lg0f{o g+= *&^$

;jf]R{ r cbfnt, k"0f{ Ohnf;

dfggLo GofofwLz >L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{
dfggLo GofofwLz >L cjw]zs'df/ ofbj
dfggLo GofofwLz >L lu/Lz rGb| nfn
kmf}=k'=g+= )^^CR)))$
km};nf ldltM @)^*.*.!.%
d'2fM st{Jo Hofg .
k'g/fj]bs jfbLM cf]h/fh lji6sf] hfx]/Ln] g]kfn
;/sf/
lj?4
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLM ndh' lhNnf, lrtL uf=lj=;=j8f
g++ * a:g] o1axfb'/ yfkf ;d]t
z'? km};nf ug]M{
df=lh=GofM>L tLy{/fh b]jsf]6f
k'g/fj]bg km};nf ug]M{
df=GofM>L dfwj/fh yfkf
df=GofM>L k'?iff]Qd k/fh'nL
o; cbfnt ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;df km};nf ug]M{
df=Gof=>L /fdk|;fb >]i7
df=Gof=>L df]xgk|sfz l;6f}nf

hfx]/L b/vf:tdf n]lvPsf s'/fxnfO{

cfwf/ agfO{ cg';Gwfgstf{n] ck/fwsf]
;DaGwdf dxTjk"0f{ ;"rgf ;+sng u/L
;DefJo ck/fwLsf] klxrfg ug{ / ck/fw
k'li6 ug{;Sg] .
hfx]/L b/vf:tnfO{ cbfntn] cGo ;+slnt
k|df0fsf] /f]xdf k/LIf0f gu/];Dd jf cGo
k| d f0fxn] ;dy{ g - Corroborate _
gu/];Dd To:tf] hfx]/L b/vf:t cfkm}d
F f
:jtGq k|df0f x'g ;Qm}g . cGo k|df0faf6
;dly{t gu/];Dd hfx]/L b/vf:t s]jn
ck/fw cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf dfq ;xof]uL
x'g ;Qm5 . To;}n] hfx]/L bvf{:tnfO{
171

cleof]u nufOPsf] s'g} klg JolQmsf lj?4

k|df0fsf] ?kdf u|x0f ug'k{ j" { ;f] hfx]/L
b/vf:tsf] Goflos k/LIf0f TolQs}
cfjZos x'g] .
hfx]/L b/vf:tsf] d"Nofg ug]{ dxTjk"0f{
cfwf/sf] ?kdf k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf
!* adf]lhd To:tf] hfx]/L lbg] JolQm cyf{t\
hfx]/jfnf :jo+ ;fIfLsf ?kdf cbfntdf
pkl:yt eO{ cfk"mn] hfx]/L b/vf:tdf
n]vfPsf] s'/fnfO{ cbfntdf jskq u/L
;dy{g u/]sf] l:ylt ljBdfg x'g' kb{5 .
cGoyf s'g} klg hfx]/Lsf] Joxf]/fn] ck/fw
k'li6 ug]{ k|fdfl0fs dxTj u|x0f ug{ g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=^_
nf;hfFr d'rN' sf / zj k/LIf0f k|ltj]bgaf6
s;}sf] d[To' st{Joaf6} ePsf] b]lvP tfklg
To:tf k|df0fxn] s'g} cd's JolQm g} s;"/bf/
xf] eGg] s'/f lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Qm}gg\ .
cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf ;+sng ePsf cGo
k|df0fxn] l;nl;n]jf/ ?kdf cf/f]lkt
JolQmpk/sf] s;"/nfO{ :yflkt u/]sf]
cj:yfdf dfq} zj k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg tyf
nf;hfFr d'rN' sfn] To:tf] cf/f]lkt JolQmpk/
s;"/ sfod ug]{ k|df0fsf] :yfg u|x0f ug]{ .
nf;hfF r d' r ' N sf / zj k/LIf0f
k|ltj]bgnfO{ dfq} klg cf/f]lkt JolQmsf
lj?4 :jo+ d f csf6\ o k| d f0f dfGg
g;lsg] .
-k|s/0f g+=&_
Gofo lg/f]k0f ug]{ lgsfoaf6 k/LIf0f ul/Psf
k|df0fxaf6 jf/bftdf k|ltjfbLxsf]
;+nUgtf k'li6 gePsf] l:yltdf cfk"mn]
k/LIf0f gu/]sf] k|df0fsf] cfwf/df dfq}
s;}nfO{ bf]ifL s/f/ ug'{ kmf}hbf/L Gofo
Joj:Yffsf] k|lts"n x'g hfg] .
-k|s/0f g+=(_
s'g} klg kmf}hbf/L s;"/nfO{ z+sf/lxt
tj/n] k'li6 ug'k{ g]{ bfloTj cleof]hg kIfsf]
x'g,] cbfntn] k|fKt k|df0fxsf] k/LIf0f

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

Pj+ d"Nofg u/L tL k|df0fxn] 7x/]adf]lhd

dfq Gofo lg/f]k0f ug'k{ g]{ eGg] g} x'G5 . t/
cbfnt :jo+n] s'g} k|df0fsf] l;h{gf u/L
s'g} s;"/ :yflkt ug]{ jf s;} pk/sf]
cleof]u k'li6 ug{ gx'g] .
;+slnt ePsf k|df0fxaf6 s;}pk/sf]
cleof]u k'li6 x'g] cyf{t To:tf] cleof]u
z+sf/lxt b]lvFbg} eg] cbfntn] jfbL jf
cleof]hg kIfsf] x}l;ot u|x0f u/L ljgf
cfwf/ s;}nfO{ bf]ifL s/f/ ug{ g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!$_
cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf ePsf] k|ltjfbLxsf]
;fljtL aofg cGo k| d f0fxaf6
:jtGq?kdf ;dly{t geP;Dd cbfntn]
To:tf] ;fljtL aofg dfq}nfO{ cfwf/ dfgL
s;"/ sfod ug'{ Gofo;+ut x'g g;Sg] .
k|df0fxn] k/:k/ kf]nfkf]n ul/Psf aofg
k'li6 x'g\ / To;sf] k|fdfl0fstf :yflkt x'g
g;s]sf] l:yltdf ;f] kf]n dfq} lghx pk/sf]
cf/f]k k'li6 x'g] lg/k]If k|df0f x'g g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!%_
k'g/fj]bs jfbL tkm{af6M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf
s[i0fk|;fb kf}8n
]
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbL tkm{af6M ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf
zDe' yfkf, ljfg clwjQmfx nes'df/
d} g fnL, d] 3 /fh kf] v /] n / zLtf] i 0f
ltdlN;gf
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
o cbfntL aGbf]a:tsf] !!% g+=
o k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf !*
o c=j+= !() g+=
o Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf] !#-!_, -$_ g+=
km};nf
Gof=bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{M k'g/fj]bg cbfnt,
kf]v/fsf] ldlt @)^).#.!% ut]sf] km};nfpk/ Gofo
k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf (-!_-u_ adf]lhd
172

jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 k'g/fj]bg btf{ ePsf]

k|:t't d'2fdf o; cbfntsf] ;+oQ' m Ohnf; dfggLo
GofofwLzx aLr dt}So x'g g;sL lg0f{ofy{ o;
Ohnf;;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt
tYo Pj+ 7x/ o;k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 M
k"j{ wf} vf]nf, klZrd ofd/fh lji6sf]
v]t, pQ/ lghs} v]t, blIf0f wf}vf]nf olt $
lsNnfleq /x]sf] lhNnf ndh' lrtL uf=lj=;=j8f
g+= ^ wf}vf]nfsf] k"ja{ f6 klZrdtkm{ hfg] af6f]sf]
afofF kl hldgsf] l8nsf] ;txb]lv tn d[ts
dbg/fh lji6sf] pQfgf] cj:yfdf /x]sf] d[ts
nf;sf] 36gf:yn k|sl[ t d'rN' sf .
d[tssf] 3fF6Ldf # O~r nDafOsf] sf6]sf]
3fp b]lvPsf] bfofF sfgsf] dfly k5fl8kl ! O~r
uf]nfO{sf] Kjfn ePsf] b]lv+Psf] d[tssf] ln /
u'bf/af6 s]xL glg:s]sf] b]lvPsf] d[tssf]
nf;hfFr k|sl[ t ljj/0f .
ldlt @)%&.%.@@ ut]sf lbg d]/f] a'af
dbg/fh lji6 / d ;d]t ePsf] Hofg d'2f ;DdfgLt
cbfnt ndh'df k]zL tfl/v ePsf] x'bF f xfdL
afa' 5f]/f ljxfgsf] vfgf vfO{ a]z
+ Lzx/ tkm{ cfpFb}
u/]sf] cj:yfdf lrtL uf=lj=;=j8f g+= ^ l:yt
wf}vf]nfdf cfO{ k'Ubf PSsf;L ;f]xL vf]nfdf n'sL
l5kL a;]sf d}n] lrg]sf lhNnf ndh' lrtL
uf=lj=;=j8f g+= * a:g] l8naxfb'/ sdnL, 6]saxfb'/
sdnL, z]/axfb'/ sdnL, uf]ljGbafa' ltjf/L, cGo
b]v] lrg] gfd ghfg]sf] %& hgf dflg;xn]
PSsf;L rf/}lt/af6 3]/fp u/L a'afnfO{ wf}vf]nfsf]
l8ndf n8fO{ d]/f] a'afnfO{ afFw5fFb u/L efUg
pDsg gkfpg] u/L af6f]df n8fO{ st{Jo u/L df/]sf]
x'bF f lghxnfO{ kqmfp u/L sfg"gadf]lhd sf/jfxL
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] cf]h/fh lji6sf]
hfx]/L b/vf:t .
cf]h/fh lji6sf] hfx]/Ln] jfbL >L % sf]
;/sf/ k|ltjfbL l8naxfb'/ sdnL ;d]t ePsf]
st{Jo Hofg d'2fdf k|ltjfbL l8naxfb'/ sdnL
;d]tsf k|ltjfbLxnfO{ vf]h tnf; u/L km]nf
k/]df af6f]df efUg pDsg gkfpg] u/L ;'/Iffsf]
Joj:yf ldnfO{ o; sfof{nodf bflvnf ug'{ egL d

*&^$ g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=o1axfb'/ yfkf ;d]t

;d]tsf k|x/L clws[t tyf hjfgxnfO{ v6fO{

k7fOPsf]df lghxnfO{ vf]htnf; ub}{ hfFbf lgh
l8naxfb'/ sdnL, z]/axfb'/ sdnL, 6]saxfb'/
sdnL / uf]ljGbafa' ltjf/LnfO{ ufp3/df km]nf
kf/]sf] x'bF f lghxnfO{ o;} k|ltj]bg ;fy bflvnf
u/]sf 5f}, sfg"gadf]lhd sf/jfxL ul/kfpFm eGg]
k|=gf=lg=ceo hf]zL ;d]tsf] k|ltj]bg .
ldlt @)%&.%.@@ ut]sf lbg ljxfgsf]
vfgkLg u/L d cfgf] 3/af6 /f=af=a}s
+ a]z
+ Lzx/df
cfpg nfu]sf] cj:yfdf lrlt ^ l:yt cfgf] au}rfdf
d[ts dbg/fh lji6 / lghsf] 5f]/f cf]h/fh lji6;Fu
e]6 ePkl5 d / tL b'j} hgf afa'5f]/f ;d]t bnfntkm{
cfO/x]sf] cj:yfdf wf}vf]nf ghLs cfO{ k'Ubf dnfO{
lk;fa nfu]sfn] d lk;fj km]g{ nfu] d[ts / lghsf]
5f]/f cufl8 hfFb} lyP . ;f]xL vf]nfdf n'sL l5kL a;]sf
JolQmxn] d[ts dbg/fh lji6nfO{ ;dft]/ ;f]xL
vf]nfsf] l8ndf n8fO{ /fv]sf] cj:yfdf d}n] b]v] kl5
;f] 7fpFdf hfFbf ToxfFaf6 efu]/ uOxfn eGbf d /
d[tssf] 5f]/f cf]h/fh lji6 ;f] 7fpFaf6 xf] xNnf ub}{
bnfntkm{ efUb} hfg nfu]sf] cj:yfdf lghxn] tLg
kmfo/ uf]nLsf] h:tf] kmfo/ u/]sf] h:tf] k8sfPsf]
cfjfh ;'g' f] ;f]xL 7fpFdf /x]sf 6]saxfb'/ sdnLn]
d[ts dbg/fhsf] xft ;dft]sf] / uf]ljGbafa' ltjf/Ln]
d[tssf] z/L/ ;dft]sf] lghxn] g} dbg/fh lji6nfO{
st{Jo u/L df/]sf x'g\ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ;Gtaxfb'/
3tL{sf] df}sfsf] sfuh .
dnfO{ uf]ljGblglw ltjf/L ;d]tn] xfdLnfO{
ax; ;'Gg dgnfu]sf] 5 ef]nL, cyf{t\ ldlt
@)%&.%.@@ ut] a]+zLzx/ hfg'k5{ egL dnfO{
eg]sf]n] d 3/af6 afFemfv]t x'bF } a]z
+ Lzx/ !) ah]
k'u]sf] ;f] 7fFpdf df]xglglw ltjf/L ;d]tsf
JolQmx;Fu e]6 x'bF f lghxn] cfh c+ *=#)
ah]sf] ;dodf wf}vf]nfdf dbg/fh lji6sf] d[To'
ePsf] 5 egL lghxn] s'/f ubf{ ;'g]sf] x'Fbf
lghnfO{ sf] s;n] st{Jo u/L df/]sf x'g\ dnfO{
yfxf 5}g plNnlvt JolQmxn] ldlt @)%&.%.@@
ut] tfl/vdf hfFbf sxfF hfnf;\ eGg] wfs wDsL
;d]t lbPsf] s'/f d}n] ufpF 3/df ;'gs
] f] x'F eGg]
tf]kaxfb'/ yfkfsf] df}sfsf] sfuh .
173

ldlt @)%&.%.@@ ut] ndh' lhNnf

cbfntdf tfl/v ePsf]n] ;;'/f dbg/fh lji6 /
b]j/ cf]h/fh lji6 ;f] lbgsf] ljxfgsf] vfgkLg
u/L tfl/v lng a]z
+ Lzx/ cfO/x]sf] cj:yfdf d
klg vfgf vfO s]xL ;do kl5 a]+zLzx/tkm{
cfO/x]sf] lyPF . ;f] lbgsf] c+= *=#) ah]sf] ;do
x'bF f] xf]nf d ahf/ v'faf6 cf]/fnf] nfUb} lyP .
crfgs b]j/ cf]h/fh u'xf/ u'xf/ eGb} bnfn tkm{
bf}8s
] f] b]v,+] tTsfn} uf]nLsf] cfjfh klg ;'gs
] f] x'F .
bf}8b} tn embf{ 36gf:yndf *( hgf dflg;x
b]v+] ;f] ;dodf lghx bfofFafofF nfu]sf] / efu]sf
x'g\ . ;f] ;dodf d}n] 36gf :yndf b]vs
] f dflg;x
6]saxfb'/ sdnL, z]/axfb'/ sdnL, l8naxfb'/
sdnL, uf]ljGbafa' ltjf/L, o1axfb'/ yfkf, df]xgafa'
ltjf/L, hgsafa' ltjf/LnfO{ d}n] b]vs
] f] / lrg]sf],
lghxn] g} d]/f] ;;'/f dbg/fh lji6nfO{ st{Jo
u/L df/]sf x'g cGo 36gf:ynaf6 bfFof afFof
nfu]sf dWo] pd]zlglw ltjf/L, ?b|lglw ltjf/L klg
;f] 36gfdf ;+nUg /x]sf] eGg] a'lemPsf], lghxn]
d]/f] ;;'/fnfO{ st{Jo u/L df/]sf] geP klg
lghxsf] klg dfg{ nufpgdf if8oGq ePsf] x'g' k' 5{,
lghxnfO{ kqmfp u/L cGo sf] sf] eO{ st{Jo u/L
df/L ;;'/fnfO{ st{Jo u/L df/]sf x'g\ . lghxaf6
v'nfO{ sfg"gadf]lhd sf/jfxL ul/kfpFm eGg] d[ts
dbg/fh lji6sf] a'xf/L ;Ltf lji6n] df}sfdf u/]sf]
sfuh .
ldlt @)%&.%.!( ut]sf lbg hfx]/jfnfsf]
3/ 3]g{ egL !%@) hgf JolQmx cfPsf lyP .
lghxsf] 3/ 3]g{ nfUbf hfx]/jfnfsf] afa' dbg/fh
lji6 u'xf/u'xf/ egL xf] xNnf ubf{ d}n] 3/af6
;'gs
] f] x'F . d lghsf] 3/ tkm{ cfpg nfUbf lghxn]
dg{ dg 5 eg] otf cfOh egL wfs wDsL lbbf+ d
8/n] lghsf] 3/df cfpg ;lsg . ef]lnkN6 cyf{t
P] @) ut] lghsf] 3/df hfFbf dbg/fh lji6n] 3/
3]g{ cfPsf dWo] uf]ljGblglw ltjf/Ln] dbg/fh lji6sf]
v'f tfg egL eg]sf]n] d}n] lgh d[tsaf6 ;f] s'/f
;'gs
] f] x'F / lghxn] P] @@ ug] tfl/vdf hfFbf sxfF
hfnf;\ eGg] s'/f ;d]t lgh d[tss} d'vaf6 ;'gs
] f]
x'F lgh hfx]/jfnfsf] afa' d[ts dbg/fh lji6nfO{

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

hfx]/Ldf n]lvPsf k|ltjfbL z]/axfb'/ sdnL,

6]saxfb'/ sdnL, l8naxfb'/ sdnL, uf]ljGbafa'
ltjf/L, o1axfb'/ yfkf, df]xgafa' ltjf/L, hgsafa'
ltjf/L, pd]zlglw ltjf/L, ?b|lglw ltjf/L ;d]tn]
st{Jo u/L df/]sf]df z+sf nfU5 eGg] a'lemPsf
a'l4axfb'/ ;fsL{sf] 36gf ljj/0f sfuh .
hfx]/jfnfsf] afa' d[ts dbg/fh lji6
a];Lzx/df tfl/v lng hfG5 eGg] s'/f dnfO{
klxn] b]lvg} yfxf lyof] . d / d]/} ufpF a:g] 6]saxfb'/
sdnL, z]/axfb'/ sdnL, uf]ljGbafa' ltjf/L ;d]t
xfdL lrtL ^ l:yt wf}vf]nf g]/ /x]sf] rf}t/fdf
cfP/ xfdL ;a}hgf a;]sf lyof} . lgh hfx]/jfnfsf]
afa' dbg/fh lji6 wf}vfnfdf cfOk'Ubf lghnfO{
rf/}lt/af6 n8fO{ lghnfO{ d ;d]tsf JolQmxsf]
;xof]udf lghnfO{ st{Jo u/L df/]sf] xf] eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] kqmfpdf k/]sf k|ltjfbL l8naxfb'/
sdnLsf] aofg sfuh .
hfx]/jfnfsf] afa' dbg/fh lji6 a]z
+ Lzx/df
tfl/v lng hfG5 eGg] xfdL ;a}nfO{ yfxf lyof] . d]/}
ufpF a:g] uf]ljGbafa' ltjf/L ;d]tn] dnfO{ af]nfP/
nu]sf] x'bF f d lghx;Fu lrtL ^ l:yt j/ lkknsf]
rf}tf/fdf uO{ a;]sf]df ;f] 7fpFdf uf]ljGbafa' ltjf/L
/ zDe' ltjf/Ln] dnfO{ rf}tf/fdf a:g] egL 8\o6' L
/fv]sf] / d ;f] jf/bft x'bF f ;f]xL rf}tf/fsf] ghLs
a;]sf] lyPF . s]xL a]/kl5 hfx]/jfnfsf] afa'nfO{
uf]ljGblglw ltjf/L / ef8fdf NofPsf dflg;xn]
df/]sf] xf] eGg] s'/f ;'gs
] f] x'F eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
k|ltjfbL o1axfb'/ yfkfsf] aofg sfuh .
ldlt @)%&.%.@@ ut]sf lbg hfx]/jfnfsf]
afa' dbg/fh lji6 a]z
+ Lzx/df tfl/v lng hfG5
eGg] s'/f dnfO{ yfxf lyof] . ;f] lbg uf]ljGbafa'
ltjf/L / zDe' ltjf/Ln] lgh dbg/fh lji6 cfPkl5
lghnfO{ dfg]{ xf] egL of]hgf agfPsf] x'Fbf d
36gf:ynb]lv !)) xftsf] k"jd
{ f ePsf] / ;f] dWo]
zDe'n] ef8fdf NofPsf] Pshgfn] sf h:tf] aGb's
k8sfPsf] uf]ljGbafa' ltjf/Ln] d[tssf] 3fF6L /]6/]
df/]sf], cGo JolQmx rf/}lt/af6 km/s km/s
ljleGg 7fpFdf uf}8f 5]sL a;]sf] x'g\ eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL 6]saxfb'/ sdnLsf] sfuh .

ldlt @)%&.%.@@ ut] d'2fsf] tfl/v lng

d[ts dbg/fh lji6 a]z
+ Lzx/ hfG5 ;f]xL a]nf
lghnfO{ dfg'{ kof] egL uf]ljGbafa' ltjf/L ;d]tn]
dfg]{ of]hgf agfO{ lrtL ^ 8fF8f rf]sdf ljxfg uO{
a:g] egL lgh uf]ljGbn] dnfO{ 8\o6" L v6fPsf]n] d
;f]xL 7fpFdf a;] . ;f] lbgsf] *=#) ah]sf] ;dodf
wf}vf]nfdf cfO{ k'Ubf lghnfO{ rf/}lt/ 3]/f xfnL
a;]sf uf]ljGbafa' ltjf/L ;d]tsf JolQmxn] lgh
dbg/fh lji6nfO{ st{Jo u/L df/]sf x'g\ o;df d
;d]t ;a}sf] ;xdtL lyof] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
kqmfpdf k/]sf k|ltjfbL z]/axfb'/ sdnLsf] aofg
sfuh .
ldlt @)%&.%.@@ ut] dbg/fh lji6
a]z
+ Lzx/df tfl/v lng hfG5 eGg] s'/f ;a}nfO{
yfxf lyof] . ;f] lbgdf d / zDe' ltjf/L ;d]tsf
JolQmx lrtL ^ l:yt j/lkknsf] rf}tf/fdf cfO{
k'Uof} . ;f] rf}tf/fb]lv dnfO{ blIf0f 8fF8fdf uP/
a:g', rf/}lt/ x]g{' egL dnfO{ k7fO{ s]xL a]/kl5
d[ts dbg/fh lji6 wf}vf]nfdf cfOk'Ubf ;f] 7fpFdf
n'sLl5kL a;]sf uf]ljGblglw ltjf/L / ef8fdf
NofPsf dflg;x ;d]tn] lghnfO{ st{Jo u/L
df/]sf x'g\ eGg] s'/f d}n] s]xL a]/kl5 yfxf kfPsf]
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL df]xgafa' ltjf/Lsf]
aofg sfuh .
ldlt @)%&.%.@@ ut] hfx]/jfnfsf] afa'
dbg/fh lji6 a]z
+ Lzx/df tfl/v lng hfG5 eGg]
s'/f dnfO{ klxn]g} yfxf lyof] . lghnfO{ dfg'k{ 5{
eGg] of]hgf agfO cGo JolQmxnfO{ ljleGg
:yfgdf 8\o6' L /fv]sf] / d ;d]tsf cGo JolQmx
wf}vf]nfsf] j/k/ n'sL l5kL a;]sf] xf] . lgh
dbg/fh lji6 ;f] wf}vf]nfdf cfOk'Ugf;fy ;f]
vf]nfsf] jl/kl/ n'ls l5kL a;]sf zDe'n] ef8fdf
NofPsf JolQmxn] lghnfO{ ;dfO{ xfdLdWo]sf
pHhn eGg]n] sf aGb'sn] dbg/fh lji6nfO{
6fpsf]df / 3f6Ldf aGb's kmfo/ u/]kl5 dbg/fh
lji6 e"Od
F f 9n] / 56k6fP To;kl5 dnfO{ klg l/;
p7L v's/' L dfuL dbg/fh lji6sf] 3fF6L /]6s
] f] x',F
cGo JolQmxnfO{ 36gf:yndf cGo sf]xL JolQmx
cfpF5g\ ls egL vj/ ug{sf] nflu 36gf:yn

174

*&^$ g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=o1axfb'/ yfkf ;d]t

eGbf s]xL k/ ljleGg 7fpFdf x]gs

{ f] nflu /flvPsf]
lyof] eGg] Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL uf]ljGbafa' ltjf/L
eGg] uf]ljGblglw ltjf/Lsf] k|x/Ldf u/]sf] aofg
/x]5 .
ldlt @)%&.%.@@ ut]sf lbg hfx]/jfnfsf]
afa' dbg/fh lji6 a]z
+ Lzx/df tfl/vdf hfG5
eGg] s'/f xfdLnfO{ yfxf lyof] . ;f] lbg uf]ljGblglw
ltjf/L, zDe' ltjf/L / cGo %& hgf JolQmx /
d ;d]t eO{ lrtL ^ l:yt j/lkknsf] rf}tf/fdf
a;]sf lyof} . lgh uf]ljGbafa' ltjf/Ln] dnfO{
36gf:ynb]lv klZrd s]xL k/ uP/ a:g] egL
dnfO{ k7fPsf]n] d 36gf:yneGbf w]/} k/ uP/
a;] s]xL a]/kl5 d[ts dbg/fh lji6 wf}vf]nfdf
cfO{ k'Ubf ;f]xL vf]nfdf n'sL l5kL a;]sf JolQmxn]
lghnfO{ st{Jo u/L df/]sf x'g\ eGg] k|ltjfbL u0f]z
ltjf/Lsf] k|x/Ldf u/]sf] aofg sfuh .
hfx]/jfnfsf] afa' dbg/fh lji6nfO{
k|ltjfbL z]/axfb'/ sdnL, 6]saxfb'/ sdnL,
l8naxfb'/ sdnL, uf]ljGbafa' ltjf/L, o1axfb'/
yfkf ;d]tsf cGo k|ltjfbLxn] st{Jo u/L df/]sf]
xf]Og eGg] a'lemPsf lbg]z /fgf, sf]iflglw ltjf/L,
h+uaxfb'/ lji6, z+s/afa' ltjf/L ;d]tsf] 36gf
ljj/0f sfuh .
hfx]/jfnfsf] afa' dbg/fh lji6nfO{
k|ltjfbL z]/axfb'/ sdnL, l8naxfb'/ sdnL,
6]saxfb'/ sdnL, uf]ljGbafa' ltjf/L, o1axfb'/
yfkf ;d]tsf cGo k|ltjfbLxn] st{Jo u/L
df/]sf]df xfdLxnfO{ ljZjf; nfUb5 eGg] a'lemPsf
o'j/fh l;njfn, OGb|/fh lji6, tf/flglw ltjf/L,
r'8fdl0f kGt ;d]tsf] 36gf ljj/0f sfuh .
3fF6L / 6fpsf]df uf]nL nfu]sf] / 3fF6Ldf
sfl6Psf] sf/0faf6 cToflws /Qm>fj x'g\ uO{
d[To' ePsf] xf] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] d[tssf]
nf;hfFrsf] k|ltj]bg .
ldlt @)%^.*.@# sf lbg cbfntaf6 gS;f
x'bF f d klg pkl:yt ePsf]df uf]ljGblglw, l8naxfb'/,
z]/axfb'/, 6]saxfb'/ / df]xgafa' ;d]tn] o;nfO{
dfg{} k5{ eGb} hfOnfu]/ o:tf] cft+s x'gaf6 /f]sL
d]/f] wg ;DklQ / hLp Hofgsf] ;'/Iff ul/kfpFm
175

eGg] ;d]tsf] dbg/fh lji6n] k|x/L rf}sL lrltdf

lbPsf] ldlt @)%^.^.@( sf] lgj]bg kq .
o;df lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no ndh'af6
cg';Gwfg sfo{ ;DkGg eO k|fKt k|:t't st{Jo
Hofg d'2fdf ;+slnt ldl;n ;+nUg hfx]/L b/vf:t,
36gf:yn tyf nf; k|s[lt d'r'Nsf, k|ltjfbL
uf]ljGblglw ltjf/L, l8naxfb'/ sdnL, 6]saxfb'/
sdnL, z]/axfb'/ sdnL, o1axfb'/ yfkf, df]xgafa'
ltjf/L, u0f]z ltjf/L ;d]tsf] aofg a'lemPsf
dflg;x ;Ltf lji6, o'j/fh l;njfn, OGb|/fh
lji6, tf/flglw ltjf/L , r'8fdl0f kGt, a'l4axfb'/
;fsL{ ;d]tsf] 36gf ljj/0f sfuh ;d]tsf
sfuhftx cWoog ubf{ ldlt @)%&.%.@@ ut]
hfx]/jfnf cf]h/fh lji6sf] a'jf dbg/fh lji6nfO{
st{Jo u/L df/]sf] jf/bft l;4 x'g cfof] .
k|ltjfbL uf]ljGblglw ltjf/Ln] cfkm" / zDe'
ltjf/Ln] dbg/fhnfO{ dfg]{ of]hgf agfPsf] / ;f]xL
of]hgfcg';f/ ef8fdf dflg;x NofO{ 3]/fp u/L
efUg pDsg gkfpg] u/L n8fPkl5 ef8fdf NofPsf
dflg;x dWo]sf pHjn eGg] JolQmn] d[tssf]
3fF6L / 6fpsf]df uf]nL xfgL 9nfPkl5 d}n] 3fF6L
/]6s
] f] x'F egL ;fljtL aofg u/]sf] / k|ToIfbzL{
;Gtaxfb'/n] 36gf:yndf d[tssf] z/L/ ;dft]sf]
cj:yfdf uf]ljGbnfO{ b]vs
] f] / lghpk/ ls6fgL
hfx]/L ;d]t ePsf] b]lv+bf uf]ljGblglw ltjf/Ln]
d'ns
' L P]g Hofg ;DaGwL dxnsf] ! g+= / !#-!_ g+=
ljk/Ltsf] s;"/ u/]sf] b]lv+bf ;f]xL dxnsf] !#-!_
g+= cg';f/ ;hfo x'g\ dfu bfjL lnOPsf] 5 .
d[tsnfO{ xft / z/L/df ;dfpg] / afFb5fFb ug]{
sfo{ ;d]t u/L dfg{sf] nflu ;+of]u kfl/ lbg] sfo{df
l8naxfb'/ sdnL, z]/axfb'/ sdnL / 6]saxfb'/
sdnLn] ;xof]u k'ofPsf] eGg] s'/f l8naxfb'/sf]
aofg / k|ToIfbzL{ ;Gtaxfb'/ 3tL{sf] sfuh
;d]taf6 v'ns
] f] b]lv+bf lghxn] d'ns
' L P]g, Hofg
;DaGwL dxnsf] ! g+= / !#-$_ g++ ljk/Lt s;"/
u/]sf] b]lv+bf lghx l8naxfb'/ sdnL, z]/axfb'/
sdnL, 6]saxfb'/ sdnLnfO{ ;f]xL dxnsf] !#-$_
g++ adf]lhd ;hfo x'g\ dfu bfjL lnOPsf] 5 . csf{
k|ltjfbLx zDe' ltjf/Ln] d[tsnfO{ dfg{sf] nflu

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

d'Vo eO{ if8oGq ug],{ of]hgf agfpg] / dfg{sf]

nflu ef8fdf dflg;x Nofpg] sfo{ u/]sf eGg]
s'/f kqmfpdf k/]sf] uf]ljGblglw ltjf/L ;d]tsf]
aofgaf6 v'n]sf] x'Fbf lghn] d'n'sL P]g, Hofg
;DaGwL dxnsf] ! g+= / !^ g+= ljk/Ltsf] sfo{
u/]sf] x'bF f lghnfO{ ;f]xL dxnsf] !^ g++ cg';f/
;hfo x'g\ dfu bfjL lnOPsf] 5 . cGo k|ltjfbLx
df]xgafa' ltjf/L, o1axfb'/ yfkf, u0f]z ltjf/L,
w'|j ltjf/L, k|sfz ltjf/L, pd]zlglw ltjf/L,
hgsafa' ltjf/L, ?b|lglw ltjf/Lx 36gf:yn
eGbf 6f9f ljleGg 7fpFdf sf]xL cfPdf vj/ lbg
egL af6f] uf}8f 5]sL a;]sf] b]lv+bf lghxn] d'ns
' L
P]g, Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf] ! g+= / !&-@_ g+= ljk/Lt
s;"/ u/]sf] x'bF f ;f]xL dxnsf] !&-@_ g+= adf]lhd
;hfo ul/kfpFm . vf; gfdy/ jtg xfn gv'ns
] f
pHhn eGg] JolQm / cGo JolQmsf] gfd y/ jtg
kl5 v'Ng cfPdf ;f]xL avt 5'} cleof]ukq k|:t't
ul/g] xfn kqmfpdf kl/cfPsf k|ltjfbL l8naxfb'/
sdnL, 6] s axfb' / sdnL, z] / axfb' / sdnL,
o1axfb'/ yfkf, uf]ljGbafa' eGg] uf]ljGblglw ltjf/L,
df]xgafa' ltjf/L, u0f]z ltjf/L tyf k|:t't
sfuhft;lxtsf] ;Ssn ldl;n o;} ;fy k|:t't
ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} xfn kqmfpdf gk/]sf k|ltjfbLx
zDe' ltjf/L, w'j| ltjf/L, k|sfz ltjf/L, hgsafa'
ltjf/L, pd]zlglw ltjf/L / ?b|lglw ltjf/LnfO{
ToxfF cbfntaf6} sfg"gadf]lhd Dofb hf/L u/L
kfpg ;fb/ cg'/f]w 5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] cleof]u
dfu bfjL .
ldlt @)%&.%.@@ ut] ljxfgb]lv !)
ah];Dd 3/df lyPF . 3/df >f4 ePsfn] ;fgf]ltgf]
sfd u/L 3/df a;]sf] x'F . d c+= ( ah]lt/ dbg/fh
lji6nfO{ wf}vf]nfdf df/] eGg] ;'gs
] f] xf] . ;f] lbg
;dodf l8naxfb'/ sdnLnufot ;xcleo'Qm
s;};uF d]/f] e]6 ePsf] xf]Og ;f] lbg ljxfgb]lv
lbge/L d 3/df 5' . k|x/Ldf sfuh ug]{ r'8fdl0f
kGt, tf/flglw ltjf/L, OGb|/fh lji6n] dpk/ em"7f
z+sf u/]sf x'g\ . ;xcleo'Qm 6]saxfb'/, uf]ljGblglw
;d]t ;Fu ldlt @)%&.%.!( / ldlt @)%&.%.@@
s'g} lbg /ft d]/f] e]6 ePsf] 5}g . d}n] k|x/Ldf
176

u/]sf] sfuhdf ;f] s'/f eg]sf] xf]Og . k|x/Ln]

lk6kf6 u/L anhtL ;lx5fk u/]sf x'g\ . k|x/L
dfu bfjLadf]lhd dnfO{ ;hfo x'g] xf]Og eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL cleo'Qm u0f]z ltjf/Ln]
cbfntdf u/]sf] aofg .
ldlt @)%&.%.@@ ut] ljxfg dn lsGg
3/af6 ;f9] cf7 ah]sf] x'bF f] xf] . d ;Fu;Fu} uf}/L/fh
kGt, 6]saxfb'/ sdnL, sf]iflglw, OGb|lglw ltjf/L,
uf]ljGb ltjf/L, df]xgafa' ltjf/L, l8naxfb'/ sdnL
;d]t eO{ a]z
+ Lzx/ cfpFb} u/]sf lyof}F . d / uf}/L
kGt, 6]saxfb'/ sdnL cnL kl5 / c? cnL cl3
u/L cfPsf lyof} . xfdL cl3kl5 eP/ cfPkl5
kmlnof ;fF3' df]6/ af6f]df e]6 eof] . Toxf cfO{
k'Ubf kf}g] !) ah]sf] x'bF f] xf], d dn lsGg /
k|ltjfbL dbg/fh lji6 ePsf] st{Jo Hofg d'2fsf]
ax; x'G5 eg]/ ;'Gg cfPsf] lyPF . d;Fu cfpg]
cGo ?b|lglw ;d]t ax; ;'Gg egL cfPsf] eg]/
eGby] . ;f]xL af6f]df cfPkl5 dbg/fh lji6nfO{
df/] c/] eGg] ;'gs
] f] xf] . To;kl5 ef]6c
] f]8f/af6
dbg/fh lji6sf] 5f]/fn] k|x/L NofO{ kmlnof ;fF3d
' f
k|x/Ln] hfx]/jfnf cf]h/fhn] of] klg xf] ls x}g <
sL xf] ls egL d ;d]tnfO{ k|x/Ln] kqmfp u/L
uf8Ldf xfnL a]z
+ Lzx/ NofPsf x'g\ . k|x/Ldf sfuh
ug]{ ;Ltf lji6sf] sfuh ;'g] d ;f] 36gf:yndf
uPsf] 5}g . s;n] dfof] dnfO{ yfxf 5}g . /fds[i0f
d/]sf] st{Jo Hofg d'2fdf oyfy{ asL n]vs
] f] x'bF f
;f]xL l/;OjLn] em"7f n]vfPsf] xf] . d}n] d[tsnfO{
df/]sf], dfg{ ;xof]u u/]sf] xf]Og . d ;d]tn] df/]sf]
egL a'l4axfb'/ ;d]tsf JolQmx dbg/fhsf
u7d]nsf dflg; x'g\ . ;xcleo'Qm 6]saxfb'/
;d]tn] k|x/Ldf u/]sf] sfuh ;'gf] . k|x/Ldf
lghxn] ;f] s'/f eg]sf] xf]Og . k|x/Ldf 8/qf;n]
eg]sf xf]nfg\ ;f] sfdsf/jfxL d}n] u/]sf] xf]Og
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] cleo'Qm k|ltjfbL o1axfb'/
yfkfn] cbfntdf u/]sf] aofg .
sf]iflglw ltjf/L, ?b|lglw, l8naxfb'/,
uf]ljGbafa', d df]xgafa', s]bf/afa' sdnL ;Fu;u}
ldlt @)%&.%.@@ ut] ;f9] * kf}g] ( ah]sf] x'Fbf]
xf], 3/af6 lx8]sf] . ;f]xL lbg ( ;jfF ( ah]sf]

*&^$ g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=o1axfb'/ yfkf ;d]t

x'Fbf] xf], kmlnof ;fF3'df cfO k'u]sf] lyPF . dbg/fh

lji6nfO{ wf}vf]nfsf] s'nfdf df/L lbP eGg] ;'g]sf
xf} . To;kl5 df]6/ af6f]df cfO{ df]6/ kvL{ a;]sf
lyof}+ . dbg/fhsf] 5f]/f hfx]/jfnfn] ef]6]cf]8f/
k|x/L Eofgaf6 cf]nL{ hfx]/jfnfn] uf]ljGbafa'nfO{
of] xf] ls xf]Og xf]nf cl3 sfnf] h'Qf nufPsf]
lyof] . clxn] kfOG6 s' nufP/ cfP5 To;kl5
l8naxfb'/ sdnLnfO{ of] klg x'g ;S5 o;nfO{
klg 8fSg'xf];,o1axfb'/ yfkfnfO{ of] klg x'g
;S5 eg]kl5 k|x/Ln] kqmfp u/] ;f] lbg xfdL
a] + z Lzx/ cfpgsf] sf/0f To;lbg k| l tjfbL
dbg/fh lji6 ePsf] /fds[i0f ltjf/L st{Jo u/L
df/]sf] Hofg d'2fdf ;f] lbg km};nf x'g] ePsf]n]
lg0f{o ;'Gg cfPsf] xf}+ . k|x/Ldf sfuh ug]{ ;Ltf
lji6n] cf/f]k nufpg'sf] sf/0f /fds[i0f ltjf/LnfO{
dfbf{sf] avt d}n] b]v]sf] s'/f eg]sf] x'Fbf ;f]xL
l/;OjLsf] sf/0fn] dnfO{ kf]n]sf] xf] . k|x/Ldf
sfuh ug]{ a'l4axfb'/ ;fsL{, dbg/fh lji6;Fu
n]gb]g sf/f]jf/ ePsf]n] dnfO{ z+sf nfU5 eg]sf]
xf] . ;xcleo'Qm l8naxfb'/ sdnL ;d]tn] k|x/Ldf
u/]sf] sfuh ;'g] . ldlt @)%&.%.!( ut] d[tssf]
3/ 3]/fp ug{ uPsf] xf]Og, 6]saxfb'/ sdnL /
d]/f] 3/ Ps} 7fpFdf ghLs} 5 . b'j}hgf jftlrt
u/]/ ;'t]sf] xf] . ldlt @)%&.%.@@ ut] ljxfg c+=
* ah] vfgf vfO{ l8naxfb'/ sdnL, 6]saxfb'/,
o1axfb'/, uf}/L/fh, uf]ljGbafa' ltjf/L, s]bf/afa'
ltjf/L / df]xg afa' ltjf/L ;Fu;u} cfPsf] xf] .
l8=P;=kL=;fx]j / ;/sf/L jsLn ;fx]jn] dnfO{
afa'sf] gfd afh]sf] gfd cfgf] gfd j8f g+=
;Dd ;f]w]sf] xf] . c? s'/fx dnfO{ ;f]Wg' ePsf]
xf]Og . ;lx5fk nuf eg]kl5 To;df s] 5 ;'Gg
kfP x'GYof] eGbf a9L xf]Og eg]kl5 ;xL nufPsf]
xF' . d d[ts dbg/fh lji6 w]/} klxnf b]lv+g}
xfdL;Fu d'2f dfldnf ug]{ dflg; x'Fbf ;f]xL
l/;OjLn] lgj]bg lbPsf] xf] . xfdLn] o:tf] sfo{
u/]sf] 5}g . cleof]u dfu bfjLadf]lhd dnfO{
;hfo x'g] xf]Og eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL
cleo'Qm df]xgafa' ltjf/Ln] cbfntdf u/]sf]
aofg /x]5 .
177

ldlt @)%&.%.@@ ut] ljxfg ( ah] 3/af6

a]+zLzx/ cfpFbf 8f8fyf]sdf lzjhL ltjf/L,
cd//fh lji6 gfd ghfg] s f] yklnof ;f] x L
yklnofsf] 3/df lrof vfO/x]sf lyof}+ . To; kl5
7f8f rf}/ eGg] 7fpF x'bF } kf}g] ( ah] a]z
+ Lzx/
cfPsf] x'F . d ld6/ aS; lng d;Fu ?k}ofF gk'us
] f]n]
glnO{ ;f]xL lbgsf] !! ah]lt/ 3/tkm{ kmlnof ;fF3'
x'Fb} uPsf] x'F . d a]+zLzx/ cfpFbf bf]sfgbf/
afnrGb|;uF e]6 x'bF f afnrGb|n] dbg/fh lji6nfO{
df/] eg]sf] ;'gs
] f] xf] ;Ltf lji6sf] sfuh ;'gf] . d
36gf:yndf lyOg . ldlt @)%%.$.!^ ut]
/fds[i0fsf] xTof ePsf] d}n] b]vs
] f] / b]vs
] f] s'/f
d}n] asL n]vfO{ lbPsf], ;f]xL l/;O{jLsf] sf/0faf6
;f] sfuh u/]sf] x'g'k5{ . k|x/Ldf sfuh ug]{
a'l4axfb'/ ;fsL{ ;d]tsf] sfuh ;'gf], of] ljifodf
dnfO{ s]xL yfxf 5}g . d[ts dbg/fh lji6nfO{
dfg{df d]/f] s'g} ;xdtL 5}g eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
k|ltjfbL z]/axfb'/ sdnLn] cbfntdf u/]sf] aofg .
ldlt @)%&.%.@@ ut] kmlnof ;fF3d
' f cfO{
k'Ubf dbg/fh lji6sf] d[To' ePsf] ;'gs
] f] x'F . d
;f] lbg ldlt @)%&.%.@@ ut] ljxfg 3/af6 c+= *
ah] a'jf ?b|lglw ltjf/L, sf]iflglw ltjf/L / d
;d]t # hgf eO{ afGb|] kmfF6df c+ *=#) ah] cfO{
k'u]sf lyof}F . pQm 7fpFdf df]xgafa' ltjf/L,
s]bf/axfb'/ sdnL, l8naxfb'/ nufotsf dflg;x
e]6 eO{ cf]8f/ eGg] 7fpFdf lbk]Gb| ltjf/L e]6 eof]
/ xfdLx d:of{b\ Lsf] lsgf/sf] af6f] x'bF } kmlnof
;fF3' c+ ( ah] cfO{ k'Uof} . ToxfF dbg/fh lji6nfO{
sf6] eGg] ;'gs
] f xf} . s;n] sf6\of] s]xL yfxf ePg
kmlnof ;fF3' cfO{ k'Ug] ljlQs} o1axfb'/ yfkf,
6]saxfb'/ sdnL, uf}/L/fh kGt ;f]xL ;fF3d
' f cfO{
k'Ug'eof] . a]+zLzx/ cbfntdf rn]sf] d[ts
dbg/fh lji6 k|ltjfbL ePsf] st{Jo Hofg d'2fsf]
ax; ;'Ggsf] nflu dflyNnf] df]6/af6f]df cfO{ a;sf]
k|ltIffdf a;]sf lyof} . s]xL ;dokl5 ef]6j] 8f/af6
k|x/Lsf] Eofg cfof] . pQm Eofgdf d[ts dbg/fhsf]
5f]/f hfx]/jfnf cf]h/fh klg /x]5g\ . Eofgaf6
cf]nL{ xfdLg]/ cfO{ of] klg xf]nf eGb} o1axfb'/
yfkfnfO{ kqmfp ug{ nufOof], dnfO{ kqmfp ug{

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

nufOof] . km]l/ of] klg xf] egL l8naxfb'/ sdnLnfO{

kqmfOof] . xfdLx # hgf k|x/L kqmfpdf k/L
lhNnf k|x/L sfof{nosf] lx/f;tdf a;]sf] xf] .
;Gtaxfb'/ 3tL{sf] df}sfsf] sfuh ;'g+] . ;Gtaxfb'/
3tL{n] k|x/Ldf u/]sf] 7f8f] sfuh s] s:tf] kl/jGbdf
k/L dpk/ gfd lbP ;f] s'/f pg} hfg"g\ . tf]kaxfb'/
yfkfn] u/]sf] sfuh ;'g] To; af/]df dnfO{ s]xL
yfxf 5}g . ldlt @)%&.%.@) ut] a]ns
' f dbg/fh
lji6sf] 3/df ckl/lrt dflg; uPsf lyP c/]
eGg] ;'gL yfxf kfPsf] xf}+ . ldlt @)%&.%.!( ut]
/ftL dbg/fhsf] 3/df uO{ p dbg] efUg nfUof]
v'f ;dft eg]sf] / cfh t pDsL;\ k;L{ @@ ut]
tfl/vdf sxfF hfnf;\ eGg] ;d]tsf s'/fx geg]sf]
x'Fbf d pk/ s'g} ph"/afh"/ x'g ;s]g . ldlt
@)%&.%.@@ ut] dbg/fh lji6sf] st{Jodf k/L
b]xfGt ePkl5 cl3Nnf lbgsf] s'/f To; lbgsf]
36gfnfO{ skf]nslNkt s'/fnfO{ hfx]/L n]vL dnfO{
kl/l:yltdf kf/]sf x'g\ . ;Ltf lji6 / hfx]/jfnfn]
d pk/ ls6fgL hfx]/L ls6fgL sfuh lbg' k"j{
l/;OjLsf] sf/0f xf] . ldlt @)%%.$.!^ ut]
st{Joaf6 /fds[i0fsf] d[To' eof] . pQm jf/bftdf
u'xf/ nufPkl5 d ;d]tsf l8naxfb'/ sdnL ;d]t
5'6o\ fpg vf]Hbfvf]Hb} /fds[i0fsf] d[To' eof] pQm
Hofg d'2fdf dnfO{ k|ToIfbzL{ ;fIfL /fv]sf /x]5g\ .
d}n] k|x/Ldf / ;DdfgLt cbfntdf cfO{ b]v+] hfg]sf]
oyfy{ ljj/0f n]vL n]vfO{ lbPsf] lyP . ;f]xL l/;OjLn]
ls6fgL hfx]/L lbPsf x'g\ . d}n] k|x/Ldf u/]sf]
sfuhsf] Joxf]/f em'f xf] . dnfO{ afWo kf/L ;xL
ug{ nufOof] k|x/L k|ltj]bg ;fy k|fKt 8f]/L b]v,]
d[ts dbg/fh lji6 s] s;/L d/]sf] xf] dnfO{
yfxf 5}g eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL cleo'Qm
uf]ljGbafa' ltjf/Ln] cbfntdf u/]sf] aofg .
ldlt @)%&.%.@@ ut] ljxfg vfgf vfP/
k|ltjfbL dbg/fh lji6 ;d]t ePsf] st{Jo Hofg
d'2fdf ax; ;'Gg ljxfg ;f9] ( ah]lt/ 3/af6
lx8]sf] x'F . d k/ d:of{b\ Lsf] af6f] x'bF } cfpFbf
cf]8f/ af6f]df uf}/L/fh kGt, o1axfb'/ yfkf, lbk]Gb|
ltjf/L ;d]t e]6 eP/ sxfF hfg nfu]sf] xf] eGbf
a]z
+ Lzx/ hfg nfu]sf] eg] . To;/L cfpFbf kmlnof

;fF3' cfPkl5 dbg/fh lji6nfO{ wf} vf]nfdf df/]

c/] eg]sf] ;'g] / d a]z
+ Lzx/df cfP/ ax; gePsf]n]
3/ tkm{ uPsf] x'F . hfx]/Ldf n]lvPsf] Joxf]/f dnfO{
yfxf 5}g . k|x/Ldf sfuh ug]{ ;Gtaxfb'/ 3tL{,
;Ltf lji6 ;d]tsf] sfuh ;'g] . 36gf:yndf uPsf]
5}g . 36gf sxfF 36\of] dnfO{ yfxf 5}g . ;Ltf
lji6 ;d]tsf] sfuh em"7f xf] . k|ltjfbL uf]ljGbafa'
ltjf/Ln] dnfO{ lsg kf]n u/L n]vfP dnfO{ yfxf
5}g eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL 6]saxfb'/
sdnLn] cbfntdf u/]sf] aofg .
ldlt @)%&.%.@@ ut] ljxfg & ah] vfgf
vfO{ c+ * ah] d a]z
+ Lzx/ hfg egL lxF8s
] f] x'F .
jfGb|] eGg] 7fpFdf cfO{ k'Ubf d}n] ?b|lglw ltjf/L,
sf]iflglw ltjf/L, df]xgafa' ltjf/L, uf]ljGblglw
ltjf/L, s]bf/axfb'/ sdnLnfO{ e]6s
] f] x'F . lghx;Fu
a]z
+ Lzx/ cfPkl5 dLgaxfb'/ du/sf] 3/df cfO{
k'Uof} . ldgaxfb'/sf] 5f]/f ;fOnf]n] d]/L >LdtL
lj/fdL ePsf] 5 x]/L lbg' kof] eg]/ dnfO{ eGof] .
d lghsf] 3/df uP+ . lghsf] >LdtLnfO{ x]of}+ . d
pkrf/ ug{ ;SbLg d a]z
+ Lzx/ hfg nfu]sf] eg]/
d ;d]tsf ;a}hgf a]z
+ Lzx/tkm{ nfUof} . c+= (
ah] kmlnof ;fFwd
' f cfO{ k'Uof} . ToFxf cfO{ k'Ubf
dbg/fhnfO{ df/] eGg] ;'gs
] f] x' . xfdL ;a} pkNnf]
ahf/df uP/ a:of} . 6]saxfb'/ sdnL, o1axfb'/
yfkf, uf}/L/fh kGt a]z
+ Lzx/ hfg xfd|f] k5fl8
cfPsf lyP . ;f]xL 7fpFdf e]6 eof] xfdL df]6/sf]
k|ltIff u/L al;/x]sf] lyof} . Tolts}df ef]6c
] f]8f/af6
k|x/Lsf] Eofg cfO{ k'Uof] . dbg/fhsf] 5f]/f
hfx]/jfnf cf]n/{] uf]ljGblglwnfO{ b]vfO{ dfg]d
{ f of]
xf] ls egL uf]ljGblglwnfO{ b]vfP/ k|x/Ln] kqmfp
u/]sf x'g\ . To;kl5 dnfO{ of] klg xf] ls egL lgh
hfx]/jfnfn] b]vfP/ dnfO{ k|x/Ln] kqmfp u/L
o1axfb'/ yfkfnfO{ klg kqmfp u/L a]+zLzx/
NofPsf x'g\ . hfx]/L b/vf:tsf] ;DaGwdf dnfO{
s]xL yfxf 5}g . 6]saxfb'/ sdnL klg xfdL eP
7fpF kmlnof ;fF3' pkNnf] ahf/df lyP . t/ lgh
ToxL a;] . k|ToIfbzL{ ;Gtaxfb'/ 3tL{sf] sfuh
;'g] ;Gtaxfb'/ 3tL{n] k|x/Ldf u/]sf] sfuhsf]
Joxf]/f dnfO{ yfxf 5}g . tf]kaxfb'/ yfkfsf] k|x/Ldf

178

*&^$ g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=o1axfb'/ yfkf ;d]t

ePsf] sfuh ;'g+] . ;f] s'/f d}n] ;'lgg . ;Ltf

lji6n] k|x/Ldf u/]sf] sfuh ;'g,] o; ljifodf
dnfO{ yfxf 5}g . @)%% ;fn >fj0f !^ ut]
/fds[i0fnfO{ dbg/fh lji6sf] kl/jf/n] st{Jo
u/L Hofg df/]sf] ;f] s'/f cbfntdf d}n] eP u/]sf]
aofg u/]sf] lyP . ;f]xL l/;OjLsf] sf/0faf6
hfx]/jfnf / ;Ltf lji6n] ls6fgL kf]n ph"/ u/]sf]
xf], a'l4axfb'/ ;fsL{ ;d]tsf] Joxf]/f ;'g] o; ljifodf
dnfO{ s]xL yfxf 5}g . ;xcleo'Qm uf]ljGbafa'
ltjf/L, 6]saxfb'/ sdnL ;d]tsf] k|x/Lsf] aofg
sfuh ;'g]+ . ;xcleo'Qm uf]ljGb, df]xgafa',
6]saxfb'/ tNnf] af6f] x'bF } kmlnof ;fF3' cfPsf xf}F .
36gf 36]sf] af6f]af6 cfPsf] xf]Og . 36gf;DaGwL
s]xL klg yfxf lyPg . d}n] k|x/Ldf u/]sf] sfuh
em"7f xf] . dfu bfjLadf]lhd dnfO{ ;hfo x'g]
xf]Og eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] cleo'Qm k|ltjfbL
l8naxfb'/ sdnLn] cbfntdf u/]sf] aofg .
cbfntsf] ldlt @)%&.^.!) sf]
cfb]zadf]lhd k|ltjfbLx l8naxfb'/ sdnL,
6]saxfb'/ sdnL, z]/axfb'/ sdnL, df]xgafa'
ltjf/L, uf]ljGblglw eGg] uf]ljGbafa' ltjf/L,
o1axfb'/ yfkf k'kI{ f lgldQ y'gfdf /x]sf .
ldlt @)%&.%.@@ ut]sf lbg ljxfg *=#)
ah]lt/ 5f]/f uf]ljGblglw ltjf/L, sf]iflglw ltjf/L
/ d ;Fu} eO{ /fds[i0f lji6 ;d]t ePsf] st{Jo
Hofg d'2fsf] ax; ;'Gg egL a]+zLzx/ cfpg]
qmddf afGb|] kmfF6df em/L df]xgafa' ltjf/L ;d]t
;f]xL afGb|] kmfF6df e]6 eP / ;Fu} cfpFbf bnfn
cfpg] af6f] ePsfn] ;f]xL af6f] cfpFbf uf}/L/fh
kGt / o1axfb'/ yfkf cf]8f/ kmfF6df e]6 eO{
bnfn cfO{ k'Ubf lrlt uf=lj=;=j8f g+= ^ bnfn
a:g] kmj/lbg ldofF ;Fu e]6 eP/ k'n t/L a;
/f]8df cfpFbf z/0fxl/ hf]zL;Fu e]6 eof] / lghn]
dbg/fh lji6nfO{ wf}vf]nf dfly s;n] xf] df/]5
d}n] b]vf] eg]kl5 uf}/L/fh kGt nf; eP tkm{
hfg'eof] . xfdL df]6/sf] af6f]df a;L /x]sf lyof} .
xfdL ;a} Ps} 7fpFdf al;/x]sf] cj:yf d[tssf]
5f]/f hfx]/jfnf cf]h/fh lji6 k|x/L Eofgdf cfPsf
/x]5g\ . Pshgf oxL h:tf] nfU5 egL uf]ljGblglw
179

ltjf/LnfO{ b]vfP, o1axfb'/ yfkfnfO{ klg b]vfP,

l8naxfb'/ sdnL klg xf] egL b]vfP Pshgf
x/fof] eGb} 36gf:yntkm{ nu]kl5 uf]ljGblglw
ltjf/Lnufot # hgfnfO{ k|x/L Eofgdf /fvL
a]z
+ Lzx/ NofPsf x'bF f xfdL klg a]z
+ Lzx/ cfof} .
kqmfpdf k/]sf uf]ljGblglw ;d]tnfO{ e]6g\ k|x/Ln]
glbPkl5 kmsL{ 3/df a]ns
' f uOof] . 3/df k'Ubf
z]/axfb'/ sdnLnfO{ k|x/Ln] kqmfp u/L nu] eGg]
;'gs
] f] lyP . ldlt @)%&.%.@@ ut] ljxfg dbg/fh
lji6;Fu d]/f] b]v e]6 ePsf] xf]Og . d}n] lghnfO{
dfg'{ kg]{ sf/0f s]xL 5}g k"j{ l/;OjLsf] sf/0f /
Hofg d'2fdf ;fIfL a;]sf] x'bF f ;f]xL l/;OjLsf]
sf/0f cleof]u nufPsf] xf]nf . o; ljifodf d
lgbf]i{ f 5' . k|x/Ldf sfuh ug]{ ;Ltf lji6, a'l4axfb'/
;fsL{, dbg/fhsf] xnL ePsf] n]gb]g ;d]t ePsf]n]
gePsf] em"7f s'/f af]ns
] f] xf] . ;Ltf lji6 dbg/fhsf]
a'xf/L ePsf] x'bF f em"7f s'/f n]vfPsf x'g\ d}n]
dbg/fh lji6nfO{ dfg{df d]/f] s'g} ;xdlt 5}g
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] km/f/ /x]sf cleo'Qm ?b|lglw
ltjf/Ln] cbfntdf u/]sf] aofg .
cbfntsf] ldlt @)%&.&.!^ sf]
cfb]zadf]lhd k|ltjfbL ?b|lglw ltjf/L tfl/vdf
/x]sf] .
ldlt @)%&.%.@@ ut] ljxfge/L a]z
+ Lzx/
j8f g+= ! a:g] af;' kGtsf] bf]sfgdf lyP . ;f] lbg
cufl8 ldlt @)%&.%.@! ut] /f=af=a}s
+ a]z
+ Lzx/df
gf]s/L ug]{ x'bF f 3/af6 a]z
+ Lzx/ cfO ;f] @! ut]
/flt lhNnf lzIff sfof{nodf sfd ug{ o'4axfb'/
3tL{sf] 8]/fdf vfgf vfO{ ;f] /flt lghsf] 8]/fdf
a;]sf] x'F . P] @@ ut] ljxfg afa' kGtsf k;ndf
a;L vfgf vfO{ /f=af=a}s
+ df xfhL/ e} lbge/ sfd
u/L a;]sf] x'F . ldlt @)%&.%.@@ ut] ljxfg *=#)
ah]sf] ;dodf wf}vf]nfdf dbg/fh lji6nfO{ d
;d]tsf] ;xof]uaf6 df/]sf] xf]Og ;f] 36gfdf d
;+nUg 5}g ;f] ;dodf d a]z
+ Lzx/df g} 5' lgh
d[ts dbg/fh lji6nfO{ lsg st{Jo u/L df/]sf
x'g\ < ;f] ljifodf dnfO{ s]xL yfxf 5}g eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] km/f/ cleo'Qm w'j| ltjf/Ln] cbfntdf
u/]sf] aofg .

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

cbfntsf] ldlt @)%&.&.!& sf]

cfb]zadf]lhd k|ltjfbL w'j| ltjf/L tfl/vdf /x]sf] .
ldlt @)%&.%.@@ ut] ljxfg d d]/f] 3/df
a;]/ kl9/x]sf] lyPF . d]/f] 3/af6 wf}vf]nf eGg]
7fpF @ lsnf] ld6/ km/sdf kb{ 5 . pQm
jf/bft:yndf d 5b} 5}g, uPsf] klg 5}g . k|x/Ldf
sfuh ug]{ ;Ltf lji6n] l/;OjLn] dnfO{ kf]n u/]sL
xf]lng\ . d]/f] xh'/a'jf ljZjlglw / ;Ltf lji6sf]
;;'/f dbg/fh lji6sf] aLrdf d'2f k/L ;f] d'2fsf]
tfl/v ;d]t d]/f] a'afn] lng] u/]sf] l/;OjLsf]
sf/0faf6 dnfO{ kf]n u/]sL xf]lng\ a'l4axfb'/ ;fsL{n]
u/]sf] sfuh klg em"7f xf] . d}n] ;f] ck/fw u/]sf]
5}g . d[tsnfO{ s;n] dfof] dnfO{ yfxf 5}g eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] km/f/ k|ltjfbL hgsafa' ltjf/Ln]
cbfntdf u/]sf] aofg .
ldlt @)%&.%.@@ ut] ljxfg ;f9] ^ ah]sf]
;dodf 3/af6 lxF8L a]z
+ Lzx/ * ah]sf] ;dodf
cfPsf] lyPF . /fds[i0f ltjf/Lsf] xTof ePsf] Hofg
d'2fdf d hfx]/jfnf ePsf] / ;f] @)%&.%.@@ ut]
pQm Hofg d'2f k]zL ePsf] x'bF f d]/f] jsLnx
sf7df8f}aF f6 cl3Nnf] lbg cfO k'us
] f] vj/ kfPsf]n]
jsLnx;Fu ;Dk{s /fVg' kbf{ ldlt @)%&.%.@@ ut]
ljxfg a]z
+ Lzx/ cfO{ k'us
] f] x'F . uf=lj=;=ejgdf
cfO clwjQmf u'dfgl;+x cof{n;Fu e]6eO{ d'2fsf]
5nkmn eof] . u'dfgl;+x ;Fu 5nkmn ul//x]sf]
cj:yfdf c+ ( ah]sf] ;dodf d}n] glrg]sf] sf]xL
dflg; cfP/ u'dfgl;+x cof{n;Fu cfh kmlnof ;fF3'
eGbf dfly dbg/fhsf] st{Joaf6 d[To' eof] eg]/
eGbf ;f]xL lbgdf ;'gs
] f] xf] . dbg/fhsf] xTof
ePsf] ldlt ;dodf d a]z
+ Lzx/df u'dfgl;+x cof{nsf]
;fydf 5' . /fds[i0fsf] st{Jo Hofg d'2fdf
dbg/fhsf kl/jf/sf gfpFdf hfx]/ u/]sf] / hUuf
d'2f klg k/]sfn] dbg/fh;Fu ;f] l/;OjLn] dnfO{
km;fFpg] lgotn] a'l4axfb'/ ;fsL{ tyf ;Ltf lji6n]
of] sfuh u/]sf xf]nfg\ . a'l4axfb'/ ;fsL{n] dbg/fh
lji6sf] st{Joaf6 d/]sf] xf] s;n] df/] dnfO{ yfxf
5}g . t;y{ cleof]u dfu bfjLadf]lhd dnfO{ ;hfo
x'g] xf]Og eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] km/f/ k|ltjfbL
pd]zlglw ltjf/Ln] cbfntdf u/]sf] aofg .

cbfntsf] ldlt @)%&.&.@) sf]

cfb]zadf]lhd k|ltjfbL pd]zlglw ltjf/L, hgsafa'
ltjf/Ln] hgxL ?=!%,))). sf b/n] w/f}6 bflvn
u/L k'kI{ f lgldQ tfl/vdf /x]sf] .
k|ltjfbL zDe' ltjf/Ln] ldlt @)%&.&.!%
ut] tfd]n ePsf] tfd]nL Dofb u'hf/L a;]sf] /x]5 .
;fy} cbfntsf] cfb]zfg';f/ lghsf] c+z /f]Ssf
;d]t eO{ ldl;n ;+nUg /x]sf] .
csf{ k|ltjfbL k|sfz ltjf/Lsf] gfpFsf] Dofb
lghsf] 3/ 7]ufgf kQf gnfuL a]kQ] tfd]n ePsf] .
cbfntsf] cfb] z fg' ; f/ a' l emPsf
k|ltjfbLxsf] ;fIfLsf] askq / k|x/Ldf sfuh
ug]{ dflg;xsf] askq e} ldl;n ;fd]n /x]5 .
cbfntsf] cfb] z fg' ; f/ hfx] / jfnf
cf]h/fh lji6nfO{ pkl:yt u/fpg egL lhNnf
;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nodf n]vL k7fpFbf pkl:yt
gu/fPsf] d f k' g M cbfntaf6 c=a+ !!% g+ =
adf]lhdsf] Dofb hf/L ubf{ klg lgh hfx]/jfnf
pkl:yt ge} Dofb ;d]t u'hf/L a;]sf] .
o;df oL k|ltjfbL uf]ljGb ;d]tn] ! jif{
cufl8b]lv d[tsnfO{ dfg]{ wDsL lbPsf] egL k|x/Ldf
lgj]bg lbPsf], nf;hfFr d'rN' sfaf6 d[tssf] gfs
/ d'vdf /ut ePsf], skfn k"/} /utn] leh]sf],
3f6Ldf sf6]sf] 3fp b]lvPsf], d[tssf] afFof xftdf
gfOnsf] 8f]/L afFlwPsf], b'j} cfFvfdf gLn 8fd
;'lGgPsf], afof sfgsf] dfly k5fl8 kL Kjfn
ePsf], bfofF sfgsf] ghLs lubL ;d]t lg:s]sf]
eGg] ;d]t b]lvFPsf] / kf]i6df6{d l/kf]6a{ f6 3fF6Ldf
sfl6Psf], 6fpsf]df b'O6{ f aGb'ssf] uf]nL nfu]sf]
eO{ cToflws /Qm>fjaf6 d[To' x'g\ uPsf] eGg]
/fo kfOPsf] l:yltdf k|ltjfbL uf]ljGblglwn]
cbfnt;dIf aofgdf OGsf/ /x]tfklg l8naxfb'/,
o1axfb'/, 6]saxfb'/ ;d]tsf ;xcleo'Qmxn]
k|x/Ldf aofg ubf{ k|ltjfbL uf]ljGbn] g} d[tssf]
3fF6Ldf sf6]sf x'g\ egL ls6fgL kf]n u/]sf /
k|ltjfbL uf]ljGbn] klg k|x/Ldf aofg ubf{ pQm
s'/f :jLsf/ u/]sf] x'Fbf k|ltjfbL uf]ljGblglw
ltjf/Ln] Hofg ;DaGwL dxnsf] !#-!_ g+= cg';f/
s;"/ u/]sf] 7x5{ . ;fy} csf{ k|ltjfbLx jf/bft

180

*&^$ g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=o1axfb'/ yfkf ;d]t

:yndf ;+nUg /x] ePsf] eGg] k|x/L ;dIfsf] aofg

tyf Pscfk;df u/]sf] kf]n ;dly{t x'g cfPsf]n]
lgh k|ltjfbLx l8naxfb'/, 6]saxfb'/, df]xgafa',
o1axfb'/ / z]/axfb'/nfO{ d'ns
' L P]g, Hofg;DaGwL
!&-#_ sf] s;"/ u/]sf] x'bF f hgxL ! jif{ s}b x'g] /
csf{ k|ltjfbLx u0f]z, pd]zlglw, hgsafa',
?b|lglw, w'j| ltjf/Lsf] xsdf cGo ;xcleo'Qmxn]
kf]n u/]tfklg cbfnt / cGo :jtGq ;a"b k|df0faf6
k|x/L ;dIfsf] ;fljtL Pj+ kf]nnfO{ ;dy{g u/]sf]
gkfObf ;kmfO kfpg] 7x5{ / km/f/ k|ltjfbL zDe'
ltjf/L / k|sfz ltjf/Lsf] xsdf k'gM sf/jfxL ug]{
u/L d'ntjL /fvL lbg] 7x5{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
z'? ndh' lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf .
pQm OG;fkmdf xfdLnfO{ lrQ a'em]g .
o;df xfdLxn] 8/qf;sf sf/0f clwsf/k|fKt
clwsf/L;dIf st{Jo u/L df/]sf]df ;fljtL e}
aofg u/]tfklg kf]nsf] cfwf/df dfq cGo :jtGq
tyf tYoo'Qm ;a"b k|df0fsf] cefjdf z+sfsf] e/df
dfq ck/fwL l;4 u/L hgxL ! jif{ s}b ug]{ km};nf
u}/Goflos, cGofok"0f{ tyf kmf}hbf/L Gofo ;d]tsf]
k|lts"n ePsf] x'Fbf ndh' lhNnf cbfntsf]
cGofok"0f{ km};nf ab/ u/L xfd|f] k'g/fj]bg
lhsL/adf]lhd ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
k'g/fj]bs o1axfb'/ yfkf, l8naxfb'/ sdnL,
z]/axfb'/ sdnL, df]xgafa' sdnL / 6]saxfb'/
sdnLsf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
cGo ;xcleo'Qmxn] 8/qf;sf sf/0f
clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/L;dIf k|ltjfbL uf]ljGblglw g}
d[tssf] 3fF6L /]6s
] f x'g\ egL aofg u/]sf] Joxf]/fnfO{
cbfntn] k|df0fdf lnO{ d]/f tkm{af6 pkl:yt uf}/L/fh
kGt, h+uaxfb'/ lji6 ;d]tsf ;fIfLxn] d}n] ;f]
jf/bft g36fPsf] egL cbfnt;dIf :ki6 askq
u/]sf] tYonfO{ a]jf:tf u/L rZdlbb\ ujfxsf egfO{
km/s km/s /x]sf] cj:yfdf klg z+sfsf] e/df dfq
dnfO{ ;j{Zj;lxt hGds}b x'g] u/L cGofok"0f{ tyf
u}/sfg"gL km};nf u/]sf] x'bF f z'? ndh' lhNnf
cbfntsf] q'l6k"0f{ km};nf ab/ u/L ;kmfO kfpFm eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bs uf]ljGblglw ltjf/Lsf]
k'g/fj]bg kq .
181

Pp6} jf/bft / k|sl[ tsf] s;"/df d'l5Psf

cleo'QmnfO{ k|ltjfbLxsf] sfo{ s] s'g xb;Ddsf]
lyof] eGg] tYonfO{ k|i6 kfg]{ cfwf/x hfx]/L
b/vf:t, d[tsn] dg'e
{ Gbf cufl8 df}sfdf JoQm
u/]sf] lnlvt s'/f, k|ltjfbLxn] s;"/ ck/fwdf
;fljtL /xL u/]sf] aofg, ;xcleo'Qmsf] kf]n
;d]tsf cfwf/nfO{ k|df0f dfgL km};nf ug'k{ g]d
{ f
ltg} tYo / k|df0fnfO{ Goflos tj/n] ljrf/ g}
gu/L k|ltjfbLx s;}nfO{ sd ;hfo / s;}nfO{
;kmfO kfpg] u/L ePsf] z'? lhNnf cbfntsf]
km};nf s]xL pN6L u/L ;a} k|ltjfbLxnfO{ cleof]u
dfu bfjLadf]lhd ;hfo ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 kg{ cfPsf]
k'g/fj]bg kq .
o;df z+sfsf] ;'ljwf cleo'Qmn] kfpg]
;j{dfGo l;4fGtcg';f/ k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLxn]
z+sfsf] ;'ljwf kfpg] g} x'gfn] k|ltjfbL uf]ljGblglw
ltjf/Lsf] st{Joaf6} d[ts dbg/fh lji6sf] Hofg
d/]sf] eGg] ldl;n ;+nUg k|df0f sfuhftaf6 k'li6
x'g cfPsf] gb]lvFPsf] / k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL
o1axfb'/ yfkf ;d]tn] dfg]{ sfo{df ;xof]u u/]sf]
eGg] ;d]t gb]lv+bf k|ltjfbLxnfO{ s;"/bf/ 7x/fO{
;hfo ug]{ u/]sf] z'? ndh' lhNnf cbfntsf]
ldlt @)%(.#.!( sf] km};nf ldn]sf] gb]lv+bf pQm
km} ; nf pN6L e} k' g /fj] b s k| l tjfbLxn]
cleof]uaf6 ;kmfO kfpg] 7x5{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt, kf]v/fsf] ldlt @)^).#.!% ut]sf] km};nf .
k|ltjfbLxn] df}sfdf u/]sf] ;fljtL aofg
/ nf;hfFr d'r'Nsf tyf k|ltj]bgaf6 d[tssf]
z/L/df ePsf] 3fprf] 6 / k| s [ l taf6 oL
k|ltjfbLxaf6 g} dbg/fhnfO{ dfg]{ ck/fw ePsf]
eGg] k'li6 x'G5 . z+sfsf] ;'ljwf cleo'Qmn] kfpF5
eGg] l;4fGt lg/k]If xf]Og . d'2fsf] 7x/ ug'k{ g]{
ljifodf k|ltjfbLn] s;"/ u/]sf] b]lv+g] cj:yf
ljBdfg 5 eg] z+sfsf] ;'ljwfsf] k|Zg g} cfpFbg} .
cfslif{t x'g g;Sg] z+sfsf] ;'ljwfsf] l;4fGtsf]
cfwf/df k|ltjfbLxnfO{ cleof]uaf6 ;kmfO lbPsf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ x'bF f ab/ u/L
k|ltjfbLxnfO{ cleof]u dfu bfjLadf]lhd ;hfo

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

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ul/kfpFm egL jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 o;

cbfntdf k/]sf] k'g/fj]bg .
o;df st{Joaf6 dbg/fhsf] d[To' ePsf]
s'/fdf ljjfb b]lv+bg} . k|ltjfbLxn] cg';Gwfg
clwsf/L;dIf pNn]v u/]sf] uf]ljGbafa' ltjf/L,
zDe' ltjf/L, o1axfb'/ yfkf ;d]tsf] ;+nUgtfdf
36gf 3l6t ePsf] eg]sf / cbfnt;dIf cfP/
s;"/df OGsf/ /x]tfklg lghxn] k|x/Ldf u/]sf]
;fljtL aofgdf 36gfsf] ;DaGwdf pNn]v u/]sf]
kl/l:ylt / nf;hfFr k|ltj]bgaf6 ;f] ;fljtL aofg
k'li6 e}/x]sf] kl/k|I] odf ;a} k|ltjfbLxnfO{ ;kmfO
lbg] 7xofPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf]v/fsf] ldlt
@)^).@.!% sf] km};nf km/s kg{ ;Sg] b]lv+bf
5nkmnsf] lgldQ ljkIfLnfO{ Dofb lbO{ lemsfO{
cfPkl5 lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf]
ldlt @)^@.(.# ut]sf] cfb]z .
k|ltjfbL uf]ljGblglw ltjf/Ln] clwsf/k|fKt
clwsf/L;dIf aofg ubf{ dbg/fh 36gf:yn
wf}vf]nfdf cfOk'Ubf pQm 7fpFdf n'lsl5kL a;]sf
%.& hgfn] dbg/fhnfO{ ;dfP/ n8fP, pHjn
eGg]n] dbg/fh lji6nfO{ 6fpsf]df / 3fF6Ldf aGb's
kmfo/ u/]kl5 dbg/fh lji6 e"OdF f 9n]/ 56k6fPsf],
To;kl5 dnfO{ klg l/; p7L v's/' Ln] dbg/fhsf]
3fF6L /]6s
] f] x'F . cGo JolQmxnfO{ 36gf:yndf
sf]xL cfpF5g\ ls egL vj/ ug{ 36gf:yn eGbf
s]xL k/ ljleGg 7fpFdf x]g{' egL v6fPsf] / d[ts
dbg/fh lji6nfO{ cfkm" ;d]tsf] ;+nUgtfdf st{Jo
u/L df/]sf] egL s;"/df ;fljtL /x]sf] / cbfntdf
aofg ubf{ cfkm\gf] s'g} ;+nUgtf g/x]sf] egL s;"/df
OGsf/L /x] t fklg lghsf] clwsf/k| f Kt
clwsf/L;dIfsf] ;fljtL aofgnfO{ cGoyf egL
;a"b k|df0faf6 v08g ug{ ;s]sf] b]lv+bg} .
k|ltjfbLx l8naxfb'/ sdnL, 6]saxfb'/
sdnL, z]/axfb'/ / df]xgafa' ltjf/L ;d]tn]
cg';Gwfg clwsf/L;dIf u/]sf] aofgdf dbg/fh
lji6nfO{ dfg]{ egL uf]ljGblglw ltjf/L / zDe'
ltjf/Ln] if8oGq u/L ldlt @)%&.%.!( ut] /ftsf]
* ah]sf] ;dodf cfkm"xsf] ;fy} uf]ljGbafa'
ltjf/L, u0f]z ltjf/L, zDe' ltjf/L , o1axfb'/

yfkf, k|sfz ltjf/L, w|j' ltjf/L ;d]t e} lghsf]

3/df u} rf/}lt/af6 3/ 3]/fp ubf{ dbg/fh lji6n]
xf/ u'xf/ dfu]sf]n] k|x/Ln] yfxfkfO{ xfdLnfO{ kqmfp
ug{ ;S5 egL cfh t aFlr; kl;{ sxfF hfnf;\ egL
ldlt @)%&.%.@@ ut] tfl/vdf a]+zLzx/ hfFbf
dfg]{ wfs wDsL ;d]t lbPsf lyof}+ . uf]ljGbafa'
ltjf/L / zDe' ltjf/Ln] lgh dbg/fh lji6nfO{
dfg]{ of]hgfadf]lhd d[ts dbg/fh lji6 /
hfx]/jfnf ;d]t eO{ ldlt @)%&.%.@@ ut] ljxfg
*=#) ah]sf] ;dodf wf} vf]nflg/ cfO{ k'Ubf
uf]ljGbafa' ltjf/Ln] dbg/fh lji6nfO{ ;dft\ egL
eGbf xfdLn] rf/} lt/af6 3]/fp u/L ;dfP/ e"Od
F f
n8fof}+ . xfdL dWo] 6]saxfb'/ sdnLn] afFof xft
;dft]sf] / l8naxfb'/, z]/axfb'/, uf]ljGbafa'
ltjf/Ln] d[tssf] z/L/ ;dft]sf] / cGo $% hgf
ckl/lrt JolQmn] d[tssf] xft v'fdf gfOgnsf]
8f]/Ln] afFw5fFb u/]sf], cGo JolQmx d[tssf]
jl/k/L 3]/f xfnL a;]sf], ;f]xL avt glrg]sf]
JolQmn] dbg/fhnfO{ aGb's xfg]sf], uf]ljGbafa'
ltjf/Ln] dbg/fh lji6sf] 3fF6Ldf wfl/nf] xltof/
k|xf/ u/]sf] / d[tsnfO{ dfg{df cfkm"xsf] ;d]t
;+nUgtf /x]sf] egL s;"/ u/]sf]df ;fljtL /x]sf
/ cbfntdf cfO{ u/]sf] aofgdf /fds[i0f ltjf/Lsf]
st{Jo Hofg d'2fdf oyfy{ ;To s'/f asL n]vs
] f]
x'bF f ;f]xL l/;OjLn] cfkm"x pk/ hfx]/L lbPsf],
k|x/Ln] nL ;d]tn] s'6kL6 u/]sf]n] cg';Gwfg
clwsf/L;dIf ;fljtL aofg u/]sf] cfkm"xn]
d[tsnfO{ st{Jo u/L dfg{df ;+nUg g/x]sf] egL
s;"/df OGsf/ /x]tfklg oL k|ltjfbLx ;d]tn]
d[ts dbg/fh lji6sf] Hofg dfg]{ s'/fdf ;xdtL
hgfO{ ;f] sfdsf] lglDt ;fy} u} uf]ljGbafa' ltjf/Ln]
v's'/L k|xf/ ubf{ jf/bft:yndf pkl:yt eO{
ck/fwdf ;+nUg /x]sf] b]lvG5 . t;y{, d'NtaLdf
/x]sf k|ltjfbLx zDe' ltjf/L / k|sfz ltjf/Lsf
xsdf afx]s ;a} k|ltjfbLxn] cleof]uaf6 ;kmfO
kfpg] 7xofO{ ePsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf]v/fsf]
km};nf ldn]sf] gb]lv+bf pN6L e} cleof]u dfu
bfjLadf]lhd k|ltjfbL uf]ljGblglw ltjf/LnfO{
Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf] ! g+= / !#-!_ g++ sf] s;"/df

182

*&^$ g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=o1axfb'/ yfkf ;d]t

;f]xL dxnsf] !#-!_ gDa/ cg';f/ ;j{Zj;lxt

hGds}b / k|ltjfbLx l8naxfb'/ sdnL, 6]saxfb'/
sdnL, z] / axfb' / sdnL, df] x gafa' ltjf/L,
o1axfb'/ yfkfn] Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf] !&-#_ sf]
s;" / df ;f] x L dxnsf] !&-#_ gDa/cg' ; f/
lghxnfO{ hgxL Ps jif{ s}b x'g] 7x/L ePsf]
ndh' lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)%(.#.!* sf]
km};nf ldn]sf] b]lv+bf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ eGg] o;
cbfntsf df=Gof= >L /fdk|;fb >]i7sf] /fo .
s'g} klg 36gfsf] lzsf/ eO{ d[t cj:yfdf
km]nf k/]sf] zjsf] cj:yf 36gf u/fpg] elgPsf
JolQmxsf nflu cfkm}+ k|df0f x'bF g} . nf;hfFr
d'rN' sf zj k/LIf0f k|ltj]bgn] d[tssf] cj:yf,
zf/Ll/s rf]6 / d[tssf] sf/0f;Dd hgfpg] /
st{Joaf6 d/]sf] xf], xf]Og eGg] osLg ug]{ k|df0f
dfq xf] . o;y{, cGo k|df0faf6 ;dly{t gePsf]
cj:yfdf cleo'QmxnfO{ nf;hfFr d'rN' sf / zj
k/LIf0f k|ltj]bgsf] cfwf/af6 dfq bf]ifL x'g\ egL
s;"/ sfod ug{ ldNb}g . k|ltjfbLx s;"/df
df}sfdf ;fljtL eO{ k/:k/ kf]nfkf]n ;d]t u/]sf]
ePklg clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/L;dIfsf] ;fljtL aofg
cGo j:t'ut k|df0faf6 k'li6 x'gk' 5{ . cleo'Qmxsf]
df}sfsf] ;fljtL sygnfO{ ;dly{t x'g] 7f]; k|df0fsf]
;j{yf cefj /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;xcleo'Qmxsf]
k/:k/ kf]n :jtGq k|df0f x'bF g} . To:tf] kf]nnfO{
c? k|df0faf6 k'li6 x'G5 eg] dfq k|df0f u|fx\o
x'G5 . d[tssf] 5f]/f jfbL kIfsf] k|ToIf k|df0fsf]
?kdf k]z u/]sf] kfOG5 . To:tf] k|df0fsf] ?kdf
/x]sf] cf]h/fh lji6nfO{ jfbL kIfn] askqsf] nflu
cbfntdf pkl:yt u/fpg ;s]sf] kfOb}g . k|df0f
P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf !* df s'g} sfd, 36gf jf
cj:yfsf ;DaGwdf ePsf] txsLsft jf
hfF r a' e msf] l;nl;nfdf k| r lnt g] k fn
sfg"gadf]lhd tof/ ePsf] s'g} lnvtdf pNn]v
ePsf] s'g} s'/f ;f] s'/f JoQm ug]{ JolQm ;fIfLsf]
?kdf cbfntdf pkl:yt e} aofg u/]df k|df0fdf
lng x'G5 eGg] afWofTds sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]
ePsf] kfOG5 . pQm sfg"gadf]lhd jfbL kIfn]
d'Vo k|df0f eg]sf cf]h/fh lji6nfO{ ;fIfL
183

k/LIf0fsf] nflu cbfntdf pkl:yt u/fpg g;s]sf

/ cbfntaf6 klg lghnfO{ c=a=+ !!% g+= k|of]u
u/L askqsf] nflu a'em\ bf klg lgh pkl:yt gePsf]
l:yltdf lghsf] df}sfsf] hfx]/L syg k|:t't d'2fdf
k|df0fsf] nflu c:jLsfo{ x'g\ uPsf] 5 .
df}sfdf jf/bftsf] dflg;x k|ltjfbLx
s;}nfO{ b]lv+g, dfcf]jfbLn] df/]sf] ;'gs
] f] xf] egL
asL n]vfO{ lbPsf] b]lvG5 . df}sfdf k|ToIfbzL{sf]
?kdf 7f8f] sfuh ug]{ ;Gtaxfb'/ 3tL{n] cg';Gwfg
clwsf/L;dIf aofg ubf{ ldlt @)%&.%.@@ ut]
ljxfg vfgkLg u/L d[ts dbg/fh lghsf] 5f]/f
cf]h/fh / d bnfntkm{ cfO/x]sf] cj:yfdf wf}vf]nf
ghLs cfOk' U bf ;f] x L vf] n fdf n' s L a;] s f
JolQmxn] dbg/fhnfO{ ;dft]/ ;f]xL vf]nfsf]
l8ndf n8fP, dnfO{ efu]/ uO{ xfn eGbf d /
cf]h/fh xNnf ub}{ bnfgtkm{ efUg nfUbf tLg
kmfo/ uf]nL k8sfPsf] ;'g+] . ;f]xL 7fpFdf /x]sf
6]saxfb'/n] dbg/fhsf] xft ;dft]sf] uf]ljGbafa'n]
z/L/ ;dft]sf], lghxn] g} dbg/fhnfO{ st{Jo
u/L df/]sf x'g\ egL cfgf] egfO{ n]vfO{ lbPsf]
kfOG5 . t/ ;fIfL k/LIf0fsf] qmddf lghn] dnfO{
k|x/Ln] s'6L df}sfdf sfuh u/fPsf x'g\ . d}n]
glrg]sf dflg;xn] dbg/fhnfO{ kN6fO{ ;s]sf
/x]5g\ ltgLxn] dnfO{ k]:tf]n b]vfP d efu]
egL askq u/]sf] kfOG5 . rZdlbb\ ujfx eg]sf
;Gtaxfb'/ 3tL{sf] askqaf6} df}sfdf lghn] JoQm
u/]sf] syg vl08t x'g cfPsf]n] lghsf] df}sfsf]
egfO{ k|ltjfbLxsf lj?4 k|df0fof]Uo x'g cfPg .
o;/L jfbL kIfsf / k|ltjfbL kIfsf ;fIfLxsf]
askq k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf * adf]lhd
k|df0fsf] ?kdf cbfntn] u|x0f ug'k{ g]{ x'bF f / tL
;a} ;fIfLxsf] askqaf6 dbg/fh lji6nfO{ st{Jo
u/L df/]sf] egL Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf] ljleGg
bkmfxsf] cleof]u nufOPsf oL k|ltjfbLxn]
;f]adf]lhd cf/f]lkt s;"/ u/]sf] b]lv+g cfPg .
ctM k|ltjfbL uf]ljGbgLlw ltjf/LnfO{ d'Vo Hofg
dfg]{ egL Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf] ! / !#-!_ g+=+ Pj+
k|ltjfbLx qmdzM l8naxfb'/, z]/axfb'/, df]xgafa',
o1axfb'/ / 6]saxfb'/nfO{ P] dxnsf] !&-#_ g+

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

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@)^(,

adf]lhdsf] s;"/ u/]sf] k'li6 gePsf]n] lghxn]

cleof]u bfjLaf6 ;kmfO kfpg] 7xofPsf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt kf]v/fsf] ldlt @)^).@.!% sf] km};nf ldn]s}
b]lv+bf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ eGg] df=Gof=>L df]xgk|sfz
l;6f}nfsf] /fo .
lgodadf]lhd k]zL ;"rLdf r9L lg0f{ofy{
o; Ohnf;;dIf k]z ePsf] k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bs
jfbL g] k fn ;/sf/sf] tkm{ a f6 ljfg
;xGofoflwjQmf >L s[i0fk|;fb kf}8n
] n] k|ltjfbLxn]
k"jo{ f]hgf agfO{ ;b/d'sfddf tfl/v lng uPsf
avt af6f]df n'sLl5kL d[tsnfO{ st{Jo u/L df/]sf]
tYo k|ltjfbLxsf] df}sfsf] aofg, d[tssf 5f]/fn]
lbPsf] hfx]/L bvf{:t, rZdlbb\\ ;fIfLx ;Ltf
lai6 / ;Gtaxfb'/ 3tL{n] u/]sf] df}sfsf] sfuh
;d]taf6 k'li6 eO{/x]sf] 5 . rZdlbb\ JolQmx
;Ltf lai6 / ;Gtaxfb'/ 3tL{n] cbfntdf u/]sf]
askqdf df}sfsf] sfuhnfO{ cfk"mn] eg]sf] xf]Og
egL cGoyf eGg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . df}sfsf] sfuh /
askqdf ;fdfGo s'/f km/s kb}d
{ f jf/bft k'li6
x'g] k|df0fxsf] dxTj 36\g] xf]Og . t;y{ cleof]u
bfjLadf]lhd k|ltjfbLxnfO{ ;hfo ug]{ u/L ePsf]
z'?sf] km};nf pN6L u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf]
km};nf q'l6k"0f{ x'bF f ;f] km};nf pN6L u/L z'?sf]
;b/ ug]{ u/L ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;sf dfggLo GofofwLz
>L /fdk| ; fb >] i 7n] JoQm ug' { ePsf] /fo
sfg"g;Ddt\ x'bF f ;f]xL /fo sfod x'gk' b{5 eGg]
;d]t ax; ug'e
{ of] .
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLxsf] tkm{af6 ljfg jl/i7
clwjQmf >L zDe' yfkf, lafg clwjQmfx >L
nes'df/ d}gfnL, >L d]3/fh kf]v/]n / >L zLtf]i0f
ltdlN;gfn] hfx]/L lbg] cf]h/fh lai6n] cbfntdf
cfO{ askqsf] Joxf]/fnfO{ k'li6 ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g .
rZdlbb\ JolQmx ;Ltf lai6 / ;Gtaxfb'/ 3tL{sf]
df}sfsf] sfuh / lghxsf] askq Joxf]/f
Psfk;df lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ 5 . 36gfsf] ;dokl5
k| s flzt ePsf sflGtk' / b} l gs nufotsf
kqklqsfxdf d[ts dbg/fh lai6sf] xTof
dfcf]jfbLaf6 ePsf] egL pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
36gfsf] k[i7e"ld ;d]taf6 dfcf]jfbLaf6} jf/bft

36fPsf] eGg] b]lvG5 . d[ts pk/ rln/x]sf]

st{JoHofg d'2fsf] laifonfO{ lnP/ hfx]/jfnfn]
em"7f hfx]/L lbPsf] eGg] b]lvG5 . s'g} klg k|df0faf6
oL k|ltjfbLx jf/bftdf ;+nUg /x]sf] eGg]
z+sf/lxt tj/n] k'li6 x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ctM
tYoo'Qm Pj+ z+sf/lxt k|df0fxsf] cefjdf
k| l tjfbLxnfO{ ;kmfO lbg] u/L k' g /fj] b g
cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nf ;b/ u/]sf] o; cbfnt
;+ o ' Q m Ohnf;sf dfggLo GofofwLz >L
df]xgk|sfz l;6f}nfsf] /fo sfg"g;Ddt\ x'bF f ;f]xL
/fo ;b/ x'gk' 5{ eGg] ;d]t ax; ug'e
{ of] .
ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLxn] ug'e
{ Psf] ax;
lhsL/ ;'gL ;Dk"0f{ ldl;n cWoog ul/of] . o;
cbfntsf] ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;sf dfggLo GofofwLzx
jLr dt}So x'g g;sL o; Ohnf;;dIf k]z ePsf]
;Gbe{ ;d]taf6 k|:t't d'2fdf b]xfosf k|Zgxsf]
lg/f]k0f ul/g' kg]{ b]lvg cfPsf] 5 M
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cleof] u bfjLadf] l hd k| l tjfbLxnfO{

s;"/bf/ sfod ug{ ldNg] gldNg] s] xf] <
;+oQ
' m Ohnf;sf dfggLo GofofwLzxsf]
km/s km/s /fodWo] s'g /fo dgfl;j xf] <

@= pko'Q
{ m k|Zgxsf] ;DaGwdf lg/f]k0f
ug'{ k"j{ k|:t't d'2fsf] s]xL tYout cj:yfsf]
cjnf]sg ug'{ jf~5gLo b]lvg cfpF5 . ;f] ;DaGwdf
x]bf{ ldlt @)%&.%.@@ sf lbg ljxfg *=)) ah]sf]
;dodf dbg/fh lai6 cfkm\gf] 3/af6 a]z
+ Lzx/
cfpFb} ubf{sf avt k"jo{ f]hgf adf]lhd wf}vf]nfdf
n'sL a;]sf k|ltjfbLxn] af6f] 5]sL n8fO{ afFwL
uf]nL k|xf/ ug'{sf ;fy} k|ltjfbLx dWo]sf
uf]ljGblglw ltjf/Ln] lgh dbg/fhsf] 3fF6Ldf v's/' L
k|xf/ u/L xTof u/]sf] x'bF f lghnfO{ Hofg;DaGwL
dxnsf] !#-!_ sf] s;"/df ;f]xL !#-!_ g+= adf]lhd
;hfo x'g\ / ;f] jf/bftdf d[tssf] xft, z/L/
;dfO{, 8f]/Ln] afFw5fFb ug]{ ;d]tsf] sfo{ u/L dfg]{
;+of]u kf/]sf] xFb' f k|ltjfbLx l8naxfb'/ sdnL,
z] / axfb' / sdnL / 6] s axfb' / sdnLnfO{
Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf] !#-$_ g+= sf] s;"/df ;f]xL

184

*&^$ g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=o1axfb'/ yfkf ;d]t

!#-$_ g+= adf]lhd ;hfo x'g\ tyf csf{ k|ltjfbL

zDe' ltjf/Ln] d[tsnfO{ dfg]{ if8\oGq u/L of]hgf
agfO{ ef8fdf dflg;x NofO{ Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf]
! / !^ g+= ljk/Ltsf] s;"/ u/]sf] x'bF f ;f]xL !^ g+=
adf]lhdsf] ;hfo x'g\ egL cleof]ukq k]z ePsf]
b]lvG5 . To;}u/L k|ltjfbLx df]xgafa' ltjf/L,
o1axfb'/ yfkf, u0f]z ltjf/L, w'j| ltjf/L, k|sfz
ltjf/L, pd]zlglw ltjf/L, hgsafa' ltjf/L, ?b|lglw
ltjf/L ;d]tn] uf]nL xfGg], 3fF6L /]6g\ ] / d[tsnfO{
;dfpg], afFw5fFb ug]{ sfo{df k|ToIf ;+nUg geP
klg 36gf:ynaf6 s]xL 6f9f ljleGg 7fpFdf 3]/f
xfNb} af6f], uf}8F f 5]sL Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf] !&-@_
g+= ljk/Ltsf] s;"/ u/]sf] x'bF f ;f]xL !&-@_ g+=
adf]lhdsf] ;hfo x'g\ egL cleof]ukqdf dfu
bfjL lnPsf] b]lvG5 .
#= ldl;n ;+nUg nf;hfFr d'rN' sf x]bf{
d[tssf] gfs / d'vaf6 /ut auL /utfDo e}
skfn ;d]t /utn] kf]ltPsf], 3fF6Ldf sf6]sf] 3fp
b]lvPsf], d[tssf] afofF xftdf gfOngsf] 8f]/Ln]
afFlwPsf], b'j} cfFvfdf gLn8fd e} ;'lGgPsf], afofF
sfgsf] dfly k5fl8kl Kjfn kf/L bfofF sfgdflyaf6
lubL ;d]t lg:s]sf] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L zj k/LIf0f
k|ltj]bg -Post Mortem Report_ af6 klg 3fF6Ldf
sfl6Psf], 6fpsf]df aGb"ssf] b'Oj{ 6f uf]nL nfu]sf]
;d]taf6 cToflws /Qm>fj eO{ d[To'ePsf] eGg]
b]lvG5 . o;k|sf/ d[ts dbg/fh lai6sf] d[To'
6fpsf]df uf]nL k|xf/ ug's
{ f ;fy} 3fF6L ;d]tdf
wfl/nf] xltof/n] sf6L l5gfnL st{Joaf6 ePsf]
eGg]df ljjfb /x]g .
$= plNnlvt tYout cj:yfxnfO{ ljrf/
ub}{ k|ltjfbLx pk/ nufOPsf] cleof]u bfjL
:yflkt x'g] gx'g] s] xf] < eGg] d"ne"t ljifosf]
lg/f]k0f ug'k{ g]{ ePsf] 5 . cf/f]ksf] Joxf]/f x]bf{
k|ltjfbLx uf]ljGblglw ltjf/L / zDe' ltjf/Ln]
dfg]{ of]hgf agfO{ d[ts dbg/fh lai6 tfl/v
lng a]z
+ Lzx/ tkm{ hfFb} ubf{sf] cj:Yffdf ef8fdf
dflg;x NofO{ 3]/fp u/L efUg pDsg gkfpg]
u/L wf}vf]nf eGg] :yfgdf lghpk/ xdnf u/L
n8fPkl5 pHjn eGg] JolQmn] d[tssf] 3fF6L /
185

6fpsf]df uf]nL xfgL 9fn]sf], To;kl5 d}n] 3fF6L

/]6]sf] x'F egL k|ltjfbL uf]ljGblglw ltjf/Ln]
clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/L;dIf aofg u/]sf] x'Fbf
lghx pk/ Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf] !# -!_ g+=
adf]lhdsf] ;hfo x'g\ eGb} cleof]udf dfu bfjL
lnPsf] b]lvG5 . k|ltjfbLdWo]sf zDe' ltjf/L /
k|sfz ltjf/L km/f/ /xL lghxsf xsdf c=j+=
!() g+= adf]lhd d'NtjL /x]sf] b]lvFbf lghxsf]
xsdf af]ln/xg' kg]{ b]lvPg .
%= oL k| l tjfbLx pk/ nufOPsf]
cleof]ubfjL k'li6 ug]{ qmddf cleof]hg kIfaf6
hfx]/L bvf{:t, nf;hfFr Pj+ zj k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg,
k| l tjfbL uf] l jGblglw ltjf/Ln] clwsf/k| f Kt
clwsf/L;dIf u/]sf] aofg, d[tssL a'xf/L ;Ltf
lai6n] df}sfdf u/]sf] sfuh Pj+ df}sfdf sfuh
ug]{ ;Gtaxfb'/ 3tL{sf] df}sfsf] sfuhsf] Joxf]/f
/ k|ltjfbLxn] df}sfdf aofg ubf{ Ps csf{nfO{
kf]n u/]sf] eGg] s'/fnfO{ d'Vo cfwf/ agfOPsf]
b]lvG5 . jf/bftsf] k|sl[ taf6 d[tsnfO{ af6f] 5]sL
;dfO{ afFw5fFb ;d]t u/L uf]nL k|xf/ u/L 3fF6L
;d]t sf6L xTof ul/Psf] eGg] b]lvFbf o; jf/bftdf
lgM;Gb]x ?kdf PseGbf a9L JolQmxsf] ;+nUgtf
/x]sf] s'/f b]lvG5 . t/ cleof]u nufO{Psf oL
k|ltjfbLx g} ;f] jf/bftdf ;+nUg ePsf x'g\ jf
xf]Ogg\ eGg] s'/fsf] lgSof}n
{ ug{ cleof]ukq ;fy
k]z ul/Psf ;Dk"0f{ ;a"b k|df0fxsf] j:t'lgi7
?kdf d"Nofg ul/g' cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 . o;
;Gbe{df x]bf{ hfx]/L bvf{:t d[tssf] 5f]/f cf]h/fh
lai6sf] gfdaf6 btf{ ePsf] b]lvG5 hf] d[ts;Fu}
a]z
+ Lzx/ hfFb} u/]sf] eGg] b]lvPsf] 5 . ;f] hfx]/Laf6
jf/bft:yndf lgh hfx]/jfnf :jo+ klg d[ts
dbg/fh;Fu} /x]sf] eGg] k'li6 ePsf] 5 . uf]ljGblglw
ltjf/L ;lxtsf k|ltjfbLx / cGo glrg]sf %.&
hgf dflg;xn] PSsf;L 3]/f xfnL a'afnfO{ ;dfO{
n8fPkl5 8f] / Ln] afF w ] s f] cj:yfdf cfk" m
jf/bft:ynaf6 plDsP/ kmlnof ;fF3t' km{ bf}l8Fb}
ubf{ @.# k6s aGb"ssf] cfjfh cfPsf] x'Fbf
k|ltjfbLxn] g} a'afsf] st{Jo u/L df/]sf] eGb}
;hfo x'g\ egL lghn] hfx]/L lbPsf] b]lvG5 . lgh

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

hfx]/jfnf k|:t't jf/bftdf d[tspk/ uf]nL k|xf/

x'gk' j" s
{ f] rZdlbb\ ujfxsf] ?kdf /x]sf] eGg] lghsf]
hfx]/L n]vfO{af6 b]lvG5 . d[tssf] d[To' uf]nL k|xf/
/ 3fF6Ldf wfl/nf] xltof/ ;d]tn] sf6L /Qm>fj
;d]taf6 ePsf] eGg] b]lvG5 . t/ d[tspk/ uf]nL
k|xf/ ePsf] / xltof/ k|xf/ u/]sf] s'/f hfx]/jfnf
:jo+n] b]vs
] f] eGg] hfx]/Laf6 v'ns
] f] 5}g . cfk"m
efUb} ubf{ @.# k6s uf]nLsf] cfjfh cfPsf] / oL
k|ltjfbLx ;d]tn] a'afnfO{ 3]/f xfnL ;dfO{
n8fPkl5 cfk"m jf/bft:ynaf6 efu]sf] eGg]
hfx]/jfnfsf] k|f/lDes syg b]lvG5 .
^= kmf}hbf/L s;"/sf] cg';Gwfg u/L cleof]u
k'li6 ug]{ qmddf hfx]/L b/vf:tsf] dxTjk"0f{ k|fdfl0fs
dxTj /xG5 . hfx]/L b/vf:tdf n]lvPsf s'/fxnfO{
cfwf/ agfO{ cg';Gwfgstf{n] ck/fwsf] ;DaGwdf
dxTjk"0f{ ;"rgf ;+sng u/L ;DefJo ck/fwLsf]
klxrfg ug{ / ck/fw k'li6 ug{ ;Qm5 . ;f]xL qmddf
To:tf] hfx]/LnfO{ cleof]u k|dfl0ft ug]{ dxTjk"0f{
k|df0f dflgPsf] xf] . t/ hfx]/L b/vf:tnfO{ cbfntn]
cGo ;+slnt k|df0fsf] /f]xdf k/LIf0f gu/];Dd jf
cGo k|df0fxn] ;dy{g -Corroborate_ gu/];Dd
To:tf] hfx]/L b/vf:t cfkm}df :jtGq k|df0f x'g
;Qm}g . cGo k|df0faf6 ;dly{t gu/];Dd hfx]/L
b/vf:t s]jn ck/fw cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf dfq
;xof]uL x'g ;Qm5 . To;}n] hfx]/L bvf{:tnfO{ cleof]u
nufOPsf] s'g} klg JolQmsf lj?4 k|df0fsf] ?kdf
u|x0f ug'k{ j" { ;f] hfx]/L b/vf:tsf] Goflos k/LIf0f
TolQs} cfjZos x'G5 . hfx]/L b/vf:tsf] d"Nofg
ug]{ dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/sf] ?kdf k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf]
bkmf !* adf]lhd To:tf] hfx]/L lbg] JolQm cyf{t\
hfx]/jfnf :jod\ ;fIfLsf ?kdf cbfntdf pkl:yt
eO{ cfk"mn] hfx]/L b/vf:tdf n]vfPsf] s'/fnfO{
cbfntdf jskq u/L ;dy{g u/]sf] l:ylt ljBdfg
x'g' kb{5 . cGoyf s'g} klg hfx]/Lsf] Joxf]/fn] ck/fw
k'li6 ug]{ k|fdfl0fs dxTj u|x0f ug{;Sg] b]lvFbg} .
k|:t't ljjfbdf klg hfx]/jfnf cf]h/fh lai6nfO{
cleof]hg kIfn] ;fIfLsf] ?kdf cbfntdf pkl:yt
u/fO{ hfx]/L b/vf:tdf n]lvPsf] s'/fnfO{ ;dy{g
u/fpg ;s]sf] cj:Yff 5}g . o;sf cltl/Qm o;
186

cbfntsf] cfb]z cg';f/ c=j+= !!% g+= sf] k|lqmof

k"/f u/L lgh hfx]/jfnf cf]h/fh lai6nfO{ a'em\g]
l;nl;nfdf ;DalGwt lhNnf k|x/L sfof{nodfkm{t\
lghsf gfddf kqmfp k"hL{ hf/L ubf{ ;d]t lgh
3/f/df ;d]t km]nf gk/]sf] / s] sxfF 5g\ < eGg]
osLg yfxf gePsf] eGg] Joxf]/fsf] :yfgLo
JolQmxaf6 d'rN' sf ;d]t e} ;f] kqmfp k"hL{ lkmtf{
cfPsf] b]lvG5 . k|:t't jf/bft x'bF fsf avt hfx]/jfnf
cbfnt;dIf pkl:yt x'g g;Sg] s'g} cGoyf sf/0f
/x]ePsf] lyof] ls egL dfGg] g} xf] eg]klg o;
cbfntaf6 lghnfO{ a'em\g] cfb]z e};s]kl5 xfnsf]
cj:yfdf lgh cbfntdf pkl:yt x'g g;Sg] jf x'g'
gkg]{ s'g} ljZjf;k|b cfwf/ klg ;/sf/L kIfaf6
k|:t't x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . oyfy{df log} k|ltjfbLx
k|:t't jf/bftdf ;+nUg /x]sf] eGg] lgh hfx]/jfnfn]
k|ToIf b]v] lrg]sf] cj:yf eP ;f] s'/f lghn] cbfntdf
cfO{ lagf /f]s6f]s eGg n]vfpg gkg]{ l:ylt b]lvFbg} .
t/ lgh hfx]/jfnfn] ;f] st{Jo lgjf{x gu/]sf] o;
l:yltdf lghn] k|f/Dedf n]vfPsf] hfx]/L b/vf:tnfO{
oyfy{ xf] egL o; cbfntn] dfGg] l:ylt b]lvFbg} .
t;y{ ;f] hfx]/Lsf] Joxf]/fn] k|:t't jf/bftdf
k|ltjfbLxsf] ;+nUgtf k'li6 ug]{ k|df0fsf] :yfg
u|x0f ug{;Sg] b]lvPg .
&= hxfF;Dd d[tssf] nf;hfFr d'rN' sf /
zj k/LIf0f k|ltj]bgsf] k|Zg 5, ;f] ;DaGwdf
ljrf/ ubf{ nf;hfFr d'rN' sfn] d[tssf] zf/Ll/s
cj:yf, rf]6k6s nufotsf] nf;df b]lvg] jfx\o
cj:yfxsf] klxrfg ug{ ;xof]u k'ofpg] / zj
k/LIf0f k|ltj]bgaf6 d[tssf] zf/Ll/s cj:yfx,
jfx\o Pj+ cfGtl/s rf]6k6sx tyf d[To' x'gfsf]
sf/0f cyf{t\ d[tssf] d[To' :jfefljs xf] jf s'g}
36gf jf JolQmsf] sf/0faf6 cyf{t\ st{Joaf6 ePsf]
xf] eGg] s'/f klxrfg ug{ dxTjk"0f{ ;xof]u
k' ofpF 5 . nf;hfF r d' r ' N sf / zj k/LIf0f
k|ltj]bgaf6 s;}sf] d[To' st{Joaf6} ePsf] b]lvP
tfklg To:tf k|df0fxn] s'g} cd's JolQm g}
s;"/bf/ xf] eGg] s'/f lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Qm}gg\ .
cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf ;+sng ePsf cGo k|df0fxn]
l;nl;n]jf/ ?kdf cf/f]lkt JolQmpk/sf] s;"/nfO{

*&^$ g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=o1axfb'/ yfkf ;d]t

:yflkt u/]sf] cj:yfdf dfq} zj k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg

tyf nf;hfFr d'rN' sfn] To:tf] cf/f]lkt JolQmpk/
s;"/ sfod ug]{ k|df0fsf] :yfg u|x0f ub{5 . To;df
klg To:tf ;j} k|df0fxsf] cbfnt :jo+af6 k|df0f
P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf !* adf]lhd k/LIf0f ul/Psf]
l:ylt x'g' kb{5 . To;}n] nf;hfFr d'rN' sf / zj
k/LIf0f k|ltj]bgnfO{ dfq} klg cf/f]lkt JolQmsf
lj?4 :jo+df csf6\o k|df0f dfGg ;lsFbg} .
*= k|:t't ljjfbdf cleof]hg kIfaf6
k|ltjfbLxn] cg';Gwfg clwsf/L;dIf u/]sf]
aofgnfO{ lghx lj?4sf] dxTjk"0f{ k|df0fsf]
?kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] cj:yf x'Fbf o; d'2fsf
k|ltjfbLxn] cg';Gwfg clwsf/L;dIf u/]sf]
aofgsf] Joxf]/f / To;sf] k|fdfl0fs dxTjsf
af/]df klg ljZn]if0f ug'{kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 . k|ltjfbL
uf]ljGblglw ltjf/Ln] cg';Gwfg clwsf/L;dIf
aofg ubf{ jf/bft ldlt ;dodf jf/bft:yn
wf}vf]nf lg/ lgh dbg/fh cfOk'Ubf ;f]xL 7fpFdf
n'sL a;]sf %.& hgfn] dbg/fhnfO{ ;dfO{
n8fPkl5 pHjn eGg] JolQmn] aGb'sn] 6fpsf]
/ 3fF6Ldf k|xf/ u/]sf]n] lgh e"O{df 9n]kl5
3fF6Ldf d}n] klg /]6]sf] x'F . cGo k|ltjfbLxnfO{
36gf:yndf sf]xL cfpF5g\ ls egL ljleGg
7fpFdf x]g{ v6fPsf] eGg] Joxf]/f pNn]v u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . To:t} k|ltjfbLx l8naxfb'/ sdnL,
6]saxfb'/ sdnL, z]/axfb'/ sdnL / df]xgafa'
ltjf/L ;d] t sf] cg' ; Gwfg clwsf/L;dIfsf]
aofg x]bf{ wf}vf]nflg/ dbg/fh lai6 cfO{k'Ubf
uf]laGbafa' ltjf/Ln] dbg/fhnfO{ ;dft\ eg]kl5
xfdLxn] rf/}lt/ 3]/f xfnL e"OFdf n8fof}+,
6] s axfb' / n] afF o f xft ;dft] , l8naxfb' / ,
z]/axfb'/ uf]ljGbafa' ltjf/Ln] d[tssf] z/L/
;dft] . cGo $.% hgf ckl/lrt JolQmn]
gfOngsf] 8f]/Ln] afFw5fFb u/] . glrg]sf] JolQmn]
dbg/fhpk/ uf]nL k|xf/ u/], uf]laGbafa' ltjf/Ln]
dbg/fh lai6sf] 3fF6Ldf wfl/nf] xltof/ k|xf/
u/]sf] xf] egL Psfk;df kf]nfkf]n u/L ;fljtL
aofg lbPsf] b]lvG5 . t/ oL ;a} k|ltjfbLxn]
cbfntdf cfO aofg ubf{ cg' ; Gwfg
187

clwsf/L;dIf ePsf] ;fljtL aofgsf] v08g

ub}{ cleof]u bfjLdf OGsf/ /x]sf] kfOG5 .
(= kmf} h bf/L s;" / df k| l tjfbL jf
cleo'Qmsf] ;fljtL aofgsf] 5'} dxTj /xG5 . t/
To:tf] ;fljtL s:tf] cj:yf / kl/l:yltdf u/fOPsf]
5 / jf/bftsf] k[i7e"dL s:tf] 5 eGg] ;Gbe{n]
To:tf] ;fljtL aofgsf] k|fdfl0fs dxTj sfod
x'G5 . lsgeg] ;fljtL aofg dfq} cfkm}d
F f s;"/
:yflkt ug]{ csf6\o k|df0f xf]Og . ;f] ;fljtLnfO{
36gfsf] k[i7e"ld / cGo k|df0fxsf] z[+vnfn]
;dly{t -Corroborate_ / k'li6 ug'{ kb{5 . cGoyf
s'g} klg kmf}hbf/L s;"/df cleo'Qmsf] ;fljtL
aofg Pp6f ;xfos k|df0f dfq} x'g hfG5 . ;fljtL
aofgnfO{ k|df0fsf] ?kdf u|x0f ug{ To:tf] ;fljtL
aofgnfO{ ;dy{g x'g] u/L jf ;fljtL aofgsf
cGt/j:t'x :jLsf/ u/L ;f] ;fljtL aofg ug]{
JolQmn] cbfnt;dIf klg aofg ug'{ plQs}
cfjZos x'G5 . k|:t't jf/bftdf cg';Gwfgsf]
qmddf ;+slnt ePsf k|df0fxaf6 k|ltjfbLxsf]
;fljtL aofg k' l i6 ePsf] eGg] ePtfklg
cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf ;+slnt To:tf ;j} k|df0fx
cbfntaf6 k/LIf0f ubf{ ;f/e"t ?kdf vl08t
e}/x]sf 5g\ . Gofo lg/f]k0f ug]{ lgsfoaf6 k/LIf0f
ul/Psf k|df0fxaf6 jf/bftdf k|ltjfbLxsf]
;+nUgtf k'li6 gePsf] l:yltdf cfk"mn] k/LIf0f
gu/]sf] k|df0fsf] cfwf/df dfq} s;}nfO{ bf]ifL s/f/
ug'{ xfd|f] kmf}hbf/L Gofo Joj:Yffsf] k|lts"n x'g
hfG5 .
!)= k|:t't jf/bftsf] ljifonfO{ lnP/
tTsfnsf] ;dodf k|sflzt ePsf sflGtk'/ b}lgs
Pj+ cgf}krfl/s If]q ;]jf s]Gb|af6 k|sflzt ePsf]
dfgj clwsf/ jif{ k':ts, @))! ;d]tdf d[ts
dbg/fh lai6nfO{ ;' / fsL u/] s f] cf/f] k df
dfcf]jfbLxn] uf]nL xfgL xTof u/]sf] / lrtL
uf=lj=;= * sf uf]ljGblglw ltjf/L, l8naxfb'/
sdnL, df] x gafa' ltjf/L, z] / axfb' / sdnL,
6]saxfb'/ sdnL / o1axfb'/ yfkfnfO{ ;f]xL 7fpFsf
dbg/fh lai6sf] xTofdf ;+nUg /x]sf] eGg] cf/f]kdf
/fhgLlts k|ltzf]wsf sf/0f k|x/Ln] lu/km\tf/ u/L

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

y'gfdf /flvPsf] eGg] nufotsf ;dfrf/x

;Dk|l] ift ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . jf/bftsf] k[i7e"ld x]bf{
klg d[ts dbg/fh lai6 ndh' lhNnf cbfntdf
tTsfn ljrf/fwLg /x]sf] st{Jo Hofg d'2fdf
k|ltjfbLsf] ?kdf /x]sf] / ;f] d'2fsf] hfx]/L b/vf:t
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n]vfPsf] b]lvG5 .
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;Gtaxfb'/ 3tL{n] cbfntdf pkl:yt e} askqdf
lghxn] df}sfdf 7f8f] sfuh ubf{ pNn]v u/]sf]
s' / fnfO{ v08g ub} { ;Ltf lai6n] oL
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188

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k'li6 x'g] s'g} klg ljZj;gLo k|df0fsf] ljBdfgtf

b]lvFb}g . k|ltjfbLx cbfnt;dIfsf] aofgdf
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189

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b]lvFb}g .
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190

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191

l;nl;n]jf/ ?kdf ;dly{t eO{/x]sf] 5 . lghxn]

cbfntdf u/]sf] aofgdf s;"/df OGsf/ x'g'n]
dfq} k|ltjfbLxsf] lgbf]l{ iftf k|dfl0ft x'g ;Qm}g .
clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/L;dIfsf] aofg em"7f xf] eGg'
dfq} lgbf]{liftfsf] cfwf/ aGg] xf] eg] s'g} klg
k|ltjfbL jf cleo'Qmn] cbfnt;dIf ck/fwdf
;fljtL aofg lbg] ta dfq s;"/ sfod ug]{ eGg]
s'/f sNkgfltt aGg hfG5 . k|ltjfbL jf cleo'Qmsf]
O{ G sf/L aofg klg ;du| d' 2 fsf] ;+ s lnt
k|df0fxf/f ;dly{t x'g' kb{5 . t/ o; ljjfbdf
k|ltjfbLxn] cbfntdf OGsf/ e} u/]sf] aofg
k'li6 x'g] s'g} alnof] k|df0f ljBdfg 5}g .
d[ t s dbg/fh lai6n] k| l tjfbLx
uf]ljGblglw ltjf/L, z]/axfb'/ sdnL, l8naxfb'/
sdnL / 6] s axfb' / sdnL ;d] t n] ldlt
@)%^.*.@# df dnfO{ dfg'{ k5{ egL dpk/
hfOnfu]sf / o; cl3 klg k6s k6s o:tf] u/L
cfPsf] x'Fbf d]/f] hLp Hofg ;d]t ;'/Iff ul/kfpFm
egL ldlt @)%^.*.@( df k|x/L rf}sL lrtLdf
lgj]bg lbPsf] eGg] ldl;naf6 b]lvG5 . ;f] s'/faf6
k|ltjfbL uf]ljGblglw ltjf/L ;d]tn] d[tsnfO{
w]/} klxn] b]lv g} /L;O{jL ;fFwL dfg]{ of]hgf
agfPsf] eGg] tYonfO{ g} k'li6 ub{5 . o;sf ;fy}
k|ltjfbL uf]ljGblglw ltjf/Lsf sfsf gftf kg]{
/fds[i0f ltjf/LnfO{ st{Jo u/L df/]sf] eGg]
cleof]udf d'2f rnL ;f] d'2fsf] tfl/v lng hfg]
qmddf g} d[ t s dbg/fh lai6pk/ k| : t' t
jf/bftdf xdnf u/L xTof ul/Psf] eGg]df klg
ljjfb 5}g . /fds[i0f ltjf/Lsf] xTof u/]sf] eGg]
cleof]udf ndh' lhNnf cbfntdf ljrf/fwLg
st{ J o Hofg d' 2 fdf k| l tjfbL /x] s f d[ t s
dbg/fh lai6nfO{ k|ltjfbL uf]ljGblglw ltjf/L
;d]t e} ldlt @)%&.%.!( sf] /ftL 3/ 3]/L
cfqmd0f ug]{ k|of; ubf{ lghn] u'xf/ dfuL ;f]
lbg k|ltjfbLx lgh dbg/fhnfO{ xdnf ug{
c;kmn ePsf] / ldlt @)%&.%.@# df a]+zLzx/
tfl/v lng hfFbf sxfF hfnf;\ egL wDsL ;d]t
lbPsf] tYo klg ldl;nsf] cWoogaf6 v'Nb5 .
o;/L oL k|ltjfbL uf]ljGblglw ltjf/L ;d]tn]

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

d[ts dbg/fhnfO{ dfg'{ kg]{ k"j{ l/;O{jL ;fFwL

jf/bft ldlt @)%^.%.@@ df tfl/v lng uPsf
avt g} wf}vf]nfdf k'Ubfsf] cj:yfdf 3]/f xfnL
5]sL, 8f]/Ln] afFw5fFb u/L k|:t't jf/bft 36fPsf]
tYo k'li6 x'g cfpF5 .
o;k|sf/ k|:t't d'2fdf ;+slnt k|df0fx
Pj+ jf/bftsf] k|s[lt, jf/bft u/fOPsf] cj:yf
Pj+ d[ t s / k| l tjfbLx aLr klxn] b ] l vsf]
zq'tfk"0f{ ;DaGw Pj+ /L;OjLnufotsf k|df0f,
j:t' t Yo Pj+ kl/l:yltxn] k| l tjfbLx
uf]ljGblglw ltjf/L, l8naxfb'/ sdnL, 6]saxfb'/
sdnL, z] / axfb' / sdnL, df] x gafa' ltjf/L,
o1axfb' / yfkf ;d] t sf] ;+ n Ugtfaf6} d[ t s
dbg/fh lai6sf] xTof ePsf] tYo :yflkt eO/x]sf]
b]lvFbf oL k|ltjfbLxn] cleof]u bfjLaf6 ;kmfO
kfpg] cj:Yff b]lvPg . t;y{ cleof]u bfjLadf]lhd
k|ltjfbL uf]ljGblglw ltjf/LnfO{ Hofg;DaGwL
dxnsf] !#-!_ g+= adf]lhd ;j{:j ;lxt hGds}b
/ cGo k|ltjfbLxnfO{ ;f]xL dxnsf] !&-#_ g+=
adf]lhd hgxL ! jif{ s}b x'g] 7x/ u/]sf] z'?
ndh' lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf ;b/ ug'{kg]{df
gu/L ;f] km};nf pN6L u/L ;a} k|ltjfbLxnfO{
;kmfO lbg] u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf]v/fsf]
ldlt @)^).#.!% sf] km};nf gldn]sf]n] pN6L u/L
z'? ndh' lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf oyfjt
sfod x'g] egL o; cbfnt ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf
dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fdk|;fb >]i7n] JoQm
u/]sf] /fo dgfl;j b]Vb5' . ax'dt dfggLo
GofofwLzxaf6 ;j} k|ltjfbLxn] ;kmfO kfpg]
egL k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf]v/faf6 ePsf] km};nf
;b/ ug]{ u/L o; cbfnt ;+o' Qm Ohnf;sf
dfggLo GofofwLz >L df]xgk|sfz l;6f}nfaf6
JoQm /fo ;b/ x'g] 7xofPsf]df d ;xdt x'g
g;sL cfkm\gf] cNkdtsf] 5'} /fo JoQm u/]sf]
5' . ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{ lbg" .
Olt ;+jt\ @)^* ;fn d+l;/ ! ut] /f]h % z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[tM ljb'/ sf]O/fnf

l
192

lg0f{o g+= *&^%

;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fds'df/ k|;fb zfx
dfggLo GofofwLz >L k|sfz j:tL
dfggLo GofofwLz k|f=8f=>L e/taxfb'/ sfsL{
l/6 g+= )^&WS))##
cfb]z ldltM @)^*.!).!(.%
ljifoM ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] sfg"g ab/ 3f]lift
ul/kfpFm .
lgj]bsM sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= ## a:g]
clwjQmf gf/fo0f emf
lj?4
ljkIfLM lqe'jg ljZjljBfno ;ef, sLlt{k'/,
sf7df8f}+;d]t
/fHosf] d"n k|jfxdf ;d]l6g g;sL kl5
k/]sf ju{ jf ;d'bfosf gful/sxnfO{
;fdflhs Gofo / ;zQmLs/0fsf
dfWodaf6 c?;/x ;dfg k|lt:kwf{df
pqg ;Ifd geP;Ddsf nflu dfq
;sf/fTds lje]b;DaGwL gLlt cjnDag
ug]{ / ;sf/fTds lje]b, ;zQmLs/0f tyf
cf/If0f h:tf sfo{qmdxsf dfWodaf6
pgLxsf] k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtfdf clej[l4
eO{ c? ;/x k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;Ifd ePkl5
k"0f{ k|lt:kwf{df cfwfl/t ;dfgxsf
aLrsf] ;dfgtf sf] l:yltdf k'Ug] x'gfn]
;sf/fTds lje]b jf cf/If0f;DaGwL
Joj:yfx cNksfnLg k|sl[ tsf x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=+ !)_
cfly{s, ;fdflhs, z}lIfs jf ;fF:s[lts
If]qdf k5fl8 k/]sf sf/0f /fli6o hLjgsf]
d"n k|jfxdf ;dflxt x'g g;s]sf ju{ jf
;d'bfosf gful/sxnfO{ ;zQmLs/0f
tyf cf/If0f h:tf ;sf/fTds lje]bsf
dfWodaf6 /fli6o hLjgsf] d"n k|jfxdf
;dflxt u/fpg] ;dfj]zLs/0f;DaGwL

*&^% gf/fo0f emf lj=lqe'jg ljZjljBfno ;ef ;d]t

l;4fGtsf] p2]Zo ePsf] x'Fbf al~rtL

(Deprivation) df k/]sf To:tf ju{ jf
;d'bfosf] klxrfg ug]{ bfloTj /fHo cyf{t\
g]kfn ;/sf/ d} lgxLt x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=+ !^_
cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ?kaf6 lk5l8Psf
JolQmxnfO{ cf/If0fsf] ;'ljwf pknAw
x'g] sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] / ;f] k|of]hgsf
nflu dlxnf nfO{ Pp6f 5'} ju{sf] ?kdf
klxrfg u/L ## k|ltzt cf/If0f ;'/lIft
ul/;lsPsf] ;Gbe{df ca cGo ju{x
-cflbjf;Lhghflt, dw]zL, blnt, ckf,
lk5l8Psf] If]q_ leq klg km]l/ dlxnfsf
nflu ## k|ltzt kb ;+Vof 5'6o\ fpg] u/]sf]
pQm lgod ^=#-*_ sf] v08 -v_ sf] Joj:yf
;f/e"t ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGtcg'sn
" b]lvg
cfpFb}g . dlxnfsf] ;DaGwdf ul/Psf]
o:tf] Joj:yfn] k|sf/fGt/n] dlxnf;/x
g} al~rtL / alxis/0fdf k/]sf cGo ju{x
pk/ g} km]l/ klg c;dfg / e]befjk"0f{
Jojxf/ x'ghfg] .
-k|s/0f g+=+ @#_
cf/If0f k|bfg ul/Psf] s'g} Ps ju{af6 s'g}
klg pDd]bj\ f/ pQL0f{ x'g g;s]df pQm
cf/lIft kb csf]{ cf/lIft ju{df ;dfj]z
-yk_ ug]{ u/]sf] k|fjwfgaf6 ;f/e"t ;dfgtf
/ ;dfj]zLs/0fs} kIfkf]if0f ePsf] sfo{nfO{
c;+jw} flgs eGg gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=@^_
;+ljwfgn] ;f/e"t ;dfgtf, ;fdflhs Gofo
/ ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ k|fyldstf k|bfg u/]sf]
cj:yfdf v'Nnf / ;dfj]zL b'jt} km{ pQL0f{
pDd]bj\ f/nfO{ ;dfj]zLtkm{af6} l;kmfl/z
ubf{ ;+ljwfgsf] efjgfsf] kIfkf]if0f gx'g]
/ To:tf pDd]b\jf/nfO{ v'Nnftkm{af6
l;kmfl/z ul/Pdf ;dfj]zLtkm{sf c?
pDd]bj\ f/n] df}sf k|fKt ug]{ eO{ ;+ljwfgsf]
efjgfcg's"n x'ghfg] .
-k|s/0f g+=@&_
193

lqe'jg ljZjljBfno lzIfs sd{rf/L

;]jf;DaGwL lgod, @)%) sf] lgod
^=#-*_ sf] v08 -v_ / -r_ sf] ;Dk"0f{
Joj:yf / v08 -u_ sf] klxnf] jfSo
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f
!# tyf @! df cGtlg{xLt ;dfgtf,
;dfj]zLtf / ;fdflhs Gofosf] l;4fGtsf]
k|lts"n b]lvg cfPsf]n] pQm Joj:yfx
ldlt @)^*.!).!( af6 nfu" x'g] u/L cdfGo
/ ab/ 3f]lift x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=+ @*_
lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmf gf/fo0f emf
ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmf gf/fo0fk|;fb vgfn
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
o g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f
!#, @!, !@^-#_
o lqe'jg ljZjljBfno P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf
!$ sf] v08 -`_
o lqe'jg ljZjljBfno lzIfs sd{rf/L ;]jf;DaGwL
lgod, @)%) sf] lgod ^=#-@_, ^=#-#_, ^=#-$_,
^=#-%_, ^=#-^_, ^=# -&_ / ^=#-*_
o lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf &-&_, -!!_

cfb]z
Gof=k|sfz j:tLM g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^# sf] wf/f !)&-!_ cGtu{t bfo/ x'gcfPsf] k|:t't
l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ 7x/ o;k|sf/ /x]sf] 5M
lqe'jg ljZjljBfnon] ;dfj]zLs/0fsf]
l;4fGtnfO{ cjnDag u/] klg pQm ;dfj]zL
l;4fGtsf] sfof{Gjog lje]bk"0f{ /x]sf] / lqe'jg
ljZjljBfno ;efsf] ldlt @)^^.*.@@ ut]sf]
lg0f{of/f yk lqe'jg ljZjljBfno lzIfs sd{rf/L
;]jf;DaGwL lgod, @)%) sf] kl/R5]b\ @ sf] lgod
^=#-@_, ^=#-#_, ^=#-$_, ^=#-%_, ^=#-^_, ^=#-&_ /
^=#-*_ sf sfg"gL k|fjwfg cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf]
wf/f !#, !*, @! ;Fu aflemPsf]n] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf]
wf/f !)&-!_ cGtu{t lgj]bg ug{ cfPsf] 5' .

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

lqe'jg ljZjljBfno lzIfs sd{rf/L

;]jf;DaGwL lgod, @)%) sf] lgod ^=#-@_ df
kb ;+ V ofsf] lgwf{ / 0f ug] { clwsf/ lq=lj=
sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\nfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . lq=lj=
;]jf cfof]un] kb ;FVof cfkm}Fn] lgwf{/0f u/L
ldlt @)^^.(.@! ut] k| s flzt lj1fkg g+ =
#.@)^^.)^& df s"n #(@ kbdf vN'nftkm{ @)&
/ ;dfj]zLtkm{ !*% dfq kb ;+Vof lgwf{/0f
u/L lj1fkg u/]sf] sfo{ pQm lgodsf] ^=#-!_
sf] ljk/Lt /x]sf] 5 . ;fy} v'Nnf / ;dfj]zLdf
kb yk36 ug]{ u/L clwsf/ k|bfg ul/Psf]
k|fjwfg lgod ^=#-!_ sf] ljk/Lt 5 .
lq=lj= :jfoQ ;+:yf ePsf]n] lq=lj= sf]
sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf k|jz
] tyf kbf]Ggltsf] cfkm\g} sfg"gL
k|fjwfg x'gk' g]d
{ f lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf]
bf];|f] ;+zf]wgsf] Joj:yfcg'k x'g] eGg] pQm
lgodsf] lgod ^=#-#_ sf] k|fjwfg k|ToIf?kdf
q'l6k"0f{ 5 .
lq=lj= sf] lzIf0f ;]jftkm{ ;dfj]zLsf]
l;4fGt s]jn k|jz
] ljGb'df dfq nfu" ul/g]5 egL
pQm lgod ^=#-$_ df ePsf] Joj:yfaf6 lk5l8Psf]
ju{nfO{ dflyNnf] txdf ;xh k|jz
] nfO{ /f]Sg'sf]
;fy} gLlt lgdf{0f txdf lk5l8Psf] ju{sf] kx'r
F nfO{
/f]Sg] sfo{ ePsf] 5 .
pQm lgodsf] ^=#-%_ df dlxnfsf] nflu
## k|ltzt kb ;+Vof 5'6o\ fPsf] eP klg cflbjf;L,
dw]zL, blnt, ckf / lk5l8Psf] If]qsf dlxnfsf]
nflu pQm kb;VofdWo] kb g5'6o\ fO{ pQm lgodsf]
^=#-*_ sf] -v_ df k|To]s ju{ cGtu{t lgwf{l/t
k|ltztnfO{ k'?if / dlxnf tf]lsPadf]lhd k'g ##
/ ^& k|ltzt ;+Vof lgwf{/0f u/L ;f]xL ;+Vofdf
k|ltikwf{ u/fpg] egL pQm ju{sf dlxnf;Fu lje]b
ug's
{ f ;fy} juL{st[ ;d'bfosf] kb;+Vof 36fpg]
gLlt cjnDag ul/Psf] 5 .
pQm lgod ^=#-^_ df g]kfn ;/sf/n]
ls6fg u/]sf] juL{s[t pDd]b\jf/ If]qsf] cy{ /
k|of]unfO{ g} :jLsf/ u/]sf] kfOG5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n]
juL{ s [ t If] q leq dlxnf / k' ? ifdf kb;F V of
g5'6o\ fPsf]df ;f]sf] ljk/Lt juL{st[ If]qleq kb;+Vof

5'6o\ fPsf] / lgod ^=#-*_ sf] -r_ df ;dfj]zLtkm{

pQL0f{ x'g] pDd]bjf/sf] gfd v'Nnf ;d"xaf6 x6fpg]
gLltn] of]Uo JolQmnfO{ v'Nnf k|lt:kwf{af6 x6fO{
;dfj]zLdf /fvL v'Nnftkm{ kb;Vof a9fpg] gLlt
tyf sfo{ k|ToIf?kdf q'l6k"0f{ 5 .
pQm lgod ^=#-&_ df ;dfj]zLtkm{sf
pDd]bj\ f/ l;kmfl/z x'g;Sg] cj:yf g/x]df To:tf]
kb v'Nnf k|ltof]lutff/f k"lt{ x'g] kbdf ;dfj]z
u/L kbk"lt{ ul/g] / lgod ^=#-*_ df pQL0ff{ %)
k|ltzt x'g] eGg] k|fjwfgaf6 ;dfj]zLtkm{ sd
;+Vofdf kbk"lt{ u/L v'Nnftkm{ a9L kbk"lt{ ug]{
lgod ;+ljwfg / pQm lgodsf] ^=#-!_ sf] ljk/Lt
/x]sf] 5 .
o;k|sf/ ljkIfLxn] ;dfj]zL l;4fGtnfO{
cLsf/ u/] tfklg juL{st[ If]qaf6 kb;+Vof 36fO{
v'Nnftkm{ kb;FVof a9fpg] lje]bk"0f{ gLltcg'k
pQm lgodsf] ^=#-@_ b]lv ^=#-*_ ;Ddsf] sfg"gL
k|fjwfg /fv]sf] / lj1fkg g+= #.@)^^.^& df pQm
lje]bk"0f{ sfg"gsf] k|of]u u/L ;+j}wflgs xsdf
aGb]h nufPsf] x'bF f pQm sfg"gL k|fjwfg g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !#, !* / @! ;Fu
aflemPsf] x'bF f ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)& sf] pkwf/f
-!_ adf] l hd ab/ 3f] l ift u/L pQm sfg" g L
k|fjwfgcg';f/ k|sflzt lj1fkg g+= #.@)^^)^&
ab/ 3f]lift u/L ;dfj]zL l;4fGtcg'ksf] sfg"gL
k|fjwfg agfO{ k'gM lj1fkg ug'{ egL ljkIfLxsf
gfddf pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm .
pQm lgodsf] cfwf/df k|sflzt lj1fkg
g+= #.@)^^)^& sf] lnlvt k/LIff ;DkGg u/L
k/LIffkmn k|sflzt u/L kbk"lt{ ug]{ ;Defjgf /x]sf]n]
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] clGtd 6'f] gnfu];Dd lnlvt
k/LIffsf] k/LIffkmn k|sflzt gug'{ gu/fpg' tyf
kbk"lt{sf] nflu l;kmfl/z gug'{ gu/fpg' egL
ljkIfLxsf gfddf cGtl/d cfb]z;d]t hf/L
ul/kfpFm eGg] Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bgkq .
ljkIfLxaf6 lnlvt hjfkm dufpg' eGg]
o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^&.!!.!@ sf] cfb]z .
lqe'jg ljZjljBfno P]g, @)$( adf]lhd
lqe'jg ljZjljBfno Ps :jzfl;t / ;+ul7t ;+:yf

194

*&^% gf/fo0f emf lj=lqe'jg ljZjljBfno ;ef ;d]t

ePsf] / P]gsf] bkmf % -h_ n] ljZjljBfnonfO{

cfjZos kg]{ lgod agfpg] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf]
5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f
!#-#_ sf] efjgfcg'sn
" lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf]
;]jfnfO{ klg ;dfj]zL agfpg lqe'jg ljZjljBfno
;efn] lq=lj= lzIfs sd{rf/L ;]jf;DaGwL lgod,
@)%) df ljleGg Joj:yfx yk ug]{ u/L ldlt
@)^^.*.@@ df lg0f{o u/]sf] xf] .
l/6 lgj]bsn] pQm lgodsf] lgod ^=#-!_
-@_-#_-$_ -%_-^_-&_ / -*_ sf] Joj:yf s] sf/0fn]
c;+jw} flgs 5 egL pNn]v ug{ ;s]sf] kfOFbg} .
c;+jw} flgs eof] eGg] bfjL ug'{ dfq kof{Kt x'bF g} .
lgod ^=#-!_ sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ cjnDag
u/L lj1fkg g+= #.)^^.)^& sf] lj1fkg ePsf] xf] .
lgod ^=#-#_ sf] Joj:yf lq=lj= ;efsf] ldlt
@)^&.#.#! sf] a}7saf6 vf/]h eO;s]sf] 5 . s'g}
JolQmn] ;dfj]zL / v'Nnftkm{ cfj]bg u/]sf] /x]5
/ ;f] b'jt} km{ lnlvtdf gfd k|sflzt ePsf] 5 eg]
lgod ^=#-*_-r_ adf]lhd kbk"lt{sf nflu clGtd
glthf k|sflzt ubf{ ;dfj]zLtkm{ pQL0f{ x'g]
pDd]bjf/sf] gfdfjnL k|fyldstfdf /fvL v'Nnf
;d"xaf6 :jtM x6fpg] eGg] Joj:yfdf v'Nnftkm{
kb;+Vof a9fpg] gLlt /x]sf] eGg ldNb}g . lgod
^=#-&_ df /x]sf] ;dfj]zLtkm{ 5'6o\ fOPsf] kbsf]
lj1fkgkZrft\ ePsf] k/LIffdf s'g} pDd]bjf/
l;kmfl/z x'g g;s]df To:tf] kb v'Nnf k|ltoflutff/f
k"lt{ x'g] kbdf ;dfj]z u/L kbk"lt{ ug]{ eGg] Joj:yfn]
olb ;dfj]zLtkm{sf] lnlvt k/LIffdf Go"gtd\ c
k|fKt ug{ g;s]df pQm kbdf kbk"lt{ gubf{ lzIf0f
;+:yfsf] k7g kf7gdf c;/ kg{;Sg] ePsf]n]
v'Nnfsf] k|lt:kwf{df d]l/6df cfPsf JolQmnfO{ /fVbf
lgod ^=#-!_ sf] ljk/Lt x'G5 eGg ldNb}g . t;y{
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 eGg] Joxf]/fsf] ljkIfL
lqe'jg ljZjljBfno ;ef, lq=lj= sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\
/ lq=lj= ;]jf cfof]usf] ;+oQ
' m lnlvthjfkm .
l/6 lgj]bsn] ab/ ug{ dfu u/]sf] lqe'jg
ljZjljBfno lzIfs sd{rf/L ;]jf;DaGwL lgod,
@)%) sf ljjflbt Joj:yfx dWo] s]xLdf ;+zf]wg
ug]{ u/L lqe'jg ljZjljBfno ;efaf6 lg0f{o
195

eO;s]sf] x'bF f ;f] k]z ug]{ ;do kfpFm egL ljkIfL

tkm{sf sfg"g Joj;foLn] Ohnf;;dIf lgj]bg
lbg'ePsf] x'bF f lgj]bg dfuadf]lhd ;f] lg0f{o k]z
ug]{ ;do k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 eGg] Joxf]/fsf] ldlt
@)^*.%.! sf] cfb]z .
lgodadf]lhd k]zL ;"rLdf r9L k]z
x'gcfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ldl;n;+nUg ;Dk"0f{
sfuhft cWoog ul/of] .
lgj]bs clwjQmf >L gf/fo0f emfn] lqe'jg
ljZjljBfno lzIfs sd{rf/L ;]jf;DaGwL lgod,
@)%) sf] lgod ^=#-@_ df kb;+Vofsf] lgwf{/0f
ug]{ clwsf/ lqe'jg ljZjljBfno sfo{sf/L
kl/ifb\nfO{ ePsf]n] ;]jf cfof]u cfkm}n
F ] kb ;+Vof
lgwf{/0f u/L lj1fkg ug{ ldNb}g . ;dfj]lztfsf]
l;4fGtnfO{ k|jz
] ljGb'df dfq nfu" ug]{ Joj:yf
u/]sf] lgod ^=#-$_ sf] Joj:yf;d]t ;+ljwfg;Ddt\
5}g . ;dfj]zLtkm{ pQL0f{ x'g] pDd]bj\ f/sf] gfd
v'Nnftkm{sf] ;"rLaf6 x6fpg] lgod ^=#-*_ sf]
-r_ sf] Joj:yf;d]t ;dfj]lztfsf] l;4fGtljk/Lt
5 . To;} u/L ;dfj]zLtkm{af6 s'g} pDd]b\jf/
l;kmfl/z x'g g;s]df To:tf] kb v'Nnftkm{af6} k"lt{
ug] { eGg] lgod ^=#-&_ sf] Joj:yf;d] t
;dfj]lztfsf] l;4fGtljk/Lt eO{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !# / @! ;Fu aflemPsf]n]
dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'gk' b{5 egL ax;
ug'e
{ of] .
ljkIfLxsf tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg\
clwjQmf >L gf/fo0fk| ; fb vgfnn] lqe' j g
ljZjljBfno lzIfs sd{rf/L ;]jf;DaGwL lgod,
@)%) df lqe'jg ljZjljBfno ;efsf] ljz]if
a}7saf6 ldlt @)^^.*.@@ df ePsf ljleGg
;+zf]wgxnfO{ l/6 lgj]bsn] uf]Zjf/f ?kdf /
ljgf s'g} cfwf/ r'gf}tL lbPsf] b]lvG5 . lgj]bssf]
bfjL cfkm}+df c:ki6 ;d]t /x]sf] 5 . pQm
;+zf]wgdfkm{t\ lqe'jg ljZjljBfnon] cfkm\gf]
;]jfdf ;dfj]lztfsf] l;4fGtnfO{ cjnDag u/]sf]
5 . ;dfj]lztfsf] l;4fGtnfO{ cjnDag ul/Psf]
pQm lgodsf k|fjwfgxnfO{ g} c;+jw} flgs egL
lgj]bsn] u/]sf] bfjL cfkm}d
+ f lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ ;d]t

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

/x]sf] 5 . t;y{ lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z

hf/L x'g] cj:yf gePsf]n] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h
x'gk' b{5 egL ax; ug'e
{ of] .
plNnlvt ax;;d]t ;'gL lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/
ubf{ k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgDg k|Zgxdf lg0f{o
lbg'kg]{ b]lvof]M
-!_ lqe' j g ljZjljBfno lzIfs sd{ r f/L
;]jf;DaGwL lgod, @)%) sf] lgod ^=#-@_,
^=#-#_, ^=#-$_, ^=#-%_, ^=#-^_, ^=#-&_ / ^=#
-*_ sf Joj:yfx g] k fnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !# tyf @! ;Fu
aflemPsf 5g\ 5}gg\ <
-@_ lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'gk' g]{
xf] xf]Og <
@= ;j{ky| d klxnf] k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{,
lqe'jg ljZjljBfno ;efsf] ldlt @)^^.*.@@ sf]
a}7sf/f lqe'jg ljZjljBfno lzIfs sd{rf/L
;]jf;DaGwL lgod, @)%) sf] kl/R5]b\ @ df yk
ePsf lgod ^=#-@_, ^=#-#_, ^=#-$_, ^=#-%_, ^=#
-^_, ^=# -&_ / ^=#-*_ sf Joj:yfx g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !# tyf @! ;Fu
aflemPsf]n] cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift ul/kfpmF eGg]
l/6 lgj]bssf] dfu bfjL /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
#= l/6 lgj]bsn] cfwf/ dfg]sf] g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !# df ;dfgtfsf]
xs;DaGwL Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 eg] wf/f @! df
cfly{s, ;fdflhs jf z}lIfs b[li6n] kl5 k/]sf
dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zL ;d'bfo,
pTkLl8t ju{ , u/La ls;fg / dhb" / nfO{
;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df /fHosf]
;+/rgfdf ;xefuL x'g] xs x'g]5 eGg] pNn]v
eO{ ;fdflhs Gofosf] xssf] Joj:yf u/]sf]
kfOG5 .
$= lgj] b sn] r' g f} t L lbPsf] lqe' j g
ljZjljBfno, lzIfs sd{rf/L ;]jf;DaGwL lgod,
@)%) sf] lgod ^=#-@_ df lgod ^ sf] pklgod
#-!_ sf] k|ltztadf]lhd kb;+Vofsf] lgwf{/0f lq=lj=
sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\n] lgwf{/0f u/]adf]lhd x'g5
] eGg]
k|fjwfg /x]sf] kfOG5 .
196

%= pQm lgod ^=#-@_ df pNn]v ePsf]

lgod ^ sf] pklgod #-!_ df lq=lj= ;]jfnfO{
;dfj]zL agfpg lzIf0f tyf k|zf;lgs b'j}
;]jfdf v'Nnf / ;dfj]zL b'j} ;d"xdf %).%)
k|ltzt kb ljefhg u/L kbk"lt{ ul/g]5 eGg]
Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvG5 h;nfO{ lgj]bsn] r'gf}tL
lbPsf] b]lvFb}g .
^= ljkIfL lqe'jg ljZjljBfno ;]jf
cfof]uf/f ljleGg kbxdf :yfoL k"lt{ ug]{
l;nl;nfdf k|sfzg u/]sf] lj1fkg g+= #.)^^^&
sfg"g;Ddt\ gePsf] egL bfjL ug]{ l;nl;nfdf
l/6 lgj]bsn] pk/f]Qm lgod ^=#-@_ sf] k|fjwfgsf]
;+jw} flgstfdf k|Zg p7fPsf] b]lvG5 . lgod ^=#
-!_ n] lq=lj= ;]jfnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpg] s'/fsf]
pNn]v ub}{ lzIf0f tyf k|zf;lgs b'j} ;]jfxdf
v'Nnf / ;dfj]zLtkm{ %).%) k|ltzt cyf{t\ cfwf
cfwf kb 5'6\ofpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvFbf pQm
Joj:yf cfkm}d
F f ;dfj]lztfsf] l;4fGtcg'sn
" eO{
l/Qm kbdf v'Nnf / ;dfj]zL k|lqmofaf6 cfwf
cfwf u/L k"lt{ ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvFbf ;f] Joj:yf
;dfgtfsf] l;4fGt tyf ;dfj]lztfsf] efjgfk|lts"n
/x]sf] eGg] b]lvg cfpFbg} .
&= lgod ^=#-@_ n] lgod ^=#-!_ adf]lhd
lgwf{l/t k|ltztcg'k kb;+Vofsf] lgwf{/0f ug]{
sfd lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf] sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\n]
ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf]df ljkIfL ;]jf cfof]un] pQm
lj1fkg ubf{ cfkm}+ kb;+Vof lgwf{/0f u/L lj1fkg
u/]sf] q'l6k"0f{ 5 eGg] lgj]bssf] bfjL /x]sf]
b]lvG5 . ;f] ;DaGwdf lqe'jg ljZjljBfno P]g,
@)$( sf] bkmf !$ sf] v08 -`_ df, sfo{sf/L
kl/ifb\ n ] ljZjljBfnosf lzIfs tyf
sd{rf/Lxsf] b/aGbL tf]Sg] / ;]jf cfof]usf]
l;kmfl/zdf lgo'lQm / a9'jf ug]{ eGg] k|fjwfg
/x]sf] b]lvG5 . ldl;n ;+nUg ljkIfL lq=lj= ;]jf
cfof]usf] ljjflbt lj1fkg g+= #.)^^^& sf]
k|ltlnlk x]bf{ ljkIfL ;]jf cfof]u cfkm}+n] kb;FVof
/ b/aGbL l;h{gf u/L pQm lj1fkg u/]sf] eGg]
b]lvg cfpFb}g . pQm lj1fkgdf l/Qm kb :yfoL
k"lt{sf nflu cfof]un] k/LIff ;~rfng ug]{ eGg]

*&^% gf/fo0f emf lj=lqe'jg ljZjljBfno ;ef ;d]t

Joxf]/f g} pNn]v ePsf] b]lvFbf ;]jf cfof]u cfkm}n]

kb;+Vof ;d]t lgwf{/0f u/]sf] / ;f]xL sf/0f pQm
lgod ^=#-@_ g} c;+j}wflgs /x]sf] eGg] lgj]bssf]
bfjL sfNklgs (Hypothetical) / cfwf/xLg /x]sf]
b]lvG5 .
*= lgj]bsn] r'gf}tL lbPsf] csf]{ lgod
^=#-#_ df lq=lj= sf] k|zf;lgs ;]jfsf] k|jz
] tyf
kbf]Ggltdf cfwf/ lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf]
bf];f| ] ;+zf]wgsf] Joj:yfcg'k x'g5
] eGg] Joj:yf
/x]sf]df ldlt @)^&.#.#! df a;]sf] ljZjljBfno
;efsf] a}7saf6 pQm lgod ^=#-#_ vf/]h ePsf]
eGg] b]lvg cfPsf]n] To;tkm{ yk ljrf/ ul//xg
kg]{ b]lvPg .
(= To:t}, lgj]bsn] r'gf}tL lbPsf] pQm
lqe'jg ljZjljBfno, lzIfs sd{rf/L ;]jf;DaGwL
lgod, @)%) sf] lgod ^=#-$_ df lq=lj= sf]
lzIf0f ;] j ftkm{ ;dfj] z Lsf] l;4fGt s] j n
k|jz
] ljGb'df dfq nfu" ul/g]5 eGg] k|fjwfg /x]sf]
b]lvG5 . ;f] ;DaGwdf ;dfj]lztfsf] clwsf/ ;]jf
k|jz
] df dfq xf]Og ;]jf k|jz
] u/]kl5 x'g] a9'jfsf]
r/0fxdf ;d]t x'gk' b{5 eGg] lgj]bssf] bfjL
/x]sf] 5 .
!)= /fHosf] lghfdtL ;]jfnufot cGo
;fj{hlgs ;]jfxdf ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zLtfsf]
l;4fGtnfO{ cjnDag ug'{sf] tfTko{ /fHosf
tkm{af6 ljutdf ePsf] e]befjk"0f{ Jojxf/sf
sf/0f cfly{s, ;fdflhs, z}lIfs, ;f+:s[ltsnufot
cGo If]qdf k5fl8 k/]sf ju{ jf ;d'bfosf
gful/sx hf] c?;/x k|lt:kwf{df pqg tTsfn
;dy{ 5}gg\, pgLxnfO{ s]xL 5"6 (Relaxation)
jf ;'ljwf (Special advantages) sf dfWodaf6
/fHo ;+oGqdf ;xefuL x'g] cj;/ lbnfO{ ;fdflhs
Gofo k|bfg ug'{ xf] . ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] k|:t't
tfTko{af6 ;sf/fTds lje]b;DaGwL /0fgLlt
cfkm+}df lr/:yfoL gLlt xf]Og / x'g' klg x'Fb}g
eGg] b]lvg cfpF5 . /fHosf] d"n k|jfxdf ;d]l6g
g;sL kl5 k/] s f ju{ jf ;d' b fosf
gful/sxnfO{ ;fdflhs Gofo / ;zQmLs/0fsf
dfWodaf6 c?;/x ;dfg k|lt:kwf{df pqg ;Ifd
197

geP;Ddsf nflu dfq ;sf/fTds lje]b;DaGwL

gLlt cjnDag ug] { / ;sf/fTds lje] b ,
;zQmLs/0f tyf cf/If0f h:tf sfo{qmdxsf
dfWodaf6 pgLxsf] k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtfdf
clej[l4 eO{ c? ;/x k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;Ifd ePkl5
k"0f{ k|lt:kwf{df cfwfl/t ;dfgxsf aLrsf]
;dfgtf sf] l:yltdf k'Ug] x'gfn] ;sf/fTds
lje]b jf cf/If0f;DaGwL Joj:yfx cNksfnLg
k|s[ltsf x'g] ub{5g\ . lglZrt\ cjlwsf] cGt/fndf
To;sf] k' g /fjnf] s g ub} { n} h fg] / ck] l Ift
k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf xfl;n ePkl5 sfo{qmdsf]
cGTo ug]{ ul/G5 . o;}cg'k lghfdtL ;]jf P]g,
@)$( sf] bkmf & sf] pkbkmf -!!_ df klg
lghfdtL ;]jf k|j]zdf ul/Psf] cf/If0fsf] Joj:yf
k|To]s bz jif{df k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf
ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
!!= lgj]bsn] bfjL u/]h:tf] ;]jf k|jz
] b]lv
cfGtl/s a9'jf;Ddsf ;a} r/0fxdf cf/If0fnfO{
clgjfo{ ub}{ hfg] xf] eg] To;n] ck]Iff ul/PeGbf
km/s / gsf/fTds kl/0ffdx klg l;h{gf ug{
;Qm5 . h:t} , ;DalGwt lgsfosf]
cfjZostfcg'ksf] pko'Qm hgzlQm pknAw x'g
g;sL pQm lgsfosf] sfo{sz
' ntf (Efficiency)
k|efljt x'g;S5 eg] pgLx;Fu sfo{/t\ c?x
pk/ k| s f/fGt/n] e] b efjs} kl/0ffd lg:sg]
pgLxn] ljutdf ef]Ug'k/]sf] l:ylt h:tf] cj:yf
klg l;h{gf x'g;S5 . t];f| ] / ;a}eGbf gsf/fTds
kIf pgLxdf pTkGg x'g;Sg] n3'tfefif / k/fl>t
k|j[lQ h:tf dgf];fdflhs ;d:ofx pAhg
;S5g\ . d'ns
' sf] lghfdtL k|zf;g ;~rfng ug]{
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( n] klg v'Nnf k|ltof]lutfaf6
k"lt{ x'g] kbtkm{ dfq ;dfj]zLtfsf] l;4fGtnfO{
cjnDag u/]sf] b]lvG5 . k|:t't ljjfbsf] ;Gbe{df
klg lqe'jg ljZjljBfnon] lghfdtL ;]jf P]g,
@)$( n] ckgfPsf] pko'Q
{ m b[li6sf]0feGbf leGg
b[ l i6sf] 0 f ckgfPsf] gb] l vF b f ;dfj] z Ltfsf]
l;4fGtnfO{ k|jz
] ljGb'df dfq nfu" ug]{ u/]sf] pQm
lgod ^=#-$_ sf] Joj:yf c;+jw} flgs 5 eGg]
lgj]bssf] bfjL;Fu ;xdt x'g ;lsPg .

