69 Poush

ljs[lt NofPsf] eGg] l:ylt 5}g .
To;
k"js
{ f] ;dfhnfO{ o; k|sl[ tsf] ;d:ofn]
cfqmfGt kf/] s f] sf/0f ;fdflhs
Jojxf/df ;'wf/ Nofpg' kg]{ ;fdflhs
cfjZostfaf6} of] P]g hf/L ul/Psf]
j:t'tYo / oyfy{tfnfO{ x]Ssf /fVg'kg]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=&_
bfOhf] Pp6f uDeL/ ;fdflhs ljs[ltsf
kdf /x]sf]n] /fHo jf /fHosf lgsfosf]
k|of;af6 dfq} o;sf] /f]syfd ;Dej
gePsf] h:tf] klg b]lvPsf] 5 . o;sf]
nflu /fHosf ;fy;fy+} gful/s ;dfh,
u}/;/sf/L ;+3;+:yf, ;~rf/ If]q /
;dfhsf x/]s ;b:on] cfcfk\mgf]
:yfgaf6 Odfgbf/ k|of; ug'k{ g]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=!#_
lg0f{o g+= ***#
;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf;

;DdfggLo k|wfg GofofwLz >L lvn/fh /]UdL
dfggLo GofofwLz >L lu/Lz rGb| nfn
dfggLo GofofwLz >L 1fg]Gb|axfb'/ sfsL{
l/6=g+=)^*WS))$@
cfb]z ldltM @)^(.%.&.%
ljifoM pTk|i] f0f k/dfb]z .
lgj]bsM sG;f]{l6od km/ jf]d]g /fO6\;sf
clwsf/k|fKt cWoIf eO{ cfk\mgf] xsdf
;d]t n=k'=lh=n=k'=p=d=g=kf=j8f g+= %
a:g] clwjQmf Hof]lt nD;fn kf}8n
] ;d]t
lj?4
ljkIfLM k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\s
\ f] sfof{no
;d]t
s'g} sfg"gdf k|oQ
' m s'g} jfSof+znfO{
dfq Psf+uL kdf x]/L ;+ljwfg;Fu
aflemPsf] jf gaflemPsf] eGg] JofVof
ug{ jf lgisif{df k'Ug ldNb}g . To;sf]
nflu pQm P]g hf/L ug'k{ gf{sf] k[i7e"ld,
;dfhdf ljBdfg s'g} Jojxf/ jf
lqmofsnfknfO{ /f]syfd, Jojl:yt jf
lgodg ;d]tsf s] s'g cfjZostf /
p2]Zoaf6 P]g NofOPsf] lyof] eGg] h:tf
ljifotkm{ klg ;"Idtd\ 9+uaf6 ljrf/
ul/g' kg]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=#_
bfOhf]nfO{ ;fdflhs cfbz{sf kdf
:yflkt u/]sf] jf lbg} k5{ jf lbg'kg]{
rLh xf] eGg] ;fdflhs Jojxf/ ;'wf/
P]gsf] cfzo / efjgf b]lvFbg} . P]g
hf/L x'gk' j" s
{ f] g]kfnL ;dfhdf bfOhf]]
k|yf k|rngd} gePsf]df P]gn] o;
s'/fnfO{ sfg"gL ;+/If0f lbO{ ;fdflhs
lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmfx 6+sk|;fb

b'nfn, ;fg'nIdL uM;L, laGb|f dxh{g,
1fgL dxh{g / /rgf >]i7
ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L ls/0f
kf}8n
]
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwg, @)^# sf]
wf/f @)-#_
;fdflhs Jojxf/ -;'wf/_ P]g, @)##
sf] bkmf %-!_ -@_, #-!_, %-@_
cfb]z
k|=Gof=lvn/fh /]UdLM g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ / !)&-!_ adf]lhd
o; cbfntdf bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6
lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / cfb]z o; k|sf/ 5M
lgj]bsxdWo] d cK;/f /fpt dlxnf
clwsf/sf] If]qdf sfd ug]{ clwsf/sdL{ x'F .
cGo lgj]bsx dfgj clwsf/sf] If]qdf sfd
1315
g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, k' ;
ug]{ clwsf/sdL{ xf}+ . dlxnfxsf] cfwf/e"t

