

lkvXw, Zw, t{Imiw, tbmP\ Fv \ofw, Zqcw Afp tIm


Dv. AD 427 epw (hcmlanlnc) CtX Afhpv. tbmP\ EtKzZ
Imew apXte D AfhmWv.
8 bhw
24 AwKpew
4 lkvXw
2000 Zw
4 t{Imiw
10 lkvXw
(400)2 hwiw

=
=
=
=
=
=
=

Hcp hnc (AwKpew)


1 lkvXw
1 Zw
1 t{Imiw
1 tbmP\
1 hwiw
1 \n_w
571

{]Imiknp

Imeam\w
60 hn]e
60 ]ew
150 ]ew
24 tlmc
Imew, Zqcw,
_nnncpp.

= 1 ]ew
= 1 LSn
= 1 tlmc (15 `mKw) = 1/2 cmin
= 1 Zn\w = 12 cmin = 1 `KWw
tIm, _nw_w Fnhsb C{]Imcw ]ckv]cw

emNmcys 12 D]IcW
tKmtem `KW {Iw L\LSn iwJp iISIcyx
]njvSI ]me iemI ZzmZib{mWn klbjvSbm
(injyZohrnX. 700 BC)
tKmfw (sphere), `KW (ring), N{Iw (disc), [\pv (Bow & arrow),
LSn (LSnImcw), iwJp, iISw, Icy, ]njvSIw, I]mew, iemI-

`KWw

PeLSnImcw

N{Iw

[\pv

iwJp (2 Xcw)

iISw (Compass?)

Nn{Xw 3.9
572

{]Imiknp
(kqNokvXw`w)
HcpXcw ip

hrmIrXn
(thZn)
Icn

]njvTw

bjvSn (Zw)

Nn{Xw 3.10

hwikyaqew {]hntemIyNmKw XXzmcw XkykvarNyw N


bmw thn bjvStbh Icbmsku [ob{thZnhZInw\thn
(knmintcmaWn)
hwins (apf) aqehpw A{Khpw t\mn Dbchpw Zqchpw \n
bnp [ob{w (]pmpg) F thWp (bjvSn). Cybn
Ghpw ]gb iphpw Afp tImepIfpw D]tbmKnp ImWpXv
Aqenb ]mentbmennIv Imep Pohnncp {]mNo\ Kplm
a\pjycmWv. ChcpsS hmkm\v 12 apX 20 hsc sknaodn
8 IpgnIfn 8 XqWpI, Cucsw Htc henn ]ckv]cw
80-120 sk.ao. AIen \mnbncpXmbn Ip. IpgnI 20-30
sk.ao. Bgn Ccpbn [mcmfap ]mdpdmWv Ipgnncnp
Xv. _mtK I se ]mentbmennv a\pjy (]Snmd Xocv
\mt\Ln\Spv. IpptSizc t{X`mKv-) 85 sknao hymk
n Ip ]Sp hrmIrXnbmb thZoayn 15 sk.ao. Dbcw,
6.5 sk.ao. hoXw hoXnbpw I\hpw
D {XntImWmIrXnbnep ]mdv
(ip) {]XnjvTnncnpp. 6.5 x 15 =
15
975. EXpk]vX\h (976) F
ip
85 cm `mcXJnse tPymXnj]camb
6.5
kwJybn \nv Hv Ipdhv (]
knmnI ImWpI. tUm. kph
thZn
\memv . N.B.S. {]knoIcWw).
sXmSp ssIaq {Kmanse
Nn{Xw 3.11
{KmahmknI CtX t]mep Hcp
573

{]Imiknp

Ins\ (ambn) A (in) ssZhambn Zv


Bcm[npp. AXmbXv 9000-8000 BC bn
Nm]w
se upper ]mentbmennIv Imew apX
ip ({iob{w) D]tbmKnepv .
Ipns\s iphmnsmpw,
Nn{Xw 3.12
hrOmbsb t\mnbpw Cu KWnXw
{Kmafn \Snhcpp. Ipn apIfn \npsImp
\{XhoWw ]Xnhmbncpp. PeN{Ib{w, Pe\mfnImb{w
Fnh IS kmcw, Irjn Fnhbvv D]tbmKnncpp. `mkvcm
Nmcys Nm]b{w HcpXcw Protractor BWv. [\ppw, Zhpw
tN HmWXv. Dbcw, `qhymkw, N{ hymkw, `q]cn[n, `qN{m
cpsS Zqcw, tImWpI Fnh Afm\pw tImWn \nv Pymhpw,
tImSnPymhpw Iv Dbcw KWnm\pw (Sine & Cosine) D]tbmKn
ncpp.
Pe\mfnImb{w
Pens {]Xew, \mfnI ChsImv \{Xns tIm
\nbnpp. BZyw {XntImWmIrXnbn D iphns Dbcw,
Iw, ASnd Fnh IrXyambn Afv \nnpp. i-phnp
apIfn \mfnI shv \{Xw t\mpp. \{Xns {]Xn
_nw_w Pen ImWpwhn[w Pe]m{Xn shw thWw. {Kl
Ww t\mptm NmWIshamWv D]tbmKntXv. CXv In
s cbvmWv.
\{Xw

fn
p\m
t

Pe
]m{Xw

imkv{Xs
Iv

ip

ip

hW

ip

Pew

{]Xew (thZn)