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

!@= ca lgj]bsn] c;+jw} flgs egL r'gf}tL

lbPsf] lqe'jg ljZjljBfno lzIfs sd{rf/L
;]jf;DaGwL lgod, @)%) sf] lgod ^=#-%_ sf]
k|fjwfgsf ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{, lgod ^=#-%_ df
/x]sf] k|fjwfg lgDgfg';f/ 5M
lgod ^-!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP
tfklg lq=lj= sf] lzIf0f ;]jfnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpg
v'Nnf k|ltof]lutff/f k"lt{ x'g] kbdWo] %) k|ltzt
kb ;+Vof 5'6o\ fO{ ;f] k|ltztnfO{ ztk|ltzt dfgL
b]xfoadf]lhd juL{s[t pDd]b\jf/aLr 5'f5'}
k|lt:kwf{sf cfwf/df b]xfocg';f/ kbk"lt{ ul/g]5 M
-s_ dlxnf
-v_ cflbjf;Lhghflt
-u_ dw]zL
-3_ blnt
-_ ckf
-r_ lk5l8Psf] If]q

## k|ltzt
@& k|ltzt
@@ k|ltzt
( k|ltzt
% k|ltzt
$ k|ltzt
!)) k|ltzt
!#= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n]
/fHo ;+oGqdf ;dfj]zLtfsf] l;4fGtnfO{ cjnDag
ug]{ pb\3f]if u/]kl5 lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf] ;]jfdf
klg ;f] l;4fGtnfO{ cjnDag ug{ ;DalGwt lgoddf
;+zf]wg u/L yk ul/Psf] pk/f]Qm sfg"gL Joj:yf
s;/L c;+jw} flgs eof] eGg] ;DaGwdf lgj]bsn]
:ki6 ?kdf bfjL ug{ ;s]sf] kfOFbg} . o; cy{df
lgj]bssf] k|:t't bfjL c:ki6, cfwf/xLg / lj/f]wfefifk"0f{
;d]t /x]sf] b]lvg cfpF5 . lgod ^=#-%_ sf] pQm
Joj:yf ldlt @)^^.*.@@ df klxnf] k6s yk x'bF f
lq=lj=sf] lzIf0f ;]jfdf dfq nfu" x'g] ul/Psf]df ldlt
@)^&.#.#! sf] ;+zf]wgaf6 cem lj:tf/ u/L lq=lj= sf]
k|zf;g ;]jftkm{ klg nfu" ul/Psf] b]lvG5 .
!$= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]
wf/f !@^ sf] pkwf/f -#_ adf]lhd nf]s;]jf
cfof]usf] ;d]t k/fdz{ k|fKt u/L ag]sf] g]kfnsf]
lghfdtL k|zf;g ;~rfng ug]{ lghfdtL ;]jf
P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf & sf] pkbkmf -&_ df /x]sf]
lgDg k|fjwfgcg'ks} k|fjwfg lqe'jg ljZjljBfno

lzIfs sd{rf/L ;]jf;DaGwL lgod @)%) sf] lgod

^=#-%_ df ;dfj]z u/]sf] b]lvG5M
lghfdtL ;] j fnfO{ ;dfj] z L agfpg v' N nf
k|ltof]lutff/f k"lt{ x'g] kbdWo] k}t+ fnL; k|ltzt
kb 5'6\ofO{ ;f] k|ltztnfO{ ztk|ltzt dfgL
b]xfoadf]lhdsf pDd]b\jf/aLrdf dfq 5'f5'}
k|lt:kwf{ u/fO{ kbk"lt{ ul/g]5M
-s_ dlxnf
t]QL; k|ltzt
-v_ cflbjf;Lhghflt
;QfO; k|ltzt
-u_ dw]zL
afO; k|ltzt
-3_ blnt
gf} k|ltzt
-_ ckf
kfFr k|ltzt
-r_ lk5l8Psf] If]q
rf/ k|ltzt
!%= pk/f]Qmadf]lhd lghfdtL ;]jf P]g,
@)$( n] ;dfj]zLtfsf ;DaGwdf cjnDag u/]sf]
l;4fGtcg' ks} sfg" g L Joj:yf lqe' j g
ljZjljBfno lzIfs sd{rf/L ;]jf;DaGwL lgod,
@)%) sf] lgod ^=#-%_ df ePsf] b]lvPsf] / pQm
lgoddf ldlt @)^&.#.#! df ul/Psf] ;+zf]wgf/f
lgod ^=#-%_ sf] pQm Joj:yfnfO{ lq=lj=sf] k|zf;g
;]jfdf ;d]t nfu" x'g] u/L lj:tf/ ul/Psf] ;d]t
b]lvg cfPsf] ;Gbe{df lgod ^=#-%_ sf] pQm sfg"gL
Joj:yf c;+jw} flgs /x]sf] eGg] b]lvg cfPg .
!^= lgj]bsn] ab/ dfu u/]sf] lgod ^=#
-^_ df pklgod #-%_ sf] k|of]hgsf] lgldQ juL{st[
pDd]b\jf/ If]qsf] cy{ / k|of]u g]kfn ;/sf/n]
ls6fg u/]sf] cy{ / k|of]u ;Demg' kb{5 eGg]
Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . cfly{s, ;fdflhs, z}lIfs jf
;fF:s[lts If]qdf k5fl8 k/]sf sf/0f /fli6o hLjgsf]
d"n k|jfxdf ;dflxt x'g g;s]sf ju{ jf ;d'bfosf
gful/sxnfO{ ;zQmLs/0f tyf cf/If0f h:tf
;sf/fTds lje]bsf dfWodaf6 /fli6o hLjgsf]
d"n k|jfxdf ;dflxt u/fpg] ;dfj]zLs/0f;DaGwL
l;4fGtsf] p2]Zo ePsf] x'bF f al~rtL (Deprivation)
df k/]sf To:tf ju{ jf ;d'bfosf] klxrfg ug]{
bfloTj /fHo cyf{t\ g]kfn ;/sf/d} lgxLt x'g]
s'/fdf ljjfb x'g ;St}g . ;/sf/n] /fli6o:t/df
gLlt agfO{ klxrfg u/]sf To:tf ju{ jf ;d'bfosf]

198

*&^% gf/fo0f emf lj=lqe'jg ljZjljBfno ;ef ;d]t

pTyfg / ljsf;sf nflu /fHo ;+oGqleqsf ;a}

lgsfo / If]qaf6 Ps?ktfsf cfwf/df ;fd"lxs
k|oTgsf] cfjZostf kg]{ x'bF f ;f] ;DaGwdf ;/sf/sf]
/fli6o gLlt;Fu tfbDotf sfod ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf]
lgod ^=#-^_ sf] pQm Joj:yf ;+ljwfgljk/Lt /x]sf]
eGg] b]lvg cfpFbg} .
!&= lgj]bsn] r'gf}tL lbPsf] csf]{ lgod
^=#-&_ df lgDg sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvG5M
lgod ^ sf] pklgod #-%_ adf]lhd 5'6o\ fOPsf]
kbsf] lj1fkgkZrft\ k|lt:kwf{Tds 5gf]6
k|lqmofsf] lnlvt jf cGtjf{tf{af6 pko'Qm
pDd]b\jf/ l;kmfl/z x'g;Sg] cj:yf
g/x]df To:tf] kb v'Nnf k|ltof]lutff/f
k"lt{ x'g] kbdf ;dfj]z ul/g]5 .
!*= ;dfj] z Ls/0fsf] l;4fGtcg' ; f/
;+/lIft ju{ jf ;d'bfosf nflu cf/lIft kbdf
sf]xL klg pQL0f{ x'g g;s]sf] cj:yfdf pQm kb
v'Nnf k|lt:kwf{af6 k"lt{ x'g] kbdf ;dfj]z ug]{
Joj:yf u/]sf] pk/f]Qm sfg"gL Joj:yf s;/L
e]befjk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 eGg] ;DaGwdf lgj]bsn] :ki6
?kdf bfjL ug{ ;s]sf] kfOFbg} .
To:t}, lgj]bsn] r'gf}tL lbPsf] lgod ^=#
-*_ df lgDg sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvG5M
!(= lq=lj= sf] lzIf0f tyf k|zf;lgs ;]jfnfO{
;dfj]zL agfpg] k|of]hgsf lgldQ b]xfosf
k|lqmofut Joj:yfx ;d]t nfu" ul/g]5M
s= v'nf tyf ;dfj]zLtkm{sf] lnlvt k/LIffsf]
pQL0ff{ %) k|ltzt x'g5
] .
v= k|To]s ju{cGtu{t lgwf{l/t k|ltztnfO{ k'?if /
dlxnf tf]lsPadf]lhd -## / ^& k|ltzt_ ;+Vof
lgwf{/0f u/L ;f]xL ;+Vofdf k|lt:kwf{ u/fOg]5 .
u= ;dfj]zLtkm{ s'g} ju{sf] pQL0f{ cfj]bs
dlxnf gePdf ;f] x L ju{ s f] pQL0f{
cfj]bsnfO{ 5gf]6 ul/g]5 . ;DalGwt
ju{af6 pQL0f{ cfj]bs geP ;dfj]zL
ju{dWo] lgs6td\ pkNnf] (Ascending
Order) ju{sf] pRrtd\ c k|fKt ug]{
pDd]bjf/sf] 5gf]6 ul/g]5 .
199

3=

v'Nnf / ;dfj]zLtkm{sf] lnlvt k/LIff

Ps} ;dodf Pp6} k|Zgkqaf6 lnOg]5 .
k/LIffsf] glthf of]Uotfqmdsf] cfwf/df
k|sflzt ul/g]5 .
= lnlvt k/LIffdf pQL0f{ pDd]bj\ f/sf] ;"rL
cGtjf{tf{sf nflu k|sflzt ul/g]5 / ;f]sf]
;+Vof lj1fkgdf ls6fg ul/Psf] ;+Vofdf
8]9L x'g5
] .
r= kbk"lt{sf nflu clGtd glthf k|sflzt
ubf{ ;dfj]zLtkm{ pQL0f{ x'g] pDd]bj\ f/sf]
gfdfjnL k| f yldstfdf /fvL v' N nf
;d"xaf6 :jtM x6fOg]5 .
5= lzIfs tyf sd{ r f/Lxsf] ;] j f
k|j]zljGb'sf] kbk"lt{sf] clGtd glthf
k|sflzt ubf{ pko'Qm ;+Vofdf j}slNks
pDd]bj\ f/xsf] gfdx ;d]t k|sflzt
ul/g]5 . j}slNks pDd]bjf/sf] ;+Vof
lq=lj= ;]jf cfof]un] tf]sa] df]lhd x'g5
] .
@)= lgod ^=#-*_ sf pk/f] Q m
Joj:yfxdWo] v08 s, 3, / 5 sf Joj:yfx
s] s;/L e] b efjk" 0 f{ / ;dfj] z Ls/0fsf]
l;4fGtk|lts"n /x]sf 5g\ eGg] ;DaGwdf lgj]bsn]
s'g} pNn]v ug{ ;s]sf] kfOFbg} . hxfF;Dd v08 v
sf] Joj:yfsf] k|;uF 5 pQm Joj:yfn] lgod ^=#
-%_ cGtu{t lgwf{/0f ul/Psf ju{leq km]l/ klg
dlxnf / k'?ifsf nflu ## / ^& k|ltzt kb 5'6o\ fpg]
Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvof] .
@!= ;f/e"t ;dfgtf tyf ;dfj]zLs/0fsf]
l;4fGtsf] k|of]hg jf:tljs ?kdf lk5l8Psf /
jl~rtL (Deprivation) df k/]sf gful/sxnfO{
;sf/fTds lje]b Pj+ ;zQmLs/0fsf dfWodf/f
ljz]if ;'ljwfhgs Joj:yf u/L JolQmTj ljsf;sf]
ljz]if cj;/ k|bfg ug]{ ePsf] x'gfn] ;fdfGotof
jl~rtLdf k/]sf jf lk5l8Psf gful/sx /x]sf]
egL s'g} ju{ jf ;d'bfonfO{ klxrfg ul/g] eP
tfklg ;f] ju{ jf ;d'bfoleqsf ;b:ox klg ;a}
Ps}gf;sf x'bF g} g\ . 5flgPsf] To:tf] ju{ jf ;d"xleq
klg cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;fF:s[lts, z}lIfs tyf

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

/fhgLlts b[li6n] ;a}sf] cj:yf a/fa/ gx'g] k|foM

lglZrt\ g} x'G5 . To;}n] t'ngfTds ?kdf pQm
If]qxdf al~rtLdf k/]sf / lk5l8Psf JolQmxsf
xsdf ;sf/fTds lje]bsf] l;4fGt cfslif{t x'G5
/ To;sf] nfe klg pgLxsf nflu g} k|fKo x'G5 .
al~rtL jf k5f}6]kgsf] s'g} lglZrt\ dfkb08
lgwf{/0f u/L ;f] dfkb08sf] cfwf/df Pp6} ju{ jf
;d'bfoleqsf JolQmxsf xsdf klg cf/If0fsf]
;'ljwf cfslif{t x'g] / gx'g] k|aGw ldnfOG5 .
;fdfGotof lk5l8Psf] ju{ egL klxrfg / kl/eflift
ul/Psf] ju{leqsf] eP klg al~rtL / k5f}6k] gsf]
dfkgsf nflu lgwf{l/t Go"gtd\ dfkb08 jf ;"rs
(Indicator) eGbf dfly /x] s f JolQmxnfO{
;sf/fTds lje]bsf ;'ljwfx pknAw u/fpg]
k|of]hgsf nflu afx]s ug]{ o:tf] l;4fGtnfO{
Exclude the creamy layer from the strata eGg]
ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
@@= o;}cg'k lqe'jg ljZjljBfno lzIfs
sd{rf/L ;]jf;DaGwL lgod, @)%) sf] lgod ^=# -%_
tyf lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf &-&_ df
klxrfg ul/Psf dlxnf, cflbjf;Lhghflt, dw]zL,
blnt, ckf tyf lk5l8Psf] If]qleqsf x/]s JolQmnfO{
cf/If0fsf] pQm ;'ljwf ;dfg ?kdf pknAw x'G5
eGg] cy{ af]w ug{ ldNg] b]lvFbg} . pQm ju{ jf ;d'bfoleq
k/]/ klg al~rtL jf k5f}6k] gsf] lgwf{l/t dfkb08eGbf
dfly /x]sf JolQmx -Creamy Layers_ sf xsdf
cf/If0fsf] pQm ;'ljwf cfslif{t x'g] b]lvFbg} . To:tf]
lgwf{l/t dfkb08 d'lg /x]sf JolQm ljz]ifsf xsdf
dfq cf/If0fsf] pQm sfg"gL Joj:yf cfslif{t x'g] xf] .
o; l;4fGtnfO{ lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( n] cfTd;ft\
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . pQm P]gsf] bkmf &-&_ sf] :ki6Ls/0fsf]
v08 -@_ df o; pkbkmfsf] v08 -s_ -v_ -u_ /
-3_ sf] k|of]hgsf nflu dlxnf, cflbjf;Lhghflt,
dw]zL / blnt eGgfn] cfly{s / ;fdflhs ?kdf
k5fl8 k/]sf dlxnf, cflbjf;Lhghflt, dw]zL /
blntnfO{ ;Demg' k5{ eGg] pNn]v ePaf6 ;f] ju{leq
kg]{ cfly{s ;fdflhs ?kaf6 kl5 k/]sf JolQmxsf
nflu dfq (Creamy Layers nfO{ afx]s u/]/_ cf/If0fsf]

;'ljwf pknAw x'g] s'/f :ki6 ul/Psf] kfOG5 . lqe'jg

ljZjljBfno lzIfs sd{rf/L ;]jf;DaGwL lgod,
@)%) sf] lgod ^=#-^_ df pklgod #-%_ sf]
k|of]hgsf lgldQ juL{st[ pDd]bj\ f/If]qsf] cy{ / k|of]u
g]kfn ;/sf/n] ls6fg u/]sf] cy{ / k|of]u ;Demg'kb{5
eGg] pNn]v ePsf] kfOFbf ;f] lgodn] klg lghfdtL
;]jf P]g, @)$( n] cjnDag u/]sf] pk/f]Qm l;4fGtnfO{
cLsf/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
@#= o;/L cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ?kaf6
lk5l8Psf JolQmxnfO{ cf/If0fsf] ;'ljwf pknAw
x'g] sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] / ;f] k|of]hgsf nflu
dlxnf nfO{ Pp6f 5'} ju{sf] ?kdf klxrfg
u/L ## k|ltzt cf/If0f ;'/lIft ul/;lsPsf]
;Gbe{df ca cGo ju{x -cflbjf;Lhghflt,
dw]zL, blnt, ckf, lk5l8Psf] If]q_ leq klg
km]l/ dlxnfsf nflu ## k|ltzt kb ;+Vof 5'6o\ fpg]
u/]sf] pQm lgod ^=#-*_ sf] v08 -v_ sf] Joj:yf
;f/e"t ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGtcg'sn
" b]lvg cfpFbg} .
dlxnfsf] ;DaGwdf ul/Psf] o:tf] Joj:yfn]
k|sf/fGt/n] dlxnf;/x g} al~rtL / alxis/0fdf
k/]sf cGo ju{x pk/ g} km]l/ klg c;dfg /
e]befjk"0f{ Jojxf/ x'ghfg] kl/0ffd lg:sg] x'G5 .
o:tf] cj:yf lgZro g} ;dfgtfsf]
cjwf/0ffcg's"n x'Fb}g .
@$= n}ls ;dfgtf, ;fdflhs Gofo /
;dfj]zLtfsf] l;4fGtnfO{ lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$(
sf] bkmf &-&_ Pj+ lqe'jg ljZjljBfno lzIfs sd{rf/L
;]jf ;DaGwL lgod, @)%) sf] lgod ^=#-%_ n]
cjnDag u/]sf] eP klg ;f] sfg"gL Joj:yfcg';f/
;/sf/n] /fli6o :t/df al~rtLs/0f / k5f}6k] g
(Deprivation and Backwardness) sf dfkb08 /
;"rsx lgwf{/0f ul/;s]sf] 5 eGg] b]lvg cfPsf]
5}g . lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) sf] lgod !$
-#_ df ul/Psf] lgDg Joj:yfaf6 klg To:tf] dfkb08
lgwf{/0f eOg;s]sf] eGg] b]lvg cfpF5 M
P]gsf] bkmf & sf] pkbkmf -&_ sf] k|of]hgsf]
nflu cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ?kdf k5fl8 k/]sf
dlxnf, cflbjf;Lhghflt, dw]zL, blnt ;d'bfosf]

200

*&^% gf/fo0f emf lj=lqe'jg ljZjljBfno ;ef ;d]t

ljj/0f g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf

k|sfzg u/L tf]sa] df]lhd x'g5
] .
t/ g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L
gtf] s ] ; Ddsf] nflu ;Dk" 0 f{ dlxnf,
cflbjf;Lhghflt, dw]zL, blntnfO{ cfly{s tyf
;fdflhs ?kdf k5fl8 k/]sf] ;d'bfo dflgg]5 .
@%= ca lgj]bsn] r'gf}tL lbPsf] lgod
^=#-*_ sf] v08 -u_ sf] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{, pQm
v08 -u_ sf] klxnf] jfSodf ;dfj]zLtkm{ s'g}
ju{sf] pQL0f{ cfj]bs dlxnf gePdf ;f]xL ju{sf]
pQL0f{ cfj]bsnfO{ 5gf]6 ul/g]5 eGg] k|fjwfg
/x]sf] b]lvG5 . v08 -u_ sf] of] Joj:yf dfly ljj]lrt
v08 -v_ sf] Joj:yf;Fu ;DalGwt /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
cyf{t\ ;dfj]zLtkm{ lgwf{l/t ju{ jf ;d'bfoleq klg
dlxnfsf nflu ## k|ltzt kb;+Vof 5'6o\ fpg] / olb
dlxnfsf nflu 5'6o\ fPsf] pQm kbdf s'g} dlxnf
pQL0f{ x'g g;s]df dfq ;f] kbdf ;f]xL ju{sf] k'?if
k|lt:kwL{sf] 5gf}6 ug]{ Joj:yf v08 -u_ sf] klxnf]
jfSon] u/]sf] b]lvof] . cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ?kdf
kl5 k/]sf dlxnfxsf] nflu 5'} ju{ dfgL ##
k|ltzt l;6 ;'/lIft ul/Psf] cj:yfdf c? ju{leq
klg km]l/ dlxnfsf nflu ## k|ltzt kb cf/If0f ug]{
v08 -v_ sf] pQm Joj:yf ;dfgtfsf] cjwf/0ff
cg'sn
" 5}g egL dfly ljj]rgf eO;s]sf] x'bF f v08
-v_ ;Fu ;DalGwt v08 -u_ sf] klxnf] jfSo ;d]t
;+ljwfg ljk/Lt /x]sf] b]lvg cfof] .
@^= pQm v08 -u_ sf] bf];|f] jfSodf
;DalGwt ju{af6 pQL0f{ cfj]bs geP ;dfj]zL
ju{dWo] lgs6td\ pkNnf] ju{sf] pRrtd\ c k|fKt
ug]{ pDd]bj\ f/sf] 5gf}6 ul/g]5 eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf]
b]lvG5 . cf/If0f k|bfg ul/Psf] s'g} Ps ju{af6
s'g} klg pDd]bj\ f/ pQL0f{ x'g g;s]df pQm cf/lIft
kb csf]{ cf/lIft ju{df ;dfj]z -yk_ ug]{ u/]sf]
pQm k| f jwfgaf6 ;f/e" t ;dfgtf /
;dfj]zLs/0fs} kIfkf]if0f ePsf] b]lvFbf pQm Joj:yf
c;+jw} flgs 5 eGg] b]lvg cfpFbg} .
@&= To:t}, pQm lgod ^=#-*_ sf] v08 -r_
df kbk"lt{sf nflu clGtd glthf k|sflzt ubf{
;dfj]zLtkm{ pQL0f{ x'g] pDd]b\jf/sf] gfdfjnL
201

k|fyldstfdf /fvL v'Nnf ;d"xaf6 :jtM x6fOg]5

eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . pQm Joj:yf cWoog
ubf{ v'Nnf / ;dfj]zL b'jt} km{ pQL0f{ pDd]bj\ f/nfO{
;dfj]zLtkm{af6} l;kmfl/z ug]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvof] .
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !# tyf @!
n] ;f/e"t ;dfgtf, ;fdflhs Gofo / ;dfj]zLs/0fsf]
l;4fGtnfO{ pRr k|fyldstf k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . o;/L
;+ljwfgn] ;f/e"t ;dfgtf, ;fdflhs Gofo /
;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ k|fyldstf k|bfg u/]sf] cj:yfdf
v'Nnf / ;dfj]zL b'j}tkm{ pQL0f{ pDd]b\jf/nfO{
;dfj]zLtkm{af6} l;kmfl/z ubf{ ;+ljwfgsf] pk/f]Qm
efjgfsf] kIfkf]if0f gx'g] / To:tf pDd]bj\ f/nfO{
v'Nnftkm{af6 l;kmfl/z ul/Pdf ;dfj]zLtkm{sf c?
pDd]bj\ f/n] df}sf k|fKt ug]{ eO{ ;+ljwfgsf] efjgfcg'sn"
x'ghfg] b]lvFbf v08 -r_ sf] pQm k|fjwfg;d]t
;+ljwfgcg'sn
" /x]sf] b]lvg cfPg .
@*= ca bf];|f] k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{, dfly
ul/Psf] ljZn]if0faf6 lqe'jg ljZjljBfno lzIfs
sd{rf/L ;]jf;DaGwL lgod, @)%) sf] lgod
^=#-*_ sf] v08 -v_ / -r_ sf] ;Dk"0f{ Joj:yf /
v08 -u_ sf] klxnf] jfSo g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !# tyf @! df cGtlg{lxt
;dfgtf, ;dfj] z Ltf / ;fdflhs Gofosf]
l;4fGtsf] k|lts"n b]lvg cfPsf]n] pQm Joj:yfx
cfhsf ldltaf6 nfu" x'g] u/L cdfGo / ab/
3f]lift ul/Psf] 5 .
@(= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n]
kl/sNkgf u/]sf] ;f/e"t ;dfgtf, ;dfj]zLtf, n}ls
Gofo / ;fdflhs Gofosf] p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu /fHo
;+/rgfsf ;a} cjojx (State Instrumentalities)
sf tkm{af6 ul/g] gLltut tyf sfg"gL k|oTgxdf
Ps?ktf sfod x'g' jf~5gLo x'G5 . k|:t't l/6
lgj]bgsf] ljifoj:t' lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf] ;]jf;Fu
;DalGwt /x]sf] / ldlt @)^^.*.@@ df lq=lj= ;]jfdf
pk/f]Qm l;4fGtxsf] cjnDag ul/g'eGbf w]/} cl3b]lv
/fHosf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf pQm l;4fGtxnfO{ cjnDag
ub}c
{ fPsf] lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( / lghfdtL ;]jf
lgodfjnL, @)%) sf Joj:yfx nf]s;]jf cfof]u
;d]taf6 k/fdz{ k|fKt / kl/is[t Joj:yf ePsf

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

sf/0f ca ;f]xL P]g tyf lgodfjnLsf Joj:yfx;Fu

tfbDotf /fVg] u/L lqe'jg ljZjljBfno lzIfs
sd{rf/L ;]jf;DaGwL lgod, @)%) df cfjZos
;+zf]wg tyf kl/dfh{g ug'{ u/fpg' egL ljkIfLxsf
gfddf lgb]z
{ fTds cfb]z hf/L ul/Psf] 5 . k|:t't
cfb]zsf] hfgsf/L ljkIfLxnfO{ lbO{ ldl;n
lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfOlbg" .
pQm /fodf xfdL ;xdt 5f}F .
Gof=/fds'df/ k|;fb zfx
Gof=k|f=8f=e/taxfb'/ sfsL{
Olt ;+jt\ @)^* ;fn df3 !( ut] /f]h % z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[t M dft[sfk|;fb cfrfo{

l
lg0f{o g+= *&^^
;jf{R] r cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fds'df/k|;fb zfx
dfggLo GofofwLz >L e/t/fh pk|t] L
dfggLo GofofwLz >L ts{/fh e6[
l/6 g+=)^*WS))!&
cfb]z ldltM @)^*.*.!%.%
ljifoM pTk|i] f0f ;d]t .
lgj]bsM c3f{vfFrL lhNnf, c\u/' L uf=lj=;=j8f g+=
@ 3/ eO{ xfn nf]s;]jf cfof]udf /f=k=cg+,
k|=, k|zf;g ;]jf, ;fdfGo k|zf;g ;d"xdf
gfoj ;'Aaf kbdf sfo{/t\ /f]dgfy Gof}kfg]
lj?4
ljkIfLM nf]s;]jf cfof]u, s]Gb|Lo sfof{no ;d]t
g] k fnsf] ;+ l jwfgn] cLsf/ u/] s f]
;dfgtfsf] l;4fGt lg/k]If ;dfgtfsf]
kIfdf 5}g . o;n] ;fk]Iftfsf] l;4fGtnfO{
g} d"n ?kdf cLsf/ u/]sf] 5 . ;dfgtf
eg]sf] ;dfgxsf aLrsf] ;dfgtf g}
xf] . c;dfg cj:yfdf /x]sf JolQmxaLr
;dfg Jojxf/ ug'{ klg c;dfg Jojxf/
ug'{ ;/x dflgG5 . l/Qm /x]sf] s'g} txsf]
202

kbk"lt{ ubf{ cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutf / v'Nnf

k|ltof]lutfsf] 5'6}[ kb ;+Vof lgwf{/0f ug]{
sfg"gL Joj:yf sfod /x] kl5 cfGtl/s
k|ltof]lutf / v'Nnf k|ltof]lutfsf] nflu
km/s of]Uotf lgwf{/0f gug]{ xf] eg]
cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutf / v'Nnf k|ltof]lutfsf
aLrdf s'g} leGgtf g} g/xg] x'G5 .
;DalGwt ;] j fdf cg' e j ePsf
sd{rf/Lxn] dflyNnf] txdf a9'jf x'g]
cfkm\gf] j[lQ ljsf;sf] df}lns xsaf6
al~rt x'gk' g]{ cj:yf x'G5 . o;/L s'g}
P]gsf] d'Vo p2]Zo g} lgik|of]lht x'g] u/L
sfg"gsf] JofVof x'g g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=$_
sfg"gn] lglZrt\ u/]sf] z}lIfs of]Uotf
cfkm"df /x]sf] egL k'li6 ug{ g;s]sf]
cj:yfdf To:tf] of]Uotf k'us
] f JolQm;Fu
t'ngf u/]/ cfkm"kl| t c;dfg Jojxf/ ePsf]
eGg' ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGtnfO{ unt ?kdf
a'em]sf] x'g hfG5 . sfg"gn] g} lglZrt\
of]Uotf tf]ss
] f] / cfkm"df To:tf] of]Uotf
gePsf] cj:yfdf To;/L of]Uotf tf]Sg]
sfg"gnfO{ g} lje]bk"0f{ egL r'gf}tL lbg'
cfkm}+df lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ x'g k'u]sf] 5 .
sfg"gdf ul/Psf] Joj:yfsf ;DaGwdf
c:ki6 / b'ljwfdf /x]sf] cj:yfdf To:tf]
sfg"gsf] ;+jw} flgstfsf] k|Zg p7fpg'sf]
;fGble{stf / cf}lrTo gb]lvg] .
-k|s/0f g+=%_
;]jf;DaGwL sfg"gn] hlxn] klg ;DalGwt
;]jfsf] rl/q, To;sf dfWodaf6 jxg
u/fpg vf]lhPsf] lhDd]jf/L / To;n] k|jfx
ug]{ ;]jf ;d]tsf] kl/k|I] odf ;]jfdf /xg]
hgzlQmsf] of]Uotf, cg'ej, lhDd]jf/L,
cfr/0f tyf clwsf/ / st{Jo ;d]tsf]
lgwf{/0f ub{5 . oxL dfGotfsf cfwf/df
lghfdtL ;]jfcGtu{t ljleGg ;]jf, ;d"x
/ pk;d"xsf] u7g;DaGwL Joj:yf u/L
tL k|To]s ;]jfdf k|jz
] ug{ cfjZos kg]{

*&^^ /f]dgfy Gof}kfg] lj=nf]s;]jf cfof]u ;d]t

Go"gtd\ z}lIfs of]Uotf / cg'ej ;d]t

lglZrt\ ul/Psf] 5 . ;]jf ;d"xnfO{ cfwf/
agfP/ x]g{] xf] eg] k|To]s ;]jf ;d"xleqsf]
hgzlQmsf] lhDd]jf/L km/skm/s x'g'
:jfefljs x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=^_
h'g kbk"lt{ ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu lj1fkg
ul/Psf] xf], ;f] kbsf nflu cfjZos Go"gtd\
of]Uotf gk'us
] f JolQmnfO{ kbk"lt{;DaGwL
;Dk"0f{ k|lqmofaf6 afx]s ug]{ If]qflwsf/
nf]s;]jf cfof]unfO{ k|fKt x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=&_
lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmf u'0flglw Gof}kfg]
ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf s[i0fhLjL
l3ld/]
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
o g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f
!@, !# / !*
o lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @!-!_
o lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) sf] lgod *&

cfb]z
Gof=e/t/fh pk|]tLM g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ tyf wf/f !)& sf]
pkwf/f -!_ -@_ cg';f/ o; cbfntdf bfo/ e}
k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo
/ 7x/ o;k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 M
nf]s ;]jf cfof]uf/f lnOPsf] /f=k=cglt
k|yd >]0fL, k|zf;g ;]jf, ;fdfGo k|zf;g ;d"xdf
gfoa ;'Aafsf] k/LIffdf d lgj]bs pQL0f{ eO{ xfn
nf]s;]jf cfof]u, s]Gb|Lo sfof{nodf sfo{/t\ 5' .
d}n] lzIff zf:q ;+sfodf :gfts tx -la=P8=_
pQL0f{ u/]sf] 5' . ldlt @)^& d+l;/ @( ut] nf]s;]jf
cfof]usf] a'nl] 6gdf nf]s;]jf cfof]u sGb|Lo sfof{no,
;" r gf tyf k| s fzg zfvf, cgfdgu/af6
/fhkqf+lst t[tLo >]0fL -ck|fljlws_ cfGtl/s
k|ltof]lutf, ;dfj]zL / v'Nnf kbsf] k|ltof]lutfTds
203

lnlvt k/LIffsf] !( kbsf nflu lj1fkg cfXjfg

ul/Psf] lyof] . pQm k|sflzt ;"rgfcg';f/ d}n]
lj1fkg g+= #)^#)^&)^* zfvf clws[t,
k|zf;g, /fhZj, /f=k=t[tLo, cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfdf
b/vf:t lbPsf] lyPF . pQm kbsf] k/LIff ldlt
@)^&.!!.@* / @)^&.!!.@( ut] tf]lsPsf] lyof] .
;f] cg';f/ d}n] cfkm\gf] z}lIfs of]Uotf tyf cg'ej
;d]t lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, tyf lgodfjnLcg';f/
ldNg] / of]Uo ePsf]n] b/vf:t k]z u/]sf]df ;f]
:jLs[t eO{ dfly plNnlvt ldltdf k/LIffdf ;d]t
;xefuL ePsf] / ljkIfL nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] ldlt
@)^*.)%.)# sf] ;"rgf g+= %*)^*)^( cg';f/
lnlvt k/LIffsf] glthfdf d l/6 lgj]bs qmd
;+Vof #* df /f]n g+= !^%!(( plNnlvt eO{ ldlt
@)^* efb| @( ut] clGtd r/0fsf] k/LIffsf]
sfo{qmd / cflZjg @ ut] !@ ah]bl] v cGtjftf{ x'g]
egL ldlt / ;do pNn]v u/L ;"rgf k|sflzt
ePsf] lyof] . ldlt @)^*.%.@( ut] clGtd r/0fsf]
k/LIffsf ;Dk"0f{ sfo{qmdxdf dnfO{ ;xefuL u/fO{
ldlt @)^*.)^.@ ut] cGtjf{tf{ x'g' cl3 ;fd"lxs
5nkmndf ;d]t ;xefuL eO{ cGtjftf{sf] nflu
tof/L cj:yfdf lyPF . o;}aLr ljkIfL nf]s;]jf
cfof] u n] ;" r gf g+ = !)@)^&)^* ldlt
@)^*.)^.)@ df cfof]usf] lj1fkg g+= #)^#)^&
)^* -cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutf_ g]kfn k|zf;g ;]jf,
/fhZj ;d"x, /f=k=t[tLo >]0fL -ck|fljlws_ zfvf
clws[t kbsf] lnlvt k/LIffaf6 cGtjf{tf{sf nflu
5gf}6 ePsf] pDd]bjf/ /f]n g+= !^%!(( sf /f]dgfy
Gof}kfg]sf] pko'Q
{ m ;]jf, ;d"x, >]0fLsf] kbsf] nflu
cfjZos kg]{ Go"gtd\ z}lIfs of]Uotf ldn]sf]
gb]lvPsf]n] lghsf] b/vf:t kmf/fd tyf ;Dk"0f{
k/LIffx /2 u/L lghnfO{ cGtjf{tf{df ;dfj]z
gug]{ egL ldlt @)^*.^.@ df lg0f{o ePsf] x'bF f
;DalGwt ;a}sf] hfgsf/Lsf] nflu of] ;"rgf
k|sflzt ul/Psf] 5 egL d]/f] b/vf:t kmf/fd
;d]t /2 u/L cGtjf{tf{sf nflu cof]Uo egL ;Dk"0f{
k|lqmof g} /2 ul/Psf] 5 . pQm lg0f{on] d]/f] g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@ sf] :jtGqtfsf]
xs, wf/f !# sf] ;dfgtfsf] xs, wf/f !* sf]

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

/f]huf/L tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff;DaGwL xs, wf/f

!( sf] ;DklQ;DaGwL xsdf cf3ft k'us
] f] 5 . d
lgj]bssf] z}lIfs of]Uotf cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutf dfq
xf]Og, v'Nnf k|ltof]lutfsf nflu ;d]t k'us
] f] 5 .
v'Nnf k|ltof]lutfsf nflu of]Uo JolQm cfGtl/s
k|ltof]lutfsf nlfu cof]Uo x'g ;Sb}g . olb cof]Uo
dfGg] xf] eg] To:tf] Joj:yf ;dfgtfsf] xsk|lts"n
/x]sf] 5 .
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @! sf]
b]xfo -!_ sf] a9'jfsf] nflu pDd]bjf/ x'g a9'jf x'g]
kbsf] >]0fL eGbf ! tx d'lgsf] kbsf] nflu tf]lsPsf]
z}lIfs of]Uotf eGg] jfSofFz g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^# sf] wf/f !@, !# tyf !* ;Fu aflemPsf] 5 .
t;y{ aflemPsf] xb;Ddsf] pQm sfg"gL Joj:yf
c;+jw} flgs 3f]lift u/L ljkIfL nf]s;]jf cfof]uf/f
ul/Psf] ldlt @)^*.)^.)@ sf] lg0f{o ;d]t pTk]i| f0fsf]
cfb]zf/f ab/ u/L d l/6 lgj]bsnfO{ k'gM cGtjf{tf{df
;fd]n u/fO{ sfg"gcg';f/ lg0f{o ug'{ egL k/dfb]zsf]
cfb]z ;d]t hf/L u/L kfpg g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^# sf] wf/f #@ tyf wf/f !)&-!_-@_ adf]lhd
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg lnO{ cfPsf] 5' . ;fy} k|:t't ljifo
d]/f] ;+ljwfgf/f k|bQ xsdf cf3ft k'us
] f] ljifo;Fu
;DalGwt ePsfn] ljifosf] ;+jb] gzLntf tyf ;f]xL
lj1fkgsf JolQmx cGtjftf{af6 5flgO{ kb:yfkgf
;d]t x'g] x'bF f d]/f] j[lQ ljsf;df ;d]t k|ToIf c;/
kg]{ eO{ l56f] lg0f{o u/fpg'kg]{ x'bF f cu|flwsf/ ;d]t
lbO{ lgj]bgsf] sf/jfxL u/L 6'f] nufO{ kfpFm eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bgkq .
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf]
dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g\ gkg]{ xf] < of]
cfb]zk|fKt ePsf] ldltn] af6fsf Dofb afx]s !%
-kGw| _ lbgleq ;DalGwt ldl;n;fy /fvL
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t\ lnlvt hjfkm
k7fpg' egL l/6 lgj]bgsf] Psk|lt gSsn ;fy}
/fvL ljkIfLxnfO{ ;"rgf k7fO{ To;sf] af]wfy{
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodf k7fO{ lbg" . lnlvt
hjfkm k/] jf cjlw gf3]kl5 lgodfg';f/ k]z ug"{
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^*.^.!)
sf] cfb]z .

lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) sf]

lgod *& df cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIfff/f
x'g] a9'jfsf nflu a9'jf ul/g] kbsf] Ps >]0fL
d'lgsf] kbdf P]gsf] bkmf @! adf]lhdsf] ;]jf
cjlw / z}lIfs of]Uotf k'u]sf a9'jf ul/g] kb;Fu
;DalGwt ;]jfsf lghfdtL sd{rf/L pDd]bjf/
x'g;Sg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . g]kfn k|zf;g ;]jf,
/fhZj ;d"x, /f=k=t[tLo >]0fL, zfvf clws[t
kbsf] cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfsf] nflu Ps >]0fL
d'lgsf] cyf{t\ /fhkq cg+lst k|yd >]0fLsf] z}lIfs
of]Uotf / ;DalGwt ;]jfdf % jif{sf] cg'ej
x'g'kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;f] adf]lhd cfjZos kg]{ Go"gtd\
z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] xsdf dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
;+:yfaf6 Joj:yfkg, jfl0fHozf:q jf sfg"gdf
k|lj0ftf k|df0fkq jf cy{zf:q, hgk|zf;g, ul0ft
jf tYofzf:qdWo] s'g} Ps d"n ljifo lnO{
k|lj0ftf k|df0fkq jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{ eGg] pNn]v
5 . k|:t't ;Gbe{df l/6 lgj]bsn] k]z u/]sf]
z}lIfs of]Uotf ;f] kbsf] nflu tf]lsPsf] z}lIfs
of]Uotf;Fu ldNbf] gb]lvPsf]n] nf]s ;]jf cfof]u
lgodfjnL, @)^& sf] lgod !) sf] pklgod -%_
df ePsf] k|fjwfgadf]lhd lghsf] b/vf:t kmf/fd
tyf ;Dk" 0 f{ k/LIffx /2 ug] { / lghnfO{
cGtjf{tf{df ;dfj]z gug]{ u/L o; cfof]uaf6
ldlt @)^*.^.@ df ePsf] lg0f{o ljBdfg lghfdtL
;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) tyf nf]s ;]jf cfof]u
lgodfjnL, @)^& cg'k ePsf] x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]hefuL 5, vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
nf]s;]jf cfof]usf tkm{af6 k]z x'g cfPsf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
l/6 lgj]bsn] ;+j}wflgs c nf]s;]jf
cfof]uaf6 cfkm"nfO{ k|fKt P]g, lgodn] lbPsf] clwsf/
k| o f] u u/L /f=k=t[ t Lo >] 0 fLsf] cGtjf{ t f{ d f
lgj]bsnfO{ ;fd]n x'gaf6 al~rt u/]sf] ljifodf
o; dGqfnosf] s] s'g sf/jfxLaf6 s] s:tf] xs
clwsf/ xgg\ x'g\ uPsf] xf] ;f] s'/fsf] lhsL/
cfkm\gf] l/6 lgj]bgdf sxLF st} pNn]v gu/L s'g}
cfwf/ / sf/0f lagf g} o; dGqfno ;d]tnfO{
ljkIfL agfO{ lbPsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL ePsfn]

204

*&^^ /f]dgfy Gof}kfg] lj=nf]s;]jf cfof]u ;d]t

vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] cy{ dGqfnosf

tkm{af6 k]z x'g cfPsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
nf]s ;]jf cfof]u g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^# adf]lhd :yflkt ;+j}wflgs lgsfo xf] .
lghfdtL ;]jfdf sd{rf/Lsf] kbk"lt{ ug],{ lj1fkg
k|sflzt ug],{ b/vf:t lng] / ;f]pk/ 5fgaLg ug],{
of]Uo pDd]bjf/sf] 5gf}6sf] nflu k/LIff ;~rfng
ug],{ cGtjf{tf{ lng] / lgo'lQmsf] l;kmfl/z ug]{ clwsf/
Pj+ lhDd]jf/L pQm cfof]unfO{ k|fKt 5 . o;/L
;+ljwfgf/f Jojl:yt ;+j}wflgs cn] cfkm\gf]
If]qflwsf/leq /xL sfg"g;Ddt\ tj/af6 u/]sf]
lg0f{onfO{ sfg"gadf]lhdsf] lg0f{o dfGg'kg]{ eO{
cGoyf eGg ldNg] x'bF g} . hxfF;Dd lghfdtL ;]jf
P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @! sf] b]xfo -!_ sf] a9'jfsf]
nflu pDd]bjf/ x'g a9'jf x'g] kbsf] >]0fLeGbf !
tx d'lgsf] kbsf] nflu tf]lsPsf] z}lIfs of]Uotf
eGg] jfSofFz g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]
wf/f !@, !# tyf !* ;Fu aflemPsf] eGg] ljifo 5,
tT;DaGwdf ljkIfLn] ;f] sfg"gL Joj:yf s], s;/L
;+ljwfgdf plNnlvt Joj:yfx;Fu aflemPsf] xf]
eGg] ;DaGwdf :ki6 kfg's
{ f cltl/Qm ;f]sf] tYoo'Qm
k|df0f ;d]t k]z ug{ ;Sg' ePsf] 5}g . P]gsf] ;f]
k|fjwfg ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] egL bfjL lnP
kZrft\ ;f] s'/fdf cbfnt ;d]t ;Gt'i6 x'g] u/L
;f] s'/fsf] k|df0f k'ofpg' kg]{ ef/ ljkIfL pk/ g}
/xG5 . ;f]sf] cefjdf Joj:yflksLo cf}lrToleq
k|jz
] u/L ;Ifd Joj:yflksfaf6 lgdf{0f ePsf]
sfg"gnfO{ c;+jw} flgs egL cg'dfg ug{ / JofVof
ug{ ;lsg] x'bF g} . ctM pk/f]Qm cfwf/ / sf/0f
;d]taf6 ljkIfLsf] dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L
ug'k{ g]{ cj:yf ljBdfg gePsf]n] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|wfgdGqL tyf
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nosf tkm{af6 k]z x'g cfPsf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf] bkmf @!-!_ df
a9'jfsf] lgldQ pDd]bjf/ x'g a9'jf x'g] kbsf]
>]0fLeGbf d'lgsf] kbsf] nflu tf]lsPadf]lhdsf]
z}lIfs of]Uotf / /fhkqf+lst kbsf] lgldQ kfFr
jif{ ;]jf cjlw k'Ug' kg]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 eg]
205

lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) sf] lgod *& df

cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIfff/f x'g] a9'jfsf]
nflu a9'jf ul/g] kbsf] Ps >]0fL d'lgsf kbdf
P]gsf] bkmf @! adf]lhdsf] ;]jf cjlw / z}lIfs
of]Uotf k'us
] f a9'jf ul/g] kb;Fu ;DalGwt ;]jfsf]
lghfdtL sd{rf/L pDd]bjf/ x'g;Sg]5g\ eGg]
Joj:yf 5 . pQm Joj:yfcg' ; f/ cfGtl/s
k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIff klg Ps lsl;dsf] a9'jf
ePsf] / To:tf] a9'jfsf] nflu lghfdtL ;]jf P]g,
lgodn] tf]sa] df]lhdsf] ;]jf cjlw / z}lIfs of]Uotf
x'g'kg]{ afWofTds Joj:yf ePsf] kfOG5 . ;f]
cg';f/sf] ;]jf cjlw gk'us
] f] jf z}lIfs of]Uotf
gePsf] lghfdtL sd{rf/L plNnlvt lsl;dsf]
k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffdf ;xefuL x'g kfpg] cj:yf
b]lvFbg} . lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @!
sf] b]xfo -!_ sf] a9'jfsf] nflu pDd]bjf/ x'g
a9'jf x'g] kbsf] >]0fLeGbf Ps tx d'lgsf] kbsf]
nflu tf]lsPsf] z}lIfs of]Uotf eGg] jfSofFz g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@, !# tyf !*
;Fu aflemPsf] eGg] ;Gbe{df x]bf{ /fHon] lghfdtL
;]jfdf k|jz
] ubf{ ljleGg ;]jf, ;d"x, >]0fL tyf
kbsf] v'Nnf tyf a9'jf jf cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds
k/LIffsf] nflu km/skm/s pd]/, z}lIfs of]Uotf,
;]jf cjlwnufot cfjZos of]Uotf P]g tyf
lgodf/f Joj:yf ug{;Sg] / ;f]xL d'tfljs lghfdtL
;]jf P]gdf ;d]t pk/f]Qmfg';f/ Joj:yf /x] ePsf]
b]lvFbf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# cg'sn
" g}
/x]sf] b]lvFbf dfuadf]lhd l/6 hf/L x'g kg]{ xf]Og
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnosf
tkm{af6 k]z x'g cfPsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
lgodadf] l hd k] z L ;" r Ldf r9L
Ohnf;;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf]
;'g'jfOsf l;nl;nfdf lgj]bs tkm{sf ljfg
clwjQmf >L u'0flglw Gof}kfg]n] lgj]bssf] z}lIfs
of]Uotf / ;]jf cjlw lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf]
bkmf @!-!_ / lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) sf]
lgod *& n] tf]sc
] g';f/ 5 . v'Nnf k|lt:kwf{sf
nflu tf]lsPsf] z}lIfs of]Uotf ;d]t k'u]sf
lgj]bsnfO{ cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfsf nflu of]Uotf

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

gldn]sf] egL u/]sf] nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] lg0f{o

ab/efuL /x]sf] 5 egL ax; ug'e
{ of] . To;}u/L
ljkIfL nf]s;]jf cfof]u ;d]tsf tkm{af6 pkl:yt
ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L s[i0fhLjL l3ld/]n]
;DalGwt P]g lgodn] tf]s]sf] of]Uotf gePsf
JolQmn] nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] lg0f{o ab/ dfu ug{
ldNg] cj:yf 5}g . ;a}nfO{ ;dfg ?kdf cfslif{t
x'g] sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ c;dfg eGg ldNg] klg
x'bF g} eGg] ;d]tsf] ax; lhsL/ k|:t't ug'e
{ of] .
lgj]bs tyf ljkIfL ;d]t b'a} tkm{sf ljfg
sfg"g Joj;foLaf6 k|:t't ul/Psf] ax; lhsL/sf
;fy} l/6 lgj]bg;Fu ;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{ ldl;n cWoog
u/L x]bf{ lgj]bsn] d"ntM cfkm" k|zf;g ;]jf cGtu{t
;fdfGo k|zf;g ;d"xsf] /f=k=cg+lst k|yd >]0fLsf]
gf=;'= kbdf sfo{/t\ /x]sf] / nf]s;]jf cfof]uaf6
k|sflzt ;"rgfcg';f/ k|zf;g ;]jf cGtu{tsf]
/fh:j ;d"xsf] zfvf clws[t kbdf cfGtl/s
k|ltof]lutff/f a9'jfsf nflu cfkm" ;d]t of]Uo
ePsfn] b/vf:t lbO{ k/LIffdf ;d]t ;fd]n ePsf],
lnlvt k/LIffdf ;kmn eO{ clGtd r/0fsf]
cGtjf{tf{sf] tof/Ldf /x]sf] cj:yfdf ljkIfL
nf]s;]jf cfof]un] /f]n g+= !^%!(( sf /f]dgfy
Gof}kfg]sf] pko'Q
{ m ;]jf, ;d"x, >]0fLsf] kbsf] nflu
cfjZos kg]{ Go"gtd\ z}lIfs of]Uotf ldn]sf]
gb]lvPsf]n] lghsf] b/vf:t kmf/fd tyf ;Dk"0f{
k/LIffx /2 u/L lghnfO{ cGtjf{tf{df ;dfj]z
gug]{ egL ldlt @)^*.^.@ df lg0f{o ePsf]n] To;af6
cfkm\gf] ;+ljwfg k|bQ ;dfgtfsf] xs, :jtGqtfsf]
xs / /f]huf/Lsf] xs ;d]t s'l07t x'g k'us
] f]n]
nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] ;f] lg0f{o ab/ ul/kfpFm . ;fy}
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @!-!_ / lghfdtL
;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) sf] lgod *& df ul/Psf]
a9'jfsf] nflu pDd]bjf/ x'g a9'jf x'g] kbsf] >]0fL
eGbf ! tx d'lgsf] kbsf] nflu tf]lsPsf] z}lIfs
of]Uotf eGg] Joj:yfn] c;dfg Jojxf/ x'g k'us
] f]
x'bF f pQm sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ ;d]t ab/ 3f]lift
ul/kfpFm eGg] bfjL k|:t't u/]sf]df ljkIfLdWo]sf]
nf]s;]jf cfof]usf tkm{af6 g]kfn k|zf;g ;]jf,
/fhZj ;d"x, /f=k=t[tLo >]0fL zfvf clws[t kbsf]
206

cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfsf] nflu Ps >]0fLsf] d'lgsf]

cyf{t\ /fhkq cg+lst k|yd >]0fLsf] z}lIfs of]Uotf
/ ;DalGwt ;]jfdf % jif{sf] cg'ej x'gk' g],{ ;f]
adf]lhd cfjZos kg]{ Go"gtd\ z}lIfs of]Uotfsf]
xsdf dfGotfk|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 Joj:yfkg,
jfl0fHozf:q jf sfg"gdf k|lj0ftf k|df0fkq jf
cy{zf:q, hgk|zf;g, ul0ft jf tYofzf:qdWo]
s'g} Ps d"n ljifo lnO{ k|lj0ftf k|df0fkq jf ;f]
;/x pQL0f{ x'gk' g],{ oL lgj]bssf] z}lIfs of]Uotf
;f] kbsf] nflu tf]lsPsf] z}lIfs of]Uotf;Fu ldNbf]
gb]lvPsf]n] lghsf] b/vf:t kmf/fd tyf ;Dk"0f{
k/LIffx /2 u/L lghnfO{ cGtjf{tf{df ;dfj]z
gug]{ egL cfof]uaf6 ldlt @)^*.^.@ df lg0f{o
ePsf] x'bF f ljBdfg sfg"gL Joj:yfadf]lhd ePsf]
lg0f{o ab/ x'gk' g]{ xf]Og, l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm
egL lnlvt hjfkm k]z ul/Psf] b]lvG5 .
plNnlvt tYo /x]sf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf
k|ydtM lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @!
sf] pkbkmf -!_ / lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%)
sf] lgod *& g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
sf] wf/f !@, !# / !* ;d]t ;Fu aflemPsf] 5 jf
5}g < eGg] klxnf] k|Zgsf] lg?k0f u/L oL lgj]bsnfO{
Go"gtd\ z}lIfs of]Uotf ldn]sf] gb]lvPsf] eGg]
cfwf/df b/vf:t kmf/fd tyf ;Dk"0f{ k/LIffx
/2 u/L lghnfO{ cGtjf{tf{df ;dfj]z gug]{ egL
u/]sf] nf]s;]jf cfof]u, s]Gb|Lo sfof{nosf] ldlt
@)^*.^.@ sf] lg0f{o sfg"g;Ddt\ 5 jf 5}g < /
lgj]bg dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g'kg]{ xf] jf
xf]Og < eGg] bf];|f] k|Zgsf ;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{
ePsf] 5 .
@= klxnf] k|Zgsf] lg?k0fsf] ljifonfO{
;dfgtf ;DaGwdf g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] cLsf/
u/]sf] cfwf/e"t l;4fGtsf] ;Gbe{df x]gk{' g]{ x'G5 .
o; ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ oL lgj]bsn] lghfdtL
;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @! sf] pkbkmf -!_ /
lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) sf] lgod *&
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@, !#
/ !* ;d]t ;Fu aflemPsf] eGg] ;d]tsf] lhsL/
lnPsf] b]lvG5 . t/ klg To;sf] j:t'lgi7 cfwf/

*&^^ /f]dgfy Gof}kfg] lj=nf]s;]jf cfof]u ;d]t

k|:t't ug{ ;s]sf] eg] b]lvFbg} . l/6 lgj]bgdf /

lgj]bs tkm{af6 ax; ug'{ x'g] ljfg clwjQmfsf]
ax; lhsL/df lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf
@! sf] pkbkmf -!_ / lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL,
@)%) sf] lgod *& adf]lhdsf] z}lIfs of]Uotf
lgj]bs;Fu /x]sf] egL pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . ;f]
cfwf/df klg pQm sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ :jLsf/
u/L lgj]bsn] nf]s;]jf cfof]uf/f k|sflzt
;"rgfadf]lhd cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffsf
nflu b/vf:t lbPsf] eGg] b]lvg cfpF5 . To;/L
ljjflbt sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ lgj]bs :jo+n] :jLsf/
u/L To;}sf cfwf/df cl3 a9]sf] k|lqmofdf lgh
;d]t ;xefuL ePsf] / kl5 uP/ cfkm" k|lts"n
lg0f{o ul/of] eGg] dfq cfwf/df pQm sfg"gL
Joj:yfnfO{ g} c;+jw} flgs eGg] ;+1f lbOPsf] 5 .
t/ To;/L c;+jw} flgs elgPsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf s]
s'g cfwf/df c;+jw} flgs ePsf] xf] eGg] ;DaGwdf
lgj]bgdf :ki6 cfwf/ v'nfpg ;s]sf] b]lvFbg} .
nf]s;]jf cfof]uaf6 cfjZos z}lIfs of]Uotf
gldn]sf] egL lgj]bssf] ;Dk"0f{ k/LIff /2 u/]kl5
dfq z}lIfs of]Uotf lgwf{/0f ug]{ pQm sfg"gL
Joj:yfnfO{ r'gf}tL lbOPsf] b]lvG5 .
#= lgj]bsn] ab/ 3f]lift ug{ dfu u/]sf]
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @! sf] pkbkmf
-!_ nfO{ x]bf{ a9'jfsf] lgldQ pDd]bjf/ x'g a9'jf
x'g] kbsf] >]0fLeGbf Ps >]0fL d'lgsf] kbsf] nflu
tf]lsPadf]lhdsf] z}lIfs of]Uotf / /fhkqf+lst
kbsf] lgldQ kfFr jif{ ;]jf cjlw k'Ug'kg]{ Joj:yf
/x]sf] 5 eg] lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%)
sf] lgod *& df cfGtl/s k| l tof] l utfTds
k/LIfff/f x'g] a9'jfsf nflu a9'jf ul/g] kbsf]
Ps >]0fL d'lgsf] kbdf P]gsf] bkmf @! adf]lhdsf]
;]jf cjlw / z}lIfs of]Uotf k'u]sf a9'jf ul/g]
kb;F u ;DalGwt ;] j fsf] lghfdtL sd{ r f/L
pDd]bjf/ x'g;Sg]5g\ eGg] Joj:yf ul/Psf]
kfOG5 . To; dWo] k|:t't lgj]bgdf a9'jfsf] nflu
pDd]bjf/ x'g a9'jf x'g] kbsf] >]0fLeGbf ! tx
d'lgsf] kbsf] nflu tf]lsPsf] z}lIfs of]Uotf eGg]
afSof+z;DdnfO{ r'gf}tL lbOPsf] 5 . plNnlvt
207

sfg"gL Joj:yf cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutff/f ul/g]

a9'jf k|of]hgsf nflu /x]sf] x'Fbf lglZrt\ ;]jf
cjlw k'u]sf ;Lldt JolQmx aLr k|lt:kwf{ x'g]
ePsfn] a9'jf x'g] kbsf] >]0fLeGbf d'lgsf] kbsf
nflu cfjZos kg]{ z}lIfs of]Uotf ePsf JolQm
;d]t k|lt:kwf{df ;xefuL x'g kfpg] u/L nlrnf]
Joj:yf ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . To:tf] Joj:yfn] s;}nfO{
afx]s ug]{ eGbf klg ;DalGwt ;]jfdf nfdf]
;dosf] cg'ej xfl;n u/]sf sd{rf/LnfO{ v'Nnf
k|ltof]lutfaf6 ;]jf k|j]z ug]{ pDd]bjf/nfO{ eGbf
sd of]Uotf eP klg k|lt:kwf{df ;dfj]z ug{]
p2]Zo u|x0f u/]sf] kfOG5 .
$= g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] cLsf/ u/]sf]
;dfgtfsf] l;4fGt lg/k]If ;dfgtfsf] kIfdf 5}g .
o;n] ;fk]Iftfsf] l;4fGtnfO{ g} d"n ?kdf cLsf/
u/]sf] 5 . ;dfgtf eg]sf] ;dfgxsf aLrsf]
;dfgtf g} xf] . c;dfg cj:yfdf /x] s f
JolQmxaLr ;dfg Jojxf/ ug'{ klg c;dfg
Jojxf/ ug'{ ;/x dflgG5 . l/Qm /x]sf] s'g} txsf]
kbk" l t{ ubf{ cfGtl/s k| l tof] l utf / v' N nf
k|ltof]lutfsf] 5'6}[ kb ;+Vof lgwf{/0f ug]{ sfg"gL
Joj:yf sfod /x] kl5 cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutf /
v'Nnf k|ltof]lutfsf] nflu km/s of]Uotf lgwf{/0f
gug]{ xf] eg] cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutf / v'Nnf
k|ltof]lutfsf aLrdf s'g} leGgtf g} g/xg] x'G5 .
;DalGwt ;]jfdf cg'ej ePsf sd{rf/Lxn]
dflyNnf] txdf a9'jf x'g] cfkm\gf] j[lQ ljsf;sf]
df}lns xsaf6 al~rt x'gk' g]{ cj:yf x'G5 . o;/L
s'g} P]gsf] d'Vo p2]Zo g} lgik|of]lht x'g] u/L
sfg"gsf] JofVof x'g ;Sb}g .
%= lgj]bsn] v'Nnf k|ltof]lutfsf nflu
;d]t cfkm\gf] of]Uotf k'u]sf] cj:yfdf cfGtl/s
k| l tof] l utfsf nflu of] U otf gk' u ] s f] egL
k|ltof]lutfaf6 afx]s ul/g' c;dfg ePsf] egL
To;}sf cfwf/df cfkm\gf] ;dfgtfsf] xs s'l07t
ePsf] eGg] bfjL u/]klg sfg"gdf tf]lsPsf] z}lIfs
of]Uotf lgh;Fu /x]sf] eGg] tYo :yflkt x'g
;s]sf] 5}g . To;/L sfg"gn] lglZrt\ u/]sf] z}lIfs
of]Uotf cfkm"df /x]sf] egL k'li6 ug{ g;s]sf]

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

cj:yfdf To:tf] of]Uotf k'u]sf JolQm;Fu t'ngf

u/] / cfkm" k | l t c;dfg Jojxf/ ePsf] eGg'
;dfgtfsf] l;4fGtnfO{ unt ?kdf a'em]sf] x'g
hfG5 . sfg"gn] g} lglZrt\ of]Uotf tf]s]sf] /
cfkm"df To:tf] of]Uotf gePsf] cj:yfdf To;/L
of]Uotf tf]Sg] sfg"gnfO{ g} lje]bk"0f{ egL r'gf}tL
lbg' cfkm}+df lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ x'g k'u]sf] 5 . sfg"gdf
ul/Psf] Joj:yfsf ;DaGwdf lgj]bs cfkm}+ c:ki6
/ b'ljwfdf /x]sf] cj:yfdf To:tf] sfg"gsf]
;+j}wflgstfsf] k|Zg p7fpg'sf] ;fGble{stf /
cf}lrTo ;d]t b]lvFb}g .
^= ;] j f;DaGwL sfg" g n] hlxn] klg
;DalGwt ;]jfsf] rl/q, To;sf dfWodaf6 jxg
u/fpg vf]lhPsf] lhDd]jf/L / To;n] k|jfx ug]{
;]jf ;d]tsf] kl/k|]Iodf ;]jfdf /xg] hgzlQmsf]
of]Uotf, cg'ej, lhDd]jf/L, cfr/0f tyf clwsf/
/ st{Jo ;d]tsf] lgwf{/0f ub{5 . oxL dfGotfsf
cfwf/df lghfdtL ;]jf cGtu{t ljleGg ;]jf,
;d"x / pk;d"xsf] u7g;DaGwL Joj:yf u/L
tL k|To]s ;]jfdf k|j]z ug{ cfjZos kg]{ Go"gtd\
z}lIfs of]Uotf / cg'ej ;d]t lglZrt\ ul/Psf]
5 . ;]jf ;d"xnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ x]g]{ xf] eg]
k|To]s ;]jf ;d"xleqsf] hgzlQmsf] lhDd]jf/L
km/s km/s x'g' :jfefljs x'G5 . To;/L km/s
km/s e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ hgzlQmdf tbg'?ksf]
ljifout ljz]if1tfsf] ck]Iff ;d]t sfg"gn] u/]sf]
x'G5 . k|:t't ljjfbdf /fhZj ;d"xsf] zfvf
clws[ t kbsf] nflu cfjZos kg] { z} l Ifs
of] U otfsf] k| Z g p7fOPsf] 5 . /fhZj
;d" x leqsf] hgzlQm :jfefljs ?kdf s/
k|zf;g;Fu ;DalGwt ePsfn] ;f]xL adf]lhdsf]
z}lIfs of]Uotf ePsf] hgzlQmsf] cfk"lt{ ug]{
b[ l i6sf] 0 f /flvg' c:jfefljs xf] O g . t;y{
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @! sf] pkbkmf
-!_ / lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) sf] lgod
*& n] ;]jf ;d"xsf cfwf/df ;f]xL ;]jf ;d"x;Fu
ldNbf] z}lIfs of]Uotf x'g'kg]{ egL lgwf{/0f u/]sf]
ljifo ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@, wf/f !# / wf/f !*
;Fu aflemPsf] b]lvPg .

&= ca, bf];f| ] k|Zgtkm{ larf/ ubf{ nf]s;]jf

cfof]u, s]Gb|Lo sfof{nosf] ldlt @)^*.^.@ sf]
lg0f{onfO{ x]gk{' g]{ x'g cfpF5 . pQm lg0f{odf g]kfn
k|zf;g ;]jf, /fh:j ;d"x, /f=k=t[tLo >]0fL
-ck|f=_, zfvf clws[t kbsf] lnlvt k/LIffaf6
cGtjf{tf{sf nflu 5gf}6 ePsf pDd]bjf/ /f]n g+=
!^%!(( sf /f]dgfy Gof}kfg]sf] pko'{Qm ;]jf,
;d"x, >]0fLsf] kbsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ Go"gtd\
z} l Ifs of] U otf ldn] s f] gb] l vPsf] n ] lghsf]
b/vf:t kmf/fd tyf ;Dk"0f{ k/LIffx ;d]t /2
u/L lghnfO{ cGtjf{tf{df ;dfj]z gug]{ egL ldlt
@)^*.)^.)@ df lg0f{o ePsf] eGg] Joxf]/f pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5 . nf]s;]jf cfof]uaf6 ePsf] ;f] lg0f{on]
d"ntM Go"gtd\ z}lIfs of]Uotf ldn]sf] gb]lvPsf]
eGg] cfwf/ u|x0f u/]sf] b]lvg cfpF5 . /fh:j
;d" x sf] zfvf clws[ t kbdf cfGtl/s
k|ltof]lutff/f a9'jfsf nflu pDd]bjf/ x'gsf]
nflu lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @! sf]
pkbkmf -!_ / lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%)
sf] lgod *& df tf]lsPadf]lhdsf] z}lIfs of]Uotf
lgj]bsdf gePsf] tYo :yflkt /x]sf] kl/k|]Iodf
z}lIfs of]Uotf gk'u]sf] eGg] cfwf/df g} nf]s;]jf
cfof]un] lghsf] b/vf:t kmf/fd tyf ;Dk"0f{
k/LIffx ;d]t /2 u/L lghnfO{ cGtjf{tf{df
;dfj]z gug]{ eGg] lg0f{o u/]sf] b]lvG5 . To;/L
a9'jf k|of]hgsf nflu cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfdf
;dfj]z x'gsf nflu sfg"gn] cfjZos Go"gtd\
z}lIfs of]Uotf lglZrt\ u/]sf] cj:yfdf tf]lsPsf]
of]Uotf g} gk'us
] f] JolQmn] ;f] k|lt:kwf{df cfkm"nfO{
;d]t ;xefuL u/fpg' kg]{ egL bfjL ug{ ldNg] g}
x'Fb}g . h'g kbk"lt{ ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu lj1fkg
ul/Psf] xf], ;f] kbsf nflu cfjZos Go"gtd\
of]Uotf gk'u]sf JolQmnfO{ kbk"lt{;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{
k| l qmofaf6 afx] s ug] { If] q flwsf/ nf] s ;] j f
cfof]unfO{ x'g] g} ePsfn] nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] ;f]
lg0f{o sfg"gcg'k g} b]lvg cfpF5 .
*= t;y{ dfly ul/Psf] ljZn]if0f ;d]tsf
cfwf/df lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @!
sf] pkbkmf -!_ / lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%)

208

*&^& >Ls[i0f >]i7 ;d]t lj=g]kfn ;/sf/

sf] lgod *& g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]

wf/f !@, wf/f !# / wf/f !* ;d]t;Fu aflemPsf]
cj:yf gb]lvPsf] / oL lgj]bsnfO{ Go"gtd\ z}lIfs
of]Uotf ldn]sf] gb]lvPsf] eGg] cfwf/df b/vf:t
kmf/fd tyf ;Dk"0f{ k/LIffx /2 u/L lghnfO{
cGtjf{tf{df ;dfj]z gug]{ egL u/]sf] nf]s;]jf
cfof]u, s]Gb|Lo sfof{nosf] ldlt @)^*.^.@ sf]
lg0f{o ;d]t sfg"g;Ddt\ g} /x]sf] b]lvFbf lgj]bg
dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ug{ ldn]g . k|:t't l/6
lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . lgj]bgsf] bfo/Lsf] nut
sf u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{ lbg" .
pQm /fodf xfdL ;xdt 5f}+ .
Gof=/fds'df/ k|;fb zfx
Gof=ts{/fh e6[
Olt ;+jt\ @)^* ;fn d+l;/ !% ut] /f]h % z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[tM pd]z sf]O/fnf

lg0f{o g+= *&^&

;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;
;DdfggLo k|wfg GofofwLz >L lvn/fh /]UdL
dfggLo GofofwLz >L ;'zLnf sfsL{
kmf}=k'=g+= )^$CR)$^^, )%^(, )$*(
km};nf ldltM @)^*.!).@%.$
d'2f M e|i6frf/ .
k' g /fj] b s k| l tjfbLM lh=sf7df8f} + , sf7df8f} +
dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= @& 3/ e} /fli6o
jfl0fHo a}s
+ , afg]Zj/ zfvf sfof{nosf]
tTsfnLg k|aGws >Ls[i0f >]i7 ;d]t
lj?4
k|ToyL{ jfbLM g]kfn ;/sf/
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLM lh=sf7df8f},+ uf]7f6f/ uf=lj=;=
j8f g+= * 3/ e} /fli6o jfl0fHo a}s
+ ,
afg]Zj/ zfvf sfof{nosf] tTsfnLg n]vf
clws[t e/taxfb'/ a:g]t
lj?4
k|ToyL{ jfbLM g]kfn ;/sf/
209

k' g /fj] b s k| l tjfbLM lh=sf7df8f} + , sf7df8f} +

dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= ! 3/ e} /fli6o
jfl0fHo a}s
+ , afg]Zj/ zfvf sfof{nosf]
tTsfnLg k|jGws jL/]Gb|gfy nf]xgL
lj?4
k|ToyL{ jfbLM g]kfn ;/sf/
z'? km};nf ug]M{
df=Gof=>L e"kWjh clwsf/L
df=Gof=>L sf]dngfy zdf{
df=Gof=>L rf]nG] b| zDz]/ h=a=/f=
zfvf k|aGws h:tf] lhDd]jf/ cf]xbfdf
a;]sf] kbflwsf/Ln] C0f k|jfx ubf{ clgjfo{
?kdf lwtf] lnO{ ;'/lIft ?kdf nufgL
ug'k{ g]{ kbLo st{Joljk/Lt ljgf lwtf] Pp6}
kf6L{nfO{ klxn]bl] vsf] C0f c;"n x'g afFsL
/x]s} cj:yfdf k6sk6s Pn=;L=vf]Nb}
yk C0f k|jfx ug'a{ f6 lghn] c;n lgot
;fy ;f] ljjflbt k|tLtkqx vf]n]sf]
gb]lvO{ C0fL k|ltjfbL;Fu ldn]dtf] u/L
a}s
+ nfO{ xflg gf]S;fgL k'ofpg] ;d]tsf]
jb\lgot /fvL ;f] sfo{ u/]sf] dfGg' kg]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=^_
Advanced on Credit tkm{sf] Back to Back
Pn=;L= vf]Nbf C0fLsf] kmd{n] lgof{t u/]sf]
;fdfgsf] /sd cfoftstf{af6 k|fKt ePkl5
Pn=;L=sf] /sd e'QmfgL lbg'kg]d{ f cfoftstf{n]
/sd e'QmfgL gub}{ Pn=;L=sf] /sd e'QmfgL
u/]sf] cj:yfdf a}s
+ sf] lng'kg]{ /sd ;'/lIft
ug]t{ km{ rf;f] lbPsf] eGg g;lsg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!)_
klxnf g} k|jfx ePsf] C0fafkt /flvPsf]
lwtf]nfO{ g} kl5af6 Pn=;L= vf]Nbf cfwf/
agfO{ Pskl5 csf]{ ub}{ yk Pn=;L= vf]nL
cga/t ?kdf C0f k|jfx ug]{ t/ To;/L
C0f k|jfx ubf{ ;f] C0f / a}s
+ n] C0f
c;"n ug'k{ g]{ u/L tf]lsPsf] Dofb;Dd x'g

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

cfpg] Aofh ;d]t vfDg ;Sg] u/L 5'f5'}

lwtf] eg] glng'af6} k|ltjfbLsf] c;n lgot
/x]sf] dfGg g;lsg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!@_
C0fsf] sf/f] j f/df C0f k| j fx ug] {
kbflwsf/Lsf] sfdsf/jfxL k|rlnt sfg"gsf]
/Lt k'ofO{ c;n lgotsf ;fy a}s
+ sf] nufgL
;'/lIft ug]{ u/L ePsf] xf] xf]Og eGg] tYoaf6
dfq} To:tf] kbflwsf/Lsf] c;n jf jb\lgot
:yflkt x'g] .
k5fl8 C0f c;" n ePsf] eGg] dfq
cfwf/af6 tTsfnsf] cj:yfdf k|ltjfbLn]
clgoldt tj/af6 u/]sf] C0f k|jfxsf]
sfo{sf] bfloTjaf6 pGd'lQm kfpg g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!#_
k' g /fj] b s k| l tjfbL tk{ m af6M ljfg jl/i7
clwjQmfo ;' z Lns' d f/ kGt /
gf/fo0faNne kGt tyf ljfg clwjQmfx
lx/f /] U dL, s' d f/dl0f sf] O /fnf,
hubLzrGb| kf08]
k|ToyL{ jfbL tk{m{ af6M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L
s[i0fk|;fb kf}8n
]
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
o e|i| 6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf
&-@_, * / @(, @(-@_
o e||i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf *-$_

km};nf
k|=Gof=lvn/fh /]UdLM ljz]if cbfnt,
sf7df8f}s
+ f] ldlt @)^$.#.!@ sf] km};nfpk/ ljz]if
cbfnt P] g , @)%( sf] bkmf !& adf] l hd
k|ltjfbLxsf] tkm{af6 k'g/fj]bg btf{ ePsf] k|:t't
d'2fsf] tYo Pj+ lg0f{o o;k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 M
/fli6o jfl0fHo a}+s, s]Gb|Lo sfof{no,
k|zf;g ljefuaf6 ldlt @)%*.$.!( sf] lg0f{ofg';f/
egL /fli6o jfl0fHo a}s
+ , zfvf sfof{no afg]Zj/
tyf d'Vo zfvf sfof{no sf7df8f}a+ f6 sf/f]jf/
210

ug] { u| f xs d] ; ;{ g] k fn k| f ] k m] z gn ufe] { G 6
k|f=ln=;DaGwL kmfOnx pQm ljefusf] k=;+=
!$.@!.#& r=g+= !#@ ldlt @)%*.%.@( sf] kqaf6
k|fKt x'g cfPsf] / l6Kk0fL cfb]zcg';f/ pQm
ufd]G{ 6sf d'Vo ;~rfns s]jns[i0f vGgf PSsf;L
a]kQf ePsf] sf/0faf6 sf/vfgf ;~rfngdf
cj/f]w v8f ePsf] / pQm u|fd]G{ 6sf] shf{ ;DaGwdf
s]Gb|Lo sfof{nosf] k6s k6ssf] lg0f{oaf6 ;Ldf
lgwf{/0f ul/Psf]df ;f] sfof{noaf6 :jLs[t ;Ldf
/ gLlt lgodsf] cwLgdf /xL a}s
+ sf] shf{ k"0f{
?kn] ;'/lIft x'g] u/L efvf Dofb gf3]sf shf{nfO{
lgoldt u/fO{ dfq :jLs[t ;Ldfleq shf{ ;'ljwf
sf/f]jf/ ug'{ u/fpg' kg]d
{ f ;f] cg';f/ gu/L a}s
+ sf
sd{rf/L / C0fLsf] ldn]dtf]df a}s
+ nfO{ xflg gf]S;fgL
k'ofO{ C0fL tyf sd{rf/LnfO{ u}/sfg"gL kmfObf
x'g] u/L :jLs[t ;Ldf g3fO{ jb\lgotk"js
{ shf{
lng'lbg' u/L e|i6frf/hGo sfo{ u/]sf] tyf C0fLn]
a}s
+ nfO{ lbPsf] cToGt} Go"t lwtf] -;'/If0f_ af6
a+s
} n] lng'kg]{ s"n shf{ k"0f{tof c;'/lIft /x]sf]n]
a}+s lgod ljk/Lt a}+snfO{ xflg gf]S;fgL x'g]
lsl;daf6 sfdsf/jfxL ug]{ sd{rf/Lpk/ s8f
sfg"gL sf/jfxL ug'k{ g]{ /fo ;lxtsf sfuhftx
ldlt @)%*.^.^ df clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg
cfof]udf btf{ x'g cfPsf] .
/fli6o jfl0fHo a}s
+ , afg]Zj/ zfvfaf6 d];;{
g]kfn k|fk] m]zgn ufd]G{ 6 k|f=ln=nfO{ shf{ nufgL ePsf]
;DaGwdf ldlt @)%*.%.@( df sfuhft;lxt cg'/f]w
e} k]z ePsf]df cfof]usf] ldlt @)%*.&.! sf]
cfb]zfg';f/ lkmtf{ k7fO{ ldlt @)%(.!.#! df k|fKt
k|ltj]bgcg';f/ /fli6o jfl0fHo a}+s, s]Gb|Lo
sfof{noaf6 lbOPsf lgb]z
{ g pNn3+g u/L Dofb
gf3]sf] n]gf /sd r'Qmf jf lgoldt u/fpg' kg]d{ f
gu/fO{ af/Djf/ gofF shf{ k|bfg ub}{ P=cf]=;L=
-Advevance on credit_ shf{, ljnDj e'QmfgL ;'ljwf
shf{, k"j{ lgof{t shf{ / Pkm=lj=Pg=tkm{ ;d]t lgh
u|fxs k|fk] m]zgn ufd]G{ 6 k|f=ln=;Fu @)%(.!.#) ;Dd
;fF j f ?=&,@),&&,&^$.#* Pj+ Aofh
?=$,$@,!#,#)(.(@ n]gf /sd afFsL /x]sf] / lwtf]
?=!,#),@!,%**. a/fa/sf] kf/Lt u/L lnPsf], shf{

*&^& >Ls[i0f >]i7 ;d]t ;d]t lj=g]kfn ;/sf/

sld6Lsf k|aGws, PsfpG6]G6 / shf{ kmfF6sf] O~rfh{

/xg] Joj:yf shf{ sf/f]jf/ Joj:Yfkg k|0ffnL, @)%)
df ePsf]df PsfpG6]G6sf] pkl:ylt a]u/ g} shf{
:jLs[lt u/]sf] / k6s k6s u/L @& j6f Pn=;L=
vf]ns
] f]df x/]s Pn=;L=sf] Dofb e'QmfgLkl5 klg
;fFjf Aofh afFsL /x]sf], lwtf] ;'/If0f Hofb} Go"g
/x]sf], lwtf]df /flvPsf] ;DklQaf6 ;fFjf Aofh
c;"npk/ x'g g;Sg] b]lvPsf], efvf gf3]sf] shf{
cTolws /x]sf], efvf gf3]sf] /sd r'Qmf gx'bF } csf]{
shf{ lbPsf], sf/f]jf/ lgodfg';f/ gePsf] jb\lgotk"0f{
tj/af6 shf{ lng'lbg' u/L a}s
+ nfO{ xflg gf]S;fgL
k'ofpg] sfo{ ePsf] eGg] k|f/lDes 5fgaLg laa/0f .
lgof{ t lan v/Lb - Foreign Bill
Negotiation, FBN _ tkm{ hDdf ?=!*,!@,**@.*!
a/fa/sf] lan g]uf]l;Pzg u/]sf], g]uf]l;Pzg ubf{
sfdsf] le8ef8n] ubf{ b[li6 k'Ug g;sL sfuhft
5"6 ePsf], unt dgzfon] lgof{t lan v/Lb ul/Psf]
xf]Og . k"j{ lgof{t shf{tkm{ d}n] tLgj6f shf{sf]
?=#^ nfv shf{ lbg'cl3 lwtf] kf; ePsf], k'/fgf] /
ljZjfl;nf] kf6L{ x'bF f k'/fgf] n]gf afFsL x'bF fx'bF } gofF
shf{ lbPsf], zfvfdf sfdsf] af]em ePsf]n]
k|lqmofut q'l6 ePsf] tyf ;f]df b[li6 k'Ug g;s]sf],
kf6L{sf] ljZj;lgotfn] ubf{ ;DalGwt d"n lgof{t
k|tLtkqsf] lan v/Lb ubf{ s} /sdaf6 cfkm\gf]
n]gf c;"npk/ gu/]sf] / o;df s'g} lsl;dsf]
ldn]dtf] gePsf] . cfoft k|tLtkq o';fG;tkm{
k| a Gwssf] x} l ;otn] @@ yfg Pcf] ; Ldf
?=%,$!,#%,$*@.(@ n]gf afFsL /x]sf], ;f] dWo] *
yfg Pcf];Ldf ?=@,&&,@(,@^!.%^ ;Ldfleq gk/]sf]n]
s]Gb|Lo sfof{noaf6 ;dy{g u/fPsf], ;a} Pcf];L
o';fG; Pn=;L=df vf]lnPsf], vf]lnPsf o';fG; nf]sn,
OlG8og / ljb]zL ePsf, a}s
+ sf] Pp6} zfvfaf6
Applicant / Benificiary sf] tkm{af6 nf]sn o';fG;
Pn=;L= vf]lnPsf] t/ o';fG; Pn=;L=vf]Ng gldNg]
eGg] hfgsf/L gePsf], Back to back L/C df
a}s
+ sf] n]vf /sd afFsL /x]sf] t/ s;/L afFsL
/xg uof] eGg] yfxf gePsf], e'QmfgLsf] nflu
t/tfs]tf u/]sf], ldn]dtf] gePsf] . lanDj e'QmfgL
;'ljwftk{mk|jGwssf] x}l;otn] kf6L{sf] ;Ldf /
211

;'/If0fsf] cfwf/df ljnDj e'QmfgL ;'ljwfcGtu{t

?=$@,&),#^!.@& shf{sf sfuhftdf b:tvt
u/]sf], ;?jf ePsf]n] n]gf /sdsf] nflu tfs]tf
gu/]sf], a}s
+ sf] lxt lrtfO{ sfd u/]sf] eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL bLlnks'df/ >]i7n] cg';Gwfgsf]
qmddf u/]sf] aofg .
P=cf] = ;L= tkm{ k| a Gwssf] x} l ;otn]
;Ldfleq /xL ?=@^,&*,#(%.@) sf tLgj6f
Pcf];Ldf b:tvt u/]sf], sd{rf/Lsf] cefjn]
k|lqmofdf s]xL 5"6 ePsf], Maturity Date leq
Pn=;L]=sf] lgof{t ug]{ a}+snfO{ e'QmfgL k7fpg'
;fdfGo k|lqmof ePsf], u|fxssf] 7"nf] sf/f]jf/n]
ubf{ k'/fgf] afFsL x'Fbfx'Fb} gofF Pn=;L=vf]n]sf],
c;"nLsf] tfs]tf ;d]t x'bF f ldn]dtf] gePsf] eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL >Ls[i0f >]i7n] cg';Gwfgsf]
qmddf u/]sf] aofg .
Pkm la=Pg= tkm{ tLgj6f lansf] hDdf
?=@*,*%,(%$.*$ v/Lb u/]sf] . v/Lb ubf{ /fd|/L
x]/L hfFrL a'emL ug'{ egL kmfF6nfO{ k7fPsf], k'/fgf]
kf6L{ / ljZjf;sf] cfwf/df sf/f]jf/ u/]sf],
Pn=;L=;DdGwL k"j{ cg'ej gePsf], d]/f] ldn]dtf]
/ jb\lgot 5}g . k"j{ lgof{t shf{tkm{ Pp6f shf{df
b:tvt u/]sf] k|lqmofut s'/fxdf kmfF6af6 b[li6
gk'ofPsf], n]gf /sd c;"n ug]{ a]nfdf ;?jf
ePsf]n] afFsL yfxf gePsf] / c;n lgotn] u/]sf]
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL jL/]Gb|gfy nf]xgLn]
cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf u/]sf] aofg .
Pkm=lj=Pg tkm{ ?=@^,%),@)). a/fa/sf]
lan d}n] g]uf]l;Pzg u/]sf], ;f] ubf{ PsfpG6]G6sf]
sfdsf] rfkn] k|lqmofut s'/f 5"6 x'g\ uPsf], s]Gb|n]
;dod} lg/LIf0f u/L uNtL ;Rofpg lgb]z
{ g glbPsf],
cfk"mnfO{ yfxf eP;Dd lxt lrtfO{ sfd u/]sf] .
k" j { lgof{ t shf{ !) nfvsf] b' O { j 6f shf{
sfuhftdf kmfF6af6 k|aGws ;dIf k]z ubf{ aLrdf
b:tvt u/]sf], sfdsf] le8ef8n] Shipment Date
gf3\bf klg b[li6 gk'us
] f], d"n lgof{t k|tLtkqaf6
lgof{t lan v/Lb ubf{ c;"n ug{k' g]{ /sd ;DaGwdf
;DalGwt kmfF6n] hfgsf/L glbPsf]n] 5'6]sf] .
P=cf]=;L= tkm{ :jLs[t ;Ldf ePsf kf6L{nfO{ cfoft

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

k|tLtkq g+= ##.@## sf] Back to Back L/C df

b:tvt u/]sf], o;df s;/L Due /xg uof] eGg]tkm{
yfxf gePsf] Due /xg uPsf] /sd u|fxs C0fLaf6
c;"npk/ ug'k{ g],{ s'g} lsl;dsf] ldn]dtf] gePsf]
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL e/taxfb'/ a:g]tn]
cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf u/]sf] aofg .
Pkm=lj=Pg tkm{ kmfF6af6 k|aGws;dIf
k]z x'g cfPsf lgof{t lan v/Lb 8s'dG] 6df k'R5|]
b:tvt u/L US$ 91,392.00 sf] lan v/Lb ePsf]
dWo] xfn ex:c;"npk/ ug{ afFsL ?=@&,$&,)^).#$
/x]sf], sfdsf] le8n] ubf{ k|ld;/L gf]6df b:tvt
gePsf], c k'ofO{ dfq v/Lb ul/Psf] 8s'dG] 6sf
lan ckm n]l8 kl5 Misplace ePsf] x'g;Sg], s'g}
lsl;dsf] jb\lgot, cg'lrt ldn]dtf] gePsf] .
k"j{ lgof{t shf{ tkm{k|aGws ;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf
rf/j6f shf{sf sfuhftdf b:tvt u/]sL, sfdsf]
le8n] k|ld;/L gf]6df k|lqmof gk'us
] f], hfgfhfg
a}s
+ sf] clxt x'g] sfd gu/]sf], P=cf]=;L=tkm{d}n]
Pn=;L=g+= #@.%*& sf ef}r/df b:tvt u/]sf],
d]/f] ;?jf ePsf]n] lj=lj=lg=kmf/fd $ af/] yfxf
gePsf], a+s
} sf] n]gf /sd a'emfpg tfs]tf u/]sf],
s'g} lsl;dsf] ldn]dtf] gePsf] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
k|ltjfbL uLtf k/fh'nLn] cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf u/]sf]
aofg .
Pkm=lj=Pg tkm{ FBN sf] nflu k|fKt ePsf
hDdf ?=!,%$,@@,%^%. a/fa/sf] lan v/Lb
ul/Psf], sfdsf] le8ef8n] lanxdf s]xL
sfuhft 5"6 ePsf], Bill of Lading sf] cefjdf
sfuf]{ l/l;K6sf] cfwf/df klg lgof{t lan v/Lb
ug]{ k|fjwfg ePsf], a}s
+ sf] n]gf /sd e'QmfgLsf]
nflu tfs]tf u/L s'g} lsl;dsf] cg'lrt, jb\lgot
tyf ldn]dtf] gu/]sf] . k"j{ lgof{t shf{ tkm{d}n]
$ j6f shf{af6 ?=$! nfv a/fa/sf] C0f
nufgLsf sfuhft tof/ ubf{ b:tvt u/]sf],
shf{sf] nflu lwtf] kf/Lt ul/lbPsf], sfdsf] le8n]
ubf{ k|lqmofut q'l6 ePsf], lgof{t lan v/Lb
- FBN) ubf{ s f] /sd ;DalGwt d" n lgof{ t
k|tLtkqsf] zLif{sdf g36fP klg cGo sf/f]jf/df
36fPsf] / s'g} ldn]dtf] gu/]sf] . P=cf]=;L= tkm{
212

!) j6f Pcf];Lsf] ?=@,)!,@^,!**.$% df d}n]

b:tvt u/]sf], ;a} Pcf];L o';fG;df vf]lnPsf],
o;sf] nflu 5'} ;Ldf :jLs[t gul/Psf], 5'} lwtf]
klg gePsf], 7"nf] kf6L{ ePsf]n] k'/fgf] n]gf afFsL
x'bF fx'bF } gofF Pn=;L= vf]ns
] f], n]gf /sd c;"nLsf]
nflu tfs]tf u/]sf] sfdsf] le8n] ubf{ k|lqmofut
q'l6 ePsf], ldn]dtf] gePsf], ljnDa e'QmfgL
shf{tkm{:jLs[t ;Ldfsf] cwLgdf /xL ljnDa
e' Q mfgL ;' l jwf cGtu{ t @ j6f shf{ s f
?=$@,%^,#((.^& sf sfuhft b:tvt u/]sf],
sfdsf] le8n] ubf{ sfuhftdf /Lt gk'us
] f], ;fdfg
e]l6Psf]n] ckrng gePsf], s'g} lsl;dsf]
ldn]dtf] gePsf] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] cg';Gwfgsf]
qmddf dx]Gb|eQm k|wfgfn] u/]sf] aofg .
/fli6o jfl0fHo a}s
+ , afg]Zj/ zfvfsf
kf6L{ g]kfn k|f]km]zgn u|fd]G6 k|f=ln=sf k|d'v
;~rfns ef/tLo gful/s s]jns[i0f vGgf
;d]tsf] ;+oQ
' m nufgLdf :yflkt pBf]unfO{ cf=j=
@)%@.%# b]lv zfvf clVtof/L cGtu{t sf/f]jf/
ub}{ u/fpFb} cfly{s jif{ @)%$.%% ;Dddf a}s
+ sf]
s] G b| L o sfof{ n oaf6 ljleGg zLif{ s df
b]xfoadf]lhdsf] s"n ?=% s/f]8 ;Ldf :jLs[t
ePsf]df ljleGg ;dodf shf{;'ljwf k|bfg
u/]sf]dWo] @)%* kf}if d;fGt;Dd lgDg zLif{sdf
a}s
+ sf] /sd c;"npk/ geO{ afFsL /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
p2]Zo
;Ldf :jLs[t /sd pkef]u /sd
s}lkmot
k"j{ lgof{t shf{ ?=)=%) s/f]8
)=$^ s/f]8
l6=Pn=shf{
?=)=%) s/f]8
)=$# s/f]8
cfoft k|tLtkq -Aoc_ ?=#M)) s/f]8
-s_ ljb]zL $=*% s/f]8 ?=%=%& s/f]8-a9L ;Ldf pkef]usf] ;dy{g k|fKt_
-v_ ef/tLo
)=@! s/f]8
-u_ nf]sn
)=%! s/f]8
-$_ Pkm=lj=Pg=
?=)=%% s/f]8

kf6L{nfO{ k|yd k6s cf=j= @)%#.%$ sf]

nflu a}s
+ sf] Joj;fo ljefusf] kq ;+Vof a}=+ Ao=lj=v=
(!.&^.#@ r=g+= !%## ldlt @)%#.!@.& sf] kqfg';f/
cfoft k|tLtkq tyf a}s
+ hdfgt -j08]8 j]o/
xfp;_ df qmdzM ?=# s/f]8 / ?=! s/f]8 u/L s"n
?=$ s/f]8sf] ;Ldf :jLs[t ubf{ pQm ;Ldf /sdnfO{

*&^& >Ls[i0f >]i7 ;d]t lj=g]kfn ;/sf/

k"0f{?kdf ;'/lIft /xg] u/L kof{Kt crn ;DklQ

lwtf] kf; u/fP/ dfq sf/f]jf/ u/fpg] pNn]v
ePsf] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L cf=j= @)%$.%% df
pko'Q{ madf]lhdsf] ?=% s/f]8 ;Ldf :jLs[t ubf{
lwtf] ;'/If0f lng'sf] cnfjf ;Dk"0f{ ;~rfnsxaf6
JolQmut hdfgt ;d]t klg lng' kg]{ lgb]z
{ g ePsf]df
JolQmut hdfgt lnPsf] gb]lvPsf] .
zfvfn] lwtf] ;'/If0fafkt pQm k|f=ln=sf]
gfddf /x]sf] nlntk'/ lhNnf Odf8f]n uf=lj=;=
% df /x]sf] hUufdf lgld{t 3/, 6x/f ;d]tsf]
hDdf ?=@ s/f]8 %) nfv d"Nofg u/L ?=!
s/f]8 #) nfvdf a}s
+ sf] gfpFdf ldlt @)%%.@.!*
df dfq /lhi6z
] g kf; u/]sf] . zfvfsf] ldlt
@)^!.$.!@ sf] kqfg';f/ a}s
+ :jo+n] ;sf/ ug]{
k|of]hgsf] nflu d"Nofg ;ldltsf] lg0f{oadf]lhd
?=! s/f]8 (& nfv d"No sfod ePsf] b]lvG5 .
kf6L{n] a}s
+ nfO{ @)%* kf}if d;fGt;Dd ;fFjf ?=&
s/f]8 !) nfv a'emfpg afFsL /x]sf] / a}s
+ n]
plNnlvt d"Nodf ;sf/ u/L ln+bf s"n ;fFjf ?=%
s/f]8 !# nfv c;"npk/ x'g g;Sg] cj:yfdf
/x]sf] 5 . ;fy} pQm kf6L{;Fu sf/f]jf/ ubf{
p2]Zocg'k lgDgfg';f/ la;+ultx b]lvPsf 5g\ .
Pre-export Loan cGtu{t kf6L{nfO{ cf=j=
@)%#.%$ df a}+ssf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{noaf6 ?=!
s/f]8 ;Ldf :jLs[t ePsf]df ljleGg ldltdf shf{
k|bfg eO{ shf{ ;+Vof % af6 s"n ;fFjf ?=$^ nfv
xfn afFsL eO{ c;"npk/ ug'k{ g]{ b]lvG5 . pQm
shf{ afFsL /x]sf] ;Gbe{df zfvfn] ;DalGwt
shf{cGtu{tsf] FBN (Foreign Bill Negotiation)
ubf{ k"j{ lgof{t shf{sf] /sd r'Qmf u/]kZrft\
dfq afFsL /sd kf6L{nfO{ e'QmfgL lbg'kg]{ ;fdfGo
a}ls k|rng ;d]t kfngf gu/]sf], lgof{t ul/g]
;fdfg rnfg ul/g] lbg -Shipment Date) df k"j{
lgof{t shf{ k|bfg u/]sf], pQm shf{ k|bfg ubf{
5'} lwtf] ;'/If0f glnO{ pQm kf6L{;u+ ;du|df
lwtf] lnPsf] -;a} shf{sf] lx;fj ubf{ lwtf]n]
gvfd]sf]_ cflb h:tf dxTjk"0f{ s'/fdf lj;+ultsf
sf/0fn] uDeL/ q'l6 eO{ sd{rf/Lxsf] ;+nUgtfdf
?=$^ nfv c;"npk/ geO{ afFsL /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
213

shf{ g+= ##.!$ a}s

+ ckm Go"of]sa{ f6 k|fKt
d"n lgof{t k|tLtkq g+= !))@(@^)& sf] cfwf/df
ldlt @)%$.^.@) df ?=!% nfv shf{ k|bfg ePsf],
;f] c;" n pk/ afF s L x' F b fx' F b } a} + s sf] s] G b| L o
sfof{ n osf] lgb] { z g ljk/Lt Foreing Bill
Negotiation ubf{ k|:t't zLif{ssf] shf{ r'Qmf u/fO{
afFsL /x]sf] /sd dfq kf6L{nfO{ e'QmfgL lbg'kg]{
;fdfGo a}l+ s k|rng ;d]t kfngf gu/L k"/}
/sd e'QmfgL u/]sf], shf{sf] nflu k|fKt k|ld;/L
gf]6sf] td;'sdf a+}ssf cflwsfl/s AolQmsf]
tkm{af6 b:tvt gu/L gu/fO{ a]/Ltk"js
{ clgoldt
tl/sfn] shf{ k|jfx u/L xfn a}s
+ n] ;fFjf ?=!%
nfv c;"npk/ ug{ afFsL /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
shf{ g+= ##.!^ a}s
+ ckm Go"of]sa{ f6 k|fKt
d"n lgof{t k|tLtkq g+= !))@(@^)^ sf] cfwf/df
ldlt @)%$.^.@) df ?=% nfv k"j{ lgof{t shf{
afkt shf{ lbPsf], ;f]xL lgof{t k|tLtkqsf] 8s'dG] 6
g]uf]l;Pzg ubf{ ;DalGwt k"j{ lgof{t shf{ r'Qmf
u/fO{ aFfsL /sddfq e'QmfgL lbg'kg]{ ;fdfGo j}l+ s
k|rng ;d]t kfngf gu/L k'/} /sd kf6L{nfO{ e'QmfgL
lbPsf], k|ld;/L gf]6sf] k]6jf]nLdf s]=s]=vGgfsf]
gfd eO{ ;xL ug]{ 7fpFdf s';d' vGgfn] ;xL u/]sf]
sfuhftnfO{ dfGotf lbPsf] / td;'s Pj+ k|ld;/L
gf]6df a}s
+ sf] tkm{af6 b:tvt g} gu/L clgoldt
tl/sfn] shf{ k|jfx u/L xfn a}s
+ sf] ;fFjf ?=%
nfv c;"npk/ ug{ afFsL /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
shf{ g+= ##.!& ;+3fO{ a}+ls skf]{/]zg
lnld6]8, xs WFH 3237440F sf] kqsf]
cfwf/df ldlt @)%$.&.!) df ?=& nfv k"j{ lgof{t
shf{ afkt shf{ lbPsf], ;f]xL lgof{t k|tLtkqsf]
8s'dG] 6 g]uf]l;Pzg ubf{ ;DalGwt k"j{ lgof{t
shf{ r'Qmf u/fO{ afFsL /sd dfq e'QmfgL lbg'kg]{
;fdfGo a}ls k|rng ;d]t kfngf gu/L k"/}
/sd kf6L{nfO{ e'QmfgL lbPsf] / k|ld;/L gf]6df
a}s
+ sf] tkm{af6 b:tvt g} gu/L clgoldt tl/sfn]
shf{ k|jfx u/L a}s
+ nfO{ ;fFjf ?=& nfv xflg
gf]S;fgL k'ofPsf] b]lvG5 .
shf{ g+= ##.!* l;6L a}s
+ ckm Go"of]sa{ f6
k|fKt d"n lgof{t k|tLtkq g+= %*!&!)!)$& sf]

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

cfwf/df ldlt @)%$.*.!@ df ?=!$ nfv shf{

k|jfx ubf{ k|ld;/L gf]6df a}s
+ sf] tkm{af6 ;lx5fk
gu/L gu/fO{ td;'s kmfO{nd} g/fvL a}s
+ n] lgwf{/0f
u/]sf] shf{ k|lqmofsf] c gk'ofO{ a]/Ltk"js
{ shf{
k|jfx u/]sf], ;f]xL lgof{t k|tLtkqsf] 8s'd]G6
g]uf]l;Pzg ubf{ ;DalGwt k"j{ lgof{t shf{ r'Qmf
u/fO{ afFsL /sd dfq e'QmfgL lbg'kg]d
{ f ;fdfGo
a}l+ s k|rngnfO{ a]jf:tf u/L k'/} /sd kf6L{nfO{
e'QmfgL lbO{ clgoldt sfo{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;fy},
lgof{ t k| t Ltkqdf ;fdfg tof/ u/L ldlt
@)%$.*.!@ df rnfg u/L ;Sg'kg]d
{ f ;f]xL lbgdf
;fdfg tof/ ug{ a9Ldf # dlxgfsf] nflu k"j{
lgof{t shf{ k|jfx u/L a}s
+ sf] gLlt lgod ljk/Lt
a}s
+ nfO{ ?=!$ nfv xflg gf]S;fgL k'ofPsf] b]lvG5 .
shf{ g+= ##.@( a}s
+ ckm Go"of]sa{ f6 k|fKt
d"n lgof{t k|tLtkq g+= !))@(#!^) sf] cfwf/df
k"j{ lgof{t shf{ afkt @)%%.@.!* df ?=% nfv
shf{ k|bfg ePsf] / ;f]xL k|tLtkqsf] 8s'dG] 6
g]uf]l;Pzg ubf{ k"j{ lgof{t shf{ r'Qmf u/fP/ dfq
afFsL /x]sf] /sd kf6L{nfO{ e'QmfgL ug'k{ g]d
{ f ;f]
gu/L k'/} /sd kf6L{nfO{ e'QmfgL u/]sf], lgof{t
k|tLtkqdf ;fdfg rnfg u/L ;Sg' kg]{ ldlt
@)%%.@.!^ cjlw g} @ lbg gf3] k l5 ldlt
@)%%.@.!* df shf{ k|bfg ug'{ uDeL/ q'l6 ePsf]
/ k|ld;/L gf]6sf] k]6jf]nLdf s]=s]=vGgfsf] gfd
eO{ ;xL ug]{ 7fpFdf s';d
' vGgfn] ;xL u/]sf]nfO{
dfGotf lbO{ lgod ljk/Lt eO{ a}s
+ nfO{ ?=% nfv
xflg gf]S;fgL k'ofPsf] b]lvG5 .
lgof{ t lan v/LbM cGtu{ t ;fF j f
?=%$,($,*@!.*$ kf6L{af6 c;"npk/ ug'{kg]{
b] l vG5 . sf/f] j f/ ubf{ k" j { lgof{ t shf{ ; F u
;DalGwt shf{ e'QmfgL u/]kl5 dfq afFsL /sd
e' Q mfgL ug' { k g] { d f gu/] s f] , lgsf;Lstf{ n ]
k|1fkgkqdf 3f]lift d"Vo a}+s -g]kfn /fi6 a}+s_
f/f :jLs[t ljb]zL ljlgdodf tf]lsPsf] cjlwleq
e'QmfgL Nofpgsf] nflu ljb]zL ljlgdo -lgoldt
ug]{_ P]g, @)!( sf] bkmf ( -s_ df Joj:yf eP
d'tfljs ^ dlxgf leqdf ljb]zL d'bf| k|fKt x'gk' g]d
{ f
gePsf], ;a} ljb]zL d'b|f k|fKt geO{ Short Fall

ePsf] ;Gbe{df g]kfn /fi6 a}+s, ljb]zL ljlgdo

Joj:yfkg ljefusf] O=k|f=kl/kq ;+Vof !*^ ldlt
@)%#.%.& cg';f/ hfgsf/L u/fpg' kg]{df gu/fO{
ljb] z L d' b | f ckrng ;d] t ug{ d f a} + s sf
sd{rf/Lxsf] ;+nUgtfaf6 clgoldt tj/n]
lgof{t lan v/Lb eP u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
PkmljPg #@.^@! ldlt @)%$.!.@( df DM
16113.60 -?=%,#&,@@&.$)_ a/fa/sf] lgof{t lan
v/Lb ubf{ pQm a}s
+ sf] cfGtl/s n]vf k/LIf0f tyf
lg/LIf0f lgb]{lzsf, @)%@ sf] bkmf !%=@=!&
sG;fOgL a}s
+ geO{ ljb]zL kf6L{ ePsf]df cGo
dfya/ kf6L{sf] Uof/]G6L lnP/ dfq g]uf]l;Pzg
ug'k{ g]{ lgb]z
{ g x'bF fx'bF } :jfldTjjfnf -Consignee)
L/C Applicant ljb]zL kf6L{ -Gantex Moden GMBH_
pNn]v ePsf] 8s'dG] 6 cGo dfyj/ kf6L{sf] Uof/]G6L
lagf v/Lb ug'{ lgb]{lzsfljk/Lt ePsf], xfn
?=#&,@^!.&^ dfqsf] sd ljb]zL d'bf| Short ePsf],
pQm Short ePsf] ljb]zL d'bf| /fi6 a}s
+ nfO{ hfgsf/L
gu/fPsf], ;f] /sd c;"nLsf] nflu k|of; gu/]sf]
/ k|ld;/L gf]6 td;'s u/fpFbf a}s
+ sf] tkm{af6
PsfpG6]G6 k|aGwsn] b:tvt gu/L C0fLsf]
b:tvtsf] cfwf/df g]uf]l;Pzg u/L a}s
+ nfO{ xfn
?=#&,@^!.&^ xflg gf]S;fgL k'ofO{ clgoldt u/]sf]
b]lvG5 .
PkmljPg #@.&)! tfl/v 1-7-1997 df US
$ 26816.15 a/fa/sf] ?=!%,@!,*^!.#$ sf] ;fdfg
lj/f6gu/ eG;f/ sfof{noaf6 lgof{t ePsf] lgof{t
lan v/Lb ubf{ cGo sfuhftsf] cltl/Qm Bill of
Lading ;lxt ;+nUg sfuhftsf] cfwf/ lng'kg]{df
lan ckm n] l 8 lagf Union Freight Pvt.
Kathmandu sf] sfuf] { l/l;K6sf] cfwf/df
g]uf]l;Pzg u/L clgoldt ePsf], pQm ljb]zL
d'b|f 8s'd]G6 g]uf]l;Pzg u/]sf] ldltn] ^ dlxgf
leqdf g]kfn lelqg' kg]{df xfn;Dd gleqL ljb]zL
d'b|f ckrng ePsf], ljb]zL d'b|f g]kfn leq\ofpg
k|of; gu/]sf], k|ld;/L gf]6, td;'s u/fpFbf C0fL
s]=s]=vGgfsf] b:tvt u/fO{ k]6af]nLdf /sd,
ldlt gvf] n L, ;fIfL g/fvL a} + s sf] tkm{ a f6
PsfpG6] G 6, k| a Gwssf] b:tvt gu/fO{

214

*&^& >Ls[i0f >]i7 ;d]t lj=g]kfn ;/sf/

a] / Ltk" j { s sf] lan v/Lb u/L a} + s nfO{

?=!%,@!,*^!.#$ xflg gf]S;fgL k'ofpg'sf ;fy}
;f] a/fa/sf] ljb]zL d'b|f g]kfndf lelqg' kg]{df
glelqO{ d'b|f ckrng ;d]t eO{ clgoldt sfo{
u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
PkmlaPg ##.$% ldlt @)%$.$.#) df US$
12752.00 a/fa/ x'g] ?=^(,!%,%!$. sf] 8s'dG] 6
g]uf]l;Pzg ubf{ Po/ j] landf STy No. 9553 to
9558/9589, 9591 x'gk
' g]d{ f cGoyf x'bF f klg Airway
Bill df Pn=;L=g+= ()!.&%).@$ x'gk
' g]d
{ f cGoyf
ePsf]nfO{ :jLsf/ u/L 8s'dG] 6 v/Lb u/]sf], Visa
Certificate, lgof{t k|1fkgkq, Opener n] vf]ns
] f]
Pn=;L=sf] sfuh ;+nUg u/L lan v/Lb ug'k{ g]d
{ f
gu/]sf] / g]uf]l;Pzg u/]sf] ldltn] ^ dlxgf leqdf
ljb]zL d'bf| g]kfn lelqg' kg]d
{ f s'g} k|of; gePsf],
k|ld;/L gf]6 td;'sdf C0fL s]=s]=vGgfsf] dfq
b:tvt eO{ a}s
+ sf] tkm{af6 PsfpG6]G6 d]gh
] /n]
b:tvt gu/L a]/Ltk"js
{ lan v/Lb sfo{ u/L
a}s
+ sf] gLlt lgod ljk/Lt clgoldt u/]sf]n] xfn
?=@,%#,&%(.&! c;"npk/ ug{ afFsL b]lvG5 .
PkmlaPg ##.#&# ldlt @)%%.!.* df US$
42000.00 a/fa/ x'g] ?=@^,%),@)). sf] 8s'dG] 6
g]uf]l;Pzg ubf{ Shipped on Board 5fk nufPsf]
lan ckm n]l8 ;d]t ;+nUg x'gk' g]d
{ f ;f] geO{
Shipping Agent nfO{ dfn;fdfg a's u/fPsf]
sfuhft ;+nUg ePsf], Opener n] vf]n]sf]
Pn=;L=skL x'gk' g]d
{ f gePsf], ^ dlxgfleqdf pQm
ljb]zL d'bf| lelqg' kg]d
{ f cWoflk glelqO{ ljb]zL
d'bf| ckrng ePsf], leq\ofpg] tkm{ s'g} k|of;
gePsf], k|ld;/L gf]6sf] k]6af]nLdf /sd g} gv'nfO{
a]/Ltk"js
{ sfo{ u/L a}s
+ nfO{ ?=@^,%),@)). xflg
gf]S;fgL k'ofPsf] ;d]t b]lvG5 .
PkmlaPg ##.#&& ldlt @)%$.!.!# df US$
49392.00 a/fa/ x'g] ?=#!,!^,^#%.@) /sdsf] lan
v/Lb u/]sf] dWo] xfn ?=(^,*^).#$ a/fa/sf]
ljb]zL d'bf| k|fKt geO{ Short ePsf]df g]kfn /fi6
a}+snfO{ hfgsf/L u/fPsf] gb]lvg', pQm /sd
c;"npk/sf] nflu s'g} k|of; gug',{ Maerskline
sf] Shipper Memorande" not part of Bill of lading"
215

Joxf]/f plNnlvt cfoftstf{sf] cg'/f]w ljk/Lt

Shipped on Board gePsf] Combined Transport
Bill of lading sf] cfwf/df Bill Negotiation u/L
clgoldt ug',{ k|ld;/L gf]6sf] k]6jf]nLdf /sd
pNn]v geO{ a+s
} sf] tkm{af6 k|aGwssf] b:tvt
gx'g' cflb h:tf a]/Ltk"j{ssf] sfo{ eO{ xfn
?=(^,*^).#$ xflg gf]S;fgL k'ofO{ lgodljk/Lt
ePsf] b]lvG5 .
PkmlaPg ##.@^& ldlt @)%$.!).* df US$
33075.00 a/fa/ x'g] ?=@),^&,!*&.%) sf] lan
v/Lb u/]sf]df jfl0fHo a}s
+ sf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{noaf6
ul/Psf] lg/LIf0f k|ltj]bgdf k"/} n]gf /sd g]kfn
lelqg afFsL /x]sf] pNn]v ePsf]df /fli6o jfl0fHo
a}s
+ , afg]Zj/ zfvfsf] r=g+= !#%* ldlt @)^!.&.@^
sf] kqfg';f/ s]xL /sd lelqO{ ?=!,#*,*($.%)
sf] o'=P;=8n/ @^##.$) Short ePsf], pQm Short
ePsf] /sd af/] g]kfn /fi6 a}s
+ nfO{ hfgsf/L
gu/fPsf], pQm /sd e'QmfgLsf] nflu s'g} k|of;
gu/]sf], ;fdfg rnfg u/]sf] lan ckm n]l8
x'gk' g]d
{ f ;f]sf] cefjdf lan v/Lb ug]{ sfo{ u/]sf],
k|ld;/L gf]6sf] k]6af]nLdf /sd pNn]v gu/L
/f]xa/df a}s
+ sf] tkm{af6 b:tvt gePsf] cflb
h:tf c gk'ofO{ a]/Ltk"js
{ 8s'dG] 6 v/Lb u/L
xfn a}s
+ nfO{ ?=!,#*,*($.%) xflg gf]S;fgL k'ofO{
lgodljk/Lt sfo{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
lanDj e'QmfgL shf{ -Trust Loan_M cGtu{t
kf6L{nfO{ cf=j= @)%#.%$ df a}+ssf] s]Gb|Lo
sfof{noaf6 ?=%) nfv ;Ldf :jLs[t ePsf]df
xfn pQm kf6L{;uF ;fFjf ?=$@ nfv %^ xhf/
c;"npk/ ug'k{ g]{ b]lvG5 . pQm kf6L{sf] xfn afFsL
/x]sf] ;fFjf /sdnfO{ b[li6ut ubf{ ;Ldf :jLs[t
leq g} ePsf] b]lvP tfklg kf6L{sf] s'n ;Ldf
pkef]u /lhi6/ zfvfn] pknJw u/fpg g;s]sf]n]
s] slt sf/f]jf/ ePsf] eGg ;lsg] l:ylt g/x]sf] .
pQm shf{ k|bfg ubf{ ;DalGwt cfoft k|tLtkqsf]
sfuhftx kmfondf geO{ kf6L{sf] lgj]bg, td;'s
cflb dfq ;+nUg u/L shf{ k|bfg u/]sf], l6=Pn=shf{
k|bfg ubf{ a}s
+ sf] a}s
+ Aoj;fo ljefusf] kl/kq g+=
#!.)$*.)$( ldlt @)$*.!@.#) sf] bkmf -s_

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

cg';f/ 5'} lwtf] ;'/If0f lng' kg]d

{ f glnO{ -;du|df
lnPsf] lwtf]nfO{ cfwf/ dfgL h'g lwtf] shf{nfO{
k'u ck'u s] x'g] eGg] Wofg g} glbO{_ lj;+ult
tj/n] a} + s sf sd{ r f/Lxsf] ;+ n Ugtfaf6
lgDgfg';f/ shf{ k|bfg ePsf] b]lvG5 .
shf{ g+ = ##.@# / ##.@$ dWo] ldlt
@)%$.(.! df shf{ g+= ##.@# af6 ?=!$,*$,@^^.@&
shf{ k|jfx ubf{ zfvfaf6 vf]lnPsf cfoft
k|tLtkqcGtu{tsf s'g} klg sfuhftx k|:t't
shf{ kmfO{ndf gePsf], td;'s / lgj]bg dfq
;+nUg u/L shf{ k|jfx ePsf], ;+nUg ePsf]
td;'sdf a}s
+ sf] tkm{af6 s;}n] klg b:tvt gu/]sf],
k|tLtkq sf/f]jf/sf] sfuhftx gePsf], ;fdfg
cfoft u/]sf] eG;f/ k|1fkg kq gePsf], 8s'dG] 6
5'6fPsf] ldltn] a9Ldf # dlxgfleqdf klg eG;f/
sfof{noaf6 ;fdfg 5'6fPsf] lj=lj= kmf/fd g+= $
a} + s df k] z ug' { k g] { d f k| f Kt ePsf] kmfO{ n df
ge]l6Psf]n] cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf pQm zfvf;Fu
cfjZos sfuhftx kqf/f dfu ul/Psf]df
l6=Pn=shf{ g+= ##.@# ;Fu ;DalGwt Invoice tyf
Po/ j] lan k|fKt ePsf] t/ shf{ g+= ##.@$ cGtu{t
?=@&,&@,!##.!# shf{ k|jfx ubf{ pko'Q
{ m adf]lhd
a]/Ltk"js
{ sf] td;'s / lgj]bg dfq kmfondf ePsf],
cGo cfjZos sfuhftxsf] ;DaGwdf kqfrf/
ubf{ cGo s'g} klg sfuhft km]nf gk/]sf] egL pQm
zfvfsf] ldlt @)^!.!@.!) sf] kqaf6 hfgsf/L
k|fKt ePsf] . t;y{ pko'Q
{ m adf]lhdsf a}s
+ sf]
gLlt lgod ljk/Lt a]/Ltk"js
{ sfo{ ePsf] sf/0fn]
a}+snfO{ ;fFjf ?=$@,%^,#((.$) xflg gf]S;fgL
k'ofPsf] b]lvG5 .
cfoft k|tLtkq -P=cf]=;L_M cGtu{t o';fG;
Pn=;L=vf]Nbf Go"gtd\ gub dflh{g afx]s afFsL
/sdsf nflu k'/} yk ;'/If0f lnP/ zfvf sfof{non]
g} ;Ldfleq cfoft k|tLtkq vf]Ng ;Sg] a}s
+ sf]
a}s
+ Aoj;fo ljefusf] kq ;+Vof la= &.%.@( sf]
kl/kq g+= %.)%).%! ldlt @)%).$.@! sf] bkmf ^
sf] pkbkmf -%_ df Joj:Yff ePsf]df ;du|df
lnOPsf] gk'u lwtf] ;'/If0fs} cfwf/df o';fG;
Pn=;L=vf]ns
] f] a}s
+ sf] gLlt lgod tyf kl/kqsf]
216

ljk/Lt b]lvG5 . ;fy} P=cf]=;L= cGtu{t a}s

+ sf]
s]Gb|Lo sfof{noaf6 ?=# s/f]8 ;Ldf :jLs[t
ePsf]df ;+Vof @& af6 lgDgfg';f/ pkef]u u/L
;Ldf :jLs[t eGbf ?=@ s/f]8 %& nfv a9L sf/f]jf/
u/fPsf] eP tfklg zfvfn] ;dy{g dfu u/]cg';f/
s]Gb|Lo sfof{non] k6s k6s u/L ?=@=&&,@(,@^!.%^
;Ddsf] :jLs[lt k|bfg ePsf] b]lvFbf lgh kf6L{sf]
s"n ;Ldf gf3]ggf3]sf] af/] ;Ldf pkef]u /lhi6/
zfvfn] pknJw u/fpg g;s]sf] x'Fbf lj:t[t
cg';Gwfg x'g g;s] tfklg ph|ftL /sdnfO{ x]bf{
;Ldfleq sf/f]jf/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
Pcf];L
ljb]zL
Aofs 6' Aofs
ef/tLo
:jb]zL -nf]sn_
hDdf

shf{ ;+Vof
@)
#
#
!
@&

;fFjf /sd
$,#$,&),$#!.^^
$(,(&,(!(.**
@!,$*,!(!.^)
%!,)),))).))
%,%&,!^,%$#.!$

pko'Q
{ madf]lhd shf{ k|jfx ubf{ s'gs'g
;dodf s] slt /sd ;LdfeGbf a9L pkef]u
eof] eGg] ;Gbe{df tTsfnLg ;dodf pQm zfvfn]
lgotaz hfgfhfgL JolQmut ;Ldf pkef]u
/lhi6/ j]kQf -bdkr_ kf/L cfof]unfO{ pknAw
u/fpg g;s] s f] , pQm s' / f a} + s sf] s] G b| L o
sfof{nosf] lg/LIf0f k|ltj]bgdf klg pNn]v ePsf],
P=cf]=;L=sf k'/fgf /sd c;"npk/ ug{ C0fLnfO{
;fdfGo kqfrf/ dfq u/L k|efjsf/L sbd
gckgfO{ a}s
+ sf] n]gf /sd afFsL x'bF fx'bF } ;fdfGo
a}ls k|rngljk/Lt lj;+ult tj/n] gofF k|tLtkq
vf]lnPsf], k"/} ;Ldf pkef]u eO{ ;s]sf] cj:yfdf
klg s]Gb|Lo sfof{noaf6 ;dy{g dfu ug]{ egL
sf/f]jf/ u/fO{Psf], Aofs 6' Aofs Pn=;L=vf]Nbfsf]
cj:Yffdf cfoft ug]{ sRrf kbfy{ sk8fsf] e'QmfgL
pQm sk8faf6 tof/L sk8f agfO{ lgof{t u/L
k|fKt x'g] e'QmfgLaf6 ug'k{ g]{ g]kfn /fi6 a}s
+ sf]
O=k|f=kl/kq g+= !%$ ldlt @)%!.!@.!( df pNn]v
x'bF fx'bF } ljb]zL d'bf| k|fKt geP tfklg Aofs 6'
Aofs Pn=;L=sf] /sd ef/tdf e'QmfgL ul/Psf],
:j]bzL Pcf];Ldf #^) ;fO{6sf] o';fG; Pn=;L=vf]Ng
kfpg] a}s
+ sf] gLlt, lgod, lgb]l{ zsf, kl/kq gePsf],

*&^& >Ls[i0f >]i7 ;d]t lj=g]kfn ;/sf/

a} + s sf] qm] l 86 l8kf6{ d ] G 6 EofnLsf] k=;+ =

@.)&.@)^!.^@ ldlt @)^!.*.* af6 hfgsf/L k|fKt
ePsf]df k|fjwfgljk/Lt uDeL/ k|s[ltsf] sfo{
ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;fy} o:tf] k|tLtkq vf]Nbf 5'}
;'/If0f hdfgt glnO{ ;du| ;'/If0fnfO{ cfwf/
dfg]sf] / o;/L cfwf/ dfGbf C0fLsf] C0f /
k|tLtkqsf] /sdn] ;'/If0f vfD5vfDb}g :ki6
pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvGg . o;y{ o;df yk ;'/If0f
lnO{ C0f ;'/lIft /fv]sf] b]lvPg .
P=cf]=;L=ljb]zL Pn=;L=g+= #!.^&% tfl/v
%%!((^ df US$ 1.10 nfv / ;+zf]wg;lxt
US$ 118500.00 sf] ef/taf6 sk8f cfoft ug{
o';fG; Pn=;L=vf]nf]sf]df ljleGg ldltdf $ a6f
lj=lj=kmf/fd hf/L ul/Psf]df US$ 85,210.40 dfqsf]
eG;f/af6 ;fdfg 5'6fO{ k|dfl0ft u/L ;Ssn
lj=lj=lg=kmf/fd g+= $ lkmtf{ k|fKt ePsf] t/ US$
33,289.60 sf] lj=lj=lg=kmf/fd g+= $ k|fKt gePsf]n]
;fdfg g]kfn lelqPsf] k|df0f k]z geO{ ljb]zL d'bf|
ckrng ePsf] / a}s
+ n] ;DalGwt Beneficiary
nfO{ US$ 39,055.17 e'QmfgL lbO{;s]sf] / ;f]
a/fj/sf] ?=@),#&,*^!.@$ cWoflk c;"npk/ geO{
a}s
+ nfO{ xflg gf]S;fgL k'ofPsf] b]lvG5 . ;fy} o:tf]
k|tLtkq vf]Nbf 5'} ;'/If0f hdfgt glnO{ ;du|
;'/If0fnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]sf] / o;/L cfwf/ dfGbf
C0fLsf] C0f / k| t Ltkq /sdn] ;' / If0f
vfD5vfDb}g :ki6 pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvGg . o;y{
o:fdf yk ;'/If0f lnO{ C0f ;'/lIft /fv]sf] b]lvPg .
Pn=;L=g+= #@.!!^ C0fLsf] cg'/f]wdf ;g
%(!((^ df US$ 57,00.00 sk8f ef/taf6
cfoft ug{ $% lbgsf] o';fG; Pn=;L=vf]lnPsf]df
Maturity Date leq u|fxs;Fu 8s'dG] 6sf] e'QmfgL
lng tTk/tf gb]vfPsf], ljb]zL a}s
+ nfO{ e'QmfgL
k7fO{ ;f]xL lbgdf u|fxssf] gfddf Pcf];L vr{
hgfpg kg]d
{ f ghgfO{ a}s
+ sf] n]gf lx;fj oyfy{
gx'g] sfo{ u/L cyf{t ljb]zL a}s
+ nfO{ @)%#.!@.!#
df e'QmfgL k7fO{ ;s]kl5 ldlt @)%$.#.!* df
dfq u|fxssf] Pcf];L lx;fjdf vr{ u/]sf] / cWoflk
;fFjf ?=#,*!,@@^.(^ u|fxsaf6 c;"npk/ x'g
aFfsL b]lvG5 . ;fy} o:tf] k|tLtkq vf]Nbf 5'}
217

;'/If0f hdfgt glnO{ ;du| ;'/If0fnfO{ cfwf/

dfg]sf] / o;/L cfwf/ dfGbf C0fLsf] C0f /
k|tLtkq /sdn] ;'/If0f vfD5vfDb}g :ki6
pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvGg . o;y{ o:fdf yk ;'/If0f
lnO{ C0f ;'/lIft /fv]sf] b]lvPg .
Pn=;L=g+= #@.$*! C0fLsf] cg'/f]wdf
tfl/v @%#!((& df o'=P;=8n/ $#,*))=))
d"Nosf] sk8f ef/taf6 cfoft ug{ #) lbgsf]
o';fG; Pn=;L=vf]lnPsf]df /sd ;Ldf pkef]u
/lhi6/ pknAw gx'gfn] ;Ldfleq k/] gk/]sf]
osLg x'g g;s]sf], eG;f/ sfof{noaf6 ;fdfg
5'6fpg lj=lj=kmf=g+= $ hf/L u/]sf]dWo] o'=P;=8n/
$,&^%=(& / o'=P;=8n/ !,@&@ sf] ;fdfg g]kfn
lelqPsf] k|df0f eG;f/ sfof{noaf6 k|fKt gePsf],
Maturity Date leq u|fxsaf6 n]gf /sd c;"n
ug{ tTk/tf gb]vfO{ ?=!*,^*,#$(.#^ ;fFjf cWoflk
AffFsL /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;fy} o:tf] k|tLtkq vf]Nbf
5'} ;'/If0f hdfgt glnO{ ;du| ;'/If0fnfO{ cfwf/
dfg]sf] / o;/L cfwf/ dfGbf C0fLsf] C0f /
k|tLtkq /sdn] ;'/If0f vfD5vfDb}g :ki6
pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvGg . o;y{ o:fdf yk ;'/If0f
lnO{ C0f ;'/lIft /fv]sf] b]lvPg .
Pn=;L=g+= #@.%)@ C0fLsf] cg'/f]wdf ;g\
@$!((& df US$ 1,25,715.00 d"Nosf] sk8f
ef/taf6 cfoft ug{ $% lbgsf] o' ; fG;
Pn=;L=vf]lnPsf]df Maturity Date leq u|fxs;Fu
8s'd]G6sf] e'QmfgL lng] tTk/tf gb]vfPsf], hf/L
ul/Psf lj=lj=lg=kmf=g+= $ dWo] US$ 34.28 sf]
;Ssn k|lt lkmtf{ k|fKt gePsf]n] ;fdfg g]kfn
lelqPsf] gb]lvPsf] Maturity Date gf3]kl5 ljb]zL
a}+snfO{ e'QmfgL k7fPsf], e'QmfgL lng] tTk/tf
gb] v fO{ clgoldttf ePsf] n ] ;fF j f
?=@&,#*,($%.(# c;"npk/ ug{k' g]{ b]lvG5 . ;fy}
o:tf] k|tLtkq vf]Nbf 5'} ;'/If0f hdfgt glnO{
;du| ;'/If0fnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]sf] / o;/L cfwf/
dfGbf C0fLsf] C0f / k|tLtkq /sdn] ;'/If0f
vfD5vfDb}g :ki6 pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvGg . o;y{
o:fdf yk ;'/If0f lnO{ C0f ;'/lIft /fv]sf]
b]lvPg .