dfgj clwsf/ pNn+3g ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]
ljifo ePsf]n] lgj]bsxsf] klg ;/f]sf/ /
xslxt lgxLt /x]sf] 5 .
g]kfnL ;dfhdf sfod /x]sf] bfOhf] k|yfn]
dlxnfx dfly uDeL/ lxF;f eO/x]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf]
sfg"g k|0ffnLdf klg bfOhf]sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ dfGotf
lbOPsf] kfOG5 . d'ns
' L P]g :qL c+zwgsf] dxnsf]
$ g+= df :jf:gL dflg;nfO{ dfOtL dfjnLklsf
gft]bf/ Oi6ldqn] lbPsf] rn crn / To;af6
a9]a9fPsf] ;DklQ bfOhf] 7x5{ eGg] Joj:yf ul/Psf]
5 . To:t} ;f]xL % g+=df :jf:gL dflg;n] cfkm\gf]
bfOhf] k]jf cfkm"vz
' ug{ kfpF5 eGg] Joj:yf ul/Psf]
5 . ;fdflhs Jojxf/ -;'wf/_ P]g, @)## sf] bkmf
# df ljjfx x'bF f ltns lnglbg gx'g] s'/f pNn]v
5 eg] bkmf $ n] ljjfxdf s'g} gubL / jf lhG;L
lng gx'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . t/ ;f]xL bkmf % n]
bfOhf] lgoGq0fsf] Joj:yf u/]klg bkmf %-@_ df
cfkm\gf] s"n k/Dk/fcg';f/ /fhLv'zLn] a9Ldf bz
xhf/ k}ofF;Dd bfOhf] lbg x'G5 eGg] Joj:yf
u/]sf] 5 . of] Joj:yfn] bfOhf]nfO{ dfGotf lbPsf]
b]lvPsf] 5 .
g]kfnL ;dfhdf bfOhf], ltns tyf
bx]hnufotsf zAbx bfOhf]s} kof{ojfrLsf
kdf k|of]u ePsf 5g\ . bfOhf] k|yfn] g]kfnL
;dfhdf dlxnfpk/ b}lgs uDeL/ lxF;fsf
36gfx eO/x]sf] tYo ljleGg kqklqsfdf
k|sflzt ;dfrf/af6 k'li6 ePsf] 5 . o;}u/L
PSzgP8 g]kfnsf] ;xof]udf sG;f]l{ 6od km/
jf]dg] /fO6\; / /fli6o dlxnf clwsf/ d~rn]
;+o'Qm kdf bfOhf] lj?4 u/]sf] cWoogn]
bfOhf]sf] sf/0faf6 dlxnfx pk/ uDeL/ lxF;f
ePsf] tYout kdf k'li6 u/]sf] 5 . ;fdflhs
Jojxf/ -;'wf/_ P]g, @)## sf] bkmf %-@_ sf]
pk/f]Qm Joj:yf ;+/rgfut lxF;fsf] Pp6f k
ePsf] tYodfly plNnlvt 36gf / cWoogn]
b]vfPsf] 5 .
g]kfnn] cg'df]bg u/]sf] dlxnf lj?4

;a} lsl;dsf e]befj pGd"ng;DaGwL dxf;lGw,
!(&( sf] wf/f @ n] e]befjk"0f{ sfg"g / k|yfx
pGd"ng u/L dlxnfxsf] dfgj clwsf/sf]
;'lglZrttf ug'k{ g]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . pQm
bkmf %-@_ sf] Joj:yf dxf;lGwsf] wf/f @ ljk/Lt
5 . ;dfhdf ljBdfg sfg"gL cjwf/0ffx ;do
;fk]lIft kdf kl/jt{g x'Fb} hfg' cfjZos
x'G5 . dlxnfdfly ;+/rgfut lxF;fsf] kdf
k|of]u x'g,] bfOhf], bx]h ltns h:tf zAbxdf
lgxLt cjwf/0ffn] dlxnf lj?4 uDeL/ lxF;f x'g]
u/]sf]n] pQm bkmf %-@_ df k|oQ
' m cfkm\gf] s'n
k/Dk/fcg';f/ bz xhf/;Dd bfOhf] lbg x'G5
eGg] Joj:yf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
sf] wf/f @)-#_ ;Fu aflemPsf] 5 . o;af6
dlxnfxnfO{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
sf] wf/f !@, !#, @) / @! k|bQ df}lns xssf]
;d]t ckx/0f ePsf] 5 .
t;y{ dfly k|s/0f k|s/0fdf pNn]v
ePadf]lhd ;fdflhs Jojxf/ -;'wf/_ P]g, @)##
sf] bkmf %-@_ df ePsf] cfkm\gf] s'n k/Dk/fcg';f/
bz xhf/;Dd bfOhf] lbg x'G5 eGg] jfSofFz
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)&-!_ adf]lhd cdfGo / ab/
3f]lift ul/kfpFm . To:t} d'ns
' L P]g :qL c+zwgsf]
dxndf k|bfg ul/Psf] :qL c+zwgsf] clwsf/df
k|lts"n c;/ gkg]{ u/L pQm dxnsf] $ g+= / %
g+= df k|of]u ul/Psf] bfOhf] eGg] zAb x6fO{ ;f]
zAbsf] ;6\6f lghL ;DklQ eGg] zAbx /fvL
;f] gDa/xdf ;+zf]wg ug]{ ljw]os Joj:yflksf
;+;bdf k]z ug'{ eGg] k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L
ul/kfpFm . ;fy} g]kfndf ljBdfg bfOhf] k|yfsf]
sf/0faf6 dlxnfdfly x'g] uDeL/ / cdfgjLo
lxF;f cGTosf] nflu b]xfosf cfb]zx hf/L
ul/kfpFm
s_ bfOhf];DaGwL ck/fwnfO{ uDeL/ k|sl[ tsf]
ck/fwsf] >]0fLdf /fvL kof{Kt ;hfosf]
1316
***# - sG;f]{l6od km/ jf]d]g /fO6\; ;d]t lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t
Joj:yf ;lxtsf] pko'Qm sfg"g lgdf{0f