Nn{Xw 3.13
574

Pebm\]m{Xw
(I)

{]Imiknp

{ioIrjvW kpZ
nWtbbpw Ap
ao (ayw). \{Xw
\ ]mmentbbpw ]m{Xw
(\ncoIs Iv)
hnhmlw Ignpwapv
Peayb{hnZybn eq
sS Omb t\mn eyw
t`Znp Ignhv sXfnbn
\qcw
ncpp. ew_\w (paraao (ayw)Peayw
llax) \nbaw AdnbmsX
CXv sNm\mhn. I
Nn{Xw 3.14: hqUq
en D]tbmKnncp
Pe\mfnImb{ns knw_ 90 bn Xncnp]nSnv hcv
AXpt\mn sshZyw ]dbp coXn lmbvXnbnse kv{XoInSbnepv.
hqUq FmWv Cu knw_en\p t]cv.
ayw Cuizcsbpw imkv{X\mb ao\hsbpw ImWv
ChnsS. ab{w, bh[m\yb{w apXembh ]knmnIbn
hnhcnp. `mkvcmNmcys PeN{Ib{n ]cZmcw (ckw) D]tbmKn
pp.
Db
Pekw`cWn
(Pe]m{Xw)

ckw
(\mfnbn)
Draining Tray

(Irjn\new)
Xmgv
Pekw`cWn
(Pe]m{Xw)

Nn{Xw 3.15

Imben \nv shw hnbvm\pw, PeLSnImcambpw CXns\


D]tbmKnmw. (ssk^{Inb) Pe\ncpw \mfnbnse ckhpw Xn
575

{]Imiknp

ep _mekpsImv {]hnpp (ImepsImv Nhnn {]h


nnt). PeamWv Duw. ]m{Xn cnepw Peansn
ckns m\w N{Ins Ghpw XmsgbmWv. Hcp ]m{Xn
Pew \ndm N{Iw Xncnbm XpSpw. ckw Hcp \mfnbn \nv
asmntev \on, imbalance sImv Ne\w \nccamhpp. 4 Pe
kw`cWn Dsn Hmtcmpw N{Is 90 hoXw Xncnv BsI
360 Xncnbpw. BZyIme PeLSnImcw Cs\ {]hnncpp. s]cp
sbpw aIsbpw ]mh Cu Xza\pkcnv {]hnnncph
bmWv. 1072 AD bnse knmintcmaWnbn CXns ]qh\
ImWmw. salKmlv kwkvmcn Irjn\ne CXpt]mse
Draining tray cq]n Xmsg sNdnb ZzmctfmsS Dmnbncpp.
tIcfnse ]ptm \nefn Cu Xza\pkcnmWv Pe
tkN\w. Pew \nccambn HgpIp ]w N{Ihpw \nccw Idpw.
N{Inse Ida\pkcnv Nenp kqNn, ssk^ {Inbbnep
PehnXm\w, AXn Hcp sNdphn (float) bpsS eh ({KopImcpsS
BZyIme PeLSn) Chsbmsshv \ncoW \Snbncpp.
9000 BC apX 1500 AD hsc ]Xn\mbncne[nIw hjw Cy
bnse a\pjy Ccw At\Iw b{fpw, Xqhpw, Afhpw shv
KWnXhpw, JtKmf \ncoWhpw sNbvXp. Cy sKmzm\m emns
Hcp `mKambncpp (IcmambWnse sImh\w). sKmzm\m em
ns `mKambncp Imev ssN\bn (80000-100000 hjw apv)
Pohnncp a\pjys XetbmSv IpInnbnpv (Xuchang man)
250000-500000 hjw ]gb P\m\p\npw s]ucmWnI a\pjy
s t^mkn Inn. Fm a\pjycpw 60000 hjw apv B{^nbn
\nv kmcamcw`n Hcp hynbpsS afmsW imkv{X\nKa\
n\v Cu t^mknepI Hcp XncnSnbmWv. Fmw ]Snmp \nv
Ingtmv F ]mmXyimkv{XfpsSbpw imkv{XcpsSbpw
Bcy B{IaWanpI, C cw ]mentbm B{tmfPn
sXfnhpIpapn ]p\hnNn\w sNstSXmWv. a\pjys
imkv{X_pnbpsS ]qhnImkw, Aht_m[w, akvXnjv {]h
\w Fnh ]Tnbvm CybpsS ]pcmW imkv{X imJIfnte
pw Iemcq]fntepw Xncntbnbncnpp. B{^nsbtmep
Hcp Ccp `qJnse kwkvIrXnbn \nv AXv t]sSp
m\msbphcn.

*
576

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