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

Pn=;L=g+= #@.%%@ C0fLsf] cg'/f]wdf ;g\

!%!((^ df ef/taf6 ;fdfg cfoft ug{ US$
49,255.00 sf] $% lbgsf] o' ; fG;
Pn=;L=vf]lnPsf]df /sd ;Ldf pkef]u /lhi6/
pknAw gx'gfn] ;Ldfleq k/] gk/]sf] osLg x'g
g;s]sf], eG;f/ sfof{noaf6 ;fdfg 5'6fpg hf/L
ul/Psf lj=lj=lg=kmf=$ klg k|dfl0ft e} lkmtf{ k|fKt
gePsf]n] g]kfndf ;fdfg lelqPsf] k'li6 gePsf],
Maturity Date leq u|fxsaf6 c;"n gu/L ljb]zL
a}s
+ nfO{ e'QmfgL k7fPsf] ;fFjf ?=!(,(!,!&#.#)
c;"npk/ ug{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;fy} o:tf] k|tLtkq
vf]Nbf 5'} ;'/If0f hdfgt glnO{ ;du| ;'/If0fnfO{
cfwf/ dfg]sf] / o;/L cfwf/ dfGbf C0fLsf] C0f
/ k|tLtkq /sdn] ;'/If0f vfD5vfDb}g :ki6
pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvGg . o;y{ o:fdf yk ;'/If0f
lnO{ C0f ;'/lIft /fv]sf] b]lvPg .
Pn=;L=g+= #@.%*& C0fLsf] cg'/f]wdf ;g\
!(%!((& df xsaf6 sk8f cfoft ug{ US$
28,172.76 sf] #) lbgsf] o' ; fG; Pn=;L=
vf]lnPsf]df JolQmut ;Ldf pkef]u /lhi6/ pknAw
gx'gfn] ;Ldfleq k/] gk/]sf] osLg x'g g;s]sf],
eG;f/ sfof{noaf6 ;fdfg 5'6fpg hf/L ul/Psf
lj=lj=lg=kmf=$ klg k|dfl0ft e} lkmtf{ k|fKt gePsf]n]
g]kfndf ;fdfg lelqPsf] k'li6 gePsf], Maturity
Date leq u|fxsaf6 c;"npk/ gu/L ljb]zL a}s
+ nfO{
e'QmfgL k7fO{ clgoldt u/]sf] / xfn ;fFjf
?=!$,$!,%@$.)@ c;"npk/ ug{k' g]{ b]lvG5 . ;fy}
o:tf] k|tLtkq vf]Nbf 5'} ;'/If0f hdfgt glnO{
;du| ;'/If0fnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]sf] / o;/L cfwf/
dfGbf C0fLsf] C0f / k|tLtkq /sdn] ;'/If0f
vfD5vfDb}g :ki6 pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvGg . o;y{
o:fdf yk ;'/If0f lnO{ C0f ;'/lIft /fv]sf] b]lvPg .
Pn=;L=g+= #@.^)$ C0fLsf] cg'/f]wdf ;g\
@(%!((& df ef/taf6 sk8f cfoft ug{ US$
70,000.00
sf] $% lbgsf] o' ; fG;
Pn=;L=vf]lnPsf]df JolQmut ;Ldf pkef]u /lhi6/
pknAw gx'gfn] ;Ldfleq k/] gk/]sf] osLg x'g
g;s]sf], eG;f/ sfof{noaf6 ;fdfg 5'6fpg hf/L
ul/Psf lj=lj=lg=kmf=$ klg k|dfl0ft e} lkmtf{ k|fKt

gePsf]n] g]kfndf ;fdfg lelqPsf] k'li6 gePsf],

Maturity Date leq u|fxsaf6 c;"npk/ ug{ tTk/tf
gb]vfO{ ljb]zL a}s
+ nfO{ e'QmfgL k7fO{ ;f]xL lbgdf
u|fxssf] gfpFdf Pcf];L vr{ hgfpg kg]d
{ f ghgfO{
oyfy{ vr{ gb] v fO{ clgoldt ePsf] ;fF j f
?=@%,#$,^$@.*# c;"npk/ ug{k' g]{ b]lvG5 . ;fy}
o:tf] k|tLtkq vf]Nbf 5'} ;'/If0f hdfgt glnO{
;du| ;'/If0fnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]sf] / o;/L cfwf/
dfGbf C0fLsf] C0f / k|tLtkq /sdn] ;'/If0f
vfD5vfDb}g :ki6 pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvGg . o;y{
o:fdf yk ;'/If0f lnO{ C0f ;'/lIft /fv]sf] b]lvPg .
Pn=;L=g+= #@.^%# C0fLsf] cg'/f]wdf ;g\
@)^!((& df xsaf6 sk8f cfoft ug{ US$
65,750.00
sf] () lbgsf] o' ; fG;
Pn=;L=vf]lnPsf]df JolQmut ;Ldf pkef]u /lhi6/
pknAw gx'gfn] s] slt ;Ldf pkef]u eof] egL
osLg ug{ g;lsPsf], eG;f/ sfof{noaf6 ;fdfg
5'6fpg hf/L ul/Psf lj=lj=lg=kmf=$ klg k|dfl0ft
e} lkmtf{ k|fKt gePsf]n] g]kfndf ;fdfg lelqof] g}
eGg] :ki6 cfwf/ geO{ ljb]zL d'bf| ckrng ;d]t
ePsf] Maturity Date leq u|fxsaf6 c;"npk/
ug{ tTk/tf gb]vfO{ ljb]zL a}s
+ nfO{ e'QmfgL k7fO{
;f]xL lbgdf u|fxssf] gfpFdf Pcf];L vr{ hgfpg
kg]d
{ f ghgfO{ oyfy{ vr{ gb]vfO{ clgoldt ePsf]
;fFjf ?=#%,%*,@)@.%) c;"npk/ ug{ kg]{ b]lvG5 .
;fy} o:tf] k|tLtkq vf]Nbf 5'} ;'/If0f hdfgt
glnO{ ;du| ;'/If0fnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]sf] / o;/L
cfwf/ dfGbf C0fLsf] C0f / k|tLtkq /sdn] ;'/If0f
vfD5vfDb}g :ki6 pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvGg . o;y{
o;df yk ;'/If0f lnO{ C0f ;'/lIft /fv]sf] b]lvPg .
Pn=;L=g+= #@.^(# C0fLsf] cg'/f]wdf ;g\
!!&!((& ef/taf6 sk8f cfoft ug{ US$
35,800.00 sf] #) lbgsf] o';fG; Pn=;L= ;Ldfleq
gk/]sf]n] s]Gb|Lo sfof{noaf6 ;dy{g dfUg] u/L
vf]lnPsf]df a}+ssf] Joj;fo ljefusf] ldlt
@)%$.$.$ af6 ;dy{g k|fKt ePsf] . zfvfn] ;fdfg
5'6fpg hf/L ul/Psf lj=lj=lg=kmf=$ klg k|dfl0ft
e} lkmtf{ k|fKt gePsf]n] g]kfndf ;fdfg lelqPsf]
k'li6 gePsf], Maturity Date leq u|fxsaf6

218

*&^& >Ls[i0f >]i7 ;d]t lj=g]kfn ;/sf/

c;"npk/ ug{ tTk/tf gb]vfO{ clgoldt ePsf]

;fFjf @),)(,&*(.*% c;"npk/ ug{k' g]{ b]lvG5 .
;fy} o:tf] k|tLtkq vf]Nbf 5'} ;'/If0f hdfgt
glnO{ ;du| ;'/If0fnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]sf] / o;/L
cfwf/ dfGbf C0fLsf] C0f / k|tLtkq /sdn] ;'/If0f
vfD5vfDb}g :ki6 pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvGg . o;y{
o;df yk ;'/If0f lnO{ C0f ;'/lIft /fv]sf] b]lvPg .
Pn=;L=g+= ##.!( C0fLsf] cg'/f]wdf ;g\
@%&!((& xsaf6 sk8f cfoft ug{ US$
28,230.79 sf] #) lbgsf] o';fG; Pn=;L=vf]lnPsf]df
JolQmut ;Ldf pkef]u /lhi6/ pknAw gx'gfn] s]
slt ;Ldf pkef]u eof] egL osLg ug{ g;lsPsf]
Maturity Date leq u|fxsaf6 c;"npk/ ug{ tTk/tf
gb]vfO{ ljb]zL a}s
+ nfO{ e'QmfgL k7fO{ ;f]xL lbgdf
u|fxssf] gfpFdf Pcf];L cr{ hgfpg' kg]d
{ f vr{
gb]vfO{ clgoldt ePsf] ;fFjf ?=!&,^%,%#!.@!
c;"npk/ ug{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;fy} o:tf] k|tLtkq
vf]Nbf 5'} ;'/If0f hdfgt glnO{ ;du| ;'/If0fnfO{
cfwf/ dfg]sf] / o;/L cfwf/ dfGbf C0fLsf] C0f
/ k|tLtkq /sdn] ;'/If0f vfD5vfDb}g :ki6
pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvGg . o;y{ o;df yk ;'/If0f
lnO{ C0f ;'/lIft /fv]sf] b]lvPg .
Pn=;L=g+= ##.!@! C0fLsf] cg'/f]wdf ;g\ (
(!((& ef/taf6 sk8f cfoft ug{ US$ 40,900.00
sf] ^) lbgsf] o';fG; Pn=;L=vf]lnPsf]df JolQmut
;Ldf pkef]u /lhi6/ pknAw gx'gfn] s] slt ;Ldf
pkef]u eof] egL osLg ug{ g;lsPsf] ef/taf6
tof/L kf]zfssf sRrf kbfy{ dufpFbf g]kfnsf] tof/L
kf]zfs pBf]u ;+3sf] l;kmfl/z lng'kg]d{ f glnPsf],
Maturity Date leq u|fxsaf6 n]gf /sd c;"npk/
ug{ tTk/tf gb]vfO{ ljb]zL a}s
+ nfO{ e'QmfgL k7fO{
;f]xL lbgdf u|fxssf] gfpFdf Pcf];L vr{ hgfpg'
kg] { d f vr{ gb] v fO{ clgoldt ePsf] ;fF j f
?=@,)&,%#(.@& c;"npk/ ug{k' g]{ b]lvG5 . ;fy} o:tf]
k|tLtkq vf]Nbf 5'} ;'/If0f hdfgt glnO{ ;du|
;'/If0fnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]sf] / o;/L cfwf/ dfGbf
C0fLsf] C0f / k|tLtkq /sdn] ;'/If0f vfD5vfDb}g
:ki6 pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvGg . o;y{ o;df yk ;'/If0f
lnO{ C0f ;'/lIft /fv]sf] b]lvPg .
219

Pn=;L=g+= ##.!## C0fLsf] cg'/f]wdf ;g\

!!(!((& l;+ufk'/af6 l;nfO{ d]lzg cfoft ug{
US$ 8250.00 sf] !*) lbgsf] o';fG; Pn=;L=
vf]lnPsf]df JolQmut ;Ldf pkef]u /lhi6/ pknAw
gx'gfn] s] slt ;Ldf pkef]u eof] egL osLg ug{
g;lsPsf], eG;f/ sfof{noaf6 ;fdfg 5'6fpg
hf/L ul/Psf lj=lj=lg=kmf= $ klg k|dfl0ft e} lkmtf{
k|fKt gePsf]n] g]kfndf ;fdfg lelqof] g} eGg]
:ki6 cfwf/ geO{ ljb]zL d'b|f ckrng ;d]t
ePsf], Maturity Date leq u|fxsaf6 c;"npk/
ug{ tTk/tf gb]vfO{ ljb]zL a}s
+ nfO{ e'QmfgL k7fO{
clgoldt ePsf] ;fFjf #,)!,()).#( c;"npk/
ug{k' g]{ b]lvG5 . ;fy} o:tf] k|tLtkq vf]Nbf 5'}
;'/If0f hdfgt glnO{ ;du| ;'/If0fnfO{ cfwf/
dfg]sf] / o;/L cfwf/ dfGbf C0fLsf] C0f / k|tLtkq
/sdn] ;'/If0f vfD5vfDb}g :ki6 pNn]v u/]sf]
b]lvGg . o;y{ o;df yk ;'/If0f lnO{ C0f ;'/lIft
/fv]sf] b]lvPg .
Pn=;L=g+= ##.!#$ C0fLsf] cg'/f]wdf ;g\
!!(!((& l;+ufk'/af6 h]g]/]6/ d]lzg cfoft
ug{ US$ 47,91.00 sf] !*) lbgsf] o';fG; Pn=;L=
vf]lnPsf]df JolQmut ;Ldf pkef]u /lhi6/ pknAw
gx'gfn] s] slt ;Ldf pkef]u eof] egL osLg ug{
g;lsPsf], eG;f/ sfof{noaf6 ;fdfg 5'6fpg
hf/L ul/Psf lj=lj=lg=kmf= $ klg k|dfl0ft e} lkmtf{
k|fKt gePsf]n] g]kfndf ;fdfg lelqof] g} eGg]
:ki6 cfwf/ geO{ ljb]zL d'b|f ckrng ;d]t
ePsf], Maturity Date leq u|fxsaf6 c;"npk/
ug{ tTk/tf gb]vfO{ ljb]zL a}s
+ nfO{ e'QmfgL k7fO{
clgoldt ePsf] ;fFjf @,&^,!*^.&) c;"npk/
ug{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;fy} o:tf] k|tLtkq vf]Nbf 5'}
;'/If0f hdfgt glnO{ ;du| ;'/If0fnfO{ cfwf/
dfg]sf] / o;/L cfwf/ dfGbf C0fLsf] C0f / k|tLtkq
/sdn] ;'/If0f vfD5vfDb}g :ki6 pNn]v u/]sf]
b]lvGg . o;y{ o;df yk ;'/If0f lnO{ C0f ;'/lIft
/fv]sf] b]lvPg .
Pn=;L=g+= ##.!&& C0fLsf] cg'/f]wdf ;g\
#!)!((& kfls:tfgaf6 sk8f cfoft ug{
US$1,27,500.00 sf] o';fG; Pn=;L= vf]lnPsf]df

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

JolQmut ;Ldfleq gk/]sf]n] s]Gb|Lo sfof{noaf6

;dy{g dfUg] u/L vf]lnPsf]df s]Gb|Lo sfof{nosf]
ldlt @)%$.*.!! sf] kqaf6 ;dy{g k|fKt ePsf]n]
;Ldf pkef]u ;DaGwdf clgoldt ePsf] b]lvFbg}
t/ u|fxsaf6 c;"npk/ ug{ tTk/tfgb]vfO{ ljb]zL
a}+snfO{ e'QmfgL k7fPsf] ;fFjf @*,^#,(%$.^&
clgoldt ePsf]n] c;"npk/ ug{k' g]{ b]lvG5 . ;fy}
o:tf] k|tLtkq vf]Nbf 5'} ;'/If0f hdfgt glnO{
;du| ;'/If0fnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]sf] / o;/L cfwf/
dfGbf C0fLsf] C0f / k|tLtkq /sdn] ;'/If0f
vfD5vfDb}g :ki6 pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvGg . o;y{
o;df yk ;'/If0f lnO{ C0f ;'/lIft /fv]sf] b]lvPg .
Pn=;L=g+= ##.!$# C0fLsf] cg'/f]wdf ;g\
!$(!((& ef/taf6 sk8f cfoft ug{
US$1,64,880.00 sf] ^) lbg] o';fG; Pn=;L=;Ldfleq
gk/]sf]n] s]Gb|Lo sfof{noaf6 ;dy{g dfUg] u/L
vf]lnPsf]df s]Gb|Lo sfof{no, a}s
+ Joj;fo ljefusf]
ldlt @)%$.!@.!( sf] kqaf6 ;dy{g k|fKt ePsf]n]
;Ldf pkef]u ;DaGwdf clgoldt ePsf] b]lvFbg}
t/ sRrf kbfy{sf] ?kdf cfoft ul/g] Fabric sk8f
cfoft ug'{ k"j{ g]kfn tof/L kf]zfs ;+3sf] l;kmfl/z
lng'kg]d{ f glnPsf], kl/jTo{ ljb]zL d'bf| e'QmfgL ug]{
u/L ef/tsf] pTkfbgstf{kmd{sDkgLaf6 dfq
sk8f cfoft ug{ kg]d{ f cGo JolQmkmd{ -Village
Connection Exporter_ af6 cfoft u/]sf], k'/fgf]
n]vf afFsL x'bF fxFb' } k'gM Pn ;L=vf]nL Maturity Date
leq u|fxsaf6 c;"npk/ ug{ tTk/tf gb]vfO{ ljb]zL
a}s
+ nfO{ e'QmfgL lbPsf] /sd dWo] US$ 5433.23 sf]
lgh u|fxssf] gfddf Pcf];L vr{ b]vfpg' kg]d{ f
gb]vfO{ a}s
+ sf] :6]6d]G6sf] cfwf/ lnO{ lgodljk/Lt
sfo{ ePsf], a}s
+ sf] n]gf /sd oyfy{ gb]lvPsf],
o;/L clgoldt u/L gf]S;fgL k'ofPsf] ;fjfF
?=*$,*!,@#).!* clgoldt ePsf]n] c;"npk/
ug{k' g]{ b]lvG5 . ;fy} o:tf] k|tLtkq vf]Nbf 5'} ;'/If0f
hdfgt glnO{ ;du| ;'/If0fnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]sf] /
o;/L cfwf/ dfGbf C0fLsf] C0f / k|tLtkq /sdn]
;'/If0f vfD5vfDb}g :ki6 pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvGg .
o;y{ o;df yk ;'/If0f lnO{ C0f ;'/lIft /fv]sf]
b]lvPg .

Pn=;L=g+= ##.!$$ C0fLsf] cg'/f]wdf ;g\

!^(!((& l;+ufk'/af6 l;nfO{ d]lzg cfoft ug{
US$ 99,355.00 sf] !*) lbg] o';fG; Pn=;L=
vf]lnPsf]df JolQmut ;Ldfleq gk/]sf]n] sGb|Lo
sfof{noaf6 ;dy{g dfUg] u/L vf]lnPsf]df s]Gb|Lo
sfof{no, a}s
+ Joj;fo ljefusf] ldlt @)%$.!@.!(
sf] kqaf6 ;dy{g k|fKt ePsf]n] ;Ldf pkef]u
;DaGwdf clgoldt ePsf] b]lvFbg} . C0fLn] sfuh
:jLsf/ u/]sf] ^ dlxgf -k|tLtkqdf tf]lsPsf] lbg
cg';f/_ !! h"g !((* df Maturity Date k'Ug]df
Maturity Date eGbf klxn] !@.%.!((* zfvfn]
;DalGwt ljb]zL a}+snfO{ 6]n]S;dfkm{t\ e'QmfgL
k7fPsf] t/ u|fxsaf6 n]gf /sd c;"npk/ ug{
zfvfaf6 s'g} tTk/tf gb]vfO{ clgoldt ePsf]
;fFjf #*,!#,%^).*$ c;"npk/ ug{ kg]{ b]lvG5 .
;fy} o:tf] k|tLtkq vf]Nbf 5'} ;'/If0f hdfgt
glnO{ ;du| ;'/If0fnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]sf] / o;/L
cfwf/ dfGbf C0fLsf] C0f / k|tLtkq /sdn] ;'/If0f
vfD5vfDb}g :ki6 pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvGg . o;y{
o;df yk ;'/If0f lnO{ C0f ;'/lIft /fv]sf] b]lvPg .
Pn=;L=g+= ##.!&( C0fLsf] cg'/f]wdf ;g\
#!)!((& xsaf6 sk8f cfoft ug{ US$
28,200.00 sf] $% lbgsf] o';fG; Pn=;L= ;Ldfleq
gk/]sf]n] sGb|Lo sfof{noaf6 ;dy{g dfUg] u/L
vf]lnPsf]df s]Gb|Lo sfof{no, a}s
+ Joj;fo ljefusf]
ldlt @)%$.!!.!* sf] kqaf6 ;dy{g k|fKt ePsf]n]
;Ldf pkef]u ;DaGwdf clgoldt ePsf] b]lvFbg} .
t/ Maturity Date leq u|fxsaf6 n]gf /sd
c;"npk/ ug{ s'g} k|of; gu/L clgoldttf u/L
ljb]zL a}s
+ nfO{ e'QmfgL k7fPsf] ;fFjf !&,($,(#(.
c;"npk/ ug{k' g]{ b]lvG5 . ;fy} o:tf] k|tLtkq
vf]Nbf 5'} ;'/If0f hdfgt glnO{ ;du| ;'/If0fnfO{
cfwf/ dfg]sf] / o;/L cfwf/ dfGbf C0fLsf] C0f
/ k|tLtkq /sdn] ;'/If0f vfD5vfDb}g :ki6
pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvGg . o;y{ o;df yk ;'/If0f
lnO{ C0f ;'/lIft /fv]sf] b]lvPg .
Pn=;L=g+= ##.@#! C0fLsf] cg'/f]wdf ;g\ @(
!)!((& kfls:tfgaf6 sk8f cfoft ug{ US$
57,096.60 sf] !% lbgsf] o';fG; Pn=;L=;Ldf pkef]u

220

*&^& >Ls[i0f >]i7 ;d]t lj=g]kfn ;/sf/

/lhi6/ pknAw gx'gfn] s] slt ;Ldf pkef]u eof]

egL osLg ug{ g;lsPsf] Maturity Date leq
u|fxsaf6 n]gf /sd c;"npk/ ug{ s'g} k|of; gu/L
clgoldttf u/L ljb]zL a}s
+ nfO{ e'QmfgL k7fPsf]
;fFjf ?=!&,@*,^^).!# c;"npk/ ug{k' g]{ b]lvG5 .
;fy} o:tf] k|tLtkq vf]Nbf 5'} ;'/If0f hdfgt glnO{
;du| ;'/If0fnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]sf] / o;/L cfwf/
dfGbf C0fLsf] C0f / k|tLtkq /sdn] ;'/If0f
vfD5vfDb}g :ki6 pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvGg . o;y{
o;df yk ;'/If0f lnO{ C0f ;'/lIft /fv]sf] b]lvPg .
Pn=;L=g+= ##.@^! C0fLsf] cg'/f]wdf ;g\
!&!!!((& kfls:tfgaf6 sk8f cfoft ug{ US$
60,496.00 sf] o';fG; Pn=;L= vf]lnPsf]df JolQmut
;Ldf pkef]u /lhi6/ pknAw gx'gfn] s] slt
;Ldf pkef]u eof] egL osLg ug{ g;lsPsf],
u|fxsaf6 r'Qmf x'g afFsL /x]sf] /sd Maturity
Date leq zfvfn] r'Qmf u/fpg s'g} k|efjsf/L
sbdsf] k|of; gu/L ljb]zL a}s
+ nfO{ e'QmfgL k7fO{
clgoldt ePsf] ;fFjf ?=!@,)@,)(%.@* c;"npk/
ug{k' g]{ b]lvG5 . ;fy} o:tf] k|tLtkq vf]Nbf 5'}
;'/If0f hdfgt glnO{ ;du| ;'/If0fnfO{ cfwf/
dfg]sf] / o;/L cfwf/ dfGbf C0fLsf] C0f / k|tLtkq
/sdn] ;'/If0f vfD5vfDb}g :ki6 pNn]v u/]sf
b]lvGg . o;y{ o;df yk ;'/If0f lnO{ C0f ;'/lIft
/fv]sf] b]lvPg .
P=cf]=;L= -ef/tLo_ Pn=;L=g+= #!.!))
C0fLsf] cg'/f]wdf ;g\ !@)@!((^ ef/taf6
sk8f cfoft ug{ ef=?=% nfvsf] o' ; fG;
Pn=;L=vf]lnPsf]df JolQmut ;Ldf pkef]u /lhi6/
pknAw gx'gfn] s] slt ;Ldf pkef]u eof] egL
osLg ug{ g;lsPsf], Maturity Date leq n]gf
/sd c;"npk/ ug{ s'g} k|of; gu/L clgoldttf
u/L ljb] z L a} + s nfO{ e' Q mfgL k7fPsf] ;fF j f
?=%(,#)@.@$ c;"npk/ ug{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;fy}
o:tf] k|tLtkq vf]Nbf 5'} ;'/If0f hdfgt glnO{
;du| ;'/If0fnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]sf] / o;/L cfwf/
dfGbf C0fLsf] C0f / k|tLtkq /sdn] ;'/If0f
vfD5vfDb}g :ki6 pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvGg . o;y{
o;df yk ;'/If0f lnO{ C0f ;'/lIft /fv]sf] b]lvPg .
221

Pn=;L=g+= #@.^^ C0fLsf] cg'/f]wdf ;g\ #!

#!((& df ef/taf6 sk8f cfoft ug{
ef=?=^,&%,*$). sf] $% lbg] o' ; fG;
Pn=;L=vf]lnPsf]df kl5 ;+zf]wg u/L ^ nfv yk
ul/Psf], JolQmut ;Ldf pkef]u /lhi6/ pknAw
gx'gfn] s] slt ;Ldf pkef]u eof] egL osLg ug{
g;lsPsf], Maturity Date leq n]gf /sd c;"npk/
ug{ s'g} k|of; gu/L clgoldttf u/L ljb]zL a}s
+ nfO{
e'QmfgL k7fPsf] ;fFjf ?=!$,)(,&^).@$ c;"npk/
ug{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;fy} o:tf] k|tLtkq vf]Nbf 5'}
;'/If0f hdfgt glnO{ ;du| ;'/If0fnfO{ cfwf/
dfg]sf] / o;/L cfwf/ dfGbf C0fLsf] C0f / k|tLtkq
/sdn] ;'/If0f vfD5vfDb}g :ki6 pNn]v u/]sf]
b]lvGg . o;y{ o;df yk ;'/If0f lnO{ C0f ;'/lIft
/fv]sf] b]lvPg .
Pn=;L=g+= #@.^( C0fLsf] cg'/f]wdf ;g\
!*$!((& df ef/taf6 sk8f cfoft ug{
ef=?=!) nfvsf] $% lbg] o' ; fG;
Pn=;L=vf]lnPsf]df Pn=;L= vf]Nbf Payment Upon
Presentation of Document ug]{ egL At sight
/x]sf]df lgj]bgsf] cfwf/df Draft drawn on 45
days sight egL ;+zf]wg u/L ldn]dtf] u/]sf],
Shipment Date 15-5-1997 ePsf]df ;f]sf] % lbg
Dofb gf3]kl5 ;+zf]wg u/]sf], ef/taf6 ;fdfg
-sk8f_ cfoft u/]sf] lg:;f -k|1fkg kq_ gePsf],
Maturity Date leq n]gf /sd c;"npk/ ug{ s'g}
k|of; gu/L clgoldttf u/L ljb]zL a}+snfO{
e'QmfgL k7fPsf] ;fFjf ?=^,&(,!@$.!@ c;"npk/
ug{'kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;fy} o:tf] k|tLtkq vf]Nbf 5'}
;'/If0f hdfgt glnO{ ;du| ;'/If0fnfO{ cfwf/
dfg]sf] / o;/L cfwf/ dfGbf C0fLsf] C0f /
k|tLtkq /sdn] ;'/If0f vfD5vfDb}g :ki6
pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvGg . o;y{ o;df yk ;'/If0f
lnO{ C0f ;'/lIft /fv]sf] b]lvPg .
Jofs 6' Aofs Pn=;L= cGtu{t tof/L
kf]zfs pBf]uxn] cfkm\gf] pBf]usf] nflu lgof{t
cfh{gsf] %) k|ltzt ;Ddsf] /sdn] dfq vfDg]
u/L ef/taf6 kl/jTo{ ljb]zL d'b|f e'QmfgL x'g]
u/L sk8f cfoft ug{ kfOg] g]kfn /fi6 a}+ssf]

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

ldlt @)%#.@.@$ sf] O=k|f=kl/kq ;+Vof !&^ sf]

kl/kqfg';f/ cfjZos sRrf kbfy{ sk8f Aofs
6' Aofs k|tLtkqsf] dfWodaf6 klg cfoft ug]{
Joj:yf /x]sf] . cfoft ul/Psf sRrf kbfy{
-sk8f_ sf] e'QmfgL pQm sk8faf6 tof/L kf]zfs
agfO{ lgof{t u/]kl5 k|fKt x'g] e'QmfgLaf6 ug'{kg]{
g] k fn /fi6 a} + s sf] ldlt @)%!.!@.!( sf]
O=k|f=kl/kq ;+Vof !%$ df Joj:yf ePsf] / b]xfo
adf]lhdsf] # j6f Aofs 6' Aofs Pn=;L=vf]Nbf
ljb]zaf6 ljb]zL d'b|f k|fKt ePkl5 dfq sk8f
cfoft ul/Pafktsf] e'QmfgL ug]{ Pn=;L= df zt{
-This credit is opened against exoprt L/C and
payment will be released after receipt of export
doc's by this credit opening bank) /flvPsf]df

;f] zt{sf] ljk/Lt ljb]zL d'b|f e'QmfgL ug'{kg]{

/sd k|fKt geP tfklg a}+s :jo+n] Pcf];L vftfdf
vr{ hgfO{ ljb]zL d'b|f ef/tdf e'QmfgL u/]sf]n]
g]kfn /fi6 a}+ssf] gLlt lgodljk/Lt eO{ xfn
?=$(,(&,(!(.** kf6L{af6 c;"npk/ x'g\ jfFsL
b]lvG5 . o:t} lsl;dsf] k|tLtkqsf] nflu lng'kg]{
;'/If0f k'/fgf] ;'/If0fn] vfD5 vfDb}g :ki6
gu/L / 5'} ;'/If0f g/fvL u|fxssf] gfpFdf C0f
/fvL e'QmfgL k7fpFbf a}+snfO{ xflg gf]S;fgL kfg]{
b]lvG5 .
Pn=;L=g+= #@.#&( cGtu{t % k6s u/L
US$ 1,70,899.68 sf] Aofs 6' Aofssf sfuhft
k|fKt eO{ ;DalGwt a]lglkml;o/LnfO{ e'QmfgL
ePsf] . ;f]dWo] $ k6ssf] sfuhftsf] nflu eG;f/
sfof{ n oaf6 ;fdfg 5' 6 fpgsf] nflu
lj=lj=lg=kmf/fd g+= $ hf/L ePsf] / ;fdfg g]kfn
lelqPsf] lg:;f k|fKt ePsf] t/ US$ 50,113.76
sfuhftsf] lj=lj=lg=kmf/fd hf/L gePsf] / ;fdfg
g]kfn lelqPsf] k|df0f gePsf], Aofs 6' Aofs
cGtu{tsf] e'QmfgL ljb]zaf6 ljb]zL d'b|f k|fKt
ePkl5 lgodfg';f/ e'QmfgL k7fpg' kg]{df zfvf
:jo+n] P=cf]=;L= lx;fj vr{ hgfO{ US$ 50,513.76
ef/tsf] a]lglkml;o/LnfO{ e'QmfgL x'g'n] lgod
ljk/Lt eO{ ?=@%,(^,()$.%@ ph|ftL x'g' tyf
;fdfg g]kfn glelqO{ ljb]zL d'b|f e'QmfgL x'g'
222

ljb]zL d'b|f ckrng ePsf] :ki6 b]lvG5 . o:t}

lsl;dsf] k|tLtkqsf] nflu lng' kg]{ ;'/If0f k'/fgf]
;'/If0fn] vfD5vfDb}g :ki6 gu/L / 5'} ;'/If0f
g/fvL u|fxssf] gfpFdf C0f afFsL /fvL e'QmfgL
k7fpFbf a}+snfO{ xflg gf]S;fgL kfg]{ lgot :ki6
b]lvG5 .
Pn=;L=g+= #@.$#* cGtu{t US$ 50,040.00
sf] ef/taf6 sk8f cfoft ug]{ u/L Aofs 6'
Aofs Pn=;L=vf]lnPsf]df @ k6s u/L US$
36,981.24 sf] sfuhft k| f Kt eO{ ;DalGwt
a]lglkml;o/LnfO{ e'QmfgL ePsf] . ;f] dWo] US$
5,201.76 a/fa/sf] ;fdfg cfoft ug{ lj=lj=lg=
kmf/fd g+= $ hf/L ePsf] / ;fdfg g]kfn lelqPsf]
lg:;f k|fKt ePsf] t/ afFsL US$ 31,779.48 sf
nflu lj=lj=lg=kmf/fd hf/L gePsf] / ;fdfg g]kfn
lelqPsf] k|df0f gePsf], Aofs 6' Aofs cGtu{tsf]
e'QmfgL ljb]zaf6 ljb]zL d'b|f k|fKt ePkl5
lgodfg';f/ e'QmfgL k7fpg] Pn=;L=sf] zt{df
ePsf]df zfvf :jo+n] P=cf]=;L= lx;fj vr{ hgfO{
US$ 31,779.48 ef/tsf] a]lglkml;o/LnfO{ e'QmfgL
x'g' / ?=!&,^$,^*(.)* ph|ftL x'g' lgodljk/Lt
x'g'sf ;fy} ;fdfg g]kfn glelqO{ ljb]zL d'b|f
e'QmfgL x'g' ljb]zL d'b|f ckrng ePsf] b]lvG5 .
o:t} lsl;dsf] k|tLtkqsf] nflu lng'kg]{ ;'/If0f
k'/fgf] ;'/If0fn] vfD5vfDb}g :ki6 gu/L / 5'}
;'/If0f g/fvL u|fxssf] gfpFdf C0f afFsL /fvL
e'QmfgL k7fpFbf a}+snfO{ xflg gf]S;fgL kfg]{ lgot
b]lvG5 .
Pn=;L=g+= #@.@## o; cGtu{t ;g\ ^
!!!((& df US$ 55,000.00 sf] ef/taf6 sk8f
cfoft ug]{ u/L Aofs 6' Aofs Pn=;L=vf]lnPsf]df
# k6s u/L US$ 57,632.28 sf] sfuhft k|fKt
eO{ Pn=;L= v'n]sf] /sd eGbf US$ 2,632.28
clwssf] ;d] t ;DalGwt a] l glkml;o/LnfO{
e'QmfgL ePsf] . ;f] dWo] US$ 21,506.60 sf
nflu lj=lj=lg=kmf/fd hf/L u/]sf] t/ ;fdfg
g]kfn lelqPsf] lg:;f gePsf] . zfvfn] ljb]zL
d'b|f k|fKt ePkl5 lgodfg';f/ ef/tdf e'QmfgL
k7fpg' kg]{df k|fKt geO{ P=cf]=;L= lx;fa vr{

*&^& >Ls[i0f >]i7 ;d]t lj=g]kfn ;/sf/

hgfO{ afFsL /x]sf] US$ 15,154.13 e'QmfgL x'g'

lgodljk/Lt x' g ' s f ;fy} ?=%,^(,^*#.)(
a/fa/sf] ljb]zL d'b|f ckrng ePsf] b]lvG5 .
o:t} lsl;dsf] k|tLtkqsf] nflu lng'kg]{ ;'/If0f
k'/fgf] ;'/If0fn] vfD5vfDb}g :ki6 gu/L /
5'} ;'/If0f g/fvL u|fxssf] gfpFdf C0f afFsL
/fvL e'QmfgL k7fpFbf a}+snfO{ xflg gf]S;fgL
kfg]{ lgot b]lvG5 .
Pcf];L=:j]bzL -nf]sn_M shf{ -Pcf];L_ g+=
##.)@ df g]kfn k|f]km]zgn ufd]{G6 k|f=ln= nfO{
ldlt @)%$.%.% df !) k|ltzt gub dflh{gdf
eQmk'/ l7dLsf lgof{tstf{ P;=l8=ODk]S;af6 ?=%!
nfvsf] d]lzg/L ;fdfg tyf ;f];Fu ;DalGwt
cGo d]lzg cfoft ug{ k"/f ;Ldf pkef]u eO;s]sf]
cj:yfdf ;d]t s]Gb|Lo sfof{noaf6 lgb]{zg
ePsf]n] vf]nL ;dy{g dfUg] eGg] pQm zfvfsf
zfvf k|aGwssf] tf]s cfb]zdf #^) lbgsf] Sight
sf] o';fG; Pn=;L=vf]n]sf] b]lvG5 . ;f] cfwf/df
lgof{tstf{ P;=l8=ODk]S;n] lan ckm PS;r]Gh
OGEjfO; / Kofls lni6 ;+nUg u/L $.(.!((&
b] l v @.!).!((& ;Dd % k6s 8s' d ] G 6
g]uf]l;Pzgsf nflu afg]Zj/ zfvfd} k]z u/]sf]df
$ k6s k|]lift sfuhftdf PsfpG6]G6 e/taxfb'/
a:g]t / j=;=dx]Gb|eQm k|wfgfsf] b:tvtaf6
lan g]uf]l;Pzg u/]sf] t/ Ps k6s k|]lift
sfuhftdf eg] sd{rf/L s;}sf] klg lagf b:tvt
lan v/Lb ePsf] b]lvG5 . pQm zfvfn] s]Gb|Lo
sfof{ n oaf6 ;dy{ g k| f Kt e} ; s] k l5 ldlt
@)%%.!!.$ df ;DalGwt a]lglkml;/LnfO{ e'QmfgL
u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
ljleGg p2]Zocg';f/sf shf{x / tL shf{
sf/f]jf/df ;+nUg sd{rf/Lx / ltgLxsf]
;+nUgtfaf6 a}+snfO{ xflg gf]S;fgL x'g\ uPsf]
/sdsf] ljj/0f .
/fli6o jfl0fHo a}+s afg]Zj/ zfvfsf] r=g+=
!#%* ldlt @)^!.&.@^ sf] kqfg';f/ g]kfn
k|f]km]zgn ufd]{G6 k|f=ln=sf] @)^! c;f]h;Ddsf]
c;"n x'g afFsL -Outstanding_ /sd o;k|sf/
/x]sf] 5
223

shf{ zLif{s
shf{ g+= ;fFaf afFsL
Aofh afFsL
P=cf]=;L=nf]sn ##.@
$*,&$,*^(.))
^*,@!,^^!.))
P=cf]=;L=ef/tLo #!.!)) %(,#)&.@$
^*,))(.@)
P=cf]=;L=ef/tLo #@.^^ $,)(,&^).@$
@),*!,)^#.))
P=cf]=;L=ef/tLo #@.^( ^,&(,!@$.!@
),#),$$&.))
P=cf]=;L=ljb]zL #!.^&% @@,#&,*^!.@$
),)@,$$#.))
P=cf]=;L=ljb]zL #@.!!^ #,*!,@@^.(^
$,&#,)(^.))
P=cf]=;L=ljb]zL #@.#&( %,(^,()$.%@
$,$#,)*).))
P=cf]=;L=ljb]zL #@.$#* !&,^$,^*(.)*
^,$*,%%).))
P=cf]=;L=ljb]zL #@.$*! !*,^*,#$(.#^
@,#@,*&*.))
P=cf]=;L=ljb]zL #@.%)@ &,#*,($%.(#
#^,#&,)@#.))
P=cf]=;L=ljb]zL #@.%%@ !(,(!,!&#.#)
*,&*,!%%.))
P=cf]=;L=ljb]zL #@.%*& !$,$!,%@*.)@
@(,&#,^^*.))
P=cf]=;L=ljb]zL #@.^)$ @%,#$,^$#.*#
!,$(,!@(.))
P=cf]=;L=ljb]zL #@.^%# #%,%*,@)@.%)
^^,%&,#%#.))
P=cf]=;L=ljb]zL #@.^(# @),)(,&(*.*%
@^,!#,!^).))
P=cf]=;L=ljb]zL #@.^(% %,*$,#^).))
!),!&,#)$.))
P=cf]=;L=ljb]zL ##.!( !&,^%,##!.@!
#^,@&,^!*.))
P=cf]=;L=ljb]zL ##.!@! @),&%,#(#.@&
^,)%,&#$.))
P=cf]=;L=ljb]zL ##.!## !,)!,()).#(
!,%^,,^@*.))
P=cf]=;L=ljb]zL ##.!#$ @,&^,!*^.&)
$,$!,&@!.))
P=cf]=;L=ljb]zL ##.!$# *$,*!,@#).!*
!,%*,^(,@$$.))
P=cf]=;L=ljb]zL ##.!$$ #*,!#,%^).*$
%),*(,!)*.))
P=cf]=;L=ljb]zL ##.!&& @*,^#,(%$.^&
%),%@,$#$.))
P=cf]=;L=ljb]zL ##.!&( !(,!(,$#).))
@@,#),(@*.))
P=cf]=;L=ljb]zL ##.@#! !&,@*,^^).!#
#),@&,!^!.))
P=cf]=;L=ljb]zL ##.@## %,^(,^*#.)(
&,((,^(!.))
P=cf]=;L=ljb]zL ##.@^! #!,*@,)%*.)@
!(,@&,%$*.))
l6=cf/
##.@# !$,*$,@^^.@&
@^,)$,^@).))
l6=cf/=
##.@$ @&,&@,!##.!#
$*,^$,%&(.))
lk=PS;=Pn=
##.!$ !%,)),))).))
@@,^%,@%*.))
lk=PS;=Pn=
##.!^
%,)),))).))
&,%$,$(^.))
lk=PS;=Pn=
##.!&
&,)),))).))
!),%^,@*).))
lk=PS;=Pn=
##.!* !$,)),))).))
@!,!!,^^(.))
lk=PS;=Pn=
#@.@( %,)),))).))
&,#&,)%).))
lgof{t ljn v/Lb #@.^@! #&,@^!.&^

lgof{t ljn v/Lb #@.&)! !%,@!,*^!.#$

lgof{t ljn v/Lb ##.$% @,%#,&%(.&!

lgof{t ljn v/Lb ##.@^& !,#*,*($.%)

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,
lgof{t ljn v/Lb
lgof{t ljn v/Lb
lgof{t ljn v/Lb
hDdf

##.#&#
##.#&&
#$.)#

@^,%),@)).))

(^,*^).#$

!)).))

&,!),&#,$^(.&$ !),*(,%*&(^.@)

shf{ sf/f]jf/df ePsf tYout j:t'l:ylt,

sfg"gL k|fjwfg tyf a}s
+ nfO{ xflg gf]S;fgL k'ofpg]
dg;foaf6 lgDg sd{rf/Lx tyf C0fLxsf]
;DaGwdf lgDg cg';f/sf] s;"/sf] ;hfo tyf
ljuf] c;"nL ;d]tsf] dfu bfjL lnOPsf] 5 M
k|ltjfbL bLlnks'df/ >]i7n] /fli6o jfl0fHo
a}+s afg]Zj/ zfvfsf] k|jGws x'Fbfsf] cjlwdf
k|ltjfbL g]kfn k|fk] m]zgn ufd]G{ 6 k|f=ln=,Odf8f]n,
nlntk'/sf d'Vo ;~rfns s]jns[i0f vGgf;Fu
k"j{ lgof{t shf{tkm{ shf{ g+= ##.!$, ##.!& /
##.!* af6 ?=#^,)),))). PkmlaPg shf{tkm{ g+=
##.$%, #@.^@!,#@.&)!, af6 ?=!*,!@,**@.*!,
Pcf];L tkm{ shf{ g+= ##.!(, ##.!$#, ##.!@!,#@.%%@,
#@.%*&, ##.!&(, ##.@#!, ##.!&&, ##.!$$, #@.%)@,
##.@^!, #@.^(, #@.^^, #@.#&(, #@.$#*, #@.^%#,
#@.$*!, #@.^(#, #@.^(%, ##.!##, #@.^)$, ##.!#$
/ nf] s ntkm{ ##.)@ ;d] t @# j6faf6
?=%,$!,#%,$*@.(@ tyf l6Pn shf{tkm{ shf{ g+=
##.@# / ##.@$ af6 ?=$@,&),#^!.@& ;d]t ;fFjf
?=^,#*,!*,&@&. sf] shf{ sf/f]jf/ u/]sf] /x]5
eGg] cfof]udf pknJw ePsf] sfuhftxaf6 b]lvg
cfpF5 . oL k|ltjfbLn] lgDg zLif{sdf shf{ sf/f]jf/
ubf{ lgDg sfo{ u/]sf] b]lvof] M
k"j{ lgof{t shf{ tkm{M oL k|ltjfbLn] k"j{
lgof{t shf{ k|jfx ubf{ 5'} lwtf] glnO{ shf{ nufgL
u/L k'/fgf] a}s
+ sf] afFsL n]gf /sd c;"n klg gu/L
gofF gofF shf{ k|jfx u/L Psdfly csf]{ u/L tLgj6f
shf{ lbPsf] kfOG5 . h'g p2]Zosf nflu h'g Pn=;L=
gDj/af6 k"j{ lgof{t shf{ lbPsf] xf], ;f] gDj/sf]
;f] p2]Zo k"/f eO{ ;fdfg lgof{t u/]kl5 C0fL
s]jns[i0f vGgfn] Pkm=lj=Pg u/fpFbf kfPsf]
/sdaf6 klg a}s
+ sf] n]gf c;"npk/ gu/L ;Dk"0f{
/sd C0fLsf] vftfdf hDdf u/L lbO{ a}s
+ sf] n]gf

c;"n gug]{ jb\lgotk"j{ dg;fo /fVb} yk sf/f]jf/

u/fO{ /fli6o jfl0fHo a}s
+ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf !@
/ g]kfn /fi6 a}s
+ sf] kl/kq g+= #! ldlt @)$*.!@.#)
sf] kl/kqsf] kfngf gu/]sf] .
Pkm=lj=Pg= -Foreign Bill Negotiation_ tkm{M
d"n lgof{t k|tLtkqaf6 uPsf] k"j{ lgof{t shf{df
lng afFsL /x]sf] /sd c;"n u/]/ dfq afFsL /sd
C0fLnfO{ lbg'kg]d
{ f ;a} /sd C0fLsf] vftfdf hDdf
u/L lbO{ a}s
+ nfO{ hfgLhfgL xflg gf]S;fgL k'ofpg]
p2]Zo /fv]sf] kfOof] . Pkm=la=Pg= ubf{ sltko
lanxdf clgjfo{ ?kdf Bill of Lading, Po/ j]
ljn ;+nUg u/L Shipment Date leq k7fPsf]
x'gk' g]d]{ f ;f] gePsf] ca:yfdf klg k|lqmof gk'ofP/
lan v/Lb u/L sfg"gL k|lqmofx gk'ofPsf] ;d]t
kfOof] . cfoft ubf{ kf6L{n] lab]zL cfoftstf{af6
k|fKt x'g] elgPsf] /sd a}s
+ df bflvnf u/fpg]
k|of; gul/Psf] / /sd k|fKt ePsf] hfgsf/L
gx'bF f gx'bF } klg yk cGo lanx g]uf]l;Pzg u/L
a}s
+ nfO{ k"0f{?kn] xflg gf]S;fgL u/fO{ /fli6o jfl0fHo
a}+s, a}+s Jofj;fo sfo{ gLlt tyf l;kmfl/z
ljefusf] r=g+= (* ldlt @)%%.(.!^ sf] kl/kq
;d]tsf] pNn3+g u/]sf] .
l6=Pn=- Truts Receipt Loan _ tkm{ M
l6=Pn=shf{ lbPsf avt 5'} lwtf] lng' kg]d
{ f 5'}
lwtf] glnO{ shf{ lbPsf] kfOof] . klxn] C0fLn] lnPsf]
l6=Pn=shf{ e'QmfgL gePsf] cj:yfdf klg yk
csf]{ l6=Pn=shf{ lagf lwtf]df k|jfx u/]sf] b]lvof] .
l6=Pn=shf{ lbg k|ld;/L gf]6 / td;'s tof/ ubf{
;Dk"0f{ k|lqmof k'ofO{ cflwsfl/s JolQmn] ;lx5fk
u/L tof/ kfg'k{ g]d{ f s'g} k|lqmof gk'ofO{ l/t k"js
{ sf]
sfuhft g} gagfO{ shf{ lbO{ /fli6o jfl0fHo a}s
+ ,
a}+s Aoj;fo ljefusf] kl/kq g+= @^ ldlt
@)%#.!@.* ;d]tsf] kl/kqsf] pNn3+g u/]sf] .
P=cf]=;L=-Advace on Credit_ shf{ tkm{M
o';fG; Pn=;L=vf]Nbf lwtf] glnO{ vf]Ng gx'gd
] f
To:tf] 5'} lwtf] glnO{ Pn=;L=vf]ns
] f] b]lvof] . ;fy}
C0fLsf] cfoft lgof{t ul/Psf] ;fdfg kf6L{nfO{
kl5 a}s
+ n] kfpg' kg]{ /sd c;"n x'g;Sg] u/L cGo
s'g} ;'/If0f ul/Psf] klg gb]lvPsf] x'bF f a}s
+ nfO{

224

*&^& >Ls[i0f >]i7 ;d]t lj=g]kfn ;/sf/

k|ToIf ?kdf gf]S;fg x'g] s'/f hfgfhfgL o';fG;

Pn=;L=vf]lnPsf] /x]5 eGg] :ki6 x'g cfPsf] 5 .
C0fLnfO{ ?=# s/f]8sf] dfq ;Ldf :jLs[t ePsf]df
?=%,$!,#%,$*@.(@ shf{ nufgL u/L ;Ldfsf] 7f8}
pNn3+g u/L kl5 dfq ;Ldf :jLs[ltsf] nflu s]Gb|df
k7fO{ :jLs[lt lnPklg tTsfn b"lift dg;fo /fvL
kf6L{;uF jb\lgotk"0f{ sf/f]jf/ u/L kf6L{ ;d]tnfO{
kmfObf k'ofpg] p2]Zo /fv]sf] k'li6 x'g cfof] .
To;sf ;fy} # s/f]8 dfq :jLs[t ;Ldf /x]sf]
cj:yfdf klg shf{ ;'/lIft x'g] lwtf] lnP/ dfq
shf{ lbg'kg]d
{ f ?=! s/f]8 #) nfv dfqsf] lwtf]df
?=%,$!,#%,$*@.(@ lbPaf6 lghsf] b'/fzo k|i6
x'G5 . P=cf]=;L=shf{ /sd k'/fgf] afFsL x'bF fx'bF } k6s
k6s yk u/L @@ j6f Pn=;L=vf]nL lbO{ a}s
+ n]
c;"n ug'k{ g]{ /sd c;"npk/ gu/L xflg gf]S;fgL
kf/]sf] b]lvG5 . sfg"g / a}s
+ df k|rngdf klg
g/x]sf] nf]sn Pn=;L=vf]nL lbPsf] / ;f]df klg
Beneficiary / Applicant b'js
} f] lgldQ Pp6} a+s
} af6
Pn=;L= vf]nL vf]nfO{ a}s
+ 7Ug] sfo{nfO{ ;xof]u
k'ofPsf] k'li6 x'G5 . Aofs 6' Aofs Pn=;L=vf]Nbf
vf]nfpFbf kf6L{n] lgof{t u/]sf] ;fdfgafkt lab]zL
cfoftstf{af6 /sd k|fKt ePkl5 dfq a}+sn]
vf]lnlbPsf] Pn=;L=afkt /sd e'QmfgL ug'k{ g]d
{ f
To:tf] /sd k|fKt gx'bF } cyjf To:tf] /sd k|fKt
ePsf] k|df0f geOsg Pn=;L=sf] /sd e'QmfgL
u/L lbPsf] t/ cfkm\gf] afFsL e'QmfgL u/fpg]tkm{
lwtf] ;'/If0fsf] plrt Joj:yf u/]sf] ;d]t b]lvg
cfPg . P=cf]=;L=shf{ vftf r9fpFbf a}s
+ n] Pn=;L=
e'QmfgL ul/lbPs} lbgdf r9fpg' kg]d
{ f l9nf] u/L
r9fO{ a}+sn] k|fKt ug]{ Aofhdf ;d]t gf]S;fgL
k'ofPsf] k|i6 b]lvG5 . To:t} u/]/ kf6L{nfO{ :jLs[t
ePsf] AolQmut ;Ldf pkef]u /lhi6/ /fvL ;Ldf
pNn3+g eP gePsf] s] xf] / s] slt afFsL 5 < yk
shf{ lb+bf ;d]t x]g{' hfFRg' kg]{ a}s
+ sf] Joj:yf
ePsf]df kf6L{nfO{ hlxn] hlt klg shf{ lbg] dg;fo
/fvL ;f] /lhi6/ g} n'sfPsf] jf gi6 kfl/Psf]
;d]t b]lvg cfO{ /fli6o jfl0fHo a}s
+ shf{ sfo{
gLlt tyf l;kmfl/z ljefusf] r=g+= #&^ ldlt
@)%*.!.@) sf] kl/kq g+= @^ ldlt @)%#.!@.* /
225

P]hg a}s
+ sf] kl/kq g+= #@ ldlt @)%*.#.!@ sf]
kl/kq ;d]tsf] pNn3+g u/]sf] b]lvof] .
dfly pNn]v u/]sf u}/sfg"gL, clgoldt
tyf jb\lgotk"0f{ sfo{af6 a+s
} nfO{ ?=!^,$*,*@,&#&.
xflg gf]S;fgL u/L k|ltjfbL bLlnks'df/ >]i7n]
a}s
+ ;DaGwL P]g, lgod lgb]l{ zsf, sfo{ljlw, kl/kq
nufotsf afWofTds ?kn] kfngf ul/g' k g] {
k|fjwfgx pNn+3g u/L cfk"m / C0fLnfO{ u}/sfg"gL
nfe / a}s
+ nfO{ u}/sfg"gL xflg gf]S;fgL k'ofpg]
jb\lgotn] sfg"gsf] hfghfgL kfngf gu/L shf{
k|bfg ul/Psf ljleGg zLif{sxdf c;"npk/ ug'k{ g]{
;fFjf ?=^,#*,!*,&@&. / @)^! c;f]h d;fGt;Ddsf]
Aofh ?=!),!),^$,)!). ;d] t u/L hDdf
?=!^,$*,*@,&#&. a}s
+ nfO{ xflg gf]S;fgL k'ofO{
e|i6frf/hGo s;"/ u/]sf]n] tTsfnLg e|i6frf/
lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf * sf] bkmf &-@_, !#
tyf @( / xfn k|rlnt e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g,
@)%( sf] bkmf * sf] pkbkmf ! sf] v08 -5_ -h_,
-em_ tyf pkbkmf # / bkmf !@ tyf !& adf]lhd
;hfo u/L a}FsnfO{ k'Ug uPsf] xflg gf]S;fgL
k|ltjfbL ;d]taf6 c;"npk/ ul/kfpFm .
k| l tjfbL >Ls[ i 0f >] i 7sf] sfo{ s fndf
k|ltjfbLdWo]sf] k|fk] m]zgn ufd]G{ 6 k|f=ln=sf d'Vo
;~rfns s]jns[i0f vGgf;Fu P=cf]=;L= tkm{ shf{
g+ = #!.!)), #!.^&% / #@.!!^ af6 ;fF j f
?=@^,&*,#(%.@) sf] sf/f]jf/ ePsf] eGg] a}s
+ af6
pknJw u/fOPsf] sfuhftaf6 b] l vG5 . oL
k|ltjfbLn] C0fL;Fu shf{ sf/f]jf/ ubf{ u/fpFbf
tLgj6f P=cf]=;L= df b:tvt u/]sf]df tL P=cf]=;L=
nfO{ o';fG; Pn=;L= vf]lnlb+bf C0fL;+u 5'} k[ys
lwtf] lng' k g] { d f To:tf] lwtf] g} glnO{
Pn=;L=vf]lnlbPsf] b]lvG5 . t/ cfoft u/]sf] ;fdfg
;DalGwt kf6L{nfO{ l/lnh ul/lbP kl5 a}s
+ n] kfpg'
kg]{ /sd k|fKt x'g] u/L ;'/If0f lnPsf] b]lvFbg} .
P=cf]=;L=shf{df k'/fgf] afFsL 5Fbf5Fb} k6sk6s
Pn=;L=vf]nL lbFb} uP/ k'/fgf] shf{ c;"n ug]{ k|of;
u/]sf] klg b]lvg cfpFbg} . P=cf]=;L= shf{sf] n]h/df
r9fpFbf a}s
+ n] Pn=;L=e'QmfgL u/]sf] lbg P=cf]=;L=
vftfdf lx;fadf r9fpg' kg]{ l9nf] u/L r9fO{

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

a}s
+ n] k|fKt ug]{ Aofh /sddf ;d]t xflg gf]S;fgL
k'ofpg] lgot /fv]sf] k|i6 b]lvg cfof] . kf6L{nfO{
:jLs[t ePsf] ;Ldf pkef]u /lhi6/ /fvL ;Ldf
pNn3+g eP gePsf] s] xf] < s] slt /sd afFsL
5, ;f] shf{ lb+bf x]g{' hfFRg' kg]{ eGg] a}s
+ sf] Joj:Yff
ePsf]df ;f] tkm{ ;d]t Wofg glbO{ C0fL kf6L{nfO{
shf{sf] /sd a9fP/ lb+b} hfg] dg;foaf6 pQm
/lhi6/ n'sfO{ jf gi6 ul/Psf] ;d]t x'Fbf oL
k|ltjfbL >Ls[i0f >]i7n] /fli6o jfl0fHo a}s
+ , shf{
sfo{gLlt tyf l;kmfl/z ljefusf] r=g+= #&# ldlt
@)%*.!.@) sf] kl/kq g+= @^ ldlt @)%#.!@.* sf]
kl/kq / ;f]xL a}s
+ sf] kl/kq g+= #@ ldlt @)%*.#.!@
sf] kl/kq ;d]t pNn3+g u/]sf] b]lvof] .
ctM k|ltjfbL >Ls[i0f >]i7n] k|ltjfbL
s]jns[i0f vGgf;+u ldn]dtf] u/L cfk"m tyf cGo
k|ltjfbL C0fLnfO{ u}/sfg"gL nfe / a}+snfO{
u}/sfg"gL xflg k'ofpg] jb\lgotn] sfg"gsf]
hfgfhfgL kfngf gu/L a}+saf6 ;fFjf /sd
?=@^,&*,#(%.@) nufgL u/L ;f] ;fFjf / @)^!
c;f] h d;fGt;Dd x' g cfpg] Aofh /sd
?=%%,$#,%$*.@) u/L ljuf] ?=*@,*!,($#.$)
a}s
+ nfO{ xflg gf]S;fgL k'ofPsf]n] lghnfO{ ;fljs
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf &-@_ tyf
@( / xfn k|rlnt e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%(
sf] bkmf * sf] pkbkmf ! sf] b]xfo -5_, -h_, -em_
tyf pkbkmf # / bkmf !@ adf]lhd ;hfo u/L
a}s
+ nfO{ xflg gf]S;fgL ePsf] ljuf] k|ltjfbL ;d]taf6
e/fO{ kfpFm .
k|ltjfbL jL/]Gb|gfy nf]xgL /fli6o jfl0fHo a}s
+
afg]Zj/ zfvfsf] k|aGws eO{ k|ltjfbLdWo]sf] g]kfn
k|fk] m]zgn ufd]G{ 6 k|f=ln= Odf8f]n nlntk'/sf d'Vo
;~rfns s]jns[i0f vGgf;Fu C0f sf/f]jf/ ubf{ k"j{
lgof{ttkm{ shf{ g+= ##.@( af6 ?=%,)),)))., FBN
tkm{ shf{ g+= ##.#&#, ##.#&&, ##,#^& af6
?=@*,*%,(%$.*$ ;d]t ;fFjf ?=##,(%,(%$.*$ sf]
sf/f]jf/ ePsf] eGg] a}s
+ af6 pknAw u/fOPsf]
sfuhftxaf6 b]lvg cfpF5 . oL k|ltjfbL ;d]t eO{
C0fL s]jns[i0f vGgf;Fu sf/f]/fj/ ubf{sf] cj:Yffdf
lgDg zLif{sdf lgDgadf]lhd s;"/ u/]sf] kfOof] .
226

k"j{ lgof{t shf{ -Pre-export Loan_ tkm{M

k|ltjfbL s]jns[i0f vGgfsf] pBf]u;+u @)%#
;fnb]lv cfoft k|tLtkq sf/f]jf/ ug{sf] nflu
ufd]G{ 6sf] 3/hUuf lwtf] /fvL sf/f]jf/ ub}{ cfPsf]
t/ k"j{ lgof{t shf{sf] nflu 5'} lwtf] glnO{ of]
shf{nfO{ c;'/lIft kf/]sf] s'/f /]s8{af6 b]lvg
cfpF5 . o;}u/L k"j{ lgof{t shf{ lng] C0fLsf]
;fdfg lgof{t ePkl5 ;f] sf] 8s'dG] 6 kmf]/g lan
g]uf]l;Pzg u/L k|fKt x'g] /sdaf6 C0fLnfO{ e'QmfgL
lb+bfs} cj:yfdf a}s
+ sf] n]gf c;"n ug'k{ g]{ kbLo
st{Jo /x]sf oL k|ltjfbL jL/]Gb|gfy nf]xgLn] c;"n
ug]t{ km{ Wofg glbO{ a}s
+ df nfdf] ;dob]lv sfo{/t\
sd{rf/L eP/ klg cfk"mn] s'g} s'/f hfFra'em gu/L
c?sf] e/df oL C0fL;Fu shf{ sf/f]jf/ u/]sf]
kfOG5 . h;n] ubf{ cfk"m / C0fLnfO{ nfe / a}s
+ nfO{
xflg gf]S;fgL kfg]{ dg;fo /x]sf] :ki6 x'g cfPaf6
/fli6o jfl0fHo a}s
+ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf !@ tyf
g]kfn /fi6 a}s
+ sf] kl/kq g+= #! ldlt @)$*.!@.#)
sf] kl/kqsf] kfngf u/]sf] ;d]t kfO{Pg .
Pkm=la=P=g= Foreign Bill tkm{M Pkm=la=Pg=
ubf{ lgof{t k|tLtkqaf6 a}s
+ n] k|jfx u/]sf] k"j{
lgof{t shf{sf] /sd s6fP/ afFsL /x]sf] /sd
e'QmfgL ug'k{ g]d
{ f ;f] /sd af/] s'g} ;f]wvf]h g}
gu/L Pkm=la=Pg=af6 k|fKt k'/} /sd kf6L{sf] vftfdf
hDdf ul/lbg] sfo{ u/L u/fO{ a}s
+ sf] n]gf c;"n
ug]{ k|oTg u/]sf] kfOPg . h;af6 a}s
+ sf] /sd
c;"n gx'bF } yk Pkm=la=Pg= u/L Outstanding a9fpFb}
nUg] sfo{df ;+nUg /x]sf] ;d]t kfOof] . Pkm=la=Pg=
ubf{ k|lqmofut ?kdf k'ofpg' kg]{ 8s'dG] 6x h:t}
lan ckm n]l8Po/ a]h lan ;+nUg u/L
Shippment Date sf] kfngf ug{df ;d]t ljrf/
k'ofpg' kg]d
{ f ;f]sf] a]jf:tf u/L lan v/Lb u/]sf]
kfOof] .
o;/L x]bf{ oL k|ltjfbL jL/]Gb|gfy nf]xgLn]
k|aGwssf] x}l;otn] tLgj6f lan v/Lb u/]klg
kmfF6nfO{ /fd|/L x]/L a'emL hfFrL v/Lb ug{ k7fPsf]
egL eg] klg / k'/fgf] kf6L{ x'bF f ljZjf;sf] cfwf/df
sf/f]jf/ u/]sf] egL k"j{ lgof{t shf{sf] /sd kf6L{;uF
Pkm=la=Pg= ubf{ ;d]t c;"n gu/]sf] Joxf]/f :jLsf/

*&^& >Ls[i0f >]i7 ;d]t lj=g]kfn ;/sf/

u/L jofg u/]sf] ;d]taf6 a}s

+ sf] lxt lrtfO{ sfd
ug'k{ g]{ bfloTj ePsf oL k|ltjfbL jL/]Gb|gfy nf]xgLn]
a}s
+ sf] shf{ /sd nufgL c;"nL ubf{ ;d]t sfg"g,
gLlt lgod, kl/kq / lgb]z
{ gsf] pNn3+g u/L k6s
k6s shf{ k|jfx ug{ ;+nUg ePsf] b]lvPsf]n] lgh
;d]tsf] ;+nUgtfaf6 ;fFjf tyf Aofh ;d]t ljuf]
?=$!,@#,))$.*$ a}s
+ nfO{ u}/sfg"gL xflg gf]S;fgL
/ C0fL tyf oL k|ltjfbLnfO{ u}/sfg"gL nfe x'g]
u/L e|i6frf/hGo sfo{ u/]sf] b]lvof] .
ctM lgh k|ltjfbL jL/]Gb|gfy nf]xgLn] cfk"m
/ C0fLnfO{ u}/sfg"gL nfe / a}s
+ nfO{ u}/sfg"gL
xflg k'ofpg] jb\lgotn] sfg"gsf] hfgfhfgL kfngf
gu/L a}+ssf] ;fFjf ?=##,*%,(%$.*$ / @)^!
c;f]h d;fGt;Ddsf] Jofh ?=&,#&,)%). ;d]t
u/L hDdf ?=$!.@#,))$.*$ a}s
+ nfO{ xflg gf]S;fgL
k'ofO{ e|i6frf/hGo s;"/ u/]sf]n] tTsfnLg
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& sf] bkm &-@_, !# tyf
@( / xfn k|rlnt e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%(
sf] bkmf * sf] pkbkmf ! sf] v08 -5_, -h_, -em_
tyf pkbkmf # / bkmf !@ tyf !& adf]lhd ;hfFo
u/L a}s
+ nfO{ k'Ug uPsf] xflg gf]S;fgL k|ltjfbL
;d]taf6 c;"npk/ ul/kfpFm .
k|ltjfbL n]vf clws[t e/taxfb'/ a:g]tn]
/fli6o jfl0fHo a}s
+ , afg]Zj/ zfvfsf] k|aGws /
;xfos ;d] t e} g] k fn k| f ] k m] z gn ufd] { G 6
k|f=ln=Odf8f]n nlntk'/sf d'Vo ;~rfns s]jns[i0f
vGgfnfO{ shf{ k|jfx ubf{ lgof{t shf{ g+= ##.!^ df
k|aGwssf] x}l;otaf6 ?=%,)),))). / jL/]Gb|gfy
nf]xgL k|aGws ePsf] cjlwdf ;xfos e} shf{ g+=
##.@( af6 ?=%,)),))). Pkm=la=Pg=tkm{ g+= ##.@&#
af6 ?=@^,%),@)). / P=cf]=;L= tkm{ k|aGwssf]
x}l;otn] shf{ g+= ##.@## af6 ?=%,^(,^*#.)(
;d]t ;fFjf ?=$@,!(,**#.)( sf] sf/f]jf/ ePsf]
eGg] cfof]u ;dIf pknAw sfuhft kqxaf b]lvg
cfof] . oL k|ltjfbL e/taxfb'/ a:g]tn] lgDg
zLif{sdf lgDg adf]lhdsf] sfo{ u/]sf] kfOof] .
k"j{ lgof{t shf{ -Pre-export Loan_ tkm{M
oL k|ltjfbLn] 5'} lwtf] glnO{ Pp6f shf{ nufgL
u/L a}s
+ sf] k'/fgf] afFsL n]gf /sd c;"npk/ u/]/
227

dfq gofF shf{ lbg'kg]d

{ f k'/fgf] shf{ c;"n g}
gu/L Psdfly csf]{ shf{ nufgL u/]sf] b]lvof] .
h'g p2]Zosf] nflu k"j{ lgof{t shf{ lbPsf] xf] ;f]
p2]Zo k"/f eO{ ;fdfg lgof{t kl5 C0fLn] kfPsf]
/sdaf6 k"j{ lgof{t shf{sf] afFsL c;"n gu/L
;Dk"0f{ /sd C0fLsf] vftfdf hDdf ul/lbO{ /fli6o
jfl0fHo a}s
+ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf !@ / g]kfn /fi6
a}s
+ sf] kl/kq g+= #! ldlt @)$*.!@.#) sf] kl/kqsf]
kfngf u/]sf] kfOPg .
Foreign Bill Negotiation tkm{M Pkm=lj=Pg=
ubf{ d"n lgof{tkqaf6 uPsf] k"j{ lgof{t shf{sf]
a}s
+ sf] lng afFsL /sd c;"n u/]/ dfq afFsL
/x]sf] /sd e'QmfgL lbg'kg]d
{ f tL ;a} /sd C0fLsf]
vftfdf hDdf ul/lbPsf] b]lvof] . Pkm=lj=Pg=ubf{
clgjfo{ ?kdf ;+nUg x'gk' g]{ Bill of lading Po/
a]h lan ;+nUg u/L Shipment Date leq k7fPsf]
x'gk' g]d
{ f ;f] k|lqmof gk'ofPsf] cj:Yffdf Bill v/Lb
ubf{ sfg"gsf] pNn3+g u/]sf] kfOof] . Psk6s
Pkm=lj=Pg= ubf{ kf6L{n] ljb]zL cfoftstf{af6 k|fKt
x'g] elgPsf] /sd a}s
+ df bflvn u/fpg] k|oTg
gu/]sf] / /sd g} k|fKt gePsf] hfgsf/L x'bF fx'bF }
yk cGo lansf] g]uf]l;Pzg u/]/ a}s
+ nfO{ xflg
gf]S;fgL kfg]{ b"lift dg;fo /fvL /fli6o jfl0fHo
a}s
+ Aoj;fo sfo{ gLlt tyf l;kmfl/z ljefusf]
r=g+= (* ldlt @)%%.(.!^ sf] kl/kq ;d]tsf]
kfngf u/]sf] kfOPg .
P=cf] = ;L= shf{ tkm{ M Aofs 6' Aofs
Pn=;L=vf]Nbf kf6L{n] lgof{t u/]sf] ;fdfgsf] /sd
cfoftst{af6 k|fKt ePkl5 dfq Pn=;L=sf] /sd
e'QmfgL ug'k{ g]d
{ f cfoftstf{af6 /sd k|fKt gx'bF }
cyjf ;f]sf] k|df0f k|fKt gx'bF } Pn=;L=sf] /sd
e'QmfgL u/L a}s
+ sf] n]gftkm{ ;'/If0f ug]{ s'g} dg;fo
/fv]sf] b]lvPg . a}s
+ n] Pn=;L=sf] /sd e'QmfgL
u/]s} lbg P=cf]=;L=vftfdf r9fpg' kg]d
{ f l9nf]
u/L r9fO{ a}s
+ n] k|fKt ug]{ Aofhdf ;d]t gf]S;fgL
kf/]sf] b]lvof] . JolQmut ;Ldf pkef]u /lhi6/af6
;Ldf pNn3+g eof] ePg < s] slt shf{ afFsL 5
< eGg] hfFra'em ug'{kg]{df ;f] /lhi6/ pknAw
gu/fP/ n'sfPsf] jf gi6 kfl/Psf]af6 cToflws

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

shf{ lng]lbg] dg;fo /fv]sf] b]lvFbf oL k|ltjfbL

e/taxfb'/ a:g]tn] /fli6o jfl0fHo a}+s shf{
sfo{gLlt tyf l;kmfl/z ljefusf] r=g+= #&^ ldlt
@)%*.!.@) sf] kl/kq g+= @^, ldlt @)%#.!@.*
sf] kl/kq P]hg a}+ssf] kl/kq g+= #@ ldlt
@)%*.#.!@ sf] kl/kq ;d]tsf] pNn+3g u/]sf]
b]lvof] .
ctM lgh k|ltjfbL e/taxfb'/ a:g]tn] cfk"m
tyf cGo k|ltjfbL C0fLnfO{ u}/sfg"gL nfe /
a}s
+ nfO{ u}/sfg"gL xflg gf]S;fgL k'ofpg] jb\lgotn]
sfg"gsf] hfgfhfgL kfngf gu/L /fli6o jfl0fHo
a}s
+ nfO{ u}/sfg"gL xflg gf]S;fgL x'g] sfo{ u/]sf]
x'bF f lgh ;d]t ;+nUg eO{ u/]sf] C0f k|jfxaf6
u/]sf] c;"npk/ ug'k{ g]{ ;fFjf ?=$@,!(,**#.)( /
@)^! c;f]h d;fGt;Ddsf] Aofh ?=@@,(!,@#&.
;d]t hDdf ljuf] ?=^%,!!,!@).)( a}s
+ nfO{ xflg
gf]S;fgL kf/L e|i6frf/hGo s;"/ u/]sf]n] ;fljs
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf &-@_ / @(
tyf xfn k|rlnt e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf]
bkmf * sf] pkbkmf ! sf] b]xfo -5_, -h_, -em_ tyf
pkbkmf # / bkmf !@ tyf !& adf]lhd ;hfo u/L
ljuf] ;d]t e/L e/fO{ kfpFm .
k|ltjfbL ;xn]vf clws[t uLtf k/fh'nLn]
/fli6o jfl0fHo a}s
+ afg]Zj/ zfvfsf] ;xfossf]
x}l;otn] k|ltjfbLdWo]sf] g]kfn k|fk] m]zgn ufd]G{ 6
k|f=ln=sf d'Vo ;~rfns s]jns[i0f vGgf;Fu k"j{
lgof{t shf{tkm{ k|aGws bLlnks'df/ >]i7sf]
sfo{sfndf shf{ g+= ##.!& / ##.!* tyf k|aGws
jL/]Gb|gfy nf]xgLsf] sfo{sfndf shf{ g+= ##.@(
af6 u/L ?=@^ nfv, Pkm=la=Pg= tkm{ k|aGws
jL/] G b| g fy nf] x gLsf] sfo{ s fndf ;xfossf]
x} l ;otn] lan g+ = ##.#&# / ##.#&& af6
?=@&,$&,)^).#$ / P=cf] = ;L=tkm{ k| a Gws
bLlnks'df/ >]i7sf] sfo{sfndf ;xfos eO{
P=cf]=;L=g+= #@.%*& af6 ?=!$,$!,%@*.)@ ;d]t
;fFjf ?=^&,**,%**.#^ sf] sf/f]jf/ ePsf] eGg]
cfof]u ;dIf pknJw sfuhkqxaf6 b]lvg
cfof] . oL k|ltjfbL uLtf k/fh'nLn] lgDg zLif{sdf
lgDg adf]lhdsf] sfo{ u/]sf] /x]5 M
228

k"j{ lgof{t shf{ -Pre-export Loan_ tkm{M

oL k|ltjfbLn] 5'} lwtf] glnO{ Pp6f shf{ nufgL
u/L a}s
+ sf] k'/fgf] n]gf afFsL /sd c;"npk/
u/]/ dfq gofF shf{ lbg'kg]d
{ f k'/fgf] shf{ c;"n
g} gu/L Psdfly csf]{ shf{ nufgL u/]sf] b]lvof] .
h'g p2]Zosf] nflu k"j{ lgof{t shf{ lbPsf] xf] ;f]
p2]Zo k"/f eO{ ;fdfg lgof{t kl5 C0fLn] kfPsf]
/sdaf6 k"j{ lgof{t shf{sf] afFsL c;"n gu/L
;Dk"0f{ /sd C0fLsf] vftfdf hDdf ul/lbO{ /fli6o
jfl0fHo a}s
+ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf !@ / g]kfn /fi6
a}s
+ sf] kl/kq g+= #! ldlt @)$*.!@.#) sf] kl/kqsf]
kfngf u/]sf] kfOPg .
Pkm=la=Pg= -Forein Bill Negotiation_ tkm{M
Pkm=la=Pg= ubf{ ;f]sf] d"n lgof{t k|tLtkqaf6
a}s
+ n] k|jfx u/]sf] k"j{ lgof{t shf{sf] /sd s6fP/
afFsL /x]sf] /sd e'QmfgL ug'k{ g]d
{ f ;f] /sd af/]
s'g} ;f]wvf]h g} gu/L Pkm=la=Pg=af6 k|fKt u/]sf]
/sd kf6L{sf] vftfdf hDdf ul/lbg] sfo{ u/L
u/fO{ a}s
+ sf] n]gf c;"n ug]{ k|oTg u/]sf] kfOPg .
h;af6 a}s
+ sf] /sd c;"n gx'bF } yk Pkm=la=Pg=
k/L Outstanding a9fpFb} nUg] sfo{df /x]sf]
;d]t kfOof] . Pkm=la=Pg=ubf{ k|lqmofut ?kdf
k'ofpg' kg]{ 8s'dG] 6x h:t} lan ckm n]l8Po/
j] lan ;+nUg u/L Shippment Date sf] kfngf
;d]tdf larf/ k'ofpg' kg]d
{ f ;f] sf] a]jf:tf u/L
lan v/Lb u/]sf] kfOof] .
P=cf]=;L= Advace on Credit shf{ tkm{M oL
k|ltjfbL uLtf k/fh'nLsf] C0fL;Fu shf{ sf/f]jf/
ubf{ u/fpFbf Pp6f P=cf]=;L=df b:tvt u/]sf]df
tL P=cf]=;L= nfO{ o';fG; Pn=;L= vf]nL lb+bf
C0fL;Fu 5'} k[ys lwtf] lng'kg]{df To:tf] lwtf]
g} glnO{ Pn=;L= vf]nL lbPsf] b]lvG5 . ;fy}
cfoft u/]sf] ;fdfg ;DalGwt kf6L{nfO{ ;fdfg
l/lnh ul/lbP kl5 a}+sn] kfpg'kg]{ /sd k|fKt
x'g] u/L ;'/If0f /flvPsf] b]lvFb}g . P=cf]=;L=
shf{sf] n]h/df r9fpFbf a}+sn] Pn=;L=e'QmfgL
u/]sf] lbg P=cf]=;L= vftf lx;fjdf r9fpg' kg]d
{ f
l9nf] u/L r9fO{ a}+sn] k|fKt ug]{ Aofh /sd xflg
gf]S;fgL k'ofpg] lgot /fv]sf] k|i6 b]lvg cfof] .

*&^& >Ls[i0f >]i7 ;d]t lj=g]kfn ;/sf/

kf6L{nfO{ :jLs[t ePsf] ;Ldf pkef]u /lhi6/

/fvL ;Ldf pNn3+g eP gePsf] s] xf] < s] slt
/sd afFsL 5 , ;f] shf{ lbFbf x]g'{ hfFRg' kg]{ eGg]
a}+ssf] Aoj:yf ePsf]df ;f] tkm{ ;d]t Wofg
glbO{ C0fL kf6L{nfO{ shf{sf] /sd a9fP/ lbFb}
hfg] dg;foaf6 pQm /lhi6/ n'sfO{ jf gi6
ul/Psf] ;d]t x'Fbf oL k|ltjfbL uLtf k/fh'nLn]
/fli6o jfl0fHo a}s
+ , shf{ sfo{gLlt tyf l;kmfl/z
ljefusf] r=g+= #&# ldlt @)%*.!.@) sf] kl/kq
g+= @^ ldlt @)%#.!@.* sf] kl/kq / ;f]xL kl/kq
g+= #@ ldlt @)%*.#.!@ sf] kl/kq ;d]t pNn+3g
u/]sf] b]lvof] .
ctM lgh k|ltjfbL uLtf k/fh'nLn] cfk"m
tyf cGo k|ltjfbL C0fLnfO{ u}/sfg"gL nfe /
a} + s nfO{ u} / sfg" g L xflg gf] S ;fgL k' ofpg]
jb\lgotn] sfg"gsf] hfgLhfgL kfngf gu/L /fli6o
jfl0fHo a}s
+ nfO{ u}/sfg"gL xflg gf]S;fgL kg]{ sfo{
u/]sf] x'Fbf lgh ;d]t ;+nUg eO{ u/]sf] C0f
k| j fxaf6 uPsf] c;" n pk/ ug' { k g] { ;fF j f
?=^&,**,%**.#^ / @)^! c;f]h d;fGt;Ddsf]
Aofh ?=^*,&*,^^&. ;d]t hDdf ?=!,#^,^&,@%%.#^
e|i6frf/ u/L ;fljs e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!&
sf] bkmf &-@_, tyf @( / xfn k|rlnt e|i6rf/
lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf * sf] pkbkmf ! sf]
b]xfo -5_, -h_, -em_ tyf pkbkmf # / bkmf !@
tyf !& adf]lhd ;Fhfo u/L a}s
+ nfO{ xflg gf]S;fgL
ePsf] ljuf] k|ltjfbLaf6 ;d]t e/fO{ kfpFm .
k|ltjfbL dx]Gb|eQm k|wfgfn] /fli6o
jfl0fHo a}s
+ afg]Zj/ zfvfsf] ;xfos eO{ k|ltjfbL
d'Vo ;~rfns s]jns[i0f vGgfsf] g]kfn k|fk] m]zgn
ufd]G{ 6 k|f=ln=sf] nflu C0f sf/f]jf/ ;d]t ubf{
k"j{ lgof{t shf{tkm{ k|aGws bLlnks'df/ >]i7sf]
sfo{sfndf shf{ g+= ##.!$, ##.!&, ##.!* af6 ?
#^ nfv, k|aGwssf] x}l;otn] sfd ug]{ e/taxfb'/
a:g]tsf] sfo{sfndf ##.@( af6 ?=%,)),))).
;d]t u/L $!,)),)))., Pkm=la=Pg tkm{ k|aGWfs
bLlnks'df/ >]i7sf] kfndf ##.$%, #@.^@!,
#@.&)!, af6 ?=!*,!@,**@.*! k|aGws jL/]Gb|gfy
nf]xgLsf] sfo{sfndf ##.@^& af6 ?=!,#*,*($.%)
229

;d]t u/L hDdf ?=!(,%!,&&&.#! / P=cf]=;L= tkm{

k|aGws bLlnks'df/ >]i7sf] sfo{sfndf shf{ g+=
##.)@ -nf]sn Pn=;L=_ ##.!(, ##.@#!, ##.!&&,
##.@^!, #@.^(, #@.$*!, #@.^(#, #@.^(% ;d]t
( yfgaf6 ?=!,(%,%^,%)%.#^ / k|aGwssf]
x}l;otdf sfd ug]{ e/taxfb'/ a:g]tsf] kfnfdf
P=cf]=;L= g+= ##.@## af6 ?=^,^(,^*#.)( ;d]t
u/L @,)!,@^,!**.$% tyf l6=Pn=shf{ tkm{
k|aGws bLlnks'df/ >]i7sf] sfo{sfndf shf{ g+=
##.@# / ##.@$ af6 ?=$@,&),#^!.@& ;d]t u/L
;fFjf ?=#,)$,$*,#@&.)# sf] sf/f]jf/ ePsf] eGg]
a}s
+ af6 pknAw u/fOPsf] sfuhftaf6 b]lvG5 .
pQm shf{ k|jfx ubf{ lgh dx]Gb|eQm
k|wfgf ;d]tsf] ;+nUgtf b]lvof] . pQm sf/f]jf/
ubf{ k|lqmofut q'l6 x'g k'us
] f], ljZjfl;nf] kf6L{
ePsf] / a}s
+ sf] k'/fgf] n]gf c;"n gu/]sf] egL
aofg u/L :jLsf/ u/]af6 /fli6o jfl0fHo a}s
+ sf]
lxt lrtfO{ sfd ug'k{ g]{ bfloTj ePsf] oL k|ltjfbLn]
a}s
+ sf] /sd nufgL ubf{ g]kfn /fi6 a}s
+ sf] kl/kq
g+= #! ldlt @)$*.!@.#) sf] kl/kq, /fli6o jfl0fHo
a}s
+ Joj;fo sfo{ gLlt tyf l;kmfl/z ljefusf]
r=g+= (* ldlt @)%%.(.!^ sf] kl/kq / P]hg
a}s
+ sf] a}s
+ Joj;fo ljefusf] kl/kq g+= @^ ldlt
@)%#.!@.* sf] kl/kq ;d]tsf] sfg"g, gLlt, lgod
/ lgb]z
{ gsf] ;d]t pNn+3g u/L shf{ k|jfx ug]{
sfddf ;+nUg ePsf] b]lvPsf]n] lgh ;d]tsf]
;+nUgtfaf6 cfk"m tyf C0fLnfO{ u}/sfg"gL nfe
k'ofpg] / /fli6o jfl0fHo a}s
+ nfO{ u}/sfg"gL xflg
k'ofpg] jblgotn] sfg"gsf] hfgLhfgL kfngf
gu/L /fli6o jfl0fHo a}+snfO{ u}/sfg"gL xflg
gf]S;fgL kg]{ sfo{ u/]sf] x'bF f lgh ;d]t ;+nUg
eO{ u/]sf] C0f k|jfxaf6 uPsf] c;"npk/ ug'k{ g]{
;fF j f ?=#,)$,$*,#@&.)# / @)^! c;f] h
d;fGt;Ddsf] Jofh ?=$,@*,)^,*)$. ;d]t
hDdf ?=&,#@,%%,!#!.)# e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g,
@)!& sf] bkmf & -@_ / @( tyf xfn k|rlnt
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf * sf]
pkbkmf ! sf] b]xfo -5_, -h_, -em_ tyf pkbkmf
# / bkmf !@ tyf !& adf]lhd ;hfo u/L a}s
+ nfO{

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

k'Ug uPsf] xflg gf]S;fgL k|ltjfbL ;d]taf6

c;"npk/ ul/kfpFm .
k| l tjfbL afnk| ; fb Gof} k fg] n ] /fli6 o
jfl0fHo a}s
+ afg]Zj/ zfvfsf] ;xfos eO{ k|ltjfbL
d'Vo ;~rfns s]jns[i0f vGgfsf] g]kfn k|fk] m]zgn
ufd]G{ 6 k|f=ln=sf] nflu C0f sf/f]jf/ ;d]t ubf{
P=cf]=;L= tkm{ k|aGws bLlnks'df/ >]i7sf]
sfo{sfndf shf{ g+= #@.^)$, #@.%%@, #@.^%#,
#@.%*&, ##.!@!, ##.!(, ##.!##, ##.!#$, ##.!$#,
##.!$$, ##.!&&, ##.!&( ;d]t !@ yfgaf6
?=@,^%,@@,%%(.*& / l6=Pn=shf{ tkm{ lgh
k|aGwss} sfo{sfndf shf{ g+= ##.@# / ##.@$
af6 ?=$@,&),#^!.@& ;d] t u/L ;fF j f
?=#,)&,(@,(@!.!$ sf] sf/f]jf/ ePsf] eGg] a}s
+ af6
pknAw u/fO{Psf] sfuhftaf6 b]lvG5 .
pQm shf{ x k| j fx ubf{ afnk| ; fb
Gof}kfg]n] /fli6o jfl0fHo a}s
+ sf] lxt lrtfO{ sfd
ug'k{ g]{ bfloTj ePsf] / a}s
+ sf] /sd nufgL ubf{
/fli6o jfl0fHo a}s
+ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf !@, g]kfn
/fi6 a}s
+ sf] kl/kq g+= #! ldlt @)$*.!@.#) sf]
kl/kq, /fli6o jfl0fHo a}s
+ Joj;fo sfo{ gLlt
tyf l;kmfl/z ljefusf] r=g+= (* ldlt @)%%.(.!^
sf] kl/kq P]hg a}s
+ sf] a}s
+ Aoj;fo ljefusf]
kl/kq g+= @^ ldlt @)%#.!@.* sf] kl/kq ;d]tsf]
sfg"g, gLlt, lgod / lgb]z
{ gsf] ;d]t pNn3+g
u/L shf{ k|jfx ug]{ u/fpg] sfddf ;+nUg ePsf]
b]lvPsf]n] pQm sfo{sf ;DaGwdf cfof]uaf6
lghnfO{ cfkm\gf] Joxf]/f hfgsf/L u/fpgsf] nflu
pkl:yt x'g' egL k6s k6s ;"rgf ubf{ ;d]t
pkl:yt x'g\ gcfpg'sf] ;fy} lghsf] sfof{no
/fli6o jfl0fHo a}+sdf ;d]t nfdf] ;dob]lv
cg'kl:yt /x]sf] eGg] hfgsf/L x'g cfPaf6
lghpk/sf] cf/f]k :jLsf/ u/L a;]sf] ;d]t b]lvFbf
lgh ;d]tsf] ;+nUgtfaf6 cfk"m tyf C0fLnfO{
u}/sfg"gL nfe k'ofpg] / /fli6o jfl0fHo a}s
+ nfO{
u}/sfg"gL xflg gf]S;fgL k'ofpg] jb\lgotn]
sfg"gsf] hfgLhfgL kfngf gu/L /fli6o jfl0fHo
a}s
+ nfO{ u}/sfg"gL xflg gf]S;fgL kfg]{ sfo{ u/]sf]
230

x'bF f lgh ;d]t ;+nUg eO{ u/]sf] C0f k|jfxaf6

uPsf] ;fFjf ?=#,)&,(@,(@!.!$ / @)^! c;f]h
d;fGt;Ddsf] Jofh ?=%,#$,#$,!*@. ;d]t hDdf
?=*,$@,@^,!)#.!$ e|i6frf/ u/]sf] b]lvPsf]n]
;fljs e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf *
sf] pkbkmf ! sf] b]xfo -5_, -h_ -em_ tyf pkbkmf
# / !@ tyf !& adf]lhd ;hfFo u/L a}s
+ nfO{ k'Ug
uPsf] xflg gf]S;fgL k|ltjfbL ;d]taf6 c;"npk/
ul/kfpFm .
k|ltjfbL k|fk] m]zgn ufd]G{ 6 k|f=ln=Odf8f]n,
nlntk'/sf d'Vo ;~rfns s]jns[i0f vGgfn]
cfly{s jif{ @)%@.)%# ;fn b]lv @)%* ;fn;Dddf
/fli6o jfl0fHo a}+s, afg]Zj/ zfvfsf k|aGws
bLlnks' d f/ >] i 7sf] sfof{ j lwdf k" j { lgof{ t
shf{tkm{ shf{ g+= ##.!$, ##.!&, ##.!* af6
?=#^,)),)))., k|aGws jL/]Gb|gfy nf]xgLsf]
sfo{sfndf shf{ g+= ##.@( af6 ?=%,)),))). /
n]vf clws[t e/taxfb'/ a:g]tsf] sfo{sfndf
shf{ g+= ##.!^ af6 ?=%,)),)))., Pkm=la=Pg tkm{
k|aGws bLlnks'df/ >]i7sf] sfof{jlwsf g+= ##.$%,
#@.^@! , #@.&)! af6 ?=!*,@!,**@.*!, k|aGws
jL/]Gb|gfy nf]xgLsf] sfof{alwdf g+= ##.#&#, ##.#&&,
##.@^& af6 ?=@*,*%,(%$.*$ / P=cf]=;L=shf{
tkm{ >Ls[i0f >]i7sf] sfof{jlwdf shf{ g+= #!.!)),
#!.^&%, #@.!!^ af6 ?=@^,&*,#(%.@), k|ltjfbL
bLlnks'df/ >]i7sf] sfof{jlwdf shf{ g+= ##.!(,
##.!$#, ##.!@!, #@.%%@, #@.%*&, ##.!&(, ##.@#!,
##.!&&, ##.!$$, #@.%)@, ##.@^!, #@.^(, #@.^^,
#@.#&(, #@.$#*, #@.^#%, #@.$*!, #@.^(#,
#@.^(%, ##.!##, #@.^)$, ##.!#$ / nf]sn tkm{
##.)@ ;d]t @# j6f shf{af6 ?=%,$!,#%,$*@.(@,
e/taxfb'/ a:g]tsf] kfnfdf shf{ g+= ##.@## af6
%,^(,^*#.)( / l6=Pn=shf{ tkm{ bLlnks'df/
>]i7sf] sfo{sfndf shf{ g+= ##.@# / ##.@$ af6
?=$@,&),#^!.@& u/L ;fFjf ?=&,!),&#,$^(.&$ /
Aofh tkm{ ?=!),*(,%*,&(^.@) ;d]t hDdf ;fFjf
Jofh ?=!*,)),#@,@^%.($ shf{ sf/f]jf/ u/]sf]
/x]5 eGg] tflnsf cg';f/sf] ljj/0faf6 b]lvg
cfof] .

*&^& >Ls[i0f >]i7 ;d]t lj=g]kfn ;/sf/

k"j{ lgof{t shf{ -Pre-export Loan_ tkm{M

k|ltjfbLn] shf{ ln+bfs} cj:yfdf lwtf] /fv]sf]
nlntk'/ lhNnf Odf8f]n % l:yt lsQf g+= *#@,
*## / @* sf] hUuf / ;f] hUufdf ag]sf] 3/,
uf]bfd, 6x/f, sf/vfgf ;d]t lwtf] /fvL a9L d"Nodf
d"Nofg u/fO{ d'Vo ;~rfns s]jns[i0f vGgfn]
/lhi6z
] g g+= !%%) af6 ldlt @)%$.&.# df / ;f]
k|f=ln=sf clVtof/ k|fKt z}nG] b|sd' f/ l;+xn] /lhi6z
] g
g+= ^)^^ ldlt @)%%.@.!* df a}s
+ sf gfpFdf Pp6}
hUuf bf]xf]/f kf/Lt u/L jb\lgotk"0f{ sfo{ ug]{
dg;fo /fv]sf] kfOof] . To;df klg ;f] hUufsf]
d"Nofgsf] %) k|ltzt dflh{g s6fpFbf afFsL
?=@!,%**. a9L d"Nodf kf/Lt u/fPsf] b]lvof] .
shf{ k|fKt ubf{ /f]xa/df a}s
+ sf tkm{af6 / ;fIfL
;d]tsf] b:tvt gu/], gu/fPsf], shf{ td;'sdf
k"/f ljj/0f gePsf], k|ld;/L gf]6df ufd]{G6sf]
tkm{af6 cflwsfl/s b:tvt ug]{ JolQmsf] gfpFdf
oL k|ltjfbL s]jns[i0f vGgf n]lvP klg b:tvt
eg] s';d
' vGgfn] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . t/ lgh s';d
'
vGgf cflwsfl/s jf clwsf/k|fKt JolQm b]lvg
gcfpFbf gcfpFb} klg a}s
+ sf sd{rf/Lx ;d]tsf]
ldn]dtf]df sf/f]jf/ u/] u/fPsf] b]lvG5 .
lgof{t lan cyjf sfuhftx g]uf]l;Pzg
u/]sf] /sdaf6 k"j{ lgof{t shf{xsf] r'Qmf ug'k{ g]{
C0fLsf] st{Jo Pj+ bfloTj x'bF fxFb' } klg shf{ r'Qmf
u/L z'4 Jojxf/ u/]sf] kfOPg . d"n lgof{t
k|tLtkqdf Shipment Date pNn]v ePsf] ldlt
leq ;fdfg lgof{t u/]df dfq e'QmfgL ldlt sfod
x'g] ePsf]n] shf{ ln+bf lgof{t k|tLtkqsf] Shipment
Date a9fO{ shf{ lng'kg]d
{ f ;f] gu/L e'QmfgL ldlt
;dfKt x'g] lbgdf g} C0f lnO{ b"lift sfo{ u/]sf]
kfOof] . C0f lnO{ ;fdfg lgof{t ug]{ p2]Zo /x]sf]
b]lvPg . o;sf ;fy} Pp6f shf{sf] e'QmfgL Dofb
gf3L r'Qmf gub}{ gofF shf{ lnFb} uPsf] b]lvG5 .
Pkm=la=Pg -Foreign Bill Negotiation_
tkm{M d"n lgof{t k|tLtkqaf6 k|jfx ePsf] shf{sf]
Outstanding r'Qmf u/]/ dfq afFsL /sd e'QmfgL
lng'kg]{df k'/} /sd e'QmfgL lnO{ a}+snfO{ xflg
gf]S;fgL k'ofpg] k|i6 dg;fo /fv]sf] kfOof] .
231

Pkm=lj=Pg= ubf{ clgjfo{ ?kdf ;+nUg /fVg' kg]{

Bill of Lading / Po/j]h lan / Shipment Date
cg'k k'Ug] u/L k7fPsf] x'g'kg]{df ;fdfg k'Ug]
cjlw ;dfKt ePkl5 lan v/Lb u/fO{ sfg"g
pNn+3g ePsf] b]lvG5 . Pkm=la=Pg= ubf{ ljb]zL
cfoftstf{af6 k|fKt x'g] elgPsf] /sdaf6 a}+sdf
shf{ e'QmfgL ug]{ u/fpg] sfo{ gu/]sf] / To;/L
/sd k|fKt ePsf] 5}g eGg] hfgsf/L x'Fbfx'Fb}
klg a}+ssf sd{rf/L;+usf] cfk;L u7d]ndf yk
cGo lanxsf] g]uf]l;Pzg u/fO{ a}+snfO{ k"0f{
xflg gf]S;fgL kfg]{ jb\lgot /fvL sf/f]jf/ ub}{
/x]sf]n] /fli6o jfl0fHo a}+s, a}+s Aoj;fo sfo{
gLlt tyf l;kmfl/z ljefusf] r=g+= (* ldlt
@)%%.(.!^ sf] kl/kq ;d]tsf] kfngf u/]sf]
kfOPg .
l6=Pn=-Trust Receipt Loan_ tkm{ shf{ lnFbf
oL k|ltjfbLn] 5'} lwtf] /fVg'kg]d
{ f g/fvL shf{
lnPsf], klxnf] l6=Pn=shf{sf] /sd e'QmfgL gu/L
yk shf{ lnPsf] b]lvG5 . To;} u/L l6=Pn=shf{
lnbf cflwsfl/s JolQmsf] b:tvt ;d]t gu/]sf]
kfOG5 .
P=cf] = ;L=-Advace on Credit_ tkm{ oL
k|ltjfbLn] o';fG; Pn=;L=vf]Nbf 5'} lwtf] lagf
vf]Ng gkfpg]df lwtf] g/fvL Pn=;L=vf]ns
] f] b]lvof] .
cfofltt ;fdfg kf6L{nfO{ a}s
+ n] kfpg'kg]{ /sdsf
nflu s'g} k|sf/n] ;'/If0f lbPsf] kfOPg . a}s
+ nfO{
gf]S;fg x'G5 eGg] hfgLhfgL a}s
+ sf sd{rf/Lx;+u
jb\lgotk"0f{ ldn]dtf] u/L o';fG; Pn=;L=vf]ns
] f]
b]lvG5 . Pn=;L=afkt :jLs[t ePsf] ;LdfeGbf
cToflws w]/} /sdsf] shf{ lnO{ yk ;Ldf :jLs[t
eO{ gcfpFb} yk shf{ k|fKt u/L a}s
+ nfO{ gf]S;fg
ePsf] kfOof] .
ctM k| l tjfbLaf6 sd{ r f/Lx;+ u sf]
jb\ l gotk" 0 f{ ldn] d tf] d f cfk" m tyf cGo
k|ltjfbLxnfO{ u}/sfg"gL nfe k'ofpg] / /fli6o
jfl0fHo a}s
+ nfO{ u}/sfg"gL xflg k'ofpg] jb\lgotn]
sfg"gsf] hfgLhfgL kfngf gu/L a}s
+ ;Fu u/]sf]
zt{ sj'lnot, ;Demf}tf ;d]t kfngf gu/L a}s
+ nfO{
ltg]{ a'emfpg] lgot g/fvL shf{ lnO{ e|i6frf/hGo

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

s;" / u/L a} + s af6 lnPsf] ;fF j f /sd

?=&,!),&#,$^(.&$ / ;f]sf] @)^! ;fn cflZjg
d;fGt;Ddsf]
x' g
cfpg]
Aofh
?=!),*(,%*,&(^.@)
u/L
ljuf]
?=!*,)),#@,@^%.($ -c7f/ s/f]8 aQL; xhf/
b'O;
{ o k};L k};f rf}/fgAa]_ u}/sfg"gL ?kdf a}s
+ nfO{
xflg gf]S;fgL / cfk"mnfO{ u}/sfg"gL nfe k'ofPsf]
x'bF f ;fljs e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf
* / ( / xfn k|rlnt e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g,
@)%( sf] bkmf * sf] pkbkmf $ adf]lhd ;hfo
u/L ljuf] ;d]t e/L e/fp ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] cf/f]kkq .
clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]udf
ePsf] aofg d]/f] xf] . k|ltjfbLdWo]sf g]kfn
k|f]km]zgn ufd]{G6 k|f=ln=Odf8f]n nlntk'/sf
gfpFdf d}n] g} k|tLtkq vf]nL lbPsf] x'F . pQm
sDkgLsf gfpFdf tLgj6f k|tLtkq vf]nL lbPsf]
xf] . d]/f] sfo{sfndf pQm sDkgL;Fu sf/f]jf/df
?=@^,&*,#(%.@) sf] k|tLtkq vf]lnlbPsf] xf] .
pk/f]Qm o';fG; Pn=;L=vf]Nbf lwtf] lng' kg]{ a}s
+ sf]
lgoddf Joj:Yff gePsf] xFb' f 5'f5'} lwtf] glnPsf]
xf] . g]kfn k|f]km]zgn ufd]{G6 k|f=ln=a}+ssf] k'/fgf]
u|fxs ePsf] / ljutdf a}+s;+u aflif{s !)
s/f]8;Ddsf] sf/f]jf/ ug]{ u/]sf] tyf d]/f] sfo{sfn
kl5 klg % s/f]8eGbf a9Lsf] /sd e'QmfgL u/L
;s]sf] 5 . d]/f] sfo{sfndf n]lvPsf plNnlvt
# j6f k|tLtkqx k'/fgf] xf]Og . dnfO{ a}+sn]
lbPsf] ;Ldf clVtof/ ?=&),)),))). leq g} kg]{
x'Fbf pQm tLgj6f k|tLtkqx lgodfg';f/ g}
vf]n]sf] xf] . a}+sn] cfkm\gf] ljb]z l:yt a}+sdf
vr{ hgfPsf] ldlt b]lv g} Aofh u0fgf ug]{ x'Fbf
l9nf] P=cf]=;L=n]h/df r9fpFb}df a}+snfO{ Aofh
gf]S;fg x'Fb}g . k|tLtkq sf/f]jf/ z'? ePb]lv g}
u|fxssf] JolQmut ;Ldf /lhi6/ /fVg] Joj:yf
lyPg . t;y{ gi6 jf n'sfPsf] eGg] s'/} cfpFb}g
/ ;f] ;DaGwdf a} + s sf] cfGtl/s lg/LIf0f
;'kl/j]If0f ;fy} g]kfn /fi6 a}+s ;d]taf6 s'g}
s}lkmot hgfPsf] 5}g . d}n] /fli6o jfl0fHo a}+s
shf{ sfo{gLlt tyf l;kmfl/z ljefusf] r=g+=
232

#&# ldlt @)%*.!.@) sf] kl/kq g+= @^ ldlt

@)%#.!@.* sf] kl/kq / ;f]xL a+}ssf] kl/kq g+=
#@ ldlt @)%*.#.!@ sf] kl/kq ;d]t pNn+3g
u/]sf] b]lvof] eGg] ;DaGwdf d}n] ldlt @)%#.&.!^
df pQm sfof{noaf6 sGb|Lo sfof{no shf{ c;"nL
ljefudf ;?jf e};s]sf] x'Fbf d]/f] nflu pk/f]Qm
kl/kqx d]/f] sfo{sfn kl5 hf/L ePsf] x'Fbf
dnfO{ cf/f]k nufpg ldNg] xf]Og . d}n] a}+ssf]
gLlt lgb]{zg lgod, kl/kqsf] ;Ldfdf /xL a}+ssf]
lxt lrtfO{ sfo{ u/] s f] x' F b f cleof] u dfu
bfjLadf]lhd dnfO{ ;hfo x'g'kg]{ xf]Og / daf6
e/fO{ kfpg' kg]{ klg xf]Og eGg] Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL
>Ls[i0f >]i7n] ljz]if cbfntdf u/]sf] aofg .
k|ltjfbL >Ls[i0f >]i7af6 ljz]if cbfnt
P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf &-3_ adf]lhd ?=%,)),))).
gub w/f}6 dfu ePsf]df lghn] gub ?=%,)),))).
w/f}6L /fvL tfl/vdf /x]sf] .
clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]udf
ePsf] aofg d]/f] xf] . d eGbf klxnfb]lv sfo{/t\
k|aGwsxaf6 k|lqmofut ?kdf z'?jft u/L /x]sf]
k"j{ lgof{t shf{ tyf Pkm=la=Pg=sf] sf/f]jf/ d
eGbf klxn]b]lv g} sfo{/t\ sd{rf/Lxn] ;f]xL
k| l qmofaf6 sfd e} /x] s f] eGg] hfgsf/L
u/fPcg';f/ g} lgodfg';f/ lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] x'F .
w]/} klxnf b]lv sf/f]jf/ u/L aflif{s sl/j !)
s/f]8;Dd sf/f]jf/ ug]{ ljZjfl;nf] kf6L{ ePsf]
eGg] s'/f ;DalGwt kmfF6af6 hfgsf/L ePsf]n]
lgh pBf]u, wGbf, Jofkf/ /fd|f;
] uF rnL a}s
+ nfO{
gfkmf u/fpg] p2]Zo /fvL c;n lgotaf6 sfd
u/]sf]n] a}s
+ nfO{ xflg / Jofkf/LnfO{ kmfObf k'ofpg]
sfd gu/]sf] . ^ dlxgfleqdf c;"n u/L ;Sg' kg]{
eGg]df d nufgL ePsf] 8]9 dlxgf leq} ;?jf e}
uPsf]n] kl5 cfpg] k|aGws Pj+ sd{rf/Lxn]
c;"n ug'k{ g]{ xf] . d cfk"mn] Pn=;L=;DaGwL tflnd
k|fKt gu/]sf] / sfd klg gu/]sf] cj:yfdf e}/xs}
k'/fgf ;DalGwt kmfF6sf sd{rf/Lxaf6 a'emL
sfd ug'k{ g]{ cj:Yff ePsf] / s'g} jb\lgot geO{
c;n lgotn] d}n] sfd u/]sf] x'F . k"j{ lgof{t
shf{ d f ?=%,)),))). shf{ uPsf] d f o;

*&^& >Ls[i0f >]i7 ;d]t lj=g]kfn ;/sf/

sf/f]jf/sf nflu ?=krf; nfvsf] ;Ldf ePsf],

s';d
' vGgfnfO{ clVtof/gfdf ePsf]n] sf/f]jf/
u/fOPsf], k"j{ lgof{t shf{ ##.@( r'Qmf e};s]sf]
eGg] a'lemg cfPsf], lan ckm Jofl08 gePsf]
;DaGwdf Fright Cargo Reciept is allowed eGg]
zt{ pNn] v ePsf] x' F b f ;f] x L zt{ a df] l hd
Pn=;L=:jLsf/]sf], k|ld;/L gf]6sf] ;DaGwdf
C0fLsf] b:tvt ePsf] sf/0f pQm shf{ ;'/lIft
x'g] ub{5 . d}n] a}s
+ nfO{ xflg gf]S;fgL gk'Ug] /
a}s
+ nfO{ kmfObf k'ofpg cfkm\g} sfo{sfndf hUuf
dfq} a}s
+ sf] gfddf lwtf] /lhi6z
] g ePsf]df 3/,
km\ofS6L ;j} a}s
+ sf] gfddf lwtf] kf; u/fO{ a}s
+ nfO{
xflg gf]S;fgL x'gaf6 arfPsf] xf] . ctM d}n]
cleof]u bfjLcg';f/sf] s;"/ gu/]sf]n] dnfO{
;hfFo x'gk' g]{ xf]Og eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL
jL/]Gb|gfy nf]xgLsf] ljz]if cbfntdf ePsf] aofg .
k|ltjfbL jL/]Gb|gfy nf]xgLaf6 ljz]if
cbfnt P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf & -3_ adf]lhd
?=#,)),))). w/f}6 dfu ePsf]df lghn] ;f] dfu
ePsf] w/f}6afkt h]yf hdfgL lbO{ tfl/vdf /x]sf] .
k"j{ lgof{t shf{ g+= ##.!^ sf] xsdf lgldQ
k|aGws e} ?=%,)),))). shf{ k|jfxdf ;+nUg ePsf]
elgPsf]df g]kfn k|f]km]zgn ufd]{G6sf] ;Ldf
?=%),)),))). krf; nfv ePsf], ;f] ufd]G{ 6n]
ljnDa e'QmfgL ;'ljwf ;Ldf ?=%),)),))). -krf;
nfv_ u/L ?=Ps s/f]8sf] nflu ;Ldf :jLs[t ePsf],
o;sf] nflu lwtf] ;'/If0f Odf8f]nsf] 3/ hUuf
!,#),@!,%**. Ps sf/f]8 tL; nfv PSsfO; xhf/
kfFr ;o c7f;L a}s
+ sf] kIfdf kf/Lt u/L /fv]sf]
x'bF f lwtf] ;'/lIft e} ;Ldf leq}sf] sf/f]jf/nfO{
cGoyf eg]/ ddfly d'2f nufpg ldNg] g} xf]Og .
;fy} shf{ g+= ##.!^ / ##.@( sf] shf{ /fli6o
jfl0fHo a}s
+ , afg]Zj/ zfvfsf] k=;+= r=g+= @@%@
ldlt @)^!.!).@) df ufd]G{ 6n] lbPsf] lwtf] ;sf/
u/L ?=!),)),))). -bz nfv_ r'Qmf e};s]sf] 5 .
Pkm=la=Pg= ##.#&# Pkm=la=Pg ubf{ d"n lgof{t
k|tLtkqaf6 uPsf] k"j{ lgof{t shf{sf] a}s
+ sf] n]gf
/sd c;"n u/]/ dfq afFsL /x]sf] /sd e'QmfgL
lbg'kg]d
{ f tL ;a} /sd C0fLsf] vftfdf hDdf u/L
233

lbPsf] eGg] cf/f]k ;Gbe{df lgDg sf/0fn] ubf{

dnfO{ cf/f]k nufpg ldNb}g . Pkm=la=Pg= ubf{
k|tLtkq kmfF6 / k|aGwsdf k'uk] l5 clGtd 6'u+ f]
nfUg] / d aLrsf] PsfpG6]G6n] u/]sf] k'R5]| b:tvtn]
gLltut ?kdf s'g} c;/ gkf/L k|lqmof;Dd k'ofpg]
sfo{df k|aGwsn] cfb]z lbg] sfuhdf ;xL e}
cfPkl5 d}n] ef}r/ / td;'sdf ;xL;Dd u/]sf]
x'g ;S5 . Pkm=la=Pg= u/L s]xL /sd lnO{ cfkm\gf]
pBf]usf] sfd klg rnf]; egL C0fLn] lan a]Rg]
ePsf]n] o;af6 ?=@^,%),@)). ;a} C0fLsf] vftfdf
hDdf gu/L ?=!@,)@,&^#. dfq ;b/ ePsf] b]lvG5 .
k"/} hDdf u/]sf] eGg ldNb}g . /fli6o jfl0fHo a}s
+
Joj;fo sfo{ gLlt tyf l;kmfl/z ljefusf] r=g+=
(* ldlt @)%%.(.!^ sf] kl/kq kfngf gu/]sf]
eGg ldn]g . ljcf]Pn P=lj=;+nUg ePsf] cj:yfdf
d}n] kl5 k'R5||] b:tvt u/]sf]df ;f];DaGwL ;Dk"0f{
sfuhft ;DalGwt kmfF6df /xg] x'bF f cf/f]k dnfO{
nufpg gldNg] / P=cf]=;L= shf{ g+= ##.@## d}n]
lgodfg';f/ vf]nL lbPsf] xf], o:fsf] afFsL /sd
e'QmfgL ug]{ a]nfdf d]/f] ;?jf e} ;s]sf] 5 .
kf]li6, r]ls,cfjZos sfuhft, /lhi6/ eP
;DalGwt kmfF6n] g} ug]{ ePsf]n] lg/LIf0fstf{nfO{
pQm /lhi6/ lsg pknJw u/fpg ;s]gg d]/f]
;?jf e} ;s]kl5 dnfO{ yfxf x'g] s'/f ePg . t;y{
d lgbf]i{ f ePsf]n] cleof]u bfjLaf6 ;kmfO kfpg'
kg]{ xf] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL e/taxfb'/
a:g]tn] ljz]if cbfntdf u/]sf] aofg .
k|ltjfbL e/taxfb'/ a:g]taf6 ljz]if
cbfnt P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf &-3_ adf]lhd
@,)),))). w/f}6 dfu ePsf]df lghn] gub} w/f}6L
/fvL tfl/vdf /x]sf] .
dpk/sf] cf/f]k em"7f xf] a}s
+ sf] sf/f]jf/
eg]sf] gfkmfd"ns xf] / o;df ljZjf;sf] jftfj/0f
x'gk' 5{ To;}cg'k d}n] k'/fgf] Joj;foLnfO{ d]/f]
cjlwdf lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] x'F . pQm kf6L{n] afg]Zj/
zfvfnfO{ /fd|f] cfDbfgL u/fPafkt @)%# k';sf]
cw{ jflif{s vftf aGbLdf k'/:s[t zfvf xf] . s;}nfO{
xflg gf]S;fgL tyf nfe k'ofpg] jb\lgot d]/f]
lyPg, xf]Og . d}n] a}s
+ sf] lxt lrtfO{ k|aGwssf]

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

x}l;otn] pQm kf6L{;uF sf/f]jf/ u/]sf] / d]/f] ;dodf

g} pQm kmd{sf] crn ;DklQ a}s
+ sf] gfpFdf kf;
u/fO{ shf{ ;'/lIft u/fPsf] x'F . A.O.C.F.B.N
zLif{sdf yk ;'/If0f cfjZos geP tfklg pQm
kmd{sf] ;Dk"0f{ ;DklQ d]/} ;dodf ;'/If0fafkt
lnPsf] x'F . zfvfsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ljZjf;l;nf]
u|fxsn] zfvfnfO{ a9L cfo u/fpg] ePsf]n]
ljZjf;sf] cfwf/df c;n lgot /fvL sf/f]jf/
ePsf] xf] . d}n] pQm zfvfdf @)%#.&.!# b]lv
@)%$.( ;Dd sfd u/]sf] x'F / ;f] ;dodf s/f]8f}+
?k} o f a} + s df hDdf u/fPsf] 5' . nf] s n
Pn=;L=cf]klg a}s
+ / g]uf]l;ol6 a}s
+ Pp6} x'g\
gkfpg] s'g} :ki6 kl/kq gePsf] xfn klg a}s
+ xn]
pk/f]Qmcg';f/ sf/f]jf/ ul//x]sf] eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL bLlnks'df/ >]i7n] ljz]if
cbfntdf u/]sf] aofg .
k|ltjfbL bLlnks'df/ >]i7af6 ljz]if cbfnt
P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf &-3_ adf]lhd ?=@%,)),))).
w/f}6 dfu ePsf]df lghn] ?=@%,)),))). afkt
h]yf hdfgt lbO{ tfl/vdf /x]sf] .
k|ltjfbLsf ;fIfL lemsfO{ a'em\g' eGg] ljz]if
cbfntsf] cfb]zcg';f/ k|ltjfbLn] ;fIfL pknJw
u/fPsf] ldl;ndf gb]lvPsf] .
k|ltjfbLx uLtf k/fh'nL, dx]Gb|eQm
k|wfgf, afnk|;fb Gof}kfg] / s]jns[i0f vGgfn]
ljz]if cbfntaf6 hf/L ePsf] Dofbdf xfhL/ ge}
z'?Dofb} u'hf/L a;]sf] ldl;naf6 b]lvG5 .
k|ltjfbL s]jns[i0f vGgf k|aGws ;~rfns
/x]sf] k|fk] m]zgn ufd]G{ 6 k|f=ln=sf gfddf ljleGg
zLif{scGtu{t bfjLadf]lhdsf] shf{ nufgL ePsf]
b]lvPsf] / of] olt /sd a'emfPsf] cyf{t\ ltg{
a'emfpg afFsL 5}g egL lgh k|ltjfbL s]jns[i0f
vGgfn] cbfntdf pkl:yt eO{ k|df0f k]z ug{
;s]sf] gb]lvPsf] cj:yfdf lghn] ljleGg zLif{sdf
bfjLadf]lhdsf] shf{ pkef]u u/L /fli6o jfl0fHo
a} + s nfO{ ;fF j f Jofh ;d] t hDdf
?=!*,)),#@,@^%.($ u}/sfg"gL xflg gf]S;fgL
k'ofPsf] k'li6 x'g cfof] .

csf{ k|ltjfbL bLlnks'df/ >]i7n] cfk"mn]

k|jfx u/]sf] shf{ c;"nL tkm{ vf;} rf;f] gb]vfPsf],
C0fLsf] gfddf a}s
+ dfkm{t\ cfPsf] /sdaf6 cfkm\gf]
n]gf c;"n ug'k{ g]d
{ f ;f] gu/L k'gM C0fLs} vftfdf
Pn=;L=vf]nL Pn=;L=sf] Beneficiary / Applicant
b'js
} f] lgldQ Pp6} a}s
+ af6 Pn=;L=vf]nL Aofs 6'
Aofs Pn=;L=vf]Nbf kf6L{n] lgof{t u/]sf] ;fdfgafkt
/sd k|fKt ePkl5 dfq Pn=;L=afktsf] /sd e'QmfgL
ug'k{ g]d
{ f o:tf] /sd k|fKt ePsf] k|df0f lagf g}
Pn=;L=sf] /sd e'QmfgL u/]sf], kf6L{nfO{ :jLs[t
ePsf] JolQmut ;Ldf pkef]u /lhi6/ km]nf gk/]sf]
;d]tsf] cj:yfdf oL k|ltjfbLn] ;b\lgot ;fy
a}s
+ sf] lxt lrtfO{ shf{ nufgL u/] u/fPsf] eGg]
cj:yfdf gx'bF f oL k|ltjfbLn] cf/f]lkt s;"/ u/]sf
xf]Ogg\ eGg] cj:yf /x]g .
csf{ k|ltjfbL >Ls[i0f >]i7n] klxnf nufgL
ePsf] shf{ c;"n gx'bF } yk shf{ k|jfx ePsf]
ldl;n ;+nUg k|df0f sfuhaf6 b]lvG5 . kf6L{nfO{
:jLs[t ePsf] ;Ldf pkef]u u/]sf] :ki6 b]lvg]
u/L /]s8{ /flvPsf] klg b]lvFbg} . P=cf]=;L=shf{
r9fpFbf Pn=;L=e'QmfgL u/]s} ;dodf r9fpg' kg]d{ f
l9nf] u/L r9fpFbf a}s
+ nfO{ k|fKt x'g] Jofhdf sdL
cfpg hfg] ;d]tsf sfdsf/jfxLaf6 k|ltjfbLsf]
sfdsf/jfxL c;n lgotaf6 ePsf] egL eGg
;lsg] cj:yf /x]g . oL k|ltjfbLn] cfk"mn] bfjLsf]
shf{ nufgL ubf{ a}s
+ P]g lgod tyf kl/kqxsf]
k"0f{ ?kdf kfngf gu/L shf{ k|jfx u/]sf] / pQm
shf{ c;"npk/ x'g g;sL a}s
+ nfO{ xflg gf]S;fgL
kg{ uPsf] ;d]taf6 k|ltjfbL >Ls[i0f >]i7n] cf/f]lkt
s;"/ u/]sf xf]Ogg\ eGg ;lsg] cj:Yff /x]g .
k|ltjfbL jL/]Gb|gfy nf]xgLn] k|f]km]zgn
ufd]G{ 6;Fu sf/f]jf/ ubf{ k|tLtkq sf/f]jf/ ug{sf
nflu /fv]s} lwtf]af6} k"j{ lgof{t shf{ sf/f]jf/
u/]sf]df 5'} lwtf] lnPsf] b]lvFbg} . csf]{ tkm{ km/]g
ljn g]uf]l;Pzg u/L a}s
+ dfkm{t\ k|fKt x'g] /sdaf6
a}s
+ sf] n]gf c;"n gu/L ;Dk"0f{ /sd C0fLnfO{
e'QmfgL lbPsf] b]lvFbf a}s
+ sf] n]gf c;"nLtkm{ oL
k|ltjfbLsf] rf;f] /x]sf] gb]lvPsf] cj:yf ;d]taf6

234

*&^& >Ls[i0f >]i7 ;d]t lj=g]kfn ;/sf/

C0fL k|ltjfbL;Fusf] a}ls sf/f]jf/df oL k|ltjfbLsf]

jb\lgot /x]sf] :ki6 x'g cfpF5 . kf6L{;uF sf/f]jf/
ubf{ a}s
+ sf] n]gf c;"nL tyf k|jfx u/]sf] shf{sf]
;'/If0f tkm{ Wofg glbPsf] / k|lqmof ;d]tsf] k"0f{
kfngf ePsf] gb]lvPsf], a}s
+ sf] k'/fgf] shf{ c;"n
gx'bF } FBN af6 k|fKt ;Dk"0f{ /sd k|ltjfbLsf] vftfdf
hDdf u/L lbO{ C0fL k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;'ljwf k'ofO{
a}+ssf] k'/fgf] shf{ c;"nLtkm{ rf;f] gb]vfPsf]
tyf k'/fgf] shf{ c;"n gx'bF } ;f]xL k'/fgf] lwtf]sf]
cfwf/df C0fL k|ltjfbLnfO{ yk shf{ pknAw u/fPsf]
;d]taf6 C0fL k|ltjfbLnfO{ nfe / a}s
+ nfO{ xflg
u}/sfg"gL xflg k'ofpg] sfo{df oL k|ltjfbL ;d]tsf]
;+nUgtf /x]sf] k'li6 x'g cfPsf] .
k|ltjfbL e/taxfb'/ a:g]tn] C0fL k|ltjfbL
s]jns[i0f vGgfnfO{ shf{ pknJw u/fpFbf a}s
+ sf]
k'/fgf] C0f /sd lng afFsL /x]s} cj:yfdf yk
shf{ pknJw u/fPsf] ldl;n ;+nUg k|df0f
sfuhftaf6 b]lvG5 . oL k|ltjfbL ;d]t ;+nUg
/xL a}s
+ sf] k"j{ lgof{t shf{ tkm{sf] n]gf afFsL /x]s}
cj:Yffdf Pkm=lj=Pg= afkt C0fLnfO{ k|fKt /sd
a}s
+ sf] n]gf afFsLdf sf gu/L ;f]em} C0fLnfO{
e'QmfgL u/]sf] b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf oL k|ltjfbLn]
a}s
+ sf] n]gftkm{ rf;f] glbO{ C0fL k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;'ljwf
k|bfg u/L a}s
+ nfO{ gf]S;fgL k'Ug uPsf], Aofs 6'
Aofs Pn=;L=vf]Nbf lgof{t u/]sf] ;fdfgsf] /sd
k|fKt ePkl5 dfq Pn=;L=afktsf] /sd e'QmfgL
lbg'kg]d
{ f lgof{t u/]sf] ;fdfgsf] /sd k|fKt x'g]
k|df0f ;d]t k|fKt gx'bF } Pn=;L=afktsf] /sd e'QmfgL
lbPsf], a}s
+ af6 nufgL ePsf] shf{afkt oyf]lrt
;'/If0f lnPsf] gb]lvPsf] tyf a}s
+ sf] n]gf /sd
c;"nL tkm{ vf;} rf;f] b]vfPsf] ;d]t gb]lvPsf]
cj:Yfdf oL k|ltjfbL ;d]tn] a}s
+ sf] gLlt lgod
tyf kl/kqsf] k"0f{ kfngf gu/L a}s
+ sf] nufgL
;'/lIft / c;"nLsf] Uof/]G6Ltkm{ ljrf/} gu/L C0fL
k|ltjfbLnfO{ nfe tyf a}s
+ nfO{ xflg k'ofPsf] x'bF f
oL k|ltjfbLn] cf/f]lkt s;"/ u/]sf] b]lvg cfof] .
cGo k|ltjfbLx uLtf k/fh'nL, dx]Gb|eQm
k|wfgf tyf afnk|;fb Gof}kfg]n] ;d]t C0fL
k|ltjfbL s]jns[i0f vGgfnfO{ a}s
+ P]g, lgod tyf
235

kl/kqsf] pNn+3g u/L k'/fgf] shf{ c;"n gx'bF }

sdhf]/ lwtf]af6 yk shf{ ;'ljwf k|bfg u/]sf]
b]lvg cfpF5 . cfk"mpk/ nfu]sf] cf/f]ksf] cbfntdf
pkl:yt eO{ ;k|df0f v08g ug'k{ g]{ bfloTj ePsf
oL k|ltjfbLx cbfntaf6 hf/L ePsf] Dofbdf
;d]t cbfntdf pkl:yt geO{ z'? Dofb} u'hf/L
a;]sf] / k|ltjfbLx ;d]t ;+nUg eO{ k|jfx u/]sf]
shf{ ;Dk"0f{ c;"n ePsf] eGg] klg ldl;n ;+nUg
k|df0faf6 gb]lvFbf k'/fgf] shf{ c;"nL gx'bF } leGg
leGg zLif{sdf gofF shf{ nufgL u/]sf], Pp6}
lwtf]af6 lwtf]n] vfDg g;Sg] shf{ nufgL u/]sf],
a} + s sf] n] g f c;" n Ltkm{ a} + s sf sd{ r f/L
k|ltjfbLxaf6 rf;f] g/x]sf] a}s
+ sf] n]gf afFsL
ePsf] cj:yfdf Pkm=la=Pg= afkt C0fLnfO{ a}s
+
dfkm{t\ /sd k|fKt x'bF f ;d]t C0f c;"nLtkm{ rf;f]
glbO{ pQm /sd C0fL k|ltjfbLnfO{ g} e'QmfgL
u/]sf] b]lvPsf]n] k|ltjfbLn] cf/f]lkt s;"/ u/]sf
xf]Ogg\ eGg ;lsg] cj:yf /x]g . t;y{ k|ltjfbLx
>Ls[i0f >]i7, bLlnks'df/ >]i7, jL/]Gb|gfy nf]xgL,
e/taxfb'/ a:g]t, uLtf k/fh'nL, dx]Gb|eQm k|wfgf
tyf afnk|;fb Gof}kfg]n] /fli6o jfl0fHo a}s
+ nfO{
u}/sfg"gL xflg gf]S;fgL k'ofO{ s;"/ ck/fw u/]sf]
/ k|ltjfbL s]jns[i0f vGgfn] a}s
+ sf sd{rf/L;Fu
ldn]dtf] u/L sd;n lwtf] /fvL a}s
+ af6 bfjLsf]
/sd u}/sfg"gL tj/a:f6 lnO{ vfO{ df;L pQm
/sd ltg]t{ km{ rf;f] gb]vfO{ a}s
+ nfO{ xflg gf]S;fgL
k'ofPsf] b]lvFbf oL k|ltjfbLxn] Ps cf;kdf
ldn]dtf] u/L jfl0fHo a}s
+ nfO{ u}/sfgL xflg k'ofPsf]
k'li6 x'G5 . t/ k|ltjfbL s]jns[i0f vGgfn] ljleGg
zLif{ s dfkm{ t \ a' e mL lnPsf] ;fF j f Jofh
?=!*,)),#@,@^%.%! sd{ r f/L;+ u c;" n ug' {
Gofof]lrt x'g] b]lvFbg} . k|ltjfbL s]jns[i0f vGgfn]
cfk"mn] a}s
+ af6 lnPsf] shf{dWo] of] olt /sd
a'emfP egL ;f]sf] k|df0f k]z ug{ ;s]sf] klg b]lvPg .
t;y{ bfjLsf] ;fFjf k|ltjfbL s]jns[i0f vGgfn]
a'emL lnPsf] b]lvPsf] / cGo a}+ssf sd{rf/L
k|ltjfbLxn] of] olt /sd lnP vfP eGg] cf/f]k
ge} a}s
+ sf] lgod sfg"g tyf kl/kqsf] kfngf
gu/L C0fL k|ltjfbLnfO{ u}/sfg"gL nfe k'ofP

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

eGg] cf/f]kkqaf6 b]lvPsf] x'bF f pQm bfjLsf] ljuf]

k|ltjfbL s]jns[i0f vGgfaf6 c;"npk/ ug'{kg]{
b]lvG5 . t;y{ cf/f]kkq dfu bfjLadf]lhdsf] sfo{
u/L ljuf] ?=!*,)),#@,@^%.($ sf] u}/sfg"gL xflg
gf]S;fgL k'ofO{ k|ltjfbL s]jns[i0f vGgfn] tTsfn
k|rlnt e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf *
sf] / k|ltjfbL bLlnks'df/ >]i7, >Ls[i0f >]i7,
jL/]Gb|gfy nf]xgL, e/taxfb'/ a:g]t, uLtf k/fh'nL,
dx]Gb|eQm k|wfgf / afnk|;fb Gof}kfg]n] ;f]xL
P]gsf] bkmf &-@_ sf] s;"/ u/]sf] 7x5{ . ;f] 7xgf{n]
k|ltjfbL s]jns[i0f vGgfaf6 ljuf] e/fO{ lghnfO{
;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf * adf]lhd @ -b'O_{ aif{ s}b x'G5 .
k|ltjfbL lblnks'df/ >]i7, >Ls[i0f >]i7, jL/]Gb|gfy
nf]xgL, e/taxfb'/ j:g]t, uLtf k/fh'nL, dx]Gb|eQm
k|wfgf / jfnk|;fb Gof}kfg]nfO{ ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf
&-@_ / @(-@_ adf]lhd hgxL ?=%))). sf b/n]
h/Ljfgf x'G5 eGg] ljz]if cbfnt, sf7df8f}s
+ f]
@)^$.#.!@ sf] km};nf .
ljz]if cbfntsf] k}m;nfdf lrQ a'em] g .
Pn=;L=sf] sf/f]jf/ lwtf] /fvL ul/g] xf]Og . ;DalGwt
Aofkf/Lsf] Voflt, x}l;ot / ljZjf;df a}+sn]
Pn=;L=vf]Ng] xf] . To;}n] Pn=;L=sf] ;fdfGo
l;4fGtljk/Lt JofVof u/L lwtf] glnO{ C0f k|jfx
u/]sf] eGg] ljz]if cbfntsf] lg0f{ofwf/ unt 5 .
C0fL pBf]un] /fv]sf] lwtf] a}s
+ n] lnnfd u/L /sd
c;"n ul/;s]sf] s'/f ldlt @)^!.!).@) sf]
r=g+=@@%@ sf] kqaf6 clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg
cfof]unfO{ cg'/f]w u/]sf]df ;f]nfO{ k|df0fdf lnOPsf]
5}g . C0fL pBf]unfO{ d}n] z'?df C[0f k|jfx u/]sf]
xf] . To;kl5sf shf{x daf6 k|jfx ePsf 5}gg\ .
jfg]Zj/ zfvfaf6 @)%#.&.!^ df d ;?jf ePkl5
k|jfx ePsf C0f ;DaGwdf klxn]sf] C0f r'Qmf
gu/L gofF C0f k|jfx u/]sf] egL k"jf{ux| k"0f{ tj/n]
cleof]u nufOPsf] 5 . d kl5sf zfvf k|aGwsxn]
d]/f] kfnfdf k|jfx ePsf] C0fsf] /sd r'Qmf ePsf]
b]vfpg' kg]d
{ f gofF C0f /sd r'Qmf u/fPsf] sf/0f
d]/f] kfnfdf k|jfx ePsf] C0f /sd aSof}tf b]lvPsf]
dfq xf] . d ;?jf ePkl5 qmdzM bLlnks'df/ >]i7
/ jL/]Gb|gfy nf]xgL afg]Zj/ zfvfdf sfo{/t\ /x]sf
236

xf}+ . cleof]uqdf of] tYonfO{ n'sfO{ c?sf] kfnfdf

k||jfx ePsf] C0fsf ;DaGwdf dnfO{ cleof]u
nufOPsf] 5 . ?=@^,&*,#(%.@) sf] lauf]sf] xsdf
dnfO{ cleof]u nufOPsf] / ;f] cleof]udf ldlt
@)%#.!@.*, @)%*.!.@) / @)%*.#.!@ df
kl/kqto:x pNn3+g u/]sf] elgPsf] 5 . t/ d
ldlt @)%#.&.!^ df ;?jf ePkl5 ePsf pko'Q
{ m
kl/kqx pNn3+g u/L d}n] C0f k|jfx u/]sf] 5}g .
t;y{ dpk/ cfwf/xLg ?kdf cleof]u nufOPsf]
/ To:tf] cleof]kqsf cfwf/df dnfO{ ljz]if
cbfntn] ?=%))). h/Ljfgf ug]{ u/L k}m;nf u/]sf]
x'bF f ;f] k}m;nf q'l6k"0f{ e} ab/efuL 5 . t;y{, pQm
k}m;nf ab/ u/L ;kmfO kfpFm eGg] k|ltjfbL >Ls[i0f
>]i7sf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
ljz]if cbfntsf] k}m;nfdf lrQ a'em] g . ljz]if
cbfntn] cleof]u bfjLsf] /sd vfP df;]sf] egL
7x/ u/]sf] geO{ a}s
+ sf] gLlt, lgod / kl/kq kfngf
gu/]sf] eGg] cfwf/df dnfO{ h/Ljfgf u/]sf] 5 . ;f]
k}m;nf k|d| f0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf @% ljk/Lt 5 . k"j{
lgof{t shf{afkt ?=%) nfv / C0f cGtu{t ?=%)
nfv u/L s"n ?=! s/f]8sf] C0f k|jfx ;Ldf :jLs[t
ePsf]df C0fL sDkgLsf] nlntk'/, Odf8f]nl:yt
ls=g+=*##, *#@ / @* sf] 3/ hUuf dflh{g sf u/L
?=!,#),)),))). -Ps s/f]8 tL; nfv_ lwtf] hdfgt
lnO{ kl5 a}s
+ n] ;sf/ ul/;s]sf] x'bF f lwtf] glnPsf]
eGg] ljz]if cbfntsf] lg0f{ofwf/ q'l6k"0f{ 5 . k"j{ lgof{t
shf{df ?=%),)),))). -krf; nfv_ sf] ;Ldf ePsf]df
d k|aGws / ;xfos /xFbf ?=!),)),))). -bz nfv_
shf{ k|jfxdf b:tvt u/]sf]df ;f] /sd k|jfx ubf{
;Ldf pNn3+g u/L jb\lgotk"js
{ C0f lbPsf] dfGg'
q'l6k"0f{ 5 . shf{ k|jfx ubf{ FBN af6 k|fKt /sd
c;"n gu/L lkmtf{ u/]sf] eGg] lgisif{ ;d]t unt 5 .
;fy} ##.!^ / ##.@( sf] ?=!),)),))). -bz nfv_
shf{ r'Qmf e};s]sf] eGg] /f=af=a}s
+ afg]Zj/ zfvfsf]
r=g+=@@%@ ldlt @)^!.!).@) sf] kqn] k'li6 FBN
eO/x]sf] 5 . FBN afktsf] k"j{ lgof{t shf{sf] k|fKt
/sd c;"n u/L lkmtf{ ug]{ bfloTj ddf lyPg . ;f]sf]
tf]s cfb]z d}n] u/]sf] xf]Og . LC NO !#@)^% sf]
FBN sf] /sdaf6 k"j{ lgof{t shf{ k|j
| fx ePsf]

*&^& >Ls[i0f >]i7 ;d]t lj=g]kfn ;/sf/

5}g . ;fy} FBN ##.#&# sf] k"/} /sd C0fLsf] vftfdf

uPsf] 5}g . ;f]sf] tf]s cfb]z d}n] u/]sf] klg xf]Og .
pQm FBN ##.#&# sf] /sd tfs]tf ug{ d ;?jf
ePkl5 d}n] ug]{ xf]Og . @)%%.!.* df ;DkGg
sf/f]jf/df @)%%.^.!^ sf] kl/kq kfngf gu/]sf]
eGg' q'l6k"0f{ x'G5 .
Back to Back LC sf] /sd sf/f]jf/ x'b
Ff
d ;?jf e};s]sf]n] ;f] /sd c;"npk/ ug{ d}n]
tbf?vtf gb]vfPsf] eGg ldNb}g . LC /sd vftfdf
r9fpg] sfo{ LC kmfF6sf] xf] . JolQmut ;Ldf pkef]u
/lhi68{ x/fPsf] eGg] ts{ klg q'l6k"0f{ 5 . ;f]
/lhi68{ d}n] geO{ ;xfos k|aGwsn] lhDdf lng]
xf] . lgof{t shf{ g+=##.!^ df k|aGwssf] x}l;otaf6
?=%,)),))). / shf{ g+=##.@( df ;xfossf]
x}l;otaf6 ?=%,)),))). ##.#&# af6 ?=@^,%),@)).
##.@## af6 ?=%,^(^*#.)( ;d]tsf] /sd c;"n
eO{ z" G odf /x] s f] egL r=g+ = @@@@. ldlt
@)^!.!).@)sf] kqaf6 v'nfO{ k7fPsf]nfO{ d"Nofg
ul/Psf] 5}g . t;y{ ljz]if cbfntn] k|df0fsf] plrt
d"Nofg gu/L dnfO{ h/Ljfgf u/]sf] OG;fkm
ab/efuL x'Fbf ab/ u/L em"7f cleof]ubfjLaf6
;kmfO kfpFm eGg] k|ltjfbL e/taxfb'/ a:g]tsf]
k'g/fj]bg .
ljz]if cbfntsf] k}m;nfdf lrQ a'em] g .
cleof]u bfjLdf ?=$!@#))$.*$ a/fa/sf] /sd
xflg gf]S;fgL k'ofPsf] eg]klg ;f] /sd of] o;k|sf/n]
df;] vfPsf] eGg ;s]sf] 5}g . C0fL sDkgLn] k|tLtkq
sf/f]jf/ ubf{ /fv]sf] lwtf]af6 k"j{ lgof{t shf{sf]
sf/f]jf/ u/]sf] sf/0fn] dfq e|i6frf/ 7x/ ug{
ldNb}g . k"j{ lgof{t shf{ k|jfx ubf{ C0fL sDkgLsf]
e'QmfgL Ifdtf / ljZj;gLotf x]//] C0f lbOg] x'bF f
To;df jb\lgot x'bF g} . C0fLsf] 3/hUuf lwtf] /fvL
shf{ k|j| fx ePsf] eGg] s'/fsf] d"Nofg gu/L xr'jf
lg0f{ofwf/ lnOPsf] 5 . C0fL sDkgLn] shf{ r'Qmf
ug]{ af/]df s]Gb|Lo sfof{nodf ldlt @)%&.!).# df
lgj]bg lbO/x]sf] cj:yfdf ;f]tk{m s]xL d"Nofg
ePsf] 5 . BF N afkt k|fKt x'g] /sdaf6 a}s
+ sf] n]gf
c;"n gu/]sf] eGg] lg0f{ofwf/ klg unt 5 . FBN
##.#&# dfk{mt\ k|fKt ?=@^,%),@)). df shf{afkt
237

sf u/L ?=!@,)@,&^#. dfq kf6L{nfO{ e'QmfgL lbPsf]

5 . FBN ##.#&& df ?=#!,!^,^#%.@) k|fKt ePsf]df
?=(^,*^). dfq afFsL eO{ c? /sd r'Qmf eO;s]sf]
5 . To;}u/L FBN ##.@^& sf] ?=@)^&!*&.%) dWo]
?=!,#*,*($. dfq afFsL eO{ clwsf+z /sd c;"n
ePsf]df To;nfO{ k|df0fdf lnOPsf] 5}g . ldlt
@)%$.*.@) b]lv @)%%.@.@) ;Dd dfq d afg]Zj/
zfvfdf sfo{/t\ /x]sf], d]/f] sfo{sfndf lwtf] lnO{
shf{ nufgL u/]sf] / ;DalGwt C0fL sDkgLaf6
?=%) s/f]8 /sd c;"npk/ u/]sf] tYonfO{ gx]/L
ePsf] k} m ;nf q' l 6k" 0 f{ 5 . FBN ##.@( sf]
?=%),)),))). ;Ldf leq} /xL k|j| fx ePsf]df ;f]
/sd c;"n eO;s]sf] eGg] r=g+=@@%@ ldlt
@)^!.!).@) sf] kqaf6} :ki6 x'G5 . ;f] s'/fsf]
d" N ofg ul/Psf] 5} g . FBN ##.#&& sf]
?=#!,!^,^#%.@) dWo] ?=(^*^).#$ dfq} afFsL /x]sf]df
;f] /sd klg ljleGg z'Nsafkt ;Dd afFsL /x]sf]
xf] . FBN ##.#&# sf] ?=@^,%),@)). sf] sf/f]jf/
ldlt @)%%.!.* df ePsf]df ;f]sf] c;"n ug]{ Dofb
^ dlxgf /x]sf] / d @)%%.@.@) df ;?jf ePsf]
x'bF f d :jo+n] tfs]tf ug]{ eGg] x'bF g} . d}n] u/]sf]
sf/f]jf/dWo] PXL tk{m k"/} c;"n eO;s]sf] / FBN
tk{m w]/} c;"n eO{ Go"g /sd dfq} afFsL /x]sf]
cj:yfdf dnfO{ s;"/bf/ sfod ug{ ldNb}g . ctM
ljz]if cbfntsf] k}m;nf ab/ u/L cleof]u bfjLaf6
;kmfO kfpFm eGg] k|ltjfbL jL/]Gb|gfy nf]xgLsf]
k'g/fj]bgkq .
k|ltjfbLn] w/f}6 /sd lkmtf{ lbPsf] sfo{af6
e|i6frf/sf] s;"/ u/]sf] eGg] cleof]u bfjLcg';f/
ljz]if cbfntaf6 s;"/bf/ 7x/L ;hfo ePsf]
b]lvg cfof] . k'[g/fj]bsn] /sd lng' lbg' u/L
jb\lgot lrtfO{ e|i6frf/ u/]sf] eGg] s'/fsf] osLg
u/L ;f] s'/fnfO{ k'li6 u/]sf] gb]lvPsf] / k|ltjfbLsf]
jb\lgot, nfk/jfxLn] e|i6frf/hGo sfo{ ePsf]
s'/f k|dfl0ft gePsf] cj:yfdf e|i| 6frf/ lgjf/0f
P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf &-@_ cg';f/sf] s;"/ 7x/ u/L
ljz]if cbfnt sf7df8f}a+ f6 ePsf] k}m;nf g]sfk
@)%@, lg=g+=^)&% / g]=sf=k=@)%$, lg=g+=^$$*
df k|l| tkflbt l;4fGt ;d]tsf] kl/k|I] odf km/s kg{

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

;Sg] b]lv+bf 5nkmnsf] nflu dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]

sfof{nonfO{ ;"rgf lbO{ nufpsf] kmf}=k'=g+=$^^ /
$*( sf d'2f ;d]t ;fy} /fvL k]z ug'{ eGg] ldlt
@)^*.%.@) sf] cfb]z .
lgodadf]lhd k]zL ;"rLdf r9L lg0f{ofy{
k]z ePsf] k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL >Ls[i0f
>]i7sf] tk{maf6 ljfg clwjQmf >L lx/f /]UdLn]
d]/f] kIfsf] xsdf cleof]u nufpFbf sfod ul/Psf]
lauf] c;"n eO;s]sf] eGg] /fli6o jfl0fHo a}s
+ sf]
ldlt @)^!.!).@) r=g+=@@%@ sf] kqaf6 n]lvPsf]df
;f] s'/f gx]/L ;Ldf g3fO{ C0f k|jfx u/]sf] 7x/
ul/Psf] 5 . C0f nufgLsf] ;Ldf gf3]sf] s'g} j:t'ut
k|df0f 5}g . /lhi68{ x/fPsf] eGg] cleof]u
nufOPsf] 5 . /lhi68{sf] lhDdf lng] sd{rf/Lsf]
xsdf dfq ;f] cleof]u :yflkt x'g] xf] . d]/f] kIf
a}s
+ sf] k|aGws ePsf]n] /lhi68{ lghn] /fVg] /
x/fpg] eGg] x'Fb}g . @)%#.&.!^ df afg]Zj/
zfvfaf6 cGoq ;?jf ePkl5 C0fL sDkgLnfO{
k|jfx ul/Psf] C0fsf] ;DaGwdf cleof]u nufO{
lauf] sfod ug'{ q'l6k"0f{ 5 . ;?jf ePkl5 hf/L
ePsf kl/kq pNn+3g u/L C0f k|jfx u/]sf] eGg]
cfwf/ g} unt ePsf] / unt cfwf/df s;"/bf/
sfod u/L h/Ljfgf ug]{ u/]sf] ljz]if cbfntsf]
k}m;nf gldn]sf] x'bF f ;f] k}m;nf pN6L u/L ;kmfO
kfpg' kb{5 eGg] ;d]t ax; ug'e
{ of] .
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL e/taxfb'/ a:g]tsf]
tk{maf6 ljfg clwjQmf >L s'df/dl0f sf]O/fnfn]
shf{sf] ;Ldf pNn3+g u/]sf] egL ljz]if cbfntn]
bf]ifL 7x/ u/]sf]df k"j{ lgof{t shf{sf] ;Ldf
?=%),)),))). -krf; nfv_ / TRC cGtu{t
?=%),)),))). -krf; nfv_ u/L hDdf
?=!,)),)),))). -Ps s/f]8_ sf] ;Ldf /x]sf]df
d]/f] kIfsf] x:tfIf/af6 s]jn ?=!),)),))). -bz
nfv_ dfq C0f k|j| fx ePsf], ;f] afkt C0fLsf]
lwtf] lnO{ ;sf/ ;d]t e};s]sf] s'/fnfO{ d"Nofg
gu/L xr'jfsf] e/df s;"/bf/ sfod u/L h/Ljfgf
ug]{ u/L ljz]if cbfntaf6 ePsf] k}m;nf gldn]sf]
x'bF f pN6L u/L ;kmfO x'gk' b{5 eGg] ;d]t ax;
ug'e
{ of] .

k''g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL jL/]Gb|gfy nf]xgLsf]

tk{maf6 ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmfx >L ;'zLns'df/
kGt / >L gf/fo0faNne kGt tyf ljfg clwjQmf
>L hubLzrGb| kf08]n] xfd|f] kIf zfvf k|d'v
x'Fbfsf] cjlwdf k||jfx ePsf] C0f r'Qmf ug]{
ljifodf C0fL sDkgL :jod\n] /fli6o jfl0fHo
a}s
+ s]Gb|Lo sfof{nodf ldlt @)%&.!).# df lgj]bg
lbO/x]sf] x'Fbf C0f c;"nL ug]{tk{m pbf;Lg /x]sf]
eGg] ljz]if cbfntsf] lg0f{ofwf/ unt 5 . FBN
dfk{mt\ k|fKt /sdx dWo] klg clwsf+z c;"n
eO{ guGo /sd afFsL /x]sf] eGg] r=g+=@@%@
ldlt @)^!.!).@) sf] kqaf6 :ki6 e}/x]sf]df ;f]
s' / fnfO{ a] j f:tf u/L FBN sf] /sd C0fL
sDkgLnfO{ g} e'QmfgL lbPsf] eGg] ljz]if cbfntsf]
7x/ q'l6k"0f{ 5 . cleof]u nufpFbf cfwf/ lnPsf
kl/kqx xfd|f] kIf afg]Zj/ zfvfaf6 ldlt
@)%%.@.@) df ;?jf eO;;s]sf] x'Fbf lghsf]
xsdf cfslif{t x'g ;Sb}gg\ . t;y{ xfd|f] kIfsf]
kfnfdf ePsf] C0f nufgL /sdxdWo] clwsf+z
/sd c;"n ePsf] s'/f ldl;naf6 b]lv+bf b]lv+b}
cfTdk/s ?kdf C0f c;"n ug]{ tk{m rf;f]
gb]vfPsf] egL h/Ljfgf ug]{ u/]sf] k}m;nf pN6L
u/L cleof]u bfjLaf6 ;kmfO x'g'kb{5 eGg] ;d]t
ax; ug'{eof] .
k|ToyL{ jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tk{m{ af6 ljfg
;xGofoflwjQmf >L s[i0fk|;fb kf}8n
] n] k|ltjfbLxn]
C0fL sDkgLnfO{ C0f lb+bf C0fsf] ;Ldf g3fO{
k'/fgf] aSof}tf c;"n gu/L af/Daf/ C0f yKb} uPsf]
t/ c;"npk/ ug]{ tk{m rf;f] gb]vfPsf] sf/0fn]
C0f nufgL ePsf] /sd hf]lvddf k/L /fli6o
jfl0fHo a}s
+ nfO{ xflg gf]S;fgL k'ofPsf] s'/f ldl;n
;+nUg k|df0fxaf6 k'li6 e}/x]sf] cj:yf x'Fbf
k''g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLxnfO{ s;"/bf/ sfod u/L
h/Ljfgf ug]{ u/]sf] ljz]if cbfntsf] k}m;nf
sfg"g;Ddt\ 5 . t;y{ ;f] k}m;nf cGoyf kl/jt{g
ug'k{ g]{ cfjZostf gx'bF f ;b/ x'g' k' b{5 eGg] ;d]t
ax; ug'e
{ of] .
ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLxn] ug'{ ePsf]
ax; lhsL/ ;'gL ;Dk"0f{ ldl;n cWoog ul/of] .