ug"{ .
-v_ bfOhf] k|yf / ;f]af6 x'g] lxF;f lj?4
cfkm\gf] If]qleq k|efjsf/L sfo{qmd
;~rfng ug'{ egL :yfgLo lgsfo / :yfgLo
k| z f;gnfO{ tyf ;f] sfo{ q mdsf]
k|efjsfl/tfsf] ^.^ dlxgfdf cg'udg
k|ltj]bg ;fj{hlgs ug'{ egL :yfgLo ljsf;
dGqfno / u[ x dGqfnosf] gfddf
lgb]z
{ gfTds cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm .
-u_ bfOhf] k|yfsf] lj?4df /fli6o / :yfgLo
;~rf/sf dfWodxaf6 k| e fjsf/L
sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug'{ u/fpg' .
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < ljkIfLxaf6
lnlvt hjfkm dufO{ cfPkl5 k|:t't l/6
lgj]bgnfO{ cu|flwsf/ lbO{ k]z ug'{ eGg] ;d]t
Joxf] / fsf] o; cbfnt Ps GofofwLzsf]
Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)^*.!).@# df ePsf] cfb]z .
o; dGqfno cfk\mgf] :yfkgfsfnb]lv g}
dlxnf, afnaflnsfsf] xs, lxt Pj+ ;fdflhs
;'/Iffsf] If]qdf cfk\mgf] ;|ft] / ;fwgn] EofP;Dd
;tt\ k|oTgzLn /xFb} cfPsf]n] ljkIfL agfpg'kg]{
s'g} sf/0f gePsf] x'bF f l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf
;dfhsNof0f dGqfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm .
;fdflhs Jojxf/df eO/x]sf] / a9\bf]
k|lt:kwf{Tds e8\s / kmh"n vr{df lgoGq0f
u/L ;'wf/ ug]{ p2]Zon] ;fdflhs Jojxf/
-;'wf/_ P]g, @)## sf] lgdf{0f ePsf] xf] . P]g
nfu" x'gk' j" { g]kfnL ;dfhdf ;fdflhs Jojxf/sf
gfpFdf JofKt ljljw Jojxf/nfO{ ;'wf/ ug{
cfjZos Joj:yfx ;f] P]gn] u/]sf] kfOG5 .
k|rlnt ;+ljwfg / P]g sfg"gsf Joj:yfx
kfngf u/fpg] s'/fdf g]kfn ;/sf/ k"0f{tM k|ltj4
/x]sf] 5 . u[x dGqfnosf] ldlt @)^&.(.!* sf]
kqaf6 ;fdflhs Jojxf/ -;'wf/_ P]g, @)## sf]
k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug{ u/fpg ;Dk"0f{ lhNnf

k|zf;g sfof{no Pj+ k|x/L k|wfg sfof{nonfO{
kqfrf/ ul/Psf] 5 . s' n k/Dk/fcg' ; f/
/fhLv'zLn] a9Ldf !) xhf/;Dd bfOhf] lng
x'g] P]gsf] bkmf %-@_ sf] Joj:yf ckjfbfTds
Joj:yf xf] . ;f] Joj:yfnfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f
!&-#_ / @# sf] cfkm\gf] ;+:s[lt, ;fF:s[lts
;Eotfsf] ;+/If0f / ;Da+4{ g ug]{ / ;fdflhs
Pj+ ;f+:s[lts k/Dk/fsf] dof{bf sfod /fVg]
xssf] ;fk]Iftfdf x]l/g' kb{5 . To:t} cj:yf
d'ns
' L P]g :qL c+zwgsf] dxnsf] $ / % g+=df
plNnlvt bfOhf] eGg] zAbxsf ;Gbe{df ;d]t
/xg] x'bF f ;f] Joj:yf ;+ljwfg;Fu gaflemPsf]n]
cdfGo jf ab/ 3f]lift ug'k{ g]{ tyf lghL ;DklQ
eGg] zAb k|of]u x'g ;Sg] b]lvFbg} . ctM l/6
lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
g]kfn ;/sf/, k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\s
\ f]
sfof{nosf] tkm{af6 k]z ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
g]kfnsf ljleGg e"efudf /x]sf bfOhf]
lj?4sf lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ug{ u[x dGqfno
/ cGtu{tsf sfof{nox sl6j4 / k|lta4
/x]sf] x'bF f k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] u[x dGqfnosf] tkm{af6
k]z x'g cfPsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
P]gsf] bkmf %-@_ df /fhLv'zL ePdf
dfq bfOhf] lbg ;lsg] Joj:yf ePsf]n] s;}n]
s/sfkaf6 ;f] sfo{ u/]df P]gadf]lhd ;hfo
x'g] x'bF f bfOhf] lbg] Joj:yfaf6 dlxnf lj?4
zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s jf cGo lsl;dsf] lx+;fhGo
sfo{ x'G5 egL cg'dfg ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf
gePsf]n] l/6 lgj]bg lg/y{s 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n]
d'n'sL P]gnfO{ vf/]h ug]{ u/L tof/ u/]sf]
b]jfgL ;+lxtfsf] ljw]os xfn Joj:yflksf ;+;bdf
ljrf/fwLg /x]sf] / ;f] ljw]osn] bfOhf] zAb
x6fO{ lgj]bg dfu adf]lhd To:tf] ;DklQnfO{
lghL ;DklQsf] kdf gfdfs/0f u/L ;s]sf]
x'bF f ;f] ljifodf ;d]t lgj]bg lhsL/adf]lhd
1317
l/6 hf/L ug'k{ g]{ cj:yf gx'bF f l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h

ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] sfg"g tyf Gofo
dGqfnosf] tkm{af6 k]z x'g cfPsf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
bfOhf]sf] sf/0f dlxnfpk/ lxF;fhGo
sfo{x ePsf 5g\ eGg' / dlxnf lj?4 zf/Ll/s,
dfgl;s jf cGo s'g} lsl;dsf] lxF;fhGo sfo{
ul/g] 5}g eGg] s'/f ljns'n km/skm/s s'/f
x'g\ . To;}n] P]gsf] bkmf %-@_ sf] Joj:yf
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @)-#_ ;Fu aflemPsf] 5}g . s'g}
klg P]gsf] k|fjwfg ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] xf] jf
xf]Og eGg P]gsf] 5'f5'} k|fjwfgnfO{ gx]/L ;du|
p2]ZonfO{ klg x]l/g' kb{5 . a9\bf] t8se8s /
kmh"n vr{df lgoGq0f u/L ;'wf/ ug]{ p2]Zo
/fvL k|rngdf /x]sf] P]gsf] pQm k|fjwfg
;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] 5 eGg' ts{;u+ t b]lvFbg} .
;fdflhs k/Dk/f / k|rngcg';f/
dlxnfnfO{ dfOtL dfjnLklaf6 lbOg] rncrn
;DklQnfO{ bfOhf] g} elgg] / To; k|sf/sf
;DklQ dlxnfsf] lghL ;DklQ g} x'g] eGg]
cfdwf/0ff ;d]t /x]sf] kl/k]I| odf d'ns
' L P]g
:qL c+zwgsf] dxnsf] $ / % g+=k|oQ
' m bfOhf]
eGg] zAb g} dlxnf lxt ljk/Lt 5 eGg' dgf]ut
rfxgf dfq xf] . t;y{ ljkIfLn] bfo/ u/]sf] l/6
lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
;+3Lo dfldnf, ;+ljwfg;ef, ;+;bLo Joj:yf
tyf ;+:s[lt dGqfnosf] tkm{af6 k]z ePsf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
ljkIfLn] o; dGqfnonfO{ k|ToyL{ agfpg'
kg]{ s'g} sf/0f / cfwf/ v'nfpg g;s]sf]n] k|yd
b[li6df g} l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 . /fHodf s]
s:tf] sfg"gL Joj:yf cfjZos 5, s] s:tf
sfg"gx agfpg' kg]{ xf] / tL sfg"gdf s] s:tf
k|jwfg /fVg'kg]{ xf] eGg] ljifo ljwflosfsf]
clwsf/If]q leqsf] ljifo xf] . ;fy} bfOhf] k|yfsf]
;DaGwdf s] s:tf] gLlt clVtof/ ug]{ / To;nfO{
s] s;/L Joj:yfkg ug]{ eGg] s'/f sfo{sfl/0fLsf]
If]qflwsf/leq kg]{ ljifo ePsf]n] o;nfO{ Goflos

lgk0fsf] ljifo agfpg ldNg] klg b]lvFbg} .
To;df klg pQm sfg"gL Joj:yf ;+ljwfg;Fu
aflemPsf] cj:yf 5}g .
bfOhf] k|yfnfO{ lg?T;fxL ug{ :yfgLo
lgsfoxaf6 k|j4{gfTds sfo{qmd ;~rfng
ug'k{ g]{ Joj:yf g]kfn ;/sf/ -d=k=_ af6 ldlt
@)^&.(.!! df :jLs[t lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt
cg'bfg ;~rfng sfo{ljlw, @)^&, gu/kflnsf
cg'bfg ;~rfng sfo{ljlw, @)^& / ufpFm ljsf;
;ldlt cg'bfg ;~rfng sfo{ljlw, @)^& sf]
bkmf !! df ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} tL lgsfoxaf6
;~rflnt sfo{qmdxsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf
cg' u dg ug] { Joj:yf klg plNnlvt
sfo{ljlwxdf ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/
-d=k=_ af6 n}ls lxF;f lj?4 /fli6o sfo{of]hgf
:jLs[t eO{ xfn sfof{lGjt eO/x]sf] 5 . bfOhf]
k|yf nufot cGo lxF;faf6 k|efljt dlxnfxsf]
ph"/L ;'Ggsf nflu ^^ j6f lhNnf ljsf;
;ldltsf] sfof{noxdf n}ls lx+;f lj?4 ph"/L
;'Gg] 8]:s :yfkgf eO{ ;~rfngdf /x]sf 5g\ .
To:t} o; dGqfnoaf6 ut cf=j= )^&.)^* df
n}ls lx+;f lj?4 uf]i7L ;~rfng ug{ k|To]s
lhNnfdf ?= %),))). ljlgof]hg eO{ ;~rfng
ePsf 5g\ . rfn' cf=j= df ;a} lh=lj=;= sf]
sfof{noxnfO{ cfkm\g} ;|ft] af6 pQm sfo{qmd
ug{ lgb]z
{ g lbOPsf] 5 . o; k|sf/ bfOhf] k|yfnfO{
lg?T;flxt ug{ o; dGqfno ;tt\ k|oTgzLn
/x]sf]n] o; dGqfnosf] gfddf s'g} lsl;dsf]
cfb]z hf/L ul//xg gkg]{ ePsf]n] l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] :yfgLo
ljsf; dGqfnosf] tkm{af6 k]z ePsf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
ljkIfL l/6 lgj]bsn] lng' ePsf] ljjflbt
bkmf %-@_ sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf cdfGo ul/kfpFm
eGg] bfjL dlxnfsf] lxtdf 5}g . P]gsf] bkmf %
-@_ df bzxhf/ k}ofF;Dd bfOhf] lbg kfpg]
1318
s'/f /fhLv'zLdf x'g] / of] k|fjwfgn] ;dfhdf