238

*&^& >Ls[i0f >]i7 ;d]t lj=g]kfn ;/sf/

o;df ljz]if cbfntsf] k}m;nf ldn] gldn]sf] s]

/x]5 eGg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvof] .
@= lg0f{otk{m ljrf/ ubf{ k'g' /fj]bs k|ltjfbL
>Ls[i0f >]i7n] cfk"m /fli6o jfl0fHo a}s
+ , afg]Zj/
zfvfsf] k|aGws /x]sf avt C0fL k|ltjfbLnfO{
u}/sfg"gL nfe / a}s
+ nfO{ u}/sfg"gL xflg k'ofpg]
jb\ l gotn] k6s k6s u/L ;fF j f /sd
?=@^,&*,#(%.@) nufgL u/L ;f] ;fFjf tyf ;f]sf]
@)^! c;f] h d;fGt;Ddsf] Aofh
?=%%,$#,%$*.@) ;d] t u/L hDdf lauf]
?=*@,*!,($#.$) a/fa/ a}s
+ nfO{ xflg gf]S;fgL
k'ofPsf], csf{ k''g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL e/taxfb'/
a:g]tn] cfk"m k|aGws / ;xfossf] x}l;otdf ;f]xL
zfvfdf sfo{/t\ /xFbfsf] cjlwdf k6sk6s u/L
csf{ C0fL k|ltjfbL s]jns[i0f vGgfnfO{ u}/sfg"gL
nfe / a}s
+ nfO{ u}/sfg"gL xflg k'ofpg] jb\lgotn]
;fFjf ?=$@,!(,**#.)( / ;f]sf] @)^! c;f]h
d;fGt;Ddsf] Aofh ?=@@,(!,@#&. ;d]t s'n
?=^%,!!,!@).)( lauf] xflg gf]S;fgL k'ofPsf], To:t}
csf{ k'g' /fj]bs k|ltjfbL jL/]Gb|gfy nf]xgLn] ;f]xL
zfvfsf] k|aGws /xFbfsf] cjlwdf C0fL k|ltjfbL
s]jns[i0f vGgfnfO{ u}/sfg"gL nfe / a}+snfO{
u}/sfg"gL xflg gf]S;fgL k'ofpg] jb\lgotn] k6s
k6s u/L ;fFjf ?=##,*%,(%$.*$ / ;f]sf] @)^!
c;f]h d;fGt;Ddsf] x'g] Aofh ?=&,#&,)%). ;d]t
hDdf ?=$!,@#,))$.*$ a/fa/sf] /sd xflg
gf]S;fgL k'ofPsf] eGb} ;fljs e|i| 6frf/ lgjf/0f
P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf &-@_, !# @( tyf xfn k|rlnt
e|i| 6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf * sf] pkbkmf
-!_ sf] -5_ -h_ -em_ ;f]xL pkbkmf -#_, bkmf !@ /
!& ;d]tadf]lhd ;hfo x'g\ dfu bfjL lnO{
cleof]ukq k]z ePsf] b]lvg cfpF5 .
To;}u/L k|ltjfbLxdWo] lblnks'df/
>]i7n] ljuf] ?=!^,$*,*@&#&. k|ltjfbL uLtf
k/fh'nLn] ljuf] ?=!,#^,^&,@%%. k|ltjfbL dx]Gb|eQm
k|wfgfn] lauf] ?=&,#@,%%,!#!.)#, k|ltjfbL
afnk|;fb Gof}kfg]n] lauf] ?=*,$@,@&,!)#.!$
a/fa/sf] /sd C0fL k|ltjfbL s]jns[i0f vGgfnfO{
nufgL ubf{ C0fLnfO{ u}/sfg"gL nfe / a}s
+ nfO{
239

u}/sfg"gL gf]S;fgL k'ofpg] jb\lgotk"js

{ nufgL
u/L e|i6frf/ u/]sf] eGb} ;f]xL cfwf/df lghxpk/
;hfo x'g' k' b{5 eGg] cleof]u /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
C0fL k|ltjfbL s]jns[i0f vGgf d'Vo
;~rfns /x]sf] g]kfn k|fk] m]zgn ufd]G{ 6 k|f=ln= n]
cf=a=@)%@.)%# b]lv @)%* ;Dddf /fli6o jfl0fHo
a}+s, afg]Zj/ zfvfaf6 k|aGws >Ls[i0f >]i7,
e/taxfb'/ a:g]t, jL/]Gb|gfy nf]xgL, =bLlnks'df/
>]i7 ;d]tsf] sfo{sfndf k6s k6s shf{ lnPsf]
s"n ljuf] !*,)),#@,@^%.($ glt/L cfk"mnfO{
u}/sfg"gL nfe / a}s
+ nfO{ u}/sfg"gL xflg gf]S;fgL
k'ofPsf] eGb} lgh k|ltjfbL s]jns[i0f vGgfpk/
;fljs e|i| 6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf * /
@( tyf xfn k|rlnt e|i| 6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%(
sf] bkmf * sf] pkbkmf -$_ adf]lhd ;hfo x'g\
egL cleof]u nufOPsf] b]lvof] .
k|ltjfbLdWo]sf s]jns[i0f vGgf, uLtf
k/fh'nL, dx]Gb|eQm k|wfgf / afnk|;fb Gof}kfg]n]
z'? Dofb} u'hf/L a;]sf, lghxdWo] s]jns[i0f
vGgfnfO{ @ aif{ s} b u/L lghaf6 ljuf]
?=!*,)),#@,@^%.($ e/fO{ kfpg] / k|ltjfbLx
>Ls[i0f >]i7, e/taxfb'/ a:g]t, jL/]Gb|gfy nf]xgL
tyf cGo k|ltjfbLx bLlnks'df/ >]i7, uLtf
k/fh'nL, dx]Gb|eQm k|wfgf / afnk|;fb Gof}kfg]nfO{
hgxL ?=%))). h/Ljfgf x'g] u/L ljz]if cbfntaf6
k}m;nf ePsf]df ;f] k}m;nfpk/ k|ltjfbLx >Ls[i0f
>]i7, e/taxfb'/ a:g]t / jL/]Gb|gfy nf]xgLsf]
tk{maf6 k'g/fj]bg k/L lg0f{ofy{ k]z ePsf] b]lvof]
/ d"ntM k'g/fj]g ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ug'k{ g]{ blvg
cfof] .
#= ldl;n ;+nUg cleof]ukq nufotsf
sfuhftxsf] cWoog u/L x] b f{ k' ' g /fj] b s
k|ltjfbLx >Ls[i0f >]i7, e/taxfb'/ a:g]t /
jL/]Gb|gfy nf]xgLpk/ Pp6} sf/f]jf/sf] laifodf
cleof]u nufOPsf] geO{ lghx /fli6o jfl0fHo
a}s
+ , afg]Zj/ zfvfdf k|aGws /xFbfsf] cjlwdf
lghxn] csf{ k|ltjfbL s]jns[i0f vGgf k|dv
'
;~rfns /x]sf] kmf]km] zgn ufd]G{ 6 k|f=ln=nfO{ ljleGg
;dodf C0f k|jfx u/]sf] 5'f'5' } sf/f]jf/sf] laifodf

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

cleof]u nufOPsf] cj:yf x'bF f ;j{ky| d k'g' /fj]bs

k| l tjfbL >Ls[ i 0f >] i 7sf] xsdf n7fOPsf]
cleof]ubfjL Pj+ lghsf] k'' g/fj]bg lhsL/sf
;Gbe{df ljrf/ ug'k{ g]{ x'g cfPsf] 5 . ;f] ;DaGwdf
x]bf{ k'g' /fj]bs k|ltjfbL >Ls[i0f >]i7 k|aGws /x]sf]
;dodf lghsf] b:tvtaf6 /fli6o jfl0fHo a}s
+ ,
zfvf sfof{no afg]Zj/dfk{mt\ C0fL k|ltjfbL
s]jns[i0f vGgf d'Vo ;~rfns /x]sf] g]kfn
k| f ] k ] m zgn ufd] { G 6\ ; k| f =ln=sf] gfddf
Pn=;L=g+=#!.!)) af6 ldlt ;g\ !((^.@.!@ df
o';fG; Pn=;L=vf]lnPsf]df ;f]afkt ljb]zL a}s
+ nfO{
e'QmfgL k7fPsf] ;fFjf ?=%(#)&.@$ c;"n x'g
g;s]sf] eGg] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L Pn=;L=g+=#!.^&%
af6 ldlt ;g\ !((^.%.% df o'=P;=8n/ !,!*,%)).
sf] o' ; fG; Pn=;L=vf] l nPsf] d f o' = P;=8n/
%,@!).$) dfqsf] ;fdfg cfoft eO{ o'=P;=8n/
##,@(.^) sf] ;fdfg cfoft g} geO{ ckrng
ePsf] tyf a}+sn] ;DalGwt Beneficiary nfO{
o'=P;=8n/ #()%%.!^ e'QmfgL lbPsf] x'Fbf ;f]
a/fa/sf] ?=@@,#&,*^!.@$ c;"n x'g afFsL /x]sf]
b]lvG5 . Pn=;L= g+=#@.!!^ af6 ;g\ !((^.(.% df
o'=P;=8n/ %&,%)). sf] o';fG; Pn=;L= vf]lnPsf]df
;f] afktsf] ?=#,*!,@@^.(^ C0fL k|ltjfbLaf6
c;"npk/ x'g g;s]sf] eGg] b]lvG5 . o;/L k|ltjfbL
>Ls[i0f >]i7sf] b:tvtaf6 vf]lnPsf pko'{Qm
Pn=;L=g+= #!.!)), #!.^&% / #@.!!^ af6 C0fL
k|ltjfbL s]jns[i0f vGgf;+u AOC shf{afkt s'n
?=@^,&*,#(%.@) nufgL ePsf] tYodf s'g} ljjfb
b]lvg cfPg .
$= pko'{Qmadf]lhdsf Pn=;L=af6 C0f
k|jfx ubf{ C0fL k|ltjfbL s]jns[i0f vGgf d'Vo
;~rfns /x]sf] g]kfn k|fk] m] zgn ufd]G{ 6 k|f=ln=sf
gfddf vf]lnPsf cGo ljleGg ldltsf Pn=;L=
dfk{mt\ nufgL ePsf] /sd e'QmfgL x'g afFsL g}
/x]sf] / To:tf] k"j{ ldltsf] Pn=;L= dfk{mt\ nufgL
ul/Psf] /sd c;"n gx'bF } k|ltjfbL >Ls[i0f >]i7sf]
b:tvtaf6 vf]lnPsf #!.!)), #!.^&% / #@.!!^
sf] Pn=;L= dfk{mt\ cleof]u bfjLdf plNnlvt s"n
?=@^,&*,#(%.@) /sd pxL kf6L{nfO{ yk shf{

k|jfx u/]sf] b]lvg cfpF5 . To;/L Pn=;L= dfk{mt\

C0f k|jfx ubf{ C0fL sDkgLsf] nflu /fli6o jfl0fHo
a} + s , s] G b| L o sfof{ n on] tf] l slbPsf] ljleGg
sf/f]jf/tk{msf] C0f nufgLsf] xb cyf{t\ ;Ldf
;d]t k|ltjfbL sfo{/t\ zfvf sfof{nodf pknAw
u/fOPsf] tYo ldl;n ;+nUg sfuhftxaf6
b]lvG5 . t/ pQm C0fL sDkgLnfO{ k6s k6s C0f
k|jfx ubf{ ljleGg zLif{ssf] clwstd\ ;Ldf s]
slt xf] eGg] tk{m k|ltjfbLn] oyf;dodf Wofg lbO{
cfk"mn] C0f k|jfx ug'{ k"j{ ;f] ;Ldf jf xb :jo+
b]lvg] u/L s'g} clen]v /fv]sf] jf ;f] C0f
sf/f]jf/nfO{ To:tf] ;Ldf;+u le8fO{ osLg u/]sf]
eGg] b]lvb}g . o;sf cltl/Qm k'g' /fj]bs k|ltjfbLn]
C0fL k|ltjfbL;+u AOC sf/f]jf/ ubf{sf cj:yfdf
;f]eGbf cufl8 ljleGg ;dodf Pn=;L= vf]nL k|jfx
ul/Psf] ljleGg zLif{ssf] C0fsf] c;"nLtk{m s'g}
sf/jfxL u/]sf] klg b]lvFbg} . To:tf] k'/fgf] C0f
afFsL 5Fbf5Fb} cfgf] sfo{sfndf yk Pn=;L= vf]nL
Pp6} C0fL kf6L{nfO{ k6s k6s C0f k|jfb ub}{
hfFbf cfk"mn] k|jfx u/]sf] C0f Pj+ klxn]bl] vsf]
aSof}tf C0f c;"npk/ x'g;Sg] u/L C0fLsf] crn
;DklQ 5'} lwtf] lnPsf] cj:yf klg b]lvFb}g .
plNnlvt Pn=;L= dfk{mt\ C0fL k|ltjfbLnfO{ shf{
k|jfx u/]sf] ldltd} ;f] shf{ k|jfxsf] clen]v
cWofjlws ?kdf /fVg'kg]d
{ f ;f] gu/L /sd e'QmfgL
u/]sf] ldlteGbf k5fl8 dfq ;f] sf/f]jf/ ;DalGwt
vftfdf k|ljli6 (Posting) u/]sf] cj:yf ;d]t
ldl;n ;+nUg /fli6o jfl0fHo a}s
+ af6 k|fKt 5fgaLg
k|ltj]bg ;lxtsf k|df0f sfuhxaf6 b]lvPsf]
5 . o:tf] l:yltdf C0fL k|ltjfbLaf6 C0f k|j| fx
ePs} lbg b]lv a}s
+ nfO{ k|fKt x'g] Aofh ;d]tdf
gsf/fTds c;/ k'us
] f] cj:yf b]lvPsf] 5 .
%= k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLn] cfkm\gf] sfo{sfndf
Pn=;L=vf]nL /sd nufgL ubf{ ;f]eGbf cufl8
;f]xL kf6L{nfO{ k6sk6s C0f nufgL eO{ c;"n
x'g afFsL /x]sf] s'/f yfxf gkfPsf] eGg] cj:yf
klg b]lvFb}g . o;/L cfkm\gf] kfnfdf C0f nufgL
ubf{ cfk"mn] nufgL u/]sf] ;f] C0fnfO{ ;'/lIft
?kdf c;"npk/ ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu k|rlnt

240

*&^& >Ls[i0f >]i7 ;d]t lj=g]kfn ;/sf/

P]g, lgod Pj+ a}+ls gLlt, lgb]{zg / kl/kqx

adf]lhd C0fL k|ltjfbLsf] crn ;DklQ 5'} ?kdf
lwtf] lnO{ dfq C0f nufgL ug' { k g] { bfloTj
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLsf] xf] eGg] s'/fdf s'g} ljjfb
x'g ;Qm}g . t/ cfkm\gf] sfo{sfndf vf]lnPsf
Advanced on credit shf{ s f k| t Ltkqxsf]
/sdsf] C0f k|jfx ug'{ k"j{ ;f]xL kf6L{nfO{ cfkm\gf]
a}+saf6 k"j{ ldltxdf k|jfx ePsf C0fx r'Qmf
ePsf] 5, 5}g / cfk"mn] yk sf/f]jf/ ubf{ a}+ssf]
;DklQ kl5 ;'/lIft ?kdf c;"n x'g] cj:yf 5,
5}g eGg]tkm{ ;r]t eO{ To;/L C0f k|jfx u/]sf]
;a} sf/f] j f/xsf] kf/bzL{ , oyfy{ k /s /
ljZj;gLo ?kdf lx;fj lstfa /fvL yk C0f
k|jfx ug'{ cf}lrTok"0f{ ePdf dfq} Pp6} kf6L{nfO{
yk Pn=;L= vf]nL C0f k|jfx ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . t/
ljjflbt Pn=;L=dfkm{t\ k|jfx u/]sf] C0f /sdsf]
;DalGwt vftf axL C0f k|jfx u/]s} ldltdf
g/fvL l9nf] u/L vftfdf lx;fj r9fPsf] eGg]
k| f Kt k| d f0fxaf6 b] l vF b f C0f nufgLdf
lhDd]jf/Lk"j{s sfd ePsf] kfOb}g .
^= o;sf cltl/Qm k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLn]
cfkm\gf] sfo{sfndf k|ltjfbLdWo]s} s]jns[i0f
vGgf d'Vo ;~rfns /x]sf] g]kfn k|f]km]zgn
ufd]{G6;\ k|f=ln=nfO{ Pn=;L=dfkm{t\ C0f k|jfx ubf{
To;sf] clwstd ;Ldf jf xb s] slt xf] eGg]
tYo :ki6 ?kdf b]lvg] u/L ;Ldf pkef]u /lhi6/
/fvL C0fsf] ;Ldf gf3]sf] 5 jf 5}g x]/L hfFrL
;Ldfleq} /x]sf] / klxn]sf] C0f c;"n eO{ jf
c;"n x'g] u/L ;'/lIft ul/Psf] eGg] b]lvP kl5
yk lwtf] lnO{ shf{ k|jfxsf] nflu yk Pn=;L=vf]Ng'
kg]{df To:tf] ;Ldf pkef]u /lhi6/ ;DaGwdf
plrt Wofg glbO{ Pskl5 csf]{ ?kdf Pn=;L= yk
vf]nL c;'/lIft tj/n] C0f k|jfx u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
To;/L 5'} lwtf] glbO{ k|jfx ePsf] C0f ;b}j
hf]lvddf kg]{ eGg] s'/f oL k'g/fj]bsnfO{ yfxf
gx'g] eGg] x'Fb}g . a}+ssf] zfvf k|aGws h:tf]
lhDd]jf/ cf]xbfdf a;]sf] k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLn]
cfk"mn] C0f k|jfx ubf{ clgjfo{ ?kdf lwtf] lnO{
;'/lIft ?kdf nufgL ug'{kg]{ kbLo st{Joljk/Lt
241

ljgf lwtf] Pp6} kf6L{nfO{ klxn]b]lvsf] C0f c;"n

x'g afFsL /x]s} cj:yfdf k6sk6s Pn=;L=vf]Nb}
yk C0f k|jfx ug'{af6 lghn] c;n lgot ;fy
;f] ljjflbt k|tLtkqx vf]n]sf] gb]lvO{ C0fL
k|ltjfbL;Fu ldn]dtf] u/L a}+snfO{ xflg gf]S;fgL
k'ofpg] ;d]tsf] jb\lgot /fvL ;f] sfo{ u/]sf]
dfGg' kg]{ x'G5 .
&= hxfF;Dd lgh k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL ldlt
@)%#.&.!^ ;Dddfq afg]Zj/ zfvfdf /x]sf]
x'Fbf cleof]u bfjLdf pNn]v u/]sf] kl/kq ;f]
ldlteGbf k5fl8 hf/L ePsf] x'Fbf kl5 ul/Psf]
kl/kq pNn+3g u/]sf] eGg ldNb}g eGg] lgh
tkm{sf ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLsf] ts{ /x]sf] 5,
;f] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ /fli6o jfl0fHo a}+s,
s]Gb|Lo sfof{no, a}+s Joj;fo ljefusf] ldlt
@)$*.!@.#) sf] kl/kq g+= #!.)$*.)$( dfkm{t\
dftxtsf zfvf sfof{ n oxsf k| a GwsnfO{
;Daf]wg u/L lbPsf] lgb]{zgdf cfoft k|tLtkq
sf/f]jf/ ug]{ a}+ssf ljZj:t u|fxsn] k|tLtkq
vf] n L lemsfPsf] ;fdfg g] k fn ;Ldf;Dd
cfO;s] k l5 a9Ldf () lbgleq k| t Ltkqsf]
/sddf dflh{g s6fO{ x'g] ;fFjf Aofh a'emfpg]
u/L tf]lsPsf] lnvt u/fO{ u|fxssf] of]Uotf
a'emL ljnDj e'QmfgL ;'ljwf k|bfg ug]{ / o;/L
lbOg] ;'ljwf k"0f{tM u|fxssf] ljZjgLotfdf e/
kg]{ x'Fbf o:tf] ;'ljwfo'Qm k|tLtkq vf]Nbf g} ;f]
/sd vfDg] ;'/If0f lng'kg]{ 5 . ;'/If0fafkt
a}+s d'2tL /l;b, g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ljsf; C0fkq,
artkq cyjf a}+snfO{ dfGo x'g] crn ;DklQ
/Ltk"j{s lng'kg]{ 5 . ;'/If0fafkt crn ;DklQ
ePdf u|fxssf] ljZj;gLotf / sf/f]jf/ x]/L
d"NofFlst /sdsf] %) b]lv &) k|ltzt;Dd
;'ljwf lbg ;lsg] egL :ki6 lgb]{zg lbPsf]
b]lvG5 . ;f]xL ljefusf] ldlt @)%).$.@! sf]
kl/kq g+= %.)%).%! ;d]taf6 ljnDj e'QmfgL
jf o';fG; cfoft k|tLtkq vf]Ng' kbf{ Go"gtd\
gub dflh{g afx]s afFsL /sdsf nflu k"/} yk
;'/If0f lnP/ dfq ;Ldfleq /xL cfoft k|tLtkq
vf]Ng ;lsg] egL lgb]{zg lbOPsf] b]lvg cfpF5 .

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

*= plNnlvt kl/kqxsf] kfngf ug'{kg]{

lhDd]jf/L k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL ;d]tsf] ePsf]
eGg]df s'g} ljjfb 5}g . tTkZrft\ hf/L ePsf]
r=g+= @^ ldlt @)%#.!@.*, r=g+= @)%*.!.@)
tyf r=g+= #@ ldlt @)%*.#.!@ sf kl/kqxn]
;d]t dfly plNnlvt @)$*.!@.#) sf] kl/kq /
@)%).$.@! sf] kl/kqnfO{ cGoyf u/]sf] geO{
yk lgb]z
{ gx lbPsf] eGg] b]lvG5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf
@)$*.!@.#) sf] kl/kqf/f Pn=;L=vf]Nbf ;'/If0f
lnO{ C0f /sd c;"n x'g] cfwf/ v8f u/L dfq
nufgL ug'{kg]{ u/L zfvf k|aGwsxnfO{ lglb{i6
ul//x]sf] Joj:yf lg/Gt/ sfod} /x]sf] cj:yf
b]lvof] . t/ ljjflbt Pn=;L=vf]Nbf ;f]cg'k
;'/If0fsf] plrt Joj:Yff g} gu/L xr'jf cfwf/df
C0f k|jfx u/]sf] / To;/L k|jfx ul/Psf] /sdsf]
;fFjf Jofh c;"npk/ x'g g;sL a}+snfO{ k|ToIf
?kdf xflg gf]S;fgL ;d]t kg{ uPsf] b]lvof] .
t;y{ k' g /fj] b s k| l tjfbL >Ls[ i 0f >] i 7n]
Advanced on credit (AOC) shf{ g+= #!.!)),
#!.^&% / #@.!!^ dfkm{t\ k|jfx u/]sf] C0fsf]
sf/f]jf/ c;n lgot;fy ePsf] gb]lvFbf cleof]u
bfjLaf6 ;kmfO kfpg' k5{ eGg] lghsf] k'g/fj]bg
lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sg] b]lvPg .
(= csf{ k|ltjfbL e/taxfb'/ a:g]tsf]
xsdf ljrf/ ubf{ lgh /fli6o jfl0fHo a}+s ,
afg]Zj/ zfvfsf] n]vf clws[t kbdf sfo{/t\
/x]sf] eGg] b]lvPsf] / lghn] zfvfsf] k|aGwssf]
x}l;otdf k"j{ lgof{t shf{ tkm{ ?=%,)),))).
-kfFr nfv_ / P=cf]=;L=tkm{ %,^(,^*#.)( tyf
;xfossf] x} l ;otaf6 k" j { lgof{ t tkm{
?=%,)),))). -kfF r nfv_ / Foreign Bill
Negotiation (FBN) tkm{ ?=@^,%),@)). ;d]t u/L
s" n /sd ?=$@,!(,**#.)( C0fL k| l tjfbL
s]jns[i0f vGgf d'Vo ;~rfns /x]sf] g]kfn
k|f]km]zgn ufd]{G6;\nfO{ C0f k|jfx u/L e|i6frf/
u/]sf] eGg] cleof]u b]lvG5 . ldl;n cWoog
ubf{ lgof{ t tkm{ s f] shf{ g+ = ##.!^ dfkm{ t \
k|aGwssf] x}l;otdf ?=%,)),))). ;xfossf]

x}l;otdf shf{ g+= ##.&( af6 ?=%,)),))). tyf

Foreign Bill Negotiation tkm{ shf{ g+= ##.@&#
af6 ?=@^,%),@)). / Advanced on Credit tkm{
k| a Gwss} x} l ;otn] shf{ g+ = ##.@## af6
?=%,^(,^*#.)( ;d] t hDdf ;fF j f
?=$@,!(,**#.)( C0fL k| l tjfbL s] j ns[ i 0f
vGgfnfO{ C0f k|jfx u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;f] sf/f]jf/
u/]sf] tYonfO{ cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf / cbfntdf
;d]t k|ltjfbLn] :jLsf/ u/]sf] / To;/L C0f
k|jfx ug]{ l;nl;nfdf k"j{ lgof{t tkm{ 5'} lwtf]
lng'kg]{ kl/kqsf] Joj:Yff cg';f/ 5'} lwtf] lnPsf]
b]lvFb}g . lghn] ;f] C0f lbg' eGbf cufl8 ePsf
ljleGg sf/f]jf/af6 k|jfx ePsf] C0f /sd c;"n
x'g afFsL g} /x]sf] cj:Yffdf To;/L k"j{ lgof{t
shf{ zLif{sdf Pn=;L=vf]nL yk C0f lbPsf]
b]lvG5 .
!)= To;}u/L Foreign Bill Negotiation
tkm{sf] sf/f]jf/df klg k"j{ C0f c;"n x'g afFsL
x'Fb} yk C0f lbPsf] / To:tf] FBN sf/f]jf/df
clgjfo{ ?kdf ;+nUg x'g'kg]{ Bill of Lading ,
Airways Bill nufotsf sfuhftx ;+nUg u/L
Shipment Date leq k7fPkl5 To:tf] Foreign
Bill v/Lb ug'{kg]{df ;f] sfuhftxsf] cefjd}
Bill v/Lb u/L a} + l s gLlt lgod / k| f Kt
kl/kqxsf] ljk/Lt pQm sf/f]jf/ u/]sf] b]lvg
cfpF5 . Advanced on Credit tkm{sf] Back to Back
Pn=;L= vf]Nbf C0fL k|ltjfbLsf] kmd{n] lgof{t
u/]sf] ;fdfgsf] /sd cfoftstf{af6 k|fKt ePkl5
Pn=;L=sf] /sd e'QmfgL lbg'kg]{df cfoftstf{n]
/sd e'QmfgL gub}{ Pn=;L=sf] /sd e'QmfgL u/]sf]
b]lvPsf] x'Fbf To:tf] sf/f]jf/af6 k|ltjfbLn] a}+ssf]
lng'kg]{ /sd ;'/lIft ug]{tkm{ rf;f] lbPsf] eGg
;lsb}g .
!!= plNnlvt Pn=;L=g+= xaf6 C0f k|jfx
ubf{ C0fL k|ltjfbLsf] kmd{n] lnPsf] ;f]eGbf cufl8sf
shf{xsf] /sd c;"n x'g afFsL g} /xL ;fFjf /
Aofh a9\b} uO/x]sf] b]lVfFbf b]lvFbs
} f] cj:yfdf To:tf]
k"j{ sf/f]jf/ /sd c;"n gu/L yk Pn=;L=vf]nL

242

*&^& >Ls[i0f >]i7 ;d]t lj=g]kfn ;/sf/

Ps dfly csf]{ sf/f]jf/af6 C0f /sd yk ub}{

hfFbf ;du|df cfk"m sfo{/t\ a}s
+ sf] nufgL c;'/lIft
x'g\ uO{ xflg gf]S;fgL x'G5 eGg] tYo k'g/fj]bsnfO{
hfgsf/L gx'g] ljifo xf]Og . t/ k'g/fj]bs
k|ltjfbLn] cfkm\gf] kfnfdf Pn=;L=vf]nL C0f k|jfx
ubf{ C0fL kf6L{sf] clwstd ;Ldf, nufgL ul/Psf]
C0fsf] l:ylt, ;f] C0f c;"n x'g;Sg] cj:yf /
To;afkt clgjfo{ ?kdf lng'kg]{ lwtf] jf ;'/If0f
lng]tkm{ rf;f] gb]vfO{ s]jn kf6L{sf] ljZj;gLotf
/x]sf] eGg] cfwf/n] dfq C0f k|jfx u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
o;sf cltl/Qm Pp6} kf6L{ jf kmd{nfO{ k6s k6s
yk C0f k|jfx ubf{ klxn]sf] C0fafktsf] ;fFjf
Jofh c;"nLtkm{ sf/jfxL u/L jf cfk"mn] yk C0f
lbFbf klxn]sf] ;fFjf Jofh sf u/L dfq C0f yk
ug'k{ g]{ ;fdfGo a}ls lgod ;d]tnfO{ j]jf:tf u/L
k'/fgf] aSof}tf dfly yk C0f k|jfx u/]af6 k'g/fj]bs
k|ltjfbLn] c;n lgot ;fy ljjflbt sf/f]jf/ u/]sf]
eGg] b]lvPg .
!@= hxfF ; Dd k' g /fj] b s k| l tjfbLsf]
kfnfdf k|jfx ul/Psf] C0f c;"n ePsf] x'Fbf
s;"/ sfod x'g ;Qm}g eGg] lgh tkm{sf ljfg
sfg"g Joj;foLsf] ts{ 5 ;f] af/]df ljrf/ ubf{
/fli6o jfl0fHo a}+s zfvf sfof{no afg]Zj/sf]
r=g+= @@%@ ldlt @)^!.!).@) sf] kqaf6 C0fL
k|ltjfbL s]jns[i0f vGgfnfO{ ljleGg Pn=;L=
vf]nL k|jfx ul/Psf] C0fx dWo] oL k'g/fj]bs
k|ltjfbLsf] kfnfdf vf]lnPsf ljjflbt Pn=;L=
g+= ##.!^, ##.&(, ##.@&# ;d]tsf] ;fFjf Aofhsf]
/sd dWo] C0fL k|ltjfbLsf] lwtf] d"Nofg u/L
a}+sn] ;sf/ ubf{sf avt pko'{Qm Pn=;L=sf] ;fFjf
Aofh k"/} c;"n x'g ;s]sf] eGg] gb]lvO{ a}+ssf]
aSof}tf /lx/x]sf] eGg] b]lvPsf] 5 . ;f]af6 klg
ljjflbt Pn=;L=x vf]Nbf k|rlnt P]g, lgod /
kl/kqcg'k C0fLsf] crn ;DklQsf] jf:tljs
d"Nofg gu/L k|jfx ePsf] C0f hf]lvdo'Qm
cj:Yfdf g} k|jfx ul/Psf] eGg] b]lvg cfpF5 .
klxnf g} k|jfx ePsf] C0fafkt /flvPsf] lwtf]nfO{
g} kl5af6 Pn=;L= vf]Nbf cfwf/ agfO{ Pskl5
243

csf]{ ub}{ yk Pn=;L= vf]nL cga/t ?kdf C0f

k|jfx ug]{ t/ To;/L C0f k|jfx ubf{ ;f] C0f /
a}+sn] C0f c;"n ug'{kg]{ u/L tf]lsPsf] Dofb;Dd
x'g cfpg] Aofh ;d]t vfDg ;Sg] u/L 5'f5'}
lwtf] eg] glng'af6} k|ltjfbLsf] c;n lgot /x]sf]
dfGg ;lsb}g .
!#= o;sf cltl/Qm k|ltjfbLn] C0f k|jfx
ubf{sf] avt k|rlnt sfg"g Pj+ a}l+ s gLlt, lgod
/ kl/kqsf] kfngf ePsf] lyof] jf lyPg eGg] k|dv
'
ljifo x'g cfpF5 . cfk"mn] sf/f]jf/ ubf{sf avt
cfkm\gf] kbLo st{Jo cg'ksf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f gu/L
nfk/afxLk"j{s C0f k|jfx u/]sf]df s]xL ;fFjf
/sd;Dd c;"n ePklg a}s
+ sf] n]gf afFsL g} b]lvPsf]
cj:yfdf kl5af6 C0f c;"nL ePsf] eGg] dfq
cfwf/n] ;f] sfdsf/jfxLn] j}wtf k|fKt ug]{ jf
k|ltjfbLsf] c;n lgot :yflkt x'G5 eGg] xf]Og .
d" n tM C0fsf] sf/f] j f/df C0f k| j fx ug] {
kbflwsf/Lsf] sfdsf/jfxL k|rlnt sfg"gsf] /Lt
k'ofO{ c;n lgotsf ;fy a}s
+ sf] nufgL ;'/lIft
ug]{ u/L ePsf] xf] xf]Og eGg] tYoaf6 dfq} To:tf]
kbflwsf/Lsf] c;n jf jb\lgot :yflkt x'g] ub{5 .
k|:t't ljjfbdf k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLn] u/]sf]
sf/f]jf/df a}ls gLlt lgod / kl/kqxsf] kfngf
ePsf] eGg] b]lvFbg} . t;y{ k5fl8 C0f c;"n ePsf]
eGg] dfq cfwf/af6 tTsfnsf] cj:yfdf k|ltjfbLn]
clgoldt tj/af6 u/]sf] C0f k|jfxsf] sfo{sf]
bfloTjaf6 k|ltjfbLn] pGd'lQm kfpg ;Sg] x'bF g} .
ctM ldl;n k|df0faf6 k|ltjfbL e/taxfb'/ a:g]tsf]
kfnfdf ePsf ljjflbt shf{sf] sf/f]jf/df ldlt
@)$*.!@.#) sf] kl/kq g+= #! ;d]tsf] kfngf
ePsf] eGg] gx'Fbf lghn] u/]sf] sf/f]jf/ c;n
lgot ;fy ePsf] dfGg ldNg] / cleof]u bfjLaf6
k"0f{tM ;kmfO kfpg ;Sg] b]lvPg .
!$= k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL jL/]Gb|gfy nf]xgLsf]
xsdf ljrf/ ubf{ lgh /fli6o jfl0fHo a}s
+ , afg]Zj/
zfvfsf] k|aGws /x]sf] ;dodf C0fL k|ltjfbL
s]jns[i0f vGgf d'Vo ;~rfns /x]sf] g]kfn
k|fk] m]zgn ufd]G{ 6;\ k|f=ln=sf] gfddf k"j{ lgof{t

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

shf{ tkm{ / Foreign Bill Negotiation ;d]t tkm{

u/L ljleGg Pn=;L=vf]nL s"n ?=##,*%,(%$.*$
sf] C0f k|jfx u/]sf] / To;/L C0f k|jfx ubf{ 5'}
lwtf] glnO{ a}s
+ sf] nufgL c;"n gx'g] u/L C0f
lbPsf] x'bF f a}s
+ nfO{ xflg gf]S;fgL k'Ug uPsf] eGg]
d'Vo cleof]u bfjL /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
!%= ldl;nsf] cWoog ubf{ k'g/fj]bs
k|ltjfbLsf] kfnfdf k"j{ lgof{tshf{ tkm{ shf{ g+=
##.@( af6 ?=%,)),))). Foreign Bill Negotiation
tkm{ shf{ g+= ##.#&#, ##.#&& / ##.#^& ;d]taf6
hDdf ?=@*,*%,(%$.*$ u/L s" n ;fF j f
?=##,*%,(%$.*$ sf] sf/f]jf/ ul/Psf] b]lvG5 .
;f] dWo] k"j{ lgof{t shf{tkm{sf] sf/f]jf/df 5'}
lwtf] /flvPsf] b]lvFbg} . ;f] k"j{ lgof{t shf{ lng]
C0fL k|ltjfbLsf] ;fdfg lgof{t eO{ ;f]sf] k|df0fx
k|fKt ePkl5 Foreign Bill Negotiation u/L k|fKt
x'g] /sdaf6 C0fL k|ltjfbLnfO{ e'QmfgL ubf{ a}s
+ sf]
lng afFsL /sd c;"n u/L afFsL /sddfq lkmtf{
ug'k{ g]{ st{Jo k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL ;d]tsf] /x]sf]
tYodf ljjfb 5}g . t/ To;/L a}+ssf] lng'kg]{
/sd c;"n g} gu/L C0fL k|ltjfbLnfO{ k"j{ lgof{t
shf{sf] k"/} /sd k|jfx u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
!^= To;} u/L Foreign Bill Negotiation
tkm{sf] sf/f]jf/ x]bf{ ;f] sf/f]jf/sf] l;nl;nfdf
C0fL k|ltjfbLn] k"j{ lgof{t shf{ afkt lnPsf]
C0f /sd s6fO{ afFsL x'g cfpg] /sd dfq
e'QmfgL ug'{kg]{ a}ls gLlt Pj+ kl/kq /x]sf]
b]lvG5 . t/ FBN sf] shf{df ;f] cg'k k"j{
lgof{ttkm{sf] shf{ /sd s6fpg] ;DaGwdf s'g}
sf/jfxL gu/L FBN af6 k|fKt ;a} /sd C0fL
k|ltjfbLsf] vftfdf hDdf ul/lbPsf] / To;af6
a}+ssf] s"n c;"n x'g'kg]{ /sd -Outstanding_
a9\b} uPsf] cj:Yff b]lvG5 . FBN sf/f]jf/df
clgjfo{ ?kdf x]g'{kg]{ Bill of lading, Airways Bill
/ Shipment Date ;d]tdf ljrf/ k'ofP/ dfq}
;f] afktsf] /sd ;DalGwt kf6L{nfO{ e'QmfgL
ug'k{ g]d
{ f ;f] k|lqmoftkm{ k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLn] Wofg
lbO{ k|lqmof;Ddt\ ?kdf ;f] zLif{ssf] /sd e'QmfgL

u/]sf] b]lvFb}g . oL ;du| cj:Yffxaf6 k'g/fj]bs

k| l tjfbL jL/] G b| g fy nf] x gLn] C0fL k| l tjfbL
s]jns[i0f vGgf;Fusf] a}ls sf/f]jf/df cfk"m
sfo{/t\ a}+ssf] n]gf c;"nLtkm{ Wofg glbO{ k'/fgf]
n]gf /sd afFsL g} /xFbf/xFb} Pskl5 csf]{ x'g]
u/L ;du|df cfk"m sfo{/t\ a}+ssf] n]gf aSof}tf
-Outstanding_ a9fpFb} hfg] sfo{df k|ToIf ?kdf
;l/s eO{ a} + s nfO{ xflg gf] S ;fgL / C0fL
k|ltjfbLnfO{ cg'lrt ?kdf kmfObf k'Ug] sfo{df
;+nUg /xg uPsf] b]lvFbf lgh k|ltjfbL ;d]tn]
cf/f]lkt cleof]uaf6 k"0f{tM pGd'lQm kfpg] cj:Yff
b]lvPg .
!&= ctM dfly ljj]rgf ul/Psf cfwf/
k|df0fxaf6 k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLx >Ls[i0f >]i7,
e/taxfb'/ a:g]t / jL/]Gb|gfy nf]xgLsf] kfnfdf
k|ltjfbLdWo]sf s]jns[i0f vGgf d'Vo ;~rfns
/x]sf] g]kfn k|fk] m]zgn ufd]G{ 6;\ k|f=ln=sf gfddf
ul/Psf shf{sf] sf/f]jfxdf a}l+ s lgod gLlt
Pj+ ldlt @)$*.!@.#) sf] kl/kq g+= #!.)$*.)$(
/ tTkZrft\ hf/L ePsf ljleGg kl/kqx ;d]tsf]
kfngf geO{ clgoldt ?kdf shf{ k|jfx u/L /fli6o
jfl0fHo a}s
+ nfO{ u}/sfg"gL ?kdf xflg gf]S;fgL /
C0fL k|ltjfbLnfO{ u}/sfg"gL nfe k'Ug uPsf] b]lvFbf
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLx >Ls[i0f >]i7, e/taxfb'/
a:g]t / jL/]Gb|gfy nf]xgLnfO{ tTsfn k|rlnt
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf &-@_ sf]
s;"/df ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf &-@_ / @(-@_ adf]lhd
hgxL ?=%))). -kfFr xhf/_ h/Ljfgf ug]{ u/]sf]
ljz]if cbfntsf] ldlt @)^$.#.!@ sf] km};nf ldn]sf]
b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . cleof]u bfjLaf6 k"0f{ ;kmfO
kfpFm eGg] k|ltjfbLxsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug
;Qm}g . bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/
a'emfO{ lbg" .
pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' .
Gof=;'zLnf sfsL{
;+jt\ @)^* ;fn df3 @% ut] /f]h $ z'ed\ .
Ohnf; clws[tM ljb'/ sf]O/fnf

244

*&^* s]zjk|;fb j/fn lj=k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

k|ltj4 Pj+ hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL ;/sf/sf]

nflu sbflrt zf]egLo dfGg g;lsg] .
-k|s/0f g+=+ &_
JolQmut lxt jf ;/f]sf/sf] nflu bfo/
ul/Psf] lgj] b gdf ;fj{ h lgs lxt
;/f]sf/sf] s'/f ;d]t lgxLt /x]sf] b]lvg
cfPsf] cj:yfdf o; cbfntn] ;f]
b[li6sf]0faf6 ;d]t x]g{ ldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=+ (_

lg0f{o g+= *&^*

;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ;+ot' m Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{
dfggLo GofofwLz >L lu/Lz rGb| nfn
)^*WO)@&)
cfb]z ldltM @)^(.!.^.$
d'2f Mk/dfb]zsf] ;d]t .
lgj]bsM lhNnf ;'g;/L, Og?jf gu/kflnsf j8f
g+= % a:g] s]zjk|;fb a/fn
lj?4
ljkIfLM k|wfgdGqL, k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
sfof{no, ;d]t
cfo'Qm kbdf lgo'Qm ubf{ of] o:tf] zt{
k"/f ePdf dfq lqmofzLn x'g] egL ;zt{
lgo'Qm gul/Psf] xFb' f clVtof/ b'?kof]u
cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] k|dv
' cfo'Qm lgo'Qm
x'g g;s]sf] sf/0f b]vfP/ clglZrt\
sfn;Dd kbef/ u|x0f ug{af6 al~rt
ug{ gldNg] .
lgo'lQm ;+ljwfg / sfg"g;Ddt\ ePkl5
lghnfO{ lbPsf] lgo'lQm k|dv
' kbflwsf/L
lgo'Qm x'g g;s]sf] sf/0f b]vfO{ zkyu|x0f
gu/fO{ eO;s]sf] lgo'lQmnfO{ lgliqmo
agfO/xg gldNg] x'bF f k|dv
' cfo'Qm lgo'Qm
gePsf] sf/0fn] dfq lgo'lQm lqmofzLn
u/fpg g;lsPsf] eGg] egfO{ Gofof]lrt
/ ts{;u+ t dfGg gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=+ ^_
lgo'Qm eO;s]sf kbflwsf/LnfO{ klg zky
u|x0f u/fpg g;lsPs} sf/0fn] sfo{ef/
;DxfNg] cj:yf gePsf] eGg] s'/f d'ns
' df
sfg"gsf] zf;g sfod ug],{ /fHooGqsf]
;~rfngdf ;' z f;g sfod ug] { ,
nf]stGqsf cfwf/e"t dfGotfx k|lt
245

lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf ab|Laxfb'/

sfsL{ / zDe' yfkf Pj+ ljfg clwjQmfo
t'n;L e6[ / /fdk|;fb e08f/L
ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf s[i0fhLjL
l3ld/]
cjnlDat ghL/Mg]sfk @)^&, lg=g+=&%!(
;Da4 sfg"gM
o g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f
!#-#_ -r_, !*, !(, !)&-@_, !!(-@_, !$(
o

;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\ -sfo{ljlw_ lgodfjnL, @)^*

o ;+ j } w flgs lgsfosf kbflwsf/Lxsf]

kfl/>lds, ;]jfsf] zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL
P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf @$
o sfg"g JofVof ;DaGwL P]g, @)!) sf] bkmf
@ sf] v08 -t_
cfb]z
Gof=lu/Lz rGb| nfnM g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ tyf !)& -@_ cg';f/
o;} cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/ leqsf] eO{ k]z x'g
cfPsf] k|:t't lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / 7x/ o;k|sf/
5 M
-;xhtfsf] nflu g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg
@)^# nfO{ ;+ljwfg, clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg
cfof]unfO{ cfof]u egL pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 ._
d lgj]bsnfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !!(-%_
adf]lhd cfof]usf] cfo'Qmsf] kbdf lgo'Qm x'g\
of]Uo JolQm /x]sf] sf/0faf6 pQm kbdf lgo'lQm

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

ug{ k|ToyL{ ;+jw} flgs kl/ifb\n] l;kmfl/z u/L k|ToyL{

;fj{hlgs ;'gj' fO ;ldltaf6 ;fj{hlgs ;'gj' fO
;d]t u/L ldlt @)^^.!).& sf] kqaf6 ;DdfggLo
/fi6kltHo"n] lgj]bsnfO{ pQm kbdf lgo'Qm ug'{
ePsf] 5 . ;+jw} flgs lgsfosf kbflwsf/Lxsf]
kfl/>lds, ;]jfsf] zt{ / ;'ljwf;DaGwL P]g, @)%#
sf] bkmf @$ df lgo'Qm ePsf k|dv
' kbflwsf/L
tyf kbflwsf/Ln] cfgf] sfo{ef/ ;DxfNg' cl3 kb
tyf uf]kgLotfsf] zky u|x0f ug{k' g]{ eGg] Joj:yf
/x]sf] 5 . P]gsf] pQm Joj:yfadf]lhd kb tyf
uf]kgLotfsf] zky u|x0f gu/L sfo{ef/ ;DxfNg
gldNg] ePsf] / lgj]bsnfO{ xfn;Dd zky u|x0f
gu/fOPsf]n] sfo{ef/ ;DxfNg kfPsf] 5}g . /fi6
k|dv
' af6 lgo'lQm ePsf ;+jw} flgs lgsfosf k|dv
'
kbflwsf/L tyf kbflwsf/LxnfO{ cljnDa zky
u|x0f u/fO{ lgo'lQmnfO{ lqmofzLn u/fpg] cleef/f
k|ToyL{x Joj:yflksf ;+;b, g]kfn ;/sf/,
;+jw} flgs kl/ifb\, k|wfgdGqL ;d]tsf] /x]sf] 5 .
zky u|x0f ug]{ ;DaGwdf k|ToyL{ sfof{noxsf
dfyj/ clwsf/x;Fu ;Dks{ ubf{ k|dv
' cfo'Qmsf]
lgo'lQm gePsf]n] zky u|x0f u/fpg]tkm{ cfjZos
sf/jfxL eO{ /x] s f] eGg] nufotsf ljleGg
hjfkmx lbO{ lg/Gt/ em'nfpg] sfd dfq ePsf]
5 . ;+ j } w flgs lgsfosf kbflwsf/Lxsf]
kfl/>lds, ;]jfsf] zt{ / ;'ljwf;DaGwL P]g, @)%#
sf] bkmf @$ df Joj:yf ePadf]lhd ;DdfggLo
k|wfg GofofwLz;dIf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5}g .
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !!(-#_ n] cfof]usf] k|dv
'
cfo'Qm / cfo'Qmxsf] kbfjlw lgo'lQmsf] ldltn]
5 jif{sf] x'g] eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . pQm ;+jw} flgs
Joj:yfsf] cwLgdf lgj]bsn] zky u|x0fsf]
sf/0faf6 sfo{ef/ ;DxfNg gkfpg] xf] eg] 5
jif{kl5 lgj]bssf] kbfjwL sfo{ef/ g;DxfNb} ;dfKt
x'g] cj:yf 5 .
;DdfggLo /fi6kltHo"af6 ePsf] lgo'lQm
lqmofzLn eO{ sfo{ef/ ;DxfNg kfpg] cfzfdf
nfdf] ;do;Dd k|ltIff u/]sf]df xfn;Dd klg
lgj]bssf] lgo'lQm lqmofzLn u/fpg] st{Jo ePsf
k|ToyL{xaf6 ;f]tkm{ s'g} sfdsf/jfxL gePsf],

sfof{/De ug{ gkfO{ tf]lsPsf] cjlw ;dfKt eO{/x]sf]

x'bF f lgj]bssf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@-#_-r_, !*, !(
;d] t f/f k| b Q xs cf3fltt eO{ /x] s f] /
lgj]bsnfO{ zky u|x0f u/fO{ lgo'lQmnfO{ lqmofzLn
u/fO{ dfUg] cGo k|efjsf/L j}slNks sfg"gL
pkrf/sf] dfu{ ;d]t g/x]sf]n] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f
#@ / !)&-@_ cGtu{t of] lgj]bg ug{ cfPsf] 5' .
k|d'v cfo'Qmsf] lgo'Qm gePsf] eGg]
axfgfdf lgj]bsnfO{ zky u|x0f u/fOPsf] 5}g .
s]jn k|d'v cfo'Qmsf] lgo'lQm gePsf] eg]sf]
cfwf/af6 ;+ljwfgadf]lhd lgo'lQm ePsf] cfo'Qmsf]
lgo'lQm clglZrtsfn;Dd lqmofzLn gx'g] eGg
ldNb}g . cfo'Qmsf] lgo'lQm lqmofzLn x'gsf] nflu
k|dv
' cfo'Qmsf] lgo'lQm ePsf] x'gk' g]{ eGg] k"j{ zt{
;+ljwfg, P]g, lgod tyf cGo s'g} k|rlnt g]kfn
sfg"gdf /x]sf] 5}g . /fi6 k|dv
' af6 ;+ljwfgadf]lhd
ePsf] lgo'lQm tTsfn} lqmofzLn eO{ lgj]bsn]
sfo{ef/ ;DxfNg kfpg' kg]d
{ f ;f]adf]ldh ug{af6
jl~rt ul/Psf] 5 . /fi6 k|dv
' af6 ePsf] lgo'lQm
lqmofzLn ug]{ u/fpg]tkm{ bfloTj / st{Jo ePsf
k|ToyL{xaf6 b]vfOPsf] pbfzLgtf lsl~rt
zf]egLo g/x]sf]n] /fi6 tyf /fi6kd
| v
' sf] ;Ddfgsf]
nflu klg lgj]bssf] lgo'lQm lqmofzLn ug]{ u/fpg]
;DaGwdf ;DdfgLt cbfntaf6 cfb]z hf/L
ul/kfpFm .
;+ljwfg, P]g, lgod tyf cGo s'g} klg
k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"gn] cfo'Qmsf] kb lqmofzLn x'g
k|dv
' cfo'Qmsf] kb lqmofzLn /x]sf] x'gk' g]{ eGg]
cj:yfsf] kl/sNkgf u/]sf] 5}g . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f
!!(-!_ n] cfof] u df k| d ' v cfo' Q m /
cfjZostfcg';f/ cfo'Qmx /xg] Joj:yf u/sf]
5 . P]gsf] bkmf @-u_ n] cfo'Qm eGgfn] cfof]usf]
k|dv
' cfo'QmnfO{ ;d]t hgfpF5 egL kl/efiff u/]sf]
5 . clVtof/ b' ? kof] u cg' ; Gwfg cfof] u
lgodfjnLsf] lgod # -#_ n] k|d'v cfo'Qmsf]
cg'kl:yltdf cfo'QmxdWo] jl/i7 cfo'Qmn]
cfof]usf] a}7ssf] cWoIftf ug]5
{ / To;/L cWoIftf
ug]{ cfo'Qmn] k|dv
' cfo'QmnfO{ ePsf] clwsf/sf]
k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] 5 eGg] Joj:yf ePsf]n] cfof]udf

246

*&^* s]zjk|;fb j/fn lj=k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

k|dv
' cfo'Qm gePsf] cj:yfdf klg cfo'Qmsf] kb
lqmofzLn x'g] / k|dv
' cfo'Qm gePsf] cj:yfdf
cfo'Qmaf6 g} k|dv
' cfo'Qmsf] clwsf/ k|of]u ug]{
eGg] b]lvG5 . cfof]udf k|d'v cfo'Qm gePsf]
cj:yfdf k|dv
' cfo'QmnfO{ ePsf] ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/
cfo'Qmaf6 k|of]u x'g] eO{ cfo'Qm g} k|dv
' cfo'Qm
;/x x'g] ePkl5 cfo'QmnfO{ k|dv
' cfo'Qm ;/x
zky u|x0f u/fpg' kg]{ lglj{jfb 5 .
;+j}wflgs lgsfo ePsf]n] cfof]usf]
clwsf/ z"Godf /xg ;Sg] x'bF g} . ;+ljwfg, P]g,
lgod tyf s'gk} lg k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"gn] cfof]usf]
clwsf/ z"Godf /xg ;Sg] cj:yfsf] kl/sNkgf
u/] s f] 5} g . ;+ l jwfgn] cfof] u / cfof] u sf
kbflwsf/Lxsf] Joj:yf ug]{ / o:tf] ;+jw} flgs
cfof]usf] clwsf/ lemgf dl;gf k|fljlws sf/0faf6
z"Godf /lx/xG5 eGg g} ldNb}g . ;+j}wflgs
lgsfosf kbflwsf/Lxsf] kfl/>lds, ;]jfsf] zt{
/ ;'ljwf ;DaGwL P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf @$ df k|dv
'
kbflwsf/Ln] k|wfgGofofwLz ;dIf / kbflwsf/Ln]
k|dv
' kbflwsf/L ;dIf kb tyf ufN:]kgLotfsf]
zky ug'k{ g]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] eg]sf] sf/0faf6 k|dv
'
kbflwsf/L gePsf] cj:yfdf kbflwsf/Lsf] lgo'lQm
lqmofzLn gx'g] / k|d'v kbflwsf/Lsf] kb;Fu}
kbflwsf/Lsf] kb klg clglZrtsfn;Dd l/Qm g}
/xg] eGg] pQm sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] dg;fo xf]Og .
To;df klg cfof]usf] cfo'Qmaf6 g} k|dv
' cfo'Qmsf]
clwsf/ k|of]u x'g] ePkl5 k|dv
' cfo'Qmsf] lgo'lQm
gePsf] cj:yfdf k|d'v cfo'Qm ;/x g} zky
u/fpg' kg] { d f ;f] a df] l hd gu/L cfof] u nfO{
kbflwsf/LljxLg agfO{ ;+ljwfgadf]lhd lgo'Qm
ePsf] kbflwsf/L lgj]bsnfO{ kbflwsf/ k|of]u ug{af6
al~rt ul/Psf] sfo{n] ;+ljwfg, sfg"g / Gofosf]
/f]xdf lg/Gt/tf kfpg ;Sg] cj:yf 5}g . Psftkm{
cfof]usf] clwsf/ k|of]u ug{ cfo'Qmsf] kbdf lgo'lQm
ul/Psf] lgj]bs sfo{ef/ ;DxfNg gkfO{ al;/x]sf]
5' eg] csf]t{ km{ cfof]usf] clwsf/ cfo'Qmxsf]
cefjdf lghfdtL sd{rf/Laf6 eO{ cfPsf] 5 .
;+ljwfgn] cfo'Qmn] k|of]u ug'k{ g]{ egL Joj:yf u/]sf]
;+jw} flgs clwsf/ cfo'Qmsf] lgo'lQm eO{ ;s]sf]
247

cj:yfdf klg lghfdtL sd{rf/Laf6 k|of]u ul/Psf]

czf]egLo 5 . o:tf] cj:yfsf] cGTo u/L ;+ljwfgn]
kl/sNkgf u/]adf]lhdsf] kbflwsf/Laf6 cfof]usf]
clwsf/ k|of]u u/fpgsf] nflu ;DdfgLt cbfntaf6
cljnDa lgo'lQm lqmofzLn u/fpg' eGg] cfb]z
hf/L x'gsf] cGo ljsNk /x]sf] 5}g . ctM ;+jw} flgs
tyf sfg"gL Joj:yf / :yflkt l;4fGt ;d]t adf]lhd
lgj]bsnfO{ ;+ljwfgadf]lhd lgo'Qm ePsf] cfof]usf]
cfo'Qm kbsf] cljnDa zky u|x0f ug'{ u/fpg',
lgo'lQm ePsf] kbdf sfo{ef/ ;DxfNg lbg' lbnfpg'
eGg] k|ToyL{xsf] gfddf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]znufot
cGo hf] rflxg] pko'Qm cf1f, cfb]z jf k"lh{ hf/L
ul/kfpFm . ;fy} k|:t't lgj]bgkqnfO{ cu|flwsf/
k|bfg u/L ;'gj' fO ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
lgj]bg kq .
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf]
dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g\ gkg]{ xf] < of]
cfb]z k|fKt ePsf] ldltn] af6fsf Dofb afx]s !%
-kGw| _ lbgleq ;DalGwt ldl;n ;fy /fvL
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t\ lnlvt hjfkm
k7fpg' egL l/6 lgj]bgsf] Psk|lt gSsn ;fy}
/fvL ljkIfLxnfO{ ;"rgf k7fO{ To;sf] af]wfy{
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodf k7fO{ lbO{ lnlvt
hjfkm k/] jf cjlw gf3]kl5 lgodfg';f/ k]z
ug'{ . ;fy} ljifoj:t'sf] ufDeLo{tfnfO{ ljrf/ u/L
k|:t't lgj]bgnfO{ cu|flwsf/ lbOPsf] 5 eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfntsf] cfb]z .
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f
!%% adf]lhd ;+jw} flgs kl/ifb\af6 clVtof/ b'?kof]u
cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] l/Qm cfo'Qm kbdf l;kmfl/z
eO{ Joj:yflksf;+;bsf] ;+;bLo ;'gj' fO ljz]if
;ldltaf6 gfd cg'df]bg ePkZrft\ ;DdfggLo
/fi6kltHo"af6 lgo'lQm ;d]t kfO{ ;s]sf] lgj]bs
h:tf] JolQmn] sfg"gadf]lhd zky u|x0f u/L kbef/
;DxfNg kfpg' kg]{ s'/f lglj{jfb 5 . o;df
Joj:yflksf;+;b\ jf o;sf s'g} klg ;ldltn]
;+ljwfg jf sfg"gadf]lhd k"/f ul/lbg'kg]{ s'g} st{Jo
afFsL /x]sf] cj:yf 5}g . lgj]bsn] klg lgj]bgkqdf
Joj:yflksf;+;b jf o;sf] s'g} ;ldltn] s'g} sfg"gL

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

st{Jo k"/f gul/lbPsf] sf/0fn] cfkm"n] kbef/ ;DxfNg

gkfPsf] eGg] lhsL/ ;d]t lng ;Sg' ePsf] b]lvb}g .
o; cj:yfdf k|:t't ljifosf] ;Gbe{df Joj:yflksf
;+;b, o;sf] /fHo Joj:yf ;ldlt, ;+;bLo ;'gj' fO
ljz]if ;ldlt / Joj:yflksf;+;b ;lrjfnonfO{
k|ToyL{ agfpg'sf] s'g} cf}lrTo g/x]sf]n] k|:t't l/6
lgj]bg xfd|f] xsdf vf/]hefuL /x]sf] 5 . t;y{
xfd|f] xsdf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfpg
cbfnt;dIf cg'/f]w 5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf ;efd'v ;'efifrGb| g]Djf /
Joj:yflksf ;+;b, /fHo Joj:yf ;ldlt / ;+;bLo
;'gj' fO ljz]if ;ldltsf] tkm{af6 Ps} ldnfgsf] 5'f5'}
lnlvt hjfkm .
;+jw} flgs lgsfodf lgo'Qm kbflwsf/Ln]
cfgf] kbsf] sfo{ef/ ;DxfNg' cl3 ;+j}wflgs
lgsfosf kbflwsf/Lxsf] kfl/>lds, ;]jfsf] zt{
/ ;'ljwf;DaGwL P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf @$ adf]lhdsf]
kb tyf uf]kgLotfsf] zky u|x0f ug'k{ g]{ Joj:yf
/x]sf] kfOG5 . P]gsf] plNnlvt Joj:yfg';f/ lgh
ljkIfLsf] kb tyf uf]kgLotfsf] zky clVtof/
b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf k|dv
' cfo'Qm;dIf
x'g] Joj:yf ePsf]df cfof]usf] k|dv
' cfo'Qmsf]
kb ljljw sf/0fjz xfn;Dd l/Qm /x]sf]n] sfg"gtM
lgh ljkIfLsf] kb tyf uf]kgLotfsf] zky u|x0f
x'g g;s]sf] Joxf]/f cjut u/fpFb5' . xfn} dfq
;+jw} flgs kl/ifb\af6 ;+jw} flgs kl/ifb\ -sfo{ljlw_
lgodfjnL, @)^* :jLs[t eO{ ;+ljwfgadf]lhd
ljleGg ;+jw} flgs lgsfoxdf lgo'lQmsf nflu
of]Uotf k'us
] f g]kfnL gful/sxsf] ljj/0f lnO{
/f]i6/ tof/ ug]{ sfo{ eO/x]sf]n] lgs6 eljiodf
g} l/Qm ;a} ;+jw} flgs lgsfosf kbflwsf/Lxsf]
lgo'lQm x'g] / ;f] kZrft\ ljkIfL lgj]bssf] dfusf]
;d]t ;Daf]wg x'g] ePsf]n] dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z
hf/L x'gk' g]{ cj:yf ljBdfg 5}g . ctM pk/f]Qm
cfwf/ / sf/0f ;d]taf6 dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z
hf/L x'gk' g]{ cj:yf ljBdfg gePsf]n] l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] g]kfn ;/sf/,
k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no / ;+jw} flgs

kl/ifb\sf] tkm{af6 / cfgf] xsdf ;d]t g]kfn

;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 k|:t't lnlvt hjfkm .
d g]kfnsf] k|wfgdGqL lgo'Qm ePkZrft
;+jw} flgs kl/ifb\af6 x'g] lgo'lQmnfO{ sfg"gsf] plrt
k|lqmofsf cfwf/df lgo'lQm u/L ljZj;gLo, lgZkIf
/ kf/bzL{ agfpg ;lsof];\ eGg] p2]Zocg'k
;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\ -sfo{ljlw_ lgodfjnL, @)^*
:jLs[t eO{ ;+ljwfgadf]lhd ljleGg ;+j}wflgs
lgsfoxdf lgo'lQmsf nflu of]Uotf k'us
] f g]kfnL
gful/sxsf] ljj/0f lnO{ /f]i6/ tof/ ug]{ sfo{
eO/x]sf] 5 . lgs6 eljiodf g} l/Qm ;a} ;+jw} flgs
lgsfosf kbflwsf/Lxsf] lgo'lQm x'g] / ;f]kZrft\
ljkIfL lgj]bssf] dfusf] ;d]t ;Daf]wg x'g] ePsf]n]
dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'gkg]{ cj:yf ljBdfg
5}g . ctM ljkIfL lgj]bssf] kb lqmofzLn u/fpg]tkm{
s'g} kxn gul/Psf] eGg] bfjL ;To gePsf]n] l/6
lgj]bg vf/]hefuL x'bF f vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
g]kfn ;/sf/sf k|wfgdGqL 8f=afa'/fd e/fO{sf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
lgodadf]lhd b}lgs k]zL ;"rLdf ;dfj]z
eO{ k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't lgj]bgdf lgj]bs tkm{af6
pkl:yt jl/i7 ljfg clwjQmfo ab|Laxfb'/ sfsL{
/ zDe' yfkf Pj+ ljfg clwjQmfx t'n;L e /
/fdk|;fb e08f/Ln] lgj]bsnfO{ ;+jw} flgs kl/ifb\sf]
l;kmfl/zadf] l hd ;+ ; bLo ;' g ' j fOaf6 ;d] t
cg'df]bg u/]kl5 /fi6kltaf6 ldlt @)^^.!).)&
df clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] cfo'Qm
kbdf lgo'lQm lbOPsf] b'O{ jif{sf] ;do JotLt
eO{;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . t/ ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf
kbflwsf/Lxsf] kfl/>lds, ;] j fsf zt{ /
;'ljwf;DaGwL P]g, @)%# cg';f/ ;+jw} flgs csf
k|d'v kbflwsf/Ln] k|wfgGofofwLz ;dIf zky
u|x0f ug'k{ g]{ / cGo kbflwsf/Lxn] k|dv
' kbflwsf/L
;dIf zky ug'k{ g]{ sfg"gL k|fjwfg /x]sf] / clVtof/
b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]udf k|dv
' cfo'Qm ;d]t
l/Qm eO{ kbflwsf/LljxLg /x]sf] sf/0f b]vfO{
lgj]bsnfO{ zky u|x0f gu/fO{ /flvPsf] sf/0f
lgj]bsnfO{ lbOPsf] lgo'lQm lqmofzLn x'g ;s]sf]
5}g . o;af6 lgj]bsn] lgo'lQm ePkl5 cfgf] kbsf]

248

*&^* s]zjk|;fb j/fn lj=k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

sfo{ef/ ;DxfNg kfpg] sfg"g Pj+ ;+ljwfg k|bQ

clwsf/af6 al~rt x'gk' g]{ cj:yf l;h{gf x'gs
' f]
;fy} clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u h:tf]
;+j}wflgs lgsfo kbflwsf/LljxLg x'g k'u]sfn]
;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] ;'zf;gsf] ck]Iffdf ;d]t
k|xf/ ePsf] 5 .
zkysf] s'g} osLg / sl7g l;4fGt jf
lgod 5}g, of] o:tf] u5{' jf ulb{g egL ul/Psf]
pb\3f]if;Dd xf] . s'g} vf; kbflwsf/L;dIf zky
lnPsf] jf glnPsf] eGg] cfwf/af6 clwsf/sf]
k|of]udf s'g} ;f/e"t leGgtf x'Fb}g . ;+j}wflgs
lgsfosf kbflwsf/Lxsf] kfl/>lds, ;]jfsf zt{
/ ;'ljwf ;DaGwL P]g, @)%# n] ;+jw} flgs csf
kbflwsf/Ln] k|dv
' kbflwsf/L ;dIf zky u|x0f
ug] { sfg" g L Joj:yf eP klg Tof] Joj:yf
sfo{ljlwut Joj:yf dfq xf] . k|dv
' kbflwsf/L
lgo' Q m geO{ l/Qm /x] s f] cj:yfdf lghnfO{
k|wfgGofofwLz ;dIf ;ky u|x0f u/fpg ;+jw} flgs
jf sfg"gL Joj:yfn] Jojwfg u/]sf] 5}g . l;4fGttM
l;kmfl/z, ;fj{hlgs ;'gj' fO tyf lgo'lQm ;f/e"t
-Substantive_ Joj:yf xf] . zky u|x0f ;DaGwL
Joj:yf sfo{ljlw ;DaGwL Joj:yf dfq ePsf]n]
;f/e"t ?kaf6 lgo'lQm ePkl5 sfo{ljlw to u/L
zky u/fpg jf cGo ;+ljwfg / sfg"g;Ddt\
a}slNks Joj:yf u/L lgj]bsnfO{ lbPsf] lgo'lQm
lqmofzLn u/fpg ;lsg] d f ljwflosL jf
sfo{ k flnsLo clwsf/Lsf] csd{ 0 otfaf6
;f]adf]lhdsf] st{Jo lgjf{x gu/L ;+ljwfgsf] ;f/e"t
Joj:yf lgliqmo agfOPsf] x'bF f sfg"gL ljlw k|lqmof
;DaGwL Joj:yfsf] l/Qmtf -Gap or void_ k"lt{ ug{
o; cbfntaf6 dfuadf]lhd cfb]z hf/L x'gk' b{5
eGg] ;d]t ax; ug'e
{ of] .
ljkIfL tkm{ a f6 pkl:yt ljfg
;xGofoflwjQmf s[i0fhLjL l3ld/]n] clVtof/
b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf k|d'v cfo'Qmn]
lgj]bsnfO{ zkyu|x0f u/fpg] sfg"gL k|fjwfg k|i6
ePsf]n] To;df lljwf 5}g . lgj]bssf] tkm{af6
pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmfxn] eGg' ePh:tf]
cbfntn] sfg"gsf] /rgfTds JofVof -Constructive
249

Interpretation_

ug]{ eg]sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf]

l/Qmtfdf xf], sfg"g k|i6 5 eg] To;df JofVofsf]
cfjZos 5}g . lgj]bsn] dfu ug'{ ePsf] pkrf/
g} :k:6 5}g, gt lgj]bssf] s'g clwsf/ sxfFaf6
xgg\ eof] k|i6 ?kdf pNn]v 5 . lgj]bgdf s;af6
zky u/fpg' kg]d
{ f u/fOPg egL ls6fgL ul/Psf]
5}g . ;fy} s;sf lj?4 cfb]z hf/L x'gkg]{ xf]
:ki6 dfu bfjL ;d]t gePsf] x'bF f lgj]bs clVtof/
b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] cfo'Qm kbdf lgo'Qm
eP/ nfdf] ;do;Dd zky u|x0f ug{ gkfPsf]
cj:yf ePklg To;sf] lgsf; ;+jw} flgs kl/ifb\
lqmofzLn eO{ k|dv
' cfo'Qmsf] zL3| lgo'lQm ePdf
;+ej 5 . ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\ o;tkm{ lqmofzLn
/xsf] ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqLsf] lnlvt hjfkmaf6
k|i6 5 . sfg"g k|i6 ePsf] ljifodf cbfntn]
cGoyf cfb]z ug{ gldNg] x'bF f l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h
x'gk' 5{ egL ug'{ ePsf] ax; ;d]t ;'lgof] .
pkl:yt ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLxn] ug'{
ePsf] ax; ;d]t ;'gL lgj]bstkm{af6 pkl:yt
ljfg clwjQmfxn] k|:t't ug'{ePsf] lnlvt
ax;gf]6 ;d]t cWoog u/L cfh lg0f{o ;'gfpg
tfl/v tf]lsPsf]df k]z ePsf ldl;n sfuhftx
cWoog ul/of] . OG;fkm ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{
lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhd ljkIfLxsf] gfddf cfb]z
hf/L x'G5 x'bF g} eGg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvof] .
@= lg0f{o ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ lgj]bsnfO{
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !!(-%_ adf]lhd
clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] cfo'Qm kbdf
lgo'lQm ug{ ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\n] l;kmfl/z u/L
;fj{hlgs ;'gj' fO ;d]t u/L ldlt @)^^.!).& df
;DdfggLo /fi6kltaf6 lgo'lQm ug'e
{ Psf] 5 . t/
;+jw} flgs lgsfosf kbflwsf/Lxsf] kfl/>lds,
;]jfsf] zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL P]g, @)%# df
;+jw} flgs cdf lgo'Qm x'g] kbflwsf/Ln] k|dv
'
kbflwsf/L ;dIf zky ug'k{ g]{ k|fjwfg /x]sf] /
cfof]usf] k|dv
' cfo'Qmdf lgo'lQm geO{ l/Qm /x]sf]
sf/0f b]vfO{ nfdf] ;do JotLt eO;Sbf klg
xfn;Dd lgj]bssf] lgo'lQm lqmofzLn u/fpg] st{Jo
ePsf k|ToyL{xaf6 ;f]tkm{ s'g} sf/jfxL gePsf]

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

x'bF f lgj]bssf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !#-#_ -r_, !*, !(

;d] t f/f k| b Q xs cf3ftLt ePsfn]
;+ljwfgadf]lhd cfof]usf] cfo'Qm kbsf] zky u|x0f
ug',{ u/fpg' lgo'lQm ePsf] kbdf sfo{ef/ ;DxfNg
lbg', lbnfpg' eGg] k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z nufot hf]
rflxg] pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] lgj]bssf]
d'Vo dfu /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;+jw} flgs kl/ifb\af6 x'g]
lgo'lQmnfO{ ljZjzgLo agfpg ;lsof];\ eGg]
p2] Z ocg' k ;+ j } w flgs kl/ifb\ -sfo{ l jlw_
lgodfjnL, @)^* :jLs[t eO{ ;+jw} flgs lgsfodf
lgo'lQmsf nflu of]Uotf k'us
] f gful/sxsf] ;"rL
-/f]:6/_ agfpg] sfo{ eO/x]sf] x'bF f lgs6 eljiodf
l/Qm ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf kbflwsf/Lsf] lgo'lQm
x'g] ePsf]n] ;f] kZrft lgj]bssf] dfu ;Daf]wg
x'g] g} 5 . ;+jw} flgs lgsfosf kbflwsf/Lxsf]
kfl/>lds ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL P]g, @)%#
sf] bkmf @$ adf]lhd k|dv
' kbflwsf/Ln] k|wfg
GofofwLz ;dIf / cGo kbflwsf/Ln] k| d ' v
kbflwsf/L ;dIf kb tyf uf]kgLotfsf] zky ug]{
sfg"gL Joj:yf ePsf] / k|dv
' cfo'Qmsf] kb ljljw
sf/0fn] xfn;Dd l/Qm /x]sf] x'bF f lgj]bsnfO{ zky
u|x0f u/fpg g;lsPsf] cj:yf xf] eGg] ;d]t
ljkIfLx k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nosf]
lnlvt hjfkm /x]5 .
#= k|:t't lgj]bgsf] jl0f{t tYoxaf6
lgj]bs s]zjk|;fb a/fnnfO{ clVtof/ b'?kof]u
cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] cfo'Qm kbdf lgo'lQmsf] nflu
;+ljwfgadf]lhd ;+jw} flgs kl/ifb\n] l;kmfl/z u/L
Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] ;+;bLo ;'g'jfO ljz]if
;ldltaf6 ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO ;d]t u/L ldlt
@)^^.!).& df ;DdfggLo /fi6kltaf6 pQm kbdf
lgo'Qm ul/Psf] eGg] tYodf / lghsf] sfg"gadf]lhd
zky u|x0f u/fpg' kg]{ s'/fdf ljjfb b]lvPg .
o;/L lgj]bs cfof]usf] cfo'Qm kbdf lgo'lQm
eO;s]kl5 cfgf] kbef/ u|x0f ug'{ cl3 kb tyf
uf]kgLotfsf] zky u|x0f ug'k{ g]{ ;+jw} flgs lgsfosf
kbflwsf/Lxsf] kfl/>lds, ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf
;DaGwL P]gsf] bkmf @$ df sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf]

t/ lghnfO{ zky u|x0f u/fpg' kg]{ pQm sfg"gn]

tf]ss
] f] kbflwsf/L clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg
cfof]usf] k|dv
' cfo'Qmsf] kb l/Qm /x]sf]n] zky
u|x0f gu/fOPsf] x'bF f lgj]bsn] xfn;Dd kbef/
u|x0f ug{ gkfPsf] sf/0f lgj]bsaf6 k|:t't lgj]bg
bfo/ x'g cfPsf] b]lvg cfof] .
$= zky u|x0f ;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yf
cWoog ubf{ ;+jw} flgs lgsfosf kbflwsf/Lxsf]
kfl/>lds, ;]jfsf] zt{ / ;'ljwf;DaGwL P]g, @)%#
sf] bkmf @$ df ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf k|d'v
kbflwsf/Ln] k| w fgGofofwLz ;dIf / cGo
kbflwsf/Ln] k|d'v kbflwsf/L ;dIf kb tyf
uf]kgLotfsf] zky ug'k{ g]{ k|fjwfg /x]sf] kfOG5 .
sfg"g JofVof ;DaGwL P]g, @)!) sf] bkmf @ sf]
v08 -t_ n] zkynfO{ of] zJb wd{ efSg'sf] ;f
P]gn] k|lt1f jf 3f]if0ff ug{ kfpg] JolQmn] u/]sf]
k|lt1f jf 3f]if0ffnfO{ ;d]t hgfpF5 . egL kl/efiff
ul/Psf] kfOG5 . kb tyf uf]kgLotfsf] zkyaf6
;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Lsf] cfgf] kbk|ltsf] sfg"gL
tyf g}lts bfloTj l;h{gf x'g] eO{ cfkm"n] zkysf]
?kdf ul/Psf] 3f]if0ff jf k|lt1fk|lt akmfbf/ /x]sf]
dflgG5 . o;y{ ;fj{hlgs kbwf/0f ug]{ JolQmn]
sfg"gadf]lhd zky u|x0f u/]kl5 dfq sfo{ef/
;DxfNg kfpg] ;fdfGo k|rng / xfd|f] ;+jw} flgs /
sfg"gL k|0ffnLn] u|x0f u/L cfPsf] :yflkt dfGotf
xf] . clwjQmf afns[i0f Gof}kfg] lj?4 /fi6klt 8f=
/fdj/0f ofbj ;d]t ePsf] pTk|i] f0fo'Qm k/dfb]z
;d]t d'2fdf -;+jt\ @)^% ;fnsf] l/6 g+= )^%
WO)))^_ ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f ug{] JolQmn] sfg"gn]
tf]sa] df]lhdsf] zky lng] sfo{ ;DkGg eP kl5
dfq sfo{ef/ ;DxfNg of]Uo dflgG5 / kb;Fu ufFl;Psf]
;'ljwf zky kl5 dfq k|fKt x'G5 . zky lnP kl5
zky k|lt sfg"gL Pj+ g}lts b'j} bfloTj l;h{gf
x'G5 . egL o; cbfntaf6 lg0f{odf elgPsf] 5 .
To;sf/0f zky;DaGwL Joj:yf sfo{ljlwut Joj:yf
ePklg of] kbef/ u|x0fsf] k"jz
{ t{sf] ?kdf lglj{jfb
/x]sf]n] /Ltk"js
{ sf] zkyu|x0f gu/L kbef/ ;DxfNg
gldNg] s'/f k|i6 5 .

250

*&^* s]zjk|;fb j/fn lj=k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

%= zky;DaGwL Joj:yf sfo{ljlwut

Joj:yf ePsf] n ] ;+ j } w flgs lgsfosf k| d ' v
kbflwsf/Lsf] kb l/Qm /x] s f] cj:yfdf jf
zky;DaGwL cGo j}slNks Joj:yf u/L lgj]bsnfO{
lbOPsf] lgo'lQm lqmofzLn u/fO{ kfpg cfb]z u/L
kfFpm eGg] lgj]bs dfu /x]sf]n] lgj]bs dfucg';f/
cfb]z hf/L ug{ ldN5 ldNb}g < / o; ;DaGwdf
ljkIfLxsf] sfo{ jf csd{Gotfaf6 lgj]bssf]
;+ljwfg tyf sfg"gk|bQ clwsf/ xgg\ ePsf] 5 5}g
eGg] ;DaGwdf x] b f{ ;+ j } w flgs lgsfosf
kbflwsf/Lxsf] kfl/>lds, ;]jfsf] zt{ / ;'ljwf
;DaGwL P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf @$ df ;+jw} flgs
lgsfosf k|dv
' kbflwsf/Ln] k|wfgGofofwLz ;dIf
/ cGo kbflwsf/Ln] k|dv
' kbflwsf/L ;dIf kb tyf
uf]kgLotfsf] zky ug'k{ g]{ k|fjwfg /x]sf] dfly pNn]v
eO;s] s f] 5 . plNnlvt sfg" g L Joj:yfsf]
ljBdfgtfdf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !$( cg';f/ k|wfgdGqL
cWoIf /xg] ;+jw} flgs kl/ifb\af6 l/Qm k|dv
' cfo'Qm
nufotsf kbflwsf/Lxsf] lgo'lQm ePdf lgj]bssf]
zky;DaGwL ;d:of :jtM ;dfwfg x'g] k|i6 5 .
ljkIfL k|wfgdGqL ;d]tsf] lnlvt hjfkmdf ;+jw} flgs
kl/ifb\ -sfo{ljlw_ lgodfjnL, @)^* :jLs[t eO{
;+jw} flgs lgsfodf lgo'lQmsf nflu of]Uotf k'us
] f
gful/sxsf] ;"rL -/f]i6/_ agfpg] sfo{ eO/x]sf] /
lgs6 eljiodf kbflwsf/Lsf] lgo'lQm x'g] Joxf]/f
pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . d'n'ssf] sfo{kflnsfsf]
k|dv
' af6 JoQm lnlvt k|ltj4tfdf cbfntn] ljZjf;
ug'{ :jefljs 5 . ;fy} ljkIfL sfof{nkflnsf
k|dv
' af6 AoQm ePcg'k ;+jw} flgs kl/ifb\af6
;+ j } w flgs cxdf k| d ' v kbflwsf/L tyf
kbflwsf/Lsf] lgo'lQmsf] l;kmfl/zsf] nflu ldlt
@)^&.)!.!) df ePsf] lg0f{o ab/ ul/kfpFm egL
o; cbfntdf lgj]bg k/]sf]df o; cbfntaf6
-g]sfk @)^&, lg=g+=&%!( lgj]bs k'iksdn bfxfn
lj?4 ;+jw} flgs kl/ifb\ ;d]t_ ldlt @)^&.)%.#!
df ;+jw} flgs kl/ifb\af6 ldlt @)^&.)!.!) df ePsf]
lg0f{o ab/ eO{ oyfzL3| l/Qm ;+jw} flgs csf
kbflwsf/Lxsf] lgo'lQm ;DaGwL l;kmfl/z lg0f{o
251

ug'{ egL k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z ;d]t hf/L ePsf] cj:yf

klg 5 . o;af6 ;/sf/n] ;+jw} flgs kl/ifb\nfO{
lqmofzLn u/fpg k|oTgzLn /x]sf] s'/fdf cGoyf
;f]Rg'kg]{ cj:yf geP klg ;+jw} flgs cdf lgo'Qm
ePsf] Pp6f kbflwsf/Lsf] zky gePsf] sf/0fn]
sfo{ef/ ;DxfNg gkfPsf] kl/kl:ylt phfu/ ub}{
zkysf] Joj:yf ul/kfpFm egL cbfntsf] z/0fdf
cfpg' kg]{ s'/f cfkm}df sd kL8fbfos dfGg ;lsb}g .
ljut b'O{ jif{bl] v clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg
cfof]usf] k|dv
' cfo'Qm nufotsf ;+jw} flgs csf
kbflwsf/Lx lgo'Qm x'g g;ls/x]sf] / k|wfgdGqLsf]
lnlvt hjfkm o; cbfntdf btf{ ePsf] nfdf]
;dokZrft\ lg0f{osf nflu k|:t't lgj]bg o;
Ohnf;;dIf k]z x'bF fsf cj:yf;Dd klg ;f]tkm{
7f]; sbd rflnPsf] o; cbfntsf] hfgsf/Ldf
gcfPsf] k[i7e"lddf k|wfgdGqLsf] lnlvt hjfkmdf
plNnlvt pQm k|ltj4tf slxn];Dd k"/f ul/g] xf]
egL cbfntnfO{ ljZj:t agfpg] cfwf/x
ljkIfLxjf6 k|:t't ePsf] kfOPg .
^= o;sf] ;fy} o;/L c;fdfGo ?kn]
;+jw} flgs csf] kbflwsf/LnfO{ lgo'Qm ul/Psf] b'O{
jif{;Dd zky u|x0f gu/fO{ /fVg'sf] ljj]s;+ut cfwf/
/ sf/0fx klg ljkIfLxsf] lnlvt hjfkmaf6 k|i6
x'g ;s]sf] b]lvPg . k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
sfof{nosf] lnlvt hjfkm cWoog ubf{ ljljw sf/0fn]
zky u|x0f u/fpg'kg]{ kbflwsf/L clVtof/ b'?kof]u
cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] k|d'v cfo'Qm lgo'lQm x'g
g;s]sf]n] zky u|x0f x'g g;s]sf] eGg] sf/0f pNn]v
ul/Psf] kfOG5 . olb ;f]xL sf/0fn] zky gu/fOPsf]
xf] eg] To;/L k|dv
' cfo'Qm ;d]t lgo'Qm geO l/Qm
/x]sf] cj:yfdf l/Qmtfsf] k"lt{sf lgldQ ;+jw} flgs
cdf Pshgf lgo'Qm eO;s]sf] kbflwsf/LnfO{ zky
u|x0f u/fO{ lhDd]jf/L ;DxfNg] jftfj/0f agfpg'
emg} cfjZos lyof] . lgj]bsnfO{ cfo'Qm kbdf lgo'Qm
ubf{ of] o:tf] zt{ k"/f ePdf dfq lqmofzLn x'g] egL
;zt{ lgo'Qm gul/Psf] xF'bf clVtof/ b'?kof]u
cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] k|dv
' cfo'Qm lgo'Qm x'g g;s]sf]
sf/0f b]vfP/ lgj]bsnfO{ clglZrt\ sfn;Dd kbef/

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

u|x0f ug{af6 al~rt ug{ ldN5 eGg ldNg] b]lvb}g .

lgj]bsnfO{ lbOPsf] lgo'lQmdf s'g} vf]6 jf ;d:of
/x]sf] eGg] klg lnlvt hjfkmdf pNn]v ePsf]
kfOb}g . o;/L lgj]bssf] lgo'lQm ;+ljwfg /
sfg"g;Ddt\ ePkl5 lghnfO{ lbPsf] lgo'lQm k|dv
'
kbflwsf/L lgo'Qm x'g g;s]sf] sf/0f b]vfO{ zkyu|x0f
gu/fO{ eO;s]sf] lgo'lQmnfO{ lgliqmo agfO/xg gldNg]
x'bF f k|dv
' cfo'Qm lgo'Qm gePsf] sf/0fn] dfq lgj]bs
lgo'lQm lqmofzLn u/fpg g;lsPsf] eGg] ljkIfLxsf]
lnlvthjfkm Gofof]lrt / ts{;u+ t dfGg ldNg] ePg .
&= ;+ljwfgn] ;fj{hlgs kbwf/0f u/]sf]
JolQmn] cg'lrt sfo{ jf e|i6frf/ u/L clVtof/ b'?kof]u
u/]sf] ;DaGwdf cg';Gwfg txlssft ug]{ tyf
cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ ug]{ ;d]tsf uxgtd lhDd]jf/L
;'lDkPsf] clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u oltsf
;do ;Dd kbflwsf/LljxLg eO{ /xg] s'/f ;+ejtM
;+ljwfg lgdf{tfn] sNkgf ug]{ ljifo lyPg . ;+ljwfgn]
l;h{gf u/]sf] /fHooGqsf cx ;fdfGo?kn] sfo{
ub{5g\ eGg] ;+ljwfgsf] ck]Iff /xG5 . xfd|f] d'ns
' sf]
jt{dfg ;+qmd0fsfnLg cj:yfdf ;fdfGo cj:yf ;/x
x'bF g} , /fHooGq ;~rfngsf hl6ntfx x'G5g\ eGg]
s'/f cbfntn] klg dx;"; ug{ ;Sb5 . tyflk clVtof/
b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u h:tf] ;+jw} flgs cfof]udf
k|dv
' cfo'Qm nufotsf cfo'Qmx lgo'Qm gu/L b'O{
jif{eGbf a9L ;do;Dd kbflwsf/LljxLg cj:yfdf
/xg] / lgo'Qm eO;s]sf kbflwsf/LnfO{ klg zky
u|x0f u/fpg g;lsPs} sf/0fn] sfo{ef/ ;DxfNg]
cj:yf gePsf] eGg] s'/f d'ns
' df sfg"gsf] zf;g
sfod ug],{ /fHooGqsf] ;~rfngdf ;'zf;g sfod
ug],{ nf]stGqsf cfwf/e"t dfGotfx k|lt k|ltj4 Pj+
hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL ;/sf/sf] nflu sbflrt zf]egLo
dfGg ;lsb}g . ;+jw} flgs cxsf] lqmofzLntf /
;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"ltsf] nflu klg o:tf] cj:yfsf]
zL3| cGTo x'g' cfjZos 5 .
*= ;+jw} flgs kl/ifb\ s'g} ;+jw} flgs, sfg"gL
jf Jojxfl/s hl6ntfsf] sf/0f lqmofzLn x'g
g;s]sf] jf u/fpg g;lsPsf] sf/0fn] k|dv
' cfo'Qm
nufotsf kbflwsf/L lgo'Qm x'g g;Sg] kl/l:ylt
252

/x]sf] cj:yfdf ;+jw} flgs cdf lgo'Qm eO;s]sf

kbflwsf/Lsf] lgo'lQmnfO{ lqmofzLn u/fpg sfg"gdf
/x]sf] sfo{ljlwut ;d:ofnfO{ ;dfwfgsf] nflu
;+ljwfgsf] Joj:yfadf]lhd Joj:yflksf ;+;baf6
P]g ;+zf]wg u/fpg] jf ;+;bsf] a}7s ga;]sf]
cj:yfdf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ** cg';f/ /fi6klt;dIf
cWofb]z hf/L x'gfsf lgldQ l;kmfl/z ug{;Sg]
nufotsf ;+ l jwfg Pj+ sfg" g adf] l hdsf
ljsNkxdWo] s'g} pko'Qm ljsNk ckgfpg ;Sg]
b]lvPklg ;f]tkm{ ;d]t ;/sf/n] s'g} kxn u/]sf]
eGg] s'/f lnlvthjfkmaf6 b]lvg cfPg .
(= k|:t't lgj]bg g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^# sf] wf/f !)&-@_ cGtu{t bfo/ ePsf] b]lvG5 .
wf/f !)&-@_ n] o; ;+ljwfgf/f k|bQ df}lns
xssf] k|rngsf] nflu jf csf{] pkrf/sf] Joj:yf
gePsf] jf csf]{ pkrf/sf] Joj:yf eP klg ;f]
pkrf/ ckof{Kt jf k|efjxLg b]lvPsf] cGo s'g}
sfg"gL xssf] k|rngsf] nflu jf ;fj{hlgs xs jf
;/f]sf/sf] s'g} ljifodf ;dfj]z ePsf] s'g} ;+jw} flgs
jf sfg"gL k|Zgsf] lg?k0fsf] nflu cfjZos / pko'Qm
cfb]z hf/L u/L To:tf] xssf] k|rng u/fpg] jf
ljjfb 6'f] nufpg] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ ;jf{]Rr
cbfntnfO{ x'g5
] eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . k|:t't
lgj]bg ;fj{hlgs lxt jf ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbsf] ?kdf
bfo/ ePsf] geO JolQmut lxt / ;/f]sf/sf] nflu
bfo/ ePsf] kfOG5 . tyflk JolQmut lxt jf
;/f]sf/sf] nflu bfo/ ul/Psf] lgj]bgdf ;fj{hlgs
lxt ;/f]sf/sf] s'/f ;d]t lgxLt /x]sf] b]lvg cfPsf]
cj:yfdf o; cbfntn] ;f] b[li6sf]0faf6 ;d]t x]g{
ldNg] g} x'G5 . k|:t't lgj]bgdf ;+ljwfgadf]lhd
;+jw} flgs csf] kbflwsf/Lsf] ?kdf lgo'Qm ePsf
lgj]bsnfO{ zky u|x0f u/fpg] ;DaGwdf ;+ljwfg /
sfg"g;Ddt\ Joj:yf u/L ;+j}wflgs cnfO{
lqmofzLn u/fpg] ;+ljwfgn] lhDd]jf/L ;'lDkPsf]
sfo{kflnsLo clwsf/Laf6 ck]lIft lhDd]jf/L k"/f
x'g g;s]sf] sf/0faf6 lgj]bssf] ;+ljwfg Pj+
sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] cfo'Qmsf] lhDd]jf/L axg ug]{
cj;/af6 / lghnfO{ sfg" g n] k| b fg u/] s f]

*&^( dfwjk|;fb rf}nfufO{ lj=:jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfno ;d]t

kfl/>lds nufotsf ;' l jwfx k| f Kt ug] {

clwsf/af6 al~rt ul/Psf]n] lgj]bssf] ;+ljwfg
Pj+ sfg"g k|bQ xs clwsf/sf] k|rng x'g g;s]sf]
b]lvof] . ;fy} ;f]xL sf/0faf6 clVtof/ b'?kof]u
cg';Gwfg cfof]u kbflwsf/LljxLg x'g k'us
] f] s'/f
;fj{hlgs xs jf ;/f]sf/sf] b[li6sf]0faf6 ;d]t
k|:t't ljifo dxTjk"0f{ b]lvg cfof] . o; lsl;dsf
ljjfbxdf ;+jw} flgs jf sfg"gL k|Zgsf] lg?k0fsf]
nflu cfjZos / pko' Q m cfb] z hf/L ug] {
;+ljwfgf/f o; cbfntnfO{ lhDd]jf/L ;'lDkPsf]
eGg] s'/fdf ;d]t cGoyf eGg] 7fFp 5}g .
!)= t;y{ dfly plNnlvt ;+jw} flgs
tyf sfg"gL k|fjwfg, cfwf/ / sf/0fxaf6 lgj]bs
s]zjk|;fb a/fnnfO{ ;+jw} flgs kl/ifb\af6 l;kmfl/z
u/L ;+;bLo ;'gj' fOaf6 cg'df]bg eO{ g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !!(-@_ adf]lhd
;DdfggLo /fi6kltaf6 ldlt @)^^.!).)& df
clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] cfo'Qm kbdf
lgo'lQm ul/Psf] t/ xfn;Dd zkyu|x0f gu/fOPsf]
sf/0faf6 lgh lgj]bsn] kb axfn ug{ gkfPsf] x'bF f
lghnfO{ ;+ljwfg Pj+ sfg"gn] tf]ss
] f] lhDd]jf/L
axg ug]{ cj;/af6 / lghnfO{ sfg"gn] k|bfg u/]sf]
kfl/>lds nufotsf ;'ljwfx k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/af6
al~rt ul/Psf] dfGg' kg]{ x'g cfof] . ;fy} o:tf]
lgliqmotfsf] kl/0ffd:j?k ;+ljwfgn] l;h{gf u/]sf
/fHosf ;+jw} flgs c o;/L c:jefljs ?kn] nfdf]
;do;Dd kbflwsf/LljxLg x'g' ;+ljwfgsf] efjgf /
dg;focg's"n x'g] ;d]t ePg . ctM g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !$( cg';f/ ul7t
;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\sf] lg0f{oaf6 l;kmfl/z eO{
Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] ;+;bLo ;'gj' fO ljz]if ;ldltaf6
;fj{hlgs ;'gj' fO ;d]t u/L ldlt @)^^.!).& df
;DdfggLo /fi6kltaf6 lgo'lQm eP/ klg zky u|x0f
x'g g;s]sf] sf/0fn] olt nfdf] ;do;Dd sfo{ef/
;DxfNg gkfpg] eGg] s'/f lgo'lQm ug]{ kbflwsf/L,
;+ljwfg / sfg"gn] sNkgf gu/]sf] kl/l:ylt b]lvg
cfPsf] 5 . ctPjM clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg
cfof]usf] cfo'Qmsf] zky;DaGwdf xfn k/]sf] sfg"gL
253

c8rg km'sfpg] ;DaGwdf k|dv

' cfo'Qmsf] lgo'lQm
x'g ;s] rfF8} u/L / ;f] x'g g;s]df sfg"g ;d]tdf
tTsfn ;+zf]wg ug'k{ g]{ eP ;f] ;d]t u/L lgj]bsnfO{
lgo'Qm ul/Psf] kbdf oyfzL3| zkyu|x0f ug],{ u/fpg]
Joj:yf u/L lghnfO{ lgo'Qm ul/Psf] kbdf sfo{ef/
;DxfNg lbg' egL g]kfn ;/sf/, k|wfgdGqL tyf
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no nufotsf ;a} ljkIfLxsf]
gfddf k/dfb]z hf/L x'g] 7x5{ . cfb]zsf] hfgsf/L
ljkIfLxnfO{ lbO{ bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L
lgodfg';f/ ldl;n a'emfO{ lbg" .
pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' .
Gof=bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn j}zfv ^ ut] /f]h $ z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[t M sdnk|;fb kf]v/]n

l
lg0f{o g+= *&^(
;jf{R] r cbfnt, ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{
dfggLo GofofwLz >L e/t/fh pk|t] L
)^$WO)!(#
cfb]z ldltM @)^*.!).@.@
ljifoM pTk|i] f0f k/dfb]z ;d]t .
lgj]bsM lhNnf h'Dnf, nfd|f ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt
j8f g+= $ a:g] dfwjk|;fb rf}nfufO{
lj?4
ljkIfLM:jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfno ;d]t
clVtof/k|fKt JolQmn] u/]sf] lg0f{odf lghn]
pQm clwsf/sf] :j]R5frf/L ?kdf k|of]u
u/]sf] jf k|i6 cfwf/ / sf/0f pNn]v
gu/L lg0f{ o u/] s f] cj:yfdf afx] s
cbfntn] k|jz
] u/L s'g} cd's JolQm s'g}
kb jf sfo{sf] nflu pko'Qm 5 5}g egL
lg0f{o ug{ gldNg] x'Fbf cjsfz lbFbf
ckgfOPsf] k|lqmof / sf/0fx sfg"g Pj+

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

Gofo;Ddt\ 5g\ 5}gg\ eGg];Dd s'/fdf

x]/L lg0f{o lbg'kg{] .
-k|s/0f g+=#_
g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf
*) df ljefuLo ;hfo lbg kfpg]
clwsf/Ln] s'g} sd{rf/LnfO{ ;hfo lbg]
cfb]z lbg' eGbf cl3 sf/jfxL ug{ nfluPsf]
sf/0f pNn]v u/L ;kmfO k]z ug{] df}sf
lbg'kg{] eGg] k|jfwfg /x]sf], bkmf *! df
ljz]if ;hfosf] cfb]z lbg' klxn] ;hfo
k|:tfj ug'k{ g{] k|fjwfg /x]sf] tyf bkmf
*@ df nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng'kg{]
;d]tsf] k|fjwfg /x]sf] kfOG5 . pQm
k|fjwfgx :jf:Yo ;]jfsf sd{rf/LnfO{
ljefuLo ;hfo lbg] ;DaGwdf Joj:yf
ul/Psf] kfOG5 . sd{rf/LnfO{ ljefuLo
;hfo ug{] s'/f / k/LIf0fsfndf lgo'Qm
ePsf] sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm ;b/ jf ab/
ug{] s'/f km/s ljifo ePsf]n] pQm sfg"gL
k| f jwfgx k/LIf0fsfndf /x] s f]
sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm ;b/ jf ab/ x'g] eGg]
;DaGwdf cfslif{t gx'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=$_
lgo' l Qm ab/ ug' { k g{ ] sf/0fx
k/LIf0fsfnsf] cjlwleq} l;h{gf ePsf]df
;f]xL sf/0faf6 lgh lj?4 sf/jfxLsf]
k| l qmof ;d] t k/LIf0fsfn leq} z' ?
eO;s]sf]n] lgo'lQm ab/sf] cf}krfl/s
clGtd lg0f{ o k/LIf0fsfn JotLt
eO;s]kl5 ;f]xL sf/0fn] klxn]bl] v k|f/De
ePsf] k| l qmofcg' ; f/ ul/Psf] lg0f{ o
sfg"gljk/Lt eof] eGg gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=%_
k/LIf0fsfnsf] cjlwdf ljgf ;" r gf
sfof{nodf cg'kl:yt /x]sf] sf/0f sfd
;Gtf]ifhgs gePsf] egL clVtof/k|fKt
JolQmn] sfg"gn] k|bfg u/]sf] clwsf/ k|of]u
u/L ul/Psf] lgo' l Qm ab/sf] lg0f{ o

:j]R5frf/L ?kdf ul/Psf] / sfg"gsf]

k|lqmof k"/f gu/L cGofok"0f{ tj/af6
ul/Psf] eGg gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=&_
lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmfo k|d
] l;+x wfdL
tyf l;h{gf sF8n
]
ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf s[i0fhLjL
l3ld/]
cjnlDat ghL/M
o g]sfk @)%(, lg=g+= &!$*
;Da4 sfg"gM
o g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf
!*, &$, *), *!, *@
cfb]z
Gof=bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{M g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ / !)&-@_ adf]lhd
o;} cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/ leqsf] eO{ k]z x'g
cfPsf] k|:t't lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / 7x/ o;k|sf/
5M
d lgj]bs nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] lj1fkg g+=
!)$%)^))^! cg';f/ :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, x]Ny
OG;k]Szg ;d"x, 5}6f}+ tx, :jf:Yo lg/LIfs -v'nf_
kbdf lgo'lQmsf] nflu l;kmfl/z eO{ g]kfn ;/sf/
-;lrj:t/_ sf] ldlt @)^!.!).@% sf] lg0f{ocg';f/
hg:jf:Yo lg/LIfs clws[t 5}6f}+ tx, :jf:Yo ;]jf
ljefudf lgo'lQm kfO{ ldlt @)^@.!.@( b]lv lhNnf
hg:jf:Yo sfof{no x'Dnfdf kb:yfkgf eO{ sfo{
u/L cfPsf] lyPF . :jf:Yo ;]jf cGtu{tsf sd{rf/Lsf]
:jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf !* adf]lhd
lgo'lQm kfPsf] Ps jif{ k/LIf0fsfnleq sfd
;Gtf]ifhgs gePdf pQm lgo'lQm ab/ ug{ ;lsg]
Pj+ k/LIf0fsfn cjlw ;dfKt ePdf ;f] lgo'lQm
:jtM ;b/ x'g] sfg"gL Joj:yf 5 . d lgjb]sn]
ldlt @)^@.!.@( ut] lgo'lQm kfO{ Ps jif{
k/LIf0fsfn ;dfKt eO{ lgo'lQm :jtM ;b/ eP
kZrft ldlt @)^$.#.#! ut]sf] ;lrj:t/sf]
lg0f{oaf6 d]/f] lgo'lQm ab/ ul/of] . To;/L lgo'lQm

254

*&^( dfwjk|;fb rf}nfufO{ lj=:jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfno ;d]t

ab/ ubf{ lgj]bs clws[t :t/ 5}6f}+ txsf] sd{rf/L

ePsf]n] :jf:Yo ;]jf P]gsf] bkmf *), *! / *@
adf]lhdsf] sfo{ljlw kfngf ug'k{ g{] x'G5 . pQm
sfg"gL k|lqmof Pj+ sfo{ljlw ;d]t kfngf gu/L
dgf]ut Pj+ xr'jf tj/af6 lgo'lQm ab/ ul/Psf]
ldlt @)^$.#.#! sf] lg0f{o u}/sfg"gL ePsf]n]
pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ ul/kfpFm .
ljkIfL dGqfnosf] ldlt @)^$.#.#! sf]
lg0f{o u}/sfg"gL / cGofok"0f{ eO{ :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g,
@)%# sf] bkmf !*, &$, *)-!_ f/f k|bQ sfg"gL
xs / g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgf/f k|bQ ;+jw} flgs
xssf] ljk/Lt ePsf] / ljkIfL ;lrjn] ug'{ ePsf]
plNnlvt lg0f{o ab/ u/fpg] cGo k|efjsf/L /
j}slNks pkfosf] cefj ePsf] x'Fbf g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)&-@_ adf]lhd o;
cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qcGtu{t of] lgj]bg
ug{ cfPsf] 5' . ljkIfL ;lrjn] ug'{ ePsf] plNnlvt
lg0f{ o nufot ;f] ; F u ;DalGwt ;Dk" 0 f{
sfdsf/jfxLx ab/ u/L d lgj]bsnfO{ k"jj{ t
;]jfdf axfn ug'{ u/fpg' / lg0f{o kl5sf] tnj,
eQf ;d]t lgj]bsnfO{ lbg' lbnfpg' egL ljkIfLsf
gfddf k/dfb]znufot cGo h'g;'s} cfb]z hf/L
ul/kfpFm . ;fy} pQm kbdf kbk"lt{ gug'{ gu/fpg'
egL ;jf{R] r cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod
$!-!_ adf]lhd ljkIfLxsf] gfddf cGtl/d cfb]z
;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] lgj]bg kq .
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf]
dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g\ gkg{] xf] < of]
cfb]z k|fKt ePsf] ldltn] af6fsf Dofb afx]s !%
lbgleq ;DalGwt ldl;n ;fy /fvL
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t\ lnlvt hjfkm
k7fpg' egL l/6 lgj]bgsf] Ps k|lt gSsn ;fy}
/fvL ljkIfLxnfO{ ;"rgf k7fO{ To;sf] af]wfy{
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodf k7fO{ lbg' . lnlvt
hjfkm cfPkl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5 lgodadf]lhd
k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] cfb]z .
lgj]bsnfO{ ldlt @)^@.!.@( b]lv nfu"
x'g] u/L lhNnf :jf:Yo sfof{no x'Dnfdf kb:yfkgf
255

ul/Psf]df lgh @)^@.#.!@ ut] b]lv @)^#.*.@

;Dd em08} !& dlxgf cg'kl:yt /x]sf] / lghnfO{
lhNnf :jf:Yo sfof{no, x'Dnfsf] r=g+= (#, ldlt
@)^@.$.!& / r=g+= !#%, ldlt @)^@.$.#) sf]
kqfg';f/ :ki6Ls/0f;lxt xfhL/ x'g cfpg lghsf]
3/ 7]ufgfdf kqfrf/ ubf{ ;d]t lgh gcfPsf]
sf/0f bzf{O{ lhNnf :jf:Yo sfof{no x'Dnfn] o;
dGqfnodf kqfrf/ u/]sf] xf] .
g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# cg';f/
k/LIf0fsfndf /x]sf] :yfoL sd{rf/Ln] ;Gtf]ifhgs
sfo{ gu/]df :yfoL lgo'lQm ab/ x'g;Sg] k|fjwfg
/x]sf] 5 . ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf &$-h_ adf]lhd ljbf
:jLs[t gu/fO{ nuftf/ ^) lbg;Dd cfkm\gf]
sfof{nodf cg'kl:yt /x]df ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] nflu
cof]Uo gx'g] u/L ;]jfaf6 x6fpg ;lsg] Joj:yf
;d]t /x]sf] 5 . lghnfO{ ldlt @)^@.!.@( ut]
b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L lhNnf :jf:Yo sfof{no x'Dnfdf
kb:yfkg ul/Psf] / ldlt @)^@.#.!@ ut]b]lv
@)^#.*.@ ;Dd em08} !& dlxgf sfof{nodf
cg' k l:yt /x] s f] sd{ r f/Ln] k/LIf0fsfndf
;Gtf]ifhgs sfo{ u/]sf] / Ps jif{sf] k/LIf0fsfn
;dfKt ePsf] egL eGg' cfkm}d
+ f lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ 5 .
nueu ;q dlxgf cg'kl:yt ePsf] sd{rf/LnfO{
g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf !* adf]lhd
k/LIf0fsfnsf] cjlw leq} lghsf] sfd ;Gtf]ifhgs
gePsf] egL lgo'lQm ab/ ul/Psf] g]kfn ;/sf/
-;lrj:t/_ sf] ldlt @)^$.#.#! sf] lg0f{odf k|Zg
p7g\ g;Sg] x'bF f ljkIfLsf] lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] g]kfn ;/sf/, :jf:Yo tyf
hg;+Vof dGqfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm .
l/6 lgj]bs dfwjk|;fb rf}nfufO{ lgo'lQm
ePkZrft\ ldlt @)^@.@.@( ut]bl] v lhNnf :jf:Yo
sfof{no x'Dnfdf xfhL/ eO{ lgh ldlt @)^#.#.!@
ut] b]lv ldlt @)^#.*.@ ut] ;Dd sfof{nodf
cg'kl:yt /x]sf] sf/0f sfof{noaf6 lgj]bsnfO{
ljleGg ldltdf xfhL/ x'g cfpg] / :ki6Ls/0f k]z
ug{] egL kqfrf/ ul/Psf]df lgj]bsn] ldlt
@)^#.*.# ut] pkl:yt eO{ :ki6Ls/0f k]z u/]kZrft\

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

pQm :ki6Ls/0f ;lxt ;+nUg /fvL cfjZos

sf/jfxLsf] nflu :jf:Yo ;]jf ljefudf kmfOn
k7fPsf]df :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfnosf] ldlt
@)^#.#.#! sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ lgh dfwjk|;fb
rf}nfufO{sf] lgo'lQm ab/ e} cfPsf] x'bF f l/6 lgj]bs
k/LIf0fsfndf cfkm" axfn /x]sf] sfof{nodf ?h'
xfhL/ ge} :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf !*,
&$, *)-!_ adf] l hd lgo' l Qm ab/ ul/Psf]
sfg"g;Ddt\ x'bF f dfuadf]lhd cfb]z hf/L x'gk' g{]
xf]Og eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lhNnf :jf:Yo sfof{no
x'Dnfsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
lgodadf]lhd b}lgs k]zL ;"rLdf ;dfj]z
eO{ k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf lgj]bstkm{af6
pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmfo k|d] l;+x wfdL tyf l;h{gf
sF 8 ] n n] lgj] b snfO{ ldlt @)^!.!).@% sf]
lg0f{ocg';f/ hg:jf:Yo lg/LIfs, clws[t 5}6f}+
txdf lgo'lQm u/L ldlt @)^@.!.@( af6 nfu" x'g]
u/L lhNnf hg:jf:Yo sfof{no x'Dnfdf lgo'lQm
ul/Psf] x'bF f ;f] ldltn] Ps jif{ ldlt @)^#.!.@*
df k/LIf0fsfn JotLt eO{ lgj]bssf] lgo'lQm :jtM
;b/ eO{ ;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . k/LIf0fsfn JotLt
eO;s]kl5 :jf:Yo ;]jf P]gsf] bkmf *), *! tyf
*@ adf]lhd kfngf ug'k{ g{] sfo{ljlw ;d]t kfngf
gu/L sfo{ ;Gtf]ifhgs gePsf] egL lgo'lQm ab/
ug{] u/L lg0f{o ePsf] 5 . pQm lg0f{o g]sfk @)%(,
lg=g+= &!$* df o; cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt l;4fGt
;d]tsf] ljk/Lt / sfg"gljk/Lt x'bF f lgj]bssf]
dfuadf]lhd cfb]z hf/L x'gk' 5{ egL ax; ug'e
{ of] .
ljkIfL :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfno ;d]t
tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf s[i0fhLjL
l3ld/]n] lgj]bsnfO{ ldlt @)^@.!.@( b]lv nfu" x'g]
u/L lhNnf hg:jf:Yo sfof{no x'Dnfdf kb:yfkgf
ul/Psf] / ldlt @)^@.@.@( b]lv xfhL/ ePkZrft\
ldlt @)^@.#.!@ b]lv ldlt @)^#.*.@ ;Dd sl/j
;q dlxgf lagf ;"rgf sfof{nodf cg'kl:yt /x]sf]
k|i6 5 . k/LIf0fsfndf ;Gtf]ifhgs sfo{ gu/]df
:jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf !* cg';f/ lgo'lQm
ab/ ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf 5 . ldlt @)^@.@.@( df
256

xfhL/ eO{ ldlt @)^#.#.!@ b]lv cg'kl:yt x'bF f Ps

dlxgf klg sfof{nodf sfd gu/L ljgf ;"rgf
cg'kl:yt ePsf]n] lghsf] sfo{ ;Gtf]ifhgs gePsf]
:jtM k|i6 5 . lgj]bsnfO{ lgo'lQm ab/sf] lg0f{o
lj?4 k'g/fj]bgdf hfg] j}slNks pkrf/sf] dfu{
5Fbf5Fb} l/6 If]qdf k|jz
] u/]sf] ;d]t q'l6k"0f{ 5 .
lgh lgj]bssf lj?4 sf/jfxLsf] p7fg k/LIf0fsfn
leq} z'? eO{ ;s]sf] x'bF f lg0f{o kl5 ul/Psf] sf/0fn]
dfq} lghsf] lgo'lQm :jtM ;b/ ePsf] cy{ ug{ ldNb}g .
t;y{ k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] cf}lrTo gx'bF f vf/]h
x'gk' 5{ egL ax; ug'e
{ of] .
pkl:yt ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLxn] ug'{
ePsf] ax; ;d]t ;'gL k]z ePsf ldl;n sfuhft
cWoog u/L OG;fkmtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ lgj]bssf]
dfuadf]lhd cfb]z hf/L x'G5 x'bF g} eGg] ;DaGwdf
lg0f{o lbg'kg{] b]lvof] .
lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ lgj]bsnfO{ ldlt
@)^!.!).@% sf] lg0f{ocg';f/ hg:jf:Yo lg/LIfs,
clws[t 5}6f}+ txdf lgo'lQm u/L ldlt @)^@.!.@(
b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L lhNnf hg:jf:Yo sfof{no
x'Dnfdf lgo'Qm ul/Psf]df ldlt @)^#.!.@* df
k/LIf0fsfn ;dfKt eO{ lgo'lQm ;b/ eO{ ;s]sf]
x'bF f :jf:Yo ;]jf P]gsf] sfg"gL k|fjwfg ljk/Lt
ldlt @)^$.#.#! sf] lg0f{ocg';f/ lgj]bsnfO{ lbPsf]
lgo'lQm sfg"g ljk/Lt ab/ ul/Psf] x'bF f To;/L
lgo'lQm ab/ ug{] nufotsf] sf/jfxL pTk|i] f0fsf]
cfb]zf/f ab/ u/L lgj]bsnfO{ k"j{jt ;]jfdf
axfn u/fpg' eGg] k/dfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm
eGg] dfu bfjL /x]sf] k|:t't lgj]bgdf lgj]bs
k/LIf0fsfndf ljgf ;"rgf nuftf/ sfof{nodf
cg'kl:yt /x]sf]n] lghsf] lgo'lQm ab/ ul/Psf]
x'bF f l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'gk' 5{ eGg] ljkIfLxsf]
lnlvt hjfkm /x]5 .
@= ldl;n cWoog ubf{ lgj]bs dfwjk|;fb
rf}nfufO{nfO{ ldlt @)^!.!).@% sf] lg0f{ocg';f/
ldlt @)^@.!.@( b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L hg:jf:Yo
lg/LIfs kbdf lgo'lQm u/L lhNnf :jf:Yo sfof{no
x'Dnfdf kb:yfkg ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . lgh lgj]bs

*&^( dfwjk|;fb rf}nfufO{ lj=:jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfno ;d]t

pQm sfof{ n odf kb:yfkgf ul/Pkl5 ldlt

@)^@.@.@( df sfof{nodf xfhL/ eO{ ldlt
@)^@.#.!@ b]lv ljbf :jLs[t gu/fO{ ldlt @)^#.*.@
;Dd nuftf/ cg'kl:yt /x]sf] eGg] tYodf ljjfb
b]lvPg . o;/L lgj]bs k/LIf0fsfnsf] cjlwb]lv
g} ljbf :jLs[t gu/fO{ sfof{nodf cg'kl:yt /x]sf]n]
hg:jf:Yo sfof{no x'Dnfsf] ldlt @)^#.$.!&
;d]tsf ljleGg kqxaf6 sfof{nodf xfhL/ x'g
cfpg] ;DaGwdf 3/ 7]ufgfdf kqfrf/ ul/Psf]
ldl;naf6 b]lvG5 . ;f]xL l;nl;nfdf lgj]bsnfO{
:jf:Yo ;]jf P]g cg';f/ sf/jfxL ug{] qmddf lhNnf
:jf:Yo sfof{no x'Dnfsf] ldlt @)^@.%.!( sf]
kqaf6 sf/jfxLsf] k|f/De u/L :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof
dGqfnodf kqfrf/ u/]kZrft\ ljleGg txdf l6Kk0fL
k]z x'bF } :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfnosf] ldlt
@)^@.#.!@ sf] ;lrj :t/Lo lg0f{ o af6
k/LIf0fsfnsf] cjlwdf sfo{ ;Gtf]ifhgs gePsf]
eGg] cfwf/df lgj]bssf] lgo'lQm ab/ ug{] lg0f{o
ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
#= g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# sf]
bkmf !* df :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] :yfoL kbdf gofF
lgo'lQm ubf{ dlxnf sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf 5 dlxgf /
k'?if sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf Psjif{sf] k/LIf0fsfndf
/xg] u/L ul/g]5 . k/LIf0fsfndf lghsf] sfo{
;Gtf]ifhgs gePdf lghsf] lgo'lQm ab/ ug{
;lsg]5 . o;/L lgo'lQm ab/ gul/Psf sd{rf/Lsf]
lgo'lQm k/LIf0fsfn ;dfKt ePkl5 :jtM ;b/
ePsf] dflgg]5 eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf ePsf]n]
pQm P]gn] clVtof/ k|fKt JolQmnfO{ k/LIf0fsfndf
sfd ;Gtf]ifhgs gePsf] cj:yfdf lgo'lQm ab/
ug{] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] k|i6 5 . sd{rf/LnfO{
lglZrt\ cjlwsf] k/LIf0fsfndf /xg] u/L lgo'lQm
ug'{sf] p2]Zo / k|of]hg lgo'Qm ul/Psf] JolQm
lgo'Qm ul/Psf] sfdsf] nflu pko'Qm 5 5}g,
lghn] tf]lsPsf] sfd ;Dkfbg ug{ ;S5 ;Sb}g
egL k/LIf0f ug'{ xf] . To;/L k/LIf0f u/]kl5 dfq
lghnfO{ lbPsf] lgo'lQm ;b/ jf ab/ ug{ ;Sg]
u/L lgo'Qm ug{] clwsf/LnfO{ ljwflosfn] k|bfg
257

u/]sf] of] :jljj]sLo clwsf/ xf] . o:tf] :jljj]sLo

clwsf/sf] k|of]u u/L s'g} JolQm tf]lsPsf] kbsf
nflu pko'Qm 5 5}g / lghn] tf]lsPsf] sfd
;Dkfbg ug{ ;S5 ;Sb}g eGg] s'/f x]/L hfFrL
clVtof/ k|fKt JolQmn] u/]sf] lg0f{odf lghn]
pQm clwsf/sf] :j]R5frf/L ?kdf k|of]u u/]sf]
jf k|i6 cfwf/ / sf/0f pNn]v gu/L lg0f{o u/]sf]
cj:yfdf afx]s cbfntn] k|j]z u/L s'g} cd's
JolQm s'g} kb jf sfo{sf] nflu pko'Qm 5 5}g
egL lg0f{o ug{ ldNb}g . cbfntn] lgj]bsnfO{
cjsfz lbFbf ckgfO{Psf] k|lqmof / sf/0fx
sfg"g Pj+ Gofo;Ddt\ 5g\ 5}gg\ eGg];Dd s'/fdf
x]/L lg0f{o lbg'kg{] x'G5 .
$= lgj]bssf] lgo'lQm ab/ ubf{ ckgfOPsf]
k|lqmof / sf/0fx sfg"g;Ddt\ 5g\ 5}gg\ egL
x]bf{ lgj]bssf] lgo'lQm ab/ ubf{ g]kfn :jf:Yo
;]jf P]gsf] bkmf *), *!, *@ ;d]tsf] sfg"gL
k|fjwfgljk/Lt lgo'lQm ab/ ul/Psf] / k/LIf0fsfn
JotLt eO;s]kl5 lgo'lQm ab/ ul/Psf] x'Fbf
sfg"gljk/Lt 5 eGg] lgj]bssf] lgj]bg dfu /
lgj]bs tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmfxsf]
ax; lhsL/ /x]sf]n] ;f] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{
g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf *) df
ljefuLo ;hfo lbg kfpg] clwsf/Ln] s' g }
sd{rf/LnfO{ ;hfo lbg] cfb]z lbg' eGbf cl3
sf/jfxL ug{ nfluPsf] sf/0f pNn]v u/L -;kmfO
k]z ug{] df}sf lbg'kg{] eGg] k|jfwfg /x]sf], bkmf *!
df ljz]if ;hfosf] cfb]z lbg' klxn] ;hfo k|:tfj
ug'k{ g{] k|fjwfg /x]sf] tyf bkmf *@ df nf]s ;]jf
cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng'kg{] ;d]tsf] k|fjwfg /x]sf]
kfOG5 . pQm k| f jwfgx :jf:Yo ;] j fsf
sd{rf/LnfO{ ljefuLo ;hfo lbg] ;DaGwdf Joj:yf
ul/Psf] kfOG5 . sd{rf/LnfO{ ljefuLo ;hfo ug{]
s'/f / k/LIf0fsfndf lgo'Qm ePsf] sd{rf/Lsf]
lgo'lQm ;b/ jf ab/ ug{] s'/f km/s ljifo ePsf]n]
pQm sfg"gL k|fjwfgx k/LIf0fsfndf /x]sf]
sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm ;b/ jf ab/ x'g] eGg] ;DaGwdf
cfslif{t x'g] cj:yf b]lvPg .

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

%= lgo'lQm ab/sf] lg0f{o ubf{ k/LIf0fsfn

JotLt eO{ ;s]kl5 ul/Psf]n] sfg"g / o;
cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt l;4fGt ljk/Lt 5 eGg]
lgj]bssf] csf{] lhsL/ /x]sf]n] ;f] ;DaGwdf ljrf/
ubf{ lgj]bs z'? lgo'lQm eO ldlt @)^@.@.@(
b]lv sfof{nodf xfhL/ eO{ ldlt @)^@.#.!@ b]lv
cg'kl:yt ePkl5 lhNnf :jf:Yo sfof{no x'Dnfn]
@)^@.$.!& b]lv xfhL/ x'g cfpg] ;DaGwdf
kqfrf/ z'? u/L k6s k6s kqfrf/ u/]kl5 ldlt
@)^@.%.!( df lhNnf hg:jf:Yo sfof{no x'Dnfsf]
kqaf6 lgj]bsnfO{ cfjZos sf/jfxLsf] nflu
:jf:Yo tyf hg;+ V of dGqfnonfO{ kqfrf/
ul/Psf] kfOG5 . ;f]xL sf/jfxLsf] lg/Gt/tf:j?k
ldlt @)^$.#.#! sf] :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof
dGqfnosf] lg0f{ocg';f/ lgj]bssf] lgo'lQm ab/
ug{] lg0f{o ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . lgh lgj]bssf] lgo'lQm
ab/ ug'{kg{] sf/0fx klg k/LIf0fsfnsf] cjlw
leq} l;h{gf ePsf]df ljjfb ePg . ;f]xL sf/0faf6
lgh lj?4 sf/jfxLsf] k|lqmof ;d]t k/LIf0fsfn
leq} z'? eO;s]sf] b]lvgfn] lgo'lQm ab/sf]
cf}krfl/s clGtd lg0f{o k/LIf0fsfn JotLt eO{
;s]kl5 ePsf] ePtf klg ;f]xL sf/0fn] klxn]b]lv
k| f /De ePsf] k| l qmofcg' ; f/ ul/Psf] lg0f{ o
sfg"gljk/Lt eof] eGg ldNg] cj:yf /x]g .
^= hxfF;Dd xl/ZrGb| ;fx lj?4 nf]s;]jf
cfof]u c~rn sfof{no hn]Zj/ ;d]t ePsf]
d'2fdf -g]sfk @)%(, lg=g+= &!$*_ df o;
cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt l;4fGtljk/Lt ePsf] lg0f{o
ab/ x''g'k5{ eGg] lgj]bstkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg
clwjQmfxsf] ax;df lhsL/ ug' { ePsf]
;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ pQm d'2fdf lgj]bs xl/ZrGb|
;fxnfO{ lgo'lQm ubf{sf] k|lqmof sfg"g;Ddt\ gePsf]
eGg] cfwf/df nf] s ;] j f cfof] u n] lgo' l Qmsf]
sf/jfxL lg0f{o ;lxtsf] ;Dk"0f{ k|lqmof ab/ ug{]
lg0f{o u/]sf] / To;sf] kl/0ffd:j?k lgj]bsnfO{
;d]t cjsfz lbg'kg{] lg0f{o ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . ;f]
d'2fdf lgj]bs ldlt @)%%.*.@( sf] kqaf6 :yfoL
lgo'lQm eO{ @)%^.*.@( b]lv k/LIf0fsfn ;dfKt

u/L @)%^.!!.@$ df ;]jfaf6 lj:yflkt geP;Dd

;]jfdf ?h' xfhL/ /xL sfo{ u/L cfPsf] b]lvG5 .
o;/L lgj] b stkm{ a f6 pkl:yt ljfg
clwjQmfxn] pNn]v ug'{ ePsf] l;4fGt sfod
ePsf] d'2f lgo'lQm k|lqmof sfg"g ljk/Lt ePsf]
eGg] ;DaGwdf nf]s;]jf cfof]un] u/]sf] lg0f{o
;DaGwdf k/]sf] b]lvPsf], t/ k|:t't d'2f lgj]bs
k/LIf0fsfnsf] Ps jif{df Ps dlxgf klg xfhL/
geO{ sfof{nodf cg'kl:yt /x]sf] sf/0f lgo'lQm
ab/ ul/Psf] eGg] ljifodf k/]sf] b]lvPsf]n] pQm
l;4fGt k|ltkflbt ePsf] d'2f / k|:t't d'2fsf]
tYo g} cfwf/e"t ?kdf km/s b]lvG5 . ghL/nfO{
cfwf/ dfgL km};nf ubf{ d'2fsf] tYo / lg0f{o
ug'{kg{] k|Zgx ;dfg k|s[ltsf] x'g cfjZos 5 .
d'2fsf] tYo g} cfwf/e"t ?kn] km/s k/]sf] x'Fbf
pQm ghL/ o; d'2fdf cfslif{t x'g;Sg] b]lvg
cfPg .
&= lgo'lQm ab/sf] lg0f{o ubf{ :j]R5frf/L
?kdf / cfwf/ Pj+ sf/0f gvf]nL ul/Psf] egL
lgj]bsn] lgj]bgdf k|i6 bfjL lng ;s]sf] kfOb}g .
oL lgj]bs lhNnf :jf:Yo sfof{no x'Dnfsf]
hg:jf:Yo lg/LIfs kbdf lgo'Qm eO{ kb:yfkg
ePkl5 ldlt @)^@.@.@( df xfhL/ eO{ xfhL/
ePsf] Ps dlxgf klg glaTb} @)^@.#.!@ b]lv
nuftf/ %!! lbg cyf{t\ sl/j ;q dlxgf ljgf
;" r gf cg' k l:yt /x] s f] b] l vG5 . To;/L
k/LIf0fsfndf ljgf ;"rgf cg'kl:yt ePsf] xf]Og
jf kb:yfkg ePsf] sfof{nodf cg'kl:yt /xg'sf]
dgfl;j sf/0f ;d]t lgj]bsn] lgj]bgdf pNn]v
ug{ ;s]sf] kfOb}g . lgj]bsnfO{ sfof{nodf xfhL/
x'g cfpg ;DalGwt sfof{non] k6s k6s kqfrf/
u/]sf] ;d]t ldl;n k|df0faf6 b]lvG5 . k/LIf0fsfn
JotLt eO{ ;s]sf] sd{rf/LnfO{ ;d]t nuftf/
^) lbg labf :jLs[t gu/fO{ cg'kl:yt /x]df
cjsfz lbg ;lsg] :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# sf]
bkmf &$ df sfg"gL k|fjwfg /x]sf] kfOG5 . ;f]
k|fjwfg nufot ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf !* df ePsf]
k/LIf0fsfnleq sfd ;Gtf]ifhgs gePdf lgo'lQm

258

*&&) nLnf/fh uf}td ;d]t lj=g]kfn ;/sf/

ab/ x'g;Sg] sfg"gL k|fjwfg lgj]bsnfO{ lgo'lQm

x'Fbfs} cj:yfdf 1ft x'g] s'/f xf] . bkmf &$ sf]
pQm Joj:yf k/LIf0fsfn JotLt eO;s] s f]
sd{rf/LnfO{ ;d]t nfu" x'g] ePkl5 sf/jfxLsf]
k|lqmof km/s ePklg pQm k|fjwfg k/LIf0fsfn
g} JotLt gePsf] sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf lgo'lQm ;b/
jf ab/sf] lg0f{o x'Fbf ljrf/ ug{ gldNg] eGg]
x'Fb}g . k/LIf0fsfnsf] Ps jif{df Ps dlxgf;Dd
klg sfof{nodf pkl:yt eO sfd gu/]sf] sd{rf/L
tf]lsPsf] sfd ug{ pko'Qm / ;Ifd /x]sf] egL
clVtof/ k|fKt JolQmnfO{ k/LIf0f ug{ ;d]t cfwf/
gePsf] ldl;n ;+nUg tYoxn] :yflkt u/L /x]sf]
b]lvG5 . o;/L ;dGofosf] b[li6af6 x]bf{ klg
lgj]bsnfO{ cGofo g} kg{ uPsf] /x]5 eGg ;lsg]
cfwf/x ldl;n k|df0faf6 b]lvg cfPg . ctPjM
lghnfO{ k/LIf0fsfnsf] cjlwdf ljgf ;"rgf
sfof{ n odf cg' k l:yt /x] s f] sf/0f sfd
;Gtf]ifhgs gePsf] egL clVtof/k|fKt JolQmn]
cfkm"nfO{ sfg"gn] k|bfg u/]sf] clwsf/ k|of]u
u/L ul/Psf] lgo'lQm ab/sf] lg0f{o :j]R5frf/L
?kdf ul/Psf] / sfg"gsf] k|lqmof k"/f gu/L
cGofok"0f{ tj/af6 ul/Psf] eGg ldNg] ePg .
*= t;y{, ljj]lrt cfwf/ / sf/0fxaf6
lgj]bsnfO{ k/LIf0f sfndf sfd ;Gtf]ifhgs
gePsf] egL :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfnoaf6
ePsf] lg0f{o sfg"g ljk/Lt gb]lvPsf]n] pQm
lg0f{oaf6 lgj]bssf] ;+ljwfg tyf sfg"g k|bQ xs
clwsf/ xgg\ ePsf] eGg gldNg] x'Fbf lgj]bg
dfuadf]lhd cfb]z hf/L ug{ ldn]g . l/6 lgj]bg
vf/] h x' g ] 7x5{ . bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L
lgodfg';f/ ldl;n a'emfO{lbg" .
pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' .
Gof=e/t/fh pk|t] L
Olt ;+jt\ @)^* df3 @ ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ =
Ohnf; clws[tM sdnk|;fb kf]v/]n

lg0f{o g+= *&&)

;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L sNof0f >]i7
dfggLo GofofwLz >L sdngf/fo0f bf;
kmf}= k'=g+= )^#CR)))*, ))&^, )!^!, )!&#
km};nf ldltM @)^(.@.(.#
d'2f M e|i6frf/ .
k'g/fjbs k|ltjfbLM sf7df8f}F lhNnf, sf7df8f}F
dxfgu/kflnsf, j8f g+= !) afg]Zj/ a:g]
nLnf/fh uf}td ;d]t
lj?4
k|ToyL{ jfbLM clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf
cg';Gwfg clws[t lbg]zxl/ clwsf/Lsf]
k|ltj]bgn] g]kfn ;/sf/
k'g/fjb]s jfbLM g]kfn ;/sf/
lj?4
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLM sf7df8f}+ lhNnf, sf7df8f}F
dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= !) a:g] j}bl] zs
x'nfs sfof{nosf gf=;'= s]zj/fh uf}td
k'g/fjb]s k|ltjfbLM /fd]5fk lhNnf, a]tfnL uf=lj=;=,
j8f g+= # 3/ e} xfn sf=d=g=kf=j8f g+=
& rfjlxn a:g] sNof0faxfb'/ a:g]t ;d]t
lj?4
k|ToyL{ jfbLM g]kfn ;/sf/
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLM sf7df8f}F lhNnf, sf7df8f}F
dxfgu/kflnsf, j8f g+= !) afg]Zj/ a:g]
s]zj/fh uf}td ;d]t
lj?4
k|ToyL{ jfbLM g]kfn ;/sf/
z'? km};nf ug]{ M
cWoIf, df=Gof= >L e"kWjh clwsf/L
;b:o, df=Gof= >L sf]dngfy zdf{
;b:o, df=Gof=>L rf]nG] b| zD;]/ h=j=/f=

l
259

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

JolQmut ?kdf n]lvPsf / k/LIf0f ug{

g;lsg] lghL 8fo/LnfO{ sfg"gadf]lhdsf]
csf6\o k|df0fsf] ?kdf u|x0f ub}{ hfg] xf]
eg] To;n] unt ;+:sf/ / s[lqd k|df0fsf]
l;h{gfnfO{ a9fjf lbg] x'bF f cbfntn] To:tf
s[lqd / agfj6L k|df0fsf] l;h{gf x'g]
k|lqmofnfO{ ckgfpg / k|fT] ;fxg ug{ gx'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=@&_
hfFr cjlwdf cfk"mn] cfh{g u/]sf] ;DklQ
5f]/f / >LdtLnfO{ j08f nufOlbPs} sf/0fn]
To;sf] ;|ft] k'li6 ug'k{ b}g{ eGg] ts{nfO{
:jLsfg]{ xf] eg] ;fj{hlgs kbdf /x]sf
x/]s JolQmn] h'g;'s} Joxf]/fn] cfh{g u/]sf]
;DklQ To;/L g} xs x:tfGt/0f u/]/ ;|ft]
k'li6 ug'{kg]{ bfloTjaf6 pGd'lQm kfpg]
cj:yf /xg] .
-k|s/0f g+=#)_
klt kTgL / 5f]/f 5f]/LxaLr c+zj08fsf]
lnvt kf/Lt u/L 5' l leGg ePsf]
b]lvPklg e|i6frf/ d'2fsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu
To:tf] j08fkqdf n]lvPsf ;DklQxsf]
;|ft] k'li6 ug]{ bfloTjaf6 pGd'lQm gx'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=#@_
;DklQsf] ;|ft] nfO{ sfg"gL cfj/0fn] 9fsL
xfn}sf] as;kq eGg] zAb lnvtdf pNn]v
u/]s} cfwf/df To:tf] ;DklQnfO{ e|i6frf/
d'2fsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu as;kqaf6 cfPsf]
dfgL To;sf] ;|ft] vf]Hg' gkg]{ egL cy{
ug{ gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=#$_
cfof] u n] cleof] u bfjL ug] { xsnfO{
ljz]ifflwsf/ dfgL dg nfu] 5"6 lbg] /
dg gnfu] bfjL ug] { dgf] d fgL /
:j]R5frfl/tf b]vfpg ;Qm}g . sfg"g, Gofo
/ ljj]ssf] cwLgdf g/xL cleof]ukq bfo/
ug]{ xf] eg] Gofon] :jR5tf u'dfpFb5 .
o;nfO{ uDeL/ lhDd]jf/L ;Dem]/ cfof]un]
cg';Gwfg Pjd\ cleof]hg ug{ ;Sg' kb{5 .
260

cGoyf c?dfly clVtof/sf] b'?kof]usf]

bfjL ug] { cfof] u sf kbflwsf/L jf
sd{rf/Lx :jod\ klg To:tf] bf]ifsf]
efuLbf/ x'g;Sg] cj:yf gcfcf];\ egL
;ts{ /xg' kg]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=#%_
as; lbg'kg]{ s'g} sf/0f g} geO{ d"No
lnP/ lnvtdf xfn}bl] vsf] as;kq egL
pNn]v u/L em"7f] Jojxf/ b]vfpg] bftfn]
klg ;DklQsf] ;|ft] n'sfpg d2t u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . t/ jfbLn] To:tf bftfpk/ s'g}
sf/jfxL / bfjL u/]sf] gb]lvPsf] cj:yfdf
cbfntn] To:tf bftfsf] xsdf cGoyf
ug{ ldn]g . To;}n] ljz]if cbfntn]
hUufxnfO{ v/Lb dfg]sf] km};nf k|:t't
d'2fsf] k|of]hgsf] ;Gbe{df ldn]s} b]lvg] .
-k|s/0f g+=+ #^_
7"nf] kl/df0fsf] ;'g lsGg ;Sg]n] csf{sf]
ns/df ;'g /fVg lbPsf] eGg] aofg
cfkm}+df ljZjf;k|b gb]lvg] x'Fbf cfgf
u7d]nsf dflg;xnfO{ ldnfO{ h'g;'s}
;dodf tof/ kfg{ ;lsg] 3/fo;L agfj6L
sfuh v8f u/L u/fO{ cfk"mn] ;|ft] k'li6
ug'k{ g]{ ;DklQsf] d"No 36fpg] p2]Zon]
ck'i6 aofg u/]sf] / ug{ nufPs} e/df
k|ltjfbLs} gfdsf] a}+s ns/df ePsf
;'gnfO{ pgfp JolQmsf] eGg gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=+ $!_
sf7df8f}+ h:tf] :yfgdf kfFrj6f 3/ ePsf]
/ ef8faf6 c:jfefljs / pNn] V o
kl/df0fsf] cfo k|fKt u/]sf] lhsL/ lnOG5
eg] To;nfO{ Joj;fos} ?kdf dfGg' kg]{
x'Fbf df}lvs lhsL/sf e/df cfo k|bfg
ug{ ldNb}g . 7"nf] kl/df0fdf 3/ ef8f
k|fKt u/]sf] eGg] JolQmn] 3/ ef8fdf
lbPsf] ;+emf}tf tyf s/ lt/]sf] k|df0f
k]z ug'{kg]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=+ $^_

*&&) nLnf/fh uf}td ;d]t lj=g]kfn ;/sf/

ck'i6, ctfls{s / xr'jf cfwf/df ul/g]

sNkgfaf6 cbfnt ;Gt'i6 x'g ;Qm}g .
j:t'lgi7 cfwf/lagf g} xr'jfsf] cfwf/df
lnOg] bfjLnfO{ sfg" g ;+ u t dfGg
g;lsg] .
-k|s/0f g+=+ $*_
cfgf] lhsL/nfO{ j:t'k/s / sfg"gn]
dfGotf lbPsf k|df0faf6 k'li6 jf v08g
ug{ tYoo'Qm / j:t'lgi7 k|df0f k|:t't ug{
g;s]sf] cj:yfdf d'2fsf kIfn] ck'i6
egfO{ /fv]s} cfwf/df cbfntn] klg To;}
ug]{ cj:yf g/xg] .
-k|s/0f g+=$(_
s[lif cfosf] lgwf{/0f ;DaGwdf ;/sf/L
:t/af6 5'} j}1flgs dfkb08 lgwf{/0f
gePsf] l:yltdf To;sf] cfo lgwf{/0f
ug'{kg]{ l:ylt l;h{gf ePdf ;/sf/L
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kg]{ s'tsf] b/nfO{ g} s[lif cfo lgwf{/0f
ug]{ cfwf/ agfpg' kg]{ .
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38] / L k| o f] h gsf nflu v/Lb ePsf
hUufx cfo;| f ] t a9fpg] p2] Z on]
Jofj;flos ?kdf wfg / ux'Fnufot
t/sf/L pTkfbgsf] v]tL ug]{ sfo{ u/]sf]
egL j:t'lgi7 cfwf/lagf lhsL/ u/]s}
e/df ljZjf; ug{ g;lsg] .
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ljb]zaf6 k|fKt ePsf] /sd s] s;/L
b]zleq lelqPsf] xf] / ;f] /sdsf] ;|f]t
s] xf] eGg] t km{ Wofg glbg] xf] eg]
cj}wflgs /sdn] :jtM sfg"gL cfj/0f
k|fKt ug]{ x'Fbf ljb]zaf6 /sd k|fKt ePsf]
egL bfjL ug]{ kIfn] To:tf] /sdsf]
;|f]tnfO{ k'li6 ug]{ bfloTjaf6 pGd'lQm
kfpg g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=+ %^_
261

k'g/fj]bs jfbL tkm{af6M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf

dx]z yfkf / ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf
t]hgf/fo0f kf}8n
]
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLsf tkm{af6 ljfg jl/i7
clwjQmf o1d" l t{ aGhf8] / ljfg
clwjQmfx s] z jk| ; fb e/fO{ /
s[i0fk|;fb ;fksf]6f
cjnlDat ghL/M
g]sfk, @)^^, c *, lg=g+= *@))

g]sfk @)^&, c !@, lg=g+= *%!(, k[= @)##

g]sfk @)^*, c ^, lg=g+=*^#)

g]sfk @)^*, c !!, lg=g++ *&@@
;Da4 sfg"gM
o e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf &-!_ !^-u_
o e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf @)-!_, -@_,
^% sf] pkbkmf -#_
o d'ns
' L P]g, c=a=!!% g+= !## / !#( g+=
o k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf @%
o e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf ##s

cfb]z
Gof=sNof0f >]i7M ljz]if cbfnt P]g, @)%(
sf] bkmf !& adf]lhd ljz]if cbfnt sf7df8f}s
F f]
ldlt @)^@.!!.!( sf] km};nfpk/ b'j} kIfsf] k[ys
k[ys k'g/fj]bg k/]sf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo /
7x/ lgDgadf]lhd 5 M
a}bl] zs x'nfs eG;f/ sfof{nosf gf=;'=
s]zj/fh uf}tdn] cy{ dGqfnocGtu{t sfo{/t\
/xFbf e|i6frf/ u/L s/f]8f+} ?k}ofFsf] ;DklQ sdfPsf]
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@)%(.$.! df clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg
cfof]u;dIf cfjZos sf/jfxLsf] nflu lgj]bg
lbPsf] .
k|ltjfbLsf] 3/ vfgtnf;L ubf{ e]l6Psf]
gub /sd, ;' g , rfF b L, a+ } s r] s j' s , hUuf
;DaGwL sfuhft, z] o / ;DaGwL sfuhft
nufotsf ljleGg sfuhft pNn] v ul/Psf]
a/fdbL d'r'Nsf .

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
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gfoj ;'Aafaf6 gf]s/L z'? u/L j}bl] zs x'nfs
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cf/f]kkqdf pNn]v ePcg';f/ k|ltjfbL

s]zj/fh / lghsf kl/jf/sf gfddf /x]sf] ;DklQ
lgDgadf]lhd b]lvG5M

tflnsf g+= !
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s:sf]
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5

cleo'Qm;Fu
lghsf]
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>LdtL

sfdgkf
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>LdtL /
efO{

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262

xfnsf] b/efp
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*&&) nLnf/fh uf}td ;d]t lj=g]kfn ;/sf/

tflnsf g+= @
hUUff hldgsf] ljj/0f

hUuf
wlgsf] gfd
s]zj/fh
uf}td

cleo'Qm
;Fusf]
gftf
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hUuf /x]sf]
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ls=g+

hUufsf]
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hUUff k|fKt
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sf=d=g=kf= !),
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sf=d=g=kf= !),
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&

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>LdtL
tyf efO{

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g+ %
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cfkm}

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s}lkmot
ls=g+= #^,$% / To;
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kl5 $% ;6[f u/L #&
x'b} cfPsf]
;fljs dxfb]j:yfg
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/ @(! af6 le8]sf]
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ls=g+= !^ x'+b} cfPsf] .
e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no
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hUUff
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hUUff
;fljs eLd;]g
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(&* af6
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263

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g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
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tflnsf g+= #
z]o/sf] ljj/0f
cleo'Qm
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z]o/a
rtkq
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nLnf/fh
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wgLsf]
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z]o/

g]kfn O{08li6on
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ln=
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&)

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tf/fufpF l/h]G;L xf]6n ln=sf]

ldlt )%(.%.!# sf] kqfg';f/

O{Zj/ Kofs]lh
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yl;v]n, nlntk'/
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sdnfbL

&,)))

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O{Zj/ Kofs]lh O08li6hsf]

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&)

!)). k|ltz]o/

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%@

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tf/fufpF l/h]G;L
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!()

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Pg=cfO{=l;= a}s sf] ldlt

@))@ ;]K6]Dj/ ^ sf] kqfg';f/
a}s ckm sf7df8f}Fsf]
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ldlt )%(.%.!# sf] kqfg';f/

art z]o/ sxfFsf]

xf] <

slt
lsQf

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r=g+= / ldlt

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@))@ ;]K6]Dj/ ^ sf] kqfg';f/

tflnsf g+= $
a}s
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cleo'Qm
;Fusf]
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;DaGw
cfkm}

vftfdf
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vftf
sf]
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vftf gDj/

vftf vf]n]sf]
ldlt

xfnsf]
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hfgsf/L lbg]
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/ ldlt

s}lkmot

art

)!!))!##&@
@)!

!((* Nov. $
df b/jf/dfu{af6
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!!,!*,#%%.
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vftf g+
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b/jf/dfu{ zfvfdf
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sfGtLky zfvfdf :yfGt/
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s]zj/fh
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cfkm}

/f=jf= a}+s
l;+xb/jf/

art

^$&$

)#$.%.@

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/f=jf= a}=
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s]zj/fh
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cfkm}

lxdfnog
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art

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gv'Ng]

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s]zj/fh
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cfkm}

art

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cfkm}

s[lif ljsf;
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lxdfnog a}saf6
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art

)$)&%%)

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!%,$*,(!^.#&

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s]zj/fh
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cfkm}

g]=a}=ln=
sf7df8f}F
ckmL;
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art

^$#%!%)

gv'Ng]

!),^#,%&#.&@

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ckmL; Go"/f]8sf]
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s]zj/fh
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cfkm}

art

!$!##)

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s]zj/fh
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cfkm}

s[lif ljsf;
a}+s
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art

!*)!)*$%^
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vftfjfnf
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264

(,#(,#^(.@@

!),%&,)%!.#@

s[lif ljsf; j}ssf]

r=g+= @$! ldlt
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kqfg';f/
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a}ssf] ldlt
@))@.)(.@ sf]
kqaf6

)%*.$.#! df vftf
aGb

*&&) nLnf/fh uf}td ;d]t lj=g]kfn ;/sf/

tflnsf g+= %
3/af6 a/fdb ePsf :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL
d'bf| sf] ljj/0f
d'b|fsf] gfd
g]kfnL ?k}ofF
ef/tLo ?k}of
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o'/f]

a/fdb ePsf] kl/df0f

&&,%)).
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;6xL b/

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k|lt 8n/ g]=?=&*.
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k|lt kfp08 ?=!@#=@(
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s]zj/fh uf}tdn] st} pNn]v gu/]sf] t/

cg' ; Gwfgaf6 g] = a} = ln= sf7df8fF } ckmL;,
e"uf]nkfs{df lghsf] gfddf !$@$ g+= sf] ns/
/x]sf] tYo v'Ng cfPkl5 ldlt @)%(.%.@! df ;f
ns/af6 a/fdb ul/Psf $,%!)=!#^ u|fd ;'g /
]

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s}lkmot
ldlt @)%(.&.@% sf] /fi6 a}+sn]
tf]s]sf] ;6xL b/ cg';f/ u0fgf
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cfPsf] .