k|rlnt /Lt, k/Dk/f / k|yfnfO{ dfGotf
lbPsf];Dd xf] . o;n] dlxnfsf] clwsf/nfO{
;+sr
' g ug]{ geP/ k|j4{g u5{ . bfOhf] eGg]
zAbn] lbg] cy{ lghL ;DklQn] lbFbg} . zAbn]
Oltxf;, /Lt, k/Dk/f / hgefjgfnfO{ ;d]t
cYof{p5
F . bfOhf] zAbn] t dlxnfsf] ;fDklQs
clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrt u5{, lljwf x6fpF5 /
efiffnfO{ ;/n / af]wuDo agfpF5 . ljkIfL
Redical Feminist x'g vf]hs
] f] k|tLt x'G5 . t/
bfjL To; nfos gePsf]n] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lzIff dGqfnosf]
tkm{af6 k]z ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
lgodadf]lhd k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't
l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bs tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg
clwjQmf >L 6+sk|;fb b'nfn tyf lgj]bs
clwjQmfx ;fg'nIdL uM;L, laGb|f dxh{g, 1fgL
dxh{g / /rgf >]i7n] g]kfnL ;dfhdf bfOhf]sf
sf/0fn] dlxnfdfly lbgfg'lbg uDeL/ k|sl[ tsf
lx+;fsf 36gf e}/x]sf 5g\ . ;dfhdf k|rlnt
k/Dk/fut d"No dfGotfsf ;fy} ljBdfg sfg"gdf
ePsf Joj:yfxn] klg o;nfO{ ;+/If0f ug{
d2t k'ofO{ /x]sf] cj:yf 5 . vf;u/L ;fdflhs
Jojxf/ -;'wf/_ P]g, @)## sf] bkmf % sf] zLif{s
bfOhf] lgoGq0f ePklg ;f]xL bkmf %-@_ n] !)
xhf/;Dd bfOhf] lng lbg kfOg] Joj:yf u/]sf]
5 . o;n] ubf{ bfOhf] k|yfnfO{ sfg"gn] g} ;+/If0f
lbPsf] l:ylt l;h{gf x'gs
' f] ;fy} of] Joj:yf
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @)-#_ ;d]t;Fu aflemPsf]n]
cdfGo 3f]lift ul/g' kb{5 . ;fy} d'ns
' L P]g :qL
c+zwgsf] $ / % g+= df dlxnfnfO{ dfOtLdfjnL
klaf6 k|fKt ;DklQnfO{ bfOhf] gfdfs/0f ul/Psf]
5 . P]gdf k|oQ
' m bfOhf] eGg] zAbn] dlxnf
lx+;fnfO{ a9fpg] ePsf]n] lghL ;DklQ eGg]
zAbdf kfGt/0f ug{' egL ljkIfLxsf gfpFdf
k/dfb]z hf/L x'gk' b{5 . To:t} bfOhf] k|yfsf
lj?4 :yfgLo / /fli6o:t/af6 k|efjsf/L kdf
ljz]if cleofg / sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/L /f]syfd

ug'{ u/fpg' egL ljkIfLxsf gfddf lgb]z
{ gfTds
cfb]z ;d]t hf/L x'g' kb{5 eGg] ;d]t ax;
k|:t't ug'e
{ of] .
k| T oyL{ g] k fn ;/sf/sf] tkm{ a f6
pkl:yt ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L ls/0f
kf}8]nn] ;fdflhs Jojxf/ -;'wf/_ P]g, @)##
sf] s'g} Pp6f k|fjwfgnfO{ dfq x]/]/ JofVof
ug{ ldNb}g . o;sf] ;du| Joj:yfsf] cWoogaf6
dfq p2]Zo :ki6 x'G5 . ;fdflhs s'/Llt /
t8se8s /f]Sg] p2]Zo ;fy of] P]g ag]sf] xf] .
cGo ljleGg p2]Zosf ;fy} tTsfnLg ;dfhdf
ljBdfg bfOhf] k|yf /f]syfd ug'{ klg of]
P]gsf] k|d'v p2]Zo /x]sf] 5 . P]gsf] bkmf %
sf] zLif{s g} bfOhf] lgoGq0f eGg] x'Fbf bfOhf]
lgoGq0fsf nflu ul/Psf] sfg"gL Joj:yfn]
pN6} bfOhf] k|yfnfO{ k|>o lbPsf] eGg ldNb}g .
pQm Joj:yfn] s]jn k/Dk/fut ;fdflhs
dfGotfdf c;/ gk/f]; egL bfOhf] lbg} kg]{
cj:yfdf ;d]t /fhLv'zLn] !) xhf/;Dd dfq
lbg x'G5 eg]sf] 5 . of] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf]
wf/f @)-#_ sf] Joj:yf ;d]t;Fu aflemPsf]
cj:yf gePsf]n] lgj]bg bfjL vf/]hefuL 5 .
To:t} d'n'sL P]g :qL c+zwgsf] $ / % g+= df
k|o'Qm bfOhf] eGg] zAbnfO{ lghL ;DklQ eGg]
zAbdf kfGt/0f ul/g' kg]{ eGg] klg lgj]bg
lhsL/ /x]sf] 5 . tL zAbxn] dlxnfnfO{
dfOtL dfjnLtkm{af6 k|fKt ;DklQnfO{ bfOhf]
gfdfs/0f u/L cfk"mv'z ug{ kfpg] lghL
;DklQsf] bhf{ lbPsf] cj:yf;Dd 5 . pQm
Joj:yf x6fpFbf pN6} dlxnfxs} ;DklQ;DaGwL
clwsf/df c;/ kg]{ ePsf]n] lgj]bg cf}lrToxLg
5 . bfOhf] k|yf lj?4 g]kfn ;/sf/n] ljleGg
sfo{qmdx ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] cj:yf
ePsf]n] lgb]z
{ gfTds cfb]z ug'k{ g]{ l:ylt ;d]t
5}g . ctM l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g'kb{5 eGg]
;d]t ax; ug'{eof] .
1319
kIf ljkIftkm{ a f6 ljfg sfg" g

Joj;foLxn] ug'{ ePsf] pk/f]Qm ts{k0" f{ ax;
dgg\ u/L l/6 lgj]bg;lxtsf] ldl;n sfuhft
cWoog u/L x]bf{ d'VotM b]xfosf k|Zgxdf
s]lGb|t /xL lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvg cfPsf] 5 M
!=
@=
;fdflhs Jojxf/ -;'wf/_ P]g, @)## sf]

bkmf %-@_ sf] Joj:yf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f @)-#_ ;d]t;Fu
aflemPsf] 5, 5}g <
lgj]bg dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ug'k{ g]{
xf], xf]Og <
@= lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ x'g cfPsf] pk/f]Qm

klxnf] k|Zgsf ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ bz xhf/
k}ofF;Dd bfOhf] lnglbg x'G5 egL ;fdflhs
Jojxf/ -;'wf/_ P]g, @)## sf] bkmf %-@_ df
ul/Psf] Joj:yfn] /fHosf] sfg"gdfkm{t\ g} bfOhf]
k|yfnfO{ ;+/If0f ldNg uPsf] / h;sf] kmn:jk
dlxnfdfly uDeL/ k|sl[ tsf] lx+;fsf] 36gfx
e}/x]sf] x'bF f ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @)-#_ ;d]t;Fu
aflemPsf] pQm sfg"gL Joj:yf cdfGo / ab/
3f]lift x'gk' g]{ eGg] ;d]t lhsL/ lnPsf] b]lvG5 .
k|ToyL{xsf] lnlvt hjfkm x]bf{ ;fdflhs Jojxf/
;'wf/ P]g ;dfhdf ljBdfg s'/Llt / t8se8s
lgoGq0f ug{sf] nflu cfPsf], bkmf % n] bfOhf]
lgoGq0fsf] Joj:yf u/L bfOhf] lng] lbg]nfO{
;hfosf] Joj:yf ;d]t u/]sf], bkmf !^ df o;
k|sl[ tsf] d'2f ;/sf/ jfbL x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf]df
P]gsf] ;du| Joj:yf gx]/L bkmf %-@_ df
plNnlvt s'/fnfO{ dfq lnO{ lgj]bg k/]sf] /
pQm Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] s'g} klg k|fjwfg;Fu
gaflemPsf] x'bF f lgjb]g vf/]h ul/g' kb{5 eGg]
;d]t pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 .
#= o;df ;+ l jwfgsf] wf/f @)-#_
;d]t;Fu aflemPsf] egL lgj]bsxn] cdfGo /
ab/ 3f]lift ug{ lhsL/ lnPsf] ;fdflhs Jojxf/
-;'wf/_ P]g, @)## sf] bkmf %-@_ df cGo s'/fsf

cltl/Qm cfk\mgf] s'n k/Dk/fcg';f/ /fhLv'zLn]
lbg]n] klg a9Ldf bz xhf/ k}ofF;Dd dfq bfOhf]
lbg x'G5 eGg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . sfg"gn]
g} bz xhf/;Dd bfOhf] lnglbg 5"6 lbPsf]

sf/0f dlxnf lj?4 lx+;fsf 36gf ePsf] eGg]
lgj]bg lhsL/sf] d'Vo cfwf/ /x]sf] kfOG5 .
j:t'tM s'g} sfg"gdf k|oQ
' m s'g} jfSof+znfO{ dfq
Psf+uL kdf x]/L ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] jf
gaflemPsf] eGg] JofVof ug{ jf lgisif{df k'Ug
ldNb}g . To;sf] nflu pQm P]g hf/L ug'k{ gf{sf]
k[i7e"ld, ;dfhdf ljBdfg s'g} Jojxf/ jf
lqmofsnfknfO{ /f]syfd, Jojl:yt jf lgodg
;d]tsf s] s'g cfjZostf / p2]Zoaf6 P]g
NofOPsf] lyof] eGg] h:tf ljifotkm{ klg ;"Idtd\
9+uaf6 ljrf/ ul/g' cfjZos x'ghfG5 . cyf{t
s] s:tf] cfjZostf ;Djf]wg ug]{ p2]Zoaf6
P]g hf/L ul/Psf] lyof] egL To;sf] k5fl8
cGt/lgxLt p2]Zo k}Nofpg] k|of; ug'{ o;
;Gbe{df jf~5gLo x'G5 .
$= s'g} klg P]gsf] p2]Zo kQf nufpg]
d'Vo cf}hf/ jf ;fwg To;sf] k|:tfjgf g} xf] .
lgj]bsxn] ljjfbdf NofPsf] ;fdflhs Jojxf/
-;'wf/_ P]g, @)## sf] k|:tfjgf x]bf{ ;fdflhs
Jojxf/df eO/x]sf] a9\bf] k|lt:kwf{Tds e8\s /
kmh"n vr{df lgoGq0f u/L ;'wf/ ug{ jf~5gLo
ePsf] eGg] ;d]t pNn]v ul/Psf] b]lvG5 .
k|:tfjgfdf cleJoQm pQm s'/faf6 tTsfnLg
g]kfnsf] ;fdflhs Jojxf/df a9\bf] dfqfdf
k|lt:kwf{Tds t8se8s x'g] u/]sf] / To;sf]
sf/0faf6 kmh"n vr{sf]] cj:yf / l:ylt l;h{gf
ePsf] egL ;f] s'/f lgoGq0f u/L ;dflhs
Jojxf/df ;'wf/ ug]{ p2]Zo /fv]sf] :ki6 kdf
b]lvg cfpF5 . P]gsf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -s_ df
;fdflhs Jojxf/ eGgfn] ljjfx, j|taGw,
r"8fsd{, kf:gL, Gjf/fg, hGdlbj;, 5}7L, a'9f]
kf:gL / lkt[sfo{ ;d]tnfO{ hgfpF5 eGg] pNn]v
1320
ePsf]af6 oL s'/fxdf ;dfhdf b]lvPsf] a9bf]