;'gsf uxgfxsf] d"No ?=#&,@),*^@.@) / ldlt

@)%(.%.@ df lghsf] 3/af6 a/fdb ePsf
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hDdf ?=#&,$#,^@@.@@ d"No sfod x'g cfPsf]5 .

tflnsf g+= ^
;'g,rfFbL cflbsf] ljj/0f
;'g rf+bL cflb
s?jf ! Kn]6 !) lunf; ! ;d]t
rfbLdf ;fdfgx
kf]t] gpg]sf] 7"nf] ltnx/L yfg ! Ps

tf}n
!&#)=*))
u|fd
c+= 8]9 tf]nf

;'gsf] jfnf yfg ^ 5

c+GbfhL !%)
u|fd nfx;d]t
c+= *% u|fd
c+ @$ u|fd
c+ @$ u|fd
c+= !%u|fd
c+= !( u|fd
c+= !) u|fd
c+= @) u|fd
c== #%@ tf]nf

;'gsf] g]sn]; yfg # tLg

;'gsf] sfgdf nufpg] em'Dsf yfg ^
;'gsf] c;kmL{ cf}7L yfg # tLg
;'gsf] l;qmL ;lxtsf] l/ yfg @
;'gsf] a|f:n]6 xftdf nufpg] yfg !
;'gsf] l;/ljGbL yfg ! Ps
;'gsf] cf}7L - j]?jf / tof/L_ yfg @
kmfOg uf]N8 % /]n n]lvPsf] ;'gsf]
6'qmf yfg @@ -jfO{;_
g]kfn /fi6 a}saf6 lg:sflzt ;'gsf]
c;kmL{ $ rf/ yfg
g]kfn /fi6 a}saf6 lg:sflzt ;'gsf]
c;kmL{ yfg @ b'O{
g]kfn /fi6 a}saf6 lg:sflzt ;'gsf]
c;kmL{ yfg @ b'O{

sxf+af6 a/fdb ePsf]

@)%(.%.@ ut] 3/af6 vfgtnf;L x'Fbf a/fdb ePsf] .

xfnsf] d"No
@@,&^).)@

ldlt )%(.%.@! ut] g]=j}=ln= Go"/f]8sf] s]zj/fh uf}tdsf]

gfdsf] g+= !$@$ sf] ns/af6 a/fdb ePsf] .
ldlt )%(.%.@! ut] g]=j}=ln= Go"/f]8sf] ns/af6 a/fdb ePsf] .
ldlt )%(.%.@! ut] g]=j}=ln=Go"/f]8sf] ns/af6 a/fdb ePsf] .
ldlt )%(.%.@! ut] g]=j}=ln=Go"/f]8sf] ns/af6 a/fdb ePsf] .
ldlt )%(.%.@! ut] g]=j}=ln=Go"/f]8sf] ns/af6 a/fdb ePsf] .
ldlt )%(.%.@! ut] g]=j}=ln= Go"/f]8sf] ns/af6 a/fdb ePsf] .
ldlt )%(.%.@! ut] g]=j}=ln= Go"/f]8sf] ns/af6 a/fdb ePsf] .
ldlt )%(.%.@! ut] g]=j}=ln= Go"/f]8sf] ns/af6 a/fdb ePsf] .
ldlt )%(.%.@! ut] g]=j}=ln= Go"/f]8sf] ns/af6 a/fdb ePsf] .
ldlt )%(.%.@! ut] g]=j}=ln= Go"/f]8sf] ns/af6 a/fdb ePsf] .

cGbfhL
@ ! @ tf]nf
c+= !) u|fd

)%(.%.@! ut] g]=j}=ln= Go"/f]8sf] ns/ g+= !$@@ af6 a/fdb

c+GbfhL !@
u|fd

)%(.%.@! ut] g]=j}=ln= Go"/f]8sf] ns/ g+= !$@@ af6 a/fdb

)%(.%.@! ut] g]=j}=ln= Go"/f]8sf] ns/ g+= !$@@ af6 a/fdb

265

qm=;+= @ b]lv !% ;Ddsf] !

d'i6 $,%!)=!#^ u|fd ;'g /
;'gsf uxgfxsf] d"No
?=#&,@),*^@.@)
d"Nofg e} cfPsf] .

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

@)$) ;fndf 9fns' d f/L zfxaf6

js;kqaf6 k|fKt ePsf] sf=lh=sf=d=g=kf= !) df
)%)! hUuf / ;f] hUufdf 3/ tyf l7dL led;]g
uf=lj=;= l:yt $$!) hUuf /x]sf] 5 . 5f]/L a'xf/Lsf]
gfddf 3/ hUuf 5}g . :6f088{ rf6{8{ a}s
+ df art
vftf, g]kfn a}s ln=df art vftf 5 . d]/f] k'Vof}n
{ L
3/ /fd]5fk lhNnf, u'G;L uf=lj=;= ! df xf] . @)%^
;fndf lktfaf6 c+z lnO{ 5'6L[ leGg e} al;cfPsf] /
% hgf bfh'efOdWo] d dflxnf] x'F . d]/f] gfddf sf=lh=
sf=d=g=kf= !) df )^)), lh= /fd]5fk 8'x'
uf=lj=;=( df )()) hUuf 5 . df]/ emf]/fxf6
uf=lj=;= ! df sdn/fh uf}td -efO{_ / d]/L >LdtL
s]zjL uf}tdsf] gfddf )#^ hUuf, d]/L >LdtLsf]
gfddf sf=d=kf=!) df js;kq k|fKt )!#@ /
#@@) hUuf, @)%@ ;fnsf] kf/Lt c+zj08faf6
!@) df 3/ hUuf /x]sf]5 . d]/f] h]7f] 5f]/f] lzj/fh
uf}tdsf] gfddf @)%@ ;fnsf] kf/Lt c+zj08faf6
k|fKt sf=d=g=kf= !) df )^)) hUuf, dflxnf]
5f]/f nLnf/fh uf}tdsf] gfddf @)%@ ;fnsf] kf/Lt
c+zj08faf6 df]/ emf]/fxf6 uf=lj=;= % l:yt @
!(!) hUuf, eQmk'/ lhNnf eLd;]g l:yt $)
)) hUuf, @)$) ;fndf 9fns'df/L zfxaf6
js;kq k|fKt sf=d=g=kf= !) df )%)! hUuf
/ ;f] hUufdf 3/;d]t /x]sf] 5 . To;}u/L sfG5f] 5f]/f
/fh' uf}tdsf] gfddf lh=df]/ emf]/fxf6 uf=lj=;= %
df ljleGg lsQfsf sl/a # ljufxf hUuf, l8NnLahf/df
art vftf, g]ljn a}s
+ b/jf/dfu{df artvftf,
/f=jf=a}s l;+xb/af/ zfvfdf art vftf d]/f gfddf
5g\ . d]/f] 5f]/f /fh' uf}tdsf] >LdtL ;u'g uf}tdsf]
gfddf :6f088{ rf6{8{ a}s
+ afg]Zj/df art vftf 5 .
d]/f] 5f]/f nLnf/fh uf}tdsf] gfddf tf/fufpF l/h]G;L
xf]6n, g]kfn O{08li6on P08 sdl;{on a}s
+ df z]o/
5 . /fh' uf}tdsf] gfddf tf/fufpF l/h]G;L xf]6n /
a}s
+ ckm sf7df8fFd} f z]o/ /x]sf] 5 . d]/f] gfddf
@)$# ;fndf v/Lb u/]sf] jf=@ k=^^#! g+=sf]
df]6/;fO{sn / @)%* ;fndf v/Lb u/]sf] jf=!@ k=
*@** g+= sf] ofdfxf df]6/;fOsn /x]sf] 5 .
d]/f] h]7f] 5f]/f g]kfn jfn dlGb/af6 b'ud{
If]qsf h]xG] bf/ ljBfyL{dWo]af6 5flgP/ @)#& ;fndf
266

a]nfot uPsf] xf] . d}n] vr{ k7fpg' k/]g . dflxnf]

5f]/f nLnf/fh uf}tdn] z'?df /Tg/fHo :s"ndf /
kl5 ( / !) sIff l;4fy{ jg:ynL jfnfh'df k9]sf]
xf] . P;= Pn= ;L= kf; u/]kl5 nLnf/fhn] ef/tsf]
t]gfnL eGg] 7fpFdf !)+@ k9]sf] / jflif{s !%,))).
ltg'{ kb{Yof] . lj=P:;L= ef/tsf] l;nfdf @)%@.)%#
;fndf k9\bf nfUg] vr{ lzjn] k7fpFbYof] . jflif{s
!%,))). hlt vr{ nfu]sf] xf]nf . sfG5f] 5f]/f
/fh'n] z'?df /Tg/fHo :s"ndf k9]sf] / P;= Pn= ;L=
rfxLF j[x:klt :s"naf6 u/]sf] xf] . @)%) ;fnlt/
dfl;s k9fO{ vr{ sl/a %.^ ;o x'bF f] xf] . !)@
rfxLF l;nfaf6 u/]sf], Toxf jf]8;
{ ubf{ @ jif{sf]
?=!%))). hlt nfu]sf] x'g ;S5 .
d]/f] gf]s/L k|jz
] @)#% ;fn ;fpg ! ut]
xf] . o; cjlwdf d]/f] ;uf]nsf] lktfsf] gfddf /x]sf]
3/, hUuf, v]tjf/L u/L hDdf sl/a @%.#) /f]kgL
v]t, #%.$) /f]kgL af/L, kfvf] hUuf $).%) /f]kgL,
@%.#) tf]nf ;'gsf u/uxgf lyof] . ;fy} d]/f] a}s
Jofn]G; ?=^).&) xhf/ lyof] . @)#$ ;fn df3df
xfn j;f]jf; ePsf] 3/ If]=km=!*)) hUuf /
;f]df ePsf] k'/fgf] !) sf]7fsf] 3/ lsg]sf] xf] .
eLd;]g uf=lj=;=@ sf] ls=g+= (&* If]=km= *$!
) hUuf d}n] @)#( ;fndf ?=!,%),))). df v/Lb
u/]sf] / @)%@ ;fndf d]/f 5f]/fx nLnf/fh
uf}tdnfO{ ;f] hUufaf6 $))) / /fh' uf}tdnfO{
$$!) c+z lbPsf], 5f]/f nLnf/fh uf}tdn]
cfk\mgf] efuaf6 cfk\mgL >LdtL u+uf s'df/LnfO{ !
))) js; u/L lbPsf] /x]5 . pQm hUuf d}n]
@)#( ;fndf k}ts
[ cfo, s[lif Joj;fo, @)#$
;fndf v/Lb u/]sf] afg]Zj/ xfO{6sf] 3/ef8f,
@)#&.)#* df cfdfn] lbPsf] u/uxgf, k}t[s
cfo;|ft] dWo] e};
+ L kfngsf] laqmL, l3p laqmL, v;L
afv|f kfng, s[lif Joj;fo / d]/f] kfl/>lds tnjeQf
cflb ;|ft] af6 v/Lb u/]sf] xf] . ;fljs dxfb]j:yfg
uf=k+=& ls=g+= %&$ sf] )$)@ / ls=g+=%&* sf]
))#@ hUuf sf=lh= sf=g=kf=!) a:g] d'Vo
rf}tf/LofsL /fgL 9fns'df/L zfxn] d]/f] 5f]/f
nLnf/fh uf}tdnfO{ 5f]/f;/x dfgL @)$) ;fndf
js; u/L lbPsf] / @)$$ ;fndf gfkL x'bF f xfn

*&&) nLnf/fh uf}td ;d]t lj=g]kfn ;/sf/

ls=g+= ( sf] )%)! sfod ePsf]] 5 . df]/

emf]/fxf6 uf=lj=;=% sf] ls=g+= !&& sf] If]=km= )
!@) / ls=g+= @&$ sf] @&!) xfn nLnf/fh
uf}tdsf gfddf /x]sf] hUuf d}n] @)$% ;fndf
qmdz ?=!#,))). / %#,))). df v/Lb u/]sf] /
@)%@ ;fndf c+zj08faf6 5f]/f nLnf/fh uf}tdnfO{
lbPsf] x'F . pQm hUUffx d}n] @)$% ;fndf v/Lb
ubf{;Ddsf] k'Vof}n
{ L s[lif cfo ?=! nfv, @)$! ;fndf
lgld{t nLnf/fh / /fh' uf}tdsf] gfdsf] sf7df8f}s
F f]
3/ef8f, afg]Zj/ xfO{6df @)#^ ;fndf ag]sf] 3/sf]
ef8f, @)#* ;fndf ?=^),))). df ag]sf]
blIf0fkl6[sf] ! gfn] 3/sf] 3/ef8fdWo]sf] cfo;|ft] af6
v/Lb u/]sf] xf] . ;fljs dxfb]j:yfg uf=k+=& sf]
ls=g+= %&& / %&% sf] qmdzM )$)# / ))
#! sf] hUuf @)$) ;fndf d'Vo rf}tfl/ofsL
>LdtL 9fns'df/L zfxn] d]/f] 5f]/f /fh' uf}tdnfO{
5f]/f ;/xdfgL js;kq u/L lbPsf] / @)$# ;fndf
gfkL x'bF f pQm hUuf sf=d=kf=!) ls=g+=!) df
If]=km= )%)! sfod ePsf] 5 .
df]/ emf]/fxf6 uf=lj=;= j8f g=+ % sf
ls=g+= @*@,!&!,!&@,!&#,!&$,!&%,!&^ sf hUufx
@)$% ;fndf d}n] ^*,))). df v/Lb u/L @)%@
;fndf c+zj08faf6 d]/f 5f]/f /fh' uf}tdnfO{ lbPsf]
xf] . d}n] @)#$ ;fndf ?=%),))). df v/Lb
u/]sf] ;fljs dxfb]j:yfg uf=k+=$ sf] ls=g+=#% /
#^ sf] hUuf @)$@ sf] gfkLaf6 sf=d=g=kf= !)
ls=g+= $# If]=km= !*)) ePsf]df @)%@ sf]
c+zj08faf6 d}n] cfk\mgf gfddf ls=g+=@!& sf]
If]=km= )^)) hUuf /fvL ls=g+= @!^ sf]] If]=km=!
@)) hUuf >LdtL s]zjL uf}tdnfO{ lbPsf] xf] .
;/sf/L ;]jfdf k|jz
] ug'e
{ Gbf cl3 3/;lxt pQm
hUuf v/Lb u/]sf] / v/Lb ubf{sf cj:yfsf] 3/
@)$( ;Dd sfod} lyof] . ;fljs dxfb]j:yfg
uf=k+= $ sf] ls=g+= @*( / @(! sf] If]=km= qmdzM
)@)) / )@)) sf] hUuf @)$@ ;fnsf]
gfkLaf6 sf=lh=sf=d=g=kf= sf] ls=g+= *^ sf] If]=km=
)#)! sfod ePsf] / xfn d]/f] gfddf /x]sf]
5 . pQm hUuf k}ts
[ cfo;|ft] dWo] @)#$ ;fndf
v/Lb u/]sf] 3/sf] 3/ef8f, kz' cfo / cGo
267

laqmLaf6 k|fKt cfo / kfl/>ldsdWo]af6 v/Lb

xf] . sf=lh= af}4, % ls=g+ !^$ sf] If]=km= )!%
@@ sf] hUuf d}n] @)$& ;fndf ?=%) xhf/df
v/Lb u/]sf] / @)%^ ;fndf c+zj08f x'bF f d]/f
efO{x l/t' uf}td, sdn/fh uf}td / eLdgfy
uf}tdsf gfddf sfod ePsf]n] xfn d]/f gfddf
5}g . of] hUuf k'Vof}n
{ L cfo;|ft] af6 ;d]t v/Lb
u/]sf]n] c+zj08faf6 efOxnfO{ uPsf] xf] .
df]/ emf]/fxf6 uf=lj=;=!s ls= g+=+ #^&
sf] If]=km= )#^) hUuf @)$( ;fndf efO
sdn/fh uf}td / d]/L >LdtL s]zjL uf}tdsf
gfddf v/Lb u/]sf] / s]zjL uf}tdsf] xsdf
?=!%))). d cfkm}n
+ ] xfn]sf] / sdn/fhn] cfk\mg}
tkm{af6 /sd xfn]sf] xf] . sf7df8f}F dxfgu/kflnsf
j8f g+= !) sf] ls=g+= & If]=km=)!$#@ / ls=g+=
!!& sf] @#@) hUuf sf7df8f}F lgjf;L :j= 8f
e/t/fh j}Bn] d]/L >LdtLnfO{ js;kq u/L
@)$$.)$% lt/ lbPsf] hUuf xf] . sf=lh=sf=d=g=kf=
!) l:yt d]/f gfddf agfPsf] 3/ d}n] @)#^ ;fnlt/
agfPsf] xf] . To;a]nf sl/a ?=^).&) xhf/ nfu]sf]
lyof] . pQm 3/ agfpFbf k}ts
[ s[lif cfoaf6 k|fKt
/sd, @)#$ ;fndf ;f] hUuf v/Lb ubf{sf] avtsf]
3/sf] 3/ef8f jflif{s ?=!*,)))., 6\oz
' g k9fP/
k|fKt ePsf] dfl;s ?=!))).b]lv !%))., k|fOe]6
df]6/;fO{sn dd{t u/L sdfPsf] jflif{s ?=!@.!%
xhf/, To;}u/L @)@* ;fndf g]kfn a}s ln=
l8lNnahf/df vf]ns
] f] art vftfdf @)## ;fnlt/}
?=%%.^) xhf/ a}s Jofn]G; 5 . To;af6 a9]a9fPsf]
/sd;d]t sl/a @)@* ;fnb]lv @)#^ ;fn;Dd
?=% b]lv % nfv %) xhf/ x'g cfpg] x'bF f ;f]xL
;|ft] af6 / P]= :yfgdf /x]sf] xfn s]zjL uf}tdsf]
gfddf /x]sf] blIf0fkl6[sf] ! gfn] * sf]7fsf] 3/
@)#* ;fndf agfPsf] xf] . ;f] 3/ agfpFbf klg
sl/a ?=%).^) xhf/ hlt vr{ ePsf] / dfly
plNnlvt ;|ft] af6} agfPsf] xf] .
sf=lh=sf=d=g=kf= !) df d]/L >LdtL s]zjL
uf}tdsf gfddf /x]sf] gofF 3/ @)%) ;fnlt/
agfPsf] xf] . ;f] 3/ agfpFbf @)#$ ;fnd} d, 5f]/f
/fh' / nLnf/fh uf}tdsf] gfddf /x]sf 3/sf] 3/ef8f

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

@)$@ ;fnb]lv @)$% ;fn;Ddsf] sl/a %.^ nfv,

@)$^ ;fnb]lv @)%# ;fn;Dd e"sDk kLl8t p4f/
cfof]hgf a;]/ 3/ef8f lt/]sf] sl/a !@.!# nfv,
;6/af6 x'g] @)$@ ;fnb]lv @)%) ;fn;Ddsf]
cfo;|ft] , k}ts
[ cfo, cGo 3/sf] 3/ef8f / d]/f]
kfl/>lds ;d]t u/L ?=$).%) nfv x'g cfpg] x'bF f
;f]xL ;|ft] af6 agfPsf] xf] . sf=lh=sf=d=g=kf=!) sf]
nLnf/fh uf}tdsf] 3/ @)$).$! ;fnlt/ ag]sf] /
3/ aGbf @@.@% nfv ?k}ofF vr{ nfu]sf] xf]nf . o;dWo]
s]xL lgdf{0f ;fdu|L pwf/f] lnO{ kl5 ltb}{ uPsf], sl/a
@ nfvhlt 9fns'df/L zfxaf6} ;xof]u k|fKt lyof] .
/fh' uf}tdsf] 3/sf] vr{sf] ;|ft] ;d]t Ps} lsl;dsf]
5 . pQm 3/ klg @)$).$! ;fn lt/} lgdf{0f ePsf]
xf] . df]/ emf]/fxf6df /fh'sf] hUufdf 3/ 5}g .
@)@& ;fnb]lv xfdL leGg gx'Fbf;Dd
-@)%^ ;fn;Dd_ jflif{s ;/b/ ?=@).@@ xhf/n]
@)%% ;fn;Dd sl/a ?=^ nfv k}ts
[ s[lif cfoaf6
k|fKt ePsf], @)#$ ;fndf v/Lb ePsf] 3/sf]
-!) sf]7f / uf]7;d]tsf]_ jflif{s ?=;/b/ !*,))).
n] @)$( ;fn;Dd ?=sl/a $ nfv ef8fafkt
k|fKt ePsf] / o;} 3/ sDkfp08df /x]sf] xfn
>LdtL s]zjL uf}tdsf] gfddf /x]sf] ! gfn] 3/af6
-* sf]7f_ @)#( ;fnb]lv xfn;Ddsf] ef8f ?=!^
nfv k|fKt ePsf] / @)#( ;fndf d}n] ?=! nfv
%) xhf/df v/Lb u/]sf] l7dLsf] hUuf af/Laf6
klg k|fKt ePsf] 3f+;
F , bfp/f, ds}, cflb laqmLaf6
jflif{s sl/a ?=% xhf/n] !) jif{;Ddsf] ?=%)
xhf/ / kl5 @)%& ;fn;Ddsf] ?=%) xhf/n]
hDdf ?=! nfv s[lif cfo / ;f]af6 a9]a9fPsf]
cfo, @)$% ;fndf d]/f gfddf v/Lb e} @)%@
;fndf c+z e} /fh' / nLnf/fh uf}tdsf] gfddf
/x]sf] 3/ hUufsf] cfo klg lghxsf] gfddf a+s
}
vftf gePsf] sf/0f d}n] g} sf/f]jf/ u/]sf] x'bF f d]/}
vftfdf hDdf ug]{ u/]sf], df]/ emf]/fxf6 j8f=g+=%
sf] hUufsf] s[lif cfo;d]t @)$% ;fnb]lv
xfn;Ddsf] wfg laqmL, ux',F laqmL / h'6 laqmL
cflbaf6 jflif{s ;/b/ ?=! nfvn] -^ ljufxf
hUufsf]_ @)$% ;fnb]lv xfn;Ddsf] sl/a ?=!$
nfv cfo;|ft] ePsf], @)$%.)$& ;fnlt/ >LdtL

s]zjL uf}tdn] as;kqaf6 k|fKt u/]sf] wf]jLvf]nf

lsgf/fsf] v]t -tLg /f]kgL_ t/sf/L pTkfbgdf
/fd|f] ePsf]n] ;f]df nufPsf] t/sf/L v]tLsf] vr{
s6fP/ jflif{s ;/b/ ?=$ nfveGbf a9L s[lif cfo
/ ;f]af6 a9]a9fPsf] ;d]t hDdf ?=$.% nfv,
@)#$ ;fndf v/Lb u/]sf] 3/ hUuf l;?jf
sG:6SzgnfO{ k|of]u ug]{ u/L g]kfn a}s ln= df
sf]Nof6/ kf; u/]/ lbPafkt pQm l;?jf sG:6Szgn]
lbPsf] /sddWo] @)$% ;fnb]lv @)%@ ;fn;Ddsf]
jflif{s ?=(^ xhf/n] ?=#,*$,))). ;d]t u/L
?=$,*),))). /x]sf], l;?jf sG:6S;g lgdf{0f
sDkgL xf] / of] l8NnLahf/df 5 . d}n] k};f a'em]sf]
sfuh 5}g, k]z ug{ ;lQmg . Jojxf/df k};f lnPsf]
xf] . nLnf/fh / /fh' uf}tdsf] 3/ef8f /sd klg
r] s dfkm{ t \ k| f Kt x' g ] /sd @)$@ ;fnb] l v
xfn;Ddsf] hDdf /sd sl/a ?=&%.*) nfv;d]t
d]/} vftf dWo]sf a}s Jofn]G; x'g\ . ;f] /sd
?=&%.*) nfv e"sDk lkl8t cfof]hgfn] lbPsf],
sl/a !@.!# nfv, oftfoft Joj:yf ljefu @)%#
;fnb]lv / )%& ;fn;Dd a;]sf]af6 k|fKt 3/ef8f
afkt sl/a ?=!$ nfv / ! nfv dd{t vr{;d]t
u/L ?=!% nfv / ;f]af6 a+s
} sf] Jofh a9]a9fPsf]
;d]t sl/a ?=!%.!^ nfv, e"ld;'wf/ sfof{non]
@)%& ;fpgb]lv xfn;Dd lbPsf] sl/a ?=!@.!#
nfv / ! nfv dd{t vr{;d]t u/L ?=!% nfv /
;f]af6 a}s
+ sf] Jofh a9]a9fPsf] ;d]t sl/a ?=!%.!^
nfv, e"dL;'wf/ sfof{non] @)%& ;fpgb]lv
xfn;Dd lbPsf] jflif{s ?=# nfv ^) xhf/n] sl/a
?=& ;f9] & nfv, tL 3/sf] tn k;n sjn / leqL
sf]7f;d]t hDdf ( sf]7faf6 k|fKt x'g] ef8fdWo]
xfn ?=@! xhf/ k|lt dlxgf cfpg], @)$@ ;fnb]lv
xfn;Dd / @)$@ ;fnb]lv @)$% ;Ddsf] ;d]t
u/L hDdf ef8fafkt ?=#%.#^ nfv;d]t hDdf
?=&%.*) nfv ePsf] 5 .
@)#% ;fpgdf gf=;'= kbdf lgo'lQm
ePb]lv xfn;Ddsf] tnj, eQf, u|]8, ;/sf/L
sfdsf/jfxLaf6 k|fKt ePsf] k'/:sf/, sld;g
cflbaf6 k|fKt cfo / ;f]af6 a9]a9fPsf] /sd;d]t
@$.@% jif{sf] sl/a ?=!).!! nfv;d]t d]/f] cfo;|ft]

268

*&&) nLnf/fh uf}td ;d]t lj=g]kfn ;/sf/

ePsf] 5 . g]kfn c/j a}s

+ sflGtkysf] d]/f] vftfdf
/x]sf] / /f=jf= a}s l;+xb/jf/ zfvf sf7df8f}d
F f
d]/f] vftfdf /x]sf] /sd;d]t o;} cfo;|ft] sf] xf] .
g]kfn a}s ln= l8NnLahf/ sf7df8f}s
F f] d]/f] gfddf
/x]sf] vftfsf] d}n] ;]jf k|jz
] ug'e
{ Gbf cf7jif{
cl3 ;~rfng ePsf] xf] / ;]jf k|jz
] eGbf cl3 g}
k|fKt u/]sf] /sd / cGo dfly g} pNn]v u/]sf]
;|ft] sf] /sd xf] . g]kfn a}s ln= sf7df8f}F ckmL;
Go"/f]8df d]/f] gfdsf] vftfdf /x]sf] /sd k6s
k6s oftfoft ljefu, e"ld;'wf/ sfof{non] lbPsf]
3/ef8f afktsf] Psfp06 k]oL r]saf6 hDdf
ePsf] / cGo cfo;|ft] dfly g} pNn]v u/]sf] 5' .
s[lif ljsf; a+s
} afg]Zj/ zfvf sf7df8f}d
F f d]/f
gfddf /x]sf] /sdsf] ;|ft] klg dfly g} pNn]v
u/]sf] 5' . :6f08{8 rf6{8{ a}s
+ gofF afg]Zj/df
/x]sf] d]/f] vftfsf] /sd cfo/Nof08af6 5f]/fn]
k7fPsf] /sd sl/a ?=& nfv rfgr'g / dflys}
cfo;|ft] dWo]sf] xf] . d]/f] gfddf lxdfnog a}s
+
7d]nsf] vftfsf] /sd cfo/Nof08af6 ut k';
dlxgfdf cfpFbf ;fydf NofPsf] @ xhf/ 8n/sf]
8fk\m6 hDdf u/]sf] /sd / dfly pNn]v u/]sf]
cfo;|ft] sf] /sd xf]] .
d]/L a'xf/L ;u'g uf}td / elthL a'xf/L
/;Lnf uf}tdsf gfddf :6f088{ rf6{8{ a+}s
afg]Zj/df /x]sf] vftfsf] /sdaf/] yfxf 5}g .
d]/f 5f]/fxsf] gfddf /x]sf] z]o/ klg dflys}
;|ft] af6 v/Lb u/]sf] xf] . 5f]/f nLnf/fh uf}tdsf]
gfddf @)$&.$* ;fndf :yflkt O{Zj/ Kofs]lh
O{08li6h k|f=ln= nlntk'/df ?=& nfv d"Nosf]
&))). lsQf z]o/ eg] j]nfotaf6 5f]/fn] g]kfn
cfpFbf nufgLsf] nflu lbPsf] dWo]sf] xf] .
g]kfn a}s ln= l;l6 ckmL; e"uf]nkfs{
sf7df8f}Fdf d]/f] gfddf /x]sf] !$@$ g+=sf]
ns/af6 a/fdb ePsf @@ j6f ljis'6 cfsf/sf
sl/a #%@ tf]nfsf] ;'g / ;f]xL ns/af6 a/fdb
ePsf ;'gsf uxgf ;d]tsf ;DaGwdf !^ tf]nf
a/fa/sf 5 6'qmf ;'g )%^ ;fndf / & 6'qmf ;'g
@)%& ;fndf dnfO{ sNof0f j:g]tn] /fVg lbPsf
x'g\ . !^ tf]nfs} b/sf tLg 6'qmf ;'g /fd]5fk
269

nvgk'/ uf=lj=;= a:g] ef]nfgfy rf}nfufO{n] @)%%

;fndf /fVg lbPsf x'g\ . d]/f] ns/df /fVg
lbPafkt sNof0f j:g]tn] dnfO{ jflif{s ?=!))).
ef8f;d]t lbPsf 5g\ . a/fdb ePsf ;'g 6'qmf
!^ afx]s cGo ;'g >LdtL / a'xf/Lxsf] ljjfxdf
cfPsf u/uxgf / l;Ssf cflb sl/a !@) tf]nf
hlt ;'g d]/f x'g\ . d]/f ;'gafx]s cGo !^ 6'qmf
;'gsf] d}n] ns/df /fVg lnPsf] e/kfO{ lghxnfO{
n]vL lbPsf] 5' . d]/f cfk\mgf ;'gdWo] 5f]/f lzj
/ lghsf kl/jf/ j]nfotaf6 k6sk6s cfpFbf
lgodfg';f/ Nofpg kfpg] k|ltJolQm #.# tf]nfsf
b/n] NofPsf sl/a !@.!% tf]nf, d cfkm}F ;g\
@))! / @))@ df ;d]t # k6s ljb]zdf uPsf]
a]nf ;fydf NofPsf] sl/a (.!) tf]nf Pj+ efO{
eLdgfyn] @)%( ;fn c;f/df cfo/Nof08af6
cfpFbf NofPsf] sl/a $.% tf]nf;d]t u/L hDdf
sl/a #@ tf]nf ljb]zaf6 cfpFbf NofPsf / cGo
sl/a () tf]nf ;'g >LdtL, a'xf/Lxsf] bfOhf]
k]jf cflb / d}n] k|fKt kfl/>lds / 3/ef8f
;d] t af6 clncln u/L lsgL /fv] s f] xf] .
@)%(.%.@ df a/fdb ePsf g]=?=/ ef=?=gub
c;f/ / ;fpg dlxgfsf] 3/ef8fdWo] p7fP/
/fv]sf] xf] . cd]/LsL 8n/, kfp08, o"/f] / xs
8n/ d / d]/f kl/jf/ / efO{ eLdgfy;d]t
k6sk6s ljb]z cfpg] hfg] qmddf ;f]lelgo/sf]
?kdf /x]sf x'g\ .
@)%@ ;fndf 5f]/fxnfO{ / >LdtLnfO{
c+z efu lbP tfklg @)$! ;fndf 5f]/fx /fh' /
nLnf/fhsf] gfddf 3/ lgd{f0fsf] nflu gS;f kf;
ePsf] ;DaGwdf >LdtL 9fns' d f/L zfxn]
lghxnfO{ 5f]/f;/x g} %.% cfgf hUuf js;
lbPsf] x'bF f lghxs} gfddf gS;f kf; e} 3/
lgd{f0f ePsf] xf] . :jf:gL5f]/fx @)%@ ;fndf
c+z lnO{ 5'6}[ a;]sf x'g\ . nLnf/fh t @)%! ;fnb]lv
g} 5'6}[ a;]sf] xf] . /fh'nfO{ lghsf] bfh' lzjn]
@)%& ;fndf cfo/Nof08df nu]/ /fv]sf] / @)%*
;fn kf}ifdf d ;d]t cfo/Nof08 hf+bF f ljjfx ug{
egL sf7df8f}F cfPsf] / @)%( j}zfvdf ljjfx
u/]kl5 xfn s]xL dlxgfsf] nfludfq ;Fu} a;]sf]

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

xf] . af}4sf] )!%@@ hUuf rfxLF efO{xsf]

gfddf @)%^ ;fndf c+zj08faf6 uPsf] xf] .
;]jf k|jz
] ug'{ cl3 5'l6[ leGg a;]sf] xf]Og . d}n]
k|of]u u/]sf] ^^#! g= sf] lx/f]xf]08f @)$# ;fndf
?=#*,))). df v/Lb u/]sf] / pQm df]6/;fO{sn
5f]/f lzjn] j]nfotaf6 g]kfn cfpFbf v/Lb u/L
lbPsf] / xfn lalu|Psf] 5 . *@** g+= sf] ofdfxf
df]6/;fO{sn ?=(),))). df d}n] gful/s nufgL
sf]ifaf6 lnPsf] ?=@@,))). / dflysf ljleGg
;|ft] af6 v/Lb u/]sf] / cfk\mg} gfddf /xsf]5 .
ldlt @)%(.%.@df d]/f] 3/ sf]7faf6 a/fdb
ePsf] CIMMCO INTERNATIONAL gfds sn]hL
/+usf] 8fo/L b]v+] x]/+] . 8fo/Lsf]] kmf]6f]skLdf ;d]t
;gfvt u/L lbPsf] 5' . b]vfOPsf] 8fo/Lsf] Monday
may 8 / Saturday May 20 sf] kfgf x]/+ ] . ;f] ;DaGwdf
lzjn] g]kfn cfpFbf / ljleGg JolQmdfkm{t\ @)$^
;fndf sl/a ^ nfv, @)$& ;fndf $ nfv, @)$*
;fndf sl/a * nfv / @)$( ;fndf $ nfv ?k}ofF
k7fPsf] lyof] . km]/L @)%# ;fndf sl/a * nfv
5f8]sf]df clj l;+xnfO{ ;d]t s/La * nfv lbg'
eg]sf] x'bF f @)%# d+l;/lt/ lbPsf] xf] .
;'/axfb'/ >]i7 / ;"oa{ xfb'/ >]i7 Pp6}
x'g\ . ;'/axfb'/ >]i7 O{dfGbf/ Jofkf/L Pj+ ;dfh;]jL
JolQm ePsf]n] a]Od
{ fgL x'bF g} eGg] ljZjf;n] lzjn]
ljb]zaf6 cfpFbf NofPsf] / cfk}m;Fu ePsf] s]xL
/sd;d]t u/L ?=!@ nfv nufgL u/]sf] / xfn
pQm /sd lghn] lkmtf{ lbO{;s]sf] 5 . lgh
;"/axfb'/nfO{ pQm /sd @)$( ;fn kmfNu'0fdf
lbPsf] / dfl;s ?=@%,))). Jofhdf lbPsf] xf] .
eG;f/ ljefudf k]z u/]sf] ;DklQ ljj/0fdf a+s
}
vftfdf /x]sf] ;l~rt /sd ljj/0f e'nj; 5"6
ePsf] xf] . @)%%.!.#! df eG;f/ ljefud} ;DklQ
ljj/0f k]z ubf{ hUufsf] ;DaGwdf >LdtLnfO{
cfkm};
+ uF / u/uxgfsf] ;Gb{edf 5f]/f a'xf/LnfO{
;d]t Psf;uf]ndf b]vfPsf] ;Gb{edf 5'6L[ a;]sf
kl/jf/sf] b]vfpg' kb}g{ eGg] yfxf geP/ n]lvPsf]
xf] . xfnsf] ;DklQ Goflos 5fgaLg cfof]udf
;DklQ ljj/0f k]z u/]sf] 5}g . df]jfO{n kmf]g
@)%* ;fnlt/ k|of]u ub}{ cfPsf] / z'Nssf] xsdf

dfl;s ?=%.^ ;o ltb}{ cfPsf] 5' . pRr :t/sf]

hLjgofkg u/]sf] x}g . d}n] dflysf aofgdf pNn]v
u/]dWo] k}ts
[ ;DklQdWo] s[lif kz'kfng, gub /
u/uxgf ;d]tsf] @)@& ;fnb]lv @)%% ;fn;Ddsf]
sl/a cfo ?=*,^%,)))., cGo s[lif cfodWo]
cGgjfnL, / t/sf/L v]tLaf6 sl/a ?=@$,^),))).
3/ef8fdWo] ;/sf/L sfof{noxsf] @)$& ;fnb]lv
@)%* ;fn;Ddsf] sl/a ?=#(,%#,)))., cGo
JolQmn] ef8fdf a;]sf]dWo] ?=*),*@,))). 5f]/f
lzjn] ljb]zdf cfh{g u/]sf] ?=$^,)),)))., l;?sf]
sG:6S;g sDkgLsf k|f=ln=n] d]/f] 3/ hUuf g]=a}=ln=
nfO{ sf]Nof6/df lbPafkt k|fKt sl/a ?=$,*$,))).
O{ i 6ldqn] ;' / Iffy{ egL /fVg lbPsf] sl/a
?=#,)),))). d]/f] tnj eQf, gfu/Ls nufgL sf]if,
sld;g ;d]tsf] /sd ?=!),)),))). xf] eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL s]zj/fh uf}tdn] clVtof/
b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]udf u/]sf] aofg .
ldlt @)$(.$.#! df cfof]uaf6 zLn5fk
nufpg hfFbfsf cj:yfdf 3/df d / d]/f >Ldfg
s]zj/fh uf}td Pp6f sf]7fdf, 5f]/f /fh' uf}td /
lghsL >LdtL d]/L a'xf/L ;u'g xfdL ;'te
] Gbf
blIf0flt/ ;Fus
} f] sf]7fdf, d]/L 5f]/L ;FuLtf /fh' /
a'xf/L ;'te
] Gbf k"jl{ t/sf] sf]7fdf, b]j/ Ct' uf}tdsf
5f]/f a'xf/L z/0f / /l;nf ;'lt/x]sf] cj:yfdf lyof}+ .
xfdL ;a} sf7df8f}dF f /xFbf a:bf ;w}+ ;f]xL 3/df
a:b5f}+ . b]j/sf 5f]/f a'xf/L ljut #.$ jif{ cl3b]lv
a:b} cfPsf x'g\ . d]/f klt s]zj/fh uf}tdn] g} 3/
vr{ C0f ;fk6L, cfjZos ;/;fdfgsf] aGbf]a:tL
ldnfpg] ;d]tsf] sfd ug'{ x'G5 . ef8fdf lbOPsf] #
j6f 3/ cfk"mn] ef]urng ug]{ u/L s'g} sf]7f jf tnf
lnPsf] 5}g . sfuhdf c+zj08f ePsf] eP klg
jf:tljs ?kdf xfdL Ps};fy a:b} cfPsf 5+f,}+ slxNo}
klg kltaf6 5'6}[ leGg a;]sL 5}g . d]/f] c+z efusf]
cfo:tf d]/f klt s]zj/fhs} xftaf6 3/ vr{ x'G5 .
sxfF s] df slxn] s;/L vr{ x'G5 dnfO{ yfxf 5}g .
c+z efudf sxfF s] slt hUuf d]/f] efudf 5 dnfO{
yfxf 5}g, kltnfO{ g} yfxf 5 . ph"/ afh'/ u/L c+z
lnPsL xf]Og . d]/f gfdsf] rncrn ;DklQ
sfg"gadf]lhd hkmt ePdf ;xg ef]Ug d~h"/ 5

270

*&&) nLnf/fh uf}td ;d]t lj=g]kfn ;/sf/

eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL s]zjL uf}tdn] clVtof/

b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]udf u/]sf] aofg .
@)%(.$.#! df cfof]uaf6 lzn5fk nufpg
hfFbf d]/f] 3/df d / d]/L kTgL ;u'g uf}td, d]/f]
a'af, cfdf, d]/L alxgL ;FuLtf, sfsfsf] 5f]/f z/0f
uf}td / lghsL >LdtL /l;nf /x]sf lyof}+ . xfdL
;a} ToxL 3/df a:b} cfPsf 5f}+ . d]/f] kl/jf/sf]
3/vr{, C0f, ;fk6L aGbf]a:t ldnfpg] sfd d'Vo
eO{ lktfn] ub}{ cfpg' ePsf] 5 . d]/f] gfddf a}s
+
vftf 5}g . cfo/Nof08df k9\bf eg] lyof], clxn]
aGb 5 . d]/f] gfddf s'g} a}s
+ df ns/, ;jf/L
;fwg jf kmd{ jf sDkgL 5}g . z]o/ 5 . e"ld;'wf/
sfof{no sf7df8f}F a;]sf] 3/ hUuf d]/f] xf] . eQmk'/
l7dLdf / df]/ emf]/fxf6 uf=lj=;= df d]/f] gfddf
hUuf 5 . xfdL a;]sf] 3/afx]s c? 3/ ef8fdf
lbPsf] 5 . 3/ef8fsf] /sd a'em\ g] / To;sf] lgoGq0f
a'afn] g} ug'{ x'G5 . lktf;Fu c+zj08f eP klg
;uf]ndf g} a:b} cfPsf 5f} . c+zj08f x'bF f gub
lhG;L u/uxgf lnPsf] 5}g . ph"/afh"/ u/L c+z
lnPsf] xf]Og . ;g\ @))@ df cfo/Nof08df cWoog
ubf{ ar]sf] ;dodf /]:6'/G] 6 tyf xf]6ndf j]6/
tyf xfp; lslksf] sfd u/L xKtfdf ;/b/ @))
kfp08 sdfpFy] . a'afn] vr{ k7fpg' ePsf] lyPg .
d cfo/Nof08df uPsf]n] cfjZos sfdsf] nflu
a'afnfO{ clws[t jf/]zgfdf lbPsf] lyPF . lktfaf6
c+z kfpg' cl3 g} xfn d]/f gfddf sfod /x]sf] 3/
ag]sf] lyof] . afa' cfdfn] g} ljjfx vr{ u/]sf] xf] .
>LdtL ;u'gn] ljjfxdf s]xL u/uxgf, ?k}ofF, bfOhf]
NofPsL lyOg\ . d]/f gfdsf] rncrn ;DklQ
sfg"gadf]lhd hkmt ePdf 7x/]sf] ;xg a'emfpg
d~h"/ 5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL /fh' uf}tdn]
clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]udf u/]sf] aofg .
sf=d=g=kf= rfjlxndf 8]/f u/L a;]sf]
5' . e}/xjf lgjf;L Hof]tL v8\sf eGg] u+uf
v8\sf;Fu @)%^ ;fndf k|d
] ljjfx ePsf] xf] .
>LdtLn] bfOhf] k]jf NofPsL 5}g . >LdtL u+ufsf]
gfddf eQmk'/df ! /f]kgL hUuf 5 . d]/f] gfddf
eQmk'/df sl/a # /f]kgL hUuf, df]/, emf]/fxf6df
sl/a # ljufxf hUuf / sf=lh=sf=d=g=kf= j8f
271

g+=!) df d]/f] gfddf ;f9] # tnfsf] 3/;lxt

)%)! hUuf 5 . d]/f gfddf a+s
} vftf ns/,
art jf C0f kq 5}g . tf/fufpF l/h]G;L xf]6nsf]
z]o/ 5 . d]/f gfddf $(#@$@ g+= sf] 6]lnkmf]g,
(^)!@!@^( sf] k]h/ 5 . d / d]/L >LdtLsf]
gfddf Jofkfl/s kmd{ btf{ 5}g . c+zafkt lktfn]
lbg' ePsf] afx]s cfk\mgf] cfo;|ft] n] s'g} rn crn
;DklQ hf]8s
] f] jf v/Lb u/]sf] 5}g . eQmk'/ eLd;]g
uf=lj=;=sf] d]/f gfdsf] s]xL hUuf js;kqaf6
>LdtLnfO{ x:tfGt/0f u/]sf] 5' . O{Zj/ Kofs]lh
O{08li6hdf z]o/ 5 . bfO{ lzj/fh uf}tdn] s]xL
u/ egL lbPsf] ?=& nfv pQm O{08li6hdf nufPsf]
xf] . kl5 em}emd]nf gxf];\ egL xfd|f] gfddf a'afn]
3/ hUuf x:tfGt/0f u/L lbg' ePsf] xf] . d]/f gfdsf]
3/, a'afsf] ef]urngdf 5 . Jojxf/df xfdL ;uf]ndf
g} 5f} . c+zdf gub, ;'g rfFbL lnP lbPsf] 5}g . d]/f]
gfdsf] hUufsf] cfo:tf klg lktfn] g} p7fpg' x'G5 .
s'g} lnvt ul/Psf] 5}g . k]zfsf ;DaGwdf lgoldt
?kdf d}n] sxLF sfd u/]sf] 5}g, hlxn] hxfF cfk\mgf]
nflu pko'Qm sfd kfpFy] jf kfpF5,' ub}{ cfPsf] 5' .
;/b/ dfl;s sdfO{ u/L !)!% xhf/ ?k}ofF vr{
x'g] ub{5 . sfg"gadf]lhd d]/f] gfdsf] rn crn
;DklQ hkmt ePdf d~h"/ 5 egL ldlt @)%(.^.!!
df nLnf/fh uf}tdn] clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg
cfof]udf u/]sf] aofg .
d]/f] gfddf g]kfn clw/fHodf eLd;]g
uf=lj=;= eQmk'/df ! /f]kgL hUuf /x]sf] / ;f] afx]s
cGoq sxLF klg 3/ hUuf 5}g . d]/f gfddf 6]lnkmf]g,
df]jfO{n 5}g . d]/f] ljjfx @)%^ ;fn j}zfvdf
sf=d=g=kf= j8f g+=+ !) a:g] s]zj/fh uf}tdsf] 5f]/f
nLnf/fh uf}td;Fu ePsf] / ljjfx u/L cfpFbf d]/f]
;fydf cGbfhL tLg -#_ tf]nf ;'gsf] u/uxgf lyof] .
d]/f] k|d] ljjfx ePsf] / xfd|f] ljjfx 3/df :jLsf/
gePsf] x'bF f ;'/Iffsf] b[li6n] d]/f] >Ldfgsf] gfddf
/x]sf] dfly plNnlvt hUuf js; u/L dnfO{
lbg'ePsf] xf] . d]/f] gfdsf] ;DklQ sfg"gadf]lhd
hkmt ePdf d~h"/ 5' eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] u+ufs'df/L
uf}tdn] clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]udf u/]sf]
aofg .

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

d]/f] gfddf :6f088{ rf6{8{ a}s

+ sf] art
vftfdf /x]sf] !(),(#&. /sd jfNosfnb]lv hDdf
u/]sf] k};f, ljjfxdf uf]8f w'bF f, d'v x]bf{ k|fKt
ePsf] lgtfGt lghL /sd xf] . pQm /sd d]/f]
lghL ePsf]n] hkmt x'gk' g]{ xf]Og . ljjfxdf @)%(
j}zfvdf /fh' uf}td;Fu ePsf] / ljjfxdf ;'gsf]
cf}7+ L @ yfg, xf/ e'mDsf @ yfg, kTy/ cf}7+ L ! yfg,
r'/f @ yfg, rfFb+ Lsf] ;fbf s?jf ! yfg, rfFbL Nk]6
/ k6[f ;d]tsf u/uxgf / k/+Dk/fut ?kdf lbOg]
;/;fdfg NofPsL lyPF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ;u'g
uf}tdn] clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]udf
u/]sf] aofg .
d]/f gfddf yfxf eP;Dd a+s
} vftf, ns/,
s|l] 86 sf8{, z]o/, art jf C0f kq, hUuf 3/ s]xL
klg 5}g eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ;+uLtf uf}tdn] clVtof/
b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]udf u/]sf] aofg .
d sf=lh=sf=d=g=kf= j8f g+=@( s]z/dxn
7d]n a;L cfPsf] 5' . s]zj/fh uf}tdnfO{ !).!@
jif{ cl3b]lv lrGb5' . sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf eG;f/
sfof{nodf sfd ubf{ lgh;Fu lrghfg ePsf] xf] .
@)%! ;fnlt/ cGbfhL ?=!@ nfv lgh
s]zj/fh;Fu ;/b/ !). !@ k|ltztdf Jofh ltg]{
u/L lnPsf] / k6sk6s u/L xfn ;fFjf / Jofh
lt/L ;s]sf] 5' . ;f]bl] v afx]s lgh;Fu c? n]gb]g
s]xL klg 5}g / d]/f] Jofkf/df lghsf] ;+nUgtf
klg 5}g eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ;'/axfb'/ >]i7n]
clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]udf u/]sf]
aofg .
ldlt @)%&.!).!^ b]lv s]zj/fh uf}tdsf]
3/df a:b} cfPsL 5' . 3/ ef8f ltg'{ kb}g{ . d]/f]
>Ldfg;lxt d, s]zj/fh uf}td, lghsL >LdtL /
5f]/fx Pp6} efG;fdf vfG5f}+ . d]/f] >LDffgsf]
gfddf a}s
+ vftf / 3/ hUuf 5}g . d]/f] gfddf
:6f088{ rf6{8{ a}s
+ df vftf 5 / cGbfhL &).*)
xhf/ ?k}ofF ;f] vftfdf x'gk' 5{ . pQm /sd ljjfxkl5
a'afn] bfOhf] lbPsf], d]/f] >LDffg ! jif{ cl3b]lv
s's k]zfdf ;+nUg ePsf]n] To;af6 sdfPsf]
yf]/ax't /sd / lajfxdf r]nLj]6LnfO{ bfg
blIf0ffafkt lbPsf] /sd hDdf ePsf] xf] . s]zj/fh
272

uf}tdn] hDdf ul/lbPsf] xf]Og eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]

/l;nf uf}tdn] clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg
cfof]udf u/]sf] aofg .
s]zj/fh uf}td;Fu ?=$,)*,^%,#^^.#$
eGbf a9L d"Nosf] rn crn ;DklQ /x]sf] b]lvg
cfof] . s]zj/fh uf}tdsf 3/df hl8Psf # nfOg
6]lnkmf]g, ;fdfGo lsl;dsf kmlg{r/ tyf km\nl] /,
ldlt @)%(.%.@ sf] vfgtnf;L Pa+ a/fdbL
d'rN' sfaf6 b]lvPsf 3/ Joxf/df k|of]u x'g] ;fdfGo
;/;fdfg cflbnfO{ d"Nofgleq ;dfj]z ul/Psf]
5}g ;fy} pkrf/ vr{, 6]lnkmf]g / ljB't dx;"n,
3/sf] ;/;kmfO, /+u/f]ug Pj+ dd{t ;Def/, ljb]z
ofqf cflbdf x'g] vr{ klg ;l~rt wgaf6} x'g]
cy{ d f lgh;F u ePsf] ;DklQsf] d" N ofgsf]
bfo/fleq oL j:t'x / ;]jf;'ljwfsf] d"No klg
kg]{ :ki6 x'bF fx'bF } klg lognfO{ pRr hLjg:t/sf]
dfkssf] ?kdf u|x0f ul/Psf] 5 . oL ljljw j:t'
tyf ;]jfsf] d"No k|ltjfbLsf] ;DklQdf ghf]l8Paf6
lgh;Fusf] ;DklQ $ s/f]8 * nfv ^% xhf/ #^^
?k}ofF #$ k};f /x]sf] 5 .
@)#$ ;fndf lsg]sf] !) sf]7] 3/af6
s]zj/fh uf}tdn] !) sf]7fx g} ef8fdf nufP/
jflif{s ?=!*,))). hlt cfo x'g] Joxf]/f atfPsf
eP tfklg cfk"m 8]/fdf a;]sf] lghsf] syg gx'bF f
a9Ldf cflw 3/;Dd ef8fdf nufPsf] x'g ;S5 /
To;afkt To; avt lghn] a9Ldf jflif{s (,))).
;Dd 3/ef8f kfPsf] x'g ;S5 . 6\oz
' g k9fP/
dfl;s ?=!))).!%)) / df]6/;fO{sn dd{tsf]
sfd u/]/ jflif{s !@.!% xhf/ sdfPsf] eGg] lghsf]
sygnfO{ ljZjf; ug{ ;lsFbg} . To;avt lgh
s]zj/fh sf7df8fF} pkTosf gu/ ljsf; ;ldltdf
sfo{/t\ /x]sf] b]lvFbf / k|foM k/LIf0f sfns} cjlw
;lsFbf g;ls+bF } @)#^ ;fnlt/ %).^) xhf/sf]
nfutdf lghsf] gfddf /x]sf] 3/ jg]sf] cj:yf
x'bF f tflnsf g+=! sf] qmd;Vof ! df plNnlvt
3/sf] lgdf0f{sf] ;|ft] sf] a}wtfdfly z+sf ug'k{ g]{
cj:yf ;fdfGotM b]lvFbg} . @)#* ;fndf ag]sf]
elgPsf] xfn s]zjL uf}tdsf] gfddf /x]sf] -tflnsf
g+= ! sf] qmd;Vof @ df plNnlvt_ 3/ @)#$

*&&) nLnf/fh uf}td ;d]t lj=g]kfn ;/sf/

;fndf hUuf lsGbf g} 6x/f]sf] ?kdf /x]sf] /

To;dfly Ps tNnf eg] @)#* ;fndf yk]sf] pQm
3/ agfpg] cfly{s x}l;ot s]zj/fh;Fu /x] ePs}
dfGg'kg]{ b]lvG5 .
5f]/fx nLnf/fh / /fh' uf}tdsf gfddf
/x]sf] -tflnsf g+= ! sf] qm=;+=# df plNnlvt_ @
j6f 3/x @)$! ;fndf ag]sf] b]lvG5 eg]
sf=d=kf=!) sf]=ls=g+=( / !) sf tL hUufx
cfk\mgf 5f]/LxnfO{ bfh'sf] x}l;otaf6 nLnf/fh
/ /fh'n] ltxf/df l6sf nufOlbg] sf/0f d'Vo
rf}tfl/ofsL >LdtL 9fns'df/L zfxn] as; lbPsf]
)%)! / )%)! sf] hUuf ag]sf] b]lvG5 / of]
as; jf:tad} as; xf] eGg] dfq xf]Og hUuf
as; lbg] 9fns'df/L zfxn] @.@ nfv ?k}ofF
;fk6;d]t lbPsLn] pQm /sd, o; cl3sf # j6f
3/af6 cfpg] ef8f /sd / s]xL lgd{f0f ;fdu|L
pwf/f]df lnPsf] cj:yfdf ;fy} bf];f| ] tnfsf] kfl6{zg
;d]tsf nflu ef8fdf a:g]n] z'?df nufgL u/]sf]
eGg] s]zj/fhsf] sygnfO{ c;Dej dfGg ;lsFbg} .
@)%!)%# ;fndf ag]sf] xfn s]zjL
uf}tdsf] gfddf /x]sf] -tflnsf g+= ! sf] qmd;Vof
$ df plNnlvt_ ;hfj6;lxt ?=#*,&$,^($.)@
kg]{ egL d"Nofg e} cfPsf] 3/ ;DaGwdf jf:tjdf
oxfF;Dd cfOk'Ubf lgh s]zj/fhsf] cfo;|ft] lgs}
al9;s]sf] klg b]lvG5 . vf;u/L nLnf / /fh'sf
gfdsf 3/af6 @)$! b]lv @)$^ ;Dd ;6/;lxt
b'j} tnfsf] dfl;s ?=@),))). dfq} k|fKt u/]sf]]
dfGg] xf] eg] klg o; cjlwsf] 3/ ef8f
?=!@,)),))). x'g cfpg] b]lvG5 lsgeg] @)$&
;fndf 3/sf] dflyNnf tnfx ef8fdf lnbf e"sDk
kLl8t If]q tyf k'g:yf{kgf cfof]hgfn] dfl;s
?=@!,(!^. ltg]{ u/L lnPsf] b]lvG5 . @)$& ;fnb]lv
xfn;Dd plNnlvt 3/sf] dflyNnf] tNnf ;/sf/L
sfof{ n oxn] g} k| o f] u u/] s f] / dfly
n]lvPcg';f/sf] ef8f ltg]{ u/]sf] oyfy{nfO{ Wofgdf
/fVbf JolQmxn] lnPsf] tNnf] tNnfdf dflyNnf
tnxdf /x]eGbf cflw sf]7f tyf ;6/xaf6
lghnfO{ dflyNnf tnfaf6 k|fKt x'ge
] Gbf cflw /sd
k|fKt ePsf] dfGg' kg]{ x'G5 . o;/L ljrf/ ubf{
273

nLnf / /fh'sf] gfddf /x]sf] 3/af6 dfq} klg

@)%) ;fn;Dddf s]zj/fh uf}tdnfO{ df]6fdf]6L
?kdf ?=#%,)),))). b]lv $),)),))). ;Dd
/sd 3/ef8fafkt k|fKt ePsf] b]lvG5 . o; afx]s,
o; cl3 # j6f 3/xaf6 @)$@ ;fnb]lvsf]
3/ef8fafkt k|fKt x'g] /sd klg oxfFg/] hf]8g\ '
kg]{ x'bF f s]zjL uf}tdsf] gfddf ag]sf] 3/sf] nfut
lghsf] cfo;|ft] af6} vr{ ug{ k'Ug] b]lvG5 .
dfly ul/Psf] ljj]rgfsf] cfwf/df @)#$
;fndf hUuf;lxt lslgPsf] 3/, 6x/f], @)#^ ;fndf
ag]sf] s]zj/fhsf] gfdsf] 3/, k'/fgf] 6x/fdf
@)#* ;fndf tnf ylkPsf] s]zjL uf}tdsf] gfdsf]
3/;d] t sf 3/xaf6 @)$! ;fn;Ddsf]
3/ef8fsf] /sd ;d]tnfO{ @)$! ;fndf ag]sf]
nLnf / /fh'sf] 3/ lgdf0f{df vr{ e};s]sf] cj:yf
x'bF f tL 3/xdWo] @)$( ;fndf eTsfPsf] elgPsf]
@)#$ ;fndf lslgPsf] 3/, @)#^ ;fndf ag]sf]
3/, @)#* ;fndf tNnf ylkPsf] 3/ / @)$!
;fndf ag]sf] 3/af6 @)$@ ;fnb]lv xfn;Dd
k|fKt x'g] 3/ef8f afktsf] /sd lglZrt\ ug'k{ g]{
b]lvG5 . @)#$ ;fndf lsg]sf] 6fonsf] 5fgf] ePsf]
!) sf]7] 3/sf] k|ltsf]7f ;/b/ ?=#)). sf b/n]
ef8fdf lbFbf klg dfl;s $))). / jflif{s #^,))).
x'g cfpF5 / @)$@ ;fnb]lv @)$* ;Ddsf] & jif]{
-@)$( df of] 3/ eTsfPsf]n_] cjlwdf o; 3/af6
?=@,%@,)))., @)#^ ;fndf ag]sf] 3/sf] !! sf]7]
3/sf] k|ltsf]7f ;/b/ %)). sf b/n] dfl;s
%%)). / jflif{s ^^,))). sf b/n] @)$@ b]lv
@)%* ;Ddsf] !& jif]{ cjlwdf o; 3/af6
?=!!,@@,)))., @)#* ;fndf tnf ylkPsf] elgPsf]
@ tn] pQm 3/df PstNnfsf $ j6f sf]7f lgh
s]zj/fhn] k|of]u u/]sf] dfgL afFsL Ps tNnfsf
$ sf]7fdfq ef8fdf /x]sf] eGg] cfwf/df k|ltsf]7f
k|ltdlxgf ?=%)). sf b/n] dfl;s x'g cfpg]
?=@,))). / jflif{s x'g cfpg] ?=@$,))). sf
b/n] !& jif{sf] cjlwdf o; 3/af6 ?=$,)*,))).
, @)$! ;fndf ag]sf] lnnf / /fh'sf gfdsf b'j}
3/af6 ;+oQ
' m ?kdf @)$& ;fndf e"sDk kLl8t
If] ] q k' g Mlgdf{ 0 f tyf k' g { : yfkgf cfof] h gfn]

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

?=@!,(!^. lt/]sf] ;d]t cfwf/df @)$@ b]lv

@)$& ;fndf dfl;s ?=@),))). / jflif{s
?=@,$),))). sf b/n] o; cjlwdf
?=!!,$),))). x'G5 .
pQm 3/sf] @)$& df3b] l v @)%#
c;f/;Dd e"sDk kLl8t If]q k'gMlgd{f0f tyf
k'g:{ yfkgf cfof]hgfn] dfl;s ?=@!,(!^. 3/ef8f
lt/]sf] b]lvPsf] cfwf/df To;sf] cfwL /sd tNnf]
tNnfsf] nflu hf]8b\ f ^& dlxgfsf] o; cjlwsf]
x'g cfpg] ?=@@,)@,%%*., @)%# d+l;/b]lv @)%&
c;f/;Dd oftfoft Joj:yf ljefun] dfl;s
?=#%,@)).sf b/n] # jif{ * dlxgfsf]
?=!%,$*,*)). / ;f]xL cfwf/df To;sf] cfwL
tNNff] tNnfsf ;6/xsf] ef8f hf]8\bf x'g]
?=@#,@#,@))., @)%& ;fpgb] l v e" l d;' w f/
sfof{no sf7df8f}Fn] bf];|f] jif{b]lv jflif{s !)
k|ltztn] ef8fb/ a[l4 x'g] u/L ef8fdf lnPsf] /
o;cg';f/ dfl;s #%,@)). sf b/n] @)%*
c;f/;Dd ! jif{sf] $,@@,$))., @)%* ;fpgb]lv
@)%( c;f/;Dd dfl;s #*,&@). n] ! jif{sf]
$,^$,^$). / @)%( ;fn ;fpgb]lv @)%( ;fn
d+l;/;Dd dfl;s $@,%(@. n] % dlxgfsf]
?=@,!@,(^). ;d]t u/L @)%& ;fpgb]lv @)%(
d+l;/;Dd e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no sf7df8f}n
F ] lt/]sf]
3/ ef8f ?=!!,)),))). ;f]xL cfwf/df To;sf]
cfwL /sd tNnf] tNnfsf 3/ef8f /sd ;d]tnfO{
hf]8b\ f x'g cfpg] hDdf ?=!^,%),))). ;d]t u/L
lgh s]zj/fhn] cfk\mgf], >LdtL / 5f]/fxsf
gfddf sf7df8f}d
F f /x]sf] ;Dk"0f{ % j6f 3/xaf6
hDdfhDdL 3/ef8fafkt ?=(),(&,&%*. k|fKt
u/] s f] b] l vG5 . o;df !% k| l tzt /sd
-!#,^$,^^@.(*_ s/afkt s6fpbf afFsL x'g cfpg]
&&,##,)(%.)@ nfO{ lghsf] 3/ef8f afktsf] v'b
cfo;|ft] dfGg' kg]{ x'G5 .
o;}u/L ;~rosf]if s6[f;d]t lt/ Wofg
glbO{ gfoj ;'Jjf tx hfuL/af6 @)#% ;fnb]lv
xfn;Dd kfpg] tnjsf] 6fO{d :s]nsf] aLrsf]
6fOd :s]nn] lx;fj ubf{ s]zj/fh uf}tdn]
tnjafkt a9Ldf ?=^,)*,$#&. kfpg] b]lvG5 .

nLnf / /fh'sf] 3/ agfpg lnPsf] cj:yfsf] C0f,

a'lemPsf ;'/axfb'/ >]i7 ;d]tnfO{ Jofhdf ?k}ofF
nufP/ k|fKt ePsf] Jofh ;d]tsf c? ;a} ljljw
cfonfO{ pbf/tfk"js
{ ;|ft] v'ns
] f] ;DklQsf] ?kdf
csf]{ @,)),))). eGbf a9L 5'6o\ fpg ;lsg] cj:yf
5}g . s]zj/fh uf}tdn] cfk\mgf] aofgdf pNn]v
u/]sf @)#( ;fndf lslgPsf] eQmk'/, dWok'/
l7dL gu/kflnsfdf /x]sf] dfly ljj]lrt sl/a *
/f]kgL hUuf, @)$* ;fndf s]zjL uf}tdsf] gfddf
cfPsf] sf=d=g=kf=!) ls=g+=& / !!& sf] s/La #
/f]kgL hUuf / df]/ emf]/fxf6df @)$% ;fndf
lslgPsf] s/La ^ ljufxf hUufsf] cfo:tf / dfly
plNnlvt ;|f]t v'n]sf ;DklQaf6 a9] a9fPsf]
;DklQnfO{ s]zj/fh uf}td;lxt lghsf kl/jf/sf]
vfglkg, n'ufkmf6f], rf8jf8, 5f]/fxsf] k9fO{,
a|tjGw Pj+ ljjfx vr{ / ldlt @)%(.%.@ df
ePsf] vfgtnf;L Pj+ a/fdbL d'rN' sfaf6 b]lvPsf
l6=eL=, 8]s, lk|mh ;d]tsf ;fdfg lsGgdf vr{
ePsf] dfgL To;nfO{ s]zj/fhsf] ;l~rt ;DklQsf]
?kdf u0fgf ul/Psf] 5}g . o;/L g} s]zj/fhn]
cfk\mgf] crn ;DklQ l;?jf sG:6Szg sDkgLsf
nflu sf]Nof6/ndf /fvL lbPafkt pQm sDkgLn]
sl/a $,*),)). cfk"mnfO{ lbPsf] lghsf] df}lvs
egfO{sf] cfwf/df lghsf] cfo;|ft] dfGg ;lsFb+ g} .
xfnnfO{ ljj]rgf u/L x]bf{ @)#$ ;fndf
@ gfn] # tn] 6fonsf] 5fgf ePsf] 3/ / ;f];uF }
/x]sf] 6x/f] ;lxtsf] hUuf v/Lb ul/;s]kl5 @)#^
/ @)#* ;fndf ag]sf] tyf tNnf ylkPsf] 3/ Pj+
@)$! ;fndf ag]sf] nLnf/fh / /fh' uf}tdsf]
gfdsf] 3/ lgdf{0f ubf{sf] nfutsf] ?kdf tt\
;dodf k|fKt ePsf] 3/ef8f ;d]tsf] /sdnfO{
3/ lgdf{0fd} ;dfj]z ul/;s]sf] x'Fbf @)$!
;fn;Ddsf] cfo;|ft] sf] ?kdf ljz]if1 OlGhlgo/af6
d"Nofg e} cfPsf tL 3/xsf] s"n d"NonfO{ g}
;|ft] v'ns
] f] cfo dfGg' kg]{ e} dfly plNnlvt
3/xsf] xfn k|rlnt b/efp cg';f/sf] d"No
?=&%,*^,(^!.&&, ef8fdf nfu]sf @)#$ ;fndf
lslgPb]lv @)$! ;fndf nLnf/fh / /fh' uf}tdsf]
gfddf ag]sf] % j6f 3/xsf] @)$@ ;fnb]lv

274

*&&) nLnf/fh uf}td ;d]t lj=g]kfn ;/sf/

xfn;Ddsf] 3/ef8fafkt k|fKt ePsf] s'n /sd

?=(),(&,&%*. dWo]af6 !% k|ltzt s/ s6fpFbf
x'g cfpg] ef8fafktsf] /sd ?=&&,##,)(%.)@,
tnj afktsf] ?=^,)*,$#&., C0f / Jofhafkt
k|fKt /sd, k}ts
[ cfo:tf ;d]tsf ljljw ;|ft] af6
k| f Kt cfo ?=@,)),))). ;d] t ubf{ s" n
?=!,^!,@*,$(#.&@ d"No a/fa/sf] ;DklQ lgh
s]zj/fhsf] ;|ft] v'ns
] f] ;DklQ ePsf] b]lvG5 .
xfn sf=d=g=kf= !) ls=g+=@!^ / @!& sf]
hDdf !*)) hUuf ;lxtsf] 3/ ;/sf/L ;]jfdf
k| j ] z ug' { c l3 @)#$ ;fndf v/Lb u/] s f]
?=#@,$),))). d"No sfod ePsf] tyf xfn
sf=d=g=kf= !) sf] ls=g+=( / !) sf] )%)! / )
%)! hUuf 9fns'df/L zfxaf6 nLnf/fh / /fh'
uf}tdn] js; k|fKt u/]sf]] xfn ?=#@,$),))). d"No
sfod ePsf] x'bF f tL hUufxsf] d"No ?=^&,*#,&%).
nfO{ s]zj/fhn] cfh{g u/]sf] ;DklQsf] bfo/fleq
;dfj]z ug'{ Gofof]lrt gx'bF f s"n $,)*,^%,#^^.#%
dWo]af6 pQm d"No 36fO{ ljuf] sfod x'g] cy{df ca
s]zj/fhsf] s"n ;DklQsf] d"No ?=#,$),*!,^!^.#%
sfod x'g cfpF5 .
dflysf] ljj]rgf / d"Nofgaf6 s]zj/fh
uf}td, lghsL kTgL s]zjL uf}td, 5f]/fx nLnf/fh
/ /fh' uf}td tyf a'xf/L u+ufs'df/L uf}td -v8\sf_
sf] gfddf /x]sf] ?=#,$),*!,^!^.#% d"No a/fa/sf]
s" n rn crn ;DklQaf6 ;| f ] t v' n ] s f]
?=!,^!,@*,$(#.&@ d"No a/fa/sf] ;DklQnfO{
5'6o\ fpFbf lgh;Fu ?=!,&(,%#,!@@.^# d"No a/fa/sf]
;|f]t gv'n]sf] ;DklQ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . s]zj/fh
uf}tdn] c+zafkt /fd]5fkdf kfPsf] )())
hUufnfO{ ;d]t o; k|of]hgsf nflu st} klg
;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5}g .
e|i6frf/ u/L u}/sfg"gL ?kdf cflh{t tyf
;f]af6 a9] a9fPsf] ;a} ;DklQ g} k|:t't d'2fdf
hkmtsf] dfu bfjLsf] ljifo xf] . tyflk h/Ljfgf
tyf pRr hLjg:t/sf] dfkssf] ;Gbe{df ltgsf]
ljuf] sfod ug{ cfjZos ePaf6 xfn k|fKt ug{
;lsg] crn ;DklQsf] d"Nofg u/fO{ tbg'?k
bfjL lnOPsf] 5 . tL ;DklQ xfn;Dd k|ltjfbLsf]
275

nfefh{ghlgt pkef]Uo j:t'sf ?kdf /x]af6 xfnsf]

d"Nofgf/f ljuf] sfod ul/Psf] 5 . ;'g, rfFbL,
gub / z]o/ cflb rn ;DklQnfO{ h] h:tf] ?kdf
5 ;f]xL d"Nodf Pjd\ cGo un}r
+ f, l6=eL=, 8]s /
3/leqsf cGo pRr:t/Lo pkef]Uo ef}lts ;fdfg
cflb pRr hLjg:t/ dfkgsf cfwf/ k|df0fsf
?kdf lrq0f ul/Psf]5 . o;} u/L k|ltjfbLn] k|fKt
u/]sf] tnaeQfsf] /sd s'g} klg art gx'g],
vfgnfpg, ;Gtfgsf] lzIff bLIff, cf}ifwf]krf/
;d]tsf 3/ Jojxf/df ;Dk"0f{ ?kdf vr{ x'g] xf]
tfklg ljz'4 dfgjLo cfwf/df ;f] cflh{tnfO{ a}w
cfosf] ?kdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] xf] .
pk/f] Q mfg' ; f/ pNn] v ePadf] l hd
k|=s]zj/fh uf}tdf/f cflh{t ?=#,$),*!,^!^.#%
;DklQdWo] ?=!,&(,%#,!@@.^# e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g,
@)%( sf] bkmf @)-!_ adf]lhd u}/sfg"gL ?kdf
cfh{g u/]sf] k'li6 x'g cfPsf]n] g]kfn clw/fHosf]
;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f !$-!_ sf] ;fGble{stf tyf
;fljssf] e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf !%
cg';f/ ck/fw ePsf] ;Gbe{nfO{ b[li6ut ub}{ e|i6frf/
lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf @)-!_ adf]lhdsf]
s;"/ u/]sf] l;4 x'g cfPsf]n] ;f] ;DklQ lghn]
cfkm\gL s]zjL uf}td tyf 5f]/fx nLnf/fh uf}td
/ /fh' uf}td tyf a'xf/L u+ufs'df/L uf}td -v8sf_
sf gfddf ;d]t /fv]sf]n] lghxsf] gfdsf] ;DklQ
;fljs e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf &-!_
tyf !^-u_ nfO{ ;d]t dWogh/ /fvL ck/fw ug{df
d'Vo e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ k|ltjfbL s]zj/fh uf}tdnfO{
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf @)-@_ adf]lhd
?=!,&(,%#,!@@.^# ljuf] adf]lhd h/Ljfgf tyf
xb};Dd s}b / ;hfo u/L lghsf] gfdsf] u}/sfg"gL
;DklQ hkmt u/L tyf lghsf] u}/sfg"gL cfh{gsf]
;DklQ k|ltjfbLx s]zjL uf}td, nLnf/fh uf}td,
/fh' uf}td / u+ufs'df/L uf}td -v8sf_ sf gfddf
pk/f]Qmfg';f/ /x]sf] cj}w cfh{gsf] ;DklQ P] P]gsf]
bkmf $& tyf clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u
P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf @(-v_ / #) adf]lhd hkmt
ul/kfpFm . ;fy} ;u'g uf}td / /l;nf uf}tdsf xsdf
x]bf{ :6f088{ rf6{8{ a+s
} afg]Zj/df ;u'g uf}tdsf]

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

art vftf g+=*)$()%$&)! df /x]sf] ?=!,(),(#&.

/sd lghn] jfNosfnb]lv hDdf u/]sf] ljjfxdf
uf]8f w'bF f, d'v x]bf{ k|fKt ePsf] /sd xf] egL aofg
u/]sf] / lghsf] ljjfx @)%( j}zfvdf ePsf] b]lvFbf
lghsf] aofgdf ljZjf; gug'k{ g]{ cj:yf;d]t gePsf]
/ /l;nf uf}tdsf] xsdf :6f088{ rf6{8{ a+s
} gof+F
afg]Zj/df lghsf] gfddf /x]sf] art vftf
g+=!)!)@&%&))@)! df /x]sf] ?=*),((#.&% lghn]
ljjfxdf kfPsf] bfOhf] / >Ldfgsf] tnj ;d]taf6
;l~rt u/]sf] xf] egL aofg u/]sf] tyf s]zj/fh
uf}tdsL elthf a'xf/L gftfsL ePsf] sf/0faf6
;d]t lghsf] aofgdf ljZjf; gug'k{ g]{ cj:yf gxFb' f
lghxaf6 ck/fw gePsf]n] /l;nf uf}td / ;u'g
uf}tdsf] xsdf s'g} dfu bfjL lnOPsf] 5}g eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] cf/f]kkq .
cleof]u kqdf b]vfOPsf ;DklQxdWo]
@)#$ df3 @& df kf; u/]sf] hUuf / ;f]df ag]sf]
3/ uf]7 d]/f] k}ts
[ ;DklQ, df]6/;fOsn js{;kaf6
v/Lb u/]sf] hUufnfO{ u}/sfg"gL cfh{gdf hf]l8Psf]
x'bF f cf/f]k em"7f xf] . d]/f] 3/af6 a/fdb ePsf
ljb]zL d'bf| / g]=?=dWo] 8n/ / o"/f] d'bf| d]/f] efO{
eLdgfy uf}td cfo/Nof08df a:g] x'bF f d]/f] ;fgf]
5f]/f /fh'nfO{ cfo/Nof08 cfpFbf NofP/ cfpg'
egL 5f8]sf] xf] . ef/tLo ?k}ofF 3/ef8faf6 cfPsf]
/ xs 8n/ / :6ln{ kfp08 d ljb]zaf6 g]kfn
cfpFbf ar]sf] d'bf| xf] . 8n/ cfo/Nof08df ;f6]sf]
xf] . g]kfnL ?k}ofF ;fpg dlxgfsf] ef8fsf] /sd
xf] . d ;]jf k|jz
] ug'{ k"j{ g} d]/f gfdsf] qm=;+= @
df plNnlvt 3/ @)#^ ;fndf sl/a ^).&) xhf/
x'g] nfutdf lgdf{0f u/]sf] xf] . qm=;+= # sf] 3/
%).^) xhf/sf] nfutdf @)#$ ;fndf Ps tnf
/ @)#* ;fndf csf]{ tnf lgdf{0f u/]sf] xf] . d]/f]
lktfhLn] lbPsf] #%.$) xhf/ / d}n] 6\oz
' g k9fP/
/ df]6/;fOsn dd{t u/L sdfPsf] /sdaf6 pQm
3/ agfPsf] xf] . qm=;+= ! df plNnlvt 3/ d]/f]
>LdtLsf] gfpFdf /x]sf] pQm 3/ lgdf{0f ug{ ?=!@
nfv vr{ ePsf] 5, h'g d]/f] 5f]/fn] ljb]zaf6
k7fPsf] /sd / 3/ef8faf6 k|fKt /sdn] agfPsf]
xf] . qm=;+=% sf] 3/ df]/df @)$% ;fndf
276

?=^^,))). df 6x/f] laqmL, )#$, )#^, )#* ;fndf

ag]sf] 3/sf] ef8f, s[lif cfoaf6 5f]/f nLnf/fhsf]
gfddf v/Lb u/]sf]] xf] . qm=;+=$ sf] 3/ @)$)
;fndf rf}tfl/of /fgL 9fns'df/L zfxsf] 5f]/Ln]
d]/f] 5f]/fnfO{ efO{ dfgL 6Lsf nufPsf] sf/0f
js; lbPsf] / lghn] g} lbPsf] ?=@.# nfvaf6
agfPsf] xf] . qm=;+= ^ sf] s]zjL / sdn/fhsf
;+oQ' m gfdsf] 3/ ?=!,%)). df v/Lb u/]sf] xf] .h'g
3/ef8f / k}ts
[ ;DklQsf] cfoaf6 v/Lb u/]sf]
xf] . qm=;+=@ df plNnlvt 3/, @)#$ ;fndf ag]sf]
3/sf] 3/ ef8f, k}ts
[ ;DklQaf6 ?=^).&) xhf/df
lgdf{0f u/]sf] xf] .
d]/f] cfo;|ft] sf] ;DaGwdf 3/ ef8faf6
jflif{s ?=(.!) nfv, s[lif cfoaf6 jflif{s !,!#,))).
tnjaf6 dfl;s ?=^,@)). g]=a}+ ln=df d]/f] 3/
hUuf lwtf] lbPafkt, l;?jf sG:6S;g s+=n] k6s
k6s u/L ?=$,*$,))). lnPsf], @)#& ;fnb]lv
5f]/f lzj/fh j]nfotdf /x]sf] / @)$@ b]lv
xfn;Dd ?=$^,)),))). dnfO{ k7fPsf], cfk"m
cfpFbf ?=!@,)),))).csf]{ k6s ?=&,)),))).
k7fPsf] d f efO{ nLnf/fhn] O{ Z j/ Kofs] l h
O08li6hdf nufPsf], dnfO{ lbPsf] ?=!@,)),))).
#) k|ltzt Jofhdf ;'/axfb'/ >]i7nfO{ nufPsf]df
@)%& efb| ; Dddf ?=@!,)),))). Jofh /
;fFjf;d]t lkmtf{ lnPsf], 3/ ef8f, s[lif cfoaf6
hDdf ePsf] /sdsf] Jofh sl/a @).@% nfv
x'G5 . dfOnL lbbL 6Lsfdfofn] dnfO{ /fVg lbPsf]
?=#,)),))). d}n] rnfPsf] xf] . d]/f] k}t[s
;DklQaf6 sl/a *,^%,))). cGo s[lif cfoaf6
@$,^),))). ;/sf/L sfof{ n oaf6 @)$&
d+l;/b]lv xfn;Dd k|fKt 3/ef8f ?=#(,%#,))).
cGo JolQmx ef8fdf j;]sf]af6 k|fKt 3/ef8f
?=*),*@,))). u/L ;a} cfonfO{ Psd'i6 ubf{
?=@,%%,$$,))). d]/f] a}w cfo x'G5 . d]/f] tnj
eQfaf6 3/ rnfpg] u/]sf] 5' .
l;=g+= ! / @ sf hUuf d ;/sf/L ;]jfdf
k|jz
] ug'{ k"js
{ f hUuf x'g\ . qm=;+= # sf] hUuf
3/ef8f dWo]af6 v/Lb ePsf], qm=;+= $ / % sf]
hUuf :j= e/t/fh j}Bn] d]/f] >LdtLnfO{ js;

*&&) nLnf/fh uf}td ;d]t lj=g]kfn ;/sf/

lbPsf] xf] . qm=;+=^ / & sf hUuf 9fns'df/L zfxn]

5f]/f /fh' / lnnfnfO{ js; lbPsf] xf] . qm=;+= *,
(, !) sf hUufx d]/f] cfdfn] dnfO{ lbPsf] ;'g
@% tf]nf laqmL / k}ts
[ cfo ;d]taf6 v/Lb u/]sf]
xf] . qm=;+= !! b]lv !( ;Ddsf hUufx 3/ef8f
/ k}ts
[ s[lif cfoaf6 v/Lb u/]sf], qm=;+= @) sf]
hUuf k}ts
[ cfoaf6 @ efudf /x]sf], qm=;+= @! sf]
hUuf @)%^ ;fndf j08faf6 kfPsf] hUuf xf] .
qm=;+= ! / @ sf] z]o/ 5f]/f nLnf/fhsf] gfpFsf]
3/sf] ef8faf6 v/Lb u/]sf] xf] . qm=;+= # sf] z]o/
nLnf/fhs} bfh' lzj/fhn] s]xL sfd u/L vfg
lbPsf] ?=&,)),))). dWo] af6} /fv]sf x'g\ . qm=;+=
$, % / ^ df plNnlvt z]o/ 5f]/f /fh's} gfp+sf]
3/ef8faf6 k|fKt /sdaf6 v/Lb ul/Psf] xf] .
a}s
+ vftf ljj/0f qm=;+= ! b]lv * ;Ddsf
vftfdf /x]sf] ?k}ofF d]/} xf] . pQm vf]lnPsf] vftf
/ ;f]df /x]sf] /sd 5f]/f lzj/fh uf}tdn] k7fPsf],
3/ef8f, s[lif cfo, @)%% ;fn;Ddsf] k}ts
[ cfo,
cfkmGtxn] ;'/Iffsf nflu /fVg lbPsf] /sdaf6
hDdf ePsf] xf] . a/fdbL d'r'Nsfdf plNnlvt
qm=;+= ! b]lv !% ;Ddsf ;'g rfFbLsf uxgfsf]
;DaGwdf (((( g+= sf c+= tf]nf !^ sf @@ 6'qmfdWo]
@)%^ ;fndf rfjlxn lgjf;L sNof0f j:g]tn]
/fVg lbPsf ^ 6'qmf, )%& ;fndf /fVg lbPsf] &
6'qmf, ef]nfgfy rf}nfufO{n] /fVg lbPsf] # 6'qmf,
;'g x'g\, h;sf] ekf{O klg 5 . ;f] d}n] /fvL
lbPafkt ns/ g+= !$@$ sf] ef8f jflif{s !,@)).
kg]d
{ f sNof0fn] jflif{s !,))). lbg] u/]sf x'g\ .
cGo ;'g rfFbLsf] xsdf d]/f efO{, 5f]/f a'xf/L,
gflt gfltgL / d;d]t #.$ k6s ljb]z u} cfpFbf
kfpg] ;'ljwfdWo]sf] sl/j #@ tf]nf, afFsL u/uxgf
>LdtL / a'xf/Lxsf] bfOhf] k]jfsf x'g\ . $ 6'qmf
^$ tf]nf >LdtL / d}n] k6s k6s nIdL k"hfsf]
lbgdf v/Lb u/]sf] xf] . ljb]zaf6 5f]/fn] cfk}mn]
lsgL k7fPsf] xf] . >LdtL / d}n] lsg]sf] uxgf
3/s} ;uf]n cfh{gaf6 v/Lb u/]sf]] xf] .
d}n] @)@* ;fnb]lv g} a}s
+ Jofn]G; ub}{
cfPsf], s[ifs kl/jf/s} ePklg ;DkGg kl/jf/s}
dflg; x'F . d}n] @)#% ;fndf dfq ;/sf/L ;]jf
277

k|jz
] u/]sf] x'F . a/fdb ePsf 8fo/L sfuh, ?k}o+ fF ,
uxgf d]/} x'g\ . clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg
cfof]udf u/]sf] aofg d]/} x:tfIf/sf] eP klg
dnfO{ tTsfn dfgl;s oftgf lbP/ aofg u/fOPsf]
xf] . cf/f]kkq em"7f xf] . d}n] ;a} ;DklQ cfk\mgf]
a}w cfh{gaf6 v/Lb tyf lgdf{0f u/]sf] xf] .
cg';Gwfgsf qmddf xr'jf e/df d"Nofg u/L
d"No a9fO{ cleof]u bfo/ ul/Psf] 5 . dpk/sf]
cf/f]k c;To, em"7f xf] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL
s]zj/fhn]] cbfntdf u/]sf] aofg .
cf/f]kkqdf pNn]v ul/Psf] d]/f gfdsf]
;DklQsf] xsdf eQmk'/ lhNnf, dWok'/ l7dLsf]
ls=g+=!%@$ If]=km=$$!) hUuf xh'/a'af /
xh'/cfdfn] w]/} cufl8 lbPsf] ?=$),))). / uxgf
@% tf]nf ;'g laqmL u/L v/Lb ul/Psf] / a'afn]
dnfO{ lbg' ePsf] xf] . df]/, emf]/fxf6 j8f g+=%
ls=g+= @*@, !&!, !&@, !&#, !&$, !&%, !&^ sf
hUufx bfh' nLnf/fh uf}td / d}n] js; kfPsf]
3/hUufsf] d}n] k|fKt ug]{ ef8f /sdaf6 lslgPsf]
xf] . g]kfn O08li6on P08 sdl;{on a}s
+ , a}s
+
ckm sf7df8f}+ / tf/fufpF l/h]G;L xf]6ndf ePsf]
z]o/ d}n] js; kfPsf] 3/hUufsf] ef8faf6} d]/f
gfpFdf a'afn] lsgL lbg' ePsf] xf] . 8n/ / o'/f]
cfo/Nof08df sfd ug]{ sfsfn] 5f]8L lbg' ePsf]
xf] . xfdLx a]Un} a:b} cfPsf 5f}+ . o;/L d]/f
gfpFdf pNn]v ePsf] ;DklQ j}w cfh{gsf] ePsf]n]
hkmt x' g ' k g] { xf] O g eGg] ;d] t Joxf] / fsf]
k|ltjfbL=/fh' uf}tdn] cbfntdf u/]sf] aofg .
d a;]sf] 3/ d]/f] xf] . sf=lh= sf=d=g=kf=
j8f g+=!) df /x]sf] ls=g+=!!& / & sf] If]=km=
qmdzM @#@) / )!$#@ sf] hUuf d}n] 8f=e/t
j}Baf6 l/emafkt kfPsL x'F . ;f] afx]s d]/f] s'g}
a}s
+ df vftf klg 5}g / d}n] s'g} z]o/ v/Lb u/]sL
klg 5}g . d]/f] gfdsf] ;DklQ hkmt x'gk' g]{ xf]Og
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL=s]zjL uf}tdn]
cbfntdf u/]sf] aofg .
d]/f gfpFdf d]/f >Ldfg nLnf/fh uf}tdn]
js; u/L lbPsf] eQmk'/ lhNnf dWok'/ l7dLsf] !
/f]kgL hUuf 5 . ;f] afx]s s'g} a}s
+ vftf, z]o/

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

5}g . d]/f] gfpFsf] ;DklQ hkmt x'gk' g]{ xf]Og eGg]

;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL u+ufs'df/L uf}td -v8\sf_n]
cbfntdf u/]sf]] aofg .
d]/f] gfddf /x]sf] eQmk'/ lhNnf, dWok'/
l7dL g=kf= j8f g+=& df ePsf] $ /f]kgL hUufdWo]
! /f]kgL hUuf d}n] d]/f] >LdtL u+ufs'df/LnfO{ js;
u/L lbPsf] x'F / ;f] hUuf xfd|f xh'/a'af / xh'/cfdfn]
lbPsf] ?=$),))). gub / ;'gsf u/uxgf;d]t
laqmL u/L )#( ;fndf a'afsf] gfddf v/Lb u/L
xh'/a'af xh'/cfdfsf] OR5fadf]lhd @)%@ ;fndf
xfdL bfh'efOsf] gfddf sfod u/fO{ lbg' ePsf]
xf] . df]/ lhNnf emf]/fxf6 uf=lj=;= j8f g+= % ls=g+=
!&& / @&$ sf hUuf / g]kfn O08li6on P08
sdl;{on a}s
+ df /x]sf] &) lsQf z]o/, tf/fufpF
l/h]G;L xf]6ndf /x]sf] !() lsQf z]o/ xfdL bfh'efO{
-/fh' / nLnf/fh_ nfO{ 9fns'df/Ln] js; u/L lbPsf]
3/hUufsf] ef8f Pj+ cfDbfgLaf6 afafn] lsgL
lbg'ePsf] xf] . o:t} O{Zj/ Kofs]lh O08li6h k|f=ln=sf]
d]/f gfpFdf ePsf] &,))). lsQf z]o/ d]/f]
cfo/Nof08 a:g] bfh' lzj/fh uf}tdn] afafnfO{
lbPsf] /sdaf6 v/Lb u/L lbg' ePsf] xf] . o;/L
d]/f gfpFdf /x]sf] ;DklQdf afaf s]zj/fh uf}tdsf]
cfh{gsf] /sd ;dfj]z gePsf]n] hkmt x'gk' g]{
xf]Og eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL nLnf/fh uf}tdn]
cbfntdf u/]sf] aofg .
k|ltjfbL s]zj/fhsf ;fIfL k'0ok|;fb
uf}td, /fh]Gb|k;
| fb rf}nfufO{ tyf k|ltjfbL nLnf/fh
uf}tdsf ;fIfL Zofd 9'fgfsf] askq ;DkGg e}
ldl;n ;fd]n /x]sf] .
d}n] k|=s]zj/fh uf}tdnfO{ @)%% ;fndf
rf]sf]kg cfsf/sf] tLg 6'qmf cGbfhL k|lt 6'qmf !^
tf]nf tf}n ePsf gDa/L ;'g hDdf tf]nf $* lbPsf]
x'F . pQm ;'g /fVg lbPafkt lghn] u/]sf] e/kfO{sf]
kmf]6f]skL klg o;};fy k]z u/]sf] 5' eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] c=a+=!#( g+= adf]lhd a'lemPsf ef]nfgfy
rf}nfufO{sf] aofg .
d}n] kfFr 6]nsf kmfOg uf]N8 gDj/L ;'g
(((( g+= sf rf]sf]kg rSn]6 cfsf/sf k|lt 6'qmf
cGbfhL !^ tf]nf ePsf ^ 6'qmf ;'g @)%^ ;fndf

/ ;f]xL lsl;dsf & 6'qmf ;'g @)%& ;fndf lghsf]

gfddf g]kfn a}+s lnld6]8, s]Gb|Lo sfof{nodf
/x]sf] ns/ g+=!$@$ df /fVg lbPafkt ns/ef8f
jflif{s ! xhf/sf b/n] ljut $ jif{bl] v lbFb} cfPsf]
5' . o; ;DaGwdf lghn] u/L lbPsf] e/kfO{sf]
kmf]6f]skL o;} ;fy k]z u/]sf] 5' eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
c=a+=!#( g+= adf]lhd a'lemPsf sNof0faxfb'/
j:g]tsf] aofg .
jfbLtkm{sf ;fIfL ;'/G] b|ks
| fz /fhsl0f{sf/,
hoGts'df/ /fhj+zLsf] askq ;DkGg eO{ ldl;n
;fd]n /x]sf] .
k|ltjfbL s]zj/fh uf}tdsf] 3/sf] d"Nofg
d}n] u/]sf] xf] eGg] cbfntsf] cfb]zadf]lhd
dxfGofoflwjStfsf] sfof{noaf6 pkl:yt u/fOPsf
gj/fh Kofs'/n
] n] u/]sf] askq .
k|=s]zj/fh uf}td;Fuaf6 d}n] ?=!@ nfv
?k}ofF /sd Ps} k6sdf @)$(.!!.@@ df lnPsf]
lyPF . /sd lnFbf e/kfO{ u/L lbPsf] 5' . pQm
/sdsf] @)%& ;fn efb| dlxgf ;Dddf Jofh dfq
?=@@,#*,))). a'emfO{ ;s]sf] 5' . ;fFjfsf] xsdf
@)%& efb| & b]lv !% ut];Dd k6sk6s u/L
lkmtf{ lbPsf] 5' . a'emfP afktdf s'g} lnvt 5}g
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] c=a+=!#( g+= adff]lhd a'lemPsf
;'/axfb'/ >]i7n] u/]sf] aofg .
/fd]5fksf] ufpFdf a:g] ePsf]n] / b]zdf
/x]sf] c;'/Iffsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ d}n] cfk\mgf] bfOhf],
k]jfaf6 a9] a9fPsf] /sd 3/sf] cGgkft, ufO{
j:t'sf] laqmLaf6 k|fKt /sd @)%# ;fnbl]v @)%*
;fn;Dddf k6sk6s u/L #).$) xhf/sf b/n]
gub} # nfv k|=s]zj/fhnfO{ /fVg lbPsf] xf] . of]
ldltdf olt g} /sd lbPsf] xf] eGg] k|i6 ldlt yfxf
5}g . of] o;af6 olt /sd hDdf ePsf] xf] eGg]
yfxf 5}g eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] a'lemPsL l6sfdfof
rf}nfufO{sf] aofg .
k|ltjfbL s]zj/fh uf}tdn] /fi6 ;]jssf]
?kdf ;fj{hlgs kbdf jxfn /x]sf] cjlwdf cfh{g
u/]sf] / bfOhf] k]jfsf] ;d]t u/L cfkm", cfkm\gf
>LdtL, 5f]/f tyf a'xf/Lsf gfpFdf /x]ePsf rn
crn ;DklQsf] tTsfnsf] nfut Pj+ v/Lb d"No

278

*&&) nLnf/fh uf}td ;d]t lj=g]kfn ;/sf/

/ d"Nofgcg';f/ d"No ?=#$,$),!!*.&$ sf] 3/,

d"No ?=!),@$,%)). sf] hUUff, d"No ?=@,$%,!)).
sf] ljB'tLo ;fdfg, d"No ?=#,$*,^)!.%) sf]
kmlg{r/, d"No ?=&,%&,@)). c+lst z]o/ nufgL,
d" N o ?=!,@*,))). sf] df] 6 /;fO{ s n, d" N o
?=#&,$#,^@@.@@ sf ;'g tyf ;'grfFbLsf uxgf,
a+s
} df}Hbft ?=*),$%,^&*.@$ / ljb]zL d'bf| ;lxtsf]
gub df}Hbft ?=@,#@,))&.!) ;d]t u/L hDdf
df]n ljuf] ?=!,&(,^$,*@&.*) sf] rn crn
;DklQ /x] ePsf] kfOG5 . To;dWo] dfly ljj]rgf
ul/Pcg';f/ df}lb|s cfo ?=!,!$,$&,$$*. / k]jf
bfOhf]sf] ?=#,)#,&#%.@@ ;d]t u/L hDdf ljuf]
?=!,!&,%!,!*#.!& sf] rn crn ;DklQsf] dfq
;|ft] k'li6 x'g cfpF5 . aFfsL ljuf] ?=%!,&@,)!^.&(
/ ;f]af6 a9] a9fPsf] Jofh ?=!),$!,^@&.*$ ;d]t
hDdf ?=^@,!#,^$$.^# sf] rncrn ;DklQsf]
;|ft] k'li6 x'g ;s]sf] kfOb}g .
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf
@)-@_ / bkmf $& n] ;|ft] gv'ns
] f] ;DklQ /
To;af6 a9] a9fPsf] ;DklQ;d]t hkmt x'g] Joj:yf
u/]sf] kfOG5 . cf/f]kkqsf] tflnsf g+ ! df
plNnlvt k|ltjfbLxsf gfpdf /x]sf nfut d"No
?=#$,$),!!*.&$ sf 3/x / ;f] 3/df ePsf
d"No ?=%,(#,&)!.%)sf kmlg{r/ tyf ljB'tLo
;fdfgx, k|ltjfbLsf] 3/af6 a/fdb ePsf ljb]zL
d'b|f;lxtsf] gub /sd ?=@,#@,))&.!), v/Lb
d"No ?=!,@*,))). sf] df]6/;fO{sn b'O{ yfg,
k|ltjfbL s]zjL uf}tdsf gfpFsf] lnvt d"No
?=^,&%,))). sf] sf=d=g=kf= j8f g+= !) sf] ls=g+=
& / !!& sf] hUuf, k|ltjfbL s]zjL uf}td /
sdn/fh uf}tdsf ;+oQ
' m gfpFsf] df]/ emf]/fxf6
j8fg+= ! ls=g+= #^& sf] 3/hUufdWo] v/Lb d"No
?=!%,))). sf] Effu lx;f, k|ltjfbL /fh' uf}tdsf
gfpFsf] v/Lb d"No ?=%^,%)). sf] df]/ emf]/fxf6
j8f g+= % sf] ls=g+= @*@, !&! / !&@ sf hUuf,
cf/f]kkqsf] tflnsf g+= # df plNnlvt k|ltjfbL
nLnf/fh uf}td / /fh' uf}tdsf gfpFsf] d"No
?=&,%&,@)). c+lst z]o/x, k|ltjfbL s]zj/fh
uf}tdsf gfpFsf] g]kfn a}+s lnld6]8 sf7df8f}F
279

ckmL;df ePsf] ns/af6 a/fdb ePsf] @@ 6'qmf

;' g / * yfg ;' g sf l;SsfdWo] d" N o
?=!&,!(,($#.%) sf] @)*$=&*) u|fd ;'g,
cf/f]kkqsf] tflnsf g+=$ df plNnlvt k|ltjfbL
s]zj/fh uf}tdsf gfpFdf ljleGg a}s
+ df /x]sf
vftfsf] df}hbft ?=*),$%,^&*.@$ dWo] lgIf]k
/sd ?=@*,*#,^%%.!! / ;f]sf] Jofh ?=(,$^,#@@.
u/L a}s df}Hbftsf] /sd ?=#*,@(,(&&.!!,
k|ltjfbLsf] ;|ft] k'li6 ePsf] df}lb|s cfoaf6 cfh{g
u/]sf] / d"No ?=#,)#,&#%.@@ sf ;'grfFbLsf uxgf
tyf ef8fjt{g >LdtL tyf a'xf/Lxsf] bfOhf]
k]jf ;d]taf6 cfh{g u/]sf] ;d]t u/L hDdfdf]n
ljuf] ?=!,!&,%!,!*#.!& sf] ;DklQsf];Dd ;|ft]
k'li6 x'g cfpF5 .
;f] afx]ssf] ;|ft] k'li6 x'g g;s]sf] ljuf]
?=%!,&@,)!^.&( / ;|ft] k'li6 gePsf] a}s
+ lgIf]kaf6
a9] a9fPsf] Jofh ?=!),$!,^@&.*$ ;d]t hDdf
?=^@,!#,^$$.^# sf] rn crn ;DklQ u}/sfg"gL
?kdf cfh{g u/L e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf]
bkmf @)-!_ cGtu{tsf] s;"/ u/]sf] 7x5{ . ;f] 7xgf{n]
cf/f]kkqsf] tflnsf g+=! df plNnlvt nfut d"No
?=#$,$),!!*.&$ sf 3/x / ;f] 3/df ePsf
d"No ?=%,(#,&)!.%) sf kmlg{r/ tyf ljB'tLo
pks/0fsf ;fdfgx, k|ltjfbLsf] 3/jf6 a/fdb
ePsf ?=@,#@,))&.!) sf] ljb]zL d'bf| ;lxtsf] /sd,
d"No ?=!,@*,))). sf] df]6/;fO{sn @ yfg, k|ltjfbL
s]zjL uf}tdsf gfpFsf] d"No ?=^,&%,))). sf]
sf=d=kf=j8f g+=!) sf] ls=g+=& / !!& sf] hUuf,
k|ltjfbL s]zjL uf}td / sdn/fh uf}tdsf ;+oQ' m
gfpFsf] df]/ emf]/fxf6 j8f g+=! sf] ls=g+=#^& sf]
3/hUufdWo] d"No ?=!%,))). sf] efu lx:;f,
k|ltjfbL /fh' uf}tdsf gfpFsf] d"No ?=%^,%)). sf]
df]/ emf]/fxf6 j8f g+= % sf] ls=g+=@*@, !&! / !&@
sf hUuf, cf/f]kkqsf] tflnsf g+=# df plNnlvt
k|ltjfbL nLnf/fh uf}td / /fh' uf}tdsf gfpFsf]
z]o/ nufgL ?=&,%&,@))., k|ltjfbL s]zj/fh
uf}tdsf gfpFdf g]kfn a}s
+ sf7df8f}+ ckmL;df ePsf]
ns/jf6 a/fdb ePsf] ;'gsf 6'qmf yfg @@ /
l;Ssf * yfgdWo] d"No ?=!&,!(,($#.%) sf]

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

@)*$=&*) u| f d ;' g , a/fdb ePsf d" N o

?=#,)#,&#%.@@ sf ;'gsf uxgf tyf rfFbLsf
efF8fjt{g, cf/f]kkqsf] tflnsf g+=$ df plNnlvt
k|ltjfbL s]zj/fh uf}tdsf gfpFdf ljleGg a}s
+ df
/x]sf vftfsf] df}Hbft ?=*),$%,^&*.@$ dWo] lgIf]k
?=@*,*#,^%%.!! / ;f]sf] Jofh ?=(,$^,#@@. u/L
a} + s df} H bft ?=#*,@(,(&&.!! ;d] t hDdf
?=!,!&,%!,!*#.!& sf] rn crn ;DklQafx]s
cf/f]kqdf bfjL lnPsf k|ltjfbL s]zj/fh uf}tdsf
gfpFsf] sf=d=g=kf= j8f g+=!) afg]Zj/sf] ls=g+=*^
sf] hUuf, k|ltjfbL u+ufs'df/L v8\sf -uf}td_ sf
gfpFsf] dWok'/ l7dL gu/kflnsf j8f g+=& sf] ls=g+=
!^#! sf] hUuf, k|ltjfbL nLnf/fh uf}tdsf gfpFsf]
;f]xL 7fpFsf] ls=g+= !^#@ sf] hUuf, k|ltjfbL /fh'
uf}tdsf gfpFsf] ;f]xL 7fpFsf] ls=g+=!%@$ sf] hUuf,
k|ltjfbL nLnf/fh uf}tdsf gfpFsf] df]/ emf]/fxf6
j8f g+=% sf] ls=g+= !&& / @&$ sf] hUuf, k|ltjfbL
/fh' uf}tdsf gfpFsf] ;f]xL 7fpFsf] ls=g+=!&#, !&$,
!&% / !&^ sf] hUuf, ns/af6 a/fdb ePsf
;'gsf 6'qmf @@ yfg / l;Ssf * yfgdWo] d"No
?=!&,!(,($#.%) sf] @)*$=&*) u|fd ;'g /
cf/f]kkqsf] tflnsf g+=$ df plNnlvt k|ltjfbL
s]zj/fh uf}tdsf gfpFdf ljleGg a}s
+ df /x]sf
vftfsf] df}Hbft ?=*),$%,^&*.@$ dWo] lgIf]k
?=#!,&$,)&#.@( / ;f]sf] Jofh ?=!),$!,^@&.*$
;d]tsf rn crn ;DklQ / ;f]jf6 a9] a9fPsf]
;DklQ;d]t e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf
@)-@_ / bkmf $& adf]lhd hkmt eO{ k|ltjfbL
s]zj/fh uf}tdnfO{ ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf @)-@_ cg';f/
ljuf] adf]lhd h/Ljfgf ?=%!,&@,)!^.&( / !. -Ps_
jif{ s}b x'G5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ljz]if cbfntsf]
km};nf .
@)%@.(.!& sf] kf/Lt c+zj08faf6 xfd|f]
gfddf sfod /x]sf] dWok'/ l7dL g=kf=, j8f g+= & sf]
ls=g+= !^#! / !^#@ sf] hUufsf] ;|ft] ;DaGwdf
cfdfn] lbPsf] @%#) tf]nf ;'g, lktfhLn] lbPsf]
gub, 3/ef8f / kfl/>ldsaf6 v/Lb u/]sf] km};nfsf]
kfgf & df pNn]v 5 . km};nfsf] kfgf $% sf] bf];f| ]
k|s/0fdf cfdfn] lbPsf] ;'gsf] uxgf ;d]tsf]

?=#,)#,&#%.@@ nfO{ a}w cfosf] ?kdf k'li6 u/]sf] 5 .

lktfaf6 kfPsf] ?=#%,))). nfO{ klg km};nfsf] kfgf
#% sf] t];f| ] k|s/0fsf] clGtddf k'li6 u/]sf] 5 . @)#$
;fndf v/Lb u/]sf] !) sf]7] 3/sf] ef8f k|ltsf]7f
;/b/ ?=#)). sf b/n] ef8fdf lbFbf klg jflif{s
?=#^,))). x'g cfpF5 egL km};nfsf] kfgf !( sf]
clGtd @ nfOgdf k'li6 u/]af6 @)#$ ;fnb]lv
@)#(.$.!% ;Dd ;f] 3/sf] 3/ef8f dfq sl/a
?=!,%(,))). x'G5 . @)%#.$.! b]lv gf=;'= kbdf
;]jf k|jz
] u/]af6 ldlt @)#(.$.!% ;Ddsf] tna
eQf ?=!,)*,*$!. ;d]t lx;fa ug'k{ g]{ x'bF f pQm
hUuf v/Lb ubf{ hDdf ?=^,)^, %&^.@@ k|fKt ePaf6
;DdfgLt cbfnt cfkm+n
} ] ;|ft] k'li6 u/]sf] cj:yfdf
ls=g+= !^#! / !^#@ hkmt u/]sf] q'l6k"0f{ 5 . To;}u/L
df]/ emf]/fxf6sf] ls=g+= !&& / @&$ sf] hUuf
@)$%.$.$ df v/Lb ubf{ xfd|f] afg]Zj/sf] 3/sf]
ef8fsf] /sdaf6 v/Lb u/]sf] km};nfsf] kfgf & / *
sf] z'?df pNn]v 5 . sf7df8f}F dxfgu/kflnsf, j8f
g+= !), ls=g+= ( / !) sf] hUufdf @)$! ;fndf
lgld{t xfd|f] 3/af6 @)$! ;fnb]lv )$^ ;fn;Dd
;6/;lxt b'a} tNnfsf] dfl;s ?=@),))). dfq} k|fKt
u/]sf] eGg] xf] eg] klg 3/ef8f ?=!@,)),))). x'g
cfpF5 . ;f] s'/f km};nfsf] kfgf g+= !( sf] bf];f| ]
k|s/0fsf] ;ftf},+ cf7f}+ / gjf}+ k|s/0fn] k'li6 u/]sf] 5 .
hDdf ?=^^,))). df ldlt @)$%.$.$ df v/Lb ubf{
;|ft] k'li6 ePg egL hkmtdf lng] u/L ePsf] z'?
km};nf cfkm}d+ f aflemPsf] x'bF f ljz]if cbfntsf] q'l6k"0f{
km};nf ab/ u/L OG;fkm kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
nLnf/fh uf}td / u+ufs'df/L uf}td -v8\sf_sf]
k'g/fj]bg kq .
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf @)
cGtu{tsf] s;"/df u}/sfg"gL cfh{gsf] ;DklQsf]
ljuf] a/fa/sf] h/Ljfgf / s}b;d]t x'g] Joj:yf 5 .
xfnsf] d"Noaf6 sfod ul/Psf] ljuf]nfO{ u}/sfg"gL
?kdf cfh{g u/]sf] ;DklQsf] ljuf] dfGg' kg]{ x'G5 .
cbfntaf6 km};nf x'bF f emf]/fxf6 / sf7df8f}+ af}4sf]
ls=g+= !^$ sf] hUufaf6 ?=#,*^,)%$. a/fa/
k|ltjfbLsf] s[lif cfo k|ltjfbLsf] kl/jf/ ;~rfng /
5f]/f5f]/Lsf] k9fO{ n]vfO{ cflbdf vr{ x'g] ePsfn]

280

*&&) nLnf/fh uf}td ;d]t lj=g]kfn ;/sf/

s[lif cfo art x'g] cj:yf 5}g . To;nfO{ dgg\ u/L

tna eQfnufotsf ;|ft] nfO{ art dflgPsf] xf] .
k| l tjfbL s] z j/fhsf] ljleGg a} + s xdf
?=*),$%,^&*.@$ df}Hbft /x]sf] /sdsf] ;|ft] k'li6
x'g g;s]sf]df dgf]ut cfwf/df ;|f]t v'n]sf]
?=#!,&$,)&#.@% sfod u/]sf] q'l6k"0f{ 5 . cfdfn]
lbPsf] @)@% tf]nf ;'g ;d]taf6 3/ lgdf{0f u/]sf]
eGg] k|ltjfbLsf] syg /x]sf]df a/fdb rfFbLsf
;fdfgxsf] a}w ;|ft] k|ltjfbLn] v'nfpg ;s]sf]
5}g . a'xf/L ;u'g uf}tdn] ;'gsf cf}7+ L b'O,{ em'Dsf
b'O,{ kTy/ cf}7+ L Ps, r'/f b'O,{ rfFbLsf] ;fbf s?jf /
Kn]6 !, To:t} u+uf v8\sf -uf}td_ n] tLg tf]nf
;'gsf] uxgf ljjfx u/L cfpFbf NofPsf] egL aofgdf
pNn]v u/]sf]df ?=#,)#,&#%.@@ sf uxgf / rfFbLsf
;fdfg k|ltjfbLsf] ;|ft] v'ns
] f] ;DklQ x'g ;Qm}g .
k|ltjfbLsf] ;DklQsf] hfFr cjlw @)#%.$.! b]lv
@)%(.*.( ;Ddsf] 5 . k|ltjfbLsf] tna, 3/ ef8f
h:tf /sd cw{ dfl;s ?kdf x'g, s[lif cfo jflif{s
Pjd\ cw{ jflif{s ?kdf x'g] / To;af6 k|fKt cfo
vr{ klg x'bF } hfg] x'bF f tna, ef8f / s[lif cfo
pNn]Vo ?kdf art x'g;Sg] l:ylt g} x'bF g} . kfl/jfl/s
vr{nfO{ klg Gofo;+ut ?kdf cg'dfg u/L s6fpg'
kg]d{ f cfosf] dfq cg'dfg u/L cfodf yk ug{ ldNg]
xf]Og . k|ltjfbLxsf] cfonfO{ h:tfsf] To:t} art
x'g] t/ vr{ gx'g] eGg] ts{ / dg;fo k|blz{t x'g]
u/L ePsf] ljz]if cbfntsf] km};nf bfjL gk'Ug] 7x/
u/L ePsf] xsdf q'l6k"0f{ 5 eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf]
jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k'g/fj]bgkq .
k'g/fj]bs sNof0faxfb'/ a:g]t lgdf{0f
Joj;foL ePsf] / 7]Ssfkf / hUuf laqmL u/]sf]
/sdaf6 ;'g lsgL ;fydf /fVg ;'/lIft gx'g]
ePsfn] lrg] hfg]sf] ljZjfl;nf] JolQmnfO{ /fVg
lbFbf ;'/lIft x'g] ePsfn] @)%^ ;fndf rf]sf]kmg
rsn]6sf] cfsf/sf ^ 6'qmf Ps 6'qmfdf !^ tf]nf
/ @)%& ;fndf & 6'qmf ;'g s]zj/fh uf}tdsf]
g]kfn a}+s lnld6]8 s]Gb|Lo sfof{nodf /x]sf]
ns/df jflif{s ?=!),))). ef8f ltg]{ u/L /fVg
lbPsf] xf] . d ef]nfgfy rf}nfufO{+n] # 6'qmf -$*_
tf]nf rf]sf]kmf]g cfwf/sf] ;'g d]/f] dfdf gftfsf]
281

s]zj/fh uf}tdnfO{ ns/sf] jflif{s ?=!))).

ltg]{ u/L /fVg lbO{ e/kfO{ u/L lnPsf] 5' . k|df0fsf]
d"Nofg gu/L xr'jfsf] e/df ljz]if cbfnt
sf8df8f}Fn] u/]sf] km};nf cfGofok"0f{ ePsfn] pQm
km};nf ab/ u/L ;'g !^ 6'qmf -@%^ tf]nf_ xfdL
k'g/fj]bssf] sfod ul/kfpFm eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf]
a'lemPsf sNof0f a:g]t / ef]nfgfy rf}nfufO{sf]
k'g/fj]bgkq .
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf @)
n] u}/sfg"gL ?kdf ;DklQ cfh{gu/]sf] dflgg]
eGg] gofF s;"/sf] l;h{gf u/]sf]n] ldlt @)%(.#.%
b]lv cfh{g u/]sf] ;DklQsf] j}w ;|ft] k|dfl0ft ug'k{ g]{
bfloTj x'bF f ;f]eGbf cl3 cflh{t ;DklQsf] xsdf
nfu" x'g ;Qm}g . e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& sf]
bkmf !% nufot s'g} klg bkmfn] sNkgf gu/]sf]
xfnsf] P]gsf] bkmf @)-@_ sf] gofF Joj:yfnfO{
lg/Gt/tfsf] cy{ nufOPsf] q'l6k"0f{ 5 . cleof]ukqsf]
tflnsf g+= ! sf] qmd;+Vof ! b]lv $ ;Ddsf kfFrj6f
3/xsf] lgdf{ 0 f nfut ;| f ] t v' n ] s f] egL
cleof]ukqsf] k[i7 @% / @^ df dflgPsf] 5 . sf7df8f}F
dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= !) ls=g+= @!^ / @!&,
ls=g+= ( / !) sf hUuf / ;f] hUUffxdf ag]sf
3/xsf] ;|ft] v'ns
] f] ;DklQ ePsf] b]lvG5 egL
cleof]ukqsf] k[i7 @( df jfbLn] dfg]sf] 5 . ljz]if
cbfntn] bfjLeGbf aflx/ uP/ k|ltjfbLsf 3/xsf]
d"No sfod u/]sf] ldn]sf] 5}g .
ns/df /flvPsf] ;'gsf] d"No v/Lb
d'NoeGbf a9L b]vfOPsf] 5 . ns/df /flvPsf @@
6'qmf ;'g @)%%@)%^ ;Dd /flvPsf x'g\ . ;f]
;dodf -@)%^ ;fndf_ ;'gsf] d"No k|tLtf]nf
?=&^@( lyof] . k|lt tf]nf ?=(^@#. sf] b/df
?=&,!@,*)!.a9L d"No b]vfOPsf] 5 . ns/df /x]sf]
;'g tf]nf #*^=^& dWo] ;'g tf]nf @)* -!# 6'qmf_
sNof0f a:g]tsf] / $* tf]nf -# 6'qmf_ ef]nf
rf}nfufO{sf] eGg] k'g/fj]bssf] aofgnfO{ k'i6\ofFO{
u/L b'j} hgfn] askq u/]sf 5g\ . ;'g tf]nf #$=^&
ljjfxdf bfOhf] cfPsf] Joxf]/f a'xf/Lsf] aofgaf6
v'ns
] f] 5 . #@ tf]nf ;'g k'g/fj]bs s]zj/fhn] /
kl/jf/ ljb]zaf6 cfpFbf eG;f/ ;'ljwfdf NofPsf]

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

xf] . rfFbLsf] efF8f s'F8f bfOhf]df cfPsf egL

a'xf/L ;u'g uf}tdsf] aofgdf n]vfPsL 5g\ .
plNnlvt ;'g tyf rfFbLsf efF8fs'8F fsf] df]n ljuf]
36fpFbf hDdf ;'g tf]nf ^$ sf] @)%^ ;fnsf]
efpn] ?=$,**,@%^. dfq k'g/fj]bsn] cfo;|ft]
k'i6\ofO{ ug'k{ g]{ xf] . a/fdb ePsf] ljb]zL d'bf|
k'g/fj]bssf efO{ eLdgfy uf}tdn] cfo/Nof08af6
cfpFbf NofPsf] / /fh' uf}td cfo/Nof08 hfg]
k|of]hgsf nflu 5f8]sf] xf] . ;f] aofg k|df0faf6
k'li6 ePsf] 5 . hDdf ?=!,)@,@(,&)^.#$ dfq
k'g/fj]bsn] cfo;|ft] k'li6 ug]{ ;DklQ xf] .
clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] @)$@
;fn k"js
{ f] cfo 3/ agfpg nufgL ePsf] eGg]
cfkm"vz
' L cg'dfg u/]sf]n] @)$@ ;fnb]lvsf] dfq
lhsL/ lnOPsf] 5 . k'g/fj]bssf] tna / bz}+
k]ZsL;d]t hDdf ?=^,&^,!#@. x'gd] f ljz]if cbfntn]
sd sfod u/]sf] q'l6k"0f{ 5 . @)$@ ;fnkl5
k'g/fj]bssf] cfo;|ft] 3/ef8f xf] . jf:tljs /
k|df0ff/f k'li6 ePsf]eGbf sd cfo sfod u/L
cj}w ;DklQ sfod ul/Psf] lrQ a'em]g . vfgtnf;L
d'rN' sf / cf/f]kqaf6 dfl;s ?=&^,))). 3/ef8f
cfPsf] b]lvG5 . dfl;s ?=&^,))). n] jflif{s
?=(,!@,))). / @)$@ ;fnb]lv @)%( ;fn
;fpg;Dd !& jif{ $ dlxgfsf] 3/ef8f
?=!,%*,)*,))). nfO{ cfo;|f]tdf lng'k5{ .
cleof]ukqdf l;=g+= $ sf @ j6f 3/xsf] dflyNnf]
tNnfsf] k|ltdlxgf ?=@!,(!^. axfn lbg] u/L e"sDk
kLl8t If]q k'gM lgdf{0f tyf k"g:yf{kgf cfof]hgfn]
axfndf lnPsf]df To;nfO{ cfwf/ dfgL @)$@
;fnb]lv @)$& ;fn;Ddsf] k|lt dlxgf ?=@),))).
sf b/n] ef8fb/ sfod u/L ;f] cjlwsf]
?=!!,$),))). 3/ef8fsf] /sd cfo;|f]tdf
/fv]sf]df @)$& ;fneGbf kl5Nnf jif{xsf] dflyNnf
tNnfsf] cfwf e"Ot+{ Nnfsf] sfod u/]sf]df @)$@
;fnb]lv @)$& ;fn ;Ddsf] e'O+{ tNnfsf] ef8f
lx;fj u/]g . dflyNnf tNnfsf] klg unt lx;fj
u/]sf] 5 . @)$@ ;fn j}zfvb]lv @)$& ;fn;Ddsf]
^+ ( dlxgfsf] dflyNnf] tNnfsf] cfwf e"O{ tNnfsf]
klg dfl;s ?=!),))). u/L dfl;s ?=#),))).

sf b/n] ?=@),&),))). sfod x'G5 . eQmk'/ l7dLsf]

@ tNn] !) sf]7f ePsf] 3/sf] axfn clVtof/ b'?kof]u
cg';Gwfg cfof]un] lx;fj u/]g . ;f] 3/sf] klxnf
bz jif{sf] k|lt dlxgf ?=@))). sf b/n] / To;kl5
( jif{ * dlxgfsf] k|lt dlxgf ?=#))). sf b/n]
hDdf ?=%,**,))). cfo;|ft] df ;dfj]z x'gk' 5{ .
k'g/fj]bssf] hDdf 3/ef8fafkt k|fKt cfo
?=!,@@,)(,%)). sfod x'gk' 5{ .
3/ef8fafkt k|fKt cfo cf/f]kkqdf /
ljz] i f cbfntn] klg :jLsf/ u/] s f] x' F b f
3/ef8fafkt k|fKt /sd a}+sdf hDdf ul/Psf]
;|ft] v'ns
] f ;DklQ x'g\ . a}s
+ kf]li6 u/]sf] /sddf
cfos/ s6fP/ hf]8b\ f x'g] ?=@%,#!,(&^.!( nfO{
cfo;|f]tdf u0fgf ul/g' kb{5 . ljb]zaf6 5f]/f
lzjn] a}+sdfkm{t\ k7fPsf] ?=*,*@,$$#. xf] .
lxdfnog a}s
+ ln= df hDdf ePsf] 8f6 agfPsf]
/;Lb cfof]un] ldl;n;fy /fv]sf] 5 . ljz]if
cbfntn] cGoyf x'g] u/L ts{ ug{ ldNb}g . pQm
/sd ?=!,%$,!)). / l;?jf sGi6Szg sDkgLn]
Collateral /fvL lbPafkt sldzg lbPsf]
?=$,*$,))). sf] ef}r/ n]h/sf kfgfxn] k'li6
x'G5 . Tof] k'g/fj]bssf] cfodf ;dfj]z x'gk' b{5 .
k'g/fj]bssf] k}ts
[ ;uf]nsf] !)) /f]kgL
hUufsf cnfjf df]/ emf]/fxf6df ^ ljufxf /
sf7df8f}d
F f !! /f]kgLeGbf a9L v]tL ug]{ hUuf
/x]sf]5 . df]/ emf]/fxf6sf] jflif{s wfg / ux's
F f]
?=$*,%@@.*& n] @)$% ;fnb]lv @)$* ;fn;Ddsf]
?=#*,##,#)^.*&, eQmk'/ l7dLsf] *$! /f]kgL
hUufsf] ds} / ux's
F f] jflif{s ?=$#,@!.#) n] @)#(
;fnb]lv @)%* ;fn;Ddsf] x'g] ?=&,!#,)!$.%),
sf7df8f}F wf]jL vf]nfsf] #@!@ ;d]tsf] Psd'i6
?=^,*^,()) ;d]t u/L s[lif cfo ?=^),**,!#!.!&
x'gd] f ljz]if cbfntn] @)@$ ;fnsf] df]xL s"tnfO{
pTkfbsTj sfod u/]sf] cGofok"0f{ 5 .
dftf lktfn] lbPsf] ?=!,^%,))). af6 Tolt
/sd lbg;Sg] x}l;ot /x]sf] Ps;o /f]kgL hUuf
:jfldTjdf ePsf]af6 k'li6 x'G5 . a/fdb u/]sf]
8fo/Lsf] clk|n @$ sf] l;=g+= @ / d]=@) sf] kfgf
l;=g+= @ df a}gf lkmtf{ u/]afkt ?=# nfvsf] ;f ?=^

282

*&&) nLnf/fh uf}td ;d]t lj=g]kfn ;/sf/

nfv k|fKt ePsf] k'li6 ePsf] 5 . c;'/Iffsf sf/0f

cfkmGtn] /fVg lbPsf] ;'g k|ltjfbLsf] gfdsf] ns/df
/fVg lbPsf] cfof]u / cbfntdf v'nfPsf] 5' . k|=
s]zj/fhsf # efO{ 5f]/fxsf] ljjfxdf lelqPsf]
?=^,@$,@^@. sf u/uxgfnfO{ cGoyf dfGg' kg]{
cj:yf 5}g . k'g/fj]bsn] @)$(.!!.@@ df ;'/axfb'/
>]i7nfO{ lbPsf] ?=!@,)),))). sf] & jif{ % dlxgf
!@ lbgsf] @% k|ltztn] x'g] Jofh ?=@@,#*,@)).
dWo] xr'jfsf] e/df @ nfv dfq dfg]sf] jb\lgot
dfq xf] . k|To]s # dlxgfdf ?=&%,))). sf b/n]
;'/axfb'/af6 Aofh k|fKt ePsf] a/fdb 8fo/Ldf
n]lvPsf] 5 . ldlt @)$(.!!.@@ df /f=jf=a}+s
l;+xb/jf/ zfvfsf] art vftf g+= ^$&$ af6 (
nfv lems]sf] b]lvG5 . Aofh ?=@@,#*,@)). nfO{
a}w cfodf sfod ul/kfpFm . k'g/fj]bssf 5f]/f
lzj/fh u}td @)#^ ;fnb]lv a]nfotdf /x]sf /
xfn cfo/Nof08df /]i6'/F f rnfP/ a;]sf x'bF f lktfnfO{
?=$^ nfv lbg ;Sg] x}l;ot ePsf] :jefljs
b]lvG5 . xfdL k'g/fj]bsxsf gfddf s'g} klg ;|ft]
gv'ns
] f] ;DklQ g/x]sf] cj:yf 5 .
lbbL l6sfdfofn] ;'/Iffy{ k'g/fj]bsnfO{ /fVg
lbPsf] ?=#,)),))) nfO{ klg d]/} ;DklQ egL
cbfntn] km};nf u/]sf] cGofok"0f{ 5 . j:t'tM s'g}
b[i6Ln] bf]if k|dfl0ft x'G5 eg] klg thljhsf] cfwf/df
s}bsf] ;hfo ug{ / gug{ ;d]t ;Sg] sfg"gsf]
Joj:yf ePsf]df thljhL s}bsf] ;hfonfO{ xb};Dd
tGsfO{ @)%@.(.!& df k'g/fj]bs tyf 5f]/f nLnf/fh
;d]tsf aLrdf sfg"gadf]lhd ePsf] c+Zfj08fnfO{
dfGotf gx'g] u/L ePsf] ljz]if cbfntsf] q'l6k"0f{
km};nf ab/ u/L jfbL bfjL gk'Ug] 7x/ ul/kfpFm eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL s]zj/fh uf}tdsf]
k'g/fj]bgkqsf] Joxf]/f .
o;df, k|ltjfbL nLnf/fh uf}tdsf] kmf}=k'=g+=
* sf] k'g/fj]bg tyf sNof0f a:g]t / s]zj/fh
uf}td ;d]tsf] qmdzM kmf}=k'=g+= !^! / !&# g+=+ sf]
k'g/fj]bg kg{ cfPsf] b]lvFbf ;f]sf] hfgsf/L
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nonfO{ lbO{ lgodfg';f/
k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^$.&.#) df
ePsf] cfb]z .
283

o;df ljz]if cbfnt sf7df8f}aF f6 k|ltjfbL

s]zj/fh uf}tdsf] a}s
+ df hDdf ePsf] ?k}ofFsf]
;|ft] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ g} gu/L a}s
+ af6 k|fKt cfwf
AofhnfO{ ;d]t ;|ft] df u0fgf ug]{ u/]sf] ljz]if
cbfntsf] km};nf km/s kg{ ;Sg] b]lvFbf c=j+=
@)@ g+= adf]lhd ljkIfL lemsfO{ cfPkl5 nufpsf
kmf}=k'=g+= )))*,)!^! / )!&# sf d'2f ;fy} /fvL
lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt
@)^&.^.!( sf] cfb]z .
lgodadf]lhd k]z ePsf] k|:t't d'2fdf b'j}
kIfsf] tkm{af6 k/]sf k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ ;lxtsf] ;Dk"0f{
ldl;n cWoog u/L k'g/fj]bs jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
tkm{af6 pkl:yt x'g' ePsf ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf
dx]z yfkf / ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf t]hgf/fo0f kf}8n] n]
Pjd\ k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLsf tkm{af6 pkl:yt x'g' ePsf
ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf o1d"lt{ aGhf8] / ljfg
clwjQmfx s]zjk|;fb e/fO{ / s[i0fk|;fb ;fksf]6fn]
ug'{ ePsf] ax; ;l'gof] .
k' g /fj] b s jfbLtkm{ s f ljfg
;xGofoflwjQmf dx]z yfkf / ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf
t]hgf/fo0f kf}8n
] n] ax; k|:t't ubf{ d'Vo ?kdf
lgDg a'bF fx pNn]v ug'e
{ of]M
o k|:t't d'2f cGo d'2f h:tf] gePsf] / k|ltjfbLsf]
gf]s/Lsf] bf}/fgdf u}/sfg"gL ?kdf cfh{g u/L
c:jefljs hLjgz}nL latfPsf] eGg] /x]sf]
x'gfn] k|ltjfbLn] ;DklQ cfh{g ubf{ Tof] cfh{gsf]
a}wflgs ;|ft] lyof] jf lyPg egL x]gk' g]{ x'G5 .
kl5Nnf] ;dodf cfh{g ePsf] /sdnfO{ klxn]sf]
vr{df ;dfof]hg ug{ ldNb}g . k|ltjfbLn]
u}/sfg"gL ?kdf cfh{g u/]sf] /sdnfO{ k'li6
ug{ ljleGg ;|ft] b]vfP klg tL ;|ft] af6 j}wflgs
cfo k|fKt ePsf] k'li6 ePsf] 5}g .
o ;/sf/L sfof{noafx]s JolQm ef8fdf a;]sf]
eP 3/ axfn s/ s6fPsf] b]vfpg' kg]d{ f
To;sf] s'g} k|df0f k]z u/]sf] 5}g . jfbLn]
lagf lnvt / k|df0f klg k|ltjfbLsf] 3/ef8fdf
nfu]sf] ts{;u+ t cg'dfg u/L 3/ef8f dfg]sf]
cj:yfdf k|ltjfbLsf] egfOs} cfwf/df yk
3/ef8f lgwf{/0f ug{ sfg"g;Ddt\ x'bF g} .