k|ltk:wf{, t8se8s / kmh"n vr{ nufotsf
gsf/fTds k|rng jf Jojxf/nfO{ lgoGq0f jf
/f]syfd ug{s} nflu k|:t't P]g hf/L ePsf] eGg]
yk k|i6 x'g cfpF5 .
%= o; P]gn] u/]sf cGo s]xL d'Vo
Joj:yfxdf bkmf # n] ljjfx x'bF f ltns lnglbg
gx'g] u/L ltnsdf lgoGq0f;DaGwL Joj:yf u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . To:t} 5f]/La]6Lsf] ljjfx u/L lbFbf b'nxL
kIfn] s'g} gub jf lhG;L lng gx'g] ;d]t
Joj:yf bkmf $ df ul/Psf] 5 eg] ljjfxdf
bfOhf] lng lbg gx'g] u/L bfOhf]df lgoGq0f;DaGwL
Joj:yf bkmf % n] u/]sf] kfOG5 . bkmf ^ n]
b'nfxfsf] k9fO{ cflbdf nfu]sf] cGo cfly{s
bfloTj Joxf]gd
{ f k|ltjGw nufPsf] 5 eg] bkmf
& df ljjfxdf %! hgfeGbf a9L hGtL n}hfg
gkfpg] u/L hGtL lgoGq0f;DaGwL s'/f ;d]l6Psf]
b]lvG5 . ljjfx ef]hdf glhssf gft]bf/afx]s
%! hgf eGbf a9L JolQmnfO{ cfdGq0f ug{ gx'g]
ljjfx ef]hdf lgoGq0f;DaGwL Joj:yf bkmf *
df ul/Psf] kfOG5 . ;fy} 5}7L, Gjf/fg, hGdlbj;,
kf:gL, r"8fsd{, a'9f]kf:gLsf] ef]hdf lgoGq0f,
lkt[sfo{sf] ef]hdf lgoGq0f, bfOhf] cflb k|bz{g
ug{ gx'g] / e8\lsnf] kdf 3/ ;hfpg gx'g]
Joj:yfx qmdzM P]gsf] bkmf ( b]lv !@ ;Dd
pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . o;sf cltl/Qm P]gsf]
bkmf !^ n] o; P]g cGtu{tsf] d'2f g]kfn
;/sf/ jfbL x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . P]gsf]
k|:tfjgfb]lv ljleGg bkmfxdf ul/Psf pk/f]Qm
sfg"gL Joj:yfxnfO{ ;du| kdf ljZn]if0f
ubf{ ;fdflhs Jojxf/ -;'wf/_ P]g, @)## bfOhf]
nufotsf t8se8s / kmh'n vr{oQ' m ;fdflhs
Jojxf/nfO{ lgoGq0f u/L ;fdflhs Jojxf/df
;'wf/ ug]{ p2]Zoaf6} NofOPsf] eGg] k|i6 x'G5 .
^= lgj]bsxn] lhsL/ lnPsf] bkmf %
sf] zLif{s bfOhf] lgoGq0f eGg] /xL pkbkmf -!_
df ljjfx x'bF f jf ljjfx kl5 b'nxL kIfaf6
b'nxL jf b'nxfnfO{ olt gub lhG;L bfOhf],

bfg, as;, e]6L, ljbfO{ pkxf/ ;d]t h'g;'s}
kdf lbg'k5{ egL b'nfxf kIfn] s/ nufpg jf
olt lng] lbg] egL b'a} kIfn] cufj} to ug{ x'bF g}
/ bfOhf] lbPg egL b'nfxf kIfn] 606f ug{ jf
ljjfx ug{ OGsf/ ug{ jf ljjfx eO;s]ssf] eP
b'nxL ljbfO{ u/fO{ ;fy gnUg jf b'nxL kl5
dfq ljbfO{ u/fO{ nUg] k|yf ePsfxn] kl5
ljbfO{ u/fO{ nUg OGsf/ ug{ x'bF g} eGg] ;d]t
pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . pkbkmf -!_ sf] pk/f]Qm
;du| Joj:yfn] h'g;'s} cj:yf / kdf xf];
bfOhf] lbg lng / dfUg gx'g] u/L lgif]wfTds
Joj:yf u/]sf] s'/f af]wuDo g} 5 . t/ ;f]xL
pkbkmf -@_ df ljjfx x'bF f hLpdf nufPsf]
Ps;/f] uxgf afx]s cfk\mgf] s'n k/Dk/fcg';f/
/fhLv' z Ln] lbg] n ] klg a9Ldf bz xhf/
k}ofF;Ddsf] dfq bfOhf] lbg x'G5 eGg] pNn]v
ePsf] kfOG5 . pkbkmf -!_ / -@_ sf] pk/f]Qm
Joj:yfnfO{ t'ngfTds kdf x]bf{ bfOhf]
lgoGq0fsf] ;DaGwdf pkbkmf -!_ sf] Joj:yf
d"n / pkbkmf -@_ sf] Joj:yf ckjfbfTds;Dd
b]lvg cfpF5 . cyf{t bfOhf] lbg] lng] s'/f
sfg"gtM lgif]lwt x'Fbfx'Fb} klg cfk\mgf] s'n
k/Dk/fcg';f/ bfOhf] lbg'kg]{ cj:yfdf ;d]t
bz xhf/eGbf a9L lbg gx'g] u/L pQm pkbkmf
-@_ n] ;Ldf tf]ss
] f] kfOG5, Tof] klg s/sfkaf6
xf]Og /fhLv'zL ;fy bkmf % sf] pkbkmf -#_ df
pkbkmf -!_ n] lgif]w u/]sf] sfo{ ug]{ jf pkbkmf
-@_ k|lts"n sfo{ ug]n
{ fO{ ;d]t ;hfo x'g] Joj:yf
ul/Paf6 s'n k/Dk/f ljk/Lt, s/sfkaf6 jf
bz xhf/eGbf a9L bfOhf] lnPlbPdf ;hfosf]
eflubf/ aGg' kg]{ b]lvg cfpF5 . o; cj:yfdf
pQm pkbkmf -@_ sf] Joj:yfn] bfOhf] k|yfnfO{
k|fT] ;flxt u/]sf] egL dfGg ldNg] cj:yf gb]lvO{
lgoGq0fs} k|of; u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
&= pk/f]Qm ljZn]if0fsf] cfwf/df P]gsf]
bkmf % sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf] Joj:yf bfOhf]
1321
lgoGq0fs} k|of; :jk ul/Psf] Joj:yf xf]