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

o k|ltjfbLn] cfosf] csf]{ ;|ft] sf] ?kdf tnj /

eQfnfO{ /fv]sf] b]lvP klg eQfsf] /sd cj:yf
/ kl/l:yltnfO{ Wofg lbO{ vr{ ug{ lbOPsf]
;DklQ ePsf]n] eQfsf] /sdnfO{ cfosf] ?kdf
jrt u/]sf] eGg ldNb}g .
o k|ltjfbLn] cfosf] ;|ft] sf] ?kdf s[lif cfonfO{
b]vfP klg Tof] ck'i6 5 . s] s'g hUufaf6 s]
slt / slxn] cfo ePsf] eGg] k|ltjfbLn] k'li6
ug{] k|df0f k]z gu/]sf] cj:yfdf s[lif cfo
jrt x'g;Sg] cj:yf x'bF g} . kl/jf/sf] nfng
kfngsf] nflu s[lif cfonfO{ cleof]hg kIfn]
5'6o\ fO{ tnjnfO{;Dd artsf] ?kdf lnPsf]
xf] . k|ltjfbLn] cfdfafa'n] lbPsf] /sd / ;'g
tyf bfOhf]df kfPsf ;'g a}w cfo eg]sf] eP
klg bfOhf] k]jf / ljjfxdf k|fKt ;'gnfO{
cleof]hg kIfn] d"Nofgdf ;dfj]z u/]sf]
5}g . cbfntn] k'gM lx;fj u/L Tof] 36fpg
ldNb}g . k|ltjfbLn] 5f]/fxsf] ljjfxdf ;'g
bfOhf] cfPsf] eg] klg k|ltjfbLsf a'xf/Ln]
bfOhf] k]jf NofPsf] eg]sf 5}gg\ .
o k|ltjfbLn] ;|ft] v'ns
] f] ;DklQsf] a}s
+ lgIf]ksf]
Jofh :j?k cleof]hg kIfn] @ nfv :jLsf/
u/]sf] 5 . cbfntn] a}s
+ df lgIf]k w]/} b]lvPsf]
egL cltl/Qm Jofh lbnfPsf] ldn]sf] 5}g .
o k|ltjfbLn] 3/ lgdf{0f ubf{ nfut d"No cfh{g
u/]sf] jfbLn] :jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 . @)%# ;fn;Dd
z"Go Jofn]G; cj:yfdf /x]sf] k|ltjfbLsf] cfo
kl5Nnf] cj:yfdf 7"nf] dfqfdf a9\g ;Sg] x'bF g} .
k|ltjfbLn] hUuf hldg v/Lb ubf{ cfosf ljljw
;|ft] x 5}gg\ . j}wflgs ?kdf k|fKt ;'gsf]
d"Non] k'Ub}g . ljb]zaf6 5f]/fn] k};f k7fPsf]
eg] klg Tof] k'li6 x'bF g} .
o ;'/axfb'/nfO{ nufgL u/]sf] /sdnfO{ dfg]sf]
v08df klg Tof] nufgLsf] j}wflgs ;|ft] 5}g .
8fo/Ldf k|ltjfbLn] JolQmut ?kdf n]vs
] f] xf] .
Tof] ;|ft] k'li6 ug]{ dfWod aGg ;Qm}g . 3/df
h8fg ePsf ljB'tLo ;fdfu|L, kmlg{r/ / 3/
cnu xf] . x/]s rLhsf] cnu d"No x'bF f ljB'tLo
;fdu|L / kmlg{r/nfO{ 3/sf] d"Nofgdf ;dfj]z
284

ug{ ldNb}g . cleof]u bfjLadf]lhd ljuf] sfod

ug'k{ g]d{ f bfjL ljuf] 36fPsf] xsdf ljz]if
cbfntsf] km};nf ldn]sf] 5}g .
k|ltjfbLsf] j}wflgs cfo ;a} l:y/ k"h
F Ldf
nufgL ePsf] 5 . 3/ lgdf{0fdf a}w ;|ft] sf]
nfut vr{ g} gk'us
] f] b]lvG5 . cltl/Qm
cfDbfgLsf ;|ft] k|ltjfbLn] b]vfpg ;s]sf]
cj:yf 5}g . cfDbfgLsf] ;|ft] g} geO{ aLr
aLrdf hUuf v/Lb ul/Psf] 5 .
a}wflgs ;|ft] k'li6 ug{ g;s]kl5 ns/df
/x]sf] ;'g / a}s
+ df ePsf] s]xL /sd k|ltjfbLsf]
u}/sfg"gL cfh{g ePsf] ;xh} cg'dfg ug{
;lsG5 . cf/f]kkq cg'k ca}w ;DklQsf]
a}wflgs ;|ft] k'li6 gePsf]df klg ljuf] 36fPsf]
ljz]if cbfntsf] km};nf ldn]sf] gx'Fbf
cf/f]kkqcg';f/ ljuf] sfod u/L k|ltjfbLnfO{
;hfo lbnfOg' kb{5 .
To;}u/L k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLsf tkm{af6 ljfg
jl/i7 clwjQmf o1d"lt{ aGhf8] tyf ljfg
clwjQmfx s]zjk|;fb e/fO{ / s[i0fk|;fb
;fksf]6fn] kIfsf] tkm{af6 ax; ug'{ x'bF f d'Vo
?kdf lgDg a'bF fx pNn]v ug'e{ of]M
ljz]if cbfntn] ;DklQsf] jf:tljs ;|ft] nfO{
dfg]sf] 5}g . ;|ft] k'li6 ubf{ xfnsf] ahf/
d"NonfO{ x]g{ ldNb}g .
k|ltjfbLsf 5f]/fxsf] ljjfx e};s]sf] 5 .
ljjfxdf kmlg{r/ nufotsf ;fdfgx cfpg
;Sg] s'/fnfO{ OGsf/ ug{ ;lsFbg} . kmlg{r/
;fdfGo lsl;dsf 5g\ eGg] s'/fnfO{ cleof]u
bfjLdf :jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 . jfbLn] kmlg{r/ /
ljB'tLo ;fdfgxnfO{ ljuf]df ;dfj]z gu/]sf]
eP klg ljz]if cbfntn] To;nfO{;d]t ljuf]df
hf]8s
] f] ldn]sf] 5}g .
k|ltjfbLsf] a}s
+ vftfdf /x]sf] /sdaf6 k|fKt
ePsf] JofhnfO{ ljuf] dfGg ldNb}g . a}s
+ df
hDdf ePsf] /sddWo] # nfv ?k}ofF k|ltjfbLsL
dflxnL lbbLn] /fVg lbPsf] eGg] 6Lsfdfofsf]
aofgaf6 k'li6 ePsf] 5 . 7"nf] /sdsf] bfjL
/ 7"nf] cfo x'gn
] ] # nfv lbbLsf] xf] egL em'7f]

*&&) nLnf/fh uf}td ;d]t lj=g]kfn ;/sf/

af]Ng' kg]{ cj:yf 5}g . ;f] /sdnfO{ k|ltjfbLsf]

;DklQaf6 36fOg' kb{5 .
k|ltjfbLsf 3/x j}wflgs ;|ft] af6 ag]sf]
eGg] s'/fnfO{ cf/f]kkqdf :jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 .
3/sf] d"Nofg ubf{ k"0f{ ?kdf tof/ ePsf]
3/sf] d"Nofg ug'k{ 5{ .
k|ltjfbLn] @)%@ ;fndf ns/ vf]nL ;'g rfFbL
/fv]sf] xf] . @)%( ;fnsf] ahf/ efpcg';f/
d"Nofg ug{ ldNb}g . d"Nofg ul/Psf] ldltdf
;'g v/Lb ul/Psf] gx'bF f ;'gsf] d"Nofg u/]sf]
klg ldn]sf] 5}g .
a/fdb ul/Psf] 8fo/Ldf k|ltjfbLsf] cfDbfgL
/ vr{sf] lx;fj 5 . kl5 d'2f knf{sL egL
klxNo} ;f] 8fo/L tof/ ul/Psf] xf]Og . 8fo/Ldf
plNnlvt sf/f]jf/sf] /sdnfO{ s]xL dfG5' /
s]xL dflGbg eGg ldNb}g . pQm 8fo/Ldf
plNnlvt s]xL s'/fxnfO{ jfbLn] :jLsf/ u/]sf]
x'bF f To;df plNnlvt cGo s'/fxnfO{ klg
k|df0fsf] ?kdf :jLsf/ ul/g' kb{5 .
k|ltjfbLnfO{ gful/s nufgL sf]ifaf6,
3/ef8faf6, df]6/;fOsn dd{taf6, hUuf
sf]Nof6/df /fv]afkt l;?jf sG:6S;gaf6,
a}gf lkmtf{af6 / /sd nufgLaf6 /sd k|fKt
ePsf] 5 . To;nfO{ cGoyf eGg ldNb}g .
cf/f]kkqaf6} k|ltjfbLsf 3/ jflif{s &^,))).
df ef8fdf nfu]sf] b]lvPsf]5 . Pp6} 3/sf]
dflyNnf] tTnfnfO{ ef8fdf nfu]sf] :jLsf/
u/]kl5 tNnf] tNnf ef8fdf gnfUg] eGg ldNb}g .
3/ef8f nufPsf] s'/fsf] ;a} cj:yfdf lnvt
x'g ;Qm}g . @)$@ ;fn cufl8sf] 3/ef8f
hf]l8Pg . Tof] hf]l8g' kb{5 . 3/ef8faf6 k|z:t}
cfDbfgL ePsf] / To;sf] nufgL gePsf] sf/0f
a}s
+ df ;~ro ePsf] xf] .
k|ltjfbLsf 3/x ef8fdf nfu]sf] :jLsf/
u/]sf] cj:yfdf lnvt geO{ ef8fnfO{ dflGbg
egL cbftn] eGg ldNb}g . cbfntn] Jojxf/
/ tYout ;+efJotfnfO{ klg ljrf/ ug'{ kb{5 .
ef8fdf nufOPsf 3/x j}w b]lvPkl5 tL
3/df ef8f nufO{ k|fKt cfonfO{ klg j}w sfod
285

ug'{ kb{5 . jfbLn] k|ltjfbLsf 3/x ef8f

gnfu]sf] eGg g;s]sf] cj:yfdf k|ltjfbLn]
3/ef8faf6 k|fKt u/]sf] cfo ?=!,@@,@#,%*#
nfO{ dfGotf lbOg' kb{5 .
o k|ltjfbLnfO{ ljb]zaf6 5f]/fn] k6sk6s k};f
k7fPsf] 5 . ?=&,@*,#$# nfO{ dfq ljb]zaf6
cfPsf] dfGg ldNb}g . g]kfnaf6 k};f nu]/
ljb]zaf6 NofPsf] egL cg'dfg ug{ ldNb}g .
cfo/Nof8df /]i6'/G] 6x rnfP/ a:g] 5f]/fn]
Tolt /sd k7fpg g;Sg] eGg ldNb}g .
o jfbLn] k|ltjfbLsf] k|z:t hUuf hldg 5 eGg]
:jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 . ljz]if cbfntn] ;f]t k/LIf0f
gu/L lgwf{/0f u/]sf] s[lifcfo ldn]sf] 5}g .
o a}gf lkmtf{afkt k|fKt ePsf] /sd a/fdb
8fo/Laf6 b]lvG5 . k|ltjfbLn] /sd nufgL
u/]sf] / k|fKt ePkl5 a}s
+ df hDdf u/]sf] s'/f
a}s
+ :6]6d]G6af6 k'li6 x'G5 . /fli6o artkqaf6
k|fKt Jofh, z]o/sf] nfef+z cfodf hf]l8g'
kb{5 . a}s
+ sf] lgIf]k -;|ft] v'ns
] f]_ nfO{ dfg]kl5
To;sf] JofhnfO{ OGsf/ ug{ ldNb}g .
o c= a+= !#( g+= adf]lhd a'lemPsf JolQmxn]
aofgdf v'nfPsf s'/fxnfO{ k|df0fdf lng'
k5{ . k|ltjfbLsf] ;|ft] gv'ns
] f] ;DklQ gx'bF f
ljz]if cbfntsf] km};nf ldn]sf] gx'Fbf
k|ltjfbLnfO{ cf/f]kkq bfjLaf6 ;kmfO lbg' kb{5 .
cfh lg0f{o ;'gfpg tfl/v tf]lsPsf] k|:t't
d'2fdf b'a} kIfsf tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg sfg"g
Joj;foLn] ug'{ ePsf] pk/f]Qm ax; lhsL/ dgg\
u/L k]z x'g cfPsf] lnlvt jx;gf]6 Pjd\ ldl;n
cWoog u/L x]bf{ d'VotM b]xfosf k|Zgxdf s]lGb|t
/xL lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvg cfPsf] 5 M
1. P]gsf] kZrftbzL{ c;/ x'g] u/L ;hfo ug{

ldNb}g eGg] k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL kIfaf6 p7fOPsf

sfg"gL k|Zg Pjd\ cGo ;}4flGts ljifoxsf]
;fGb{lestf s] s:tf] /x]sf] b]lvG5 <
2. k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLsf] 3/af6 a/fdb ePsf]
8fo/LnfO{ k|df0fdf lng ldNg] xf] jf
xf]Og <

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,
3. 5'lleGg ePsf elgPsf c+lzof/xsf

gfdsf] ;DklQ tyf js; kqaf6 kfPsf]

elgPsf] ;DklQsf] ;|ft] k'li6 ug'k{ g]{ gkg]{
s] xf] <
4. k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLxsf gfpdf /x]sf rn
crn ;DklQsf ;DaGwdf ljz]if cbfntaf6
ePsf] d" N ofg dgfl;j b] l vG5 jf
b]lvFbg} <
5. 3/ ef8fsf] cfo sfod ug]{ ;DaGwdf s]
s:tf] cfwf/ cjnDag ul/g' Gofof]lrt\ /
jf~5gLo x'G5 <
6. s[lif cfo sfod ug]{ ;DaGwdf s] s:tf]
cfwf/ cjnDag ul/g' Gofof]lrt / jf~5gLo
x'G5 <
7. k'g/fjb]s k|ltjfbLsf cGo cfo;|f]tsf
;DaGwdf ljz] i f cbfntaf6 ul/Psf]
ljZn]if0f Gofof]lrt 5 jf 5}g <
8. ljz]if cbfntsf] km};nf ldn]sf] 5 jf 5}g
/ k'g/fj]bs jfbL tyf k|ltjfbLxsf]
k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sg] xf] jf xf]Og <
lg0f{o lg/f]k0fsf] nflu lgwf{/0f ul/Psf
pk/f]Qm tYout k|Zgxsf] cGtj{:t'df k|j]z
ug'c
{ l3 k|ydtM k|:t't d'2fdf p7fOPsf s]xL sfg"gL
/ ;}4flGts ljifoxsf] lg?k0f x'gk' g]{ b]lvG5 .
d"ntM k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL s]zj/fh uf}tdf/f
hfFr cjlwdf cflh{t ?=#,$),*!,^!^.#% ;DklQ
dWo] ?=!,&(,%#,!@@.^# e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g,
@)%( sf] bkmf @)-!_ adf]lhd u}/sfg"gL ?kdf
cfh{g u/]sf] / ;f] ;DklQ lghn] klTg s]zjL
uf}td tyf 5f]/fx nLnf/fh uf}td / /fh' uf}td
tyf a'xf/L u+ufs'df/L uf}td -v8\sf_ sf gfddf
;d]t /fv]sf]n] lghxsf gfdsf] ;DklQ ;fljs
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf & -!_ tyf
!^-u_ nfO{ ;d]t dWogh/ /fvL ck/fw ug{df
d'Vo e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ k|ltjfbL s]zj/fh uf}tdnfO{
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf @)-@_
adf]lhd ?=!,&(,%#,!@@.^# ljuf]adf]lhd h/Ljfgf
tyf xb};Dd s}b / ;hfo u/L lghsf] gfdsf]
u}/sfg"gL ;DklQ hkmt u/L s]zjL uf}td, nLnf/fh

uf}td, /fh' uf}td / u+ufs'df/L uf}td -v8\sf_ sf

gfddf /x]sf] cj}w cfh{gsf] ;DklQ P]= P]gsf] bkmf
$& tyf clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u P]g,
@)$* sf] bkmf @(-v_ / #) adf]lhd hkmt
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t cleof]u bfjL b]lvG5 .
k|ltjfbLn] cfk\mgf] tnjeQf, k}ts
[ ;DklQ,
s[lif cfo, 3/ef8f, sld;g, a}gf lkmtf{, 5f]/fn]
ljb]zaf6 k7fPsf] /sd, C0f nufgLaf6 k|fKt ePsf]
Jofh ;d]tsf j}w cfoaf6} ;DklQ cfh{g u/]sf]
x'bF f u}/sfg"gL cfh{g u/]sf] 5}g eGg] ;d]t lhsL/
lnPsf] kfOG5 . ljz]if cbfntaf6 ;fljs e|i6frf/
lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf !% sf] lg/Gt/tf
xfnsf] e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g,@)%( sf] bkmf @)
-!_ ePsf] lgisif{df k'Ub} k|ltjfbLsf] ;fydf /x]sf]
s"n ?=!,&(,^$,*@&.*) sf] ;DklQdWo] hDdf
?=!,!&,%!,!*#.!& sf] ;DklQsf] ;|ft] v'ns
] f] / ;f]
afx] s sf] ;| f ] t k' l i6 x' g g;s] s f] ljuf]
?=%!,&@,)!^.&( / ;|ft] k'li6 gePsf] a}s
+ lgIf]kaf6
a9] a9fPsf] Jofh ?=!),$!,^@&.*$ ;d]t hDdf
?=^@,!#,^$$.^# sf] rn crn ;DklQ u}/sfg"gL
?kdf cfh{g u/L e|i6frf/ u/]sf] 7xofO{ ;|ft]
k'li6 gePsf ;DklQ hkmt tyf k|ltjfbL s]zj/fh
uf}tdnfO{ e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf
@)-@_ cg' ; f/ ljuf] a df] l hd h/Ljfgf
?=%!,&@,)!^.&( / s}b jif{ ! x'g] 7xofO{ km};nf
u/]sf] b]lvof] . pQm km};nfpk/ jfbL g]kfn
;/sf/sf] tyf k|ltjfbLxsf] k[ysk[ys k'g/fj]bg
k/]sf] cj:yf 5 . k'g/fj]bs jfbL kIfn] e|i6frf/
lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf @) cGtu{tsf] s;"/df
ljuf] sfod ubf{ xfnsf] d"Noaf6 ug'k{ g]d{ f tTsfnLg
d"Nofgsf cfwf/df u/]sf] q'l6k"0f{ ePsf] eGg]
;d]t lhsL/ lnPsf] b]lvG5 . To:t} k'g/fj]bs
k|ltjfbLn] ldlt @)%(.#.% b]lv nfu" ePsf] e|i6frf/
lgjf/0f P]gsf] Joj:yfcg';f/ ;f] ldlteGbf cufj}
cfh{g u/]sf ;DklQsf] ;|ft] k'li6 ug{' gkg]{ /
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf !% sf]
lg/Gt/tf xfn k|rlnt e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%(
sf] bkmf @)-!_ gePaf6 ;hfo ug{ gldNg] cj:yf
ljBdfg x'bF fx'bF } s;"/ 7xofO{ ;hfo u/]sf] ljz]if

286

*&&) nLnf/fh uf}td ;d]t lj=g]kfn ;/sf/

cbfntsf] km};nf gldn]sf] eGg] ;d]t k'g/fj]bg

lhsL/ lnPsf] kfOG5 .
@= k|ydtM k|:t't d'2fdf e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f
P]g, @)%( cfslif{t x'G5 jf x'bF g} eGg] ;DaGwdf
x]bf{ j:t'tM k|:t't d'2f s'g} vf; lglZrt\ cjlwdf
cd"s JolQmn] cd"s ck/fw u/]sf] eGg] cleof]u
nufO{ bfo/ ePsf] d'2f xf]Og . cyf{t s'g} lglZrt\
;dodf 3l6t s'g} vf; jf/bftnfO{ e|i6frf/sf]
s;"/sf ?kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] cj:yf 5}g .
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL s]zj/fh uf}td @)#%.$.!
b]lv ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf k|jz
] u/]sf] / lgh k|:t't
d'2f bfo/ x'bF fsf] cj:yf;Dd lg/Gt/ ;f]xL kbdf
/x]sf] eGg] tYodf ljjfb 5}g . ;fj{hlgs kbdf
/x]sf] pQm hfFr cjlwdf lghn] k|fKt ug{;Sg]
j}wflgs cfo;|ft] sf] t'ngfdf u}/sfg"gL ?kdf ;DklQ
cfh{g u/L c:jfefljs ?kdf hLjg ofkg u/]sf]
eGg] cleof]u nufOPsf] x'bF f k|:t't d'2fdf cGo
d'2fxdf h:tf] ;do jf lbg uGtLsf] vf; xbDofb
;DaGwL l;4fGt jf s;"/sf] kl/efiff cfslif{t
x'g;Sg] b]lvg cfPg . To;df klg k'g/fj]bs
k|ltjfbL s]zj/fh uf}td lghfdtL ;]jfdf axfn
/x]s} cj:yfdf cf/f]kkq bfo/ ePsf] x'bF f xbDofbsf]
k|Zgsf] ;fGble{stf b]lvFbg} . oL k|ltjfbL ;/sf/L
;]jfdf k|jz
] ubf{ tTsfnLg e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g,
@)!& nfu" /x]sf] lyof] eg] ;]jfdf jxfn /x]s}
cjlwdf pQm P]gnfO{ vf/]h ub}}{ e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f
P]g, @)%( cfPsf]] b]lvG5 / of] P]gsf] bkmf ^% sf]
pkbkmf -#_ df ;fljssf] e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g,
@)!& adf]lhd eP u/]sf sfdsf/afxL klg o;}
P]gadf]lhd eP u/]sf] dflgg] eGg] pNn]v ePsf]
kfOG5 . h;cg';f/ ;fljssf] e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f
P]gn] lgif]w u/]sf jf s;"/ dfg]sf s'/fx 3l6t
eP u/]sf] cj:yfdf To;sf] c;/ / kl/0ffd ;f]
P]g vf/]h ePsf] eGg] cfwf/df dfq ;dfKt x'g;Sg]
b]lvg cfPg . olb o;k|sf/sf] s;"/nfO{ ;fljs
P]gn] klg ;d]6s
] f] / kl/eflift u/]sf] / xfn jxfn
/x]sf] P]gn] lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] cj:yf xf] eg] k|:t't
d'2f bfo/ x'g\ s'g} sfg"gL c8\rg /x]sf] dfGg
;lsGg . t/ o;k|sf/sf] s;"/nfO{ ;fljs P]gn]
287

g;d]6s
] f] cj:yf xf] eg] Tof] ljrf/0fLo x'g] b]lvG5 .
u}/sfg"gL cfh{g u/L e|i6frf/ u/]sf] ;DaGwdf
;fljssf] e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g / xfnsf] e|i6frf/
lgjf/0f P]gaLrsf] lg/Gt/tfsf] s8L hf]l8Psf] 5
jf 5}g eGg] ;DaGwdf :ki6 x'gsf] lgldQ pQm
P]gxdf ul/Psf] Joj:yf b[li6ut ug'{ ;fGble{s
x'g cfpF5 .
#= ;fljssf] e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!&
sf] bkmf bkmf !% df cg'dflgt s;"/M eGg] zLif{sdf
of] P]gcGtu{t ;hfo x'g] s'g} s;"/df cleof]u
nfu]sf] /fi6;j] ssf] ;fydf /x]sf] lghsf] / lghsf]
kl/jf/sf ;b:oxsf] yfxf eP;Ddsf] cfDbfgLsf]
;|ft] sf] cg"kftdf gldNbf] cfly{s ;fwg jf ;DklQ
ePsf] jf lghn] To;/L gldNbf] pRr hLjg:t/
agfPsf] jf c? s;}nfO{ 7"nf] bfg bftJo as;
lbPsf] km]nf k/]df lghn] cbfntnfO{ To;sf]
;Gtf]ifhgs x'g] ;a"b lbg ;s]df afx]s u}/sfg"gL
?kn] l/;jt lnPsf] cg'dfg ul/g]5 / s]jn
cg'dfgsf] cfwf/df s;"/bf/ 7xofO{ cbfntaf6
km};nf ePsf] 5 eGb}df ;f] km};nf ab/ x'g ;Sb}g
eGg] pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 .
$= To;} u/L xfn k|rlnt e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f
P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf @) df u}/sfg"gL ?kdf ;DklQ
cfh{g u/]sf] dflgg] eGg] zLif{s cGtu{t pkbkmf
-!_ df k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd ;fj{hlgs kbwf/0f
u/]sf] dflgg] /fi6;j] sn] k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd
k]z u/]sf] ;DklQ ljj/0f cldNbf] tyf c:jfefljs
b]lvg cfPdf jf lghn] dgfl;j sf/0f lagf cldNbf]
/ c:jfefljs pRr hLjg:t/ ofkg u/]df jf
cfkm\gf] x}l;oteGbf a9L s;}nfO{ bfg, bftJo,
pkxf/, ;fk6L, rGbf jf as; lbPsf] k|dfl0ft
ePdf To:tf] ;DklQ s] s:tf] ;|ft] af6 cfh{g u/]sf]
xf] eGg] s'/f lghn] k|dfl0ft ug'k{ g]5
{ / gu/]df
To:tf] ;DklQ u}/sfg"gL ?kdf cfh{g u/]sf] dflgg]5
eGg] pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 .
%= o;/L b'j} P]gdf /x]sf] Joj:yfsf]
t'ngfTds cWoogaf6 tTsfnLg e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f
P]g, @)!& n] u}/sfg"gL ?kdf cyf{t cj}wflgs
dfWodaf6 ;DklQ cfh{g ug{ 5"6 glbPsf] / xfn

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

k|rlnt e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( n] klg ;f]

s'/fnfO{ :ki6 ?kdf ;d]6s
] f] b]lvG5 . km/s s]
dfq b]lvG5 eg] ;fljs P]gsf] bkmf !% sf] Joj:yf
:jtGq geO{ e| i 6frf/ d' 2 fsf] sf/jfxLsf]
l;nl;nfdf k|ltjfbL;Fu cfosf] t'ngfdf cldNbf]
;DklQ b]lvPsf] jf cldNbf] hLjg:t/ ofkg u/]sf]
kfOPdf k|ltjfbLn] cGoyf k|dfl0ft u/]df afx]s
l/;jt lnPsf] cg'dfg ug{ ldNg] eGg] xf] eg]
xfnsf] bkmf @)-!_ df ;f]xL k|s[ltsf] s;"/
jf/bftnfO{ :jtGq ?kdf kl/eflift u/L 5'6\6}
;hfosf] ;d]t Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . plNnlvt
sfg"gL k|fjwfgxsf] ;Gbe{df o; cbfntsf] kfFr
;b:oLo k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 k'g/fj]bs jfbL df]xgk|;fb
aGhf8] s f] k| l tj] b gn] g] k fn ;/sf/ lj?4
k| T oyL{ k| l tjfbL cy{ dGqfnosf pk;lrj
O{Zj/k|;fb kf]v/]n;d]t ePsf] u}/sfg"gL ?kdf
;DklQ cfh{g u/L e|i6frf/ u/]sf] eGg] d'2fdf
;fljs P]gn] klg s;"/sf] ;+1f lbO{ To;sf nflu
;hfo ;d]t lglZrt\ u/]sf] lqmofnfO{ xfnsf] P]gdf
;d]t lg/Gt/tf lbFb} ;fljs P]gn] lglZrt\ u/]sf]
;hfoeGbf xfnsf] P]gn] sd ;hfo tf]ss
] f] l:yltdf
Pp6} lqmofnfO{ ;fljs / xfnsf] P]gn] km/s km/s
gfdfs/0f u/]sf] eGg] dfq cfwf/df Ex Post Facto
Laws sf] k|;u
F p7fpg' ;fGble{s gx'g] eGg] ;d]t
l;4fGt -g]sfk, @)^^, c *, lg=g+= *@))_
k|ltkfbg ePsf] b]lvG5 . pQm l;4fGtnfO{ cLsf/
ub{} k'g/fj]bs jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/ lj?4 k|ToyL{
k|ltjfbL lr/~hLjL jfUn];d]t ePsf] e|i6frf/
d'2fdf cLsf/ u/L km};nf ePsf] -g]sfk, @)^&,
c !@, lg=g+= *%!(, k[i7 @)##_ b]lvG5 . o;/L
o; cbfntsf] a[xb\ k"0f{ Ohnf; ;d]taf6 o:t}
k|sl[ tsf d'2fxdf ePsf JofVofaf6 ;fljssf]
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf !% sf]
k|fjwfg / xfnsf] e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf]
bkmf @)-!_ sf] k|fjwfg km/s p2]Zosf] nflu cfPsf]
geO{ Ps} p2]Zo / k|of]hgsf] nflu cfPsf] eGg]
l;4fGt :yflkt e};s]sf]n] To;nfO{ cLsf/ gu/L
cGoyf ug{;Sg] ljsNk o; Ohnf;;dIf gePsf]n]
;f] ;DaGwdf yk AofVof / ljZn]if0f ul//xg' kg]{

cj:yf /x]g . pk/f]Qm l;4fGt ;d]tsf cfwf/df

k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLpk/ nufOPsf] s;"/ sfg"gsf]
lgtfGt gofF l;h{gf eGg] b]lvg gcfPsf] x'bF f cltt
k|efjL sfg"gsf cfwf/df cleof]u nufOPsf] eGg]
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL s]zj/fh uf}tdsf] k'g/fj]bg
lhsL/;Fu ;xdt x'g;Sg] cj:yf /x]g .
^= ca, ;}4flGts ljifoxsf] ;fGb{lestfsf]
;Gbe{df x]bf{ j:t'tM ck/fw ug]{ tl/sf (Modus
Operandi), k|df0fsf] ef/ cflb s'/fsf cfwf/df
cGo k/Dk/fut kmf}hbf/L d'2f / lglZrt\ jf/bftsf
cfwf/af6 e|i6frf/ ;DaGwL s;"/ sfod x'g] d'2feGbf
k|:t't cg'dflgt s;"/ ;DaGwL d'2f Hofb} km/s /
ljlzi6 k|sl[ tsf] d'2f xf] . o;df k|df0fsf] ef/ k"/}
k|ltjfbLdf lgxLt ul/Psf] 5 . e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f
P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf @)-!_ df ul/Psf] o; lsl;dsf]
sfg"gL Joj:yfn] ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] dflgg]
/fi6 ;]jsn] ;fj{hlgs cf]xf]bfdf /xFbfsf] cj:yfdf
kbsf] b'?kof]u u/L u/]sf jf ug{ ;Sg] u}/sfg"gL
cfh{g jf nfexnfO{ lgif]w jf lg?T;fxg ug]{ a[xt
p2]Zo /fv]sf] k|i6} 5 . ;fj{hlgs hLjgdf /xg]xnfO{
;bfrf/sf] aGwgdf afFwL d'ns
' df ;'zf;g / g}ltstf
sfod ug]{ P]gsf] clek|fo ePsf]n] bkmf @)-!_ sf]
JofVof ubf{ ;d]t P]gsf] d"n dd{ / efjgfsf]
;fk]Iftfaf6 ug'k{ g]{] x'G5 . vf;u/L P]gsf] bkmf
@)-!_ n] ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0ff u/]sf] /fi6;j] sn]
u}/sfg"gL ?kdf ;DklQ cfh{g u/]sf] cg'dfg ug{sf]
nflu d'VotM b]xfosf tTjxsf] pkl:yltnfO{
dfkb08sf ?kdf cLsf/ u/]sf] b]lvG5M
s= k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd k]z u/]sf] ;DklQ
ljj/0f cldNbf] jf c:jfefljs b]lvPdf,
v= dgfl;j sf/0flagf cldNbf] / c:jefljs
pRr hLjg:t/ ofkg u/]df,
u= cfk\mgf] x}l;oteGbf a9L s;}nfO{ bfg,
bftJo, pkxf/, ;fk6L, rGbf jf as; lbPsf]
k|dfl0ft ePdf .
&= P]gdf ePsf pk/f]Qm dfbk08x dWo]
sltko cd"t{ k|sl[ tsf ;d]t b]lvG5g\ . vf; u/L
;DklQ ljj/0f cldNbf] tyf c:jfefljs b]lvPsf],
pRr hLjg:t/ ofkg u/]sf] / x}l;oteGbf a9L

288

*&&) nLnf/fh uf}td ;d]t lj=g]kfn ;/sf/

bfg bftJo lbPsf] eGg] s'/fx j:t'lgi6 cfwf/;lxt

Goflos k/LIf0faf6 lgisif{df k'Ug xd]zf s7Lg /
hl6n x'g] ljifo x'g\ . s] slt ;DklQnfO{ cldNbf] jf
c:jfefljs dfGg], s] s'g :t/sf] hLjg ofkgnfO{
cldNbf], c:jefljs / pRr egL kl/eflift ug]{ /
x}l;otsf] dfkb08 s] s'g s'/fnfO{ dflg x}l;oteGbf
a9L jf 36L bfg bftJo lbPsf] lgisif{df k'Ug] eGg]
s'/fsf] lg/k]If hjfkm vf]Hg ;lhnf] 5}g . To:t}
JolQmsf x/]s cfo Joosf] ljj/0f clen]vLs/0f
ug'k{ g]{ / To:tf] sf/f]jf/sf] nut Jojl:yt ug]{
sfg"gL afWotf / k|0ffnLsf] cefjdf ;fj{hlgs
hLjgdf /xFbfsf] nfdf] cjlwnfO{ hfFr cjlw dfgL
To;sf] oyfy{ lx;fa lstfasf] nut Ps}k6ssf]
cg';Gwfgaf6 ;+sng ug],{ dfUg] jf k]z ug]{ ljifox
klg r'gf}tL/lxt 5}gg\ .
*= sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] pk/f]Qm ;}4flGts
k[i7e"ld / oyfy{tfsf] aLraf6 u'hb| +} o; k|sl[ tsf
ljjfbxsf] Goflos lgisifdf k'Ug'kg]{ jfWofTds
l:ylt 5 . P]g hf/L ePsf] ;do / k|:t't
ljjfbxsf] p7fg x'bF fsf] cj:yfnfO{ x]bf{ Goflos
cEof; ljsl;t x'g afFsL g} 5 eGg ;lsG5 .
(= hfFr cjlw (Check period) sf] cfo /
Joo cyf{t\ ;DklQ / ;|ft] aLrsf] c:jefljstf /
c;fd~h:otfaf6 s;"/ sfod x'g] / gx'g] o;
k|sl[ tsf d'2fdf xfn;Dd cjnDag ul/Psf] cfwf/sf]
l;+xfjnf]sg ubf{ Goflos ljj]s / ljZn]if0feGbf
klg ;DklQ / cfosf] n]vfk/LIf0f (Auditing) df
a9L Wofg s]lGb|t ul/Psf] kfOG5 . cleof]hg
kIfaf6 k|ltjfbLn] ;fj{hlgs hLjgdf k|fKt ug{
;Sg] a}w ;|ft] / lghsf] hLjg:t/ tyf ;DklQsf]
c:jefljstfnfO{ tfls{s cfwf/df k|:t't ug]{ eGbf
klg lx;fa lstfasf ;"Idtd\ dfkb08tkm{ pGd"v
u/fpg vf]hs
] f] b]lvG5 . k|ltjfbLsf] k|of; klg
:jefjtM cfo;|ft] a9fpg] / ;DklQsf] d"Nofg
36fpg] k|df0f l;h{gf ug{d} a9L s]lGb|t x'g] g}
eof] . bfjL / lhsL/df ;Lldt /xg'kg]{ Goflos
dfGotfn] ubf{ Goflos k|lqmof klg jfbL / k|ltjfbL
kIfaf6 k]z ul/Psf] ul0ftLo cfwf/d} e/ ug{
k'us
] f] b]lvG5 .
289

!)= j:t' t M cfo;| f ] t sf] t' n gfdf

c:jfefljs / cldNbf] ;DklQ /fVg] tyf lbg] /
pRr hLjgofkg u/]sf] eGg] ljifo ljutdf /fVb}
g/flvPsf] / /fVg} gkg]{ clt ;"Idtd\ lx;fa
lstfaaf6 dfq} lg?k0f x'g;Sg] ljifo xf]Og . a?
To:tf] c:jfefljstf / cldNbf]kgsf] rl/qnfO{
cg';Gwfgn] 68sf/f] ?kdf emNsfpg ;s]sf] x'g'
kb{5 . 7Ls 9+uaf6 nut g/fv]s} sf/0fn] cfosf
;|ft] x c;Lldt x'bF g} g\ . /fi6;j] sn] ;fj{hlgs
kbdf /xFbf k|fKt ug]{ cfo;|ft] sf] bfo/f t emg}
;fFu/' f] x'g] x'bF f To;sf] df]6fdf]6L cf+sng ug{ vf;}
sl7gfO{ x'gk' g]{ b]lvGg . ;fj{hlgs kbsf cltl/Qm
/fi6;j] sn] k}ts
[ ;DklQ, bfg bftJo tyf s'g}
j/Joj;foaf6 klg j}wflgs ?kdf cfo k|fKt u/]sf]
x'g ;Sb5 .
!!= To;/L k|fKt ePsf] elgPsf] ;DklQ jf
cfosf] lx:;f ;fdfGo / :jefljs 5 eg] n]vf
g/flvPsf] jf s/ gltl/Psf] eGg] ts{ p7fpg'
;fGb{les / Gofof]lrt gx'g ;Sb5 . . xfdLsxfF
hghLljsfsf] cfly{s nfut, ljleGg txut
cfoju{sf JolQmxdf hghLljsfsf] lgldQ nfUg]
vr{sf] leGgtf / tx lgwf{/0f cflb s]xL klg gePsf]
cj:yfdf x/]s /fi6;j] sxsf] hLjg:t/ sltnfO{
pRr eGg] jf geGg], jf s:tf] x}l;otnfO{ gldNbf]
x}l;ot eGg] k|Zg pl7/xg] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . cfwf/e"t
?kdf cfly{s Pjd\ ;fdflhs d"Nofg jf ;e]I{ f0f
ug]{ s'/fxdf klg cfh;Dd xfd|f] cfly{s k|0ffnLn]
cfjZos sfo{ ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvFbg} , h'g h?/L 5 .
pRr hLjg:t/ eg]sf] JolQmn] cfgf] jf csf{sf]
nflu u/]sf] vr{n] pkef]usf] :t/ dfkg ug]{ xf] jf
k|fKt cfo:t/af6 dfkg ug]{ xf], Tof] klg dxTjk"0f{
5 . ;fljssf] e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& Pjd\
xfnsf] e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] ;Gbe{df
;d]t x]bf{ ;DklQ ljj/0f gldNbf] b]lvPdf Pp6f
cg'dfgsf] cj:yf cfpg] b]lvG5 eg] cldNbf] /
c:jefljs hLjg:t/ ef]us
] f] jf cfgf] x}l;oteGbf
a9L bfg bftJo lbPsf] eGg] s'/fx pkef]usf]
:t/af6 b]lvg] s'/fx x'g\ . sltko cj:yfdf JolQmn]
k|fKt cfo w]/} eP klg pkef]udf clt ;+sr
' g u/]sf]

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

x'g ;Qm5 eg] sltkodf ;DklQ ljj/0f h] eP klg

pRr pkef]u:t/ sfod /fv]sf] jf c?nfO{ bfg
bftJo lbPsf] x'g ;Qm5 . ;DklQ ljj/0f /
hLjg:t/sf] kl/;"rsxsf] ;+of]hg u/L /fd|/L
x]g{ ;lsPg eg] pQm sfg"gL Joj:yfxsf] k|of]hgsf]
nflu ;xL lgisif{ lgsfNg ;lsFbg} .
!@= /fi6;j] sn] cfosf] t'ngfdf c:jfefljs
?kdf ;DklQ cfh{g u/L pRr hLjg:t/ latfpg]
sfo{nfO{ sfg"gn] s;"/sf] ?kdf kl/eflift ug's
{ f]
cy{ Go"gtd\ cfwf/e"t cfjZostf kl/k"lt{ ul/Psf]
ljifo dfly g} k|Zg p7fpg' k5{ eGg] xf]Og . Go"gtd\
cfwf/e"t cfjZostf k"/f ug]{ rfxgf ;a}n] /fv]sf]
x'G5 . zx/df a:g]n] Ps 6'qmf 38]/L jf lz/ 9fSgsf]
nflu cfk\mgf] uR5] cg';f/sf] ;fdfGo jf; lgdf{0f
ug]{ tyf ufpFdf eP kl/jf/sf] nflu Ps;/f] vfg
k'Ug] v]tL hUuf hf]8g\ n
' fO{ c:jfefljs dfGg ;lsGg .
To:t} b'O{ c9fO{ tNnfsf] 3/sf] Ps tNnfdf cfkm"
a;L csf]{ tNnf ef8fdf nufO{ 3/ef8faf6 s]xL
cfo k|fKt ePsf] ts{;u+ t lhsL/ ul/G5 / Tof]
ldl;n k|df0faf6 ljZjf;nfos b]lvg cfpF5 eg]
ef8f ;Demf}tf jf s/ lt/]sf] k|df0f vf]hL /xg' gkg]{
cj:yf x'g ;Sb5 . Go"gtd\ cfjZostf k"/f ug{
dflg; vfO{ gvfO{ d/Ld]6L u/L nfuL kg]{ x'bF f
;dofGt/df To;/L hf]l8Psf] ;DklQsf] d"Nofgdf
s]xL leGgtf cfpg'' jf 7Ls 9+uaf6 lx;falstfa
g/flvPsf] sf/0faf6 cfosf] t'ngfdf cflh{t ;DklQ
/ vr{ s]xL a9L b]lvg'nfO{ c:jfefljs / cldNbf]
;DklQ /x]sf]] egL s;"/ 7x/ ug'{ Gofof]lrt x'g
;Sb}g . ;dfg kb jf p:t} cfoju{df kg]{ JolQmxn]
cf};tdf ljtfpg] hLjgz}nL jf hLjgofkg ug{
nfUg] cf};t vr{sf] lx;fjn] c:jfefljs 9+un] pRr
hLjg:t/ ef]us
] f] eGg] 68\sf/f] b]lvFbg} eg] hf]
;'ss
} f] nflu klg tTsfn k|rlnt sfg"gsf] ;Gbe{df
cfo / Joosf] sRrfjf/L dfu ug'{ plrt b]lvFbg} .
j:t'tM tTsfnLg e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& sf]
bkmf !% n] ;fj{hlgs cf]xbfsf] kbdf a:g] x/]sn]
cfgf] cfo / Joosf] lj:t[t n]vf /fVg afWo gu/]sf]
cj:yfdf ;f] lagf g} ;fdfGo ?kn] cf};t hLjgofkg
ug'{ :jfefljs x'G5 . Tolts} sf/0fn] x/]snfO{

k|lt/IffTds ljGb"df k'ofOg' plrt x'bF g} . ;f] bkmf

cGtu{t / xfnsf] e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%(
cGtu{tsf] gldNbf] hLjg:t/ ef]u]sf] JolQmsf]
;DaGwdf cfwf/e"t cg';Gwfgkl5 dfq} cfo:t/ /
hLjgz}nLsf] cfly{s d"Nofg ug{ / To;sf] lx;fj
lstfjsf] cg';Gwfg ug{ ldNg] b]lvG5 .
!#= k|:t't d'2f kmf}hbf/L Gofok|0ffnL
cGtu{t kg]{ tYo lglj{jfb 5 . kmf}hbf/L Gofo
k|0ffnL sfg"gsf] plrt k|lqmof / lgikIf ;'gj' fOsf]
dfWodaf6 ck/fwLnfO{ b08 lbg], ;'wfg]{ / lgbf]i{ fsf]
/Iff ug]{ p2]Zoaf6 kl/rflnt ePsf] x'G5 . tyflk
kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnL d'Vo ?kdf b'O{ wf/x
cGj] i f0ffTds k4lt - Inquisitorial model_ /
k|ltGbfTds k4lt -Adversary model_ af6 k|efljt
/x]sf] dflgG5 . cg';GwgfTds k4ltdf d'2fsf]
cg';Gwfg / k|df0fsf] ;+sng h:tf s'/fxdf
cbfntsf] ;lqmo e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . o; k4ltdf
cleof]hgstf{, k|x/L / cbfntsf] kf/:kl/s ;dGjo
/ ;xeflutfdf cleo'Qmpk/ s;"/sf] cf/f]k nufO{
k'li6 ug]{ sfo{ ul/G5 . ;fy} cleo'Qmpk/ nufOPsf]
cf/f]kdf lghnfO{ r'k nfUg] clwsf/ k|bfg ul/Fbg} .
cfkm"pk/ nfu]sf] cleof]u unt xf] eGg] tYonfO{
k|df0ff/f lghn] k'li6 ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . csf]{tkm{
k|ltGbfTds k4ltdf cbfntn] cleo'Qmpk/
nufOPsf] s;"/sf] ;DaGwdf cg';Gwfg txsLsft
/ k|df0f ;+sng h:tf s'/fxdf efu lnPsf] x'bF g} .
cbfntn] lgikIftfsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] x'G5 .
sfg"gadf]lhdsf] plrt sfo{ljlwut s'/fxaf6
lgb]l{ zt x'bF } d'2fsf kIfxn] b]vfPsf / pknAw
u/fPsf k|df0fxsf] cfwf/df tYosf] ljZn]if0f /
ljj]rgfaf6 lgisif{ lgsflnG5 . cleo'Qmpk/
cleof]hgstf{n] s:tf] bfjL lnPsf] 5, s:tf] k|df0f
k]z u/]sf] 5 / To;n] cleof]u k'li6 ub{5 jf ub}g{
egL x]g{] ul/G5 . o; k4ltdf cleo'Qmpk/ nufOPsf]
cleof]unfO{ cleof]u nufpg] kIfn] g} z+sf/lxt
tj/n] k'li6 ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 .
!$= xfd|f] kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnLsf] cfk\mg}
df}lns klxrfg /x] tfklg d'Vo ?kdf k|ltGfTds
k4ltsf s]xL ljz]iftfx /x]sf] kfOG5 . To;f] elg/xFbf

290

*&&) nLnf/fh uf}td ;d]t lj=g]kfn ;/sf/

cGj]if0ffTds k4ltsf -Inquisitorial model_ s'g} ljz]iftf

g} 5}gg\ eGg vf]lhPsf] klg xf]Og . d'ns
' L P]g, c=a=!!%
g+= !## / !#( g+= tyf ljz]if cbfnt P]g, @)%( /
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( nufotsf k|rlnt s]xL
g]kfn sfg"gxdf cGj]if0ffTds sfg"g k|0ffnLsf
ljz]iftfx klg /x]sf] kfOG5 . j:t'tM xfdLn] canDag
u/]sf] k4ltdf s'g} s;"/sf] ;DaGwdf cg';Gwfg
txsLsft ug],{ cleo'Qm lj?4 k|df0fsf] ;+sng ug]{ /
bfjL lng] h:tf s'/fxdf cbfntsf] ck]lIft ?kdf
;lqmo e"ldsf /xFbg} . s;"/sf] cg';Gwfg txsLsft
ug]{ / cleof]hg ug]{ cnUu} lgsfosf] sfg"gdf Joj:yf
ul/Psf] x'bF f xfd|f] kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnLdf cbfntsf]
lgikIf / t6:y e"ldsfsf] ck]Iff ul/G5 . k|df0f P]g,
@)#! sf] bkmf @% adf]lhd kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf s;"/
k|dfl0ft ug]{ ef/ jfbLdf /flvPsf] eP klg /fHodf
;'zf;g, sfg"gL /fHo, zfGtL / cdgrog tyf
;j{;fwf/0fsf] xLt / ;'/Iff sfod /fVg ;dfhnfO{ g}
r'gf}tL lbg] s]xL vf; k|sf/sf ck/fwx -h:t}M
nfu" cf}ifw, dfgj a]rljvg, e|i6frf/ cflb_ sf]
;Gbe{df ckjfbfTds Joj:yf u/L s;"/ k|dfl0ft ug]{
ef/ jfbLdf g/fvL lgbf]l{ iftf k'li6 ug]{ k|df0fsf] ef/
k|ltjfbLdf /flvPsf] kfOG5 . t/ lgbf]l{ iftf k|dfl0ft
ug]{ ef/ k|ltjfbLdf /flvPsf] eGb}df cbfntn]
k|ltjfbLpk/ cg';Gwfg txlssft ug],{ k|df0fsf]
;+sng / k|:t'tLs/0f ug]{ tyf bfjL jf k|ltbfjLsf]
:yfg lng] eGg] xf]Og . o; cj:yfdf jfbLn] s] s:tf]
bfjL lnPsf] 5 / k|ltpQ/ s;/L k|:t't ePsf] 5 eGg]
s'/fxaf6 g} cbfntn] ug]{ OG;fkmsf] dfu{nfO{ 8f]ofpg]
lglZrt\ 5 .
!%= kmf}hbf/L sfg"g :ki6 x'G5 / o;sf]
:ki6 pNn+3g ePsf] z+sf/lxt k|df0faf6 k'li6
ePdf afx]s cleo'Qmpk/sf] bfjL k'li6 ePsf]
dflgFbg} . To;}n] kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnLdf z+sf,
cg'dfg / ljZjf; h:tf s'/fxnfO{ bfjL k'li6
ug]{ k|df0fsf] ?kdf :jLsf/ ul/Fb}g . t/ ;a}
cj:yfdf o;nfO{ lglj{jfb l;4fGtsf] ?kdf u|x0f
ug{ g;lsg] x'G5 . /fHon] x/]s gful/sn] s] s:tf]
Jojxf/ u/]sf] 5 egL ;a} gful/ssf] kl5 nflu
lgu/fgL / lgoGq0f ug{ ;Qm}g / of] ;+ej klg
291

5}g . n'sLl5kL cd's ;dodf sfg"g ljk/Lt ul/g]

cd's Jojxf/nfO{ df}sd
} f /f]Sg g;lsg] eP klg
To;sf] lgu/fgL / lgoGq0fsf uf]Zjf/f pkfoxsf]
Joj:yf ug{ cfjZos x'G5 . /fHon] o:t} ljz]if
cj:yf / kl/l:yltsf] ;fdgf ug{ ckjfbfTds
?kdf sfg"gdf Joj:yf u/L cg'dflgt s;"/sf]
klg Joj:yf u/]sf] x'G5 . u}/sfg"gL ?kdf ;DklQ
cfh{g u/L e|i6frf/ u/]sf] eGg] k|:t't d'2f klg
oxL ckjfbfTds Joj:yfcGtu{t kg]{ b]lvG5 .
To;}n] o; k|sl[ tsf d'2fxdf jfbL kIfsf ;fy}
k|ltjfbL kIfpk/ klg k|df0fsf] ef/ ;DaGwL s]xL
lglZrt\ bfloTj lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] kfOG5 . vf; u/L
cfk"m;Fu /x]sf] ;DklQsf] ;|ft] k'li6 ug]{ bfloTj
k|ltjfbLdf g} /xG5 . k|ltjfbL kIfn] To;f] ug{
g;s]df u}/sfg"gL ?kdf ;DklQ cfh{g u/]sf] egL
lnOPsf] bfjL k'li6 ePsf] cg'dfg ul/G5 . k|df0fsf]
ef/ k|ltjfbLdf /xg] of] dfGotf cGj]if0ffTds
sfg"g k|0ffnLsf] ljz]iftfx dWo] Ps xf] .
!^= k| : t' t d' 2 fsf] k| s [ l t cg' d flgt
s;"/df g} cfwfl/t /x]sf] / ;f] cg'dfgnfO{
k|df0ff/f v08g ug{ k|ltjfbLpk/ k|df0fsf] ef/
/flvPsf] 5 . k|ltjfbLpk/ lghn] u}/sfg"gL /
c:jfefljs ?kdf ;DklQ cfh{g u/]sf] eGg]
bfjL lnOPsf] x'Fbf cfkm"n] cfh{g u/]sf] ;DklQsf]
j}wflgs ;|f]t k|ltjfbLn] e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g,
@)%( sf] bkmf @)-!_ adf]lhd b]vfO{ cfgf]
lgbf]{liftf lghn] g} k'li6 ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . /fHodf
;a} gful/snfO{ sfg"gadf]lhd ;DklQ cfh{g
ug]{, ef]u ug]{ / ;DklQsf] a]rlavg ug{ kfpg]
xsnfO{ ;+ j } w flgs ;+ / If0f /x] s f] 5 . oxL
;+j}wflgs ;+/If0fleq k|rlnt sfg"gcg's"nsf]
k|lqmof jf dfWodcg'k g} ;DklQ cfh{g ug{
;lsg] x'G5 / To;/L cfh{g ul/Psf] ;DklQnfO{
;|f]t k'li6 ePsf] ;DklQ dflgG5 . k|ltjfbLn]
cfh{g u/]sf] ;DklQsf] j}wflgs ;|f]t b]vfpg
g;s]df To:tf] ;DklQnfO{ lghsf] u}/sfg"gL
cfh{g dflgG5 .
!&= o;} u/L o; k|sl[ tsf] d'2fsf] s;"/
s'g} vf; cjlw jf ;dodf 36fOPsf] jf ul/Psf]

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

;fdfGo k|sl[ tsf] ck/fwsf] ljifo xf]Og . o:tf

s;"/sf d'2fxdf JolQmsf] x}l;ot / ;DklQsf]
5fgaLg ul/g] x'bF f ;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf
k|jz
] u/]sf] ;dofjlwaf6} k|ltjfbLsf] cfo;|ft] sf]
5fgaLgsf] cjlw z'? x'g] ePaf6 h;pk/ cleof]u
nufOPsf] x'G5, ;f] JolQmsf] x}l;ot s:tf] lyof] /
clxn] s;/L x}l;oteGbf aflx/ uO{ c:jefljs
hLjg ljtfPsf] 5 eGg] s'/fsf] uxg 5fgaLg /
cg';Gwfg cfjZos x'G5 . k|df0fsf] ef/ k|ltjfbLdf
;fl/Psf] eGb}df cg';Gwfg / txsLsft gu/L
cg'dflgt ?kdf s;"/ nufO{ d'2f rnfpg] eGg]
xf]Og . k|ltjfbLn] cfh{g u/]sf] ;DklQ, lghsf]
vr{ tyf art s] s;/L ePsf] 5 eGg] s'/fnfO{
cleof]hgstf{n] :ki6 b]vfO{ k|ltjfbLn] x}l;oteGbf
aflx/ uO{ of] olt ;DklQ u}/sfg"gL ?kdf cfh{g
u/]sf] xf] egL :ki6 / PsLg bfjL lng ;Sg' kb{5 .
k|ltjfbLn] klg cfkm"n] x}l;oteGbf aflx/ uO{
sfg"gljk/Lt ;DklQ cfh{g u/]sf] xf]Og egL cfgf]
;DklQ cfh{gsf] j}wflgs ;|f]tnfO{ j:t'lgi7
k|df0faf6 k'li6 ug{ ;Sg' kb{5 .
!*= k|:t't d'2fdf o:tf] ljj/0f cleof]hg
kIfn] k|ltjfbLn] cd's jif{df slt cfo ePsf] jf
s:tf] hLjgz}nL ljtfPsf] jf s'g :t/sf] gldNbf]
vr{ u/] s f] egL b] v fPsf] cj:yf xf] O g .
cleof]hgstf{n] ljleGg ;fnxsf] cfosf] Psd'i6
u0fgf ug]{ u/]sf] / xfn;Ddsf] ;DklQ hDdf u/]sf]
:t/ Pjd\ ;DklQsf] pkef]usf] :t/sf] cfwf/df
Psd'i6 bfjL u/]sf] kfOG5 . lg0f{ostf{n] klg ;f]xL
cg';f/ cfo / Joosf] 5'f5'} jf:s]6 lgdf{0f u/L
To;sf] ;fdf~h:otf jf c;df~h:otfsf cfwf/df
cg'lrt hLjg:t/ xf] jf xf]Og eGg] s'/fsf] lg0f{o
u/]sf] kfOG5 . cleof]Qmfn] vf; jif{df ul/Psf] vf;
cfo jf pkef]u g} ;|ft] ljxLg xf] egL osLg ug{
;Qm}g / ;dli6df bfjL lng afWo x'G5 eg] cbfnt;Fu
x/]s ;fnsf] cfo / pkef]u :t/sf] 5'f5'}
d"Nofgsf] dfu ug{ ldNbf] x'g ;Qm}g . j:t'tM o:tf]
k|Zgdf cleof]Qmfn] g} cg';Gwfgsf] r/0fdf ljjflbt
cd's ;DklQ jf pkef]usf] :t/ s'g vf; sf/0fn]
cldNbf] / ;|ft] ljxLg 5 egL tYo;fy ls6fg ug{
292

g;s];Dd o:tf k|ZgxnfO{ cd's k|df0fsf] cfwf/df

lg/fs/0f ug{ ;lsg] l:ylt /xFb}g . To;tkm{
cleof]QmfkIfn] cg';Gwfg Pjd\ cleof]hg ubf{ g}
ljz]if ?kdf ljrf/ u/L bfjL lng ;Sg' kb{5 .
!(= k|:t't d'2fdf ;fljs e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f
P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf !% / xfnsf] e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f
P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf @) sf] /f]xdf d'2f rnfOPsf]
e} cf/f]kkq / k|ltjfbLsf] egfOaf6 b'jk} Ifn] k'i6\ofO{F
ug'k{ g]{ vf;vf; s'/fxdf ljz]if Wofg k'ofpg'
cfjZos 5 . ;f]sf] pk]Iff u/L cfo;|f]t tyf
x}l;otsf] ;fk]Iftfdf cfwf/e"t cfjZostfeGbf
a9L g} ;DklQ cflh{t u/]sf] tyf /xg;xgsf]
:t/ vlr{nf] ePsf] eGg] uf]Zjf/f bfjL / To;sf]
k'li6 ug{ ;fj{hlgs kb afx]s cGo ;|ft] af6 klg
pNn]Vo cfo k|fKt ePsf] lhsL/ lnOG5 eg] To;sf]
ljZjf;gLotf, cflwsfl/stf k|dfl0ft x'g] j:t'lgi7
/ 7f]; k|df0f k]z ul/g' afWofTds / clgjfo{ x'g
hfG5 . k}ts
[ ;DklQaf6 To:tf] cfo k|fKt u/]sf]
lhsL/ lnOG5 eGg] ;DklQ bflvn vf/]h, cGo
c+lzof/;Fu /x]sf] k}ts
[ ;DklQsf] kl/df0f, k}ts
[
;DklQsf] c+lzof/xaLr ul/Psf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0f
cflb h:tf tYox j:t'lgi7 ?kdf k|dfl0ft ul/g'
kb{5 . To:t} PseGbf a9L 3/ lgdf{0f ul/Psf] tyf
3/x ef8fdf nufO{ pNn]Vo 3/ef8f k|fKt u/]sf]
lhsL/ lnOG5 eg] 3/ef8f ;Demf}tf tyf s/
lt/]sf] k|df0f bflvn geO{ df}lvs lhsL/nfO{ dfGotf
lbg ;lsGg . of] s'/f 3/;f/sf] lnvtaf6 sf/f]jf/
ul/Psf] cGo ljifo / js;kqsf] dfWodaf6 ;DklQ
k|fKt ul/Psf] lhsL/sf xsdf ;d]t ;dfg ?kdf
nfu" x'G5 .
@)= o; cbfntaf6 pk/f]Qm Gofof]lrt /
ljj]s;Ddt\ cfwf/df g} k|ltjfbLsf] ;DklQ tyf
cfo;|ft] sf ;DaGwdf ;DalGwt ldl;n ;+nUg k[ys
tYout j:t'l:yltsf] ljZn]if0f u/L cd"s zLif{ssf]
cfo jf ;DklQnfO{ dfGotf lbg] jf glbg] ul/Psf]
kfOG5 . x/]s d'2fsf] tYout cj:yf ;dfg g/xg]
x'bF f ;DalGwt ldl;n k|df0faf6 b]lvPsf] tYosf]
;fGble{stf, k|dfl0fstf / ljZj;gLotfsf] ljZn]if0f
/ d"Nofgdf leGgtf /xg' c:jfefljs x'bF g} . t/

*&&) nLnf/fh uf}td ;d]t lj=g]kfn ;/sf/

;fdfGo cfo x'g] /fi6;j] sf/f sf7df8f}n

+ ufot
dxTjk"0f{ zx/L If]qdf PseGbf a9L 3/ lgdf{0f
u/]sf] / bzf}+ nfv ef8f cfo k|fKt u/]sf] lhsL/
lnOG5 eg] ef8f ;Demf}tf jf To;nfO{ k'li6 ug]{
s/ lt/]sf] k|df0fsf] cefjdf cfo k|flKtsf]
lhsL/nfO{ dfGotf lbg ;lsFbg} . To:t} 3/ Jojxf/
rnfpgsf] nflu ;DklQ / ;|ft] sf] cg'kftcg';f/
;fdfGo dflgg] /sd td;'saf6 lnPsf] jf lbPsf]
b]lvG5 / ts{;u+ t ?kdf ljrf/ ubf{ Tof] dgfl;j
g} b]lvG5 eg] dfGotf lbg ;lsG5 . t/ cfkm";uF
pNn]Vo a}s
+ df}Hbft 5Fbf5Fb} 7"nf] /sd 3/;f/sf]
sfuhaf6 lnOPsf] lhsL/ ul/Psf]df To:tf]
Jojxf/nfO{ dfGotf lbg ;lsFbg} . 3/ 38]/Lsf]
Ps 6'qmf hUuf js; k|fKt ul/Psf] 5, js; lbg]
/ kfpg]aLr ;fy{s gftf jf Jojxfl/s ;DaGw
k|dfl0ft ePsf] 5 eg] js;kqsf] sf/f]jf/nfO{
:jefljs dfgL dfGotf lbg ;lsG5 . t/ d"Nojfg
hUufx s'g} ;DaGw / ;/f]sf/ g} gePsf
JolQmxaf6 js;kq egL lnOPsf] b]lvG5 eg]
To;nfO{ c:jfefljs dfgL v/Lb g} dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 .
o:tf] l:ylt cGo ;DklQ / ;|ft] sf] ljZn]if0fsf]
;DaGwdf klg /xg ;Qm5 .
@!= k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLtkm{sf sfg"g
Joj;foLaf6 d'2fsf] cj:yfcg';f/ tYout ?kdf
ul/Psf o;k|sf/sf k[ys ljZn]if0fnfO{ ghL/sf
?kdf k]z ub}{ cbfntaf6 Ps?ktfk"0f{ JofVof
gePsf] egL lhsL/ lnPsf] kfOG5 . pk/f]Qm
ljj]rgfsf] cfwf/df ;DklQ / cfosf] :jfefljstf
/ c:jfefljstfsf] dfkb08sf cfwf/df d'2l} kR5]
/xg hfg] tYout leGgtfnfO{ ghL/sf ?kdf lnO{
JofVofdf Ps?ktf gePsf] dfGg ldNg] l:ylt gx'bF f
k|ToyL{tkm{sf ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLsf] ax;
lhsL/;Fu ;xdt x'g ;lsPg .
@@= To;}u/L clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg
cfof]usf] cg';Gwfg / cleof]hgsf] cfwf/ /
dfkb08df ;d]t Ps?ktf /xg] u/]sf] b]lvPsf]
5}g . lnvtdf pNn]v ePsf] ;DklQsf] jf:tljs
nfut d"No / 3/ lgdf{0fsf] tTsfnLg nfutnfO{
dfGotf glbO{ xfnsf] d"Nofgsf cfwf/df bfjL
293

k|:t't ug]{ ul/Psf] kfOG5 . xfn sfod ePsf]

d"No a9] a9fPsf] ;Dd x'g] eP klg ;DklQ k|fKt
ubf{ ul/Psf] nufgL g} jf:tljs ljuf] x'g] eO{ ljuf]
/ a9] a9fPsf] ;DklQsf] ;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf
@)-@_ / $& df ul/Psf] k[ysk[ys / :ki6
k|fjwfgnfO{ uf]Zjf/f ?kdf u|x0f ubf{ cg';Gwfg
clws[t / cfof]usf] Ifdtfdf g} uDeL/ k|Zg lrGx
p7\g ;Sb5 . To;}n] xfnsf] d"Nosf cfwf/df
;DklQsf] d"Nofg ul/g' kb{5 eGg] k'g/fj]bs
jfbL kIfsf] lhsL/ cfwf/xLg b]lvg cfpF5 .
@#= ;fy} Pp6} d'2fleq tyf d'2flkR5] lnOg]
bfjLsf] cfwf/ jf dfkb08 klg lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ x'g]
u/]sf] kfOG5 . s'g} d'2fdf hUuf v/Lbsf] d"No
kf/Lt lnvtdf pNn]v ePsf] /sdaf6 sfod
ul/G5 eg] ;f]xL hUuf laqmL u/]sf] lnvt d"NonfO{
eg] dfGotf glbO{ k|ltjfbLsf] lhsL/adf]lhd a9L
cfo k|bfg ug]{ ul/Psf] kfOG5 . ;fgf]ltgf] 3/
ef8fsf] cfosf] lhsL/ lnOPsf] cj:yfdf s/
glt/]sf] / /Ltk"js
{ sf] ;Demf}tf gePsf] egL cfo
glbg] u/]sf] b]lvG5 eg] nfvf}+ /sdsf] To:tf]
lhsL/nfO{ lagf s'g} cfwf/ / k|df0f cfof]u :jo+af6
cfo lbOPsf] kfOG5 . k|ltjfbLn] s[lif cfosf] lhsL/
lnPsf] hUuf tyf ;DklQsf] :ynut lg/LIf0f
;d]tsf j:t'lgi6 cfwf/af6 cfo osLg g} gu/L
xr'jf cfwf/df cfo lbg] jf glbg] u/]sf] kfOG5 .
To:t} ljb]z e|d0fafkt kfPsf] eQfsf] &) k|ltzt
jrt x'g] egL cfo lbOg] tyf tna eQfsf] ;a}
/sd art x'g] cg'dfg u/L cfodf hf]8\g'sf]
j:t'lgi6 cfwf/ kfOFbg} . Pp6} d'2f / d'2l} kR5]
cg';Gwfg clws[taf6 cjnDag ul/g] km/s /
k/:k/ lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ dfkb08 / cleof]hgdf lnOg]
cfwf/af6 Gofo lg/f]k0f ug]{ sfo{nfO{ yk hl6n /
r'gf}ltk"0f{ agfPsf] x'bF f o;k|sf/sf uDeL/ q'l6
gbf]xf]ofpg]tkm{ cfof]u ;r]t x'gk' g]{ b]lvPsf] 5 .
@$= o;sf cltl/Qm hfF r cjlwsf
k|ltjfbLsf] ;a} cfo;|ft] u0fgf ul/Psf] x'G5 . t/
hfFr cjlwdf kfl/jfl/s e/0f kf]if0fdf x'g;Sg]
;fdfGo vr{ osLg ug]{ tyf cfoaf6 sf ug]{
ul/Psf] ;d]t kfOFbg} . k|:t't d'2fdf klg To:t}

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

cj:yf 5 . t/ k'g/fj]bg txdf cfP/ ;f] k|Zg

p7fpg] ul/Psf] x'bF f df}sfdf glnPsf] To;k|sf/sf]
lhsL/sf ;DaGwdf k'g/fj]bg txdf lhsL/ lng
/ To;sf cfwf/df o; cbfntn] af]Ng ldNg] cj:yf
/xFbg} . To;}u/L dfly k|s/0f k|s/0fdf ljZn]if0f
eP adf]lhd k|ltjfbLsf] ;fnj;fnL x'g;Sg] cfo
/ Joosf] t'ngfTds ljj/0f k|:t't gu/L xr'jf /
uf]Zjf/f ?kdf bfjL k|:t't ug]{ ul/Paf6 cl3af6
k|fKt u/]sf] ;DklQsf] ;|ft] kl5 k|fKt u/]sf] cfoaf6
k'li6 x'g] cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . cg'dflgt s;"/;DaGwL
d'2f xf] eGg] cfwf/df cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ln] ;d]t
k|ltjfbLsf] jf:tljs cfo / ;DklQsf] osLg ;fy
cg';Gwfg, ljZn]if0f / d"Nofg g} gu/L cg'dfgs}
e/df cleof]hg ug'{ u}/lhDd]jf/Lk"0f{ b]lvPsf] x'bF f
cfufdL lbgdf o;k|sf/sf q'l6x gbf]xf]ofpg]
tkm{ clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf]
Wofgfsif{0f x'gk' g]{ b]lvG5 .
@%= ca k|ltjfbLsf 3/af6 a/fdb ePsf]
8fo/LnfO{ k|df0fdf lng ldNg] gldNg] s] xf] eGg]
bf];|f] k|Zgsf ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{, k'g/fj]bs
k|ltjfbLsf] 3/ vfgtnf;L x'bF f lghsf] 3/af6 a/fdb
ePsf] 8fo/LnfO{ k|ltjfbLn] cfgf] cfo;|ft] b]lvg]
d'Vo k|df0fsf] ?kdf k|:t't ug{ vf]hs
] f]] b]lvG5 eg]
lghtkm{sf ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLxn] klg ;f]
8fo/LnfO{ jfbLn] k|df0fsf] ?kdf lnPsf]n] cbfntn]
klg k|df0fdf lng' kb{5 eGg] ax;df lhsL/ lng'
ePsf] 5 . o; l:yltdf k|ltjfbLsf] 3/af6 a/fdb
ePsf] 8fo/Ldf plNnlvt s'/fxnfO{ k|df0fdf lng
ldN5 of ldNb} g eGg] ;DaGwdf ljBdfg
k|df0f;DaGwL sfg"gdf s] s:tf] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5
eGg]tkm{ b[li6ut ug'{ jf~5gLo x'g cfpF5 .
@^= k|df0f P]g] , @)#! sf] kl/R5]b # df
k|df0fdf lng x'g] / gx'g] s'/fxsf] ;DaGwdf Joj:yf
ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;f] kl/R5]b\ cGtu{t bkmf !$ df
lgoldt ?kdf /flvPsf vftf, axL, lstfj jf cGo
;|:] tfdf hlgPsf s'/fxnfO{ klg k|df0fsf] ?kdf
lng ;lsg] sfg"gL dg;fo 5 . h; cg';f/ s'g}
sfdsf/jfO{ jf Joj;fosf] l;nl;nfdf lgoldt?kdf
/flvPsf vftf, axL, lstfj jf cGo ;|:] tfdf lgoldt

?kdf r9fPsf] jf hgfPsf] s'g} s'/f jf ;f] sfd,

sf/f]jf/ jf Joj;fosf ;DaGwdf n]vs
] f] lr7Lkq,
e/kfO{, rnfgL jf cGo s'g} ljj/0f k|df0fdf lng
x'G5 eGg] pQm bkmfdf pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 .
@&= k|ltjfbLsf] 3/ vfgtnf;L x'Fbfsf]
cj:yfdf h] h'g s'/fx e]l6P tL s'/fxsf]
ljj/0f @)%(.%.@ sf] a/fdbL d'rN' sfdf pNn]v
ePsf] b]lvG5 / ;f]xL ;Gbe{df k|:t't 8fo/L klg
e]l6Psf] xf] eGg] tYodf ljjfb 5}g . pQm 8fo/L
lgoldt ?kdf /flvPsf] vftf, axL, lstfj jf
;|:] tf xf] jf xf]Og eGg] k|Zg pkl:yt ePsf] 5 .
k|ltjfbL ;/sf/L ;]jfdf /x]sf JolQm x'g\ eGg]
tYo lglj{jfb 5 . lghn] cfgf 3/x jxfndf
klg lbg] u/]sf] eGg] tYo s]xL ;/sf/L lgsfoxnfO{
jxfndf lbFbf u/]sf ;Demf}tfx tyf ;DalGwt
lgsfoaf6 k|fKt ldl;ndf ;+nUg kqfrf/xaf6
:ki6 x'g cfpF5 . plNnlvt 8fo/L x]bf{ k|ltjfbLn]
cfgf ljljw lghL s'/fx n]vs
] f], sltko 7fpFdf
s]/d]6 u/]sf], ;fyLefO{xsf] ;Dks{ 7]ufgf / kmf]g
gDa/x n]vs
] f], 9's6' L v]ns
] f] nufotsf ljljw
s'/fx n]lvPsf] b]lvG5 . cyf{t\ ;f] 8fo/Ldf
sf/f]jf/ jf Joj;fohGo s'/fx n]lvPsf] xf] eGg]
cj:yf b] l vg cfpF b } g eg] ;fljsb] l vsf
sfdsf/afxLsf] qmda4 / lgoldt ljj/0f /fv]sf]
klg b]lvFbg} . sfg"gadf]lhd dfGotf k|fKt u/]sf]
Jofj;flos sfdsf/afxLsf] ;Gbe{df pQm 8fo/L
n] l vPsf] eGg] gb] l vPaf6 pQm 8fo/L s' g }
sfdsf/aflx jf Joj;fosf] l;nl;nfdf lgoldt
?kdf /flvPsf] vftf, axL, lstfj jf ;|:] tf gePsf]
:ki6 x'G5 . o;sf] ;fy} 3/ vfg tnf;L x'bF f km]nf
k/]sf] sf/0f ;f] 8fo/L ldl;ndf ;fd]n;Dd ePsf]
tYodf ljjfb 5} g . To;df plNnlvt s] x L
s'/fxnfO{ jfbLn] :jLsf/ u/]sf] x'gfn] cbfntn]
pQm 8fo/Ldf plNnlvt cGo s'/fxnfO{ k|df0fdf
lng' kb{5 eGg] k|ltjfbL / lghtkm{sf sfg"g
Joj;foLxsf]] lhsL/ eP klg 3/ vfgtnf;L
ubf{ km]nf k/]sf ;a} s'/fxn] d'2fdf k|df0fsf]
:yfg lng ;Sg] x'bF g} . vfgtnf;Lsf] qmddf km]nf
k/]sf s'/fxsf] d'2fdf u|fXotfsf] k|f;+lustf /

294

*&&) nLnf/fh uf}td ;d]t lj=g]kfn ;/sf/

j}wflgstf 5 jf 5}g egL x]gk{' g]{ x'G5 . cbfntn]

sfg"gadf]lhdsf] k|lqmof cg'k g} k|df0f u|x0f
ug]{ / To;sf] 5fgaLg u/L Goflos lgisif{ lgsfNg]
xf] . a/fdb ePsf] 8fo/Ldf plNnlvt lghL s'/fx
s]xL jf:tljs / cjf:tljs b'j} x'g;Sg] eP klg
of] sf]/f cg'dfgsf] dfq ljifo xf] . lglj{jfb ?kdf
tYof/f k'li6 ug'k{ g]{ / cg'dfg ubf{ lcyL{ kl/0ffd
cfpg] s'/fx Goflos cg'dfgsf] ljifo x'g ;Qm}g .
k|df0f k/LIf0fof]Uo / ts{;u+ t x'g cfjZos x'G5 .
a/fdb ePsf] 8fo/Ldf hyfefjL s]/d]6 u/]sf],
lrq sf]l/Psf] cJojl:yt ;f]] 8fo/L k/LIf0fof]Uo;d]t
b]lvg cfpFbg} . JolQmut ?kdf n]lvPsf / k/LIf0f
ug{ g;lsg] To:tf lghL 8fo/LnfO{ klg
sfg"gadf]lhdsf] csf6\o k|df0fsf] ?kdf u|x0f
ub}{ hfg] xf] eg] To;n] unt ;+:sf/ / s[lqd
k|df0fsf] l;h{gfnfO{ a9fjf lbg] x'bF f cbfntn] s[lqd
/ agfj6L k|df0fsf] l;h{gf x'g] k|lqmofnfO{ ckgfpg
/ k|fT] ;fxg ug'{ x'bF g} .
@*= d'2fdf u|fXo x'g] k|df0fnfO{ sfg"gn]
dfGotf lbPsf] / k/LIf0f ug{ ;lsg] cj:yfsf]] x'gk' b{5 .
d'2fdf ufXo x'g] k|df0f k|rlnt sfg"g cg'sn" , lglj{jfb
/ ts{;u+ t x'gk' b{5 . d'2fsf s'g} kIfsf] lxt cg'sn
"
jf k|lts"n eP/ dfq x'bF g} . o; cbfntaf6 o;
;DaGwdf o:t} k|sl[ tsf] /fdf1f rt'jb{] L lj?4 clVtof/
b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf cg';Gwfg clws[t
r]tgfy l3ld/]sf] k|ltj]bgn] g]kfn ;/sf/ ePsf]
e|i6frf/ d'2fdf Goflos k|lqmofdf k|df0f a'em\ g] tyf
k|fKt k|df0f u|x0f ug]{ ;DaGwdf lglZrt\ sfg"gL cfwf/
/ Goflos dfkb08x /x]sf 5g\ . o;sf] ljk/Lt
h'g;'s} k|lqmofaf6 ldl;ndf ;dfj]z x'g cfPsf
s'/fnfO{ k|df0fsf] ?kdf dfGg / To;sf] cfwf/df s'g}
klg Goflos lgisif{df k'Ug ;Dej gx'g] eGg] l;4fGt
-g]sfk, @)^*, c ^, lg=g+=*^#)_ k|ltkfbg ePsf]
b]lvG5 . plNnlvt l;4fGt / dfly ul/Psf] ljj]rgf
;d]taf6 k|ltjfbLsf] 3/ vfgtnf;L x'bF f km]nf k/]sf]
8fo/LnfO{ sfg"gadf]lhdsf] k|df0fsf] ?k lbg ldn]g .
@(= ca 5'l leGg ePsf >LdtL /
5f]/fxsf] gfddf /x]sf] ;DklQ / as;kqsf]
dfWodaf6 k|fKt u/]sf ;DklQxsf] ;|f]t klg
295

k|ltjfbLn] k'li6 ug'k{ g]{ xf], xf]Og eGg] lg0f{o lbg'kg]{

x'g cfPsf] t];|f] k|Zgsf ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL s]zj/fh uf}tdn] 5f]/fx tyf
kTgL s]zjL uf}tdnfO{ @)%@ ;fndf lnvt kf/Lt
u/L c+z lbPsf]n] lghx ;uf]ndf g/x]sf] eGg]
lhsL/ lnPsf] b]lvG5 . t/ :jo+ k|ltjfbL s]zj/fhn]
eg] @)%^ ;fndf cfP/ dfq k}ts
[ ;DklQ c+z
lnPsf] k|df0f k]z u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;fdfGotM c+zj08f
c+lzof/xaLr x'g] k}ts
[ ;DklQsf] ;dfg'kflts
ljt/0f xf] . c+zj08f ug]{ gug],{ ubf{ slxn] / s]
s;/L ug]{ eGg] s'/f ;DalGwt c+lzof/xsf] ;xdlt
/ d~h"/Ldf lge{/ /xg] s'/f xf] . k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL
tyf lghsf >LdtL / 5f]/fxaLr c+zj08f ePsf]
xf] xf]Og egL 7x/ ug'k{ g]{ k|:t't d'2fsf] d'Vo ljjfbsf]
ljifo klg xf]Og . t/ u}/sfg"gL cfh{g n'sfpg]
p2]Zoaf6 Jofjxfl/s ?kdf Psf;uf]nd} /x]sf
>LdtL / 5f]/fxnfO{ sfg"gL ?kdf 5'6o\ fOPsf] x'bF f
To;nfO{ dfGotf lbg gldNg] eGg] k'g/fj]bs jfbL
kIfsf] bfjLsf] cfwf/ /x]sf]n] pQm ljifo klg
cfg';f+lus eP/ cfPsf] 5 . o; ljifosf] ljj]s;Ddt\
lgisif{df k'Ugsf] nflu cGo s'/fsf cltl/Qm k'g/fj]bs
k|ltjfbL s]zj/fhsf >LdtL / 5f]/fxn] c+zafkt
kfPsf] elgPsf] ;DklQ s] s:tf] ;DklQ xf], cyf{t\
s]zj/fhsf] k}ts
[ ;DklQaf6 c+z lbPsf] xf] jf
lghn] hfFr cjlwdf cfh{g u/]sf] ;DklQ g} a08f
nufPsf] xf], sfg"gL ?kdf 5'lleGg ePkl5
c+lzof/xn] cnucnu r'nf]dfgf] u/L 5'f5'} a:b}
cfcfk\mgf] sf/f]jf/ cnucnu ub}{ cfPsf] cj:yf
xf] jf Pp6} 3/df a;L Ps} eftefG;fdf vfgkLg
u/L ;Dk"0f{ sf/f]jf/ k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL s]zj/fhn]
g} ub}{ cfPsf] cj:yf xf] / 5'lleGg ePkl5 s'g}
c+lzof/n] cfh{g u/]sf] ;DklQnfO{ klg k'g/fj]bs
k|ltjfbL s]zj/fhs} ;DklQ dfgL lgh;Fu ;|ft]
dfluPsf] 5 jf 5}g eGg] h:tf ljifoxnfO{ ;"Idtd\
?kdf s]nfpg' kg]{ x'G5 .
#)= k|ydtM d"n c+lzof/ k'g/fj]bs
k|ltjfbL s]zj/fh uf}td :jo+n] k}ts
[ ;DklQaf6
c+z glnFb} cl3af6} cfk\mgf 5f]/f tyf kTgLnfO{
c+z lbPsf] egL tof/ kf/]sf] lnvt :jfefljs

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

b]lvg cfpFb}g . k}t[s ;DklQ glnFb} >LdtL /

5f]/fxnfO{ c+z lbPsf] s'/fnfO{ cGoyf dfGg ldNb}g
eGg] xf] eg] klg To;af6 pN6} k'g/fj]bs s]zj/fh
cfk"mn] cfh{g u/]sf] ;DklQ g} j08f lbPsf] tYo
:jtM k'li6 x'g k'Ub5 . hfFr cjlwdf cfk"mn] cfh{g
u/]sf] ;DklQ 5f]/f / >LdtLnfO{ j08f nufOlbPs}
sf/0fn] To;sf] ;|ft] k'li6 ug'k{ b}g{ eGg] ts{nfO{
:jLsfg]{ xf] eg] ;fj{hlgs kbdf /x]sf x/]s JolQmn]
h'g;'s} Joxf]/fn] cfh{g u/]sf] ;DklQ To;/L g}
xsx:tfGt/0f u/]/ ;|ft] k'li6 ug'k{ g]{ bfloTjaf6
pGd'lQm kfpg] cj:yf /xG5 . o;k|sf/sf] lhsL/nfO{
dfGotf lbg] xf] eg] e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%(
sf] bkmf @)-!_ sf] d"n Joj:yf / ;f]sf] dd{ g}
k/flht x'g k'Ub5 h'g s'/f cbfntn] ug{ ;Sb}g .
#!= tYout ?kaf6 x]g{] xf] eg] klg @)%@
;fnsf] pQm kf/Lt lnvtaf6 >LdtL / 5f]/fxnfO{
sfg"gL ?kdf 5'6o\ fPsf] b]vfP tfklg ;j} sf/f]jf/
k|ltjfbL s]zj/fhn] g} u/]sf] b]lvg cfpF5 . 5f]/f
tyf kTgLsf] 5'} Jojxf/ / sf/f]jf/ b]vfpg ;s]sf]
cj:yf 5} g . cg' ; Gwfgsf] qmddf ePsf]
vfgtnf;Laf6 k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL s]zj/fhsf
kltkTgL Pp6} sf]7fdf /x]a;]sf] cj:yfdf kfOPsf]
5 eg] 5f]/f5f]/L;d]t ;f]xL 3/df ;Fu} a:b} cfPsf]
tYo :yflkt ePsf] b]lvG5 . Toltdfq xf]Og k'g/fj]bs
k|ltjfbL s]zj/fhsf] elthf / elthL a'xf/L;d]t
;f]xL kl/jf/df ;+oQ' m ?kdf a:b} cfPsf] b]lvPsf]
5 . k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL s]zj/fh uf}tdsf >LdtL,
5f]/f / elthL a'xf/L /;Lnf uf}tdn] cg';Gwfgsf]
qmddf u/]sf] aofgdf k|ltjfbLx Ps} eftefG;fdf
vfgkLg ub}{ Psf;uf]ndf /x]a;]sf] / ;Dk"0f{ sf/f]jf/
3/sf] d'Vo JolQm s]zj/fhn] g} ug]{ u/]sf] eGg]
tYonfO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf] kfOG5 . cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf
ePsf] pQm aofg :j]R5f ljk/LtlbPsf] xf] egL
v08g x'g] 7f]; cfwf/ cbfnt;dIfsf] aofgdf
pNn]v ePsf] kfOFbg} .
#@= o;k|sf/ >LdtL / 5f]/fxnfO{ c+z
lbPsf] ;DklQ k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL s]zj/fhsf] k}ts
[
;DklQ geO{ lgh}n] cfh{g u/]sf] ;DklQ b]lvPsf],
sfg"gL ?kdf >LdtL / 5f]/fnfO{ leGg ePsf] b]vfP
296

klg oyfy{df Psf;uf]ndf /x] a;]sf] / ;Dk"0f{ sf/f]jf/

k|ltjfbL s]zj/fh uf}tdn] g} ub}{ cfPsf] b]lvPsf]
x'bF f To:tf] ;DklQsf] ;|ft] k'li6 ug'k{ g]{ bfloTj lgh
k|ltjfbLpk/ g} /xg] b]lvPsf]n] ;|ft] k'li6 ug'k{ g]{
xf]Og egL lnPsf] lhsL/ cfwf/xLg b]lvof] . o;y{
klt kTgL / 5f]/f 5f]/LxaLr c+zj08fsf] lnvt
kf/Lt u/L 5'l leGg ePsf] b]lvP klg e|i6frf/
d'2fsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu To:tf] j08fkqdf n]lvPsf
;DklQxsf] ;|ft] k'li6 ug]{ bfloTjaf6 pGd'lQm gx'g]
x'gfn] k|:t't d'2fsf] k|of]hgsf nflu Pp6} OsfO{
;/x x]g{ gldNg] b]lvFbg} .
##= ca as;kqaf6 kfPsf] ;DklQsf]
cj:yf x]bf{, cf/f]kkqdf k|ltjfbL s]zj/fh tyf
lghsL kTgL s]zjL uf}tdsf gfddf sf7df8f}Fsf
ls=g++= &, !!&, *^ sf hUufx / df]/sf] ls=g+=
#^& sf] s]zjL uf}td / sdn/fh uf}tdsf] gfdsf]
hUuf xfn}sf] as;kqsf] dfWodaf6 cfPsf] b]lvP
klg jf:tjdf v/LbL xf] eGg] bfjL ul/Psf]
b]lvG5 . j:t'tM as;kq, ;DklQ x:tfGt/0fsf]
Pp6f k|lqmof jf dfWod;Dd xf] . b]jfgL d'2fdf
as;kqsf] dfWodaf6 k|fKt u/]sf] ;DklQnfO{
lghL cfh{ g sf] ?kdf lnOG5 / as;kqsf]
dfWodaf6 cfh{g ul/Psf] ;DklQnfO{ cfkm"v'z
ug{ kfpg] ;DklQsf] ?kdf kl/eflift ul/G5 .
k|rlnt sfg"gn] of] o; gftfsf] JolQmn] of] o;
sfd u/]afkt as; lbg x'g] egL zt{ tf]s]sf]
gb]lvPsf] / hf] sf]xLn] klg hf] sf]xLnfO{ as;
lbg ;Sg] b]lvP klg as;kqsf] dfWodaf6 ;DklQ
x:tfGt/0f ubf{ ;fdfGotM as; lbg' kgf{sf] sf/0f
ts{;+ut, dgfl;j / j:t'k/s x'g' jf~5gLo
dflgG5 .
#$= as;sf] dfWodaf6 k|fKt ;DklQsf]
;|f]t gvf]lhg], nfut vr{ gvf]lhg] h:tf sfg"gL
5'6sf] sf/0f as;kq ;DaGwL cjwf/0ffsf] unt
k|of]u x'g] / u}/sfg"gL ?kdf cfh{g ul/Psf]
;DklQsf] ;|f]t n'sfpg] p2]Zon] o;sf] k|of]u
ul/G5 eg] as;kq ;DaGwL sfg"gL] cjwf/0ffsf]
b'?kof]u x'g] ;+efjgf /xG5 . sfg"gL cf8df sfg"g
ljk/Lt cfh{g ul/Psf ;DklQsf] ;fDklQs ;|f]t

*&&) nLnf/fh uf}td ;d]t lj=g]kfn ;/sf/

n' s fpg] p2] Z on] as;kq;DaGwL sfg" g L

cjwf/0ffsf] b'?kof]u x'g g;sf];\ egL lnvtdf
/fhLgfdfsf] ;f as;kq gfdfs/0f ul/Psf] 5
eg] klg To:tf] ;DklQ jf:tljs as;af6 cfPsf]
xf] jf xf]Og egL Plsg ug'{kg]{ cj:yf x'G5 .
k|ltjfbLsf 5f]/f /fh' uf}td / nLnf/fh uf}tdn]
sf7df8f}+sf] ls=g+=( / !) sf] hUuf as;kqaf6
kfPsf] Jojxf/nfO{ jfbLkIfn] g} :jLsf/ u/]sf]n]
To;tkm{ s'g} ljrf/ ug'{kg]{ cj:yf ePg . t/
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL s]zj/fhsf] gfddf ;fljs
dxfb]j:yfg, j8f g+= $ sf] ls=g+= @*( sf]
)@) / ls= g++ @(! sf] )@) sf] xfn ls=g+=*^
hUuf /fwfb]jL ofbjgLn] xfn}sf] as;kqsf] lnvt
kf/Lt u/L lbPsf] eGg] b]lvG5 eg] s]zjL uf}tdsf]
gfdsf ls=g+= & / !!& sf] hUuf e/t/fh j}Bn]
xfn}sf] as;kq u/L lbPsf] eGg] b]lvG5 . To:t}
df]/ l:yt emf]/fxf6sf] ls=g+= #^& sf] hUuf klg
as;kqs} dfWodaf6 cfPsf] b]lvG5 . plNnlvt
hUUffx as;kq lbg] JolQmx;Fu k|ltjfbLsf]
s' g } gftf jf Jojxfl/s ;DaGw ePsf] jf
lghxsf] Jojxf/df ;3fp k'ofO{ l/emfPsf] eGg]
ts{;+ut, dgfl;j / ljZjfl;nf] sf/0f b]lvFb}g .
k|ltjfbLsf] ;fydf /x]sf] ;DklQsf] cj:yf /
x}l;ot x]bf{ pgfp JolQmsf] 3/Jojxf/df ;3fp
k'ofO{ l/emfpg' kg]{ ;Ddsf] l:ylt klg b]lvPsf]
5}g . ;DklQsf] ;|f]tnfO{ sfg"gL cfj/0fn] 9fsL
xfn}sf] as;kq eGg] zAb lnvtdf pNn]v u/]s}
cfwf/df To:tf] ;DklQnfO{ k| : t' t d' 2 fsf]
k|of]hgsf] nflu as;kqaf6 cfPsf] dfgL To;sf]
;|f]t vf]Hg' gkg]{ egL cy{ ug{ ldNb}g .
#%= x'gt 5f]/f /fh' uf}td / nLnf/fhsf]
xsdf jfbL kIfn] g} as;kqaf6 kfPsf] egL
pGd'lQm lbg] u/]sf] / k|ltjfbL s]zj/fh / lghsf]
>LdtL s]zjL uf}tdn] kfPsf] as;kqsf] xsdf
eg] ;f] :jLsf/ gu/L cfo k'li6 ug'k{ g{] dfg]sf]
eg]sf]af6 bf]xf]/f] dfkb08sf] k|Zg gp7\g] xf]Og .
5f]/f /fh' / nLnf/fhn] kfPsf] as;kqsf] xsdf
klg ;|ft] k'li6 gePsf] ;DklQsf] ?kdf bfjL u/]sf]
eP To; ;DaGwdf 5'} lg0f{o ug'k{ g]{ s'/f x'GYof] .
297

t/ jfbL kIfn] g} bfjL gu/]sf] cj:yfdf ;f] k|Zgpk/

k|jz
] u/L lg0f{o ug{nfO{ xfd|f] Goflos k4ltsf]
;Gbe{df bfjLeGbf aflx/ uP/ ljrf/ ug{ gldNg]
x'gfn] ;f] ug{ ldn]g . tyflk ;dfg cj:yfdf s'g}
s'/fnfO{ /fxt lbg] / s'gn
} fO{ u}/sfg"gL 7xofO{
bfjL ug]{ s'/fn] ;fdfGo ;'ema'emsf] JolQmsf] ;d]t
lrQa'g] cj:yf cfpFbg} . cfof]un] cleof]u bfjL
ug]{ xsnfO{ ljz]ifflwsf/ dfgL dg nfu] 5"6 lbg]
/ dg gnfu] bfjL ug]{ dgf]dfgL / :j]R5frfl/tf
b]vfpg ;Qm}g . sfg"g, Gofo / ljj]ssf] cwLgdf
g/xL cleof]ukq bfo/ ug]{ xf] eg] Gofon] :jR5tf
u'dfpFb5 . o;nfO{ uDeL/ lhDd]jf/L ;Dem]/
cfof]un] cg';Gwfg Pjd\ cleof]hg ug{ ;Sg' kb{5 .
cGoyf c?dfly clVtof/sf] b'?kof]usf] bfjL ug]{
cfof]usf kbflwsf/L jf sd{rf/Lx :jod\ klg
To:tf] bf]ifsf] efuLbf/ x'g;Sg] cj:yf gcfcf];\
egL ;ts{ /xg' kb{5 . cfof]un] o; ljifodf ljrf/
ug'k{ g]{ b]lvG5 .
#^= o; cbfntaf6 o:t} k|sl[ tsf] g]kfn
;/sf/ lj?4 /fdf1f rt'jb{] L;d]t ePsf] u}/sfg"gL
?kdf ;DklQ cfh{g u/L e|i6frf/ u/]sf] eGg] d'2fdf
as;kqaf6 ;DklQ k|fKt ug{ ;fdfGotof as;kq
kfpg]n] bftfnfO{ lghsf] Jojxf/df s'g} t/xn] ;xof]u
k'ofPsf] jf ;]jf u/L l/emfPsf] x'gk' g]{ l:ylt /
cj:yfsf] ljBdfgtf ckl/xfo{ x'g] . b]jfgL d'2fdf
;DklQ x:tfGt/0fsf] lqmofaf6 s;}sf] xs uP guPsf]
s'/fnfO{ d'Vo ?kdf x]g{] ul/G5 . ;fy} ;DklQ k|fKt
ug]{ s'/fdf k|fKtstf{sf] lghL 1fg, ;Lk jf k|of;n]
;f] ;DklQ k|fKt u/]sf] xf], xf]Og / cGo s;}nfO{
a08f ug'k{ g]{ gkg]{ ljifodf ;Dd lg0f{o lg/f]k0f x'g]
ub{5 . t/ as;kq k|fKt ug]{ sfo{ sfg"gljk/Lt
x'bF g} eGg] s'/fsf] cf8df u}/sfg"gL cfh{gnfO{ n'sfpg]
dfWodsf] ?kdf o:tf] Jojxf/nfO{ ;b}a dfGotf
lbOg' kb{5 eGg] ts{ Gofof]lrt x'g g;Sg] eGg]
;d]t l;4fGt -g]sfk @)^*, c ^, lg=g+= *^#)_
k|ltkfbg ePsf] b]lvG5 . plNnlvt l;4fGt ;d]tsf]
cfwf/df k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL s]zj/fh / lghsf]
kTgLsf gfddf xfn}sf] as;kqsf] dfWodaf6 k|fKt
ePsf] hUuf as;kqsf] ?kdf g} k|fKt ePsf] eGg]

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

tYo oyfy{k/s / j:t'k/s gb]lvPsf] x'bF f To;nfO{

;|ft] k'li6 ug'{ gkg]{ ;DklQsf ?kdf lng ldNg]
b]lvPg . as; lbg'kg]{ s'g} sf/0f g} geO{ d"No
lnP/ lnvtdf xfn}bl] vsf] as;kq egL pNn]v u/L
em"7f] Jojxf/ b]vfpg] bftfn] klg ;DklQsf] ;|ft]
n'sfpg oL k|ltjfbLnfO{ d2t u/]sf] b]lvG5 . t/
jfbLn] To:tf bftfpk/ s'g} sf/jfxL / bfjL u/]sf]
gb]lvPsf] cj:yfdf cbfntn] To:tf bftfsf] xsdf
cGoyf ug{ ldn]g . To;}n] ljz]if cbfntn] plNnlvt
hUufxnfO{ v/Lb dfg]sf] km};nf k|:t't d'2fsf]
k|of]hgsf] ;Gbe{df ldn]s} b]lvof] .
ca k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL s]zj/fh uf}td
tyf lghsf kl/jf/sf ;b:osf gfpFdf /x]sf] rn
crn ;DklQsf ;DaGwdf ljz]if cbfntaf6 ePsf]
d"Nofg dgfl;j b]lvG5 jf b]lvFbg} eGg] lg0f{o
lbg'kg]{ x'g cfPsf] rf}yf] k|Zgsf ;DaGwdf ljZn]if0f
ug'k{ g]{ x'g cfPsf] 5 .
#&= k|:t't d'2fdf ldlt @)%(.*.!# df
cleof]ukq btf{ ePsf] ;Gbe{df ;]jf k|jz
] u/]bl] vsf]
cfo;|ft] / ;DklQsf]] d"Nofg ug'k{ g]{ b]lvG5 . cf/f]k
bfjL x]bf{ k|ltjfbLsf] / lghsf kl/jf/sf] gfddf &
j6f 3/x /x]sf] / tL ;a} 3/xsf] xfnsf] d"No
?=!,!%,!$,!%%.&(, k|ltjfbL s]zj/fh uf}tdsf gfddf
ljleGg ^ j6f a}s
+ xdf /x]sf art vftfxdf
df}Hbft /x]sf] ?=*),$%,^&*.@$, k|ltjfbL / lghsf
kl/jf/sf ;b:oxsf] gfddf /x]sf hUufxsf]
xfnsf] b/efpcg';f/ x'g] d"No ?=!,^$,$$,&)#.d"
k|ltjfbL s]zj/fhsf 5f]/fx nLnf/fh / /fh'
uf}tdsf gfddf O{Zj/ Kofs]lh O08li6h -k|f=ln=_
nlntk'/, g]kfn O08li6on P08 sdlz{on a}s
+ , tf/f
ufpF l/h]G;L xf]6n / a}s
+ ck\m sf7df8f}dF f /x]sf
z]o/xsf] hDdf d"No ?=&,%&,@)).d" g]kfn a}s
+
lnld6]8 sf7df8f}F ckmL;, e"uf]nkfs{df k|ltjfbL
s]zj/fh uf}tdsf] gfdddf /x]sf] !$@$ g++ sf]
ns/af6 a/fdb ePsf] ;'g / ;'gsf uxgfx ;d]tsf]
d"Nofgaf6 sfod x'g cfPsf] d"No ?=#&,@),^*@.@$
/ k|ltjfbLsf] 3/af6 @)%(.%.@ df a/fdb ePsf
rfFbLsf efF8fs'8F fsf] d"No ?=@@,^*@.)@ ;d]t ;'g
rfFbLsf] hDdf d"No ?=#&,$#,^@@.@@ k|ltjfbLsf] 3/af6

a/fdb ePsf] g]=?=&&,%))., cd]l/sL 8n/ !$)&,

xs 8n/ !%), :6ln{ kfp08 !), o"/f] $^) / ef=
?=#^%) sf] g]kfn /fi6 a}s
+ n] tf]ss
] f] ;6xL b/ cg';f/sf]
d"No ?=@,#@,))&.!) a/fa/sf] gub / d"No
?=!,@*,))). kg]{ @ j6f df]6/;fOsn;d]t u/L
k|ltjfbL s]zj/fh;Fu ?=$,)*,^%,#^^.#$ sf] ;DklQ
/x]sf] egL cf/f]kkqdf pNn]v ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . ;f]
;DaGwdf k|ltjfbLn] u/]sf] aofg x]bf{ 3/hUufsf]
d"Nofg a9L u/]sf], a}s
+ df}Hbft tyf ns/af6 a/fdb
ul/Psf] ;'g k"/} cfk\mgf] gePsf] eGg] lhsL/ lnO{
z]o/, df]6/;fOsn tyf 3/af6 a/fdb gubsf
;DaGwdf vf;} ljjfb u/]sf] kfOFbg} . laz]if cbfntaf6
tTsfnLg lgdf{0f nfutsf] cfwf/df 3/sf] d"No
?=#$,$),!!*.&$ / lnvt d"Nosf] cfwf/df hUufsf]
d"No ?=!),@$,%)). sfod u/L km};nf u/]sf] b]lvof] .
k'g/fj]bs jfbL kIfaf6 cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf ePsf]
;DklQsf] d"Nofgadf]lhd ljuf] sfod ug'k{ g]d{ f
tTsfnLg d"Nosf cwf/df u/]sf] q'l6k"0f{ /x]sf] eGg] /
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL kIfxaf6 ljz]if cbfntaf6 a9L
d"Nofg ul/Psf]n] ljuf] 36fOg' kg]{ eGg] ;d]t k'g/fj]bg
lhsL/ lnPsf] kfOG5 . k|ltjfbLsf] ;DklQsf ;DaGwdf
lnOPsf] cf/f]k, aofg lhsL/ / ljz]if cbfntaf6
ul/Psf] ljZn]if0fsf ;DaGwdf b]xfo adf]lhd zLif{sut
?kdf ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 M
hUuf hldg
ldl;naf6 k|ltjfbL s]zj/fh tyf lghsf
kl/jf/sf gfddf d" N ofgdf ;dfj] z u/] s f
hUufx lgDgadf]lhd /x]sf] b]lvG5 M
hUufwgLsf] gfdM s]zj/fh uf}td
hUuf /x]sf] :yfgM sf7df8f}F
ls=g+=
hUufsf] If]qkmn
hUufsf] lsl;d
*^
)#)!
eL6 cjn
hUufwgLsf] gfdM s]zjL uf}td
hUuf /x]sf] :yfgM sf7df8f}F
ls=g+=
hUufsf] If]qkmn
hUufsf] lsl;d
&
)!$#@
!!&
@#@)
hUufwgLsf] gfdM u+ufs'df/L v8\sf
hUuf /x]sf] :yfgM dWok'/ l7dL g=kf=&

298

*&&) nLnf/fh uf}td ;d]t lj=g]kfn ;/sf/

ls=g+=
hUufsf] If]qkmn
hUufsf] lsl;d
!^#!
!)))
eL6 bf]od
hUufwgLsf] gfdM nLnf/fh uf}td
hUuf /x]sf] :yfgM dWok'/ l7dL g=kf=&
ls=g+=
hUufsf] If]qkmn
hUufsf] lsl;d
!^#@
#)))
eL6 bf]od
hUufwgLsf] gfdM /fh' uf}td
hUuf /x]sf] :yfgM dWok'/ l7dL g=kf=&
ls=g+=
hUufsf] If]qkmn
hUufsf] lsl;d
!%@$
$$!)
eL6 bf]od
hUufwgLsf] gfdM nLnf/fh uf}td
hUuf /x]sf] :yfgM lh= df]/ emf]/fx6 j8f g+ %
ls=g+=
hUufsf] If]qkmn
hUufsf] lsl;d
!&&
)!@)
cjn
@&$
@&!)
cjn
hUufwgLsf] gfdM /fh' uf}td
hUuf /x]sf] :yfgM lh= df]/ emf]/fx6 j8f g+ %
ls=g+=
hUufsf] If]qkmn
hUufsf] lsl;d
@*@
@!!$
bf]od wgx/
!&!
)@%
!&@
)!!%
eL6 cjn
!&#
)!@
eL6 cjn
!&$
))!%
eL6 cjn
!&%
))&
eL6 cjn
!&^
)#!)
eL6 cjn
hUufwgLsf] gfdM s]zj/L uf}t/ / sdn/fh uf}td
hUuf /x]sf] :yfgM lh= df]/ emf]/fx6 j8f g+= !
ls=g+=
hUufsf] If]qkmn
hUufsf] lsl;d
#^&
)#^
3/ hUuf -cfwf_
#*= pk/f]Qm tflnsfcg';f/sf] hUUffxsf]
d"Nofg ubf{ k'g/fj]bs jfbLn] k|rlnt d"NonfO{ cfwf/
lnPsf] b]lvG5 eg] ljz]if cbfntn] bfjLsf hUufxsf]
lnvt d"No ?=!),@$,%)). nfO{ g} hUufxsf] jf:tljs
v/Lb d"No dfg]sf] kfOG5 . lnvtdf pNn]v ePsf]
d"Nosf ;DaGwdf k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL kIfaf6 cGoyf
lhsL/ lng ;s]sf] kfOFbg} . ljz]if cbfntaf6 lnvtdf
pNn]v ePsf] d"NonfO{ g} d"Nofgsf] cfwf/ dfg]sf]
dgfl;j b]lvPsf]n] xfnsf] d"Nofgcg';f/ d"No sfod
ul/g' kg]{ jfbL kIfsf] k'g/fjb]g lhsL/ cwf/xLg b]lvof] .
299

3/
k|ltjfbL tyf lghsf kl/jf/sf gfddf
cf/f]kkqdf pNn]v eP cg';f/ lgDg 3/x /x]sf]
b]lvG5M
!= 3/ /x]sf] :yfgM sf=d=g=kf=, !) afg]Zj/,
ls=g+= @!^
3/wgLsf] gfdM s]zjL uf}td -kTgL_
3/sf] k| r lnt d" N oM #*,&$,^($.)@ /
!),)),&&$.%)
@= 3/ /x]sf] :yfgM sf=d=g=kf=, !) afg]Zj/
ls=g+= @!&
3/wgLsf] gfdM s]zj/fh uf}td
3/sf] k|rlnt d"NoM !#,*&,(@(.&)
#= 3/ /x]sf] :yfgM sf=d=g=kf=, !) afg]Zj/
ls=g+= ( / !)
3/wgLsf] gfdM nLnf/fh / /fh' uf}td -5f]/f_
3/sf] k|rlnt d"NoM %!,(*,@%&.%&
$= 3/ /x]sf] :yfgM df]/, emf]/fxf6 %
3/wgLsf] gfdM nLnf/fh uf}td -5f]/f_
3/sf] k|rlnt d"NoM $),))).
%= 3/ /x]sf] :yfgM df]/, emf]/fxf6 !
3/wgLsf] gfdM s]zjL uf}td / sdn/fh uf}td
-kTgL tyf efO_
3/sf] k|rlnt d"NoM @%,))). cfwf lx:;fsf]
?=!@%))_
s"n hDdfM
!,!%,!$,!%%.&(
#(= cg';Gwfgsf qmddf e}cfPsf] d"Nofg
k|ltj]bgcg';f/ k|ltjfbL tyf lghsf kl/jf/sf
;b:oxsf gfddf /x]sf plNnlvt 3/xsf]
xfnsf] d"No ?=!,!%,!$,!%%.&( b]vfOPsf] 5 .
sf7df8f}Fdf /x]sf kfFrj6f 3/xsf] lkmlgl;,
;fO6 8]enkd]G6, :oflg6/L, lah'nL sDkfp08 jfn,
On]lS6sn / On]S6fl] gS; pks/0f tyf kmlg{r/sf]
d" N o;d] t ;dfj] z u/L 3/ ag] s f] ;fnsf]
b/adf] l hdsf] d" N ofgcg' ; f/ hDdf
?=%@,^),^&^.)) d" N ofg u/] s f] b] l vG5 .
h;cg';f/ s]zjL uf}tdsf] gfdsf] ls=g+=@!^ df

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

ag]sf] 3/sf] ?=#&,)),)(#.^#, ;f]xL hUufdf ePsf]

csf]{ 3/sf] ?=#,#*,^*&.@%, s]zj/fh uf}tdsf
gfpFsf] ls=g+=@!& sf] hUufdf ag]sf]] 3/sf]
?=&%,!(&.$#, tyf nLnf/fh / /fh' uf}tdsf gfdsf]
ls=g+=( / !) df /x]sf] 3/sf] ?=!!,$^,^(&.^*
d" N ofg ePsf] b] l vG5 . To:t} df] / l:yt
emf]/fxf6sf 3/xdf j8f g+=! sf] s]zjL uf}td
tyf sdn/fh uf}tdsf] ;+o'Qm gfdsf] 3/sf]
?=@%,))). / j8f g++ % df /x]sf] nLnf/fh uf}tdsf]
gfdsf] 3/sf] ?=$),))). nfut nfu]sf] egL
d"Nofg e}cfPsf] b]lvG5 . ljz]if cbfntaf6 3/sf]
nfut d"No ?=#$,$),!!*.&$ sfod u/]sf] b]lvg
cfPsf] 5 .
$)= plNnlvt 3/xdWo] df]/ lhNnfsf]
emf]/fxf6 uf=lj=;=j8f g+= ! l:yt ls=g+= #^& sf]
)#^ hUufdf cjl:yt 3/ / hUuf k|ltjfbL
s] z j/fhsL kTgL s] z jL uf} t d / k| l tjfbL
s]zj/fhsf efO{ sdn/fhsf] ;+oQ
' m gfddf v/Lb
u/]sf] / hUuf lnFbfs} cj:yfdf 3/ b]lvPsf] x'bF f
;f] 3/sf] 5'} lgdf{0f nfut u0fgf ug'k{ g]{ b]lvPg .
emf]/fx6 % s} nLnf/fh uf}tdsf gfpFsf] 3/sf]
d"Nofg d'rN' sfcg';f/ ?=$),))). nfut sfod
u/]sf] klg ldn]s} b]lvPsf] 5 . sf7df8f}+ !)
ls=g+=@!& sf] k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL s]zj/fh uf}tdsf
gfpFsf] 3/sf] tTsfnLg nfut ?=&%,!(&.$#
k|ltj]bgcg';f/ g} sfod u/]sf] klg cGoyf b]lvFbg} .
To:t} sf7df8f}+ !) sf] ls=g+=@!^ sf] e'O+{ tNnf
@)#$ ;fndf hUuf v/Lb ubf{sf cj:yfdf g}
cl:tTjdf /x]sf] / @)#* df To;}df tNnf ylkPsf]
pQm 3/sf] d"Nofg k|ltj]bgcg';f/ hDdf nfut
d"No ?=#,#*,^*&.@% sfod u/]sf] b]lvG5 . e"O{+
tNnfsf] lgdf{0f nfut ?=@&,#$$.^% s6fO{ dflyNnf]
tNnfsf] tTsfnLg lgdf{0f nfut ?=#,!!,#$@.^#
sfod u/]sf] ljz]if cbfntsf] km};nf cGoyf
b]lvFbg} . ;fy} ;f]xL ls=g+=@!^ sf] hUufdf lgdf{0f
ePsf] s]zjL uf}tdsf gfddf /x]sf] 3/sf] cfwf/e"t
d"Nofg ?=@&,!#,$**.&* tyf On]lS6sn, kmlg{r/
/ pks/0f ;d]tsf] d"No ?=(,*^,^)$.*% ;lxt
hDdf ?=#&,)),)(#.^# nfu]sf] eGg] k|ltj]bgaf6

b]lvg cfpF5 . ljz]if cbfntn] pQm 3/sf] gS;f

ldlt @)%!.$.@^ df kf; ePsf] s'/fnfO{ cfwf/
lnO{ pQm 3/ cf=a=@)%!)%@ df ag]sf] egL
cf=a= @)%!)%@ sf] nflu lgwf{/0f ul/Psf]
d"Nofgsf] b//]6cg';f/ ?=!*,^^,**!. sfod
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . clkt' gS;f kf; ePs} ldltdf ;f]
3/ agfPsf] xf] eGg] s'/fsf] s'g} 7f]; k|df0f
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL kIfn] lbg u'hfg{ ;s]sf] kfOb}g .
;DalGwt ljz]if1n] 3/sf] ef}lts j:t'l:yltsf]
;d]t cjnf]sg u/L @)%# ;fndf lgdf{0f ePsf]
egL u/]sf] d"NofgnfO{ cbfntaf6 lagfcfwf/
cGoyf eGg ;lsg] l:ylt gx'g] ePsf]n] pQm 3/sf]
cfwf/e"t lgdf{0f nfut d"Nofg k|ltj]bgcg';f/
g} ?=@&,!#,$**.&* sfod x'G5 . ;fy} k'g/fj]bs
k|ltjfbLx nLnf/fh / /fh' uf}tdsf gfdsf]
sf7df8f}+ !) sf] ls=g+=( / !) 3/sf] d"Nofg
k| l tj] b gcg' ; f/ tTsfnLg lgdf{ 0 f nfut
?=!!,$^,^(&.^* sfod u/]sf] klg ldn]s} b]lvG5 .
pQm 3/xsf] lgdf{0f ubf{ k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v ePsf]
eGbf sd nfut k/]sf] eGg] k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLsf]
lhsL/ /x]sf] b]lvP klg ;f] lhsL/ k'li6 x'g] 7f];
k|df0f lbg g;s]sf] x'bF f ;DalGwt ljz]if1af6 e}
cfPsf] d"NofgnfO{ cGoyf eGg ldNb}g . t;y{
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLxsf gfddf /x]sf 3/xsf]
lgdf{0f nfut ?=$@,*^,&@^.%@ sfod x'G5 .
ljB'tLo ;fdu|L / kmlg{r/
To;} u/L k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLx a;f]af;
ub}{ cfPsf] s]zjL uf}tdsf gfpFsf] ls=g+=@!^ sf]
3/df ?=^,(&,@)#. d"No a/fa/sf kmlg{r/ /
?=@,$%,!)). d"No a/fa/sf pks/0f tyf
:oflg6/Ldf yk @ k|ltztn] x'g] ?=$$,#)!.*%
;d]t hDdf ?=(,*^,^)$.*% pQm 3/sf] d"Nofgdf
yk u/L cf/f]kkqdf ;f]sf] klg Psd'i6 bfjL lnPsf]
b]lvG5 . ljz]if cbfntaf6 ljB'tLo ;fdfgsf] ahf/
d"No 36\bf] qmddf /x]sf]n] d"Nofgadf]lhd g}
?=@,$%,!)). tyf kmlg{r/sf] d"No a9\bf] qmddf
/x]sf]n] ;/b/df d"Nofgsf] %) k|ltzt sfod
ug'{ dgfl;j x'g] egL ?=#,$*,^)!.%) sfod u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLn] 5f]/fsf] ljjfxdf

300

*&&) nLnf/fh uf}td ;d]t lj=g]kfn ;/sf/

kmlg{r/ / ljB'tLo ;fdfg bfOhf] cfPsf] x'Fbf

To;sf] d"No sfod ug{ gldNg] eGg] lhsL/ lnPsf]
kfOG5 . tyflk lghsf] 3/df hl8Psf ;f]nf/ Kofgn,
emf/ alQ nufotsf ljB'tLo ;fdfu|L / kmlg{r/sf]
cj:yf x]bf{ bfOhf] k]jfaf6 k|fKt x'g;Sg] k|sl[ t /
kl/df0fsf gb]lvPsf] / kmlg{r/sf] d"Nofg d"Nodf
ljz]if cbfntaf6 %) k|ltzt sd u/]sf] Gofof]lrt
g} b]lvPsf]n] ljB'tLo ;fdfu|Lsf] ?=@,$%,!)). /
kmlg{r/sf] ?=#,$*,^)!.%) d"No sfod u/]sf]
ldn]s} b]lvof] .
;'g rfFbL
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL s]zj/fhsf]] gfddf
g]kfn a}s
+ lnld6]8 sf7df8f}F ckmL; e"uf]nkfs{df
/x]sf] !$@$ g+= sf] ns/af6 ;'gsf cf}7+ L, @@
yfg ;'gsf 6'qmfx, ;'gsf c;kmL{x * yfg
nufotsf ;'gsf u/uxgfx a/fdb ePsf]
b]lvG5 . ns/af6 a/fdb ePsf ;'gdWo] cGbfhL
!^ tf]nfsf !# 6'qmf ;'g sNof0f a:g]tn] @)%^
;fndf ^ 6'qmf / @)%& ;fndf & 6'qmf ef8fdf
/fVg lbPsf], To:t} # 6'qmf @)%% ;fndf ef]nfgfy
rf}n
+ fufO{n] /fVg lbPsf] egL !^ tf]nfsf !^ 6'qmf
;'g cfgf] gePsf] lhsL/ lnPsf] b]lvG5 . sNof0f
a:g]t / ef]nfgfy rf}+nfufO{n] klg k|ltjfbL
s]zj/fhs} aofgnfO{ ;dly{t x'g] u/L aofg u/]sf]
klg ldl;naf6 b]lvG5 .
$!= k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL s]zj/fh uf}tdsf]
ns/af6 a/fdb ePsf ;'gxdWo] !^ tf]nfsf
rf]sf]kg rsn]6 cfsf/sf @@ 6'qmf ;'gdWo] !^
6'qmf ;'g cfgf] gePsf] eg]sf] cj:yf eP klg tL
;'gsf @@ j6} 6'qmfxsf] agfj6sf] k|sl[ t / tf}ndf
Ps cfk;df km/s /x]sf] eGg] st}af6 klg b]lvg
cfpFbg} . k|ltjfbLsf] ns/df ef8fdf /fVg lbPsf
eg]sf !^ 6'qmf / k|ltjfbLsf ^ 6'qmf s] s'g k;naf6
slxn] v/Lb u/]sf x'g\ / sltslt d"Nodf v/Lb
u/]sf x'g\ eGg] klg ldl;naf6 b]lvFbg} . tLg km/s
km/s JolQmsf km/skm/s ldltdf v/Lb u/]sf
;'gsf] 6'qmfsf] cfs[lt, k|sl[ t / tf}n s;/L p:t}
x'g\ uPsf] eGg] s'/fnfO{ k|ltjfbLn] k'li6 u/]sf]
b]lvg cfpFbg} . 7"nf] kl/df0fsf] ;'g lsGg ;Sg]n]
301

csf{sf] ns/df ;'g /fVg lbPsf] eGg] aofg cfkm}d

+ f
ljZjf;k|b b]lvPsf] 5}g . k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL
s]zj/fhsf] 3/af6 cGo JolQmsf] ;'g cfgf]
ns/df /fv]sf] b]lvg] s'g} k|df0f df}sfd} a/fdb
ePsf] klg 5}g . cfgf u7d]nsf dflg;xnfO{
ldnfO{ h'g;'s} ;dodf tof/ kfg{ ;lsg] 3/fo;L
agfj6L sfuh v8f u/L u/fO{ k|ltjfbLn] cfk"mn]
;|ft] k'li6 ug'k{ g]{ ;DklQsf] d"No 36fpg] p2]Zon]
ck'i6 aofg u/]sf] / ug{ nufPs} e/df k|ltjfbLs}
gfdsf] a}s
+ ns/df ePsf ;'gnfO{ pgfp JolQmsf]
eGg ldNg] x'bF g} . g]kfn ;'g rfFbL Joj;foL ;+3sf]
ldlt @)%(.&.!% sf] kqcg';f/ $%!)=!#^ u|fd
;'g / !&#).*)) u|fd rfFbL ;d]t k|ltjfbL
s]zj/fhs} b]lvg cfof] . k|ltjfbLsf] gfddf @)%@
;fndf g} ns/ vf]lnPsf] x'Fbf ns/df /x]sf]
;'gsf] d"No a/fdb ubf{ sfod ePsf] d"Nodf
/fVg gldNg] egL k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL tyf lgh
tkm{sf ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLxn] ax;df lhsL/
lnPsf] cj:yf eP klg ns/ vf]Ng' g} To;df ;'g
hDdf ePsf] k|df0f xf]Og . ldl;ndf ;fd]n ePsf]
k| l tjfbL s] z j/fhn] @)%% ;fndf eG;f/
ljefudf k]z u/]sf] ;DklQ ljj/0fdf ns/df
;'g /flvPsf] eGg] pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvFb}g . ns/df
ePsf] ;'g @)%% ;fndf k|ltjfbL cfkm}+n] k]z
u/]sf] ;DklQsf] ljj/0fdf gb]vfPsf] cj:yfdf
a/fdb ePsf] ldltsf] cfwf/df g]kfn ;'g rfFbL
Joj;foL ;+3n] v'nfPsf] d"No ?=#&,$#,^@@.@@
sfod ul/Psf] cGoyf b]lvPg . pQm ;'grfFbLdWo]
uxgf / efF 8 f jt{ g sf] ?kdf b] l vPsf
?=#,)#,&#%.@@ a/fa/sf] ;DklQnfO{ >LdtL tyf
a'xf/Lxsf] bfOhf] k]jf nufotsf] dfgL afFsL
?=#$,#(,**&.nfO{ ; Dd ;| f ] t k' l i6 ug{ ' k g] {
;DklQdf sfod u/]sf] ljz]if cbfntsf] km};nf
cGoyf b]lvPg . bfOhf] k]jfsf] ;|f]t k'li6 ug{'
gkg]{ 7xofPsf] ldn]g eGg] jfbL kIfsf] / cfk"mn]
/fVg lbPsf] ;'gnfO{ ;d]t k|ltjfbL s]zj/fhs}
dfg]sf] km};nf gldn]sf] eGg] k'g/fj]bs sNof0f
a:g]t / ef]nfgfy rf}nfufO{ ;d]tsf] k'g/fj]bg
lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sb}g .

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

a}s
+ df}Hbft
cf/f]kkqcg';f/ k|ltjfbLsf] gfddf ljleGg
a}s
+ vftfdf lgDg /sd art /x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5M
a}+ssf] gfd
art vftf g+=
xfn b]lvPsf] /sd
g]kfn c/a a}+s ln=, sfGtLky )!!))!##&@@)! !!,!*,#%%.@#
/f=jf=a+s
} , l;+xb/af/ zfvf ^$&$
!),^%,@%(.#^
g]kfn a}+s ln=, l8NnLahf/ )$)&%%)
!%,$*,(!^.#&
g]kfn a}+s ln=, Go"/f]8 ^$#%!%)
!),^#,%&#.&@
lxdfnog a}+s ln=, 7d]n #^*!#)
!@,%#,!%#.)@
s[lif ljsf; a}+s, afg]Zj/ !$!##)
(,#(,#^(.@@
:6f088{ rf6{8{ a}+s, gofF afg]Zj/ !*)!)*$%^)! !),%&,)%!.#@
hDdf ?=
*),$%,^&*.@$

$@= plNnlvt /sddWo] lgIf] k

?=^),%&,&@*.!* / ?=!(,*&,($(.*$ ;f]af6 k|fKt
Jofh eGg] b]lvG5 . lgIf]kdWo]sf] ?=# nfv lbbL
6Lsfdfofn] ;'/Iffsf] sf/0f /fVg lbPsf] egL
k|ltjfbLn] lhsL/ lnPsf] / lgh 6LsfdfofnfO{
a'bf klg k|ltjfbLs} aofgnfO{ ;dy{g x'g] u/L
aofg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . t/ lgh 6Lsfdfofn] pQm
/sd k|ltjfbL s]zj/fhnfO{ /fVg lbPsf] eGg]
df}lvs egfO{ afx]s To;sf] ;dy{gdf cGo k|df0f
k]z u/]sf] ldl;naf6 b]lvPsf] 5}g . k|ltjfbL cfgf]
efO{ ePsf] / efO{sf] ;dy{gdf l6sfdfofn] aofg
ug{' :jefljs g} xf] . 6Lsfdfof;Fu a}s
+ df /fVg'kg]{
/sd eP lghn] :yfgLo lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfddf
ePsf a}s
+ df cfgf] /sd /fVg g;Sg] eGg] b]lvFbg} .
t/ ToxfF /sd /fVg g;s]sf] eGg] b]lvg] ts{;u+ t
/ j:t'lgi7 cfwf/ ldl;naf6 b]lvg cfpFbg} . xfn
c:jefljs ;DklQ cfh{g u/]sf] eGg] cleof]u
nfu]sf efO{nfO{ s]xL xb;Dd eP klg ;xof]u
k'uf];\ eGg] b[li6sf]0f /fvL ck'i6 aofg u/]s}
cfwf/df k|ltjfbLsf] gfddf ePsf] a}s
+ vftfsf]
/sddWo] # nfv lgh 6Lsfdfofsf] eGg ldNg]
b]lvPg . a}s
+ df df}Hbft /x]sf] ?=*),$%,^&*.@$
dWo] lgIf]k ?=^),%&,&@*.!* eGg] b]lvFbf pQm
/sd k|ltjfbL s]zj/fh uf}tdn] ;|ft] k'li6 ug'k{ g]{
;DklQ b]lvg cfpF5 . Aofh /sd a+s
} af6 a9]
a9fPsf] x'bF f k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLn] To;sf] ;|ft]
302

k'li6 ug'k{ g]{ tyf JofhnfO{ ;|ft] sf ?kdf b]vfO{

Aofhk|fKt ePsf] d"nwgsf] ;|ft] k'li6 x'g] lhsL/
lng gldNg] ePsf]n] ;DklQsf] ljuf]sf ?kdf u0fgf
x'g ;Sb}g .
cGo ;DklQ
$#= k|ltjfbL s]zj/fh uf}tdsf] 3/af6
a/fdb ePsf] g]=?=&&,%))., cd]l/sL 8n/ !$)&,
xs 8n/ !%), :6ln{ kfp08 !), o"/f] $^) /
ef= ?=#^%) ;d]tsf] g]kfn /fi6 a}+sn] ldlt
@)%(.&.@% sf] nflu tf]ss
] f] ;6xL b/ cg';f/sf]
x'g] d"No ?=@,#@,))&.!)d" lghsf 5f]/fx nLnf/fh
/ /fh' uf}tdsf gfddf O{Zj/ Kofs]lh, O08li6h
-k|f=ln=_ nlntk'/, g]kfn O08li6on P08 sdlz{on
a}s
+ , tf/f ufpF l/h]G;L xf]6n / a}s
+ ckm sf7df8f}dF f
/x]sf hDdf d"No ?=&,%&,@)). sf z]o/ tyf
lgh k|ltjfbLsf] ;fydf d"No ?=!,@*,))). kg]{ @
yfg df]6/;fOsn /x]sf] /x]sf] eGg] tYodf ljjfb
gePsf]n] ltgnfO{ k|ltjfbLsf] ;DklQsf ?kdf
u0fgf u/]sf] ljz]if cbfntsf] km};nf cGoyf
b]lvPg .
dfly ljleGg zLif{ s xdf ul/Psf]
ljj]rgfaf6 k|ltjfbL s]zj/fh uf}tdsf] ;|ft] k'li6
ug'k{ g]{ s"n ;DklQ lgDgadf]lhd sfod x'g] b]lvof]M
3/
?=$@,*^,&@^.%@
hUuf
?=!),@$,%)).
a}s
+ df}Hbft
?=^),%&,&@*.!*
3/af6 a/fdb gub
?=@,#@,))&.!)
z]o/
?=&,%&,@)).
df]6/ ;fOsn
?=!,@*,))).
;'g rfFbL
?=#$,#(,**&.
ljB'tLo ;fdfu|L
?=@,$%,!)).
kmlg{r/
?=#,$*,^)!.%)
hDdf
?=!,^%,!(,&%).#)
$$= ca, 3/ef8fsf] cfo sfod ug]{
;DaGwdf s] s:tf] cfwf/ cjnDag ul/g' Gofof]lrt
/ jf~5gLo x'G5 eGg] lg0f{o lb'g kg]{ x'g cfPsf]
csf]{ k|Zgdf ljrf/ ubf{, k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL
s]zj/fh uf}td / lghsf kl/jf/sf ;b:osf

*&&) nLnf/fh uf}td ;d]t lj=g]kfn ;/sf/

gfddf & j6f 3/x /x]sf] tYo dfly g} pNn]v

e};s]sf] 5 . ;f]dWo] cf/f]kkqdf sf7df8f}+sf
3/xsf] ef8fafkt dfq k| l tjfbLnfO{
?=(),(&,&%*. cfo k|fKt ePsf] tYo :jLsfb}{
To;af6 !% k|ltzt s/ sf ubf{ ef8fafkt v"b
?=&&,##,)(%.)@ x'g] eGb} pQm /sdnfO{ k|ltjfbLsf]
3/ ef8f afktsf] cfo;|ft] sfod u/]sf] b]lvg
cfpF 5 . k' g /fj] b s k| l tjfbLn] 3/ef8faf6
?=!,@@,)(,%)). k|fKt u/]sf] eGg] lhsL/ lnP klg
;/sf/L sfof{no;Fu ePsf] ;Demf}tfcg';f/ hDdf
?=$!,!&,!&@. ef8f k|fKt u/]sf] s'/fsf] k|df0f k]z
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;f] afx]s pQm lhsL/adff]lhd 3/
ef8f k|fKt ePsf] k|dfl0ft x'g] axfn ;Demf}tf tyf
s/ lt/]sf] k|df0f h:tf 7f]; / j:t'lgi6 k|df0f k]z
u/L pQm lhsL/nfO{ k'li6 u/fpg ;s]sf] kfOFbg} .
ljz]if cbfntn] k|ltjfbL / lghsf kl/jf/sf
;b:osf] gfddf /x] s f plNnlvt 3/xsf]
3/ef8fafktsf] cfo ?=*$,*),!*#. sfod u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . vf; u/L JolQm;Fuaf6 k|fKt u/]sf]
3/ef8fafkt s/ gltl/g] eGb} cf/f]kkqdf :jLsfl/P
adf]lhds} 3/ ef8f /sddf ;/sf/L sfof{noaf6
;Demf}tfcg';f/ k|fKt u/]sf] /sddf !% k|ltztn]
x'g] ?=^,!&,%&%. sf u/L ljz]if cbfntn] pQm
adf]lhd cfo sfod u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
$%= 3/ef8f afktsf] cfo cf/f]kqadf]lhd
g} x'gk' g]{ eGg] jfbL / aofgcg';f/ x'gk' g]{ eGg]
k|ltjfbL kIfsf] lhsL/ /x]sf] 5 . j:t'tM k'g/fj]bs
k|ltjfbLn] cbfnt;dIf u/]sf] aofg x]bf{ jxfn
;+emf}tf jf s/ lt/]sf] k|df0f k]z ug{ g;s]sf] dfq
xf]Og s] s'g 3/ s] s'g ;dodf sf] s;nfO{
ef8fdf lbPafkt s] slt cfo k|fKt ePsf] lyof]
eGg] s'/fsf] cfwf/;lxt aofg lhsL/ lng ;s]sf]
;d]t b]lvFbg} .
$^= sf7df8f}+ h:tf] :yfgdf kfFrj6f 3/
ePsf] / ef8faf6 c:jfefljs / pNn]Vo kl/df0fsf]
cfo k|fKt u/]sf] lhsL/ lnOG5 eg] To;nfO{
Joj;fos} ?kdf dfGg' kg]{ x'bF f df}lvs lhsL/sf
e/df cfo k|bfg ug{ ldNb}g . 7"nf] kl/df0fdf 3/
ef8f k|fKt u/]sf] eGg] JolQmn] 3/ ef8fdf lbPsf]
303

;Demf}tf tyf s/ lt/]sf] k|df0f k]z ug'{ :jfefljs

/ jf~5gLo x'g hfG5 . pk/f]Qm cfwf/af6 o;
d' 2 fsf] tYout kl/j[ Q df x] b f{ k| l tjfbLn]
cg';Gwfgsf] qmdb]lv g} o; ;DaGwdf 7f]; k|df0f
lbg g;s]sf] eP tfklg ;/sf/L lgsfo;Fu ef8f
;Demf}tf u/L k|fKt u/]sf] axfn /sdnfO{ cfwf/
dfgL jfbL kIfaf6} lnvt / s/ lt/]sf] k|df0f
gePsf] cj:yfdf klg 3/ef8f cfo lbPsf] x'bF f
jfbLn] g} :jLsf/ u/]sf] xb;Dd o; cbfntn]
cGoyf eGg ;Sg] cj:yf /x]g . k/Gt' aofg lhsL/
adf]lhd ef8f k|fKt u/]sf] xf] eGg] :ki6 cfwf/ /
k|df0f k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL :jo+n] k]z ug{ g;sL
jfbL kIfn] :jLsf/ u/]sf] ef8fsf] cfodf l5b|
vf]hL k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ lnPsf] e/df k'g/fj]bs
k|ltjfbLsf] ef8f cfo a9\g] u/L cbfntn] dfGotf
lbg ;Sb}g . To:t} JolQm;Fu k|fKt u/]sf] 3/ef8f
egL cf/f]kkqdf :jLsf/ ul/Psf] ef8f cfodf s/
g} ltg{ gkg]{ egL ljz]if cbfntaf6 ul/Psf] ljZn]if0f
;d]t q'l6k"0f{ b]lvPsf]n] cf/f]kkqdf pNn]v eP
adf]lhd g} ?=&&,##,)(%.)@ ;Dd k|ltjfbLsf] 3/
ef8fsf] cfo sfod x'G5 .
$&= s[lif cfo sfod ug]{ ;DaGwdf s]
s:tf] cfwf/ cjnDag ul/g' Gofof] l rt /
jf~5gLo x'G5 eGg] lg0f{o lb'g kg]{ x'g cfPsf]
5}7f}+ k|Zgdf ljrf/ ug'k{ g]{ x'g cfPsf] 5 . cf/f]kkq
x]bf{ k|ltjfbLsf] s[lif cfo jrt x'g;Sg] cj:yfsf]
gb]lvPsf] egL cfo sfod u/]sf] b]lvFb}g .
k' g /fj] b s k| l tjfbLn] k} t [ s ;DklQaf6
?=*,^%,))). / cGo ;DklQaf6 ?=@$,^),))).
u/L s"n ?=##,@%,))). s[lif cfosf] lhsL/ lnPsf]
b]lvG5 . ljz]if cbfntaf6 ?=#,%!,)%$. nfO{
k|ltjfbLsf] s[lif cfo sfod ul/Psf] b]lvg
cfpF5 . k|ltjfbLsf] kfl/jfl/s e/0f kf]if0fdf
x'g;Sg] vr{sf] 5'} lx;fj gu/L s[lif cfo ;d]taf6
vr{ ePsf] dfgL ;f] tkm{sf] cfo glbOPsf]df
hfFr cjlwsf] vr{sf ;DaGwdf ljrf/ g} gu/L
jrt x'g} g;Sg] s[lif cfo k|bfg u/]sf] ljz]if
cbfntsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ /x]sf] eGg] jfbL kIfsf]
k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . To:t} aofg

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

lhsL/adf]lhd g} s[lif cfo sfod ug'{kg]{df 36L

cfo k|bfg u/]sf] km};nf gldn]sf] eGg] k|ltjfbL
kIfsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ /x]sf] kfOG5 .
$*= k'g/fj]bs jfbL kIfn] k|ltjfbLsf]
s[lif cfo art gx'g] egL bfjL u/]sf] eP klg
j:t'tM s[lifaf6 s] slt cfo ePsf] lyof] / To;af6
s] s'g sfo{df s] slt vr{ ePsf] lyof] eGg] s'g}
tYof+s k|:t't gu/]sf] / s[lif cfosf] ;DaGwdf
cg';Gwfg txsLsft u/]sf] ;d]t b]lvPsf] 5}g .
ck'i6, ctfls{s / xr'jf cfwf/df ul/g] sNkgfaf6
cbfnt ;Gt'i6 x'g ;Qm}g . j:t'lgi7 cfwf/lagf
g} xr'jfsf] cfwf/df lnOg] bfjLnfO{ sfg"g;+ut
dfGg klg ;lsFb}g . x/]s jif{sf] / x/]s kl/jf/sf]
x'g] vr{sf] /sd Ps}gf;sf] x'g ;Qm}g . JolQmsf]
:jefjcg';f/ vr{ u/fOsf klg ljleGg tl/sf
x'g ;S5g\ . tyflk ;fdfGotof kl/jf/ ;+Vof,
cfly{s x}l;ot, ahf/ d"No ;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut
ub}{ s] s'g ;fndf s] s'g x}l;otsf] kl/jf/df s]
slt ;+Vofsf] kl/jf/sf] nflu s'g ef}uf]lns If]qdf
;/b/ s] slt kfl/jfl/s vr{ x'G5 eGg] ;DaGwdf
x/]s ;fnsf] lglZrt\ dfkb08 agfP/ cfo /
Joosf] lgwf{/0f u/]/ lgisif{ lgsfNg' kg]{df
cg';Gwfg ug]{ / d'2f rnfpg] cg';Gwfg clws[t
/ lgsfon] To;tkm{ s'g} b[li6sf]0f /fv]sf] b]lvg
cfPg . cfufdL lbgdf o; lbzfdf klg clVtof/
b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] Wofg hfg'kg]{
b]lvG5 .
$(= jf:tljs Gofosf] cg'el" t cbfnt
PSn}sf] k|of;af6 dfq ;Dej x'g ;Qm}g . d'2f
rnfpg] / cg';Gwfg ug]{ clwsf/Ln] cfgf]
bfloTjnfO{ st{Ao / bfloTjjf]wsf] b[li6n] geO{
s]jn cf}krfl/stfsf] b[li6n] x]g,{] cg';Gwfg ug'k{ g]{
s'/ftkm{ Wofg glbg], bfjL lng'kg]{ s'/fdf bfjL
glng] jf yf]/} bfjL lng], k|df0f ;+sng /
cg';Gwfgsf kf6fx cbfnts} lhDdfdf 5f8\g] /
ck'i6 bfjL lng] h:tf sdhf]/Lx jfbL kIfn]
l;h{gf ul/lbPsf] v08df k|rlnt e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f
P]gn] lnPsf] p2]ZonfO{ jf:tljs cy{df k"/f ug{
sl7gfO{ pTkGg x'G5 . o; s'/ftkm{ cg';Gwfg u/L

d'2f rnfpg] clwsf/k|fKt clVtof/ b'?kof]u

cg';Gwfg cfof]u nufot ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnfn]
uDeL/ eP/ ;f]Rg'kg]{ x'G5 . csf]{tkm{ cfgf]
lhsL/cg'k j:t'lgi7 cfwf/ / ljZjfl;nf] k|df0f
k|ltjfbLn] cbfnt;dIf k|:t't gu/L cg'dfg /
ck'i6 v08gsf lhsL/ lnFbd
} f cbfnt k|ltjfbLsf]
ck'i6 lhsL/s} e/df ;Gt'i6 x'g klg ;Qm}g .
jfbLn] cfgf] bfjLnfO{ / k|ltjfbLn] cfgf] lhsL/nfO{
j:t'k/s / sfg"gn] dfGotf lbPsf k|df0faf6 k'li6
jf v08g ug{ tYoo'Qm / j:t'lgi7 k|df0f k|:t't
ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yfdf d'2fsf kIfn] ck'i6 egfO{
/fv]s} cfwf/df cbfntn] klg To;} ug]{ cj:yf
/xFb}g .
%)= k/Gt' v]tL ug]{ hUUff ePkl5 To;df
afnL nufO{ pTkfbg ul/Psf] x'G5 eGg] ;fdfGotM
cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ s] s'g ;fndf s] s'g
hUUffaf6 s] s'g afnL s] slt pAhgL ePsf] xf]
eGg] ljZjf;nfos k|df0fsf] cefjdf s[lif cfo
olt g} egL lgisif{ lgsfNg sl7g klg x'G5 .
hUufsf] e"agf}6sf] k|s[lt, l;+rfO{sf] ;'ljwf,
dnvfbsf] Joj:yf, df} ; dsf] cg' s " n tf jf
k|lts"ntf, afnLdf /f]u nfu] gnfu]sf] cj:yf,
clta[li6, v08a[li6 / cgfa[li6 h:tf s'/fxn]
s[lif cfonfO{ k|efljt ub{5 . k|ltjfbLn] of] o;
;fndf of] olt hUufaf6 of] o; afnLaf6 olt
cfh{g ePsf] egL ljZjf; ug{ ;lsg] k|df0f;lxt
osLg tYof k|:t't u/]sf] b]lvFbg} eg] jfbLn] klg
k|ltjfbLsf] s[lif cfosf] ljj/0f lbPsf] 5}g .
s[lifof]Uo hUuf ePs} sf/0f To;n] k|z:t pTkfbg
lbg] / pTkfbg ;a} art x'g] eGg] klg xf]Og .
hUufdf hf]tvg, >d, dnvfb cflbsf] Joj:yf
cfjZos x'g] / To;sf] nflu lglZrt\ /sdsf]
Joj:yf clgjfo{ x'G5 . hUuf x'bF d
} f afnL cfkm}+
pTkfbg gx'g] ePsf]n] s[lif cfosf] lx;fj ubf{
To;df nfUg] vr{nfO{ cgb]vf ug'{ x'bF g} . s[lif
cfo cfh{g ug{ s] slt vr{ ePsf] xf] eGg] k|ltjfbLn]
pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvFbg} . s[lif cfosf] lgwf{/0f ;DaGwdf
;/sf/L:t/af6 5'} j}1flgs dfkb08 lgwf{/0f ePsf]

304

*&&) nLnf/fh uf}td ;d]t lj=g]kfn ;/sf/

klg b]lvFbg} . k|ltjfbLsf] s[lifof]Uo hUuf ePsf] /

To;sf] cfo lgwf{/0f ug'k{ g]{ l:ylt l;h{gf ePsf]
o; sl7g cj:yfdf ;/sf/L :t/af6 g]kfn
/fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L tf]s]sf] df]xLn]
hUufwgLnfO{ a'emfpg' kg]{ s'tsf] b/nfO{ g} s[lif
cfo lgwf{/0f ug]{ cfwf/ agfpg'sf] cGo ljsNk
b]lvg cfpFbg} . o; tYonfO{ o; cbfntaf6 g]kfn
;/sf/ lj?4 /fdf1f rt'jb{] L;d]t ePsf] dfly
plNnlvt e|i6frf/ d'2fdf s[lif cfo lgwf{/0fdf
e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, @)@! adf]lhd hUufwgLn] kfpg]
lx:;fcg'k g} lgwf{/0f ubf{ plrt / Gofo;+ut
x'g] s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/ ul/Psf] / tt\kZrft km};nf
ePsf] g]kfn ;/sf/ lj?4 hok|sfzk|;fb u'Ktf;d]t
ePsf] o:t} k|sl[ tsf] e|i6frf/ d'2f -g]sfk @)^*,
c !!, lg=g++ *&@@_ df ;d]t ;f] s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/
ul/Psf] 5 .
%!= k| : t' t d' 2 fdf ljz] i f cbfntn]
k|ltjfbLsf] vr{ olt xf] egL jfbLn] osLg u/]sf]
cj:yf g/x]sf] egL k|ltjfbLsf] vr{tkm{ ljj]rgf
u/]sf] b]lvFb}g . k|ltjfbLn] /fd]5fk 8'x'df /x]sf]
k}t[s ;DklQaf6 ( cfgf hUuf dfq c+zdf kfPsf]
egL k|df0f k]z u/]sf] b]lvFbf k}t[s ;DklQaf6
s[lif cfo k|fKt ug{;Sg] cj:yf b]lvPg . o;sf
;fy} k| l tjfbLsf sf7df8f} F dxfgu/kflnsf
cGtu{tsf If]qdf ePsf 38]/L k|of]hgsf nflu
v/Lb ul/Psf hUufx v]tL ug]{ k|of]hgn] v/Lb
ePsf] dfGg gldNg] / To;af6 art x'g;Sg]
kl/df0fdf cfo k|fKt x'g] cj:yfsf] cg'dfg ug{
klg ;lsFb}g . v]tL ug]{ k|of]hgn] tL hUufx
v/Lb ePsf] / v]tL nufPsf] eGg] lhsL/ lng]n]
j:t'lgi7 k|df0faf6 ;f] s'/fsf] k'li6 ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
38]/L k|of]hgsf nflu v/Lb ePsf hUufx
cfo;| f ] t a9fpg] p2] Z on] Joj;flos ?kdf
k|ltjfbLn] wfg / ux'Fnufot t/sf/L pTkfbgsf]
v]tL ug]{ sfo{ u/]sf] egL j:t'lgi7 cfwf/lagf
lhsL/ u/]s} e/df ljZjf; ug{ ;lsg] x'Fb}g .
To;af6 ;fgf]ltgf] s[lif pTkfbg ePs} cg'dfg
ubf{ klg Tof] k|ltjfbLsf] b}lgs pkef]udf vr{
305

x'g] k|s[ltsf] b]lvPsf]n] cfosf ?kdf 5'} u0fgf

ul//xg' kg]{ b]lvPg .
%@= To:t} eQmk'/ l7dLdf /x]sf] *$!
) hUufsf] s[lif pAhgL ;d]taf6 cfo k|fKt u/]sf]df
ljz]if cbfntn] dfGotf glbPsf] eGg] k|ltjfbLsf]
k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;f] hUuf v/Lbsf]
;|ft] g} k'li6 gePsf]n] cfo lbg gldNg] eGg] ljz]if
cbfntsf] lgisif{ /x]sf] kfOG5 . k/Gt' k|ltjfbLsf]
s"n cflh{t ;DklQ / cfo;|ft] aLrsf] leGgtfaf6
dfq} s'g ;DklQ a}w ?kdf cfh{g ul/Psf] / s'g
;DklQ u}/sfg"gL ?kdf cfh{g ul/Psf] xf] eGg]
kQf nufpg ;lsg] x'bF f u}/sfg"gL cfh{gsf] ljuf]
g} sfod gu/L klxn] g} cg'dfgsf e/df ;|ft]
gv'ns
] f] egL cfo glbg] ljifo Gofof]lrt x'g ;Sb}g .
ca pQm hUufaf6 s] slt kl/df0fdf s[lif cfo
k|fKt x'g] /x]5 eGg] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ s"t
k|of]hgsf] nflu sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf] xsdf
e"ld;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf ##s=n] d'Vo jflif{s
pAhgLsf] lgDgadf]lhdeGbf a9L s't 7]sL lng
gkfpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5M
v]t
kfvf]
cjn /f]kgL ! sf]
!.#.
.!).!
bf]od /f]kgL ! sf]
.!*.^
.&.@
;Ld /f]kgL ! sf]
.!#.
.$.#
rfxf/ /f]kgL ! sf]
.*.%
.@.&
%#= k|ltjfbLsf] pQm hUuf le6 bf]od
eGg] b]lvPsf] 5 . e"ld;DaGwL P]gn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf]
pk/f]Qm aflif{s pAhgLn] k"/} hUufsf] lx;fj ubf{
d'Vo jfnL jflif{s s/La !^ d'/L k|fKt x'g] cg'dfg
ug{ ;lsG5 . k| l tjfbLsf] kl/jf/df elthf
a'xf/L;d]t j;f]af; / eftefG;f ug]{ u/]sf] eGg]
b]lvFbf To;af6 k|fKt x'g] cfo k|ltjfbLsf] lgoldt
kfl/jfl/s pkef]u / vr{df g} vkt e}hfg] k|sl[ tsf]
b]lvPsf] 5 . s[lif cfo kfl/jfl/s ?kdf vr{ e}hfg]
eGg] jfbL kIfsf] lhsL/;d]t /x]sf] kl/k|]Iodf
To;sf] 5'} cfo sfod ul//xg' k/]g .
ca, k|ltjfbLsf] s[lif cfo lgwf{/0f ug'k{ g]{
df]/ lhNnfdf /x]sf] hUufxdf s'tsf] s] slt
b/ tf]lsPsf] 5 eGg] x]g{' cfjZos x'G5 . df]/sf]

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

hUufsf] s[lif cfosf] ;DaGwdf tTsfnLg ;/sf/n]

@)#) ;fn cflZjg #) ut] g]kfn /fhkq efu #
df ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L cf= a= @)#)#! sf]
afnLb]lv df]/nufot t/fO{sf * lhNnfxdf nfu"
x'g] u/L df]xLn] hUufwgLnfO{ a'emfpg' kg]{ d'Vo
afnL pAhgLsf] s'tsf] b/ b]xfoadf]lhd tf]ss
] f]
b]lvG5M
hUufsf] lsl;d wfg
ds}
cjn
!% dg
* dg @) ;]/
bf]od
!! dg @) ;]/ ^ dg @) ;]/
l;d
* dg @) ;]/ $ dg @) ;]/
rfxf/
% dg
@) ;]/
k|ltjfbLsf] df]/l:yt emf]/fxf6df /x]sf]
hUuf @)$% ;fn c;f/df v/Lb u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
ls=g+= !&! / #^& sf] hUufdf 3/ /x]sf] / cGo
ls=g+= !&@, !&#, !&$, !&%, !&^ sf hUufx
;fgf] If]qkmnsf 38]/L k|sf/sf eL6 hUuf b]lvFbf
38]/L hUufdf j:t'lgi7 cfwf/lagf Joj;flos
?kdf v]tL u/L k|ltjfbLn] cfo cfh{g u/]sf] eGg
;lsg] cj:yf g/x]sf]n] tL 38]/L hUufaf6 j:t'lgi7
k|df0flagf cfo k|fKt ePsf] cg'dfg ug{ ldn]g .
plNnlvt 38]/L hUufafx]s k|ltjfbLsf v]tL ug{
;lsg] lgDg hUufx b]lvG5g\M
ls=g+=
wgx/ If]qkmn cjn
bf]od
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308

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;] j f k| j ] z ug{ ' cl3 a} + s df /x] s f] /sd
@)#$.!).@& df v/Lb u/] s f] Affg] Z j/sf]
3/hUufdf nufgL u/]sf] dfGg' kg]{ ePsf] x'Fbf
;]jf k|j]z ubf{ a}+sdf df}Hbft g} g/x]sf] pQm

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

/sdnfO{ ;]jf k|j]z k"j{sf] cfosf ?kdf dfGotf

lbPsf] ljz]if cbfntsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ b]lvof] .
dfly ljleGg zLif{ s xdf ul/Psf]
ljj]rgfaf6 k|ltjfbL s]zj/fh uf}tdnfO{ hfFr
cjlwdf j}wflgs ;|f]taf6 b]xfo adf]lhd cfo
k|fKt ePsf] b]lvg cfpF5M
tnj eQf
?=^,%#,)$^.
3/ef8f
?=&&,##,)(%.)@
s[lif cfo
?=%,!(,)#).
5f]/fn] ljb]zaf6 k7fPsf] ?=&,@*,#$#.
cGo ljljw cfo
?=@,)),))).
s'n
?=(*,##,%!$.)@
%(= ca, ljz]if cbfntsf] km};nf ldn]sf]
5, jf 5}g / k'g/fj]bs jfbL tyf k|ltjfbLxsf]
k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sg] xf] jf xf]Og eGg]
lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ x'g cfPsf] clGtd k|Zgsf ;DaGwdf
ljrf/ ubf{ ljz]if cbfntsf] km};nfsf ;DaGwdf
dflysf ljleGg k|Zgxaf6 ul/Psf] ;DklQsf]
d"Nofg tyf cfosf] ljj]rgfaf6 k'g/fj]bs
k|ltjfbL s]zj/fh uf}tdsf] hfFr cjlwsf] s"n
;DklQ ?=!,^%,!(,&%).#) / lghsf] j}wflgs cfo
?=(*,##,%!$.)@ x'g cfPsf] b]lvof] . h;cg';f/
k|ltjfbLsf] j}w cfo;|f]teGbf ?=^^,*^,@#^.@*
sf] ;DklQ a9L b]lvPsf] 5 . ;|ft] k'li6 ug{ g;s]sf]
?=^^,*^,@#^.@* a/fa/sf] ;DklQ g} k|ltjfbLn]
u}/sfg"gL ?kdf cfh{g u/]sf] dfGg'kg]{ b]lvg
cfof] .
^)= ;|f]t k'li6 geO{ u}/sfg"gL cfh{gsf]
ljuf] sfod ePsf] tyf ;f]af6 a9] a9fPsf] ;DklQ
hkmt x'g] ePsf]n] k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLxsf]
;fydf /x]sf] ;DklQdWo] s] s'g ;DklQsf] ;|f]t
k'li6 x'g] xf] / s] s'g ;DklQsf] ;|f]t k'li6 gx'g]
xf] eGg] ljifodf ljZn]if0f ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 . cf/f]kkqdf
k|ltjfbLsf] ;|f]t k'li6 ePsf] / x'g g;s]sf]
;DklQsf] Psd'i6 d"Nofg;Dd pNn]v u/]sf]
b]lvP klg k|ltjfbLsf] ;|f]t v'n]sf / gv'n]sf
;DklQsf ;DaGwdf :ki6 ?kdf bfjL lnO{Psf]
5} g . ;fy} cf/f] k kqdf lnOPsf] 3/hUufsf]
d"Nofgsf] cfwf/ / ljz]if cbfnt ;d]taf6
310

lnOPsf] cfwf/df g} leGgtf ePsf] sf/0faf6

;|f]t v'n]sf] / gv'n]sf] egL cf/f]kkqdf uf]Zjf/f
?kdf pNn]v ePsf] ;DklQ / ;|f]tsf] cj:yfdf
leGgtf cfPsf] l:ylt 5 . k|ltjfbLsf] k|To]s cfly{s
jif{sf] j}w cfo;|f]t / lghn] u/]sf] vr{ tyf
cfh{ g u/] s f] ;DklQsf] osLg, j:t' l gi6 /
t'ngfTds cfwf/;lxt bfjL glnOP;Dd s'g
;DklQsf] ;|f]t k'li6 ePsf] xf] / s'g ;DklQsf]
;|f]t k'li6 gePsf] egL lgwf{/0f ug]{ ljifo hl6n
g} x'g k'Ub5 . To;}n] o; cbfntn] Goflos
ljj]ssf cfwf/df cfo;|f]t, ;DklQsf] kl/df0f /
cfh{g ubf{sf] cj:yf ;d]tnfO{ ljrf/ u/L hkmt
k|of]hgsf] nflu ;|f]t k'li6 x'g g;s]sf] ;DklQsf]
lgwf{/0f ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . k|ltjfbLsf] cfo;|f]t k|fKt
x'g] cj:yf / cd"s ;DklQ cfh{g ul/Psf] ;do
;d] t nfO{ ljrf/ u/L o; ;DaGwL Goflos
lgisif{df k'Ug jf~5gLo g} x'g cfpF5 .
^!= o;/L ljZn]if0f ubf{ k|l| tjfbLsf] ns/af6
a/fdb ePsf rf]sf]kmg cfsf/sf @@ 6'qmf ;'g /
;'gsf c;kmL{ yfg * sf] k|sl[ t x]bf{ u/uxgfsf] ?kdf
k|of]u x'g] cj:yfdf g/x]sf] / k|ltjfbLsf] gfddf
ljleGg a}s
+ xdf ePsf vftfxdf pNn]Vo dfqfdf
gub df}Hbft;d]t /x]sf] b]lvPsf]n] u/uxgf afx]ssf]
ns/df ePsf] ;'g sfg"gadf]lhdsf] cfoaf6 v/Lb
u/]sf] egL dfGg ldNg] cj:yf b]lvFbg} . o;sf cltl/Qm
@)%% ;fndf k|ltjfbLn] eG;f/ ljefudf k]z u/]sf]
;DklQ ljj/0fdf ns/df /x]sf] pk/f]Qm kl/df0fsf]
;'gsf] af/]df pNn]v gu/]sf] b]lvPaf6 d"No
?=#$,#(,**&. a/fa/sf ;'gsf 6'qmf tyf c;kmL{
k|ltjfbLsf] ;|ft] k'li6 gePsf]] ;DklQ b]lvof] .
^@= To:t} k|ltjfbLn] ldlt @)#(.$.!% df
lnvt d"No ?=!,%),))). df eQmk'/l:yt l7dLsf]
;fljs ls=g+= (&* sf] xfn ls=g+= !^#!, !^#@ /
!%@$ sf] *$!) /f]kgL hUuf v/Lb u/]sf]
b]lvPsf] 5 . @)#% ;fndf gf=;'=kbdf ;]jf k|jz
]
u/]sf k|ltjfbLsf] @)#( ;fn;Ddsf] ;Dk"0f{
tnjeQf art ePsf] cg'dfg ubf{;d]t ;f] hUuf
v/Lb ug{ k'Ug] cj:yf b]lvFbg} . To:t} @)#^ /
@)#* ;fndf k|ltjfbLn] sf7df8f}s
+ f] hUufdf 3/

*&&) nLnf/fh uf}td ;d]t lj=g]kfn ;/sf/

agfPsf] / tNnf yk]sf] eGg] b]lvFbf cGo s'g}

;|ft] af6 cfo k|fKt ePsf] cg'dfg ubf{ klg pQm
cfo ;f]xL k|of]hgdf vr{ x'g] cj:yf b]lvPsf]n]
hUuf v/Lbsf] ;|ft] st}af6 k'li6 x'g] b]lvPg . ;f]
afx]s cGo 3/ hUufx 3/ef8f cfo ;d]taf6
v/Lb ePsf] dfGg' kg]{ x'bF f ;|ft] k'li6 x'g] cj:yf
b]lvof] .
^#= o;} u/L k|ltjfbLsf] gfddf /x]sf
ljleGg a}+s vftfdf ?=*),$%,^&*.@$ hDdf
ePsf] b] l vg cfpF 5 . ;f] /sddWo]
?=!(,*&,($(.*$ a}s
+ n] k|bfg u/]sf] Aofh eGg]
b]lvg cfPsf]n] k|ltjfbLn] a}s
+ df hDdf u/]sf] lgIf]k
/sd ?=^),%&,&@*.$) dfq b]lvg cfpF5 .
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf $& adf]lhd
a9]a9fPsf] ;DklQ hkmt;Dd x'g] x'bF f lgIf]k /sdsf]
dfq ljuf] sfod ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 . k|ltjfbLnfO{ 3/ef8f,
s[lif cfo, ljb]zaf6 5f]/fn] k7fPsf] /sd;d]t
k|fKt ePsf] eGg] b]lvPsf]n] a}s
+ df df}Hbft /x]sf]
;a} /sdsf] ;|ft] gv'ns
] f] eGg ldNg] cj:yf klg
x'bF g} . To;}n] cf/f]kkqsf] tflnsf g+=$ sf] qm=;+=*
df plNnlvt k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL s]zj/fh uf}tdsf]
5f]/f lzj/fhn] ljb]zaf6 k7fPsf] elgPsf] :6f088{
rf6{8{ a}s
+ df /x]sf] /sd afx]s cGo a}s
+ vftfdf
/x] s f] Aofh afx] s sf] ;fF j f /sddWo]
?=#),(^,#$(.@* sf] ;|ft] k'li6 ePsf] b]lvPg .
^$= t;y{ plNnlvt sfg"gL Joj:yf,
k|ltkflbt l;4fGt / tYo Pjd\ k|df0fxsf] ljZn]if0f
;d]tsf] cfwf/ sf/0faf6 k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL
s]zj/fh uf}tdn] ?=%!,&@,)!^.&( a/fa/sf]
rncrn ;DklQ u}/sfg"gL ?kdf cfh{g u/L
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf @)-!_
cGtu{tsf] s;"/ u/]sf] 7x/]sf]n] ;|ft] k'li6 x'g
g;s]sf] pQm rn crn ;DklQ / ;f]af6 j9]
j9fPsf] ;DklQ ;d]t e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%(
sf] bkmf @)-@_ tyf bkmf $& adf]lhd hkmt eO{
bkmf @)-@_ cg';f/ ljuf] adf]lhd ?=%!,&@,)!^.&(
h/Ljfgf / ! jif{ s}b x'G5 egL ljz]if cbfnt
sf7df8f}a+ f6 ldlt @)^@.!!.!( df ePsf]] km};nf
s]xL pN6L eO{ k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL s]zj/fh uf}tdn]
311

hDdf ljuf] ?=^^,*^,@#^.@* a/fa/sf] ;DklQ

u}/sfg"gL ?kdf cfh{g u/L e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g,
@)%( sf] bkmf @) sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] s;"/ u/]sf]
b]lvFbf lghnfO{ ;f]xL bkmf @) sf] pkbkmf -@_
adf]lhd s}b jif{ Ps, ljuf]adf]lhd h/Ljfgf tyf
u}/sfg"gL ?kdf cfh{g u/]sf] ljuf] ?=^^,*^,@#^.@*
a/fa/sf] ;DklQ / bkmf $& adf]lhd ;f]af6
a9]a9fPsf] ;DklQ ;d]t hkmt x'g] 7x5{ . c?df
tkl;n adf]lhd ug"{ .
tk;Ln
dfly 7x/ v08df n]lvPadf]lhd ljz]if
cbfntsf] km};nf s]xL pN6L eO{ k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL
s]zj/fh uf}tdnfO{ ! -Ps_ jif{ s}b x'g] 7x/L
km};nf ePsfn] lgh k|ltjfbL ldlt @)%(.$.#!
b]lv ).#.!( -tLg dlxgf pGgfO; lbg_ y'gfdf
al;;s]sf] b]lvPsf]n] ;f] cjlw s6fO afFsL s}b *
-cf7_ dlxgf !! -P3f/_ lbgsf] nut s;L
c;"npk/ ug'{ egL km};nfsf] k|lt;lxt sf7df8f}F
lhNnf cbfntdf nut lbg"====!
ljz]if cbfnt sf7df8f}s
+ f] km};nf s]xL
pN6L eO{ k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL s]zj/fh uf}tdnfO{
?=^^,*^,@#^.@* h/Ljfgf x'g] 7x/ ePsf] x'Fbf
lghnfO{ nfu]sf] pQm h/Ljfgfsf] nut s;L
c;"npk/ u/L ;j{;l~rt sf]ifdf bflvnf ug{
;DklQsf] ljj/0f;lxt sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntdf
nut lbg" ========= @
Dffly 7x/ v08df n]lvPadf]lhd lgDg
lnlvt k|ltjfbLxsf gfddf /x]sf lgDg adf]lhdsf]
hUuf e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf @)@_ / bkmf $& cg';f/ hkmt x'g] 7x/ ePsf]n]
sfg"gadf]lhd lnnfd laqmL u/L ;j{;l~rt sf]ifdf
bflvn ug{ ;DklQ /x] ePsf] eQmk'/ lhNnf cbfntdf
nut lbg" =============
#
-s_ k|ltjfbL u+ufs'df/L v8\sf -uf}td_ sf gfpFsf]
eQmk'/ lhNnf dWok'/ l7dL gu/kflnsf j8f
g+= &, ls=g+= !^#! sf] k"/} hUuf =========== !

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

-v_ k|ltjfbL nLnf/fh uf}tdsf gfpFsf] eQmk'/

lhNnf dWok'/ l7dL gu/kflnsf j8fg+ &
sf] ls=g+=!^#@ sf] k"/} hUuf =============== !
-u_ k|ltjfbL /fh' uf}tdsf gfpFsf] eQmk'/ lhNnf
dWok'/ l7dL gu/kflnsf j8f g+= & sf] lsg
!+ %@$ sf] k"/} hUuf =========== !
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL s]zj/fh uf}tdsf
gfddf g]kfn a}+s lnld6]8 sf7df8f}F ckmL;df
/x]sf] ns/af6 a/fdb ePsf ;'gsf 6'qmf @@
yfg / ;'gsf l;Ssf * yfg -@)*$=&*) u|fd_
;'g e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf @)@_ / bkmf $& cg';f/ hkmt x'g] 7x/ ePsf]n]
pQm ;'g ;j{;l~rt sf]ifdf bflvn ug{ g]kfn
/fi6 a}+sdf k7fpg' egL ljz]if cbfntdf n]vL
k7fpg" ======$
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL s]zj/fh uf}tdsf
gfddf lgDg lnlvt a}s vftfdf df}Hbft /x]sf]
;fFjf / Jofh /sddWo] ;|f]t k'li6 gePsf]
-ldlt @)%( sflt{ s d;fGt;Ddsf] _ ;fF j f
?=#),(^,#$(.@* hkmt x'g] 7x/]sf]n] e|i6frf/
lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf @)-@_ tyf ;f]
;fFjf /sdaf6 xfn;Dd a9] a9fPsf] Aofh /sd
;d]t bkmf $& cg';f/ hkmt u/L ;j{;l~rt
sf]ifdf bflvn ug'{ / afFsL /sdsf] xsdf /f]Ssf
ePsf] vftf km's'jf ug{ ;DalGwt a}+sxnfO{
n]vL k7fpg' egL sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntdf
n]vL k7fpg" ===%
!= a}s
+ sf] gfdM g]kfn c/a a}s
+ ln=, sfGtLky
art vftf g+=M)!!))!##&@@)!
Jofh ;lxtsf] /sdM !!,!*,#%%.@#
@= a}s
+ sf] gfdM/f=jf=a+s
} , l;+xb/af/ zfvf
art vftf g+=M^$&$
Jofh ;lxtsf] /sdM !),^%,@%(.#^
#= a}s
+ sf] gfdM g]kfn a}s
+ ln=, l8NnLahf/
art vftf g+=M)$)&%%)
Jofh ;lxtsf] /sdM !%,$*,(!^.#&

$= a}s
+ sf] gfdM g]kfn a}s
+ ln=, sf7df8f}F ckmL;,
Go"/f]8
art vftf g+=M^$#%!%)
Jofh ;lxtsf] /sdM !),^#,%&#.&@
%= a}s
+ sf] gfdM lxdfnog a}s
+ ln=, 7d]n
art vftf g+=M#^*!#)
Jofh ;lxtsf] /sdM !@,%#,!%#.)@
^= a}s
+ sf] gfdM s[lif ljsf; a}s
+ , afg]Zj/
art vftf g+=M!$!##)
Jofh ;lxtsf] /sdM (,#(,#^(.@@
k| l tjfbL s] z j/fh uf} t dnfO{ k| : t' t
km};nfn] nfu]sf] s}b / h/Ljfgf c;"npk/ eO{
k|:t't km};nf k"0f{ ?kdf sfof{Gjog ePkl5 ljz]if
cbfntaf6 /f]Ssf /x]sf] afFsL ;DklQ / h]yf
hdfgt lkmtf{ jf km'sj' f ul/kfpFm egL k|ltjfbLsf]
b/vf:t k/] lgodfg';f/ lkmtf{ / k'ms'jf ug{
;DalGwt sfof{nodf n]vL k7fpg' egL ljz]if
cbfnt sf7df8f}d
+ f n]vL k7fpg" ====^
k|:t't d'2fsf] bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L
km};nf k|ltlnlk clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg
cfof]u;d]tnfO{ k7fO{ ldl;n lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{
lbg"===========&
pQm /fodf d]/f] ;xdlt 5 .
Gof=sdngf/fo0f bf;
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn h]7 ( ut] /f]h # z'ed\ ===.
Ohnf; clws[tM bLkss'df/ bfxfn

l
lg0f{o g+= *&&!
;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L tflx/ cnL cG;f/L
dfggLo GofofwLz >L e/t/fh pk|t] L
;+jt\ @)^# ;fnsf] l/6 g+ @)^#wo)$%(
cfb]z ldltM @)^*.&.&.@
ljifoM pTk|i] f0f .

312

*&&! >L; zDz]/ /f0ff lj= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

lgj]bsM sf=lh=sf=d=g=kf=j8f g+= ! b/jf/dfu{

3/ eO{ xfn P] P] j8f g= % ljzfngu/
a:g] >L; zDz]/ /f0ff
lj?4
ljkIfLM g]kfn ;/sf/, -dlGqkl/ifb\_ k|wfgdGqL tyf
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t
sfg"gljk/Ltsf] sfdsf/jfxLaf6 c;/
k/]sf] JolQmn] ;+jw} flgs af6f] ckgfpg
;Sb5 / o; cbfntn] klg ;+ljwfg k|bQ
JolQmsf] df} l ns jf sfg" g L xssf]
k|rngsf nflu c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qsf]
k|of]u ug{ ;Sb5 . cbfntsf] of] clwsf/
zlQm k[ysLs/0fsf] l;4fGtk|lts"n xf] eGg]
cy{ ug{ gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=^_
Pp6f dlGqkl/ifb\af6 u/]sf] lg0f{oadf]lhd
ul/Psf] vr{ 7Ls / csf]{ dlGqkl/ifb\af6
u/]sf] p:t} lg0f{oadf]lhd ul/Psf] vr{
j]7Ls eGg'nfO{ sfg"g;Ddt\ / Gofo;+ut
eGg gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=&_
dlGqkl/ifb\af6 vr{ ug{ kfPsf] cg'dltsf]]
bfo/fleq /xL dlGqkl/ifb\s} lg0f{oadf]lhd
u/]sf] vr{sf] lhDd]jf/L dGqL PSn}sf]
JolQmut eGg] klg xFb' g} . ;f] lg0f{o /
vr{ ug]{ jf ljt/0f ug]{ sfo{af6 lgj]bs
PSn}sf] jb\lgot /x]sf] eGg gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=(_
ljlwsf] zf;gdf sfg"gsf] ;jf]k{ l/tf ;a}n]
:jLsf/ ug'{ kb{5 . :j]R5frf/L 9+un] jf
cfkm"n] dg gk/fPsf] JolQm jf gful/s
dfly sfg"gL cfwf/j]u/ s'g} klg cfly{s
bfloTjsf] lgwf{/0f ug{ sfg"gsf] pNn+3g
x'g] / gful/ssf] sfg"gL Pj+ ;+jw} flgs
xssf] cltqmd0f x'g hfg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!)_
313

Pp6f dlGqkl/ifb\n] u/]sf] lg0f{o ;f]

dlGqkl/ifb\ kl/jt{g eO{ csf]{ dlGqkl/ifb\
u7g ePkl5 klxn]sf] dlGqkl/ifb\n] u/]sf
lg0f{ o xnfO{ dlGqkl/ifb\ d f ePsf]
kl/jt{g jf cGo /fhgLlts sf/0fn]
kl/jt{g ub}{ hfg] cyjf s'g} vf; lg0f{o
sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;DalGwt dGqLdfly dfq
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{osf] lhDd]jf/L y'kfb}{
hfg] xf] eg] To;n] b]zsf] ;/sf/sf]
ljZj;gLotf / sfo{k|0ffnL dfly uDeL/
k|Zg p7fpg ;Sb5 . To:tf] Jojxf/
ljlwsf] zf;g / ;'zf;gsf] cfwf/e"t
l;4fGtljk/Lt x'g hfg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!!_
lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmf afns[i0f g]pkfg]
ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf 6]saxfb'/
l3ld/]
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
o g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f
!! / !&
o g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f
!# / !(
o cfly{s k|zf;g;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
sf] lgod $)-#_
cfb]z
Gof=tflx/ cnL cG;f/LM g]kfn clw/fHosf]
;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f @# / **-@_ adf]lhd
o;} cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]q cGtu{t bfo/
x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+
cfb]z o;k|sf/ 5 M
d lgj]bsnfO{ ljkIfL ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/
dGqfnosf] /lhi6/L g+ !!# sf] r=g= @!! sf] Ps
/lhi6/L kq x'nfsdfk{mt\ ldlt @)^#.&.#) df k|fKt
eof] . ldlt @)^#.&.!( df n]vs
] f] /sd c;"nL
af/] eGg] kqdf k|ltlglw ;ef ;fj{hlgs n]vf

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

;ldltn] oxfF /fHodGqL x'bF fsf] sfof{sfndf ljleGg

JolQm tyf ;+:YffnfO{ ljt/0f u/]sf] #^,!*,%)).
;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltsf] lg0f{o g+ @ cg'k
clgoldt jb\lgotk"0f{ / u}/ lhDd]jf/L 9'u+ n] vr{
ug{ cfb]z lbg] tTsfnLg ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/
/fHodGqL >L; zDz] / /f0ffaf6 k| r lnt
sfg"gadf]lhd ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfnon]
c;"npk/ ug]{ u/fpg] egL ldlt @)^#.$.!) df
u/]sf] lg0f{onfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifb\n] ldlt
@)^#.^.!) df sfof{Gjog ug{ lbPsf] lgb]z
{ g cg'k
of] kq n]lvPsf] 5 . ;+;bn] ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldlt
/ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lg0f{oadf]lhd plNnlvt /sd
kq k|fKt ePsf] ldltn] #% lbgleq ;j{;l~rt
sf]ifdf bflvnf u/L ;f]sf] k|df0f k]z ug'{ x'g cg'/f]w
ul/Psf] 5 eGg] pNn]v /x]5 .
pQm ldlt @)^#.&.!( sf] kqdf pNn]v
ePsf lg0f{o ;+ljwfg, sfg"gL clwsf/If]qljxLg /
k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGtsf] ljk/Lt ePsf]n] pQm
lg0f{o kq ab/ ug]{ s'g} k|efjsf/L sfg"gL pkrf/
ljBdfg gePsf]n] ;Ddflgt cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f
clwsf/If]q u'xfg{ cfPsf] 5' . dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
lg0f{oadf]lhd pQm lg0f{on] tf]ss
] f] zt{df vr{ ePsf]
/sdsf] n]vf hf]vf ug]{ clwsf/ dxfn]vf k/LIfsnfO{
dfq 5 . dxfn]vf k/LIfsn] n]vf k/LIf0f ul/;s]kl5
pQm k|ltj]bg x]g{] clwsf/ dfq ljkIfL ;fj{hlgs
n]vf ;ldltnfO{ 5 . ljkIfL ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltnfO{
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{oadf]lhd vr{ ePsf] /sd lgoldt
clgoldt sfg"g;Ddt\ 9n] vr{ ePsf] 5 5}g egL
x]g{] clwsf/ 5}g . ljkIfL lgsfosf] lg0f{o g]kfn
clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f !)) sf] ljk/Lt
5 . k|ltlglw ;ef lgodfjnL, @)^# sf] lgod !*@
n] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ljlgof]lht /sd ;DaGwL n]vf
jf cGo n]vf jf ;+;bdf k]z ul/Psf] dxfn]vf
k/LIfssf] jflif{s k|ltj]bgdf plNnlvt j]?h'sf] hfFr
u/L dxfn]vf k/LIfsf/f eP u/]sf sfdsf/jfxL /
;f] ;DaGwdf ;DalGwt ljefuaf6 x' g ' k g] {
sfdsf/jfxL sfg"g;Ddt\ / cf}lrTo k"0f{ tj/af6
eP gePsf] ;DaGwdf cWoog ug]{ ;Lldt clwsf/
314

b]lvG5 . of] sfg"gL Joj:yfn] ljkIfL ;fj{hlgs

n]vf ;ldltn] dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] k|ltj]bgdf
plNnlvt j]?h'sf] ;DaGwdf dfq 5nkmn ug]{ /
;efdf k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{ ;Lldt clwsf/ xf] . ljkIfL
;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltn] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{oadf]lhd
vr{ ePsf] /sd dxfn]vf k/LIfsn] k|ltj]bg glbO{
;Lw}+ cfkm}n] clgoldt egL c;"npk/sf] lgb]z
{ g
lbg kfpg] s'g} clwsf/ 5}g . ljkIfL ;fj{hlgs
n]vf ;ldltsf] ldlt @)^#.$.!) sf] lg0f{o g+= @ /
k|ltlglw;ef lgodfjnL, @)^# sf] lgod !*@ sf]
ljk/Lt 5 .
k|ltlglw ;ef lgodfjnL, @)^# sf] lgod
!*!-!_-_ n] ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt ;/sf/L lgsfosf]
;fj{hlgs ;DklQsf] lxgfldgf eP gePsf] hfFr
u/L ;efdf k|ltj]bg;Dd lbg] ;Lldt clwsf/ 5 .
;ef eGgfn] ;f]xL lgodfjnLsf] lgod @-h_ n] ;ef
eGgfn] k|ltlglw ;ef jf j}7snfO{ hgfpg] sfg"gL
Joj:yf 5 . ljkIfL ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltnfO{ cfkm}
5'} lg0f{o ug]{ / pQm lg0f{o sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgb]z
{ g
lbg] clwsf/ k|ltlglw ;ef ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltsf]
ldlt @)^#.$.! df u/]sf] lg0f{odf k|rlnt
sfg"gadf]lhd c;"npk/ ug]{ elgPsf]5 . d
lgj]bsnfO{ ljkIfL lgsfon] lbPsf] kqdf ljkIfL
dfnkf]t sfof{non] ljgf s'g} cfwf/ c;"npk/sf]
lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 . g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$&
sf] wf/f #%-@_ n] ljkIfL dfnkf]t sfof{no klg
;+ljwfg / sfg"gsf] cwLgdf /xL dfq lg0f{o ug'k{ g]d{ f
d lgj]bsaf6 /sd c;"npk/ ug]{ ljkIfL lgsfosf]
lg0f{o kq clwsf/If]qljxLg / ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #%
-#_ sf] ljk/Lt 5 .
d lgj]bsn] cfkm"vz
' L pQm /sd afF8s
] f]
geO{ dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog ug'{ d]/f]
g}lts / sfg"gL st{Jo x'bF f dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ldlt
@)^@.!).@# sf] lg0f{odf ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ If]qdf
>Job[Zo tyf 5fkf dfWoddf lj1fkg ;"rgfd"ns
Pj+ lzIffk|b hfgsf/L tyf sfo{qmdx k|rf/ k|;f/
ug]{ sfo{qmdsf] nflu ljutb]lv ah]6 lgsf;f x'bF }
cfPsf] ;f]sf] nflu jh]6df !) nfv dfq ePsf]n]

*&&! >L; zDz]/ /f0ff lj= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

yk jh]6sf] nflu egL dGqfnoaf6 k|:tfj eO{

pQm k|:tfjdf ! s/f]8 %) nfv eP klg &% nfv
dfq dlGqkl/ifb\af6 lg0f{o ePsf]n] ;f]xL lg0f{osf]
cwLgdf /xL /sd vr{ ePsf] xf] . cfly{s k|zf;g
;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^ sf] lgod $) sf]
pklgod # n] ;fna;fnL k|sl[ tsf jfx]s ljz]if
k|sf/sf k6s] sfo{qmd cfof]hgfsf nflu s'g}
;/sf/L jf u}/ ;/sf/L sfof{no ;+ul7t, ;+3 /
;+:yfnfO{ ah]6df ;dfj]z u/]sf] /sd cy{
dGqfnon] /sd lgsf;f lbF b f ;DalGwt
dGqfnodfkm{t\ lgsf;f lbg'kg]{ 5 . o;/L lgsf;f
ePsf] /sd cfo Joosf] k|ult ljj/0f lnO{ ;f]
sfddf vr{ u/] jf gu/]sf] n]vf k/LIf0f eP
gePsf] cg'udg u/L jflif{s ljj/0f tof/ u/L
;DalGwt dGqfnosf] x'g5
] eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf
5 . of] lgodadf]lhd x'g] s'/fdf ljkIfL lgsfon]
lg0f{o u/L c;"npk/ ug{ ldNb}g . dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
lg0f{oadf]lhd vr{ ePsf] /sd Pp6f dGqL;Fu
c;"npk/ ug]{ egL lg0f{o x'g} ;Sb}g . ljkIfL
lgsfosf] sfdsf/jfxL / lg0f{o ldlt @)^@.!).!#
sf] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{osf] ljk/Lt 5 .
s'g} JolQmsf] xslxtljk/Lt / s'g} bfloTj
l;h{gf ug'e
{ Gbf cufl8 ;'gj' fOsf] df}sf lbg'kg]d
{ f
ljkIfL dlGqkl/ifb\n] dnfO{ s'g} ;'gj' fOsf] df}sf
glbO{ u/]sf] lg0f{o ;Ddflgt cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt
ghL/sf] ljk/Lt ePaf6 c;"npk/ ug]{ eg]sf]
?=#^,!*,%)). /sd dGqLn] ltg'{ k5{ egL eGg
gldNg] / lng] 7Ls lbg] j]7Ls egL eGg gldNg]
x'bF f plNnlvt tYo tyf sfg"gsf cfwf/df ljkIfL
lgsfosf sfdsf/jfxL / lg0f{on] d lgj]bssf]
sfg"gL xs / g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$&
sf] wf/f !!-!_, !@-@_ -_, wf/f !$-!_, wf/f !&
f/f k|bQ df}lns xs xgg\ ePsf]n] wf/f @# /
**-@_ adf]lhd pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]z hf/L u/L ljkIfL
;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfnosf] ldlt @)^#.&.!(
sf] kqdf pNn]v ePsf] ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltsf]
ldlt @)^#.$.!) sf] lg0f{o g+= @ g]kfn ;/sf/
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ldlt @)^#.^.!) sf] lg0f{o / ;f];DaGwL
315

;Dk"0f{ sfdsf/jfxL ab/ u/L cGo hf] rflxg]

cf1f cfb]z jf k"hL{ hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] l/6 lgj]bg kq .
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf]
dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g\ gkg]{ xf] < of]
cfb]z k|fKt ePsf] ldltn] af6fsf Dofb afx]s !%
lbgleq lnlvt hjfkm k7fpg' egL l/6 lgj]bgsf]
! k|lt gSsn ;fy} /fvL ljkIfLxnfO{ n]vL k7fO{
To;sf] af]wfy{ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodf k7fO{
lbg' . lnlvt hjfkm cfP kl5 jf cjlw gf3] kl5
lgodadf]lhd k]z ug'{ eGg] ;d]tsf] o; cbfntsf]
ldlt @)^#.*.!$ sf] cfb]z .
ljkIfL l/6 lgj]bs ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/
/fHodGqL x'bF f clgoldt, jb\lgot / u}/lhDd]jf/k"0f{
9+uaf6 hgtfn] lt/]sf] s/ sfg"gljk/Lt sfo{qmd
/ ah]6 Joj:yf ljgf g} 5QL; nfv c7f/ xhf/
kfFr ;o ?k}ofF vr{ ug]{ cfb]z ePsf] x'bF f lghaf6
pQm /sd k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd c;"n ug{
k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no / o;
dGqfno ;d]tnfO{ k|ltlglw;ef ;fj{hlgs n]vf
;ldltaf6 lgb]{zg k|fKt ePsf]df ;f] adf]lhd
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ldlt @)^#.^.!) sf] lg0f{oaf6 ;d]t
pQm /sd ljkIfL l/6 lgj] b saf6 k| r lnt
sfg"gadf]lhd c;"npk/ ug{ egL o; dGqfnodf
n]lvcfPsf] x'Fbf ljkIfLaf6 ;f] /sd c;"npk/
ug{sf] nflu sf/jfxL rnfOPsf] xf] . ;fj{ef}d;Qf
;DkGg k|ltlglwd"ns ;+:yf k|ltlglw;efsf] n]vf
;ldltn] 5fgaLg u/L lbPsf] lgb]{zg / ;f]sf
cfwf/df g]kfn ;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifb\ ;d]tn] u/]sf]
lg0f{o sfg"g;Ddt\ g} x'bF f To;sf lj?4 ljkIfLn]
;Ddflgt cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ ug{ ldNg] xf]Og .
t;y{ ljkIfLn] sfg"gsf ;LdfeGbf aflx/ uO{ /sd
vr{ ug]{ cfb]z lbPsf] x'Fbf lghaf6 ;f] /sd
c;"npk/ ug{ sfg"g;Ddt\ g} ePsf]n] l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ;"rgf tyf
;~rf/ dGqfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm .
ljkIfL l/6 lgj]bs ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/
/fHodGqL x' F b f clgoldt, jb\ l got / u} /

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

lhDd]jf/k"0f{ 9+uaf6 sfg"gljk/Lt sfo{qmd / ah]6

Joj:yf ljgf g} 5QL; nfv c7f/ xhf/ kfFr ;o
?k}ofF vr{ ug]{ cfb]z lbPsf] x'bF f lghaf6 pQm
/sd k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd c;"n ug{ k|wfgdGqL
tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no / ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/
dGqfno ;d]tnfO{ k|ltlglw;ef ;fj{hlgs n]vf
;ldltaf6 lgb]{zg k|fKt ePsf]df ;f] adf]lhd
dlGqkl/ifb\af6 ldlt @)^#.^.!) df lg0f{o ePsf]
xf] . d' n ' s df nf] s tGq :yfkgf ePkZrft\
k|ltlglw;ef 3f]if0ff, @)^# hf/L eO{ hgtfdf
;fj{ef}d;Qf / /fhsLo;Qf lgxLt ePsf] / ;fj{ef}d
hgtfsf] k|ltlglwd"ns ;+:yf k|ltlglw;efsf]
;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltn] ljkIfL l/6 lgj]bs ;"rgf
tyf ;~rf/ /fHodGqL x' F b f lghaf6 ePsf
clgoldttf / u}/sfg"gL lqmofsnfksf] 5fgaLg
ug]{ qmddf pQm /sd clgoldt / jb\lgotk"0f{
9+uaf6 sfg"gljk/Lt uO vr{ ug{ cfb]z lbPsf]
b]lvPsf] x'bF f ;f]sf cfwf/df ljkIfLaf6 ;f] /sd
c;"npk/ ug{ lg0f{o ePsf] xf] . ljkIfLn] sfg"gsf]
;LdfeGbf aflx/ uO{ dgf]dfgL 9+un] nf]stGq la/f]wL
;Lldt ;~rf/ dfWod / JolQmxnfO{ /sd afF8L
vr{ ug]{ cfb]z lbPsf] / lgh ljkIfLsf] o:tf]
sfo{af6 u/La hgtfn] lt/]sf] s/sf] b'?kof]u ePsf]
kfOPsf] x'Fbf lghaf6 ;f] /sd c;"npk/ ug'{
k/]sf] / o;/L c;"npk/ ubf{ eljiodf o:tf] /sd
b'?kof]u ug{ b'?T;fxg x'g hfg] x'bF f g]kfn ;/sf/n]
ljkIfLaf6 ;f] /sd c;"npk/ ug]{ u/L u/]sf]
lg0f{o sfg"g;Ddt\ g} 5 .
;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltn] lghnfO{ ljlwjt\
cfdGq0f u/L cfgf] s'/f eGg / cfkm"nfO{ k|lt/Iff
ug{ lbPsf] s'/fsf] clen]v ;d]t /x]sf]n] ;'gj' fOsf]
df}sf glbPsf] eGg] lhsL/ lg/y{s 5 . sfg"gadf]lhd
afx]s s/ p7fpg g;lsg] / ;/sf/L sf]ifdf bflvnf
ePsf] /sd vr{ ug{ g;lsg] s'/f ;+ljwfgafb /
ljlwzf:qsf] ;fdfGo dfGotf xf] . ;/sf/L sf]ifdf
/x]sf] /sd sfg"gadf]lhd dfq vr{ ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 /
;f]adf]lhd gePsf] vr{n] sfg"gL dfGotf gkfpg]
x'bF f To:tf] /sd vr{ ug]{ JolQm g} lhDd]jf/ x'g'
n]vf ;DaGwL ;fdfGo dfGotf /x]sf] o; cj:yfdf
316

df}lns / sfg"gL xssf] xgg\ eof] egL ljkIfLn]

lbPsf] bfjL klg sfg"g;Ddt\ gx'bF f k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|wfgdGqL tyf
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lnlvt hjfkm .
k|ltlglw ;ef lgodfjnL, @)^# sf] lgod
!*@ adf]lhd dxfn]vf kl/Ifssf] jflif{s k|ltj]bgdf
plNnlvt j]?h'sf] hfFru/L dxfFnv
] f k/LIfsf/f
u/] s f sfdsf/jfxL ;f] ;DaGwdf ;DalGwt
lgsfoaf6 x'g'kg]{ sfdsf/jfxL sfg"g;+ut /
cf}lrTok"0f{ tj/af6 eP gePsf] ;DaGwdf cWoog
u/L cfjZos lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ ;ldltdf lgxLt
x'bF f ;+;b / ;+;bLo ;ldltsf] sfdsf/jfxLpk/
cbfntdf k| Z g p7fpg' zlQmk[ y sLs/0fsf]
l;4fGtk|lts"n x'G5 . k|ltlglw ;ef ;fj{hlgs n]vf
;ldltnfO{ ljkIfL agfpg' kg]{ s'g} cfwf/ / cf}lrTo
5}g . hxfF;Dd lgj]bsn] cfkm"nfO{ ;'gj' fOsf] df}sf
glbOPsf] egL lgj]bgdf lng' ePsf] lgj]bg lhsL/
5 Tof] ;/f;/ em"7f / e|fds 5 . /fHosf]ifsf]
b'?kof]u ePsf] ;Gb{edf ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltdf
5nkmn x'g] qmddf k"j{ /fHodGqL >L; zDz]/
/f0ffnfO{ ;d]t ldlt @)^#.$.& sf] a}7sdf cfdGq0f
u/L pxfF;uF ;ldltn] o; ;DaGwdf hfgsf/L lnPsf]
5 . pxfFn] ;lrjxn] lbg'xG' 5 eg]/ /sd afF8s
] f]
eGg] Joxf]/f pNn]v u/] klg s'g sfg"gsf] s'g
clVtof/LcGtu{t /sd ljt/0f u/]sf] xf] eGg] :ki6
hjfkm lbg g;s]sf] x'bF f ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltn]
pQm /sd ljt/0f ug]{ sfo{nfO{ /fHo sf]ifsf]
b'?kof]u tyf gLltut e|i6frf/ u/]sf] lgisif{df
k' u ] s f] oyfy{ t fnfO{ 9fs5f] k u/L ;Ddflgt
cbfntnfO{ ;d]t e|d kfg{sf] nflu jb\lgotk"js
{
bfo/ u/]sf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] k|ltlglw ;ef ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltsf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
o;df clVtof/ b' ? kof] u cg' ; Gwfg
cfof]uaf6 pRr:t/Lo hfFra'em cfof]u, @)^# sf]
k|ltj]bgadf]lhd tTsfnLg /fHodGqL >L; zDz]/
/f0ffn] clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u P]g,
@)$* sf] bkmf # sf] v08 -s_ -v_, -u_ / -h_
cGtu{tsf] cg'lrt sfo{ u/L ?=#^,!*,%)). /sd

*&&! >L; zDz]/ /f0ff lj= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ k|ToIf?kn] xflg gf]S;fgL k'ofPsf]

b]lvFbf To:tf] xflg, gf]S;fgL ePsf] /sd clVtof/
b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf
!@s adf]lhd lghaf6 el/e/fp ug'k{ g]{ b]lvof] .
ctM tTsfnLg /fHodGqL lgh >L; zDz]/ /f0ffaf6
g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ xflg gf]S;fgL ePsf] pQm
?=#^,!*,%)). /sd k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd
c;" n pk/ ug{ g] k fn ;/sf/, k| w fgdGqLsf]
sfof{nonfO{ n]vL k7fpg]egL ldlt @)^%.#.#)
df lg0f{o ePsf] b]lvof] . ;f]xL /sd c;"npk/ ug]{
ljifodf clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]uaf6
ePsf] lg0f{opk/ >L; zDz]/ /f0ffsf] ljz]if cbfnt
sf7df8f}dF f k'g/fj]bg k/L ljz]if cbfntaf6 km};nf
eO{ pQm lg0f{o ab/ ePsf] egL lgj]bssf sfg"g
Joj;foLn] Ohnf;;dIf jx;sf] qmddf eGg'ePsf]
x'bF f ljz]if cbfnt sf7df8f}aF f6 >L; zDz]/ /f0ffsf
xsdf o;} /sdsf ;DaGwdf ePsf] km};nf ;lxtsf]
ldl;n ljz]if cbfnt sf7df8f}aF f6 lemsfO{ cfPkl5
lgodfg';f/ u/L k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt
@)^^.!!.!& sf] cfb]z .
o;df lgj]bs >L; zDz]/ /f0ff tTsfnLg
;/sf/sf ;~rf/ /fHodGqL x'bF f u}/sfg"gL 9+un]
/sd ljt/0f u/]sf]n] c;"npk/ ug{ egL ;fj{hlgs
n]vf ;ldlt / g]kfn ;/sf/n] u/]sf] lg0f{opk/
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg k/]sf] b]lvG5 . o; ;DaGwdf
tTsfnLg dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ldlt @)^@.!).!# sf]
lg0f{ocg';f/ clVtof/L kfO{ ;f] /sd lbPsf] eGg]
;d]t lgj]bgkqdf pNn]v ePsf] b]lvFbf pQm
lg0f{odf /sd g+= #=)# ;fdflhs ;]jf cg'bfg
lgsf;f ;DaGwL k|:tfjdf dlGqkl/ifb\af6 lg0f{o
ePsf] b]lvFbf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
nfu" ePkl5 pQm /sd g+= #=)# ;fdflhs;]jf
cg'bfg zLif{scGtu{t ljleGg dGqfnoaf6 /
ljefuLo dGqLxaf6 To:tf] /sd ljt/0f ug]{
u/]sf] 5, 5}g < To;/L ljt/0f ug]{ u/]sf] 5 eg]
@)^# ;fn ;fpgb]lv xfn;Dd s'g dGqfno /
s'g dGqLaf6 To:tf] /sd ljt/0f ePsf] xf] . ;f]sf]
cBfjlws kmfF6jf/L dlGqkl/ifb\ sfof{noaf6 lemsfO{
317

cfPkl5 lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] ;d]tsf] o;

cbfntsf] ldlt @)^&.(.@^ sf] cfb]z .
lgodadf]lhd d'2f k]zL ;"rLdf r9L
lg0f{ofy{ o; Ohnf;;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't
d'2fdf l/6 lgj]bs tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmf
jfns[ i 0f g] p kfg] n ] lgj] b sn] dlGqkl/ifb\ s f]
lg0f{oadf]lhd ;fdflhs ;]jf cg'bfg zLif{s
cGtu{t ljt/0f u/]sf] /sd l/6 lgj]bsaf6
c;"npk/ ug'k{ g]{ xf]Og . To;df klg ;f] ljt/0f
u/]sf] /sd dxfn]vf k/LIfsaf6 j]?h' gb]vfO{
n]vf k/LIf0f eO;s]sf] 5 . oL l/6 lgj]bsaf6
pQm /sd e/fpg] egL clVtof/ b' ? kof] u
cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] ldlt @)^%.#.#) sf] lg0f{onfO{
ab/ ug]{ egL ljz]if cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^^.$.!%
df lg0f{o klg eO;s]sf] 5 . lgj]bsnfO{ ;'gj' fOsf]
df}sf ;d]t glbO{ clwsf/ljxLg lgsfon] clgoldt
egL lgb]z
{ g lbg g;Sg] x'bF f ljkIfL ;fj{hlgs
n]vf ;ldltsf] @)^#.$.!) sf] lg0f{o k|ltlglw;ef
lgodfjnL, @)^# sf] lgod !*@ sf] ljk/Lt
ePsf]n] ;f] lg0f{o / dlGqkl/ifb\sf] @)^#.^.!) sf]
lg0f{ o tyf ;f] lg0f{ o ;F u ;DalGwt ;Dk" 0 f{
sfdsf/jfxL lgj]bg dfuadf]lhd pTk|]if0fsf]
cfb]zf/f ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t ax; ug'e
{ of] .
ljkIfL dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]tsf
tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf 6]saxfb'/
l3ld/]n] k|ltlglw ;ef lgodfjnL, @)^# sf] lgod
!*@ adf]lhd dxfn]vf k/LIfsf/f k]z ePsf]
jflif{s k|ltj]bg ;DaGwdf x'g'kg]{ sfdsf/jfxL
sfg"g;+ut / cf}lrTok"0f{ eP gePsf] ;DaGwdf
5fgaLg u/L cfjZos lg0f{o ug{;Sg] clwsf/
;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltnfO{ ePsf] . ;f]xLadf]lhd
5fgaLg u/L lgj]bs;Fu ;d]t :ki6Ls/0f lnO{
;'gj' fO u/L l/6 lgj]bsn] clgoldt 9+un] vr{
u/]sf] /sd ;DaGwdf cfjZos sf/jfxL u/L c;"n
u/fpg] u/L ePsf] ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltsf] ldlt
@)^#.$.!) sf] lg0f{ o / ;f] s f] cfwf/df
dlGqkl/ifb\af6 ePsf] ldlt @)^#.^.!) sf] lg0f{o
;d]tsf sfdsf/jfxL sfg"g;Ddt\ x'bF f ab/ x'g]

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

xf]Ogg\ . l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'gk' b{5 eGg] ;d]t

ax; k|:t't ug'e
{ of] .
o;/L l/6 lgj]bs / ljkIfLxsf tk{mjf6
pkl:yt ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLxn] ug'{ ePsf]
ax; lhsL/ ;'gL l/6 lgj]bgkq ;lxtsf] ldl;n
sfuhftx cWoog u/L x] b f{ lgj] b g dfu
jdf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'gk' g]{ xf] xf]Og < ;f]xL
ljifodf lg0f{o ug'k{ g]{ b]lvof] .
@= lg0f{otk{m ljrf/ ubf{, d lgj]bs ;"rgf
tyf ;~rf/ /fHodGqL x'bF fsf] sfo{sfndf ljleGg
JolQm tyf ;+:yfnfO{ ljt/0f u/]sf] ? #^,!*,%)).
jb\lgotk"0f{ u}/lhDd]jf/L 9+un] vr{ ug{ cfb]z lbPsf]n]
c;"npk/ ug]{ u/fpg] egL ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltn]
lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 . dxfn]vf k/LIfsjf6 n]vf k/LIf0f
eO{ j]?h' gePsf] / dlGqkl/ifb\sf] @)^@.!).!# sf]
lg0f{oadf]lhd vr{ ePsf] pQm /sd Pp6f dGqL;+u
c;"npk/ ug]{ egL ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltsf] ldlt
@)^#.$.!) sf] lg0f{o tyf ;f]xL cfwf/df ;"rgf
tyf ;~rf/ dGqfnosf] ldlt @)^#.&.!( sf] kq
;d]tsf ;Dk"0f{ sfdsf/jfxL pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zf/f
ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] l/6 lgj]bssf] d'Vo dfu bfjL
/x]sf] b]lvG5 . ljkIfLxsf] lnlvt hjfkm x]bf{ k|ltlglw
;ef lgodfjnL, @)^# sf] lgod !*@ adf]lhd
dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] jflif{s k|ltj]bgdf plNnlvt
eP u/]sf sfdsf/jfxL / ;DalGwt lgsfojf6 x'gk' g]{
sfdsf/jfxL sfg"g;+ut / cf}lrTok"0f{ tj/af6 eP
gePsf] ;DaGwdf cWoog u/L cfjZos lg0f{o ug]{
clwsf/;Dd ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltnfO{ 5 .
;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltn] ;f] /sd ;DaGwdf
5nkmnsf qmddf lgj]bsnfO{ cfdGq0f u/L hfgsf/L
lnO{bf klg s'g sfg"gsf] s'g clVtof/LcGtu{t /sd
ljt/0f u/]sf] xf] :ki6 gePsf] / ;/sf/L sf]ifdf
/x]sf] /sd sfg"gadf]lhd dfq vr{ ug'{kg]{df
;f]adf]lhd gePsf] vr{n] sfg"gL dfGotf gkfpg]
x'Fbf c;"npk/ ug]{ egL ePsf] lg0f{o ;d]tsf
sfdsf/jfxL sfg"g;Ddt\ g} ePsf] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/f
pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 .
#= l/6 lgj]bs >L; zDz]/ /f0ff tTsfnLg
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ /fHo dGqL ePsf]
318

/ lghn] /fHo dGqLsf] x}l;otn] ljleGg JolQm,

;+3, ;+:YffnfO{ /fli6o 9's6' Ljf6 ? #^,!*,%)).
/sd ljt/0f u/]sf] tYodf ljjfb 5}g . lghn] ;f]
/sd s'g} Ps JolQm jf ;+:YffnfO{ dfq lbPsf] geO{{
ljleGg JolQm tyf ;+3, ;+:yfnfO{ lbPsf] eGg]
b]lvG5 . JolQm jf ;+3 ;:yfnfO{ /sd ljt/0f ug{
lgh >L; zDz]/ /f0ffn] cfk}mn] lg0f{o u/L vr{
ePsf] eGg] klg b]lvG5 . t/ pQm ljjflbt /sd
vr{ ul/g] zLif{scGtu{t vr{ ug{ kfpg] u/L
tTsfnLg dlGqkl/ifb\jf6 ldlt @)^@.!).!# df
ePsf] lg0f{ o fg' ; f/ ;" r gf tyf ;~rf/
dfWodxnfO{ kl/rfng ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu egL
;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfnonfO{ /sd lgsf;f
ePsf]] b]lvG5 . tTsfnLg dlGqkl/ifb\jf6 o;/L
/sd lgsf;f x'bF f ;fdflhs ;]jf cg'bfg /sd g+
#=)# zLif{s cGtu{t ;f] /sd lgsf; ePsf]
b]lvG5 . o; zLif{s cGtu{t ljt/0f x'g] /sd
:jLs[t jh]6 / jflif{s sfo{qmdc'g;f/ k|To]s jif{
pknJw u/fpg] ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . o;/L dGqfnonfO{
pknJw u/fPsf] /sd dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{osf]
cwLgdf /xL ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqLn] ljt/0f
u/]sf] eGg] b]lvg cfPsf] 5 . o; ;DaGwdf
clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]uaf6 ePsf]
lg0f{o / To;nfO{ ab/ ug]{ egL laz]if cbfntsf]
lg0f{o x]bf{ k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg o; cbfntdf
ljrf/flwg /x]sf] cj:yfdf oL l/6 lgj]bsaf6
lghn] vr{ u/]sf] /sd e/fpg] lg0f{o clVtof/
b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]uaf6 @)^%.#.#) df ePsf]
/ ;f] pk/ k/]sf] k'g/fj]bgdf pQm lg0f{o ab/ ug]{
egL ljz]if cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^^.$.!^ df lg0f{o
ePsf] b]lvPsf]n] pQm lg0f{oxn] k|:t't l/6
lgj]bssf] lg0f{o k|lqmofnfO{ s'g} k|sf/n] k|efljt
ug]{ jf ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf 5}g .
$= ca ;fdflhs ;]jf cg'bfg /sd
zLif{scGtu{t lgsf;f ePsf] /sd ljt/0f ubf{ oL
lgj]bsf/f jb\lgotk"0f{ / u}/sfg"gL ?kdf ljt/0f
ul/Psf] lyof] lyPg eGg] x]g{' kg]{ x'g cfpF5 . oL
l/6 lgj]bsn] pQm /sd clgoldt, sfg"g ljk/Lt
/ u}/lhDd]jf/Lk"0f{ 9+uaf6 vr{ u/]sfn] lghaf6

*&&! >L; zDz]/ /f0ff lj= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

c;"n ug]{ u/fpg] lg0f{o ePsf] eGg] ljkIfLxsf]

lnlvt hjfkm b]lvG5 . l/6 lgj]bsn] ljt/0f u/]sf]
?=#^,!*,%)). /sd tTsfnLg dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ldlt
@)^@.!).!# sf] lg0f{on] ;fdflhs ;]jf lgMzt{
cg'bfg zLif{ssf] /sd lgh dGqL kbdf jxfn
/x]sf] ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfnosf] gfddf lgsf;f
ePsf] xf] . ;f] lgsf;f ePsf] /sd dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
@)^@.!).!# sf] lg0f{ocg';f/ g} JolQm jf ;+3
;+:yfnfO{ gLltut lg0f{osf cfwf/df ljt/0f u/]sf]
eGg] lgj]bssf] egfO{ b]lvG5 . To;af6 s]xL /sd
cfkm}n] lnPsf] jf s[lqd JolQm jf x'bF } gePsf] ;+3
;:yf v8f u/L /sd lbPsf] eGg] b]lvFbg} .
%= o:tf] cj:yfdf dlGqkl/ifb\ s f]
lg0f{oadf]lhd tf]ss
] f] zt{df lgsf;f ePsf] /sd
vr{ ePsf] 5 5}g / vr{ ePsf] /sdsf]] ;DaGwdf
dxfn]vf k/LIfsn] n]vf k/LIf0f u/]sf] 5 5}g /
n]vf k/LIf0f ubf{ a]?h' egL lg0f{o u/]sf] 5,
5}g < log} s'/fx x]l/g' kg]{ x'G5 . k|:t't vr{
ePsf] ljjflbt /sd ;DaGwdf dxfn]vf k/LIfsn]
n]vf k/LIf0f ubf{ j]?h' cf}NofPsf] eGg] lnlvt
hjfkmaf6 b]lvFb}g . hals dxfn]vf k/LIfssf]
jflif{s k|ltj]bgdf plNnlvt a]?h'sf] hfFr ug]{
sfd n]vf ;ldltsf] xf] eGg] s'/f ;f] ;ldltsf]]
lnlvt hjfkmaf6} b]lvG5 . ;f] afx]s ;+;b / ;+;bLo
;ldltsf] sfdsf/jfxLpk/ cbfntdf k|Zg p7fpg'
zlQm k[ysLs/0fsf] l;4fGtk|lts"n x'G5 eGg] a'bF f
pNn]v u/L ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltn] o; cbfntsf]
o; ljifodf ;'gj' fO ug]{ clwsf/If]q dfly g} k|Zg
p7fPsf] b]lvG5 .
^= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]
wf/f %^ sf] pkwf/f -$_ df Joj:yflksf ;+;bnfO{
lbPsf] clwsf/ cGtu{t s'g} lnvt, k|ltj]bg, dtbfg
jf sf/jfxLnfO{ lnP/ s'g} JolQmpk/ cbfntdf
sf/jfxL rnfpg ;lsg] 5}g eGg] pNn]v ul/Psf]
5 . ;f]xL pkwf/fsf] :ki6Ls/0fdf Joj:yflksf
;+;b eGgfn] Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] / To;sf] s'g}
;ldltnfO{ klg hgfpF5 eGg] pNn]v ePaf6 ;+;bLo
sf/jfxL / ;ldltsf] sf/jfxLnfO{ lnP/ cbfntdf
k|Zg p7fpg gkfpg] eGg];Dd pGd'lQm -Immunity_
319

k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . t/ ;+ljwfg jf sfg"gljk/Ltsf]

s'g} sfdsf/jfxLaf6 s'g} gful/snfO{ c;/ k/]sf]
5 eg] To:tf] sfdsf/jfxLnfO{ klg pGd'lQm k|bfg
ul/Psf] 5}g . sfg"gljk/Ltsf] sfdsf/jfxLaf6
c;/ k/]sf] JolQmn] ;+jw} flgs af6f] ckgfpg ;Sb5
/ o; cbfntn] klg ;+ljwfg k|bQ JolQmsf] df}lns
jf sfg"gL xssf] k|rngsf nflu c;fwf/0f
clwsf/If]qsf] k|of]u ug{ ;Sb5 . cbfntsf] of]
clwsf/ zlQm k[ysLs/0fsf] l;4fGt k|lts"n xf]
eGg] cy{ ug{ ldNg] x'bF g} .
&= oL l/6 lgj]bs >L; zDz]/ /f0ffn]
cfkm" ;" r gf tyf ;~rf/ /fHodGqL x' F b f
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{oadf]lhd g]kfn clw/fHosf]
;+ljwfg, @)$& jxfn /x]sf] cj:yfdf ul7t
dlGqkl/ifb\af6 ;fdflhs ;]jf cg'bfg zLif{s
cGtu{t lgsf;f ePsf] /sd lgh lgj]bs dGqL
kbdf jxfn /xFbf ljleGg ;+3 ;+:yfnfO{ ljt/0f
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o; ;DaGwdf lgh dGqL kbaf6
d' Q m ePkl5 hf/L ePsf] g] k fnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# f/f ljleGg ;dodf ul7t
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfo{ k|0ffnL x]bf{ dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
lg0f{ofg';f/ k|To]s cfly{s jif{df ;"rgf tyf
;~rf/ dGqfnoaf6 ;f]xL zLif{s cGtu{t ljleGg
JolQm tyf ;+3 ;+:yfsf gfddf /sd ljt/0f x'g]
u/] s f] ;" r gf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfnosf] #
cf=k|=)^*.^( r=g+= *# ldlt @)^*.%.@% sf]
cfly{s k|zf;g zfvfsf] kq ;fy k|l] ift ljj/0faf6
b]lvG5 . To;df klg @)^@.!).!# sf] lg0f{ocg';f/
oL lgj]bsaf6 /sd ljt/0f ul/Psf JolQm Pjd
;+3 ;+:yfxnfO{ g} kl5Nnf] jif{xdf ;dfg
k|lqmofcg'k ljt/0f ul/Fb} cfPsf] ;d]t pQm
ljj/0faf6 b]lvPsf] 5 . o:tf] ;fdflhs ;]jf
cg'bfg zLif{saf6 ljt/0f x'g] /sd dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
gLltut lg0f{oadf]lhd k|To]s jif{ lg/Gt/ /
ck]Iffs[t a9L /sd ljt/0f x'b} cfPsf] kfOPsf]
5 . To:tf] /sd g a]?h' ePsf] 5, g t ;fj{hlgs
n]vf ;ldltn] To:tf] /sd ;DaGwdf s'g} sf/jfxL
lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 . o;/L ljleGg ;/sf/sf ;"rgf
tyf ;~rf/ dGqLxn] ;fdflhs ;]jf cg'bfg

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

zLif{s cGtu{tdf xfn;Dd ;f]xL k|lqmofcg'k

/sd ljt/0f ub} { cfPsf] b] l vPsf] n ] Pp6f
dlGqkl/ifb\af6 u/]sf] lg0f{oadf]lhd ul/Psf] vr{
7Ls / csf] { dlGqkl/ifb\ a f6 u/] s f] p:t}
lg0f{ o adf] l hd ul/Psf] vr{ j] 7 Ls eGg' n fO{
sfg" g ;Ddt\ / Gofo;+ u t eGg ldNb} g . lo
lgj] b sn] vr{ u/] s f] /sd jb\ l gotk" 0 f{ ,
sfg"gljk/Lt / clgoldt xf] eg] ;f] lgsf;f ug]{
tTsfnLg dlGqkl/ifb\sf ;a} ;b:onfO{ sf/jfxL
ug' { k g] { x' G 5 . t/ tTsfnLg dlGqkl/ifb\ jf
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] c? ;b:opk/ g sf/jfxL ePsf]
5, g t ltgLx dfly s'g} cfly{s bfloTjsf]
lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
lg0f{o sfof{Gjog ug]{ Ps dGqLsf] sfo{nfO{
jb\lgotk"0f{ jf sfg"gljk/Lt 7x/fpg ldNb}g .
*= ;fdflhs ;]jf cg'bfg zLif{saf6
ljt/Lt /sd ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfnosf dGqL
:jo+sf] lg0f{oaf6 lgsf;f ePsf] eGg] b]lvb}g .
(= dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{oaf6 lgsf;f eO{
vr{ ePsf] /sd lgoldt jf clgoldt s] s;/L
vr{ ul/Psf] 5 To;sf] n]vf k/LIf0f ug]{ sfd
dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] xf] . dxfn]vf k/LIfsn] ;/sf/L
sf]ifaf6 vr{ ul/Psf] /sd lgoldt clgoldt s]
5 To;sf] n]vf k/LIf0f u/L clgoldt b]lvPdf
dfq To:tf] clgoldt vr{ u/]sf] /sd c;"npk/
ug{ ;lsg] x'G5 . t/ k|:t't ljjflbt /sd of] P]g,
lgodsf] Joj:yfcg'k vr{ ePg eGg] egfO 5}g .
;fy} lgj]bs tTsfnLg dGqL >L; zDz]/ /f0ffn]
dlGqkl/ifb\af6 vr{ ug{ kfPsf] cg'dltsf]] bfo/fleq
/xL dlGqkl/ifb\s} lg0f{oadf]lhd u/]sf] vr{sf]
lhDd]jf/L dGqL PSn}sf] JolQmut eGg] klg x'bg} .
;f] lg0f{o / vr{ ug]{ jf ljt/0f ug]{ sfo{af6
lgj]bs PSn}sf] jb\lgot /x]sf] eGg ldNg] klg
b]lvb}g . cfgf] JolQmut kmfObf jf nfesf nflu
dlGqkl/ifb\af6 lg0f{o u/fPsf] eGg] klg 5}g, g t
cfgf] JolQmut k|of]hg jf cfkm"nfO{ JolQmut
nfe x'g] lsl;daf6 vr{ u/]sf] eGg] ;fj{hlgs
n]vf ;ldltsf] lg0f{odf jf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ldlt
@)^#.^.!) sf] lg0f{odf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L
320

oL lgj]bssf] jb\lgot k'li6 x'g] cfwf/ gePsfn]

@)^@.!).!# sf] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ vr{
ul/Psf] ljjflbt /sdsf] cfly{s bfloTj oL lgj]bs
dfly y'kfg{ ldNg] jf lghaf6 ;f] /sd c;"npk/
ug'k{ g]{ cj:yf 5}g .
!)= pk/f]Qm ljj]rgf / ljjflbt lg0f{o
Pj+ lnlvt hjfkmsf] cWoogaf6 oL lgj]bsaf6
pQm /sd c;"n ug]{ u/fpg] ;DaGwdf ;fj{hlgs
n]vf ;ldltn] ldlt @)^#.$.!) df u/]sf] lg0f{o /
To;nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu g]kfn
;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifb\af6 @)^#.^.!) df ePsf] lg0f{osf]
s'g} sfg"gL cfwf/ b]lvg cfPg . cals ;+ljwfg /
sfg"gadf]lhd u7g ePsf /fHosf c / lgsfon]
;Lldt clwsf/ dfq k|of]u ug{ kfpF5g\ . ;Lldt
eGgfn] ;+ljwfg jf sfg"gn] h] clwsf/ k|bfg
u/]sf] 5 Toltg} clwsf/ k|of]u ug{ kfpF5g\ . cfgf]
OR5fn] cfkm"n] kfPsf] clwsf/sf] ;Ldf a9fpg jf
36fpg kfpg] x'bg} . ljlwsf] zf;gsf] of] Pp6f
cfwf/e"t dfGotf xf] . To;}n] sfg"gL cfwf/ /
clwsf/a]u/ Pp6f g]kfnL gful/sdfly s'g} k|sf/sf]
b08, h/Ljfgf jf cfly{ s bfloTj lgwf{ / 0f
sfg"gadf]lhdsf] k|lqmof cjnDag u/L clwsf/k|fKt
lgsfon] dfq ug{ ;Sb5 . sfg"gsf] :ki6 cfwf/ /
clVtof/L j]u/ To;f] ug{ kfOb}g . lsgeg] ;+ljwfg
/ sfg" g n] ;a} gful/snfO{ ;dfgtfsf] /
;DklQ;DaGwL xs k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . u}/sfg"gL jf
cglws[t cltqmd0faf6 ;+ljwfgn] To;nfO{ ;'/Iff
k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . gful/s gful/saLr /fHosf]
cxn] e]befjk"0f{ Jojxf/ klg ug{ kfOb}g .
ljlwsf] zf;gdf sfg"gsf] ;jf]k{ l/tf ;a}n] :jLsf/
ug'{ kb{5 . :j]R5frf/L 9+un] jf cfkm"n] dg gk/fPsf]
JolQm jf gful/s dfly sfg"gL cfwf/ j]u/ s'g}
klg cfly{s bfloTjsf] lgwf{/0f ug{ sfg"gsf] pNn+3g
x'g\ / gful/ssf] sfg"gL Pj+ ;+j}wflgs xssf]
cltqmd0f x'g hfg] x'G5 .
!!= k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;Gbe{df x]bf{
tTsfnLg dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ;fd"lxs / gLltut
lg0f{osf] cfwf/df u/]sf] vr{sf] lhDd]jf/ ;f]xL
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] Pshgf ;b:o dfq x'g\ egL lgh

*&&! >L; zDz]/ /f0ff lj= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

dfly cfly{s bfloTj lgwf{/0f ug'{ / /sd c;"n

ug],{ u/fpg] sfdaf6 oL lgj]bsnfO{ tTsfn k|rlnt
g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& sf] wf/f !! /
!& n] Pj+ xfn k|rlnt g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg
@)^# sf] wf/f !# / !( f/f k|bQ qmdzM
;dfgtfsf] xs / ;DklQsf] df}lns xsdfly k|ToIf
cf3ft kfg]{ b]lvPsf]n] To:tf lg0f{ox sfod
/xg ;Sg] b]lvPg . To;df klg Pp6f dlGqkl/ifb\n]
u/]sf] lg0f{o ;f] dlGqkl/ifb\ kl/jt{g eO{ csf]{
dlGqkl/ifb\ u7g ePkl5 klxn]sf] dlGqkl/ifb\n]
u/]sf lg0f{oxnfO{ dlGqkl/ifb\df ePsf] kl/jt{g
jf cGo /fhgLlts sf/0fn] kl/jt{g ub}{ hfg]
cyjf s'g} vf; lg0f{o sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;DalGwt
dlGq dfly dfq dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{osf] lhDd]jf/L
y'kfb}{ hfg] xf] eg] To;n] b]zsf] ;/sf/sf]
ljZj;gLotf / sfo{k|0ffnLdfly uDeL/ k|Zg
p7fpg ;Sb5 . To:tf] Jojxf/ ljlwsf] zf;g /
;'zf;gsf] cfwf/e"t l;4fGtljk/Lt x'g hfG5 .
!@= t;y{ , dfly ljj] l rt cfwf/ /
sf/0faf6 oL lgj]bs tTsfnLg ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/
/fHo dGqLf/f tTsfnLg dlGqkl/ifb\ s f]
@)^@.!).!# sf] lg0f{oaf6 ;fdflhs ;]jf cg'bfg
zLif{scGtu{t k|fKt /sd dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ;f]xL
lg0f{osf] cwLgdf /xL cfly{s k|zf;g ;DaGwL
lgodfjnL, @)%^ sf] lgod $)-#_ adf]lhd vr{
u/] s f] b] l vPsf] n ] ;f] sfo{ clgoldt /
sfg"gljk/Lt b]lvg gcfPsf]n] ;f] /sd lghaf6
c;"npk/ ug]{ egL ldlt @)^#.$.!) df ;fj{hlgs
n]vf ;ldltn] u/]sf] lg0f{o / ;f]sf] cfwf/df
g]kfn ;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifb\af6 ePsf] @)^#.^.!)
sf] lg0f{o / ;f]xLcg';f/ ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/
dGqfnoaf6 ldlt @)^#.&.!( df oL lgj]bsnfO{
n]v]sf] kq ;d]tsf ;Dk"0f{ sfdsf/jfxL cGtl/d
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !# / wf/f !( ljk/Lt q'l6k"0f{
b]lvFbf To;af6 oL lgj]bsnfO{ k|fKt ;+j}wflgs
xs dfly cf3ft kg]{ b]lvPsf]n] pk/f]Qm lg0f{o /
kq ;d]t ab/ ug]{ u/L pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]z hf/L
x' g ] 7x5{ . of] cfb] z sf] hfgsf/L
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t\ ljkIfLxnfO{
321

lbO{ k|:t't lgj]bgsf] bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L

ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfOlbg" .
pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' .
Gof= e/t/fh pk|t] L
Olt ;+jt\ @)^* ;fn sflQs & ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .
Ohnf; clws[t M >Lk|;fb ;+hn
]

l
lg0f{o g+= *&&@
;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L tflx/ cnL cG;f/L
dfggLo GofofwLz k|f=8f=>L e/taxfb'/ sfsL{
)^&WO)^#@
cfb]z ldltM @)^*.!@.!%.$
ljifo M pTk|i] f0f .
lgj]bsM lhNnf af/f, u~hejfgLk'/ uf=lj=;= j8f
g+= ! hGd e} xfn lhNnf k;f{ jL/u~h
pkdxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= !% d"ln{6f]n
a:g] w|k' ;fx t]nL
lj?4
ljkIfLM lhNnf af/f, u~hejfgLk'/ j8f g+= ! u~h
ejfgLk'/ 6f]n a:g] /fhsnL t]lngsf] d'2f
;sf/ ug]{ nfnafa' k|;fb t]nL ;d]t
d'ns
' L P]g, c=j+= ^@-%_ g+= n] tfl/vdf
pkl:yt x'gk' g{] JolQm af6f] aGb eO{ xflh/
x'g g;s] af6f] v'ns
] f] ldltn] !) lbgleq
xflh/ eO{ yfDg kfpg] Joj:yf ePsf] /
c=j+= %( g+= df cfgf] sfa' aflx/sf]
kl/l:yltn] ubf{ Dofb tfl/v u'hd]| f ydfpg]
Joj:yf eO{ cnu cnu kl/l:yltdf u'hs
]| f]
tfl/v yfDg ydfpg kfpg] u/L cnu
cnu ;'ljwf P]gn] k|bfg u/]sf] ca:yfdf
c=j+= ^@-%_ g+= adf]lhd u'hs
]| f] tfl/v
gydfO{ c=j+= %( g+= adf]lhd u'hs
]| f] tfl/v
ydfpg gldNg] jf c=j+= %( g+= / c=a+=

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

^@-%_ g+= sf] ;'ljwf Ps;fy gkfpg] eGg

gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=%_
kIfn] sfg"gadf]lhd k|fKt ug{;Sg] cnu
cnu ;'ljwfdWo] Pp6f k|of]u gu/L csf]{
k|of]u ug{ gkfpg] eGg gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=^_
lgj]bssf] tkm{af6M pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmf
/fd]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnf
ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmf s[i0fd'/f/L /f}lgof/
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
c=j+= %( tyf c=j+= ^@-%_ g+=
cfb]z
Gof=tflx/ cnL cG;f/LM g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@!)&-@_ adf]lhd o;
cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]q cGtu{t kg{ cfPsf]
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ cfb]z o;k|sf/
/x]sf] 5 M
d l/6 lgj]bs jfbL lj?4 /fhsnL t]lng
k| l tjfbL e} k;f{ lhNnf cbfnt;dIf ldlt
@)^^.#.@! df ldlt @)%^.#.@@ sf] skfnL td;'s
adf]lhdsf] ?= @,%),))). ;fFjf Jofh ;d]t
lbnfO{ e/fO{ kfpmF egL n]gb]g d'2f bfo/ eO{
ljrf/fwLg cj:yfdf /x]sf] 5 . ljkIfL nfnafa'
k|;fb t]nLn] k|ltjfb ubf{ k;f{ lhNnf cbfntsf]
clwsf/If]q g/x]sf] / c=a+= &* g+= adf]lhd lnvt
x]g{ kfpmF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltpQ/ lhsL/
lng'ePsf] lyof] . ;Ssn lnvt bflvn u/fO{ xfdL
b' a } kIfnfO{ k;f{ lhNnf cbfntaf6 ldlt
@)^&.#.!& ut] d'n'sL P]g, c=a+= &* g+= sf]
sfg"gL k|lqmof k"/f ug{ tfl/v tf]lsPsf] lyof] .
k;f{ lhNnf cbfntaf6 tf]lsPsf] pQm
ldltsf] tfl/v ljkIfL nfnafa' ;fx t]nLn] u'hf/L
a;] s f] x' F b f u' h | ] s f] tfl/v yfdL kfpmF egL
@)^&.$.$ df lgj]bg lbPsf]df k;f{ lhNnf
cbfntsf ;|]:t]bf/n] c=a+= ^@-%_ / c=a+= %(
322

g+= sf] Joj:yf cnu cnu kl/l:yltdf nfu" x'g]

ePsf]n] lgj]bg dfuadf]lhd c=a+= ^@-%_ g+=
adf]lhdsf] ca:yfdf ;f]adf]lhd u'h|]sf] tfl/v
gydfO{ c=a+= %( g+= adf]lhd u'h|]sf] tfl/v
ydfO{ kfpmF egL lbPsf] lgj]bgdf dfuadf]lhd
u' h | ] s f] tfl/v ydfpg gldNg] egL ldlt
@)^&.$.$ df cfb]z eof] . ;|]:t]bf/sf] pQm
cfb]z ab/ u/L u'h|]sf] tfl/v yfdL kfpmF egL
ljkIfLn] lbPsf] lgj]bgdf ;|]:t]bf/af6 ePsf]
ldlt @)^&.$.$ sf] cfb] z dgfl;a b] l vF b f
kl/jt{g ul//xg' k/]g, sfg"gadf]lhd ug{' egL
k;f{ lhNnf cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^&.$.!@ df
cfb]z eof] .
k;f{ lhNnf cbfntsf] pQm cfb]zpk/
ljkIfL nfnafa' ;fx t]nLn] c=a+= !& g+= adf]lhd
lgj] b g lbPsf] d f tfl/v yfDg gkfpg] u/L
;|:] t]bf/af6 ePsf] cfb]z ;b/ ug]{ u/]sf] k;f{
lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)^&.$.!@ sf] cfb]z j]/Ltsf]
b]lvFbf ab/ ul/lbPsf] 5 . lgj]bssf] tfl/v yfdL
sfg" g adf] l hd ug' { egL k' g /fj] b g cbfnt,
x]6f}8+ faf6 ldlt @)^&.&.!! df cfb]z eof] .
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, x]6f}+8faf6 c=a+= ^@
sf] b]xfo -%_ sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf / c=a+= %( g+=
sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf cnucnu xf] egL dfg]sf]
b]lvG5 . c=a+= ^@ sf] b]xfo -%_ df vf]nf] klx/f]
jf lxpFn] af6f] aGb e} jf so{"sf] 3f]if0ff ePsf]
jf cGo s'g} Joxf]/fn] oftfoftsf] ;fwg grn]sf]
sf/0faf6 jf e"sDk cflb h:tf b}jL k|sf]k
k/]sf] sf/0faf6 tfl/vdf xfhL/ x'g'kg]{ JolQm
xfhL/ x'g g;sL tfl/v u'h|]sf]df ;DalGwt
ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt jf gu/kflnsf jf ;/sf/L
cfaf6 ;f] ePsf] Joxf]/f v'nfOPsf] lg:;f
lnO{ af6f] v'n]sf] jf oftfoftsf] ;fwg rn]sf]
jf b}jLk|sf]k k/]sf]df ;f] ePsf] ldltn] af6fsf]
Dofb afx]s !) lbgleq xfhL/ e} lgj]bg kq
lbPdf Dofb tfl/v yfdL lbg'k5{ eGg] sfg"gL
Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
pQm sfg" g L Joj:yfadf] l hd ljkIfL
nfnafa' ;fx t]nLsf] lgj]bg !) lbgleq xfhL/

*&&@ w'k| ;fx t]nL lj=d=;=ug]{ nfnafa' k|;fb t]nL ;d]t

e} k/]sf] xf]Og . !) lbgleq xfhL/ e} lgj]bg

lbg g;s]kl5 c=a+= ^@ sf] b]xfo -%_ sf] ;'ljwf
;dfKt x'G5 . To;af6 ljkIfLsf] lgj]bgaf6 klxnf]
k6s !# lbg cl3 g} ydfO{ ;s]sf] afFsL !& lbg
@)^&.$.! df g} JotLt e} @)^&.$.$ df lgj]bg
kbf{ afFsL calw gePsf]n] u'h|]sf] tfl/v yfldg
;Sg] cj:yf 5}g . ;fy} k;fxf gbLdf kSsL k'n
/x]sf] s'/f uf=lj=;= ;lrjn] l;kmfl/z ug'{ ePaf6
@)^&.#.!& ut] af6f] aGb ePsf] lyPg .
ctM pk/f]Qm adf]lhd sfg"gljk/Ltsf]
lgj] b g dfusf cfwf/df k' g /fj] b g cbfnt,
x]6f}8+ faf6 ldlt )^&.&.!! df ePsf] cfb]z Pj+ ;f]
cfb]zaf6 k;f{ lhNnf cbfntdf sf/jfxLo'Qm
cj:yfdf /x]sf] pQm n]gb]g d'2fdf ljkIfLsf] u'hs
]| f]
tfl/v yfDg] u/L ePsf] cfb]znufotsf ;d]tsf
;Dk"0f{ k|lqmofx pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ ul/kfpFm
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bg dfu bfjL .
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf]
dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g\ gkg]{ xf] < of]
cfb]z k|fKt ePsf] ldltn] af6fsf Dofb afx]s !%
lbgleq lnlvt hjfkm k7fpg' egL ljkIfLxnfO{
;"rgf k7fO{ lnlvt hjfkm cfPkl5 jf calw
gf3]kl5 lgodadf]lhd k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf]
ldlt @)^&.(.@^ sf] cfb]z .
d'n'sL P]g, c=a+= ^@-%_ g+= n] tfl/vdf
pkl:yt x'g' kg]{ AolQm af6f] aGb eO{ xfhL/ x'g
g;s] af6f] v'n]sf] ldltn] !) lbgleq xfhL/ e}
yfDg kfpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . To;} u/L c=a+=
%( g+= df cfgf] sfa'eGbf aflx/sf] kl/l:yltn]
ubf{ Dofb tfl/v u'h|]df ydfpg] Joj:yf eO{
kIfxn] k|fKt u/]sf] cnu cnu ;'ljwf ePsf]
x'Fbf kIfn] k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] cnu cnu ;'ljwfdWo]
Pp6f k|of]u gu/L csf]{ lg/Gt/ ?kdf k|of]u ug{
gkfpg] eGg] s'g} sfg"gL aGb]h 5}g . sfg"gn]
lbPsf] ;'ljwfnfO{ kIfn] pkof]u ug{ gkfpg]
eGg ldNb}g . k;f{ lhNnf cbfntdf sf/afxLo'Qm
cj:yfdf /x]sf] n]gb]g d'2fdf u'h|]sf] tfl/v
yfDg kfpg] u/L k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, x]6f}+8faf6
ePsf] @)^&.&.!! sf] cfb]z / ;f] cfb]z cg';f/
323

d]/f] tfl/v ydfO{ d'2f k'k{If u/L cfPsf]df pQm

sfo{ Jojxf/af6 ljkIfLsf] ;+a}wflgs Pj+ sfg"gL
xsdf s' g } lsl;dsf] cltqmd0f gePsf] n ]
ljkIfLsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] nfnafa' ;fx t]nLsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
ljkIfL lgj] b s w| ' k ;fx t] n L lj?4
/fhsnL t]lng ;d]t ePsf] n]gb]g d'2fdf z'?
k;f{ lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)^&.$.!@ sf] cfb]z
ab/ ul/kfpFm egL lgj]bs w|k' ;fx t]nLsf] tkm{af6
o; cbfntdf kg{ cfPsf] c=a+= !& g+= sf]
lgj]bgdf tfl/v yfDg kfpg] u/L ;|]:t]bf/af6
ePsf] cfb]z ;b/ ug]{ u/]sf] k;f{ lhNnf cbfntsf]
ldlt @)^&.$.!@ sf] cfb]z j]/Ltsf] b]lvFbf ab/
ul/Psf] 5 . lgj]bssf] u'h|]sf] tfl/v yfdL
sfg"gadf]lhd ug'{ egL o; cbfntaf6 ldlt
@)^&.&.!! df ePsf] cfb]zaf6 ljkIfLn] lgj]bsn]
pNn]v u/]adf]lhd lghsf] ;+a}wflgs Pj+ sfg"gL
xs xgg\ gePsf] x'Fbf ljkIfLn] lbPsf] l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt, x]6f}+8fsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
jfbL w|k' ;fx t]nL la?4 k|ltjfbL /fhsnL
t]lng ePsf] n]gb]g d'2fdf o; cbfntaf6
@)^&.$.!& ut]sf] tfl/v tf]lsPsf]df pQm ldltsf]
tfl/v k|ltjfbLn] u'hf/L a;]sf] kfOG5 . ldlt
@)^&.#.!& ut]sf] u'h|]sf] tfl/v yfdL kfpmF egL
k|ltjfbLn] @)^&.$.$ df lgj]bg lbPsf]df lgj]bg
dfuadf] l hd tfl/v ydfpg gldNg] egL
;| ] : t] b f/af6 @)^&.$.$ df cfb] z eof] .
;|]:t]bf/af6 ePsf] ldlt @)^&.$.$ sf] cfb]z
ab/ ul/kfpFm egL k|ltjfbLn] lbPsf] lgj]bgdf
;|]:t]bf/af6 ePsf] ldlt @)^&.$.$ sf] cfb]z
dgfl;j b]lvFbf kl/jt{g u/L /xg' k/]g egL o;
cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^&.$.!@ df cfb]z eof] .
o; cbfntaf6 ePsf] ldlt @)^&.$.!@ sf] cfb]z
ab/ ul/kfpFm egL k|ltjfbLn] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt,
x]6f}+8fdf c=a+= !& g+= adf]lhd lgj]bg lbPsf]df
tfl/v yfDg gkfpg] u/L ;|:] t]bf/af6 ePsf] cfb]z
;b/ ug]{ u/]sf] k;f{ lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt
@)^&.$.!@ sf] cfb]z j]/Ltsf] b]lvFbf ab/ u/L

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

lbPsf] 5, lgj]bssf] tfl/v yfdL sfg"gadf]lhd

ug'{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt,
x]6f}+8faf6 ldlt @)^&.&.!! df cfb]z e} d'2fsf
kIfx tfl/vdf /x]sf] / o; cbfntdf rn]sf]
pQm n]gb]g d'2f sf/afxLo'Qm ca:yfdf /x]sf]
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k;f{ lhNnf cbfntsf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
lgodadf]lhd k]zL ;"rLdf r9L Ohnf;
;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf lgj]bssf]
tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmf >L /fd]Zj/k|;fb
sf]O/fnfn] lgj]bs / ljkIfL nfnafa' k|;fb
t]nLaLr k;f{ lhNnf cbfntdf rn]sf] n]gb]g
d'2fdf @)^&.#.!& ut]sf] tfl/v tf]lsPsf]df kSsL
k'n ePsf] k;fx gbLdf af9L cfO{ af6f] aGb
ePsf] egL ljkIfLn] em"7f l;kmfl/z k]z u/]sf]df
tfl/v gyfDg] u/L ;|]:t]bf/af6 ePsf] cfb]znfO{
;b/ ug]{ u/L k;f{ lhNnf cbfntaf6 @)^&.$.!@
df ePsf] cfb]z j]/Ltsf] b]lvFbf ab/ ug]{ u/L
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, x]6f}8+ faf6 @)^&.&.!! df ePsf]
cfb]z q'l6k"0f{ ePsf]n] pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/
ul/of];\ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] jx; k|:t't ug'e
{ of] .
ljkIfLdWo]sf] /fhsnL t]lngsf] d'=;=
ug]{ nfnafa' k|;fb t]nLsf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg
clwjQmf >L s[i0fd'/f/L /f}lgof/n] u'h|]sf] tfl/v
yfDg] u/L k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, x]6f}+8faf6 ePsf]
@)^&.&.!! sf] cfb]z sfg"gadf]lhd ePsf]n]
ljkIfLn] lbPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/of];\
eGg] Joxf]/fsf] jx; k|:t't ug'{eof] .
ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLxn] ug'{ePsf]
jx; ;d]t ;'gL l/6 lgj]bg ;lxtsf] ldl;n
cWoog u/L x]bf{ lgj]bg dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z
hf/L ug{ ldNg] xf], xf]Og < ;f] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o
lbg' kg]{ b]lvg cfof] .
@= lg0f{otkm{ larf/ ubf{ jfbL oL lgj]bs
w|'jk|;fb ;fx t]nL la?4 k|ltjfbL /fhsnL t]lng
ePsf] n]gb]g d'2fdf k;f{ lhNnf cbfntaf6
tf]lsPsf] @)^&.#.!& ut]sf] tfl/v u'h|]sf]n] c=j+=
%( g+= tyf c=j+= ^@-%_ g+= adf]lhd yfdL kfpmF

egL k|ltjfbL /fhsnL t]lngsf] d'=;= ug]{ lghsf]

5f]/f nfnafa' k|;fb t]nLn] u~hejfgLk'/ uf=lj=;=
sf] l;kmfl/z ;fy lgj]bg lbPsf]df c=a+= ^@-%_
/ %( g+= sf] Joj:yf cnu cnu kl/l:yltdf
nfu" x'g] ePsf]n] c=a+= ^@-%_ g+= adf]lhd tfl/v
gydfO{ c=a+= %( g+= adf]lhd tfl/v ydfpg
gldNg] x'Fbf u'h|]sf] tfl/v ydfpg ldn]g egL
k;f{ lhNnf cbfntsf ;|]:t]bf/af6 @)^&.$.$
df ePsf] cfb]z ;b/ ug]{ u/L k;f{ lhNnf
cbfntsf] Ohnf;af6 @)^&.$.!@ df cfb]z
ePsf] kfOG5 .
#= k;f{ lhNnf cbfntsf] pQm cfb]z
c=j+= !& g+= adf]lhd j]/Ltsf] ePsf]n] ab/
ul/kfpFm egL ljkIfL dWo]sf nfnafa' k|;fb ;fxn]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, x]6f}+8fdf lgj]bg lbPsf]df
u'h|]sf] tfl/v ydfpg gldNg] u/L ;|]:t]bf/af6
ePsf] cfb]znfO{ ;b/ ug]{ u/L k;f{ lhNnf
cbfntaf6 ePsf] @)^&.$.!@ sf] cfb]z j]/Ltsf]
b]lvFbf ab/ ul/lbPsf] 5 . lgj]bssf] tfl/v yfdL
sfg" g adf] l hd ug' { egL k' g /fj] b g cbfnt,
x]6f}+8faf6 @)^&.&.!! df cfb]z ePsf] ldl;n
;+nUg sfuhftaf6 b]lvG5 .
$= d'n'sL P]g, c=j+= ^@-%_ n] tfl/vdf
pkl:yt x'g' kg]{ JolQm af6f] aGb eO{ xfhL/ x'g
g;s]sf] cj:yfdf af6f] v'n]sf] ldltn] !) lbgleq
xfhL/ eO{ u'h|]sf] tfl/v yfDg kfpg] sfg"gL
Joj:yf /x]sf] kfOG5 . To;} u/L c=j+= %( g+=
cg';f/ cfgf] sfa' aflx/sf] kl/l:yltn] ubf{
Dofb tfl/v u'h|]df ydfpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
k|:t't lgj]bg;Fu ;DalGwt pQm ljjfbdf k|ltjfbL
/fhsnL t]lngsf] d'=;= ug]{ nfnafa' t]nLn] k;f{
lhNnf cbfntdf rn]sf] n]gb]g d'2fdf @)^&.#.!&
ut]sf] tfl/vsf] lbg k;fx gbLdf jf9L cfO{ af6f]
aGb ePsf] sf/0f xfhL/ x'g g;s]sf]n] c=a+= ^@
-%_ g+= adf]lhd pkl:yt x'g'kg]{ cjlwdf la/fdL
;d]t k/]af6 c=j+= ^@-%_ / %( g+= adf]lhd
u'h|]sf] tfl/v yfdL kfpmF egL @)^&.$.$ df
lgj]bg lbPsf] b]lvG5 .

324

*&&# bfdf]b/ /f]kj]h lj= xfhdf skf]{/]zg ;d]t

%= d'ns
' L P]g, c=j+= ^@-%_ g+= n] tfl/vdf
pkl:yt x'g'kg{] JolQm af6f] aGb eO{ xfhL/ x'g
g;s] af6f] v'n]sf] ldltn] !) lbgleq xfhL/ eO{
yfDg kfpg] Joj:yf ePsf] / c=j+= %( g+= df
cfgf] sfa' aflx/sf] kl/l:yltn] ubf{ Dofb tfl/v
u' h | ] d f ydfpg] Joj:yf eO{ cnucnu
kl/l:yltdf u'h|]sf] tfl/v yfDg ydfpg kfpg]
u/L cnu cnu ;'ljwf P]gn] k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .
o:tf] ca:yfdf c=j+= ^@-%_ g+= adf]lhd u'h|]sf]
tfl/v gydfO{ c=j+= %( g+= adf]lhd u'h|]sf] tfl/v
ydfpg gldNg] jf c=j+= %( g+= / c=a+= ^@-%_ g+=
sf] ;'ljwf Ps;fy gkfpg] eGg ldNg] b]lvFb}g .
^= o;/L kIfn] sfg"gadf]lhd k|fKt ug{
;Sg] cnu cnu ;'ljwf dWo] Pp6f k|of]u gu/L
csf]{ k|of]u ug{ gkfpg] egL s'g} :ki6 sfg"gL
aGb]h klg g/x]sf] cj:yfdf jfbL w|'k ;fx t]nL
la?4 k|ltjfbL /fhsnL t]lngsf] d'=;= ug]{ nfnafa'
k|;fb t]nL ePsf] n]gb]g d'2fdf k;f{ lhNnf
cbfntaf6 tf]lsPsf] ldlt @)^&.#.!& sf] tfl/v
ydfpg gldNg] u/L ;|]:t]bf/af6 ePsf] @)^&.$.$
sf] cfb]znfO{ ;b/ ug]{ u/]sf] k;f{ lhNnf cbfntsf]
ldlt @)^&.$.!@ sf] cfb]z sfg"g cg'?k b]lvg
cfPg .
t;y{ k;f{ lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt
@)^&.$.!@ sf] cfb]z j]/Ltsf] b]lvFbf ab/ u/L
k|ltjfbLnfO{ tfl/vdf /fVg] u/L k'g/fj]bg cbfnt,
x] 6 f} + 8 faf6 @)^&.&.!! df ePsf] cfb] z
sfg"gcg's"n b]lvFbf To;nfO{ ab/ ug{ lgj]bg
dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ug{ ldNg] cj:yf
b]lvg cfPg . k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ .
bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/
a'emfO{lbg" .
pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' .
Gof=k|f=8f=e/taxfb'/ sfsL{
Olt ;+jt\ @)^* ;fn r}t !% ut] /f]h $ z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[t M xl/ sf]O/fnf
325

lg0f{o g+= *&&#

;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L k|d
] zdf{
dfggLo GofofwLz >L sdngf/fo0f bf;
@)^@ ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= *%$^
km};nf ldltM @)^*.!!.!.@
d'2f M /sd lbnfO{ kfpFm .
k'g/fj]bs jfbLM bfdf]b/ /f]kj]h P08 sG;6Szg sDkgL,
j+lz6f6{ /f]8, snsQf &))))!, ef/tdf
d'Vo sfof{no eO sf7df8f}+ lhNnf, sf7df8f}+
dxfgu/kflnsf, j8f g+= @, nflhDkf6 zfvf
sfof{nosf clwsf/k|fKt k|ltlglw nlntk'/
lhNnf, nlntk'/ pkdxfgu/kflnsf, j8f
g+= # a:g] c/ljGb dh'dbf/
lj?4
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLM @%* ls6f cfof]ofdf, s'= 6f]lsof],
hfkfg l:yt k|wfg sfof{no /x]sf] xfhdf
skf]{/]zgsf] sf7df8f}+ lhNnf, sf7df8f}+
dxfgu/kflnsf, j8f g+= #% l:yt k|ltlglw
sfof{nosf clVtof/k|fKt P]=sf hg/n
d]gh
] / lx/f]os
' L gf]ldofdf ;d]t
z'? km};nf ug]{ M
df=Gof=>L s'df/k|;fb kf]v/]n
k'g/fj]bg km};nf ug]{ M
df=Gof=>L 1fg]Gb|axfb'/ sfsL{
df=Gof=>L s]z/dfg klt
xfhdf skf]{/]zgsf] sfof{no sf7df8f}+
b]lvO/x]sf] / sf/f]jf/sf] sfo{ g]kfndf g}
ePsf] l:yltdf d'n'sL P]g, cbfntL
aGbf]a:tsf] dxnsf] @( g+= sf] b]xfo
!-@_ n] lglb{i6 u/]cg';f/ If]qflwsf/cGtu{t
kg]{ sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntdf d'2f bfo/
u/]sf] x'bF f If]qflwsf/ gePsf] cbfntdf
d'2f bfo/ u/]sf] eGg gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=@_

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

s/f/sf kIfxsf aLr s/f/sf zt{xsf]

ljifodf h'g ldltdf ljjfb pTkGg x'G5
jf s/f/sf] zt{cg';f/sf sfo{ ;Dkfbg
ug{ OGsf/ u/]sf] cj:yfsf] l;h{gf ePkl5
d'2f ug'k{ g]{ sf/0f (Cause of Action)
pTkGg eO{ ;f]xL lbgb]lv g} xbDofb z'?
ePsf] dfGg'kg]{ .
;xdltcg' ; f/ s/f/sf csf] { kIfn]
cfkm\gf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug]{ t/ s/f/sf
klxnf kIfn] cfkm\gf] e'QmfgL lbg] bfloTj
sfo{ ;Dkfbg gu/L a;]sf cj:yfdf
df}gtfn] sf/0f k/]sf] ldlt pTkGg ePsf]
eGg gldNg] .
s'g} lglZrt\ ldltaf6 xbDofb z'? x'G5
eGg g;lsg] l:yltdf sf/f] j f/L
kIfxdWo] bfloTj axg ug'k{ g]{ kIfn] axg
ug'k{ g]{ bfloTj ;fdfGotM slt ;doleq
k"/f ug'k{ g]{ xf] ;f] cg'dfg u/L To:tf]
;doleq e'Qmfg gu/]df d'2f ug'k{ g]{ sf/0f
pTkGg gePklg d'2f ug]{ l:ylt l;h{gf
ePsf] dfGg'kg]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=$_
s'g} kIfn] cfgf] arg jf cfr/0faf6}
s'g} ljifodf s'g} s'/fsf] k|lt1f u5{ /
;f]af6 cfZj:t eO{ csf]{ kIfn] s'g} sfo{
jf ;]jf k|bfg ub{5 eg] To:tf] k|lt1f ug]{
kIf cfkm"n] k|lt1f u/]sf] bfloTjaf6 kl5
x6\g ;Sg] cj:yf /xFbg} . To:tf] k|lt1f
sfg"gL bfo/fleq kg]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=&_
cfkm"n] sfo{;Dkfbg u/]kl5 e'QmfgL kfpg]
s' / fdf ljZj:t eO{ k| l tjfbLsf]
jrga4tfsf] cfwf/df sfo{ ;Dkfbg
ul/;s]kl5 e'QmfgL lbg'kg]{ sfg"gL bfloTj
x'g] x'bF f ;f]af6 ljd'v x'g vf]Hg' :ki6tM
k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf #$-!_ ljaGwgsf]
sfg"gL Joj:yf / jrga4tfsf] laaGwg
(Promissory Estoppel) lj?4 x'g hfg] .
-k|s/0f g+=(_
326

k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf tkm{af6M ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmfo

dxfb]jk|;fb ofbj / zDe' yfkf tyf ljfg
clwjQmfo s[ i 0f/fh kf08] /
gf/fo0faNne kGt
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbL tkm{af6M ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf
;'zLns'df/ kGt tyf ljfg clwjQmf
g/]Gb|k;
| fb uf}td
cjnlDat ghL/M
g]sfk @)$$, c @ lg=g+=@(**, k[= !%@
g]sfk @)$(, lg=g+=$$$&
g]sfk @)^#, c ! lg=g+=&^#*
;Da4 sfg"gM
d'ns
' L P]g, cbfntL aGbf]a:tsf] dxnsf]
@( g+= sf] b]xfo !-@_
bkmf $#-!_, $#-#_ / $#-$_
s/f/ P]g, @)@# sf] bkmf !*-@_-u_
k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf #$-!_
km};nf
Gof=sdngf/fo0f bf;M k'g/fj]bg cbfnt,
kf6gsf] km};nfpk/ Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf]
bkmf ( -!_ adf]lhd o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg kg{
cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ 7x/ o;k|sf/
/x]sf] 5 M
lkm/fbdf ljkIfL agfOPsf pbko'/ l;d]G6
pBf]u ln=nfO{ o; pk|fGt pbok'/ l;d]G6, sfjf;fsL
x]eL O08li6h ln= / 6f]ds
] skf]/{ z
] g sG;f]l6{odnfO{
sfjf;fsL tyf xfhdf skf]/{ z
] gnfO{ xfhdf egL
;Daf]wg ul/g] 5 . pbok'/ lhNnf, hnhn] eGg]
7fpFdf l;d]G6 pBf]u :yfkgf ug]{ l;nl;nfdf
pbok'/ l;d]G6 / sfjf;fsLaLr !@ dO{ !(*( O{
df ;Demf}tf eP adf]lhd pBf]usf] ;Dk"0f{ lgdf{0f
sfo{sf] 7]Ssf 6g{ls a]lz;df sfjf;fsLn] lnO{
lghn] klg k' g M 5' } ;Demf} t ff/f d" n
;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf ;Dk"0f{ 7]Ssf sfo{ xfhdfnfO{
;'Dk]sf] / ;f] ;Demf}tf cg';f/ ug'k{ g]{ sfo{ dWo]
/f]kj]h lgdf{0f sfo{ xfhdf cfkm}n
F ] gu/L c?af6
u/fpg] l;nl;nfdf lk=8An'=Pr= / Pg=lj=Pr= sf]
Ps ;+o'Qm sDkgL -o; pk|fGt lk=8An'=Pr=_

*&&# bfdf]b/ /f]kj]h lj= xfhdf skf]{/]zg ;d]t

elgPsf]af6 jftf{f/f k|:tfj dfu u/]sf] /x]5 . ;f]

k|:tfljt dfusf cfwf/df lk=8An'=Pr=n] klg d
lkm/fbL;Fu ldnL ;+o'Qm?kdf pQm /f]kj]hsf]
lgdf{0fsf] sfd ug]{ OR5f hfx]/ u/]adf]lhd d]/f]
klg d~h"/L ePkl5 d lkm/fbL / lgh lk=8An'=Pr=
aLr cS6f]a/ !@, !(*( O{= df ;Demf}tf eO{
;f]adf]lhd /Hh"dfu{sf] cfk"lt{ ;d]tsf ;a} lgdf{0fsf]
sfd d lkm/fbLn] ug'k{ g]{ lyof] . dl;t lk=8An'=Pr=n]
;Demf}tf u/L k|:tfj k]z u/]kl5 xfhdf l;t h'nfO{
!^, !(*) O{ df 5'} ;Demf}tf u/]sf] lyof] . ;f]xL
;Demf}tfadf]lhd d lkm/fbLn] sfd ub}{ cfPsf] /
/Hh"dfu{ lgdf{0f ug{ rflxg] ;fdfg ef/taf6 NofO{
of] cfk"lt{ u/]afkt ;Demf}tfsf] e'QmfgL zt{adf]lhd
Pn=;L= vf]nL e'QmfgL ul/g] ePcg';f/ lk=8An'=Pr=
n] hd{gLsf] P=lh= ;f/Jo'sg] l:yt 8]:8g/ a}s
+
-hd{gL a}s
+ elgPsf]_ df lkm/fbLn] $!,&(,@!#.
hd{gdfs{ a/fj/sf] k|tLtkq vf]ns
] f] / To; cGtu{t
d}n] cfoft u/L lgdf{0f:yndf cfk"lt{ u/]sf] ljn
cg';f/sf] /sd hd{g a}s
+ af6 d lkm/fbLn] o"gfO6]8
a}s
+ ckm Ol08of, snsQf -kl5 o'=lj=cfO{=elgPsf]_
jf6 e'QmfgL kfpFb} cfPsf] lyPF . ;Demf}tf cg';f/
d}n] cfk"lt{ u/]sf] b'O{ sG;fO{G6d]G6 leqsf] s"n
d"No hd{gdfs{ $,*&,@&!.$* a/fa/ dfq oflGqs
;/;fdfg lan adf]lhdsf] e'QmfgL x'g ;s]g .
ljkIfL pbok'/ l;d]G6nfO{ ljkIfL sfjf;fsLn] lbPsf]
Uof/]G6L ljkIfL xfhdfn] ljkIfL sfjf;fsLnfO{ lbPsf]
Uof/]G6L / ljkIfL xfhdfnfO{ lk=8An'=Pr=n] lbPsf]
Uof/]G6L km'sj' f ug{ lgif]w ul/Psf] 5 . d}n] cfk"lt{
u/]sf] s"n d"No hd{gdfs{ $,*&,@&!.$* e'QmfgL
kfpg g;s]sf]n] pQm Pn=;L=sf] zt{adf]lhd
o'=lj=cfO{= dfkm{t\ k6s k6s hd{g a}s
+ nfO{ k7fpg
cg'/f]w u/]adf]lhd o'=lj=cfO{=nfO{ ljn / tf= #
!!!((@ O{= df hd{gdfs{ #,^(,(#&.^@ a/fa/sf]
csf]{ lan / tf= !@!)!((@ O{ df csf]{ lan
!,!&,###.^@ a/fa/sf] lan hd{g a}s
+ af6 rnfg
u/]sf]df hd{g a}s
+ n] sfuhft ck'/f] ePsf] bzf{O{
e'QmfgL glbPsf]n] gk'u sfuhft ;a} ;dfj]z u/L
l8;]Da/ !$, !((@ O{= df o'=lj=cfO{= df k]z u/]sf
lnvt hd{g a}s
+ nfO{ o'=lj=cfO{=n] k7fO{ k'gM tf=
327

%!!((# O{=+ df ofS;f/f e'QmfgLsf] dfu u/]sf]

/ d lkm/fbLn] klg d]/f] lansf] e'QmfgL lbg cg'/f]w
u/]sf] lyPF . kl5 lk=8An'=Pr=n] k"0f{ e'QmfgL gbLO{
!,@%,!(*.&& hd{gdfs{ e'QmfgL u/]kl5 lkm/fbLnfO{
afFsL /sd lbOg] zt{ /fvL ;fdfg k|of]u ug]{ kq
k7fPsf lyP . d}n] ;Dk"0f{ lgdf{0fsfo{ k"/f u/L
;Sbf klg k'/fgf] ljnsf] e'QmfgL kfPsf] 5}g . pQm
e'QmfgL d}n] ljkIfL xfhdfaf6 kfpg' kg]d
{ f ljjfb
5}g . xfhdf VoftLk|fKt sDkgL ePsf]n] d}n] ljZjf;
u/]/ g} sfd u/L /x]sf]5' . To;kl5 d]/f] lansf]
e'QmfgL gx'Gh]n ljkIfLxsf] a}s
+ Uof/]G6L /sd
lSno/]G; gug'{ gu/fpg' egL lgif]wf1fsf] cfb]z
hf/L ePsf] 5 . :jfldTj;Fu ;DalGwt lnvt
lk=8An'=Pr=n] xfhdfnfO{, xfhdfn] sfjf;fsLnfO{,
sfjf;fsLn] pbok'/ l;d]G6nfO{ x:tfGt/0f gu/L
:jfldTj x:tfGt/0f x'g ;Sb}g . t;y{, lkm/fbLsf]
/sd e'Qmfg geP;Dd pbok'/ l;d]G6nfO{ ljkIfL
sfjf;fsLn] lbPsf] kkmd]{G; Uof/]G6L ljkIfL
xfhdfnfO{ lk=8An'=Pr= n] lbPsf] Uof/]G6L km'sj' f
ug{ nfu]sf] 5 eGg] xfn hfgsf/Ldf cfPsf]n]
ljkIfL xfhdfsf] cfr/0faf6 cbfntsf] cfb]zsf]
cj1f x'g hfg] s'/fsf] cltl/Qm d lkm/fbLsf] lan
/sd klg gltg]{ dg;fo ePsf] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsg]
ePsf]n] cfk"lt{ u/]sf lanxsf] e'QmfgL afFsL
/x]sf] /sd #,^@,)&@.&! hd{gdfs{ / ;f]df !((#
hgj/L !% tfl/v b]lv lkm/fb bfo/ ldlt @%
cS6f]j/ !((& O{= ;Dd $ jif{ ( dlxgf !) lbgsf]
aflif{s !) k|ltztsf b/n] x'g] Ps dfs{sf] ?=#@=(%
sf b/n] x'g] ?=!,&^,@(,*&).!@ ljkIfL xfhdfaf6
lbnfO{ e/fO{ kfpFm eGg] jfbLsf] lkm/fb bfjL .
ljkIfLn] lk=8An'=Pr=nfO{ dfq k|ltjfbL
agfpg' kg]{df o; sDkgL ;d]tnfO{ k|ltjfbL
agfpg xsb}of k'Ub}g . ljkIfLn] !% hgj/L !((#
O{= sf] kqnfO{ kqmL lkm/fb u/]sf] eP klg jfbLsf]
xbDofb gf3L k/]sf] lkm/fb vf/]hefuL 5 . pbok'/
l;d]G6 pBf]u lgdf{0f ug]{ l;nl;nfdf pbok'/
l;d]G6 pBf]u / o; sfjf;fsL x]eL O08li6h
ln=n] pQm sfo{ ug{sf nflu 5'} ;Demf}tf u/L
xfhdf skf]]{/];gnfO{ lbPsf] / pQm ;Demf}tfdWo]

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

l;d] G 6 pTkfbgsf nflu rflxg] r' g 9' f

sf/vfgf;Dd 9'jfgL ug{ /Hh"dfu{ lgdf{0fsf] sfo{
klg ug'{kg]{ eO{ pQm ;Hh"dfu{sf] lgdf{0f ug{
xfhdfn] lk=8An'=Pr=;Fu !^ h'nfO{ !(() O{+=df
;Demf} t f u/L lk=8An' = Pr=nfO{ lbPkZrft\
kL=8An'=Pr=n] xfhdf;Fu ;Demf}tf u/L /Hh"dfu{
lgdf{0f ug{sf nflu ljkIfL bfdf]b/ /f]kj];Fu 5'}
;Demf}tf u/L pbok'/ l;d]G6 pBf]usf] ;Demf}tfsf]
kIfsf]?kdf sfjf;fsL x]eL O08li6h xfhdfsf]
;Demf}tfsf] kIfsf] ?kdf lk=8An'=Pr= ePsf]df
ljjfb 5}g . ljkIfL sDkgL;Fu xfdLn] s'g} ;Demf}tf
gu/]sf] / s/f/Lo bfloTj ;Demf}tf ug]{ kIfn]
Joxf]g'{ kg]{ x'Fbf lkm/fb bfjL vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg]
;d] t sfjf;fsL x] e L O08li6 h / xfhdf
skf]{/]zgsf] ;+o'Qm k|ltpQ/kq .
bfdf]b/ /f]kj]nfO{ pQm sfo{ ubf{ kfpg'
kg]{ e'QmfgL xfdL lbG5f}+ egL xfhdf skf]/{ z
] gn]
hgj/L !%, !((# O{= df bfdf]b/ /f]kj]nfO{ lnlvt
cg'/f]wkq lbPsf] lyof] . To;sf] cfwf/df bfdf]b/
/f]kj]n] sfo{ k"/f u/]sf] xf] . xfn;Dd bfdf]b/ /f]kj]n]
e'QmfgL kfpg ;s]sf] 5}g eGg] ;d]t jfbLsf ;fIfL
ob'gfy uf}td / /fh]Gb|k;
| fb e08f/Ln] u/]sf] 5'f5'}
askq .
xfhdf skf]{/]zg / lk=8An'=Pr= eGg]
sDkgLaLr pQm /f]kj]sf] sfo{ ug{ !^ h'nfO{ !(()
O{= df Ps ;Demf}tf ePsf] lyof] . bfdf]b/ /f]kj] /
xfhdf skf]/{ z
] gaLr s'g} ;Demf}tf ePsf] 5}g eGg]
;d]t k|ltjfbLsf ;fIfL b'jf{;f bfxfn / tf]tf lnDa"n]
u/]sf] 5'f5'} askq .
!^ h'nfO{ !(() df s/f/ ePsf] /
;f]xLcg';f/ lk=8An'=Pr= / bfdf]b/ /f]kj] aLr
s/f/ ePsf] xf] . !^ h'nfO{ !(() sf] ;Demf}tf ;2]
xf] eGg] ;d]t jfbL jf/]; bLks/fhn] u/]sf] jofg .
jfbL k|ltjfbLaf6 k]z ePsf lnvtxsf
;DaGwdf aofg u/fpg cbfntaf6 tf]lsPsf] ldlt
@)%%.(.^ sf] aofgsf] tfl/v k|ltjfbLn] u'hf/L
a;]sf] .
jfbL k|ltjfbLaf6 k]z ePsf ;Ssn kmfO{n
yfg b'O{ ;fy} /x]5 .

ljleGg ldltsf cfb]z ;lxtsf] c8{/l;6

/ tfl/v e/kfO{ ldl;n ;fd]n /x]sf] .
jfbL bfjL cg';f/sf] e'QmfgL x'g afFsL
hd{gdfs{ #,^@,)&@.&! a/fa/sf] g]kfnL ?k}ofF oL
jfbLn] k|ltjfbL dWo]sf xfhdf skf]/{ z
] gaf6 e/L
kfpg] 7x5{ . Jofhsf xsdf lnvtdf pNn]v gx'bF f
jfbL bfjL k'Ug g;Sg] 7x5{ eGg] sf7df8f}+ lhNnf
cbfntaf6 ldlt @)%%.!@.! df ePsf] km};nf .
sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntsf] OG;fkmdf lrQ
a'em]g . xfdL k'g/fj]bsxnfO{ ;d]t k|ltjfbL agfO{
lkm/fb bfo/ ePsf], t/, ljkIfL jfbL / xfdL
k'g/fj]bsaLr ;Demf}tf ePsf] geO{ lk=8An'=Pr=
sDkgL;F u jfbLsf] ;Demf} t f ePsf] ePklg
lk=8An'=Pr=nfO{ k|ltjfbL agfOPsf] 5}g . ljkIfL
jfbL;Fu xfd|f] ;Demf}tf g} gePsf] cj:yfdf xfdL
k'g/fj]bsx pk/ lkm/fb ug]{ xsb}of jfbLnfO{
g/x]sf] cj:yfnfO{ z'? km};nfdf gh/ cGbfh
u/L Pshgf k|ltjfbLaf6 dfq /sd lbnfO{ e/fO{
kfpg] egL cGo k|ltjfbLsf] bfloTj ;DaGwdf s]xL
gaf]nL k|rlnt sfg"g / k|ltkflbt l;4fGt ljk/Lt
ePsf] z'? km};nf q'l6k"0f{ x'bF f ab/ u/L ;'kmt
GofokfpmF eGg] k|ltjfbLxsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ /
;f]xL Joxf]/f ldnfgsf] k|ltjfbL xfhdf skf]/{ z
] g/
pbok'/ l;d]G6 pBf]u ln=sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt,
kf6gdf k/]sf] k'g/fj]bgkq .
sf7df8f} + lhNnf cbfntaf6 ldlt
@)%%.!@.! df ePsf] km};nfdf Jofhsf xsdf
jfbL bfjL k'Ug g;Sg] 7x/ u/]sf] xb;Dd z'?
km};nf pN6L u/L lkm/fb bfjL / k'g/fj]bg
lhsL/adf]lhd e/L e/fpg] ldlt;Ddsf] ;os8f
bzsf b/n] Ifltk"lt{afktsf] /sd ;d]t kfpg]
u/L OG;fkm kfpFm eGg] jfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt,
kf6gdf lbPsf] k'g/fj]bgkq .
lkm/fbLn] snsQf xfOsf]6d
{ f dfr{ !((#
O{=df d'2f lbPsf] tYonfO{ gb]vfPsf] / cfkm";uF
s/f/ ug]{ kIfpk/ bfjL ul/Psf] 5}g . d'2f ug'k{ g]{
sf/0f k/]sf] ldlt ;DaGwdf Plsg / :ki6tfsf]
cefjdf cu:t !((% O{= b]vL cS6'a/ !((% O{=
sf aLr ePsf] elgPsf] Jojxf/nfO{ lnO{ cS6'a/

328

*&&# bfdf]b/ /f]kj]h lj= xfhdf skf]{/]zg ;d]t

!((& O{= df k/]sf] k|:t't lkm/fbbfjL xbDofbleqsf]

gePsf] / If]qflwsf/ ;d]tsf] cefj /x]sf] k|:t't
d'2fdf jfbL bfjL vf/]h ug'k{ g]d
{ f cf}lrToleq k|jz
]
u/L lancg';f/sf] /sd e/fpg] 7x/ u/]sf]
sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)%%.!@.! sf]
km};nf pN6L eO{ jfbL bfjL vf/]h x'G5 eGg] ;d]t
Joxf] / fsf] k' g /fj] b g cbfnt, kf6gsf] ldlt
@)^@.#.@& sf] km};nf .
k'g/fj]bsn] bfo/ u/]sf] d'2f s/f/ P]g,
@)@# sf] bkmf !* -@_-u_ adf]lhd xbDofb ljxLg
gePsf]df cfTdlgi7 tyf xr'jfsf] e/df d'2f
ug'{kg]{ sf/0f l;h{gf ePsf] egL xbDofbsf]
cfwf/df vf/]h ug]{ u/]sf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ 5 . ;fy},
d'ns
' L P]g, c=a+= @( g+= tyf Gofo k|zf;g P]g,
@)$* sf] bkmf & adf]lhd sf7df8f}+ lhNnf
cbfntdf btf{ ePsf] d'2fnfO{ If]qflwsf/ ljxLg
egL vf/]h ul/Psf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gsf]
ldlt @)^@.#.@& sf] km};nf ab/ u/L lkm/fb
bfjLadf]lhd /sd lbnfO{ e/fO{ kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] jfbLsf] k'g/fj]bgkq .
o;df !% hgj/L !((# O{=df HAZAMA
Corporation n] Damodar Ropeways and
Construction Co.(P) Ltd. nfO{ n]v]sf] kqnfO{
Promissory Estoppel sf] bfo/faf6 cnu /fVg
gldNg] eGg] / k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf #$ af6
;d]t ljjlGwt x'g] egL k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ /x]sf]
b]lvPsf] kl/k|I] odf To;tkm{ ljj]rgf gu/L tyf
xbDofb ;DaGwdf klg yfxf kfPsf] ldlt ls6fg
pNn]v gu/]sf] eGg] ;Dd cfwf/ lnO{ vf/]h u/]sf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gsf] km};nf km/s kg{ ;Sg]
b]lvFbf k|ToyL{ lemsfO{ cfPkl5 lgodfg';f/ k]z
ug'{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfntsf] ldlt
@)^%.!!.!* sf] cfb]z .
lgodadf]lhd k]zL ;"rLdf r9L k]z x'g
cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ldl;n cWoog u/L k'g/fj]bs
jfbLsf tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmfx
>L dxfb]jk|;fb ofbj / >L zDe' yfkf tyf ljfg
clwjQmfx >L s[i0f/fh kf08] / >L gf/fo0faNne
kGtn] k|ltjfbL xfhdf skf]/{ z
] gsf] ckmL; sf7df8f}+
329

d} ePsf]n] o;sf] If]qflwsf/ sf7df8f}+ lhNnf

cbfntdf k5{ . ljkIfLn] hlxn] k};f lbGg eg]/
pQ/ lbG5 ;f]xL ldltaf6 d'2f ug'k{ g]{ sf/0f l;h{gf
x'g] xf] . oxfF o:tf] l:ylt g} 5}g . t;y{, xbDofb
gePsf] eGg ldNb}g !% hgj/L !((# O{=sf] kqaf6
xfhdfn] /sd e'QmfgLsf] bfloTj cfkm"df lnPsf]
x'bF f PWH nfO{ ljkIfL gagfOPsf] / pQm kqaf6
ck|ToIf s/f/ ePsf] dfGg' kg]{ x'bF f bfjLadf]lhdsf]
/sd jfbLn] k|ltjfbLaf6 e/fO{ lng kfpg] ePsf]n]
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf pN6L u/L z'? km};nf
;b/ x'gk5{ egL ax; ug'e
{ of] . k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLsf
tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L
;'zLns'df/ kGt tyf ljfg clwjQmf >L g/]Gb|k;
| fb
uf}tdn] d'2f ug{ cfPsf b'j} kIf ljb]zL x'g\ .
g]kfn;Fu s'g} sf/f]jf/ ePsf] 5}g . ;a} sf/f]jf/
k|tLtkqdfkm{t\ ePsf] 5 . of] d'2f sf7df8f}+ lhNnf
cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/df cfpg] s'g} cfwf/ g} 5}g .
snsQf pRr cbfntdf d'2f lbPsf] s'/f n'sfpg'
ePsf] 5 . !% hgj/L !((# O{= sf] kq s]jn
;b\efj b]vfpg n]lvPsf] xf] . ;b\efj b]vfpg]
s'/faf6 e'QmfgLsf] Uof/]G6L x'g ;Sb}g . t;y{,
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf ;b/ x'g' k' 5{ egL ax;
k|:t't ug'e
{ of] .
o;df l;d]G6 pBf]u :yfkgf ug{ pbok'/
l;d]G6 pBf]u / sfjf;fsLaLr !@ dO{ !(*( O{= df
ePsf] ;Demf}tfadf]lhd pBf]usf] ;Dk"0f{ lgdf{0f
sfo{sf] 7]Ssf 6g{sL a]l;;df sfjf;fsLn] lnO{
lghn] klg ;Dk"0f{ sfd xfhdfnfO{ ;'lDkPsf] /x]5 .
;f] ;Demf}tf cGtu{tsf] /Hh"dfu{ lgdf{0f ug{ xfhdfn]
PWH l;t ;Demf}tf u/L PWH n] xfdL;Fu !@ cS6f]j/
!(*( O{=df u/]sf] ;Demf}tfcg';f/ /Hh"dfu{ lgdf{0f
ug{ rflxg] ;fdu|Lx cfk"lt{ u/]afkt lan cg';f/sf]
;fdfgsf] e'QmfgL k|tLtkq vf]nL hd{gl:yt 8]:8g/
a}s
+ dfkm{t\ lkm/fbLsf] o'=lj=cfO{= a}s
+ af6 kfpFb} cfPsf]
lyPF . d}n] cfk"lt{ u/]sf] b'O{ sG;fOgd]G6 leqsf]
/sd e'QmfgL ug{ af/Daf/ tfs]tf ubf{ xfhdfaf6
cfkm"n] k|fKt u/]kl5 dfq} e'QmfgL lbg] kq k|fKt
ePkl5 ;f] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L tTsfn} xfhdfnfO{
lbPsf]df xfhdfn] /sd lbnfpg] tkm{ cf:j:t kf/L

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

sf] e'QmfgL /f]sL /fVg] Joxf]/fsf] kq k7fPsf]

lyof] . xfhdfn] cfgf] lnlvt lrL cg';f/ lkm/fbLnfO{
e'QmfgL ug'k{ g],{ gu/]sf] x'bF f d}n] cfk"lt{ u/]sf
lancg';f/sf] afFsL /x]sf] /sd #,^@,)&@.&!
hd{gdfs{ tyf To;sf] x'g] Jofh ;d]t xfhdfaf6
lbnfO{ kfpFm eGg] lkm/fbbfjL / ljkIfLsf] ;Demf}tfsf]
kIf xfhdf geO{ PWH /x]sf] tYo ljkIfLn] :jLsf/
ug'e
{ Psf]n] lanadf]lhdsf] ;fdfgsf] e'QmfgL PWH
af6} lng'kg]{ xf] . ;xof]ufTds efjgfn] Jofkfl/s
;befj b]vfO{ n]lvPsf] kqnfO{ ;Demf}tfsf] kIf PWH
nfO{ ljkIfL gagfO{ ;Demf}tfsf] kIfg} gePsf]
xfhdfnfO{ ljkIfL agfPsf] 5 . csf]t{ km{ d'2f ug'k{ g]{
sf/0f o; ldltdf kof] egL pNn]v ;Dd ug{
g;s]sf]n] lkm/fb vf/]h x'gk' 5{ eGg] k|ltpQ/ lhsL/
/x]sf]df z'? sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntn] jfbL bfjL
cg';f/sf] ;fFjf e/fO{ lng kfpg] 7x/ u/]sf]df pQm
km};nf pN6L u/L jfbL bfjL vf/]h ug]{ u/L k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt, kf6gaf6 ePsf] km};nfpk/ jfbLsf] o;
cbfntdf k' g /fj] b g kg{ cfPsf] / jfbL
k|ltjfbLxaf6 If]qflwsf/ tyf xbDofb ;DaGwdf
ljjfb p7fPsf] b]lvFbf tL ljifosf] lg/fs/0f u/L
jfbL bfjL k'Ug ;Sg] xf], xf]Og k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6
ePsf] lg0f{o ldn]sf] 5, 5}g eGg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o
lbg'kg]{ x'g cfof] .
@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ k|:t't d'2fdf
If]qflwsf/ ;DaGwL klxnf] k|Zg p7]sf]n] k|ydtM
To; ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbL xfhdf
(HAZAMA) skf] { / ] z gn] bfdf] b / /f] k j] h P08
sG;6Szg sDkgL (DRCC) nfO{ NonPayment
of Invoices as per List enclosed eGg] ljifodf
;g\ !((#.!.!% df n]vs
] f] kqdf cfgf] 7]ufgf
sf7df8f}+ ckmL;, nflhDkf6, sf7df8f}+ lk=cf]=aS;
g+= $!#&, 6]nS] ; g+= @^^# HZM NP, ofS; g+=
$!$!#^ 6]lnkmf]g g+= $!@!$@ egL pNn]v u/]sf]
kfOG5 . pQm kqaf6 xfhdf skf]/{ z
] gsf] sfof{no
sf7df8f}+ b]lvO/x]sf] / sf/f]jf/sf] sfo{ g]kfndf
g} ePsf] l:yltdf d'ns
' L P]g, cbfntL aGbf]a:tsf]
dxnsf] @( g+= sf] b]xfo !-@_ n] lglb{i6 u/]cg';f/
If]qflwsf/cGtu{t kg]{ sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntdf
PWH

330

d'2f bfo/ u/]sf] x'bF f If]qflwsf/ gePsf] cbfntdf

d'2f bfo/ u/]sf] eGg ldNg] l:ylt b]lvPg .
#= plNnlvt clen]vaf6 k|= xfhdf
skf]{/]zgsf] g]kfn l:yt sfof{no sf7df8f}+
lhNnfleq /x]sf] x'gfn] clwsf/k|fKt cbfnt
sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfnt g} /x]sf] b]lvof] . hxfF;Dd
DRCC / PWH sf aLrdf !@ cS6'j/ !(*( O{=
df s/f/ ;Demf}tf x'bF f ;f] ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf $#-!_,
$#-#_ / $#-$_ cg';f/ s/f/sf kIfx aLr s'g}
ljjfb pTkGg ePdf ;f] ljjfb dWo:yf/f ;dfwfg
u/fpg] k|fjwfg /x]sf]n] dWo:ytftkm{ hfg'kg]{ eGg]
ljifodf klg ljjfb p7fO{Psf] 5 . ;f] ;DaGwdf
ljrf/ ubf{ k|:t't ljjfb k'g/fj]bs jfbL / PWH
aLrsf] geO{ k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbL xfhdfn] ;g\ !%
hgj/L !((# O{= df k'g/fj]bs jfbLnfO{ n]vs
] f]
kqadf] l hd pTkGg ePsf] s/fl/o bfloTj
kl/kfngf;DaGwL ePsf] / ;f] kqsf] ljjfbsf]
;dfwfg dWo:ytfaf6 ug'k{ g]{ eGg] s'/f pQm kqdf
pNn]v gePsf]] l:yltdf dWo:ytf;DaGwL Joj:yf
k'g/fj]bs jfbLnfO{ nfu" x'g] eGg ldNg] ;d]t
b]lvPg . d"n s/f/sf kIfx aLr to ePsf
zt{x pk7]sb] f/xnfO{ klg nfu' x'g] egL sfo{
tf]Sbf g} zt{ d~h"/L u/]sf] eP k|:t't ;+be{nfO{
ljifo ;+usf] ;DaGwtf x'g] xf] . t/, oxfF To;
cg';f/sf] l:ylt b]lvPg .
$= ca k|:t't d'2f xbDofbleq bfo/ ePsf]
5, 5}g eGg] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ k|:t't ljjfb
s/f/Lo bfloTj ;dfj]z ePsf] k|sl[ tsf] ePsf]n]
tTsfn k|rngdf /x]sf] s/f/ P]gdf ePsf] xbDofb
;DaGwL Joj:yf x]g{' kg]{ x'g cfof] . tTsfn k|rngdf
/x]sf] s/f/ P]g, @)@# sf] bkmf !*-@_-u_ df s'g}
bfjLsf] xsdf d'2f ug'k{ g]{ sf/0f k/]sf] ldltn] tLg
dlxgfleq gfn]; ug'k{ g]{ eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] kfOG5 .
h;cg';f/ k|:t't ljifodf d'2f ug'k{ g]{ sf/0f slxn]
kof] eGg] s'/f ljrf/0fLo x'g cfPsf] 5 . To;
;DaGwdf x]bf{ s/f/sf kIfxsf aLr s/f/sf
zt{xsf] ljifodf h'g ldltdf ljjfb pTkGg x'G5
jf s/f/sf] zt{ cg';f/sf sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ OGsf/
u/]sf] cj:yfsf] l;h{gf ePkl5 d'2f ug'k{ g]{ sf/0f

*&&# bfdf]b/ /f]kj]h lj= xfhdf skf]{/]zg ;d]t

(Cause of action) pTkGg eO{ ;f]xL lbg b]lvg} xbDofb

z'? ePsf] dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 . k|:t't ljjfbdf k|ltjfbLn]

jfbLnfO{ ;Dkflbt sfo{afktsf] e'QmfgL lbg OGsf/
u/L kqfrf/ u/]sf] kfOb}g . ;xdlt cg';f/ s/f/sf
csf]{ kIfn] cfkm\gf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug]{ t/ s/f/sf
klxnf kIfn] cfkm\gf] e'QmfgL lbg] bfloTj sfo{ ;Dkfbg
gu/L a;]sf cj:yfdf df}gtfn] sf/0f k/]sf] ldlt
pTkGg ePsf] eGg ldNb}g . P]= bkmf !*-@_ -u_ sf]
sfg"gL Joj:yfn] s/f/sf] kIfsf] nfdf] df}gtfsf]
l:yltdf d'2f ug{ /f]s nufPsf] cy{ ug{ jf xbDofb
gf3]sf] eGg] cy{ ug{ ldNb}g . t;y{, pQm k[i7e"dLdf
s'g} lglZrt\ ldltaf6 xbDofb z'? x'G5 eGg ;lsg]
l:ylt 5}g . o; l:yltdf sf/f]jf/L kIfxdWo] bfloTj
axg ug'k{ g]{ kIfn] axg ug'k{ g]{ bfloTj ;fdfGotM
slt ;do leq k"/f ug'k{ g]{ xf] ;f] cg'dfg u/L To:tf]
;do leq e'Qmfg gu/]df d'2f ug'k{ g]{ sf/0f pTkGg
gePklg d'2f ug]{ l:ylt l;h{gf ePsf] dfGg' kg]{
x'G5 . o;df oL k|ltjfbLn] cfkm"df jfbL bfjLsf]
bfloTj /x]sf] dg;fo JoQm u/L !% hgj/L !((#
O{=df kqfrf/ u/]sf] / k|ltjfbL k|ltli7t ax'/fli6o
sDkgL ePsf]n] jfbLn] ljZjf; ug'k{ g]{ :jefljs
l:ylt /x]sf] lyof] . t/, jfbLn] sfd ;DkGg u/]sf]
d'gf;Lj ;do ;Dd klg k|ltjfbLn] e'QmfgL ug]{
u/fpg] sfo{ ug{ g;s]sf] egL k|ltjfbLn] /sd
ltb}g{ g eGg] l:ylt b]v] kl5 lkm/fb u/]sf] egL bfjL
lnPsf] cj:yf 5 . o; ;DaGwdf g]sfk @)$$, c
@, lg=g+= @(**, k[i7 !%@ x]bf{ sldzg Due x'bF d} f
d'2f ug'k{ g]{ sf/0fsf] l;h{gf x'g] ge} Due ePsf]
sldzg lbg OGsf/ u/]kl5 dfq} d'2f ug'k{ g]{ sf/0f
dfGg' k g] { . x/] s /lg lansf] cfwf/df x' g ]
e'QmfgLsf ;fy sldzgsf] dfu ug'k{ g]{ tyf ;f]
;fy} d'2f ug'k{ g]{ sf/0f k/]sf] ldlt klg z'? x'g]
eGg gldNg] egL l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ePsf] kfOG5 .
pQm k|ltkflbt l;4fGtcg';f/ oL jfbLnfO{ k|ltjfbLn]
:ki6 zAbdf /sd lbg OGsf/ u/]sf] eGg] k|df0fsf]
cefjdf e' Q mfgL kfpg] d' g fl;j dflkmssf]
;doleq e'QmfgL gkfPsf] cj:yf b]vfO{ lkm/fb
u/]sf]nfO{ xbDofb gf3]sf] egL cy{ ug{ ldNb}g .
o; l:yltdf s/f/ P]g, @)@# sf] bkmf !*-@_-u_
331

sf] cGtu{t lkm/fb bfo/ u/]sf] x'bF f xbDofb gf3]sf]

egL eGg ldn]g .
%= ljjfbsf] ljifo tkm{ x]bf{ o;df pbok'/
l;d]G6 sf/vfgf :yfkgf ug]{ l;nl;nfdf pbok'/
l;d]G6 pBf]u / sfjf;fsLaLr ;g\ !(*( dO{ !@
tfl/vdf d"n ;Demf}tf eO pBf]usf] ;Dk"0f{ lgdf{0f
sfo{ ;DaGwL 7]Ssf 6g{ ls a]lz; (Turn Key basis)
df sfjf;fsLn] lnO{ sfjf;fsLn] 5'} ;Demf}tf u/L
d"n ;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf] ;Dk"0f{ sfo{ ug]{ 7]Ssf xfhdf
skf]{/]zgnfO{ ;'lDkPsf] kfOG5 . ;f] ;Demf}tf
cGtu{tsf] /f]kj] lgdf{0f sfo{ ug{ xfhdfn] PWH
;+u k|:tfj u/L PWH n] k'g/fj]bs jfbL bfdf]b/
/f]kj]h P08 sG;6Szg sDkgL (DRCC) nfO{
;Demf}tff/f ;'Dk]sf] b]lvof] . k'g/fj]bs jfbLn] lgdf{0f
:yndf cfk"lt{ u/]sf] ;fdfgsf] e'QmfgL PWH af6
;dodf k|fKt gePsf] / xfhdfaf6 /sd k|fKt u/]kl5
dfq} e'QmfgL lbg ;Sg] cfzosf] kq PWH n] k'g/fj]bs
jfbL DRCC nfO{ k7fPsf] / ;f] Joxf]/fsf] hfgsf/L
k'g/fj]bs jfbL DRCC n] ljkIfL xfhdf skf]/{ z
] gnfO{
u/fPsf] b]lvG5 . xfhdf skf]/{ z
] gn] k'g/fj]bs jfbL
DRCC nfO{ ;g\ !((#.!.!% df n]vs
] f] kqsf] Joxf]/f
x]bf{ k|tLtkqsf] zt{adf]lhd tkfO{n] PWH af6 e'QmfgL
kfpg g;s]sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ ljQLo dfldnfdf a}s
+ n]
c;xof]u u/]sf] sf/0fn] tkfO{n] ca pk|fGt lgdf{0f
;fdu|Lsf] cfk"lt{ aGb ug]{ a'lemof] . ;fy}, ;a} ;fdfgx
lgdf{0f :yndf cfO;s]sf] s'/f xfd|f] hfgsf/Ldf
5 . of] ;d:ofnfO{ ;dfwfg u/L tkfO{nfO{ ;xof]u
k'ofpg cS6f]a/ !((@ O{=b]lv PWH nfO{ xfdLn]
s'g} e'QmfgL u/]sf 5}gf}+ . ;fy} tkfO{sf] lanxsf]
/sd PWH n] tkfO{nfO{ e'QmfgL u/]sf] k|df0f gle8fP
;Dd / tkfO{sf] a}s
+ n] Dresdner Bank df hDdf
u/]sf] ;Ssn l;lk 8s'd]G6 xfdLnfO{ k|fKt
gu/fP;Dd PWH sf] e'QmfgL /f]sL /fVg] / gofF
k|tLtkq cGtu{tsf] ;fdfg tTsfn k7fO{ of] ;xof]u
ug{ tyf gofF k|tLtkq cGtu{tsf] e'QmfgLdf tkfO{nfO{
s'g} emGem6 Joxf]g{' kg]{ 5}g eGg] s'/f ljZj:t kf/]sf]
Joxf]/f pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . To;}u/L !* hgj/L
!((# O{= df ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] nflu ;xof]u
k'ofPsf]df wGojfb lbFb} ;fO6df cfO{ ;fdfgsf]

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

lg/LIf0f u/L e'QmfgL ug{ afFsL /x]sf] /sdsf

;DaGwdf 5nkmn ug]{ 5f}+ egL csf]{ cfZjf;g
;lxtsf] kq k|ltjfbLn] n]vL tt\kZrft klg k'gM %
km]aj]| /L !((# O{=df n]vs
] f] kqdf jfbLn] snsQfdf
;xdlt hgfP h:t} Sheaves Complete ul/lbg /
jf:tljs nfutsf] d"Nofg u/L jfbL;Fu jftf{ ug]{
5f}+ eGg] Joxf]/f pNn]v u/]af6 jfbLnfO{ k|ltjfbLn]
cfZjf;g (Assurance) lbO{ sfo{ ;Dkfbg u/fPsf]
b]lvg cfof] .
^= o;/L k| T oyL{ xfhdf skf] { / ] z gn]
k'g/fj]bs jfbL bfdf]b/ /f]kj]h P08 sG:6Szg
sDkgL (DRCC) nfO{ k6sk6s kq k7fO{ klxn]
e'QmfgL x'g g;s]sf] /sd e'QmfgL ug]{ u/fpg] /
;f] e'QmfgL geP ;Dd PWH n] xfhdfaf6 k|fKt
ug] { /sd /f] S sf /fVg] ;d] t sf cfZjf;g
(Assurance) lbO{ ljZjf;df lnO{ sfo{ ;Dkfbg
(Perform) u/fPsf] b]lvof] . To;}u/L jfbLn] Sheaves
sf] lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] s'/f k|ltjfbLnfO{
hfgsf/L u/fP kl5 klg jfbLn] cfk"lt{ u/]sf] ;fdfg
k|ltjfbLn] k|fKt u/] klg e'QmfgL gu/]sf] sf/0fn]
a}s
+ ;Fusf] k|tLtkqsf] sf/f]jf/df ;d:of Joxf]g{'
k/]sf] ljifodf ;d]t hfgsf/L k|ltjfbLnfO{ /x]sf]
Joxf]/f pNn]v u/L k|ltjfbL xfhdf skf]/{ z
] g /
k'g/fj]bs jfbL DRCC sf aLrdf kqfrf/ ePsf]
kfOG5 . plNnlvt kqfrf/xaf6 oL jfbL / k|ltjfbL
aLr s/f/ P]g, @)@# sf] bkmf ( cGtu{t kl/eflift
k/f]If s/f/ (Deemed contract) ePsf] b]lvG5 .
s/f/sf] ;DaGwdf g]sfk @)$(, lg=g+= $$$&
lty{/fhs'df/L /f0ff lj= ljgf]bz+s/ >]i7 ePsf]
d'2fdf s'g} lnvt s/f/ xf] jf xf]Og egL lg:sif{df
k'Ug pQm lnvtn] b'O{ jf ;f] eGbf a9L JolQmx
aLr s'g} sfd ug{ jf gug{sf] nflu To;df ;+nUg
kIfxnfO{ afWo u/fPsf] 5 jf 5}g / s/f/df
pNn]v ePadf]lhdsf] sfd ug{ b'j} kIfsf] aLr
;xdlt (Meeting of Mind) ePsf] 5 jf 5}g x]gk'{ g]{
tyf s/f/sf] lnvtdf g} s/f/gfdf eGg] :ki6
?kdf v'nfOPsf] x'gk' g]{ jf o:tf] 9fFrfdf s/f/
x'gk' g]{ egL P]gn] g} ls6fgL Joj:yf u/]sf] gx'bF f
s/f/ o:t} 9fFrfdf x'gk' g]{ egL eGg gldNg] eGg]
332

l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ePsf] kfOG5 . s/f/ eGgfn] b'O{

jf b'O{ eGbf a9L s/f/ ug{ ;Ifd /x]sf JolQmx
aLr sfg"gn] alh{t gu/]sf] s'g} sfo{ ug{ jf gug{
;DaGwdf bfloTj / k|ltkmn pTkGg x'g] u/L s'g}
ljifodf ePsf] ;xdlt jf ;Demf}tfnfO{ af]w
u/fpFb5 . tTsfn k|rngdf /x]sf s/f/ P]g, @)@#
sf] bkmf ( cWoog ubf{ s'g} k|rlnt g]kfn
sfg"gadf]lhd ltg'k{ g]{ s'g} /sd lt/] jf glt/]sf]
s'/fdf ;/f]sf/ x'g] JolQmn] To:tf] /sd cfkm"n]
lt/L lbPsf]df ;f] ltg'{ kg]{ JolQmsf ;DklQaf6
e/fO{ lbg] ljifo tyf s'g} JolQmn] s'g} JolQmnfO{
s'g} s'/f lbPsf] jf s'g} sfd nufPsf]df ;f] sfd
s'/f cg';f/sf] kfl/>lds lbg] h:tf ljifonfO{
ck|ToIf s/f/ egL kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 . k|:t't
ljjfbdf k|ToyL{ xfhdf skf]/{ z
] gn] k'g/fj]bs jfbL
DRCC nfO{ ;g\ !%!!((# O{=tf= !((#!!* /
!((#@% df u/]sf] kqfrf/af6 PWH af6
k'g/fj]bs jfbL DRCC n] kfpg' kg]{ /sd e'QmfgL
gx'Gh]n xfhdf skf]/{ z
] gaf6 PWH n] k|fKt ug'k{ g]{
/sd /f]Ssf /fVg] tyf gofF k|tLtkq cGtu{tsf]
;fdfgsf] e'QmfgLdf s'g} emGem6 gx'g] s'/fdf
cf:j:t (Assured) kf/]sf], ;f] kqnfO{ ;dy{g x'g]
u/L ;d:of ;dfwfgdf ;xof]u k'ofPsf]df wGojfb
lbFb} kq n]vs
] f] / Sheaves lgdf{0fsf] ;fdfgsf]
d'Nofg u/L e'QmfgL lbg] nufotsf k6s k6ssf
kqfrf/ ;d]tsf] Jojxf/af6 s/f/ P]g, @)@# sf]
bkmf ( Pj+ plNnlvt k|ltkflbt sfg"g ;/xsf]
l;4fGt adf]lhd oL k'g/fj]bs jfbL tyf k|ToyL{
k|ltjfbL xfhdf skf]/{ z
] g aLr ck|ToIf?kdf s/f/
ePsf] / pQm !((#!!% O{=sf] kqn] ck|ToIf
s/f/ (Deemed Contract) sf] ?kdf dfGotf kfpg]
g} b]lvof] . ck|ToIf jf k/f]If s/f/ (Deemed or
implied contract) eGgfn] s'g} lglZrt\ s/f/ kqsf]
lnvt v8f gu/L s/f/sf kIfx aLr ;xdt
ePsf] sfg"gcg';f/sf] sf/0f / Gofosf b[li6af6
b]lvPsf] Jojxf/ / sf/f]jf/nfO{ ;dflxt ub{5
(An implied contract is one not created or
evidenced by the explicit agreement of the
parties, but inferred by the law, as a matter of

*&&# bfdf]b/ /f]kj]h lj= xfhdf skf]{/]zg ;d]t

reason and justice from their acts and conduct
the circumstances surrounding the transaction
making it a reasonable, or even a necessary
assumption that a contract existed that between
them by tacit understanding : Black's Law
Dictionary, Vth Edition) o;df ck|ToIf jf k/f]If

s/f/sf oL ;a} tTj / nIf0fx ljBdfg /x]sf]

b]lvPsf]n] jfbL k|ltjfbLaLr s/f/ ePsf] s'/fdf
s'g} lljwf /x]sf] b]lvPg .
&= pQm !% hgj/L !((# O{=sf] kqaf6
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbL ljjlGwt x'gk' g]{ xf] xf]Og / k|:t't
d'2fdf PWH nfO{ ljkIfL agfpg' kg]{ lyof] lyPg
eGg] k|Zg klg k|:t't d'2fdf lg/f]k0fsf] ljifo ag]sf]
5 . pbok'/ l;d]G6 pBf]usf] ;Dk"0f{ lgdf{0fsfo{sf]
7]Ssf sfjf;fsLaf6 xfhdf skf]/{ z
] gnfO{ ;'lDkPsf]
/ ;f] ;Demf}tfcGtu{tsf] /f]kj] lgdf{0fsf] sfo{ xfhdf
skf]/{ z
] gn] PWH nfO{ lbPsf] / PWH n] k'g/fj]bs
jfbL DRCC nfO{ of] sfo{ lbPsf] ePklg pQm
;Demf}tfsf] d'Vo kIf g} k|ToyL{ xfhdf skf]/{ z
] g
/x]sf] s'/fdf ljjfb b]lvb}g . xfhdf skf]{/]zg
;Demf}tfsf] d'Vo kIf ePs} sf/0f k'g/fj]bs jfbLn]
PWH ;Fusf] ;Demf}tfcg';f/ lgdf{0f :yndf
k'ofPsf ;fdu|Lxsf] lahs cg';f/sf] e'QmfgL
gkfP kl5 af+sL ;fdu|L gk'ofpg] cfzosf] kq
k' g /fj] b s jfbL DRCC n] k| T oyL{ xfhdf
skf]/{ z
] gnfO{ k7fPsf]df lancg';f/sf] /sd e'QmfgL
lbg] / ;f] cg';f/sf] e'QmfgL gkfP;Dd xfhdf
skf]/{ z
] gn] PWH n] kfpg] /sd /f]Ssf /fVg] /
gofF k|tLtkq dfkm{t\ cljnDa ;fdfg k7fpg /
k7fO{Psf ;fdu|Lsf] ljgf emGem6 e'QmfgL x'g] s'/fdf
k'g/fj]bs jfbLnfO{ cf:j:t t'NofO{ kq n]vs
] f]
kfOG5 . xfhdf skf]/{ z
] g k|dv
' ;Demf}tfstf{ ePsf]
/ /f]kj] lgdf{0fsf] ;Dk"0f{ bfloTj PWH nfO{
Psn?kdf ;'Dk]sf]n] g} k'g/fj]bs jfbLnfO{ /sd
e'QmfgL ug]{ cfzosf] kq n]Vg] x}l;ot /fv]sf] /
k|ltjfbLsf] ;f] kqaf6 k'g/fj]bs cfZj:t eP
kZrft\ klg xfhdf skf]/{ z
] gsf] cg'/f]wsf cfwf/df
lgdf{0f ;fdu|L k'ofpg], Sheaves h:tf sfo{ ;DkGg
ug]{ sfo{ u/]sf] s'/f ;xh} cg'dfg ug{ ;lsg]
333

ljifo x'g\ . o;af6 d'Vo ;Demf}tfsf/ ePsf] sf/0fn]

k'g/fj]bs jfbLn] PWH af6 kfpg' kg]{ /sd xfhdf
skf]/{ z
] gn] g} PWH nfO{ pknAw u/fpg] x'gfn]
PWH n] xfhdf skf]/{ z
] gaf6 k|fKt ug]{ /sd /f]Ssf
/fVg] u/L k'g/fj]bs jfbLnfO{ cf:j:t kf/]sf]
sf/0faf6 jfbLn] sfo{ ;Dkfbg (Perform) u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . s'g} kIfn] cfgf] arg jf cfr/0faf6}
s'g} ljifodf s'g} s'/fsf] k|lt1f u5{ / ;f] af6
cfZj:t eO{ csf]{ kIfn] s'g} sfo{ jf ;]jf k|bfg
ub{5 eg] To:tf] k|lt1f ug]{ kIf cfkm"n] k|lt1f
u/]sf] bfloTjaf6 kl5 x6\g ;Sg] cj:yf /xb}g .
To:tf] k|lt1f sfg"gL bfo/f leq k5{ .
*= o; ;Gbe{df g]sfk @)^#, c !, lg=g+=
&^#* -u0f]zs'df/ cu|jfn lj= ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/
dGqfno ;d]t ePsf] pTk|i] f0f ;d]tsf] d'2f_ df k|:tfj
:jLs[t ePsf] hfgsf/L u/fPkl5 ToxL :jLs[tL
cg'dltsf cfwf/df lgj]bsn] Network plan
adf]lhdsf] sfo{ ;DkGg ug]{ of]hgf nfu" ub}{ pks/0f
h8fg ub}{ uPsf]df ljkIfL dGqfnon] lbPsf] cg'dlt
Unilaterally void ug{ ldNb}g, ljkIfL ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/
dGqfno Promissory estoppel af6 aflwG5 . ;/sf/n]
s'g} pBf]u Joj;fo ;~rfngsf] nflu s;}nfO{ ;xdlt
k|bfg u/L cfZjf;g lbPkl5 ToxL ljZjf;df k/L
csf]{ kIf cufl8 a9]sf]df ;/sf/n] kl5 s'g} sf/0f
hgfO{ klxn] lbPsf] cg'dlt lkmtf{ lng ;Sb}g . To:tf]
;xdlt / cg'dlt k"/f u/]sf] x'gk5{ egL l;4fGt
k|ltkfbg ePsf] kfOG5 . o; ljjfbdf klg k|ltjfbL
xfhdf skf]/{ z
] gn] PWH n] oL jfbLnfO{ e'QmfgL
lbg'kg]{ /sd lbnfpg] ljZjf; lbnfPsf] / yk cfk"lt{
ug{ nufPsf] b]lvFbf k|:t't ghL/ l;4fGt k|:t't ljjfbdf
cfslif{t x'g] b]lvof] . o; ;DaGwdf ePsf] sfg"gL
Joj:yf xbf{ k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf #$-!_ df s'g}
JolQmn] n]v/] , argn] jf cfrf/0ff/f s'g} JolQmnfO{
s'g} s'/f o:tf] xf] eGg] ljZjf;df kf/L jf To:tf]
ljZjf;df kg{ lbO{ ;f] JolQmaf6 s'g} sfd u/fPdf jf
x'g\ lbPdf gLh / ;f] JolQmsf aLrdf rn]sf] s'g}
d'2fdf ;f] s'/f To:tf] xf]Og jf lyPg egL lghn]
v08g ug{ kfpg] 5}g eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf ePsf]
kfOG5 . ;jf]R{ r cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt P]= l;4fGt

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

tyf sfg"gL Joj:yf ;d]tsf] k[i7e"lddf l;d]G6 pBf]u

lgdf{0f tyf Joj:yfkgsf] k|dv
' bfloTj ePsf] k|ToyL{
xfhdf skf]/{ z
] gn] k'g/fj]bs jfbLnfO{ ;fdfg cfk"lt{
u/]afktsf] lan cg';f/sf] /sd pknAw u/fpg
cfkm" k|ltj4 /x]sf] s'/f cf:j:t kfb}{ !% hgj/L
!((# O{= df n]vs
] f] kqdf "To solve the problem and
assist you, we conform that we have not paid the
billed any amount of 1st October 1992 and shall
hold further payment against the unpaid envoices
as per details enclosed bill we get original shipping
documents submitted by your Bank to Dresdner
Bank and PWH gives evidence of payment to
DRCC" egL cf:jf:t kfb}{ n]vs
] f] kqaf6 lj:j:t e}

k'g/fj]bs jfbLn] tt\kZrft\ klg cGo sfd u/]sf] x'bF f

;f] kqnfO{ argj4tfsf] lnvt -Promissory Note)
sf] ;+1f lbgkg]{ b]lvg cfof] . arg a4tfsf] ljjGwg
(Promissory Estopple) sf] ;Gb{edf Machael
Spence f/f lnlvt Protecting Reliance: The
Emergent Doctrine of Equitable Estoppel (Oxford;
1999,pp 60-66) df ;fdfGotof lgDglnlvlt cf7j6f

tTjxsf] arga4tfsf] ljjGwg jf ;dGoflos

(Equitable) ljjGwgnfO{ lglZrt\ ub{5 .
(s) how the promise/representation and
(v)
(u)
(3)
()
(r)
(5)
(h)

reliance upon it were induced;

the content of promise/representation;
the relative knowledge of the parties;
the parties relative intrest in the relevant
activites in reliance;
the nature and context of the parties
relationship;
the parties relative stregnth of position ;
the history of the parties relationship;
the steps, if any taken by the promissor/
representor to ensure he has not caused
preventable harm;

(= k|:t't ljjfbdf k|ltjfbLsf] pNn]vfg';f/

lnlvt jrga4tf (Written Promisses) hgfPsf] /
;f]df ljZjf; u/L jfbLn] sfo{ ;Dkfbg (perform)
u/]sf] kfOof] . k|ltjfbLn] lbPsf] jrga4tf (Promises)
334

df cljZjf; ug'k{ g]{ s'g} sf/0f b]lvPsf] lyPg .

k|ltjfbLsf] k|:t't sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf xslxt ;dflxt
/x]sf] s'/fdf jfbL ljZj:t x'g] k"jf{wf/ k|ltjfbLn]
kfPsf] 7]Ssf kf /x]sf] s'/fdf b'j} kIf lj1 / cfZj:y
/x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . jfbLn] /Hh"dfu{ lgdf{0fsf] pk7]Ssf
kL=8An"=Pr=;+u kfPsf]n] jfbLsf] pQm sfo{df ;fy{s
;DaGw (Meaningful Relation) /x]sf] s'/fdf k|ltjfbL
lj1 /x]sf] kfOG5 . k|ltjfbLn] u/]sf] jrga4tf
cg';f/sf] sfo{ u/fO{ e'QmfgL lbg;Sg] l:ylt (relative
stregnth of position) df /x]sf] s'/fdf s'g} ljjfb
g/x]sf] x'gfn] cfkm"n] sfo{;Dkfbg u/]kl5 e'QmfgL
kfpg] s'/fdf ljZj:t eO{ k|ltjfbLsf] jrga4tfsf]
cfwf/df sfo{ ;Dkfbg u/L ;s]kl5 k|ltjfbLn] jfbLnfO{
e'QmfgL lbg'kg]{ sfg"gL bfloTj x'g] x'bF f ;f] af6 ljd'v
x'g vf]Hg' :ki6tM k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf #$-!_
ljaGwgsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf / jrga4tfsf] laaGwg
(Promissory Estoppel) lj?4 x'g hfg] b]lvof] .
!)= hxfF;Dd ;fdfg cfk"lt{ ul/Psf]
elgPsf] dfn;fdfgsf] e'QmfgL ;DaGwnfO{ lnP/
PWH ;d]tsf lj?4df snsQf pRr cbfntdf
jfbLn] lgif]wf1f d'2f btf{ u/]sf] eGg] k|Zg 5 To;
tkm{ x]bf{ jfbLn] bfo/ u/]sf] ;f] lgif]wf1fsf] oflrsf
xfhdf skf]/{ z
] g;Fu /sd e/fpg] ljifosf] geO{
PWH nfO{ e'QmfgL ug{ nfluPsf] /sd /f]Sg]
clek|fon] bfo/ ePsf] / ;f]df hf/L ePsf] cGtl/d
cfb] z cBflk sfod /x] s f] eGg] k' g /fj] b s
jfbLtkm{sf sfg"g Joj;foLxn] ax; k|:t't ug'{
ePsf]df ;f] s'/fsf] v08g x'g] k|df0f k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbL
tkm{af6 k]z x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ;f] l/6af6 oL jfbLn]
/sd kfpg] gkfpg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o e};s]sf] egL
k|ltjfbLn] bfjL lng ;s]sf] kfOb}g . ;fy} e'QmfgL
/f]Ssf k|of]hgsf] nflu bfo/ ePsf] d'2fsf] sf/0faf6
/sd e/fpg] k|of]hgsf] nflu bfo/ ePsf] k|:t't
d'2fdf c;/ kg{;Sg] cj:yf gb]lvPsf]n] tT;DaGwL
k|ltjfbLsf] lhsL/ lgik|of]hlgs b]lvof] .
!!= k|:t't ljjfb k'g/fj]bs jfbL DRCC /
PWH aLrsf] geO{ !% hgj/L !((# O{= sf] kqsf
;DaGwdf /x]sf] l:yltdf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gn]
ljjfb ;dfwfg ug{ dWo:ytftkm{ hfg' kg]{df

*&&# bfdf]b/ /f]kj]h lj= xfhdf skf]{/]zg ;d]t

clwsf/If]qfTds q'l6 /x]sf] eGg] 7x/ tyf k|ToyL{

xfhdf skf]/{ z
] gn] k'g/fj]bs bfdf]b/ /f]kj]h P08
sG:6Szg sDkgL (DRCC) nfO{ !% hgj/L !((# O{=
df n]vs
] f] kqaf6 k|ToyL{ xfhdf skf]/{ z
] gn] PWH
nfO{ lbg'kg]{ e'QmfgL /f]Ssf /fvL PWH n] k'g/fj]bs
jfbLnfO{ lbg'kg]{ /sdsf] bfloTj k|ToyL{ xfhdf
skf]/{ z
] gn] lnPsf] l:yltsf] ljBdfgtf b]lvFbfb]lvFb}
PWH nfO{ ljkIfL gagfPsf] tyf pQm lrLnfO{ ck|ToIf
s/f/sf] ;+1f lbg gldNg] eGg] / jfbLnfO{ k|ltjfbLn]
:ki6 kqfrf/ u/]sf] gb]lvPsf] k[i7e"lddf d'2f ug'k{ g]{
sf/0f of] ldltaf6 z'? x'G5 egL cfwf/ sf/0f pNn]v
ug{ g;s]sf] l:yltdf s/f/ P]g, @)@# sf] bkmf
!*-@_-u_ sf] Dofbleq bfo/ ePsf] d'2fnfO{ xbDofb
gf3L btf{ ePsf] eGb} z'? km};nf pN6L u/L jfbL bfjL
vf/]h x'g] 7x/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf]
km};nf ldn]sf] b]lvPg .
!@= ctM !% hgj/L !((# O{= df k|ToyL{
k|ltjfbLn] k'g/fj]bs jfbLnfO{ n]vs
] f] kqfg';f/ oL
k'g/fj]bs jfbLn] lgdf{0f:yndf k'ofPsf] ;fdu|Lsf]
e'QmfgL dfu]sf] / ;f] ;fdfgsf] xfhdfn] lbg] e'QmfgL
lbg af+sL /x]sf] s'/fdf ljjfb b]lv+bg} . pQm kq
Jojxf/af6 ;f] e'QmfgL] k'g/fj]bs jfbLnfO{ a'emfpg'
kg]{ bfloTj k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbL xfhdf skf]/{ z
] gdf ;/]sf]
x'bF f jfbL bfjL cg';f/ e'QmfgL x'g afFsL /sd
k'g/fj]bs jfbLn] k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbL xfhdf skf]/{ z
] gaf6
kfpg] b]lvof] . ctM k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gsf] jfbL
bfjL vf/]h ug]{ u/]sf] ldlt @)^@.#.@& sf] km};nf
ab/ e} jfbL bfjLcg';f/ e'QmfgL x'g afFsL hd{gdfs{
#,^@,)&@.&! a/fa/sf] lkm/fb bfo/ x'bF f sfod /x]sf]
hd{gdfs{sf] ljlgdo cg';f/sf] g]kfnL ?k}ofF jfbLn]
k|ltjfbLdWo]sf] xfhdf skf]/{ z
] gaf6 e/L kfpg] /
Jofhsf] xsdf jfbL bfjL gk'Ug] 7x/ u/]sf] z'?
sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)%%.!@.! sf]
km};nf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . c?df tkl;nadf]lhd ug"{ .
tk;Ln
dfly OG;fkm v08df n] l vPadf] l hd
k' g /fj] b s jfbLn] k| T oyL{ k| l tjfbLaf6 jfbL
bfjLadf]lhd hd{gdfs{ #,^@,)&@.&! a/fa/sf]
335

d'2f btf{ x'bF fsf] ldlt @)%$.&.!@ sf] ljlgod

b/cg';f/sf] g]kfnL ?k}ofF jfbLn] k|ltjfbLaf6 e/fO{
kfpg] 7x/]sfn] sfg"gsf] Dofbleq b/vf:t lbP
e/fO{ lbPafkt nfUg] sfg"gadf]lhdsf] b:t"/ lnO{
e/fO{ lbg z'? sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntaf6 ldlt
@)%%.!@.! sf km};nfcg';f/sf] nut sfod /fVg'
egL n]vL k7fO{ lbg" !
k'g/fj]bs jfbLn] z'? lhNnf cbfntdf
/fv]sf] sf]6k{ mLsf ;DaGwdf k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLn] ldlt
@)%^.#.( df k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gdf k'g/fj]bg
ubf{sf cj:yfdf ?=!,*),)^*. w/f}6 /fv]sf] b]lvFbf
pQm /sd jfbLn] e/fO{ lng] g} x'bF f oxfF pNn]v
ul//xg' k/]g . o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ubf{ /fv]sf]
sf]6{kmL ?=@&,)!).@) k|ltjfbLaf6 e/fO{ kfpg
sfg"gsf Dofbleq jfbLn] b/vf:t lbP s'g} klg
b:t"/ glnO{ e/fO{ lbg' egL nut /fVg sf7df8f}+
lhNnf cbfntdf n]vL k7fpg" @
k|:t't d'2fsf] nut bfo/Laf6 sfu/L ldl;n
lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{ lbg" #
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
Gof= k|d
] zdf{
Olt ;+jt\ @)^* ;fn kmfu'g ! ut] /f]h @ z'ed

l
lg0f{o g+= *&&$
;jf]R{ r cbfnt ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L k|d
] zdf{
dfggLo GofofwLz >L sdngf/fo0f bf;
;+jt\\ @)^$ ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= @!!
km};nf ldltM @)^&.&.@@
d'2f M 3/ p7fO{ lvrf]nf d]6fO{ rng .
k' g /fj] b s jfbLM lhNnf df] / lj/f6gu/
pkdxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= !& /fgL
l;lsofxL 6f]ndf a:g] ;Gtf]if :j0f{sf/
lj?4
ljkIfL k|ltjfbLM lh=df]/ la/f6gu/ p=d=g=kf=
j8f g+= !& a:g] u+uf dxtf] ;d]t

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

z'? km};nf ug]{ M

df=Gof=>L t]haxfb'/ sfsL{
k'g/fj]bg km};nf ug]M{
df=Gof=>L bLkss'df/ sfsL{
df=Gof=>L s]bf/k|;fb rfln;]
s;}n] s'g} ;DklQ cfkm\gf] eGg] x}l;otdf
lg/Gt/?kdf ef]u ul//x]sf] x'G5 / To;pk/
j}w :jfldTjjfnfn] yfxf kfP/ klg To:tf]
ef]unfO{ df}g ;Ddlt k|bfg ub{5 eg]
To;af6 ef]ustf{sf] ef]uflwsf/ l;h{gf
x'g;Sg] .
ank"js
{ , rf]/L lqmof, cg'/f]w jf ljz]if
cfu|xsf] cefjdf csf{sf] hUufdf bL3{
ef]u g} jf:tljs k|lts"n ef]u (Adverse
Possession) sf] :yflkt cfwf/ xf] egL
dfGg ;lsG5 . k|lts"n ef]u :yflkt ug{
ef]usf] c6'6 lg/Gt/tf k/d cfjZos
tTj dflgg] .
-k|s/0f g+=%_
$) cf} jif{bl] v 3/ agfO{ ef]u rng u/L
cfPsf]df ;f] hUufaf6 3/ p7fO{ kfpFm
egL ;dodf g} sfg"gL pkrf/df gcfO{
hUufsf] ef]urngnfO{ df}g ;Ddlt k|bfg
u/]sf] cj:yfdf s]jn @)^) ;fndf dfq
cfkm\gf] hUufdf lvrf]nf u/L 3/ agfO{
a;f]af; u/]sf] eGg] syg 7f]; k|df0faf6
k'li6 x'g g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=$)_
k'g/fj]bs jfbL tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmf >L dl0f/fd
lg/f}nf
ljkIfL k|ltjfbL tkm{af6M
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
km};nf
Gof=k|d
] zdf{M Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$*
sf] bkmf (-!_ adf]lhd o; cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/leq
336

kg]{ k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / 7x/ o;k|sf/

/x]sf] 5 M
;fljs btf{jfn k|ltjfbL w'gLb]jLsf] ;;'/f
u+uf dxtf]sf] lktf sf/L g'lgof dxtf]sf gfddf
;fljs /}=g+= #&$ sf] uf]uf| xf df}h] /fgL l;lsofxLsf]
hUuf ;j]{ gfkL x'bF f lj/f6gu/ !! -s_ ls=g+= (#
sf] )#!% hUuf dWo] d]/f klt xg'dfg dNnnfO{
ljleGg ldltdf bf=vf= x'bF f pQm ls=g+= (# lsQfsf6
eO{ ls=g+= @$! sf] h=lj= )@^ !@ / ls=g+= ##)
sf] ))# !@ ;d]t hDdf h=lj= )@!) hUuf
d]/f] kltsf] gfddf btf{ x'g cfPsf] xf] pk/f]Qm
hUufdf s'g} 3/ a;f]af; s]xL lyPg . kl5 klt
tyf kltsf bfh'efO aLr Ps cfk;df c+zj08f
x'bF f ls=g+= *#% h=lj= ))* !$ / ls=g+=*#&
sf] ))!#$ u/L hDdf ))!) hUuf b]j/
lbg]zs'df/sf] c+z efudf k/L lghaf6 d}n]
@)%(.*.% df /fhLgfdf u/fO{ ;f] b'j} lsQf hUuf
d}n] v/Lb u/L lnPsf] ljjfb/lxt xsef]usf] 3/
gePsf] vfnL hUuf lyof] . d lkm/fbL / d]/f klt
ef/tsf] ljxf/df lgDtf dfGg ldlt @)^).*.& df
uPsf] / 3/df sf]xL gePsf] df}sf kf/L P]= *
ut]sf lbg ljxfg & ah]af6 gf}nf &,* hgf ld:qL
;d]tsf] d2tdf pk/f]Qm lh= df]/ lj/f6gu/
pkdxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= !& df kg]{ ls=g+=*#%
sf] k"j{ tkm{af6 ))@ 3/ hUUff / ls=g+=*#& sf]
))! ;l;d lsQf ;d]t hDdf ))# hUufdf
k"j{ pQ/sf] ;Flwof/ oL b'j} k|ltjfbLxn] d]/f]
hUUff lvrf]nf u/L rfkL srL{ afF;sf] leQf nufO{,
;]tf] ss{6 kftfsf] 5fgf nufO{, cufl8sf] a/08fdf
6fnLsf] 5fgf nufO{ agfPsf] ! sf]7fsf] 3/ !, /
afF; srL{sf] 6f6L a]/f nufO{ km';sf] 5fgf pv'
kQfsf] ufx|f] ePsf] 3/ ! ;d]t @ j6f 3/ ldlt
@)^).*.!$ ut]sf lbg ;Dddf tof/ u/L k|ltjfbL
/ lghsf kl/jf/ ;d]t a:g yfn]sf] x'bF f ufpFsf
e/enfb\dL ;d]t /fvL 5nkmn ubf{ u/fpFbf ;d]t
3/ x6fO{ d]/f] hUuf vfnL gul/lbPsf]n] 3/
agfpg]sf] !! g+= sf] xbDofbleq k|:t't lkm/fb
u/]sf] 5' . 3/ agfpg]sf] $ g+= adf]lhd 3/ x6fpg
nufO{ hUuf vfnL u/fO{ rng ;d]t rnfO{ kfpFm

*&&$ ;Gtf]if :j0f{sf/ lj=u+uf dxtf] ;d]t

eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] jfbL ;Gtf]if :j0f{sf/sf] ldlt

@)^!.@.!) sf] lkm/fb kq .
jfbL bfjL ljNs'n em"7f tyf agfj6L dfq
xf] . xfdL k|ltjfbLxn] jfbLsf] ls=g+= *#% /
*#& sf] hUuf lvrfnf gu/L ;fljsb]lv d k|ltjfbL
dWo]sL w'lgb]jL dxtf] gfdbtf{sf] ls=g+= !@)@ sf]
hUufdf 3/ agfO{ a;f]af; ub}{ cfPsf 5f}F .
ufpF3/sf] l/;Olan] b'Mv lbg] lgotn] k|:t't em"7f
d'2f lbPsf] dfq xf] . em"7f bfjLaf6 km';b{ lbnfO{
kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbLx w'gLb]jL
dxtf] / u+uf dxtf]sf] ldlt @)^!.$.!% sf] ;+oQ
' m
k|ltpQ/ kq .
k|ltjfbLxn] ldlt @)^).*.* ut] b]lv
P]=!$ ut] ;Dddf jfbLsf] ls=g+= *#% / *#& sf]
hUuf ldrL @ yfg 3/ lgdf{0f u/]sf] xf] eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] jfbLsf] ;fIfL s'df/ yfkf If]qLsf] askq .
ljjflbt hUufdf klxn] b ] l v g}
k|ltjfbLxsf] 3/ a;f]af; lyof] . k|ltjfbLxn]
lvrf]nf u/L 3/ agfPsf] xf]Og eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
k|ltjfbLsf ;fIfL z'esnfn d08nn] u/LlbPsf]
askq .
jfbL btf{sf] ls=g+= *#& sf] hUufdf
k|ltjfbLxn] cgflwsf/ 3/ a;f]af; u/]sf]
b]lvPsf]n] ldl;n ;+nUg gfk gS;f d'r'Nsfsf]
g=g+= & c+lst ls=g+= *#& sf] h=lj= ))!#$ df
k|ltjfbLxn] lvrf]nf u/]sf] 7x5{ . ;f] 7xgf{n]
pQm g=g+= & sf] hUufaf6 k|ltjfbLsf] 3/ x6fO{
pQm hUuf jfbL ;Gtf]if :j0f{sf/n] ef]u rng ug{
kfpg] 7x5{ . tYo k|df0fsf] cefjdf ls=g+= *#%
sf] hUufsf] xsdf lkm/fb bfjL k'Ug g;Sg] 7x5{
eGg] z'? df]/ lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)^@.!.!*
sf] km};nf .
z'? lhNnf cbfntn] ls=g+= *#% sf]
hUufdf bfjL k'Ug g;Sg] 7xofPsf] xb;Ddsf]
km};nfdf lrQ a'em]g . bfjLsf] pQm ls=g+= *#%
sf] hUuf d jfbLsf] btf{sf] xf] eGg] km};nfn] :jLsf/
ul/;s]kl5 bfjLadf]lhd d}n] k|ltjfbLaf6 rng
kfpg' kg]d
{ f bfjL k'Ug g;Sg] egL z'? lhNnf
cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ x'bF f ab/ u/L
337

bfjLadf]lhd Gofo kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]

jfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt la/f6gu/df k/]sf]
k'g/fj]bg kq .
z'? lhNnf cbfntn] u/]sf] km};nfdf lrQ
a'em]g . xfd|f] a;f]af;sf] 3/ ls=g+= !@)@ df /x]sf]
eGg] xfd|f] egfO{ /x]sf]df xfndfq pQm ljkIfLsf]
ls=g+= *#& sf] hUufdf /x]sf] yfxf eof] . jfbLn]
pNn]v u/]sf] ldltdf xfdLn] s'g} 3/ agfPsf] 5}g .
$) jif{ cufl8 ;;'/f afh]s} kfnfdf lgld{t 3/df g}
xfd|f] a;f]af; oyfl:yltdf 5 . jfbLsf] lkm/fb d'ns
' L
P]g, 3/ agfpg]sf] !! g+=+ sf] xbDofb gf3L bfo/
ePsf] x'bF f xbDofbsf] sfg"gL k|Zgaf6} bfjLsf] tYoleq
k|jz
] u/L x]g{ gldNg]df lkm/fb x]/L u/]sf] z'?sf]
km};nf q'l6k"0f{ x'bF f ab/ u/L OG;fkm kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/df
k/]sf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
z'? df]/ lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nfpk/
b'j} kIfsf] k'g/fj]bg k/]sf] b]lvbf ;f] Joxf]/f Ps
csf{nfO{ ;'gfO{ lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt la/f6gu/sf] ldlt @)^#.(.@# sf] cfb]z .
ljjflbt g=g+= & sf] 3/ x6fO{ pQm hUuf
jfbLn] rng kfpg] u/L u/]sf] z'? df]/ lhNnf
cbfntsf] ldlt @)^@.!.!* sf] km};nf ;f] xb;Dd
gldn]sf]n] s]xL pN6L x'g] 7x5{ . ls=g+= *#% sf]
hUufsf] xsdf jfbL bfjL gk'Ug] 7xofPsf]
xb;Ddsf] pQm km};nf ldn]sf] b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g]
7x5{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/sf] ldlt
@)^#.!!.@( sf] km};nf .
g=g+=* sf] lsQf g+= *#% sf] hUufdf
jfbLn] emu8f ghgfPsf] egL km};nfdf elgPsf]
xsdf k|ltjfbLn] hUufdf lvrf]nf u/]sf] egL d]/f]
lkm/fb bfjL kl//x]sf]df jfbLn] emu8f ghgfPsf]
egL unt ts{sf] cfwf/df bfjL gk'Ug] u/]sf]
Gofo;Fu+ t ePg . afa' kltn] xs 5f8]sf] hUufdf
g} 3/ agfO{ bftf s} 5f]/f >LdtLn] a:g kfpg]
sfg"gL k|fjwfg 5}g . k|ltjfbLn] d]/f] vfnL hUuf
lvrf]nf u/L emf]k8L 3/ agfPsf] eGg] /fhLgfdf
lnvt, c+zj08f sfuh ;fIfL askqaf6 ;d]t
;dy{g ePsf] 5 . d]/f] btf{ xsef]u :jfldTjsf]

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

hUufdf k|ltjfbLsf] 3/ a;f]af; sfod ug{ ldNb}g .

7f]; k|df0fsf] cefjdf cl3b]lv ef]uL cfPsf] eGb}df
csf]s
{ f] ;DklQ ef]u ug{ ldNb}g eGg] ghL/ l;4fGt
;d]tsf] k|lts"n ePsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf
pN6L u/L lkm/fb bfjLadf]lhd lvrf]nf u/L agfPsf]
emf]k8L 3/ x6fO{ rng kfpFm eGg] jfbLsf] o;
cbfntdf k/]sf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
jfbLsf] xs btf{sf] ls=g+= *#& sf] hUufdf
k|ltjfbLsf] 3/ a;f]af; egL cbfntaf6 eO{ cfPsf]
ldlt @)^!.!).!@ sf] gS;f d'rN' sfsf] g=g+= & df
k|ltjfbL w'lgb]jL dxtf]sf] a;f]af; /x]sf] egL pNn]v
u/]af6 gS;f d'rN' sf / cGo k|df0fsf] uDeL/ a]jf:tf
u/L jfbL bfjL gk'Ug] 7xofPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf]
km};nf q'l6k"0f{ eO{ km/s kg{;Sg] b]lvFbf k|ToyL{
lemsfO{ cfPkl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5 k]z ug'{ eGg] o;
cbfnt ;+oQ' m Ohnf;sf] ldlt @)^*.@.! sf] cfb]z .
lgodadf]lhd b}lgs k]zL ;"rLdf r9L k]z
x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bkq ;lxtsf] ldl;n
cWoog u/L k'g/fj]bssf tkm{af6 pkl:yt /xg'ePsf
ljfg clwjQmf >L dl0f/fd lg/f}nfn] k|:t't ljjfbsf
hUuf ljkIfLsf klt lktf sf/L dxtf]af6 d]/f] kIfn]
@)#$ ;fndf v/Lb u/L lnPsf hUuf x'g\ . ls=g+=
*#& sf] hUuf ;Gtf]if :j0f{sf/sf gfddf cfPsf]
5 . ;f] hUufdf @)^) ;fn d+l;/ b]lv 3/ lgdf{0f
ePsf] 5 . xfd|f] kIfn] @)^) ;fndf 3/ agfPsf]
eg] kl5 ls t xbDofbsf] cfwf/df vf/]h x'gk' b{5 .
xbDofbsf] cfwf/df vf/]h gePkl5 @)^) ;fnkl5
3/ agfPsf] egL lvrf]nf 7x/ x'gk' b{5 . jfbL d'Gb|snf
emf ePsf] d'2fsf] ldl;naf6 klxnf 3/ ag]sf] eGg]
b]lvb}g . k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf pN6L ul/kfpFm
eGg] ;d]t k|:t't ug'e{ Psf] ax; ;'lgof] .
plNnlvt ax; lhsL/ ;d]t ;'gL x]bf{
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/sf] km};nf ldn]sf] 5,
5}g / jfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug] ;Sg] xf] ,
xf]Og ;f]xL ;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ ePsf] 5 .
@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{, ;fljs btf{jfn
k|ltjfbL w'gLb]jLsf] ;;'/f u+ufsf] lktf sf/L g'lgof
-dxtf]_ sf gfpFsf] lsQf g+=(#@ dWo]af6} v/Lb
u/L lnPsf hUufx klt xg'dfg / lghsf efOxdf
338

@)%) ;fndf a08f x' F b f b] j / lbg] z s' d f/

:j0f{sf/sf gfddf k/]sf] ls=g+=*#% / *#& sf
hUuf lghaf6 ldlt @)%(.*.% df kf/Lt
/fhLgfdfaf6 d]/f] gfddf btf{ ePsf]df ljkIfLxn]
ldlt @)^).*.* ut]af6 lvrf]nf u/L ls=g+= *#%
sf] k"jt{ km{af6 cGbfhL ))@ w'/ hUuf / ls=g+=
*#& sf] ))! hUUffdf afF; ;d]tsf @ j6f
em'kf| 3/ agfO{ a;f]af; u/]sf] x'bF f emf]k8L 3/
x6fpg nufO{ hUuf vfnL u/fO{ kfpmF eGg] lkm/fb
bfjL ePsf]df g=g+=& sf] ls=g+= *#& sf] hUufsf]
3/ x6fO{ rng kfpg] u/L ePsf] z'? km};nf ;f]
xb;Dd s]xL pN6L u/L ls=g+= *#% sf] hUufsf]
xsdf jfbL bfjL gk'Ug] 7xofPsf] xb;Dd z'?
km};nf ;b/ x'g] 7xofO{ k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6
km};nf ePsf] /x]5 .
#= ldl;n ;+nUg hUufwgL k|df0f k"hf{sf]
k|ltlnlkaf6 ls=g+= *#% sf] hUufsf] If]=km=))
*!$ / ls=g+= *#& sf] hUufsf] If]=km= ))! #$
/xL oL hUufx k'g/fj]bssf] ef]urngdf /x]sf]
b]lvg cfpF5 . k|:t't ljjfbsf hUuf oL k'g/fj]bs
jfbL kIfn] ljkIfL k|ltjfbLsf klt lktf sf/L
dxtf]af6 kf/Lt u/L lnPsf]df ljjfb b]lvb}g .
ljKfIfL k|ltjfbLsf] gfdbtf{df /x]sf] ls=g+= !@)@
sf] hUufdf lgh k|ltjfbLsf] 3/ a;f]af; /x]sf]
eGg] b]lvg cfpFbg} eg] ;f] hUufsf] ;8stkm{
lsgf/f ;d]t /x]sf] gb]lvPaf6 lgsf; af6f] g/x]sf]
hUufdf 3/ a;f]af; /x]sf] egL ;Demg ldNg]
cj:yf klg 5}g . ljjflbt 3/ afx]s k|ltjfbLsf]
cGoq a;f]af; /x]sf] eGg] k'li6 x'g] cj:yf
ldl;naf6 b]lvg cfpFbg} .
$= bfjLsf] hUufdf ljkIfL k|ltjfbLxn]
@)^) ;fndf 3/ lgdf{0f u/]sf] egL oL k'g/fj]bs
jfbLxn] lhsL/ lnP klg ;f] eGbf cufl8 oL
ljkIfLxsf] cGoq 3/ a;f]af; /x]sf] gb]lvO{ ;f]xL
7fpFdf g} $) jif{ cufl8b]lv 3/ agfO{ a;f]af;
u/]sf] eGg] k|ltpQ/ lhsL/ /x]sf] / ljkIfL
k|ltjfbLxn] @)^) ;fndf k|:t't ljjfbsf] hUufdf
3/ lgdf{0f u/L lvrf]nf u/]sf] eGg] 7f]; k|df0faf6
k'li6 x'g ;s]sf] cj:yf ldl;naf6 b]lvb}g . o;

*&&$ ;Gtf]if :j0f{sf/ lj=u+uf dxtf] ;d]t

cfwf/df klg lj=;+= @)#$ / @)#^ ;fndf ljkIfL

k|ltjfbLxsf klt lktfaf6 hUuf v/Lb u/L oL
jfbL kIfxn] ef]u rng ul//x]sf] hUufdf PSsf;L
ljkIfL k|ltjfbLxn] lvrf]nf u/L 3/ lgdf{0f u/L
a;f]af; u/]sf] eGg] s'/f ljZjf;nfos b]lvb}g .
o;sf cltl/Qm ljkIfL k|ltjfbLxn] k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt;dIf u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg kqdf cfgf] 3/
ljkIfLsf] hUufdf ;fljsb]lv g} /x]sf] egL :jLsf/
u/]sf] b]lvg cfpF5 . o;/L oL k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf
bftf g} ljkIfL k|ltjfbL kIf /x]sf] ;Gbe{df oL
ljjfbsf hUufdf ljkIfLxn] ;fljsb]lv g} lgld{t
3/df a;f]af; u/L cfPsf] eGg] b]lvg cfPaf6 oL
k'g/fj]bs lj?4 ljkIfL k|ltjfbLxsf] k|lts"n ef]u
(Adverse Possession) sf] cj:yf l;h{gf ePsf]
kfOG5 . cfkm"n] v/Lb ubf{sf] ;dob]lv g} ;f] hUUffdf
ljkIfLxsf] a;f]af; /x]sf] cj:yf eP lghxnfO{
;f] hUufsf] ef]u rngaf6 lgif]w ug{ oL k'g/fj]bsn]
;dod} sfg"gL pkrf/ vf]hs
] f] klg b]lvg cfpFbg} .
%= j:t'tM ;DklQdf j}w :jfldTjjfnfn] ef]u
ul//x]sf] x'G5 eGg] ;fdfGo cg'dfg xf] . t/ j}w
:jfldTj s'g} Ps JolQmsf] /x]sf] / Jojxf/df ef]u
a}w :jfldTjfnf jfx]ssf] JolQmdf /x]sf] cj:yf x'g;Sg]
tYonfO{ OGsf/ ug{ ;lsb}g . s;}n] s'g} ;DklQ cfkm\gf]
eGg] x}l;otdf lg/Gt/?kdf ef]u ul//x]sf] x'G5 /
To; pk/ j}w :jfldTjnfn] yfxf kfP/ klg To:tf]
ef]unfO{ df}g ;Ddlt k|bfg ub{5 eg] To;af6
ef]ustf{sf] ef]uflwsf/ l;h{gf x'g;Sb5 . cyf{t\
ank"js
{ , rf]/L lqmof, cg'/f]w jf ljz]if cfu|xsf] cefjdf
csf{sf] hUufdf bL3{ ef]u g} jf:tljs k|lts"n ef]u
(Adverse Possession) sf] :yflkt cfwf/ xf] egL
dfGg ;lsG5 . k|lts"n ef]u :yflkt ug{ ef]usf] c6'6
lg/Gt/tf k/d cfjZos tTj dflgG5 .
^= o;/L ljkIfLn] $) cf} jif{bl] v 3/ agfO{
ef]u rng u/L cfPsf]df ;f] hUufaf6 3/ p7fO{
kfpFm egL ;dodf g} oL k'g/fj]bs jfbLn] sfg"gL
pkrf/df gcfO{ ljkIfLsf] u/] s f] hUufsf]
ef]urngnfO{ df}g ;Ddlt k|bfg u/]sf] b]lvg cfpF5 .
s]jn @)^) ;fndf dfq cfkm\gf] hUufdf lvrf]nf
u/L 3/ agfO{ a;f]af; u/]sf] eGg] jfbLsf] syg
339

7f]; k|df0faf6 k'li6 ePsf] gb]lvO{ cfwf/lxg /x]sf]

b]lvg cfof] . o;af6 ;fljsb]lv g} lg/Gt/ ef]u u/L
cfkm" a;f]af; ul//x]sf] 7fpFdf ljkIfL k|ltjfbLxn]
cljl5Gg?kdf ef]uflwsf/ k|fKt u/]sf] b]lvg cfpF5 .
&= t;y{ ljkIfLn] ;fljsb]lv g} 3/ a;f]af;
u/]sf] sfo{nfO{ oL k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf] cfrf/0faf6
df}g :jLs[lt lbPsf] cj:yf ldl;naf6 b]lvPsf]
x'bF f g=g+= & sf] ls=g+= *#& sf] hUufaf6 jfbLn]
3/ p7fO{ kfpg] u/]sf] z'? km};nf pN6L u/L ls=g+=
*#% sf] hUufsf] xsdf jfbL bfjL gk'Ug] 7xofO{
u/]sf] z'? km};nf ;b/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt,
la/f6gu/sf] ldlt @)^#.!!.@( sf] km};nf ldn]s}
b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . jfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/
k'Ug ;Sb}g . bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L ldl;n
lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{ lbg" .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
Gof=sdngf/fo0f bf;
Olt ;+jt\\ @)^& ;fn sflQs @@ ut] /f]h # z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[tM r'/fdg v8sf

lg0f{o g+= *&&%

;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L cjw]zs'df/ ofbj
dfggLo GofofwLz >L e/t/fh pk|t] L
@)^$- WO - )%$%
cfb]z ldltM@)^*.*.!!
ljifo M pTk|i] f0f ;d]t
lgj] b sM lhNnf nlntk' / , nlntk' /
pkdxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= $ wf]aL3f6
:yLt 8L=P=eL= ;'zLns]l8of ljZjef/tLsf]
tkm{af6 P]= sf] clwsf/k|fKt lk|G;Lkn /
;~rfns ;ldltsf] ;b:o ;lrj e'jg]Zj/L
lj?4
ljkIfLM >d sfof{no sf7df8f}F ;d]t

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

s'g} ljBfno, lzIffno, :s"n sn]h jf

lgsfodf lgo'lQm lnP/ dfl;s Hofnfbf/L
jf k"0f{sfnLg ?kdf tgVjf -tna_ lnP/
lzIff k|bfg ug]{ sfd ub{5 eg], To:tf
lzIfs sd{rf/L jf u}/lzIfs sd{rf/L
sfdbf/xn] a]nfa]nf To:tf ;+:yf jf
lgsfoaf6 x'g] zf]if0fsf] lj?4df jf cfgf]
xslxtsf] /Iffy{ tyf cfgf] pGgltsf]
nflu P]Soa4 x'g ;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhL ug{
kfpg' k5{ eGg'nfO{ :jfefljs dfGg'kg]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=^_
;+ljwfgn] g} 68] o'lgog u7g u/L cfgf]
xslxtsf] nflu ;+ul7t x'g] xsflwsf/
lbO;s]sf] cj:yfdf, ;DalGwt sfg"gdf
g} :ki6tM o; sfo{ ug{ kfOg] 5}g egL
lgif]w ul/lbPsf] l:yltdf jfx]s To:tf]
z}lIfs ;+:yfdf sfd ug]{ lzIfs ;d]tsf
sd{rf/LnfO{ dfq To:tf] clwsf/ gePsf]
egL dfGg g;lsg] .
-k|s/0f g+=&_
;fd'bflos ljBfnodf sfo{/t\ lzIfssf]
nflu k]zfut xslxtsf] nflu ul/Psf]
ljz]if 5'} Joj:yf ePsf] / ;f] afx]s c?
s'/fdf P]g df}g /xg'sf] cfzo ljBdfg
;+ljwfg, >d P]g, 68] o'lgog P]gn] ;d]t
cfcfgf] xslxtsf] nflu ;fd" l xs
;f}bfafhLsf] lgldQ PsLs[t x'g kfpg]
k|i6tM sfg"gL Joj:yf ul//x]sf] kl/k|I] odf
lgj] b s :s" n nufot cGo lzIfs
sd{rf/Ln] 6]8 o'lgog :yfkgf ug{ jf
u7g ug{ gkfpg] u/L lgif]w ul/Psf] xf]
eGg] cy{ ug{ gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=*_
lgj]bs tkm{af6M
ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf ls/0f kf}8n
]
/ ljfg clwjQmf /d]z j8fn
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM

o g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f

@(-!_, -@_, #)-@_,
o lzIff P]g, @)@* sf] bkmf !^-_-!_, -em_
o >d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf @-v_
o 68] o'lgog P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @-v_

cfb]z
Gof=e/t/fh pk|]tLM g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ tyf !)&-@_ adf]lhd
bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+
7x/ o;k|sf/ 5 M
lzIff P]g, @)@* sf] ;ftf} ;+zf]wg ldlt
@)%*.!).@% df x'bF f, ;/sf/af6 lgoldt ?kdf
cg'bfg gkfpg] u/L cg'dlt k|fKt u/]sf] ;+:yfut
ljBfnon] P]= ;+zf]wgn] Joj:yf u/]sf] P]gsf] bkmf
#-$_ cGtu{t ;+rflnt /x]sf] ;+:yfut ljBfnoxsf]
sDkgL jf z}lIfs u'7Lsf] ?kdf kl/jt{g ug'k{ g]{
k|fjwfg ePsf]n] >L clgns'df/ s]l8ofsf] Psn
nufgLdf u'?s'n OG6/g]zgn k|fO{e6] lnld6]8 gfds
sDkgL, sDkgL /lhi6f/sf] sfof{nodf ldlt
@)%(.*.!).@ sf lbg btf{ ePsf] / lzIff ljefu,
ljBfno Joj:yfkg dfWolds zfvfsf] k=;=r=g+=
$!# ldlt @)^!.%.@% sf] kqjf6 :jLs[lt k|fKt
ePkl5 lgj]bs ljBfnosf] ;DklQ / bfloTj P]=
sDkgLdf ;f/L sDkgL cGtu{t ;~rfngdf gNofO{
ljBfnon] lhNnf lzIff sfof{no nlntk'/af6 k=;+=
r=g+= #*& ldlt @)%%.%.* cGtu{t kfPsf] :jLs[lt
cGtu{t dfWolds:t/ / lq=lj=lj= pks'nkltsf]
sfof{no, sLlt{k/' sf] k=;+=+ r=g+= @^% of] d=zf= ldlt
@)^).^.@^ sf] kqaf6 aL=aL=P; / P]= sf] k=;+=r=g+=
^*! d=zf= )^!.^@ ldlt @)^).)&.!* sf] kqaf6
aL=aL=P= sf] sIff ;~rfng ug]{ cg'dlt cGtu{tg}
dfWolds ljBfno / sn]hsf] ?kdf ;+rflnt x'b+ }
cfPsf] s'/f P]= sDkgLsf] @)^# k'; d;fGt / @)^$
c;f/ d;fGt;Ddsf] lnlSj8]zg n]vfaf6 / cl86/
b]jsL ljho P08 sDkgLaf6 ldlt @)^$.*.!* df
lnPsf] k|df0f kq ;d]taf6 :yflkt 5 . o; jfx]s
P]= sDkgLnfO{ :j]R5fdf vf/]hLdf nfg] egL P]=
sDkgLsf] ljz]if ;fwf/0f ;efaf6 ldlt @)^#.%.%

340

*&&% 8L=P=eL=;'zLn s]l8of ljZjef/tL lj=>d sfof{no ;d]t

df lg0f{o eO{ lnlSj8]6/ lgo'Qm eO{ sDkgL vf/]hLsf]

sfd clGtd r/0fdf k'uL ;s]sf] 5 .
ljBfnosf] p2]ZonfO{ sDkgLsf] hl/ofaf6
k"lt{ ug{ pko'Qm gx'g] ;DaGwdf ljBfnosf] ;~rfns
;ldlt / P]= sDkgLsf] ;~rfns ;ldltsf] ;+oQ' m
a}7s a;L z}lIfs u'7Ls} ?kdf ;~rfng ug]{ s'/fdf
ldlt @)^#.@.!* sf lbg ;}4flGts lg0f{o lnO{Psf] /
tbg';f/sf] z}lIfs u'7Ldf nfg] k|lqmofnfO{ cufl8
a9fpg] sfo{ x'b+ 5
} . x/]s If]qdf /fhgLltsf] k|jz
]
u/fpg] cjf+lIft lqmofsnfk eO/x]sf] a]nf o;
ljBfnosf s]xL sd{rf/Lx 68] o'lgog btf{ ug{
ldNg] g ldNg] ;DaGwdf >d dGqfno;+u /fo dfu
ubf{ >d dGqfnonfO{ lzIff dGqfnon] ldlt @)^$.^.#
sf] dGqL:t/Lo lg0f{ofg';f/ lzIff P]gn] pQm ;DaGwdf
s]xL Joj:yf gu/]sf]n] 68] o'lgog P]gsf] bkmf # tyf
cGo k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd btf{ ug{ ;sf/fTds /fo
/x]sf] Joxf]/f;lxtsf] ldlt @)^$.)^.)^ sf] kq >d
dGqfnonfO{ k7fPsf] 5 . lzIff P]gsf] bkmf !^ -_ df
;fj{hlgs ljBfnodf lzIfs o'lgog ;DaGwL k|fjwfg
u/]sf] eP klg pQm Joj:yf ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf]
nflu dfq /x]sf] eGg] ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf !^-em_ n]
!^-_ sf] Joj:yf ;+:yfut ljBfnosf] xsdf nfu"
gx'g] :ki6 ?kdf pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . o;/L sfg"gn]
:ki6 ?kdf lgif]w u/]sf] cj:yf 5+bF f5Fb+ } klg lzIff
dGqL:t/sf] lg0f{oaf6 ;+:yfut ljBfnodf 68] o'lgog
vf]Ng ;sf/fTds /fo k|bfg ug'n
{ ] lzIff dGqfnodfg}
lzIff P]gsf] c1fgtf /x]sf] :ki6 ub{5 . o;/L
P]gljk/Lt tyf cfkm\gf] clwsf/If]qeGbf aflx/ uO
lzIff dGqL:t/af6 ul/Psf] lg0f{osf] cfwf/df lbO{Psf]
ldlt @)^$.^.^ sf] /fo :ki6tM lzIff P]gsf] bkmf !^
-em_ sf] k|lts"n / clwsf/If]qsf] cltqmd0fo'Qm x'bF f
ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] lgj]bg .
o;df, s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf] dfu
adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g' gkg]{ xf] < of] cfb]z
k|fKt ePsf] ldltn] af6fsf] Dofb afx]s !% lbgleq
lnlvt hjfkm k7fpg' egL ljkIfLxsf] gfddf
Dofb ;"rgf k7fO{ lnlvt hjfkm cfP jf cjlw
gf3]kl5 lgod adf]lhd k]z ug'{ ;fy} cGtl/d
cfb]zsf] dfu ePsf]df cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L u/L
341

/xg'kg]{ cj:yfdf gx'b+ f cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ug'{

k/]g eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^$.(.$ sf] cfb]z .
68] o"lgog btf{ ug]{ k|f/lDes sfo{ cGtu{t
sfdbf/ sd{rf/L k|dfl0ft ug{ Joj:yfksnfO{ kq
k7fO{Psf] xf] . o"lgog btf{ ePsf] cj:yf klg g/x]sf]
;fy} k'g/fj]bg cbfntjf6 ldlt @)^$.*.@& ut]
ljkIfLxnfO{ 5nkmnsf] nflu jf]nfOPsf] / ;f] lbg;Dd
o'lgog btf{ ug]{ sfo{ gug{ cfb]z ;d]t hf/L ePsf]
x'b+ f, o'lgog btf{ sfo{ xfn gul/Psf] Joxf]/f ;d]t
cg'/f]w 5 . o; sfof{noaf6 >d P]g @)$* sf] bkmf
*& cg';f/ k|To]s k|lti7fgn] cfkm\gf] sfdbf/ jf
sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf, zt{ ;DaGwdf ljlgod jgfpg' k5{
elg sfg"gL Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;f] ljlgod >d P]gdf
pNn]v ul/Psf] Joj:yfljk/Lt x'g' x'b+ g} egL P]gsf]
pQm bkmfsf] dg;fo /x]sf] 5 . h'g k|lti7fgsf] cfkm\gf]
ljlgod 5 To:tf] k|lti7fgdf 68] o"lgog P]g, @)$(
cfslif{t x'b+ g} egL eGg ldNg] b]lvb}g lsg ls >d
P]gn] u/]sf] k|lti7fgsf] kl/efiff g}, 68] o"lgog P]gn]
:jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 . lgj]bsn] h'g lhsL/ lng' ePsf] 5
cfkm\gf] ljlgod gx'g] k|lti7fgxsf] xsdf dfq 68]
o'lgog cfslif{t x'G5, Tof] lhls/ >d P]g, 68] o'lgog
P]g;+u d]n vfb}g l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg]
>d sfof{no afudtL c~rnsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"g >d P]g, @)$* sf]
bkmf @ n] kl/eflift u/]sf] k|lti7fg Pj+ sDkgL dWo]
ljkIfLsf] l8=P=lj= z'=s]=lj=ef= gfds sDkgL pQm
kl/efiffleqsf] xf]Og egL lgj]bgn] eGg ;s]sf] cj:yf
5}g . l/6 lgj]bg :jo+n] pQm ljBfno ldlt @)%(.*.!)
sf lbg sDkgLdf btf{ ePsf] tYo :jLsf/ ubf{ub}{
sDkgLsf] ?kdf ;~rfng ePsf] s'g} k|lti7fgdf
cfj4 >lds Pj+ sfdbf/sf] ?kdf sfo{/t\ JolQmxn]
k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"g / ILO sf ljZjJofkL ?kdf
dfGotf k|fKt xs clwsf/ oL ljkIfLsf] sDkgLn]
k|bfg ug{ kb}g{ egL ts{ ug'{ Gofo;+ut 5}g .
>ldsxsf] ljZjJofkL ;+u7gsf] d"No / dfGotfnfO{
g]kfn ;/sf/n] c+uLsf/ ubf{ k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"gjf6
To;nfO{ Jojxf/df nfu" ug]{ p2]Zojf6 :yflkt 68]
o'lgog P]g, @)$(, >d P]g, @)$* tyf lzIff P]g,
@)@* ;d]tn] 68] o'lgog u7g ug{ ldNg] z}lIfs

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

k|lti7fgdf cfj4 >ldsxnfO{ 68] o'lgog clwsf/

lbg kb}g{ eGg] l/6 lgj]bssf] lgj]bg Joxf]/f plNnlvt
sfg"gsf] dS;b / p2]Zoljk/Lt 5 . >d tyf /f]huf/
k|j4{g ljefun] l8=P=jL= ;'zLn s]l8of ljZjef/tL
KofK; g]kfn gfds 68] o'lgog u7g u/L k|rlnt
g]kfn sfg"gadf]lhd btf{sf nflu k|j]z u/]sf]
JolQmxsf xsdf k|rlnt 68] o'lgog P]g, @)$(
jdf]lhd sfg"gL k|lqmof k"/f ubf{sf] cj:yf oL ljkIfL
l/6 lgj]bsn] To:tf] btf{ ug{ gkfpg] o'lgog, btf{ ug{
cfPsf] egL ;DalGwt lgsfoxdf bfjf lj/f]w ug{
cfPsf] kfOb}g . ;fy} o; >d tyf /f]huf/ k|j4{g
ljefun] pQm o'lgog, lzIff dGqfno cGtu{tsf] k|lti7fg
b]lvPsf] x'bF f ;DalGWt lzIff tyf v]ns'b dGqfnodf,
68] o'lgog clwsf/sf nflu btf{ ug{ lgj]bg ug{
lgj]bssf] Joxf]/f jdf]lhd btf{ ug{ ldNg] gldNg]
;DaGwdf o; ljefusf] r=g+= #@@! ldlt @)^$.@.!!
sf] kqf/f /fo dfu ubf{ ;d]t pQm dGqfnosf] r=g+=
#^& ldlt @)^$.^.^ sf] kqf/f pQm 68] o'lgog btf{
ug]{ ;DaGwdf ;sf/fTds /fo /x]sf] hjfkm k|fKt eP
jdf]lhd o; >d tyf /f]huf/ k|j2{g ljefun] ;j}
k|lqmof / k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"gsf] kfngf u/L ljkIfL
lgj]bssf] ljBfnodf cfj4 sd{rf/L Pj+ lzIfs
;d]tn] 68] o'lgog u7g u/L o; ljefu;dIf lgj]bg
lbP d'tfljs 68] o'lgog btf{ ug]{ u/]sf]n] l/6 lgj]bg
Joxf]/f vf/]hefuL x'bF f vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] >d tyf
/f]huf/ k|j4{g ljefusf] lnlvt hjfkm .
lgj]bsnfO{ gful/ssf] x}l;otn] lgj]bg ug]{
xsb}of 5}g . ;kmf xft lnP/ cbfnt k|jz
] gu/]sf],
l/6 lgj]bs >d P]g @)$* sf] bkmf @-v_ sf] kl/efiff
tyf 68] o'lgog P]g @)$( sf] bkmf @-s_ tyf
:jfjnDjg ljsf; s]Gb| lj= >L >d cbfnt ePsf]
;+jt\ @)^! ;fnsf] l/6 g+= #&%$ sf] pTk|i] f0f d'2fdf
ldlt @)^#.&.!$ ut] ePsf] km};nfdf k|ltkflbt ghL/
;d]tsf] kl/efiffleq /x]sf], ljkIfL lgj]bs z}lIfs
;]jf ug]{ k|lti7fg dfq geO{ z}lIfs Jofkf/ ug]{ ;+:yf
x'b+ f, To;df 68] o'lgog aGg ;Sb}g egL bfjL ug{
gldNg], bkmf !^-em_ n] ;+:yfut ljBfnosf] xsdf
nfu" gx'g] egL n]lvPsf] k|ltjGwcGtu{t ;d'Rrf bkmf
!^-_ sf] Joj:yf nfu" gx'g] eGg] n]lvlbPsf] geO{

s]jn bkmf !^-_ pkbkmf -%_ dfq nfu" gx'g] eGg]

xf] . ;d'Rrf bkmf !^-_ nfu" gx'g] ;fljs P]gdf lzIff
tyf v]ns'b ;DaGwL s]xL g]kfn P]g ;+zf]wg ug]{ P]g,
@)^# n] ;+zf]wg u/L s]jn bkmf !^-_ sf] pkbkmf %
dfq nfu' gx'g] egL pNn]v u/]sf] 5 ;f] x'b+ f, lzIfs
o'lgog u7g x'g g;Sg] u/L k|ltaGw nufPsf] cj:yf
gePsf], dflnsn] ;+u7g vf]Ng] :jtGqtf /xbf lzIfs
sd{rf/Ln] eg] vf]Ng gkfpg] ts{ ug{ gldNg] x'bF f
ljkIfLsf] lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpF eGg] lzIfs sd{rf/L
68] o'lgogn] k]z u/]sf] lnlvt hjfkm .
l/6 lgj]bsn] cgf] l/6 lgj]bgsf] ljleGg
k|s/0fdf lzIff dGqL:t/sf] lg0f{odf ljBfnosf
sd{rf/Lxn] 6]8 o'lgog btf{ ug]{ ;DaGwdf
;sf/fTds /fo /x]sf]n] lghsf] d'2f ug'{ k/]sf] s'/f
pNn]v ug'{ eGg] b]lvG5 . lzIff dGqL jf lzIff
dGqfnosf] sfdsf/jfxL jf lg0f{odf lrQ ga'emfPsf]
JolQmn] o; dGqfnonfO{ ljkIfL jgfO{ l/6 bfo/
ug's
{ f] s'g} k|of]hg b]lvb}g . ljBfno, ljZjljBfno
h:tf z}lIfs ;+:yf;+u ;DalGWt /x]sf] tfn's dGqfno
eg]sf] lzIff tyf v]ns"b dGqfno ePsf]n] z}lIfs
;+:yfsf sd{rf/Lsf] 68] o'lgog btf{sf nflu k|fKt
lgj]bgsf ;DaGwdf dGqfnosf] /fo dfu ug'{ tyf
k|fKt /fo ;d]tsf] cfwf/df 68] o'lgog btf{;DaGwL
sf/jfxL cufl8 a9fpg' o; dGqfnocGtu{tsf]
ljefusf] sfo{If]qleqsf] ljifo g} ePsf] x'gfn] o;
dGqfnosf] gfddf s'g} cfb]z hf/L ug'k{ g]{ cj:yf
gx'bF f k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg v/f]h ul/kfpFm eGg] >d
tyf oftfoft Joj:yf dGqfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm .
ljkIfL lgj]bssf] bfljcg';f/ o; dGqfnon]
ldlt @)^$.^.# sf] dlGq:t/Lo lg0f{ofg';f/ lzIff P]g,
@)@* sf] bkmf !^ n] ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf
lzIfsxsf] o'lgogsf] ;DaGwdf Joj:yf u/]sf] t/
lghL tyf cfjfzLo ljBfnosf lzIfs sd{rf/Lxsf]
o'lgogsf] ;DaGwdf s]xL Joj:yf u/]sf] gb]lvPsf]n]
68] o'lgog P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf # tyf cGo k|rlnt
sfg"gsf] cwLgdf /xL k]z ePsf] l8=P=eL ;'zLn
s]l8of ljZjef/tL pRr df=lj= lghL tyf cfjzLo
ljBfno lzIfs, sd{rf/L o'lgog btf{ ;DaGwL
;sf/fTds /fo k7fpg :jLs[t ePsf] xf] . ;f]xL

342

*&&% 8L=P=eL=;'zLn s]l8of ljZjef/tL lj=>d sfof{no ;d]t

P]gsf] bkmf !^-em_ sf] Joj:yfsf] sxL st} k|lts"n /

clwsf/If]qsf] s'g} cltqmd0f ePsf] pQm lg0f{ojf6
gb]lvPsf] / ljkIfL lgj]bsn] ;d]t cfkm\gf] lgj]bgdf
klg s] s;/L cltqmd0f eof] eGg] s'/f P]gdf ePsf]
Joj:yf gx]/L xr'jf lsl;dn] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg lbO{
dGqL / o; dGqfno ;d]tnfO{ b'Mv lbg] lgotn]
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg lbPsf] b]lvFbf vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg]
lzIff tyf v]ns'b dGqfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm .
lgodadf]lhd cfhsf] b}lgs d'2f k]zL
;" r Ldf r9L k] z x' g cfPsf] k| : t' t l/6
lgj]bg;lxtsf] ldl;n sfuhft cWoog u/L l/6
lgj]bssf] lhsL/ tyf ljkIfLdWo] lzIff dGqfno
;d]tsf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf
>L ls/0f kf}8n
] / lzIfs sd{rf/L 68] o'lgog
tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmf >L /d]z a8fnn]
ug'{ ePsf] ax; lhsL/ ;d]t ;'gL lgj]bg
dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ug'k{ g]{ gkg]{ s] /x]5
;f]xL ljifodf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvof] .
@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{, clgns'df/ s]l8ofsf]
Psn nufgLdf u'?s'n PG6/g]zgn k|f=ln= gfds
sDkgL, sDkgL /lhi6f/sf] sfof{nodf ldlt
@)%(.*.!).@ ut] btf{ ePsf] / lq=lj=lj= pks'nkltsf]
sfof{nosf] k+=;+= @^% ldlt @)^).^.@^ sf] kqaf6
la=la=P;= / P]= sf] ldlt @)^).&.!* sf] kqaf6
la=la=P=sf] sIff ;~rfng cg'dlt cGtu{t dfWolds
ljBfno / sn]hsf] ?kdf ;~rflnt x'bF } cfPsf] 5 .
o; afx]s P]= sDkgLnfO{ :j]R5fdf vf/]hLdf nfg]
egL P]= sDkgLsf] ljz]if ;fwf/0f ;efaf6 ldlt
@)^#.%.% df lg0f{o eO{ lnlSj8]6/ lgo'lQm eO sDkgL
vf/]hLsf] clGtd r/0fdf k'uL ;s]sf] 5 . ljBfnosf
p2]ZonfO{ sDkgLsf] hl/ofaf6 k"lt{ ug{ pko'Qm gx'g]
;DaGwdf sDkgLsf] ;~rfns ;ldltsf] a}7saf6
z}lIfs u'7Ldf nfg] k|lqmof cufl8 a9\b5
} . x/]s If]qdf
/fhgLlt k|jz
] u/fpg] lqmofsnfk eO/x]sf] a]nf o;
ljBfnosf s]xL sd{rf/Lx 68] o'lgog btf{ ug{ >d
dGqfno ;Fu /fo k/fdz{ ubf{ ;sf/fTds /fo /x]sf]
5 . lzIff P]gsf] bkmf !^-_ df ;fj{hlgs ljBfnodf
lzIfs o'lgogsf] k|fjwfg /x]klg ;fd'bfoLs ljBfnodf
nfu" gx'g] :ki6 5 . o;/L lzIff dGqL :t/sf] lg0f{oaf6
343

68] o'lgog vf]Ng lbOPsf] ldlt @)^$.^.^ sf] /fo

lzIff P]gsf] bkmf !^-em_ sf] k|lts"n x'bF f pTk|i] f0fsf]
cfb]zf/f ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] d'Vo lgj]bg lhsL/
/x]sf] b]lvof] .
k|:t't ljjfbsf] ;Gbe{df lgj]bsf/f
;~rflnt :s"n s] s:tf] ;+:yf jf ;+u7g xf] < /
To:tf] ;+u7g leq 68] o'lgog vf]Ng / ;~rfng ug{
ldNg] xf] ls xf]Og eGg] d'Vo k|Zg /x]sf] b]lvof] .
#= o;df, :jo+ l/6 lgj]bgsf] Joxf]/faf6
8L=P=eL= ;'zLn s]l8of ljZjef/tL Ps lzIff k|bfos
pRr dfWolds ljBfno /x]sf]df ljjfb /x]g . ;f]
ljBfno sDkgL P]g, @)%# adf]lhd ldlt @)%(.*.!)
df btf{ eO{, lzIff ljefuaf6 ldlt @)^!.%.@% df
ljBfnonfO{ sDkgLsf] ?kdf ;~rfng ug{ :jLs[tL
;d]t k|bfg u/]sf] eGg] ldl;n ;+nUg sfuhftxsf]
k|ltlnkLaf6 b]lvG5 . o;af6 k|:t't lgj]bs :s"n,
sDkgL sfg"gcGt{ut :yflkt ePsf] sDkgLleqs}
s'g} Ps z}lIfs ;+:yf xf] eGg]df ljjfb /x]g . lgj]bs
:s"n ;+:yf jf k|lti7fg jf ;+u7g s] xf] eGg]tkm{
x]bf{ >d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf @-v_ df k|lti7fg
eGgfn] s'g} pBf]u, Jo;fo jf ;]jf ;~rfng ug]{
p2]Zon] k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd :yflkt !) hgf jf
;f] eGbf a9L sfdbf/ jf sd{rf/L sfo{/t\ /x]sf] s'g}
sf/vfgf, ;+u7g ;+:yf kmd{ jf ltgsf] ;d"x ;Demg'
k5{ egL kl/eflift u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;f]xL kl/efiff leq
k/]sf] ;+:yf zAbsf] cy{ s] /x]5 egL j[xt g]kfnL
zAbsf]ifdf x]bf{ -!_ /fd|fl] ;t :yfoL lsl;dn] /xg]
sfd 7x/fO{, a;fO{ -@_ s'g} wd{ ;+u7g ;dfh /fhgLlt
cflbsf] k|rf/k|;f/ jf nf]slxtsf nflu u7g ul/g]
;fj{hlgs ;ef ;+3, -#_ ;/sf/L jf u}/;/sf/L
sfof{nodf sfd ug],{ JolQmxsf] ;fd"lxs lxtsf
lglDt tof/ ePsf] ;+ul7t ;d'bfo -$_ Joj;flos
b[li6n] s'g} vf; lgod jf l;4fGtcg';f/ sfd ug]{
s'g} ;+ul7t bn jf ju{ elgPsf] 5 eg], ;f]xL ;+:yf
zAbsf] kl/efiff leq k|oQ' m ePsf] ;+3 zAbnfO{ x]bf{
s'g} ljz]if p2]Zosf] k"lt{sf lglDt ag]sf] jf ;dfg
p2]Zo lnPsf w]/} JolQm jf ;+ul7t ;+:yfxsf] ;d"x,
s'g} ljz]if l;4fGt, lgod cflbdf cfwfl/t ;+:yf,
;d"x, d08nL hdft ;Demg' kb{5 egL kl/eflift

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

u/]sf] b]lvG5 . To:t} u/L k|lti7fg eGgfn] s] a'lemG5

eGg]tkm{ x]bf{ ;f]xL zAbsf]ifn] k|lti7fg nfO{ k|lti7fgk"0f{
?kdf :yflkt s'g} ;+:yf egL kl/eflift u/]sf] kfOG5 .
$= o;af6 pk/f]Qm ljleGg zAbfy{xsf]
kl/efiffnfO{ lgrf]8df x]bf{ k|lti7fg ;+3 ;+:yf
cflb h] elgPtfklg tL ;a}sf] zAbxsf] cy{ Ps
csf{sf] kl/k"/s kof{o jf Pp6} /xg uPsf] b]lvG5 .
%= ca o:tf k|lti7fg, ;+3, ;+:yf jf h]
zAbn] k'sfl/P tfklg To;leq 68] o'lgog u7g /
;~rfng ug{ ldN5 ldNb}g eGg] tkm{ x]bf{, xfn ljBdfg
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #) sf]
pkwf/f-@_ sf] Joj:yf x]gk{' g]{ x'G5 . pQm wf/f #)-@_
df sfg"gdf Joj:yf ePadf]lhd k|To]s sfdbf/ /
sd{rf/LnfO{ cfcfgf] lxt /Iffsf] lgldQ 68] o'lgog
vf]Ng] ;+ul7t x'g] / ;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhL ug]{ xs x'g5
]
eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] kfOG5, eg] ;f]xL ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f
@(-!_ df k|To]s JolQmnfO{ zf]if0f lj?4sf] xs x'g5
]
eGg] Joj:yf klg /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;+ljwfgn] k|Tofe"t
u/]sf] pQm zf]if0f lj?4sf] xs / o'lgog vf]Ng] xs
Ps csf{sf] kl/k"/ssf] ?kdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . zf]if0f
lj?4sf] xsn] To:tf JolQm jf ;d"xnfO{ cfcfgf]
xs lxtsf] /Iffy{ 68] o'lgog vf]Ng] / ;+ul7t x'g]
xsk|lt hfu[t ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . dfly jl0f{t ;+ljwfgsf]
pQm wf/f #)-@_ df k|oQ' m ePsf] sfdbf/ / sd{rf/L
eGg] zAbsf] cy{ s] /x]5 eGg] tkm{ x]bf{ 68] o'lgog
P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @-v_ df sfdbf/ eGgfn] s'g}
k|lti7fgdf sfo{/t\ :yfoL, c:yfoL, lk; /]6 jf 7]Ssfdf
sfdug{] sfdbf/ ;Demg' k5{ ;f] zAbn] k|lti7fgsf]
;'k/Lj]If0f k|zf;sLo lgoGq0f Joj:yfkgsf] sfddf
;+nUg /x]sf sd{rf/L jfx]s cGo ;a} sd{rf/LnfO{
;d]t hgfpFb5 eGg] pNn]v 5 eg] j[xb g]kfnL
zAbsf]ifdf sfdbf/ eGgfn] sfd ug]{ JolQm sd{rf/L,
kfl/>lds Hofnf d~h"/L lnP/ sfd ;3fO{ lbg] JolQm
elgPsf] kfOG5 . To:t} u/L 6f]kaxfb'/ l;+xf/f ;+ul| xt
sfg"gL zAbsf]ifdf sfdbf/ eGgfn] sfd ug]{ JolQm
jf sd{rf/L egL kl/eflift ul/Psf] kfOG5 . o;af6
tL kl/efiffxdf k|oQ' m ePsf zAbxnfO{ s]nfpFbf
sfdbf/ jf sd{rf/L Ps csf{sf] kof{osf] ?kdf
k|of]u ePsf] k|i6 b]lvG5 . ;f] kl/efiffcg';f/ sfdbf/

eGgfn] s]jn zf/Ll/s kl/>d ug]{ dhb'/ jf s'NnL

dfq xf] eGg] cy{df a'em\g ldNb}g . To;} u/L k|:t't
ljifoj:t'sf] ;Gbe{df x]bf{ lzIfs klg ;fdfGotM
kfl/>lds lnP/ lzIff k|bfg ug],{ cfkm";u+ ePsf] 1fg
jf ;Lk afF8g\ ] af}l4s sd{rf/L jf sfdbf/ xf] eGg'df
b'O{ dt x'g ;Sb}g .
^= o;/L s'g} ljBfno, lzIffno, :s"n
sn]h jf lgsfodf lgo'lQm lnP/ dfl;s Hofnfbf/L
jf k"0f{sfnLg ?kdf tgVjf -tna_ lnP/ lzIff
k|bfgug]{ sfd ub{5 eg], To:tf lzIfs sd{rf/L
jf u}xl| zIfs sd{rf/L sfdbfxn] a]nfa]nf To:tf
;+:yf jf lgsfoaf6 x'g] zf]if0fsf] lj?4df jf cfgf]
xslxtsf] /Iffy{ tyf cfgf] pGgltsf] nflu P]Soa4
x'g ;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhL ug{ kfpg' k5{ eGg'nfO{
c:jefljs eGg'kg]{ l:ylt b]lvFbg} .
&= lgj]bs :s"nsf] kl/j]z leq To:tf] 68]
o'lgog vf]Ng jf ;~rfng ug{ sfg"gtM ldNg] xf] ls
xf]Og eGg] tkm{ x]bf{, ;j{ky| dtM jt{dfg ;+ljwfg
@)^# sf] wf/f #)-@_ n] g} sfdbf/ sd{rf/L cf
cfgf] lxt /Iffsf] lgldQ 68] o'lgog vf]Ng] xsflwsf/
k|Tofe"t ul/lbPsf] b]lvG5 . To;/L ;+ljwfgn] g}
To:tf] 68] o'lgog u7g u/L cfgf] xs lxtsf] nflu
;+ul7t x'g] xsflwsf/ lbO;s]sf] cj:yfdf, ;DalGwt
sfg"gdf g} :ki6tM of] sfo{ ug{ kfOg] 5}g egL
lgif]w ul/lbPsf] l:yltdf jfx]s, To:tf] z}lIfs ;+:yfdf
sfd ug]{ lzIfs ;d]tsf sd{rf/LnfO{ dfq To:tf]
clwsf/ gePsf] egL dfGg ;lsg] cj:yf b]lvFbg} .
*= lzIff P]g, @)@* sf] bkmf !^-_-!_ df
;fd'bflos ljBfno lzIfsxsf] k]zfut xslxtsf]
;DaGwdf sfo{ ug{ Ps lzIfs o'lgog /xg]5 eGg]
Joj:yf u/]s
] f] b]lvG5 . pk/f]Qm Joj:yfnfO{ x]bf{,
;fd'bflos ljBfnodf sfo{/t\ lzIfssf] nflu k]zfut
xslxtsf] nflu ul/Psf] ljz]if 5'} Joj:yf b]lvG5 .
;f] afx]s c? s'/fdf P]g df}g /xg'sf] cfzo ljBdfg
;+ljwfg, >d P]g, 68] o'lgog P]gn] ;d]t cfcfgf]
xslxtsf] nflu ;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhLsf] lgldQ PsLs[t
x'g kfpg] k|i6tM sfg"gL Joj:yf ul//x]sf] kl/k|I] odf
lgj]bs :s"nnufot cGo lzIfs sd{rf/Ln] 68]
o'lgog :yfkgf ug{ jf u7g ug{ gkfpg] u/L lgif]w

344

*&&^ :kfO; g]kfn k|f=ln=;d]t lj=;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno ;d]t

ul/Psf] xf] eGg] cy{ ug{ ldNg] cj:yf gb]lvFbf

lgj]bs :s"ndf 68] o'lgog u7g ug{ tyf ;~rfng
ug{ ldNg] g} b]lvg cfof] . o;/L 68] o'lgog u7g
ul/g] sfo{n] oL lgj]bssf] s'g} ;+jw} flgs tyf sfg"gL
k|Tofe"t u/]sf] xs clwsf/df s'g} cf3ft kg{ hfg]
cj:yf klg /x]sf] b]lvFbg} eg] To:tf] 68] o'lgog
btf{ ug]{ lg0f{o ePs} v08df klg ;f] lg0f{oug]{
kl~hsflwsf/Lsf] To:tf] lg0f{opk/ 68] o'lgog P]g,
@)$( sf] bkmf @(-@_ adf]lhd >d cbfntdf
k'g/fj]bg ug{ kfpg] j}slNks sfg"gL Joj:yf ;d]t
df}h'b} /xL /x]sf] l:yltdf, l/6sf] c;fwf/0f
clwsf/If]q k|j]z u/L bfo/ ePsf] k|:t't l/6
lgj]bgdf cfb]z hf/L x'g' kg]{ cj:yf b]lvFbg} .
(= t;y{, lgj]bgdf dfuadf]lhd 6]8
o' l gog u7g gug{ ' gu/fpg' egL lgif] w f1f
nufotsf] cf1f cfb]z hf/L ug{ ldn]g, k|:t't l/6
lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L
ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{ lbg" .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
Gof=cjw]zs'df/ ofbj

Olt ;+jt\ @)^* ;fn d+l;/ !! ut] /f]h z'ed\

Ohnf; clws[tM a;Gth yfkf

l
lg0f{o g+= *&&^
;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L ;'zLnf sfsL{
dfggLo GofofwLz >L k|sfz j:tL
;+jt\ @)^# ;fnsf] WO )$$^
cfb]z ldltM @)^*.!!.@#.#
d'2fM pTk|i] f0f, k/dfb]z .
lgj]bsM sf=lh=sf=d=g=kf= j8f g+= !) gof+ jfg]Zj/,
s[i0f 6fj/l:yt k|wfg sfof{no /x]sf] :kfO;
g]kfn k|f=ln= sf] tkm{jf6 clVtof/ k|fKt
;~rfns/ k|dv
' sfo{sf/L clws[t l8ld6L
hfOsf ;d]t
lj4
ljkIfLM ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno ;d]t
345

ljkIfL gagfOPsf cGo kIf / lgj]bs

aLr c;dfgtfsf] lgj]bg lhsL/tk{m
cbfntn] k|j]z ug{ ldNb}g . c;dfg
Jojxf/ eof] jf ePg eGg] lg/f]k0f x'g
;DalGwt kIfxn] cfgf s' / f
cbfntdf /fVg kfpg' kg]{ x'G5 . sltko
cj:yfdf sfuhftsf] cjnf]sgaf6 dfq
;dfgtf jf c;dfgtfsf] k|Zg lg/f]k0f
x'g g;Sg] .
b'O{ a]Unf a]Un} sfg"gL k|fjwfgcGtu{t
cg' d ltkq lnPsf ;] j fk| b fos aLr
c;dfgtfsf] k|Zg ;fGble{s x'Fb}g eg]
3'dfp/f] kf/fn] k|ljlwsf] gfd kl/jt{g
u/L lgj]bsn] cg'dlt kfP ;/xs} ;'ljwf
csf]{ ;]jf k|bfosn] lnof] jf lbOof] e
cbfntn] Tof] csf]{ kIfsf] s'/f klg ;''
kg]{ x'G5 . PskIfLo ;'gj' fOs} cfwf/df
;dfgtf jf c;dfgtfsf] k|Zgdf k|jz
]
ug{ Gofof]lrt gx'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=^_
;dfgtfsf] l;4fGt ;dfg cj:yfdf
/x]sfx aLrdf nfu" x'g] xf] . c;dfg
cj:yfdf /x]sfx aLr ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGt
cfslif{t gx'g] .
cfk}mF n] af]nsjf]n u/L ;xdt eO{ lgSof]n
{
ePsf] ljifodf cfk"mnfO{ cg'sn
" x'g] hlt
dfGg] / cg'sn
" gx'g] hlt gdfGg] eGg
sfg"gsf] l;4fGtn] glbg] .
-k|s/0f g+=^_
eO/x]sf sfg"g / ;Demf}tfcg'k s] x'gkg]{
xf] Tof] hfgsf/L lbg jf klxn] g} lgwf{l/t
eO/x]sf] /f]oN6L z'Ns dfu ug{ cGo s'g}
lg0f{osf] cfjZostf gkg]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=(_
s' g } clVtof/Lsf] k| o f] u ug{ kfpg]
cflwsfl/s lgsfo tTsfn k"0f{ gePsf]
;Gbe{df ToxfFsf] clwsf/Lsf] e"ldsf /
lhDd]jf/L s]xL klg x'bF g} eGg ldNb}g .

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

sfg" g adf] l hdsf] b} l gs sfdsfhsf]

;~rfng o:tf clwsf/Lxaf6
eO/xg'nfO{ cGoyf cy{df lng gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!)_
af]nkq jf s'g} lnvt ;d]tsf dfWodn]
/sd, z'Ns, /f]oN6L / b:t"/ ltg]{ ;d]tsf
k|ltj4tf hfx]/ ug]n
{ ] k|rlnt sfg"gsf
kl/k|]Iodf ltgsf] ljx+ud cWoog u/L
hf]lvd tTj (Risk Factor) sf] cf+sng
u/]sf] dfGg' kg]{ .
cfk}mF n] olt /sd o;/L o; t/Lsfaf6
csf]{ kIfnfO{ ltg]{ a'emfpg] sa'n u/L
cg'dltkq k|fKt ug]{ nufotsf kmfObf
lnO{ kl5 uP/ of] jf Tof] sf/0f b]vfO{
cfgf] sa'n jf k|ltj4tf tf]8g\ gldNg] .
kIfxsf cfk;L Jojxf/sf s'/fdf s'g}
kIfaf6 sfg"gsf] 7f8f] pNn+3g g} ePsf]
l:ylt / Tof] sj'n jf k|ltj4tf cf/Deb]lv
g} sfg"gk|lts"n /x]sf] cj:yfdf afx]s
cbfntn] x:tIf]k ug{ gldNg] .
cfk"mn] cg'dltkq k|fKt ubf{ sj'n u/]sf]
b:t"/ /f]oN6L, z'Ns / ls:tf ;d]tsf /sd
kl5af6 36fO{ kfpg ul/g] dfu clwsf/sf]
s'/f xf]Og . clwsf/ sfg"gf/f ;+/lIft
x'G5 / of] sfg"gcg'sn
" pkef]u ul/g' kb{5 .
sfg"gk|bQ clwsf/df u}/sfg"gL kdf
x:tIf]k ePsf] gkfOFbf;Dd Tof]] Goflos
k/LIf0fsf] ljifo jGg g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!#_

lgj]bs tk{maf6M ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmfx

ab|Laxfb'/ sfsL{, xl/x/ bfxfn, >Lxl/
cof{n / zDe' yfkf Pj+ ljfg clwjQmfx
sdnk|;fb vgfn, xl/s[i0f sfsL{, k|sfz
/fpt / ;'/G] b| v8\sf
ljkIfL tk{maf6M ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf xl/k|;fb /]UdL
Pj+ ljfg clwjQmfx s}nf;k|;fb Gof}kfg],
;tLzs[i0f v/]n, gf/fo0fk|;fb b]jsf]6f,
ltnsaxfb'/ kf08] / /]jtL/fd kGt

cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
o b"/;~rf/ P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf @#, @#-!_,
@@-@_-!_,
o b"/;~rf/ lgodfjnL, @)%$ sf] lgod !),
!)-!_, -@_, -%_ / lgod &, & -!_, -@_
cfb]z
Gof=k|sfz j:tLM tTsfnLg g]kfn clw/fHosf]
;+ljwfg,@)$& sf] wf/f @# / **-@_ adf]lhd bfo/
eO{ o; cbfntsf] clwsf/If]qleq kg]{ k|:t't l/6
lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / 7x/ o;k|sf/ 5 M
lgj]bs :kfO; g]kfn k|f= ln=, -ldlt
@)^*.!!.@( sf] lgj]bgaf6 cfk"m Pg;]n g]kfn k|f=ln=
df kl/0ft ePsf] hfgsf/L lbPsf]_ b"/;~rf/ ;]jf
;~rfng ug]{ p2]Zo lnO{ tTsfnLg sDkgL P]g, @)%#
adf]lhd :yflkt ljb]zL nufgL ;d]t ePsf] sDkgL
xf] . ljkIfL g]kfn b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0fn] cfjZos P]g
sfg"g ;+zf]wg, yk36 ug{sf] nflu ljkIfL ;"rgf tyf
;~rf/ dGqfnodf l;kmfl/z ug]{ sfd ub{5 . ljkIfL
g]kfn b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0f b"/;~rf/ P]g, @)%# sf]
bkmf # jdf]lhd :yfkgf ul/Psf] xf] . ljkIfL g]kfn
b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0fn] b"/;~rf/ ;]jf ;d]tsf]
cg'dltkq ;d]t k|bfg ug],{ gLlt lgb]z
{ g / cg'udg
ug]{ cljl5Gg pQ/flwsf/jfnf :jzfl;t / ;+ul7g
;+:yf xf] . g]kfn b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0fn] b"/;~rf/
;]jf ;~rfngsf] nflu k|:tfj cfJxfgsf] ;"rgf
-Request for proposal Document (RFPD)) lgsfNbf
g} kfFr jif{;Dd df]jfOn ;]jf csf]{ sDkgLnfO{ lbg
gkfpg] u/L(Five years monopoly) ;fj{hlgs kdf
;"rgf k|sflzt u/]sf] lyof] ;f] ;j} s'/fsf] ljrf/ u/]/
o; sDkgLn] g]kfn b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0fn] lgsfn]sf]
;"rgfsf] cfwf/df k|ltikwf{ (Bid) df efu lnO{ hLP;Pd
(GSM) k|ljlwjf6 b"/;~rf/ ;]jf ;~rfng ug{ ;g\
)!)(@))$ -@)^!.%.!^_ df cg'dltkq k|fKt u/]sf]
lyof] . sDkgLn] k|fKt u/]sf] cg'dltkqsf] bkmf #
jdf]lhd ;g\ !# dO{ @))% -@)^@.!.#)_ b]lv cfkm\gf]
;]jf ;~rfng ub}c
{ fPsf] 5 . t/, o; sDkgLn] ;]jf
;~rfng u/]sf] Ps jif{ klg laTg gkfpFb} o'gfO{68]

346

*&&^ :kfO; g]kfn k|f=ln=;d]t lj=;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno ;d]t

6]lnsd lnld6]8nfO{ 3'dfp/f] af6f] (Back Door) af6

lnld6]8 df]ljln6L (Limited Mobility) egL df]jfOn
;]jf ;~rfngsf] cg'dltkq lbPsf] 5, h'g
lagfk|lt:kwf{, lagf;fj{hlgs ;"rgf lbPsf] 5 . o'gfO{68]
6]lnsd lnld6]8sf] cg'dltkq / o; sDkgLsf]
cg'dltkqsf] ;'ljwf / b:t"/df cfsfzhdLgsf] km/s
5 . k"0f{ kdf o; lgj]bs sDkgLnfO{ e]befjk"0f{
tl/sfn] x]l/Psf] 5 .
o; sDkgLn] ;]jf ;~rfng ug]{ cg'dlt
lnFbfsf] cj:yfdf lgj]bs sDkgLnfO{ ;d]t cGo
b"/;~rf/ ;]jf k|bfos g]kfn 6]lnsd tyf o'gfO{68]
6]lnsd lnld6]8 ;/x ;dfg tx (Equal footing) df
/fVg] tyf b"/;~rf/ gLlt, @)^) adf]lhd ljb]zL
nufgLnfO{ cfslif{t / k|fT] ;flxt ug{ tyf ;dfg
;'ljwfx k|bfg ul/g] pNn]v ePsf] eP tfklg lgj]bs
sDkgLnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ hlt OG6/ sg]Szg P;];
(Interconnection access) kfpFm egL g]kfn 6]lnsd
lnld6]8df lgj]bg lbO{ w]/} k6s j}7s j;]tfklg
cfjZos kg]{ hlt ;f] ;'ljwf (Interconnection access)
kfpg g;s]sf]n] ;f]sf] cg'bz
] (Interconnection
Guideline) sf] kl/kfngf u/fO{ ;f] ;'ljwf (Inter
connection access) lbnfO{ kfpFm egL ljkIfL g]kfn
b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0f;dIf lgj]bg lbPtfklg ;f]sf] s'g}
;'gj' fO{ g} ePg . ;fy} o; lgj]bsnfO{ b"/;~rf/ ;]jf
;~rfng ug{ ljz]if cg'dltkq k|fKt u/]sf] cj:yfdf
c ;]jf k|bfosnfO{ cGt/f{li6o kx'Fr dfu{
(International gateway) lbg], t/ o; lgj]bs sDkgLnfO{
glbPsf] sf/0fn] pQm kx'r
F dfu{ (International gateway)
pknJw u/fO{ kfpmF egL k6sk6s ljkIfL g]kfn
b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0f ;dIf lgj]bg lbPtfklg xfn;Dd
klg glbPsf] sf/0faf6 ljkIfL g]kfn b"/;~rf/
k|flws/0fn] ;dfg ;]jf k|bfosaLrdf ;dfg Jojxf/
u/]sf] 5}g .
b"/;~rf/ ;]jf k|bfosn] ;]jf ;~rfng
u/]afkt ltg'{ a'emfpg' kg]{ /f]oN6L ;DaGwdf ePsf]
Joj:yf x]bf{ b"/;~rf/ P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf #@ sf]
pkbkmf !,@,# tyf lgodfjnL, @)%$ sf] lgod @^
adf]lhd lgod !) sf] pklgod % / ^ jdf]lhd
cg'dlt k|fKt JolQmn] cfkm"n] u/]sf] jflif{s s"n
347

cfDbfgLsf] rf/ k|ltztn] x'g] /sd k|To]s jif{ /f]oN6Lsf]

kdf >L % sf] ;/sf/nfO{ a'emfpg' kg]5
{ eGg] :ki6
Joj:yf ePsf]df Pp6} ;]jf k|bfos lgj]bs sDkgL
:kfO; g]kfn k|f=ln= / o'gfO6]8 6]lnsd ln= aLr
jflif{s ltg'k{ g]{ /f]oN6L z'Nsdf c;dfg Joj:yf tyf
e]befj ul/Psf] / sfg"gadf]lhd afx]ssf] /f]oN6L
ltg'k{ g]{ u/L nfO;]G; k|bfg ul/Psf]af6 o:tf] c;dfg
/f]oN6L z'Ns x6fO{ kfpFm tyf sfg"g tyf b"/;~rf/
gLlt, @)^) adf]lhd dfq ltg'k{ g]{ u/L ;dfg Jojxf/
sfod u/fO{ kfpmF egL lbPsf] lgj]bgdf s'g} sfo{jfxL
ePsf] 5}g . To;}n] ;a} ;]jf k|bfosxsf] aLrdf
/f]oN6L ;DaGwdf ;dfgtf / Psktf x'g] u/L
k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm egL ldlt @)^#.%.!!
df k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, nlntk'/df lgj]bg lbPsf]df
pQm cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^#.%.!@ df sf/0f b]vfp
cfb]z hf/L eO{ ljrf/fwLg cj:yfdf /xFbf/xFb} ljkIfL
k|flws/0fjf6 ljkIfL ;Gtf]if kf}8n
] sf] b:tvt ePsf]
ldlt @)^#.^.@$ sf] r=g+= &!@ sf] /f]oN6L a'emfpg]
;DaGwdf eGg] Joxf]/fsf] kq k|fKt ePsf] 5 . ljkIfLsf]
lgoldt a}7s a:g g;s]sf] cj:yfdf k|flws/0fjf6
s], s'g lg0f{o ePsf] xf] jf xf]Og ;f] lg0f{osf] hfgsf/L
glbO{ xfdL lgj]bsn] lbPsf] lgj]bg ;DaGwdf sfg"g
k|lts"nsf] kq k|fKt ePsf]n] pQm kq tyf ;f];uF
;DalGwt s'g} lg0f{o eP u/]sf] eP ;f] ab/ u/fpg
cGo j}slNks pkrf/ gePsf]n] jf+Wo eO{ ;DdfgLt
cbfntsf] z/0fdf of] lgj]bg ug{ cfPsf] 5f}F . lnld6]8
df]ljln6Lkm"n df]ljln6L (Limited mobility / Full
mobility) sf] ;]jf Pp6} xf] jf cnu xf] egL 7x/ ug]{
clwsf/ ljkIfL ;Gtf]if kf}8n
] nfO{ 5}g . lgj]bsn]
k|flws/0fsf] j}7saf6 5fgaLg tyf cfjZostf k/]
;DalGwt If]qsf] ljz]if1sf] /fo ;d]t lnO{ lg0f{o u/L
kfpg egL u/]sf] ljifodf lg0f{o g} gu/L k|ltjfb
h;/L kqjf6 hfgsf/L u/fpg] clwsf/ ljkIfLnfO{
gePsf] x'bF f ;f] kq u}/sfg"gL / If]qflwsf/ljxLg
ePsf] k|i6 5 .
lnld6]8 df]ljln6L (Limited Mobility) / k"mn
df]ljln6L (Full Mobility) b'js
} f] sfd / rnfpg]
tl/sfdf km/s 5}g . b'a} df]jfOn ;]6 g} x'g, b'a}
af]s/] lx8\g ldNg], 3/df s'g} lsl;dsf] ;+oGq

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

/fVg' gkg],{ b'aa} f6 cfGtl/s, jfxo

tyf :yfgLo sn ug]{ / u|x0f (Receive) ug]{ t/Lsf
;d]t Pp6} ePsf]n] b'j} ;]jfdf s'g} leGgtf 5}g .
ljkIfLsf] kqsf] bkmf # df # lbg -@)^#.%.!%_ leq
g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgLn] /sd bflvnf gu/]df
cfjZos sfo{jfxL ul/g]5 egL @)^#.^.@$ sf] kq
n]Vbf s/Lj 8]9 dlxgf;Dd s'g} sfo{jfxL ePsf]
eGg] gb]lvPaf6 lgj]bs sDkgLn] pQm kqsf] bkmf
@ adf]lhd ;'ljwf gkfpg] eGg] kq sfg"gk|lts"n
ePsf] k|i6 5 . P]gn] lglb{i6 u/]sf] s'/fb]lv aflx/
uP/ o'gfO6]8 6]lnsd lnld6]8nfO{ ldlt @)^@.!@.!
df lgj]bs sDkgLeGbf Go"g b:t"/ (Royalty), Go"g
ef8f b/ (Tariff Rate) lng] u/L 3'dfp/f] af6f] (Back
door) af6 sf]8 l8lehg dlN6kn P;]; (Code
Division Multiple Asses-CDMA) k|ljlwjf6 ;~rfng
x'g] df]jfOn ;]jf ;~rfng cg'dlt k|bfg u/]sf]
sfo{ P]gsf] bkmf @@-@_ sf] ljk/Lt 5 . P]gn] lglb{i6
u/]sf] s'/fsf] kfngf ljkIfLxn] u/]sf 5}gg\ .
g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f
!!, b"/;~rf/ lgodfjnLsf] lgod @^ / b"/;~rf/
gLlt, @)^) k|lts"n lgj]bs sDkgLnfO{ Ps} lsl;dsf]
;]jf k|bfg ug]{ cGo sDkgLnfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] ;]jf,
;'ljwf / ;x'lnot k|bfg gu/L e]befjk"0f{ Jojxf/
u/L ljkIfL k|flws/0fn] P]gsf] xjfnf lbO{ c;dfg
Jojxf/ u/]sf] / lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhd lg0f{o g}
gu/L kq k7fPsf] x'gfn] ljkIfL k|flws/0fsf] ldlt
@)^#.^.@$ r=g+= &!@ sf] kq / ;f];DaGwL sfd
sfo{jfxL / lg0f{o ;d]t pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zaf6 ab/
u/L l/6 lgj]bs :kfO{; g]kfn k|f=ln=n] ldlt
@)^#.$.@# b=g+= !@# sf] ljkIfL k|flws/0fdf lbPsf]
lgj]bgpk/ sfg"gadf]lhd lg0f{o ug',{ g]kfn k|f=ln=
nfO{ cGt/f{li6o kx'r
F dfu{ (International Gateway)
sf] cg'dltkq afkt nfUg] b:t"/ lnO{ cg'dltkq
k|bfg ug'{ eGg] k/dfb]zsf] cfb]znufot h] hf]
rflxg] cf1f cfb]z jf k"hL{ ;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] :kfO{; g]kfn k|f=ln= sf] l/6
lgj]bg kq .
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf], lgj]bssf]
dfujdf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g\ gkg]{ xf],
(Accessories)

af6fsf Dofb afx]s !% -kGw|_ lbgleq lnlvt

hjfkm ;fy pkl:yt x'g' egL ljkIfLxsf gfddf
;"rgf k7fO{ lnlvt hjfkm k|fKt ePkl5 jf cjlw
gf3]kl5 lgodadf]lhd k]z ug{" eGg] o; cbfntsf]
ldlt @)^#.*.!@ df ePsf] cfb]z .
l/6 lgj]bsn] b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0fjf6
lghnfO{ cGofo x' g ] u/L ul/Psf] elgPsf]
sfdsf/jfxLdf o; ljefu ;d]tsf] of] o:tf]
;+nUgtf /x] ePsf] eGg] pNn]v ug{;Dd klg ;s]sf]
gb]lvFbf o; ljefunfO{ ljkIfL agfO{ lbPsf] l/6
lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefusf] lnlvt hjfkm .
o; dGqfnoaf6 lgj]bsx ;d]tnfO{
;+ljwfg tyf sfg"g k|bQ xs clwsf/ xgg\ x'g]
s'g} sfdsf/jfxL eP u/]sf] 5}g . o; dGqfnosf]
s] s:tf] sfdsf/jfxLaf6 l/6 lgj]bssf] xs
clwsf/ xgg\ eof] eGg] s'/f lgj]bsn] l/6 lgj]bgdf
pNn]v ug{ ;s]sf] gb]lvFbf o; dGqfno ;d]tnfO{
ljkIfL agfO{ lbPsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] sfg"g Gofo tyf ;+;bLo
Joj:yf dGqfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm .
b"/;~rf/sf ;DaGwdf g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{
/fo ;'emfj lbg] tyf /fli6o cGt/f{li6o If]qdf
ePsf] ljsf; / g]kfnn] cjnDjg ug'{ kg]{ gLlt
tyf g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] ljljlws/0f Pj+
juL{s/0fnufot s'g k|sf/sf] ;]jfsf] nflu v'Nnf
ug]{ jf s'g dfWodjf6 v'Nnf ug]{ eGg] ;d]t sfo{
g]kfn b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0fn] ub{5 . o; dGqfnosf]
s] s:tf sfdsf/jfxLaf6 ljkIfLsf] xs xgg\
ul/Psf] xf] eGg] s'/f l/6 lgj]bgdf pNn]v ug{
;s]sf] 5}g . b"/;~rf/ P]g, @)%# adf]lhd g]kfn
b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0faf6 eP u/]sf] sfdsf/jfxLx
sfg"gadf]lhd g} ePsf] x'bF f ljkIfLsf] l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ;"rgf tyf
;~rf/ dGqfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm .
b"/;~rf/ P]gsf] bkmf @@,@# / @$ f/f
cg'dltkq lbOg] k|lqmof, cg'dltkq b:t"/, gjLs/0f
b:t"/ / /f]oN6L lgwf{/0f;DaGwL ljifonfO{ b'O{ k|sf/af6
Jojl:yt ul/Psf] 5 . b'Oj{ 6f cnu cnu k|lqmofaf6

348

*&&^ :kfO; g]kfn k|f=ln=;d]t lj=;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno ;d]t

cg'dlt k|fKt JolQmn] cg'dltkq b:t"/, gjLs/0f b:t"/

tyf /f]oN6L;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yf ;d]t bkmf @$,
@% / #@ tyf lgodfjnLsf] lgod !),!! cg';f/
km/skm/s x'g] sfg"gL Joj:YffnfO{ uf]nd6f]n efiff
k|of]u u/L c;dfg k|lqmofaf6 cg'dlt kfPsf] s'/fnfO{
u'd/fxdf /fvL ;dfg k|sl[ tsf] xjfnf lbFb} sfg"gf/f
g} c;dfg k|sl[ tsf cg'dltkq k|fKt JolQmaLr sfg"gn]
g} nfu" u/]sf] c;dfg zt{nfO{ ;dfgtfsf] lj4
ePsf] eGg ldNg] xf]Og . lgj]bs sDkgLn] P]gsf] bkmf
@$-#_ cg';f/ af]nsjf]nf/f df]jfOnsf] cg'dltkq
kfPsf x'g\ . af]nkqdf lgh cfk}mF n] sjf]n u/]sf] ljifo
xfn cfP/ ltg{ a'emfpg g;Sg] eGg ldNg] xf]Og .
ljkIfLn] g]kfn b"/;~rf/ s+= ln= n] j]l;s, df]jfOn,
lnld6]8 df]ljln6L / OG6/g]6 Od]nsf] cg'dltkq lnPsf]
5 eg] o'l6Pn (UTL) n] 8An'PnPn (WLL), ;L8LPdP
(CDMA), j]l;s, lnld6]8 df]ljln6L (Limited Mobility)
;]jfsf] cg'dltkq lnPsf 5g\ . o'l6Pn (UTL) n] P]gsf]
bkmf @#-!_ adf]lhd lnPsf] j]l;s b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf]
nflu ljkIfL :kfO;n] sjf]n u/] h:t} u/L sjf]n
u/]sf] b:t"/ j'emfpg' kg]{ zt{ cg'dltkqdf /x]sf
5g\ . lgj]bs sDkgLnfO{ b"/;~rf/ P]g, @)%# sf]
bkmf @#-@_ cGtu{t geO{ @#-!_ cGtu{t cg'dltkq
k|bfg ul/Psf] / b"/;~rf/ lgodfjnL, @)%$ sf]
lgod !) sf] pklgod -%_ / -^_ adf]lhd geO{ lgod
!) sf] pklgod -@_ cGtu{t cg'dltkq k|bfg ul/Psf]n]
;f]xLcg';f/ sa'n u/]sf] /f]oN6L /sd a'emfpg' kg]{
jfWofTds Joj:yf /x]sf]n] cg'dltkqsf] zt{cg';f/
bf];f| ] ls:tfafkt a'emfpg' kg]{ /f]oN6L /sd a'emfpg
kqfrf/ ug{ nfu]sf] cj:yfdf /f]oN6L /sd ga'emfpg]
dg;fo /fvL >L k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf lgif]wf1fsf]
l/6 lgj]bg u/L ;f] cbfntaf6 cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]t
hf/L eO{ sf/jfxL rln/x]sf] cj:yfdf Ps} tYonfO{
;DdfgLt cbfnt;dIf klg ljkIfLn] bfo/ u/]sf] l/6
lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] g]kfn
b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0fsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
l/6 lgj]bs :kfO; g]kfn k|f=ln= n] ldlt
@)^#.$.@# df o; k|flws/0f;dIf /f]oN6L ;DaGwdf
cfjZos lg0f{o ul/kfpFm eGg] ljifosf] lgj]bgkq k]z
u/]sf]df ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfnosf] k=;+= !.@.
349

;f=k|= ^#.)^#.^$ r=g+= !@( ldlt @)^#.%.!* sf]

kqf/f o; k|flws/0fsf cWoIf >L ;'/]zs'df/
k'8f;}gLsf] lgo'lQm ab/ u/L] k7fPsf]n] o; k|flws/0fsf
d]gh
] / >L cfgGb/fh vgfn sfof{nosf] jl/i7 clws[t
ePsf]n] lgldQ sfo{sf/L k|dv
' eO{ sfo{ u/]sf] /
l6Kk0fL kmfOn ;b/ u/L ;b/ ePadf]lhdsf] lg0f{osf]
hfgsf/L k7fPsf]nfO{ lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/L g} geO{
cfk}mF n] lg0f{o u/L kq k7fOPsf] eGg] xr'jf bfjL u/L
dnfO{ ljkIfL g} gagfpg' kg]{ ljifodf ljkIfL agfO{
lbPsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
g]kfn b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0fsf cl;i6]06 d]gh
] / ;Gtf]if
kf}8n
] sf] lnlvt hjfkm .
o;df ljkIfL lnlvt ax; k|:t'tstf{ g]kfn
b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0fsf sfg"g Joj;foL s}nf;k|;fb
Gof}kfg]af6 k]z ePsf] lnlvt ax; gf]6sf] k|s/0f #s_ df o; ;DaGwdf k|flws/0fsf] a}7ssf] lg0f{o g+=
!$$@ jf6 lg0f{o eO{ lgj]bsnfO{ ldlt @)^%.%.!#
df hfgsf/L u/fPsf] eGg] pNn]v ePsf] kfOPsf]n]
;f] ;Ssn lg0f{o;lxtsf] kmfon / o;} ljifodf
lgj]bssf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gdf k/]sf] lgif]wf1fsf]
l/6 lgj]bg xfn s'g cj:yfdf 5 a'emL lg0f{o eO{
;s]sf] eP lg0f{o;lxtsf] ;Ssn ldl;n ;d]t lemsfO{
k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] cfb]zfg';f/ k'=j]=c=
kf6gaf6 ldlt @)^$.@.#) jf6 ePsf] km};nf
k|ltlnlk;lxtsf] sfuhft ldl;n ;fd]n /x]sf] .
lgodadf]lhd ;fKtflxs tyf b}lgs k]zL
;"rLdf r9L o; Ohnf;;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf]
k|:t't d'2fdf ;Dk"0f{ ldl;n cWoog u/L lgj]bs
tyf ljkIftk{maf6 pkl:yt x'g' ePsf ljfg sfg"g
Joj;foLxsf] ax; ;'gL cl3Nnf] Ohnf;df
;'gjfOsf] qmddf b'a} kIfaf6 k]z ePsf lnlvt
ax; gf]6 ;d]t cWoog ul/of] . ax;sf] qmddf
lgj]bs tyf ljkIftk{maf6 ePsf] ax;sf] d'Vo
d'Vo a'bF fx b]xfoadf]lhd /x]sf 5g\ M
clwjQmf sdnk|;fb vgfn M g]kfn b"/;~rf/
k|flws/0fn] b"/;~rf/ ;]jf k|bfos sDkgLx aLr
e]befjk"0f{ Jojxf/ u/]sf] 5 . 6]lnsdnufotn] cfgf]
jflif{s cfDbfgLsf] rf/ k|ltzt /f]oN6L a'emfpg' kg,]{ t/
lgj]bs sDkgLsf xsdf eg] pQm k|fjwfg nfu" gul/Psf]

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

cj:yf 5 . lgj]bs sDkgLl;t ;Demf}tf ubf{ lnld6]8

df]ljln6L (Limited Mobility) df kfFr jif{;Dd Psflwsf/
x'g] u/L k|bfg ul/Psf]df Ps jif{ klg laTg gkfpFb}
g]kfn 6]lnsdnfO{ ;d]t pQm ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ u/L cg'dlt
lbPsf] cj:yf 5 . oxL kfFr jif{sf] aLrdf g]kfn ;]6
NofO6 / :df6{nfO{ klg cfwf/e"t ;~rf/ ;]jf egL
cg'dltkq lbOof] . Tof] cg'dltkqcg';f/ hLP;Pd
(GSM) rnfpg kfpg] cg'dltkq b:t"/ kfFr jif{sf
nflu @% nfv x'g] elgof], t/ lgj]bs sDkgLsf] !)
jif{sf] nflu @! s/f]8 tf]lsof] . gjLs/0f b:t"/sf
xsdf ;d]t 7"nf] e]befj ul/Psf] 5 . o;af6 ;dfg
cj:yfsf ck/]6/x aLr ;dfg Jojxf/ gePsf] k|i6
5 . ljkIfL k|flws/0fn] c:j:y k|lt:kwf{ u/fP/ xfn
:kfO; g]kfnaf6 kl/jlt{t Pg;]n (Ncell) dfly cGofo
u/]sf] x'bF f l/6 hf/L x'gk' 5{ .
clwjQmf xl/s[i0f sfsL{M lgj]bs sDkgLn]
ljkIfL k|flws/0fdf lbPsf lgj]bgxsf ;DaGwdf jf]8{
a}7s a;L ePsf] lg0f{ocg';f/ hfgsf/L u/fpg' kg]d{ f
k|flws/0fsf sd{rf/L ;Gtf]if kf}8n] n] kq n]vs
] f] cj:yf
5 . lgh ;Gtf]if kf}8n] nfO{ o;/L kq n]Vg] clVtof/L
5}g . lgj]bs sDkgL / ljkIfL k|flws/0faLr ePsf]
;Demf}tfdf lgj]bs sDkgLsf] kfFr jif{;Dd c k|df0fkq
k|bfg ug{ g;Sg] eGg] zt{ /x]sf] eP klg c ;]jf
k|bfosxnfO{ ;:tf]df cg'dltkq pknAw u/fO{ lgj]bs
sDkgLnfO{ e]befj u/]sf] x'bF f l/6 hf/L x'g' k5{ .
jl/i7 clwjQmf >Lxl/ cof{nM lgj]bs
:kfO; g]kfn -Pg;]n_ sf] ldlt @)^#.$.!( sf]
kqsf] laifo /f]oN6L ;DaGwdf lg0f{o ul/kfpFm eGg]
xf] / pQm kq ;Ifd lgsfo g]kfn b"/;~rf/
k|flws/0fnfO{ n]vs
] f] xf] . pQm kqsf] hjfkm ;Gtf]if
kf}8n
] n] lbg kfpg] xf]Og, k|flws/0fsf] lg0f{o geO{
k|zf;lgs JolQmn] n]vs
] f] lrLn] dfGotf kfpFbg} .
klxn] k|zf;lgs sd{rf/Ln] n]vs
] f] lrL g} kl5
k|flws/0fn] cg'df]bg u/]sf]nfO{ lg0f{o eGg gldNg]
x'bF f dfuadf]lhd l/6 hf/L x'gk' 5{ .
jl/i7 clwjQmf ab|Laxfb'/ sfsL{M ldlt
@)^#.^.@$ sf] kq jf]8a{ f6 lg0f{o eP/ ;f]adf]lhd
n]lvPsf] xf]Og . b"/;~rf/ P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf @@-@_
n] s'g} b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] cg'dltkq k|bfg ul/;s]kl5

kfFr jif{;Dd ;f]xL b"/;~rf/ ;]jf ;~rfng ug{ csf]{

cg'dltkq k|bfg gul/g] eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf u/]sf]
5 . ;f]xL bkmfsf] k|ltjGwfTds jfSof+zn] cg'dlt
k|fKt If]qdf b"/;~rf/ ;]jf pknJw u/fpg g;s]sf]
cj:yfdf dfq ;f]xL b"/;~rf/ ;]jf ;~rfngsf]
cg'dltkq k|bfg ug{ ;lsg] egL u/]sf] Joj:yfadf]lhd
lgj]bs sDkgLn] cfk"mn] cg'dlt k|fKt u/]sf] If]qdf
;]jf pknJw u/fpg g;s]sf] cj:yf ljBdfg
gePsf]n] sfg"gsf] k|i6 k|fjwfgcg';f/ sfo{ gu/L
cGoyf u/]sf] x'bF f l/6 hf/L x'gk' 5{ .
clwjQmf k|sfz /fptM lgj]bs sDkgLn]
/f]oN6L lgwf{/0fdf Psktf ePg km/s km/s eof]
egL bkmf ;d]t pNn]v u/L lgj]bg u/]sf], /f]oN6L
sfg"gadf]lhd x'gk' g]{ / To;df Psktf x'gk' g]{
eGg] lgj]bssf] d'Vo lhsL/ xf] . b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0f
lgodfjnL, @)%$ sf] lgod @^ n] cfk"mn] u/]sf]
cfDbfgLsf] rf/ k|ltzt /f]oN6L a'emfpg' kg]{ eGg]
k|fjwfg ;dfj]z 5 . t/, cg'dltkqdf ;f] eGbf
a9L /f]oN6L a'emfpg' kg]{ eGg] s'/f sfg"gadf]lhd
5}g . sfg"gn] k|i6 lgwf{/0f u/] eGbf a9L /f]oN6L
lgwf{/0f ug]{ clwsf/ ljkIfLnfO{ 5}g .
clwjQmf ;'/G] b| v8\sfM lgj]bs ;/xs}
b"/;~rf/ ;]jf k|bfosdWo]sf] o'l6Pn (UTL) sf]
xsdf ljz]if lg0f{o u/L g]kfn ;/sf/n] 5"6 lbPsf]
5 . pQm s'/f :jtGq k|lt:kwf{sf] l;4fGt Pj+
dfGotfsf] ljk/Lt x'g] u/L s'gn
} fO{ sfo{sf/L lg0f{on]
5"6 lbg] s;}nfO{ glbg] Jojxf/ ul/Psf] 5 .
lgj]bssf] xsdf eg] :jo+ ljlwstf{n] lgodfjnLsf]
dfWodf/f ;a} ;dfg k|lt:kwL{xsf xsdf ;dfg
Joj:yf nfu" x'gk' 5{ . ;f] ljk/Lt lgj]bs sDkgLnfO{
e]befjk"0f{ Jojxf/ ul/Psf] x'bF f l/6 hf/L x'gk' 5{ .
jl/i7 clwjQmf xl/x/ bfxfnM *) k|ltzt
ahf/ /x]sf] sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf]
cg'dltkq o'l6Pn / g]kfn 6]lnsdnfO{ lnld6]8
df] l jln6L (Limited Mobility) lbPsf] / pQm
sDkgLxn] rf/ k|ltztsf b/n] dfq /f]oN6L a'emfpg]
sf/0faf6 o; l/6 lgj] b s sDkgLn] klg
;f]xLadf]lhdsf] dfu bfjL lnO{ ;DdfgLt cbfnt
k|jz
] u/]sf] xf] . Ps} lsl;dsf] b"/;~rf/ ;]jf

350

*&&^ :kfO; g]kfn k|f=ln=;d]t lj=;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno ;d]t

k|bfossf aLrdf c;dfg lsl;dsf] /f]oN6Lsf]

Joj:yf x'g ;Sb}g . ljkIfL k|flws/0fn] ;dfgtfsf]
Jojxf/ u/]sf] 5}g eGg] s'/f k'li6 eO/x]sf] ;Gbe{df
l/6 hf/L x'gk' 5{ .
jl/i7 clwjQmf zDe' yfkfM b"/;~rf/
k|flws/0f lgodfjnL, @)%$ sf] lgod @^ nfO{
b[li6ut ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 h;df cfk"mn] u/]sf] cfDbfgLsf]
rf/ k|ltzt /f]oN6L a'emfpg' kg]{ eGg] k|fjwfg ;dfj]z
5 . cg'dltkqdf lgodfjnLsf] k|i6 k|fjwfgeGbf
a9L /f]oN6L a'emfpg' kg]{ eGg] s'/f sfg"gadf]lhd
5}g . sfg"gn] k|i6 lgwf{/0f u/] eGbf a9L /f]oN6L
lgwf{/0f ug]{ clwsf/ ljkIfLnfO{ 5}g . lgj]bs ;/xs}
b"/;~rf/ ;]jf k|bfosdWo]sf] o'l6Pn (UTL) sf] xsdf
ljz]if lg0f{o u/L g]kfn ;/sf/n] 5"6 lbPsf] 5 .
lgj]bs sDkgLnfO{ e]befjk"0f{ Jojxf/ ul/Psf] x'bF f
l/6 hf/L x'g' k5{ .
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tk{maf6 pkGofoflwjQmf
xl/k|;fb /]UdLM k|flws/0f;Fu ltg{ a'emfpg s/f/
u/]sf] ljifodf cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefun] n]vs
] f] kq
sfg"gadf]lhd 5 . lgj]bsn] o;k|sf/sf] s/f/ ePsf]
cj:yf :jLsf/ u/]sf] ;Gbe{df ;~rf/ dGqfnon]
of] o:tf] sfd u/]/ cfgf] xs xgg\ eof] egL eg]sf]
cj:yf ljBdfg gePsf] ;d]taf6 ljkIfL agfpg'sf]
cf}lrTo b]lvFbg} . b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0f Ps :jfoQ
lgsfo ePsf] x'bF f To;df g]kfn ;/sf/n] x:tIf]k
ug{ ldNg] klg xf]Og .
g]kfn b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0fsf tk{maf6
clwjQmf s}nf;k|;fb Gof}kfg]M g]kfn b"/;~rf/
k|flws/0f P]gdf cg'dltkq k|bfg ug]{ b'O{ k|sf/sf]
Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . klxnf] af]nsjf]n k|lqmof b"/;~rf/
gLlt, @)%^ cg';f/ 8An'PnPn (WLL) cGtu{t b"/
;~rf/ ;+:yfg -sDkgL_ sf cltl/Qm csf]{ Pp6f yk
sDkgLnfO{ klg cg'dlt lbg] eGg] Aoj:yf 5 . To;}u/L
;g\ @))$ kl5 ;a} ljifox v'Nnf ug]{ eGg] Aoj:yf
5 . @)^) ;fnsf] /fhkqdf lnld6]8 df]ljln6L
(Limited Mobility) v'Nnf ul/Psf] 5 . lgj]bs sDkgL
:kfO; g]kfnnfO{ lbOPsf] Psflwsf/ clxn] klg
vf]l;Psf] 5}g . lgj]bs sDkgLsf] kqsf] hjfkmsf]
;Gbe{df tTsfn jf]8{ gePsf] / ;~rf/ dGqfnosf]
351

kqaf6 k|fKt lgb]z

{ gcg';f/ hfgsf/L lbOPsf] ;Dd
xf] . sfg"gn] g} /f]oN6Lsf] ;DaGwdf km/s km/s
Joj:yf u/]kl5 ;dfgtf ePg eGg ldNb}g .
ljjGwgsf] l;4fGtn] klg lgj]bsn] klxn] lt5'{ egL
:jLsf/ ul/;s]kl5 cGoyf eGg ldNg] xf]Og .
To;sf/0f l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'gk' 5{ .
clwjQmf ;tLzs[i0f v/]nM lgj]bssf]
l/6df d'VotM tLgj6f efu 5g\ . klxnf] ldlt
@)^#.^.@$ sf] k|flws/0fsf sd{rf/Ln] n]vs
] f] kq
ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] bf];f| ] :kfO; k|f= ln= n] k|flws/0fdf
lbPsf] lgj]bgdf lg0f{o x'gk' of] eGg] / t];f| ] cGt/f{li6o
kx'r
F dfu{ (International Gateway) kfpg' k5{ eGg]
oLdWo] cGt/f{li6o kx'r
F dfu{ (International Gateway)
k|fKt ul/;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . lgj]bssf] lgj]bgsf]
;DaGwdf klg kl5 lg0f{o e};s]sf] 5 / pQm lg0f{opk/
lgj]bsn] s'g} r'gf}tL glbO{ clGtd eP/ a;]sf] 5 .
t];f| ] df+u tk{m af]nsjf]naf6 Psrf]6L lgwf{/0f e};s]sf]
/f]oN6L jf b:t"/ 36fpg] s'/f k|flws/0f ;d]t s;}nfO{
sfg"gn] clVtof/L lbFbg} . h'gs'/f clwsf/If]q g}
x'bF g} , To:tf] ljifosf] lgj]bgpk/ k|flws/0fsf] jf]8n
{ ]
lg0f{o ug'k{ g]{ cfjZostf g} 5}g . ;Gtf]if kf}8n
] sf]
kqn] lgj]bsxsf] s'g} bfloTjdf c;/ gkg]{ x'bF f
To:tf] kq ab/ jf ;b/ ug's
{ f] s'g} cf}lrTo x'bF g} .
e]befj eof] eGg] lgj]bg bfjLsf ;DaGwdf cGo
sDkgLxn] cg'dltkq k|fKt ubf{ /fhkqdf af]nkq
cfJxfg u/L ;s]kZrft\ k|lt:kwf{ u/fO{ ;fj{hlgs
kdf cg'dltkq k|bfg ul/Psf] xf] . Tolta]nf g}
lgj]bsxn] cfgf] Psflwsf/ vf]l;Psf] eGg] nfu]sf]
eP pkrf/ vf]Hg ;Sg'kYof],{ ;f] u/]sf] cj:yf klg
5}g, t;y{ l/6 vf/]h x'gk' 5{ .
clwjQmf gf/fo0fk|;fb b]jsf]6fM lgj]bs
sDkgLsf] cg'dltkqsf] j}w cjlw g+= !! cg';f/
cg'dltkq k|fKt u/]sf] ldltn] !) jif{sf] nflu eGg]
pNn]v 5 . k|To]s jif{ ltg'k{ g]{ /sd sa'n u/L
;xdt eO{ cg'dltkq k|fKt u/]sf] cj:yf xf] .
7]Ssfsf] lgod cg';f/ a9L c sa'n u/L ;Demf}tf
u/L ;s]kl5 ltb}g{ f}F eGg ldNb}g .
clwjQmf ltnsaxfb'/ kf08] M cfk}Fmn]
7]Ssf sa'n u/L ;f]cg';f/ cg'dltkq b:t"/ /

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

s]xL jif{sf ls:tf;d]t a'emfO{ ;dk{0f ul/;s]sf]df

cfk}Fmn] kl5 cfP/ ltb}{gf}F eGg gldNg] x'Fbf l/6
vf/]h x'g'k5{ .
clwjQmf /] j tL/fd kGtM lgj] b ssf]
k|flws/0fdf lbPsf] lgj]bgsf ;DaGwdf k|flws/0fsf]
sd{rf/Ln] n]vs
] f] kqsf] laifodf jf]8{ a}7s a;L
lg0f{o eO{ k'gM lgj]bs sDkgLnfO{ kq k|l] ift u/L
;s]sf] ;Gbe{df ;Gtf]if kf}8n
] n] n]vs
] f] kqsf] cf}lrTo
g} ;dfKt eO{ ;s]sf] cj:yf ljBdfg x'bF f l/6
vf/]h x'gk' 5{ .
o;df cGo ;]jfk|bfos ;/x ;dfg ;'ljwf
/ ;dfg Jojxf/ x'g] u/L lgj]bs sDkgLn] k|fKt u/]sf]
cg'dltkqsf] bkmf !% PS; -_ tyf cg';r
" L# (Annex
3) df cfjZos ;+zf]wg ul/kfpFm egL b"/;~rf/
k|flws/0fdf o; sDkgLn] r= g+= !@#.)^#)^$ ldlt
@)^#.$.@# df lgj]bg u/]sf]df ljkIfL k|flws/0faf6
ljkIfL ;Gtf]if kf}8n] sf] b:tvt ePsf] ldlt @)^#.^.^$
sf] /f]oN6L a'emfpg] ;DaGwdf eGg] Joxf]/fsf] kq k|fKt
eof] . k|flws/0fsf] lgoldt a}7saf6 xfdL lgj]bssf]
dfuadf]lhd cfjZos lg0f{o u/L hfgsf/L u/fpg'
kg]d{ f cflwsfl/s lgsfoaf6 lg0f{o g} geO{ cglws[t
JolQmaf6 kq n]Vg] sfd ePsf] x'bF f pQm sfg"g
k|lts"nsf] kq ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] d'Vo l/6 lgj]bg
Joxf]/f /x]5 . /f]oN6L a'emfpg' kg]{ Joj:yf b"/;~rf/
P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf #@ df ul/Psf] 5, ;f]xL P]gsf]
bkmf #@-@_ df bkmf @$ sf] pkbkmf -#_ / -$_
adf]lhd cg'dltkq k|fKt JolQmn] cfk"mn] sa'n
u/]adf]lhdsf] /f]oN6L a'emfpg' kg]5
{ eGg] Joj:yf
/x]sf] 5 . lgj]bs sDkgLnfO{ b"/;~rf/ P]g, @)%#
sf] bkmf @@-!_ adf]lhd ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf k|sflzt
u/L hLP;Pd -GSM-900-Cellular Mobile) ;]jfsf]
cg'dltkq k|bfg u/L bkmf @$-$_ cg';f/ /f]oN6L
a9fj9af6 lgwf{/0f ePsf] xf] . b"/;~rf/ lgodfjnLsf]
lgod &, P]gsf] bkmf @#-!_ ;Fu ;DalGwt /x]sf] /
lgod & b"/;~rf/ lgodfjnLsf] lgod !) ;Fu ;DalGwt
/x]sf] 5 . b"/;~rf/ lgodfjnL, @)%$ sf] lgod !)
-@_ df pklgod -!_ adf]lhd hfFra'em ubf{ lgj]bg
lbg] Ps eGbf a9L JolQmx To:tf] b"/;~rf/ ;]jf
;~rfng ug{ of]Uo b]lvPdf k|flws/0fn] tL ;a}
352

JolQmxnfO{ cg'dltkq b:t"/, gjLs/0f b:t"/ /

/f]oN6Lsf ;DaGwdf a9fa9 ug{ ;"rgf lbO{ a9fa9df
;aeGbf a9L af]nsjf]n ug]{ JolQmnfO{ pklgod -!_
adf]lhd cg'dltkq lbg'kg]5
{ eGg] k|fjwfgcg'k a9L
/sd sa'n u/]sf lgj]bs sDkgLnfO{ cg'dltkq
k|bfg ul/Psf] xf] . o;/L lgj]bsn] g} k|:t't u/]sf]
k|:tfj (RFPD) df pNn]v u/]cg';f/ k|To]s cfly{s
jif{df a'emfpg sa'n u/]sf] /f]oN6L /sd b"/;~rf/
P]g, lgod;+ut /x]sf] cj:yfdf b"/;~rf/ lgodfjnL,
@)%$ sf] lgod @^ adf]lhd rf/ k|ltzt /f]oN6L
/sd gtf]sL a9L /f]oN6L /sd tf]lsPsf]n] ;dfg
Jojxf/ gePsf] eGg] bfjL lhsL/ cfwf/xLg / /f]oN6L
/sd ga'emfpg] dg;fo /x]sf] b]lvPsf]n] l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] b"/;~rf/
k|flws/0fsf] tk{maf6 kg{ cfPsf] lnlvt hjfkmsf]
Joxf]/f b]lvof] .
lg0f{otk{m x]bf{ l/6 lgj]bgsf ;DaGwdf
d'VotM lgDg k|Zgdf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvof] M
-!_
lgj]bs sDkgL / cGo ;]jf k|bfos
sDkgLx aLr lgofds lgsfo g]kfn
b" / ;~rf/ k| f lws/0faf6 e] b efjk" 0 f{
Jojxf/ ePsf] 5, 5}g <
-@_
lgj]bs sDkgLn] k|fKt u/]sf] cg'dltkqsf]
bkmf !% PS; -_ tyf cg';r
" L# (Annex3) df ;+zf]wg ul/kfpFm egL k7fPsf]
lgj]bgsf ;DaGwdf ljkIf g]kfn b"/;~rf/
k|flws/0fsf clws[taf6 k7fPsf] hjfkm
cdfGo x'g] xf] jf xf]Og <
-#_

lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhd l/6 hf/L x'g] xf] jf xf]Og <

@= @))^ ;fndf df]xg cfsfzjf0fL ;]jfaf6

k|f/De ePsf] g]kfndf b"/;~rf/sf] Oltxf; b"/;~rf/
ljefu, b"/;~rf/ ljsf; ;ldlt xFb' } @)#@ ;fndf
g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgsf] ;+:yfut ;+/rgfsf] nfdf]
af6f] to ub}{ cfhsf] cj:yfdf cfOk'us
] f] 5 . tf//lxt
/ tf/;lxt ;] j f (Wireless & Wire - Line
Telecommunication Service) sf dfWodn] ljleGg
r/0f kf/ ub}{ g]kfndf l8lh6n k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t
b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] @)$$$% af6 k|f/De ePsf] kfOG5 .
k/Dk/fut l:y/ 6]lnkmf]g (Fixed telephone) k|ljlwdf

*&&^ :kfO; g]kfn k|f=ln=;d]t lj=;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno ;d]t

cfwfl/t cfwf/e"t b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf cltl/Qm dflg;

lx+88'n ul//x]sf] cj:yfdf ;d]t ;Dks{ ug{ ;lsg]
tf//lxt df]afOn 6]lnkmf]g k|ljlw @)$% ;fnkl5 g]kfndf
lelqO{ tTsfnLg g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgn] @)%^ h]7
dlxgfb]lv hLP;Pd (GSM - Global System for Mobile
Communication_ k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t df]afOn ;]jfsf]
z'jft u/]sf] kfOG5 . @))^ ;fnaf6 cfh;Dd
cfOk'Ubf ljleGg sfg"gL ;+/rgfn] of] pT;fxk|b ;~rf/
k|ljlwsf] ljsf;nfO{ Jojl:yt ul/cfPsf] 5 . k|:t't
ljjfb o;} qmdsf] Pp6f pkh xf] .
#= df]jfOn ;]jf lj:tf/ ug{ /fi6nfO{ pknAw
;Lldt lk|mSj]G;L (Frequency) sf] k|of]u ubf{
;]jfk|bfossf] Jofkfl/s lxt x'gk' 5{ eg] ;/sf/nfO{
;d'lrt /fh:j ;+sng x'g'kb{5 . o;sf nflu
cfjZos sfg"g Pjd\ gLlt kf/bzL{ / hjfkmb]xLk"0f{
kdf lgdf{0f u/L ltgsf] Odfgbf/Lk"js
{ k|of]u /
cg'udg x'gk' 5{ . ha of] x'g ;Sb}g eg] ToxfF ;/sf/L
/fh:jdf ljrng cfpg], gLltut e|i6frf/ a9\g,]
lk|mSj]G;L (Frequency) b'kof]u x'g], ;/sf/n]
;]jfk|bfosnfO{ cg'udg ug's
{ f] ;f ;]jfk|bfosn]
;/sf/nfO{ k|of]u ug]{ Pj+ ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ klg v:sg]
l:ylt ljsl;t eP/ cfpF5 . b"/;~rf/sf] ljsf; /
lj:tf/df b]vf kg]{ oL gsf/fTds kIfnfO{ sfg"g jf
ltgsf] k|of]u / JofVofn] ;Daf]wg ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 .
$= lgj]bsn] b"/;~rf/ P]g, @)%# sf]
bkmf @@-@_ sf] kfFr jif{;Dd c ;]jf k|bfosnfO{
cg'dltkq glbOg] eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yfljk/Lt
lnld6]8 df]ljln6L (Limited mobility) ;]jfsf] gfddf
o'gfO6]8 6]lnsd lnld6]8 -o'l6Pn_ nfO{ 3'dfp/f]
kf/faf6 df]afOn ;]jf ;~rfngsf] cg'dlt k|bfg
ul/Psf] k|;u+ p7fPsf] kfOG5 . hLP;Pd df]jfOn
(GSM Mobile) ;]jf / lnld6]8 df]ljln6L ;]jf Pp6}
geO{ km/s km/s x'g\ egL ljkIfL k|flws/0fsf]
lnlvt hjfkm tyf ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLxn]
cfgf] ax; gf]6 tyf ax; lhsL/df ;d]t pNn]v
u/]sf] kfOG5 . k"mn df]ljln6L df]afOn ;]jfdf /f]ld
(Roamming) ;'ljwf x'G5 eg] lnld6]8 df]ljln6L
;]jfdf o:tf] ;'ljwf x'bF g} / lnld6]8 df]ljln6L of]
;Lldt If]qleq dfq ;~rfng x'G5 elgPsf] 5 .
353

%= :kfO; g]kfn xfn kl/jlt{t Pg;]n

g]kfnn] hLP;Pd (GSM) k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t df]jfOn
;]jf ;~rfng ug{ @! s/f]8 cg'dltkq b:t"/ /
@) cj{ gjLs/0f b:t"/ ltg]{ sa'nsf ;fy af]nkq
bflvn u/]sf] kfOG5 . xfn lgj]bs sDkgLnfO{
cg'dlt k|bfg ubf{sf] zt{df pNn]v gePsf] # hL
lk|mSj]G;L klg pknAw ePsf] tyf sDkgLn] af]nkq
:jLs[t ubf{ ()) d]ufxh{sf] Jof08 (Band) kfPsf]df
of] ;]jf ;~rfng klg gub}{ !*)) d]ufxh{ ylkPsf]
egL ldl;n ;+nUg g]kfn b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0fsf]
lk|mSj]G;L ljt/0f;DaGwL ;ldltsf] cWoog k|ltj]bg,
@)^* df pNn]v ul/Psf] kfOG5 . o;af6 klg
lgj]bs sDkgL pk/ b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0f k"jf{uf| xL
/x]5 egL xfNg ldn]g . o'gfO6]8 6]lnsd lnld6]8
/ g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgL ln= Pj+ cfk"m aLr
c;dfg Jojxf/ ePsf] lgj]bg lhsL/ /x] klg tL
;]jfk|bfosxnfO{ o; l/6 lgj]bgdf ljkIfL
agfOPsf] ;Dd 5}g . ljkIfL gagfOPsf cGo kIf
/ lgj]bs aLr c;dfgtfsf] lgj]bg lhsL/tk{m
cbfntn] k|jz
] ug{ ldNb}g . c;dfg Jojxf/ eof]
jf ePg eGg] lg/f]k0f x'g ;DalGwt kIfxn] cfgf
s'/f cbfntdf /fVg kfpg' kg]{ x'G5 . sltko
cj:yfdf sfuhftsf] cjnf]sgaf6 dfq ;dfgtf
jf c;dfgtfsf] k|Zg lg/f]k0f x'g ;Sb}g . k|:t't
ljifo oxL k|sl[ tsf] xf] . sf/0f b'O{ a]Unf a]Un}
sfg" g L k| f jwfgcGtu{ t cg' d ltkq lnPsf
;]jfk|bfos aLr Ps t c;dfgtfsf] k|Zg ;fGble{s
x'bF g} eg] csf{lt/ 3'dfp/f] kf/fn] k|ljlwsf] gfd
kl/jt{g u/L lgj]bsn] cg'dlt kfP ;/xs} ;'ljwf
csf]{ ;]jf k|bfosn] lnof] jf lbOof] e cbfntn]
Tof] csf]{ kIfsf] s'/f klg ;'' kg]{ x'G5 . PskIfLo
;'gj' fOs} cfwf/df ;dfgtf jf c;dfgtfsf] k|Zgdf
k|jz
] ug{ Gofof]lrt x'bF g} .
^= b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0faf6 ;fj{hlgs
kdf ;]nn
' / df]jfOn b"/;~rf/ ;]jf ;~rfngsf]
nflu k|:tfj cfJxfg ;"rgf (RFPD - Request for
Proposal Document) k| s flzt ePsf] / ;f]
k|:tfjcg';f/ lgj]bs sDkgLn] af]nsjf]n cyf{t
af]nkq k|:t't ubf{ lgj]bs sDkgLn] pQm k|:tfj

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

df plNnlvt zt{x d~h"/ u/L k|ltikwf{df

;xefuL eO{ k|flws/0faf6 lgj]bs sDkgLsf] pQm
af]nkq :jLs[t eO{ ;g\ !(@))$ df cg'dltkq
k|fKt u/]sf] b]lvG5 . lgj]bs sDkgLnfO{ hLP;Pd
;]n'n/ df]jfOn (GSM Cellular Mobile) ;]jf
;~rfng ug]{ ;DaGwL @)^!^@@$$ ;g\ !(
@))$ sf] kqdf o;f] elgPsf] kfOG5, "We wish
(RFPD)

to notify that you are here by issued the license

to operate the GSM Cellular Mobile Service in
the kingdom of Nepal" To;}u/L cg'dltkqsf] zL/
Joxf]/fdf, "This Licence is here by given to you
to operate the following telecommunicational
service pursuant to sub section 2 of section 23
of telecommunications Act 2053 (1997) and sub
rule 5 of rule 10 of Telecommunications
Regulations, 2054 (1998)" egL pNn]v ePsf]

kfOG5 .
g]kfn b"/;~rf/ P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf @#
df cg'dltkq;DaGwL Joj:yf b]xfoadf]lhd /x]sf]
kfOG5M

bkmf @#= cg'dltkqsf] nflu lgj]bg lbg'kg]M{ -!_

o; P]gadf]lhd b"/;~rf/ ;]jf ;~rfng
ug{ rfxg] tf]lsPadf]lhdsf] k"h
F L, k|fljlws
lgk"0ftf tyf k]zf;DaGwL bIftf ePsf of]Uo
JolQmn] cfkm" n ] ;~rfng ug{ rfx] s f]
b"/;~rf/ ;]jf;DaGwL cfly{s tyf k|fljlws
cWoog k|ltj]bg / sfo{ ;~rfng of]hgf
;+nUg u/L tf]lsPadf]lhdsf s'/fx v'nfO{
k|flws/0fn] bkmf @@ adf]lhd tf]lslbPsf]
Dofbleq cg'dltkqsf] nflu k|flws/0f;dIf
lgj]bg lbg' kg]5
{ .
-@_
pkbkmf -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f
n]lvPsf] ePtfklg g]kfn ;/sf/n]
k|flws/0fsf] l;kmfl/z lnO{ g]kfn
/fhkqdf ;" r gf k| s fzg u/L
tf]lslbPadf]lhdsf] b"/;~rf/ ;]jf
;~rfng ug]{ cg'dltkqsf] nflu
h'g;'s} avt lgj]bg lbg ;lsg]5 .

To;} u/L b"/;~rf/ lgodfjnL, @)%$

sf] lgod !) / lgod & df /x]sf] cg'dltkq
;DaGwL Joj:yfx lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\M
lgod !)-%_ M lgod & sf] pklgod -@_ adf]lhd
cg' d ltkqsf] nflu s' g } lgj] b g k/] d f
k|flws/0fn] ;f] lgj]bg / lgj]bg ;fy ;+nUg
sfuhft hfFrj'em ug]5
{ / To;/L hfFra'em
ubf{ cg'dltkq lbg pko'Qm b]lvPdf lgj]bg
lbg] JolQmnfO{ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd cg'dlt
kq lbg'kg]5
{ .
lgod !)-!_ M lgod & sf] pklgod -!_ adf]lhd
cg'dltkqsf] nflu s'g} lgj]bg k/]df k|flws/0fn]
;f] lgj]bg / lgj]bg ;fy ;+nUg sfuhftx
hfFra'em ug]5{ / To;/L hfFra'em ubf{ Pshgf
JolQm dfq To:tf] b"/;+rf/ ;]jf ;~rfng ug{
of]Uo b]lvPdf k|flws/0fn] To:tf] JolQm;+u
jftf{f/f cg'dltkq b:t"/, gjLs/0f b:t"/ /
/f]oN6L lgwf{/0f u/L lgj]bsnfO{ cg';r
" L$
adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf cg'dltkq lbg' kg]5{ .
lgod !)-@_ M pklgod -!_ adf]lhd hfFra'em ubf{
lgj]bg lbg] Ps hgf eGbf a9L JolQmx
To:tf] b"/;+rf/ ;]jf ;~rfng ug{ of]Uo
b]lvPdf k|flws/0fn] tL ;a} JolQmxnfO{
cg'dltkq b:t"/, gjLs/0f b:t"/ / /f]oN6Lsf
;DaGwdf a9fa9 ug{ ;"rgf lbO{ a9fa9df
;aeGbf a9L af]n sjf]n ug]{ JolQmnfO{
pklgod -!_ adf]lhd cg'dltkq lbg'kg]5
{ .
lgod &-!_ M P]gsf] bkmf @# sf] pkbkmf -!_
adf]lhd b"/;+rf/ ;]jf ;~rfng ug{ rfxg]
lgod * adf]lhdsf] k"h
F L, k|fljlws lgk'0ftf
tyf k]zf;DaGwL bIftf ePsf JolQmn] P]gsf]
bkmf @@ sf] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd k|flws/0fn]
k|sfzg u/]sf] ;fj{hlgs ;"rgfdf plNnlvt
Dofbleq cfkm"n] ;~rfng ug{ rfx]sf]
b"/;+rf/ ;]jf;DaGwL cfly{s tyf k|fljlws
cWoog k|ltj]bg / sfo{ ;~rfng of]hgf
;+nUg u/L ;f] ;"rgfdf plNnlvt s'/fx
;d]t v'nfO{ cg';r
" L ! adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf
k|flws/0f ;dIf lgj]bg lbg' kg]5
{ .
lgod &-@_ M pklgod -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf]
ePtf klg P]gsf] bkmf @# sf] pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd

354

*&&^ :kfO; g]kfn k|f=ln=;d]t lj=;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno ;d]t

g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg

u/L tf]lslbPsf] b"/;~rf/ ;]jf ;~rfng ug]{
cg'dltkq lngsf] nflu cg';r
" L ! adf]lhdsf]
9fFrfdf h'g;'s} avt k|flws/0f;dIf lgj]bg lbg
;lsg]5 eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
&= g]kfn b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0fn] b"/;~rf/
;]jf pknAw u/fpg] cg'dltkq k|bfg ug]{ ;DaGwdf
ljleGg lsl;dsf] k|lqmof /x]sf] b]lvg cfpF5 .
b"/;~rf/ P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf @#-!_ / -@_ df ;f]
;DaGwdf 5'f5'} k|lqmof /x]sf] eGg] b]lvG5 . lgj]bs
sDkgLn] bkmf @# sf] pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd cg'dltkq
k|fKt u/]sf] eGg] s'/fdf s'g} ljjfb 5}g . ;dfgtfsf]
l;4fGt ;dfg cj:yfdf /x]sfx aLrdf nfu" x'g]
xf] . c;dfg cj:yfdf /x]sfx aLr ;dfgtfsf]
l;4fGt cfslif{t x'bF g} . cfk}mF n] af]nsjf]n u/L ;xdt
eO{ lgSof]n
{ ePsf] ljifodf cfk"mnfO{ cg'sn
" x'g]
hlt dfGg] / cg'sn
" gx'g] hlt gdfGg] eGg sfg"gsf]
l;4fGtn] lbFbg} . lgj]bs sDkgLn] cfkFm} n] af]nkq
e/L cg'dltkq k|fKt u/L pQm cg'dltkqsf] zt{x
d~h"/ u/L ldlt @)^%.!).!# / @)^%.!).!& ;d]t
ljleGg ldltdf ;f]xLcg';f/ z'Ns /f]oN6L a'emfPsf]
eGg] ldl;n ;+nUg r]ssf] 5fofFkl| txaf6 b]lvg
cfpF5 . o;/L lgj]bs cfkFm} n] lnlvt tyf cfr/0fut
kdf ;d]t :jLsf/ ul/;s]sf] ljifodf g} ca
cfP/ e]befjk"0f{ Jojxf/ ePsf] eGg] lgj]bg
lhsL/nfO{ :jLsfg{ ldn]g .
*= ldlt @)^%.!).!& ;Dd lgj]bsnfO{ cfk"mn]
ltg{] /f]oN6L ;d]tdf lgj]bsnfO{ cfklQ 5}g . cfk"mn]
;]jf ;~rfng u/]sf] Ps aif{ klg laTg gkfpFb}
o'l6PnnfO{ 3'dfp/f] af6f] (Back Door) af6 cfk"mn]
kfP ;/xs} df]jfOn ;]jf ;~rfng cg'dlt lbOof]
eGg] lgj]bg syg 5 / ;f]xL ljifonfO{ o; lgj]bgsf
dfWodn] r'gf}tL lbOPsf] 5 . tTsfn} l/6 lgj]bg ug{
cfpg lgj]bsnfO{ s'g} s'/fn] 5]ss
] f] cj:yf lyPg .
ldlt @)^@.!.#) b]lv cfk"mn] ;]jf ;~rfng u/]sf]
lgj]bs syg g} 5 . ldlt @)^%.!).!& ;Dd cfk"mnfO{
d~h"/ ePsf] s'/f o'l6Pnn] cg'dltkq kfPsf] s/Lj
tLg jif{ kl5 l/6 lgj]bg bfo/ ug'a{ f6 lgj]bssf]
;kmf / z'4 xft g/x]sf] b]lvG5 .
(= bf];f| ] k|Zgsf ;DaGwdf x]bf{ lgj]bs
sDkgLn] /f]oN6L ;DaGwdf cfjZos lg0f{o ul/kfpFm
355

egL ldlt @)^#.$.!( Ref No. !@#.)^#)^$ df

g]kfn b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0fdf cfj]bg u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
pQm lgj]bgsf] ;DaGwdf ldlt @)^#.^.@$ k=;+=
)^#.^$!$@ df /f]oN6L a'emfpg] ;DaGwdf egL
g]kfn b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0fsf cl;i6]06 d]gh
] / ;Gtf]if
kf}8n
] n] x:tfIf/ u/L kq k7fPsf] eGg] b]lvG5 . ;f]
kqdf ljleGg ^ j6f a'bF fx pNn]v eO{ cGTodf
ljBdfg P]g, lgoddf plNnlvt Joj:yfcg'k
ToxfFsf] dfuadf]lhd /f]oN6L 5"6 lbg ;lsg] cj:yf
g/x]sf] Joxf]/f hfgsf/L u/fOG5 eGg] Joxf]/f pNn]v
ePsf] kfOG5 . ;f]xL kq ab/ u/fO{ kfpFm egL k|:t't
l/6 lgj]bg k/]sf] klg b]lvG5 . of] kq s'g} lg0f{osf]
kof{ojfrL xf]Og . eO/x]sf sfg"g / ;Demf}tfcg'k
s] x'gkg]{ xf] Tof] hfgsf/L lbg jf klxn] g} lgwf{l/t
eO/x]sf] /f]oN6L z'Ns dfu ug{ s'g} lg0f{osf]
cfjZostf kb}g{ . ;f] cfgf] lgj]bgdf lg0f{o gePsf]
eGg] lgj]bg syg /x]sf]df ldlt @)^%.$.#! df
a;]sf] jf]8{ a}7sn] lg= g+= !$$@, k|:tfj g+= !)&&
df :kfO; g]kfn k|f= ln= af6 k|fKt /f]oN6L 5"6;DaGwL
kqsf] hjfkm ;DaGwdf ;+nUgadf]lhdsf] hjfkm
k7fpg] lg0f{o eof] egL k"j{ k|l] ift Joxf]/fnfO{ g} ;b/
sfod ug]{ lg0f{onfO{ s'g} r'gf}tL lbPsf] eg] b]lvFbg} .
ldlt @)^%.%.!# df lgj]bsnfO{ hfgsf/L lbOPsf]
;f] lg0f{onfO{ r'gf}tL glbg'af6 lgj]bssf] of] lhsL/
klg lgliqmo x'g k'us
] f] 5 .
!)= s'g} clVtof/Lsf] k|of]u ug{ kfpg]
cflwsfl/s lgsfo tTsfn k"0f{ gePsf] ;Gbe{df ToxfFsf]
clwsf/Lsf] e"ldsf / lhDd]jf/L s]xL klg x'bF g} eGg
ldNb}g . sfg"gadf]lhdsf] b}lgs sfdsfhsf] ;~rfng
o:tf clwsf/Lxaf6 sfg"gadf]lhd eO/xg'nfO{ cGoyf
cy{df lng ldNb}g . lg0f{o ug]{ cflwsfl/s lgsfosf]
cefjdf sfg"gadf]lhd ;+:yflkt lgsfon] sfg"gcg';f/
s'g} sfd ug{ gkfpg] / sfdsfh :ylut /fVg' kg]{ xf]
eg] To:tf] sfof{no jf lgsfo aGb ug'k{ g]{ x'g ;S5 .
;Gtf]if kf}8n] k|flws/0fsf] clws[t sd{rf/L /x]sf] eGg]
s'/fdf s'g} ljjfb 5}g . lghn] k|l] ift u/]sf] kqsf] Joxf]/f
cWoog ug]{ xf] eg] pQm kqdf lgj]bs sDkgLnfO{ s'g}
yk bfloTj jxg u/fpg], vfOkfO{ cfPsf] jf pkef]u
u/]sf] s'g} ;'ljwfaf6 jl~rt u/fpg] jf yk36 ug]{
eGg] geO{ lgj]bs sDkgL / k|flws/0faLr ;DkGg
ePsf] ;Demf}tf, lgj]bs sDkgLnfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf]

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, h]7
@)^(,

cg'dltkqsf a'bF fx tyf ;f] ;DaGwdf k|rlnt sfg"gdf

/x]sf] Joj:yfnfO{ k|flws/0fdf pknAw pkNnf] clws[tsf]
lg0f{ofg';f/ p4/0f;Dd ul/Psf] b]lvg cfpF5 . o;/L
s'g} lgsfosf] lhDd]jf/ clws[tn] cfkm" sfo{/t\ lgsfol;t
;DalGwt ljifodf cfPsf u'gf;f], lgj]bg tyf dfu
bfjLsf ;DaGwdf s'g} klg bfloTj x'bF g} dfGg ldNb}g .
sfg"g k|lts"n / cfgf] clVtof/L ggfg] u/L To:tf]
ljifodf lgsf; lbg'nfO{ cGoyf eGg ldNb}g . o:tf]
cj:yfdf sfg"gk|lts"n g/x]sf] / sfg"gL clVtof/L
leqsf] ;f] kq ab/ ul//xg] s'g} cfjZostf 5}g .
!!= lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L
x'gk' g]{ xf] jf xf]Og eGg] t];f| ] clGtd k|Zgsf ;DaGwdf
x]bf{ lgj]bssf tLg dfudWo] cGt/f{li6o kx'r
F dfu{
lghn] kfO;s]sf] ;+nUg kmfon sfuhftaf6 b]lvG5 .
o; s'/fdf lgj]bs kIfaf6 c;xdlt k|s6 klg ul/Psf]
kfOPg . bf];f| ] dfusf kdf /x]sf] ldlt @)^#.^.@$
df k|flws/0fsf sd{rf/L ;Gtf]if kf}8n
] n] lgj]bs
sDkgLnfO{ n]vL k7fPsf] kq ab/ ul/g' kg]{ xf], xf]Og
eGg] ;Gbe{df pQm kq lg0f{o geO{ hfgsf/L;Dd
ePsf], kl5af6 af]8a{ f6} ePsf] lg0f{o lgj]bssf]
hfgsf/Ldf cfP klg r'gf}tL glbOPsf] ;d]t dfly
plNnlvt sf/0fxaf6 ;f] ab/ ul//xg' k/]g .
!@= /f]oN6L z'Nssf] c;dfgtf af/]sf] lgj]bg
lhsL/sf xsdf cfk}mF n] ltg{ a'emfpg ;xdt eO{
jf]nkq jf lgj]bg bflvn u/L ;f]xL cfwf/df cg'dltkq
k|fKt u/]sf] cj:yfdf tL lnvtdf plNnlvt s'/f
kfng ug{ gk/f];\ eGg] clek|fon] cfPsf] l/6 lgj]bgnfO{
;kmf / z'4 xft lnP/ cfPsf] eGg ldNb}g . b"/;~rf/
P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf @@-@_ sf] k|ltjGwfTds jfSof+zn]
j:t'ut d"Nofgsf] cfwf/df lgj]bsnfO{ lbP ;/xs}
b"/;~rf/ ;]jf cGo ;]jfk|bfosnfO{ klg lbg ldNg]df
cg'dltkqbftf lgods lgsfo b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0f
g} o'l6PnnfO{ lbOPsf] b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] k|sl[ t g}
k[ys 5 elg/x]sf] 5 . lnlvt hjfkm ;d]tdf plNnlvt
tL k|ljlwdf /x]sf] leGgtf;DaGwL sygnfO{ lgj]bs
tk{maf6 k|:t't ax; gf]6df ;d]t v08g x'g ;s]sf]
kfOPg . ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf @^ df cg'dltkqdf ;+zf]wg
x'g;Sg] Joj:yfxsf] k|jGw ul/Psf] 5 . t/ bkmf
@^-@_ n] cg'dltkqsf d"ne"t s'/fdf km/s kfg{ gx'g]

;Ldf tf]lslbPaf6 cg'dltkq k|fKt u/]sf] cj:yfdf

sa'n u/]sf] b:t"/ -/f]oN6L_ ;d]tdf ca kl/jt{g u/L
jflif{s cfDbfgLsf] rf/ k|ltzt dfq a'emfpg kfpg]
cfb]zsf] dfu ub}{ bfo/ k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg sfg"gL kdf
;d]t xsflwsf/ljxLg /xL cf}lrToxLg /x]sf] 5 .
!#= b"/;~rf/;DaGwL P]g, lgod ;d]tsf
sfg"gL / gLltut kl/k|I] odf g} lgj]bsn] af]nkq
bflvn u/]sf] xf] . ltgdf s'g} kl/jt{g ePsf] 5}g .
af]nkq jf s'g} lnvt ;d]tsf dfWodn] /sd, z'Ns,
/f]oN6L / b:t"/ ltg]{ ;d]tsf k|ltj4tf hfx]/ ug]n
{ ]
k|rlnt sfg"gsf kl/k|I] odf ltgsf] ljx+ud cWoog
u/L hf]lvd tTj 5(Risk Factor) sf] cf+sng u/]sf]
dfGg' kg]{ x'G5 . o;/L cfk}mF n] olt /sd o;/L o;
t/Lsfaf6 csf]{ kIfnfO{ ltg]{ a'emfpg] sa'n u/L
cg'dltkq k|fKt ug]{ nufotsf kmfObf lnO{ kl5
uP/ of] jf Tof] sf/0f b]vfO{ cfgf] sa'n jf k|ltj4tf
tf]8g] ldNb}g . kIfxsf o:tf cfk;L Jojxf/sf
s'/fdf s'g} kIfaf6 sfg"gsf] 7f8f] pNn+3g g} ePsf]
l:ylt / Tof] sj'n jf k|ltj4tf cf/Deb]lv g}
sfg"gk|lts"n /x]sf] cj:yfdf afx]s cbfntn] x:tIf]k
ug{ ldNb}g . k|:t't ljjfbdf sfg"gsf] 7f8f] pNn+3g
b]lvPg . cfk"mn] cg'dltkq k|fKt ubf{ sj'n u/]sf]
b:t"/ /f]oN6L, z'Ns / ls:tf ;d]tsf /sd kl5af6
36fO{ kfpg ul/g] dfu clwsf/sf] s'/f xf]Og .
clwsf/ sfg"gf/f ;+/lIft x'G5 / of] sfg"gcg'sn
"
pkef]u ul/g' kb{5 . sfg"gk|bQ clwsf/df u}/sfg"gL
kdf x:tIf]k ePsf] gkfOFbf;Dd Tof]] Goflos
k/LIf0fsf] ljifo jGb}g . k|:t't ljjfbdf lgj]bsn]
g} sj'n jf k|ltj4tf hfx]/ u/]sf] b:t"/ -/f]oN6L_
;d]tnfO{ kl/jt{g ug{ ljkIfL agfOPsf] g]kfn
b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0f ;d]tsf gfddf l/6 hf/L ug'k{ g]{
;Ddsf] s'g} cfwf/ / sf/0f kfOPg . t;y{
dfuadf]lhd cfb]z hf/L ug'k{ g]{ cj:yf b]lvPg, l/6
lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L
ldl;n lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{ lbg" .
pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' .
Gof=;'zLnf sfsL{
Olt ;+jt\ @)^* ;fn kmfu'g @# ut] /f]h # z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[t cfTdb]j hf]zL

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