eGg] s'/fdf lljwfdf kg'k{ g]{ s'g} sf/0f 5}g .
bfOhf]nfO{ ;fdflhs cfbz{sf kdf :yflkt
u/]sf] jf lbg} k5{ jf lbg'kg]{ rLh xf] eGg] o;
P]gsf] cfzo / efjgf b]lvFbg} . P]g hf/L x'gk' j" s
{ f]
g]kfnL ;dfhdf bfOhf]] k|yf k|rngd} gePsf]df
P]gn] o; s'/fnfO{ sfg"gL ;+/If0f lbO{ ;fdflhs
ljs[lt NofPsf] eGg] l:ylt 5}g . To;k"js
{ f]
;dfhnfO{ o; k|sl[ tsf] ;d:ofn] cfqmfGt kf/]sf]
sf/0f ;fdflhs Jojxf/df ;'wf/ Nofpg' kg]{
;fdflhs cfjZostfaf6} of] P]g hf/L ul/Psf]
j:t'tYo / oyfy{tfnfO{ x]Ssf /fVg'kg]{ x'G5 .
*= csf]t{ km{ lxGb" jf g]kfndf k|rlnt
cGo wd{ ;+:s[lt / s'n k/Dk/fcg';f/ ljjfx
sfo{ ;DkGg ubf{ wfld{s b[li6sf]0f / dfGotfaf6
s]xL /Lt, ljlw jf k|lqmof k"/f ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 .
ljjfxdf 5f]/Lr]nLnfO{ cfk\mgf] x}l;otcg';f/
s]xL lbOg] k|rng jf dfGotfnfO{ bfgk'0osf]
b[li6sf]0faf6 ;d]t lng] ul/G5 . k/Dk/fut
g]kfnL ;dfhdf 5f]/fnfO{ h:tf] 5f]/LnfO{ hGdl;4
kdf c+zxs k|fKt gx'g] l:ylt ePsf]n] ljjfx
tyf ljjfx kl5 ;d]t s]xL cfly{s jf lhG;L
rLhj:t' lbg] jf ;xof]u ug]{ s'/fnfO{ tTsfnLg
cj:yf / l:yltdf cGoyf xf] eGg ;lsg] cfwf/
5}g . cfly{s l:ylt dha"t x'gn
] ] ljjfx u/]/
lbPsL 5f]/LnfO{ kl5;Dd ;/;xof]u ug]{ k|rng
xfd|f] ;dfhdf ljBdfg /x]s} 5 . x'gv
] fg]n] To;/L
lbPsf] s'/fnfO{ cfly{s cj:yf sdhf]/ x'gn
] ]
klg b]vfl;sL ug]{ tyf sltko ;dfh / If]qdf
s]6f kIfaf6 bfOhf]nfO{ xss} kdf dfu ug]{
k|rngn] ;fdflhs Jojxf/df ljs[lt b]vf k/]sf]
xf] .
(= j:t'tM sfg"gn] lgif]w u/]sf] bfOhf]
dfUg] sfo{ cfk/flws sfo{ g} xf] . o:tf] sfo{
cfk/flws dfgl;stfaf6 u|l;t JolQmn] dfq
ug{ ;Sb5 . hGdhGdfGt/ ;Dd cfOk/]sf]
;'vMb'v ;fy;fy} Joltt ug]{ k|0f u/L cfk"mn]
ljjfx u/]sL >LdtL tyf a'xf/LnfO{ bfOhf]

gNofPsf] jf sd NofPsf] lgx'Fdf lx+;fhGo
cdfgjLo Jojxf/ ug'{ sfg"gL kdf dfq xf]Og
g}lts / ;fdflhs kdf ;d]t 3[l0ft sfo{ xf] .
dfgj hfltsf] ;b:osf] kdf Go"gtd\ kdf
/xg' kg]{ cfk\mgf] pTklQ / cl:tTjsf] d"No
dfGotf, u'0f / rl/q ;d]tsf] k|lts"n s]xL
dflg;n] b]vfpg] o:tf] lx+;s
| k|jl[ QnfO{ /fHosf
;+oGq;Fu} gful/s ;dfhsf ;a} If]qaf6 s8f
k|ltsf/ ul/g' kb{5 .
!)= csf]t{ km{ sfg"g ;fdflhs Jojxf/sf]
k|ltljDa xf] . sfg"gn] ;dfhnfO{ 8f]ofpg] geO{
;fdflhs cfjZostf / hgrfxgfcg'k /fHon]
sfg"g lgdf{0f ub{5 . x/]s ;dfhsf cfcfk\mg}
df}lns klxrfg, k/Dk/f / ;f+:s[lts ljz]iftfx
x'G5g\ . ;dfhdf ulx/f];uF h/f uf8]/ a;]sf
To:tf ljifoxnfO{ s;}sf] rfxgfn] dfq}
cjd"Nog ug{ ;Dej x'bF g} . ;fdflhs cfjZostf
/ j:t'l:ylt;Fu ;fIffTsf/ gx'g] u/L lgdf{0f
ul/Psf] sfg"gnfO{ ;dfhn] kfngf gug]{ x'bF f
sfg"g sfof{Gjogsf] kf6f] sdhf]/ aGg k'Ub5 .
xfd|f] ;dfhdf klg sltko To:tf sfg"gx
/x]sf] jf:tljstfnfO{ hlt;'s} 9fs5f]k ug{
vf]h]/ klg ;Dej 5}g . ;fdflhs Jojxf/
-;'wf/_ P]g, @)## sf] p2]Zo /fd|f] eP/ klg
sltko Joj:yfx ;fdflhs Jojxf/;Fu d]n
gvfg] cJojxfl/s k|sl[ tsf ePsf] s'/f P]g
nfu" ePsf] sl/a $) jif{;Dd o;sf] k|efjsf/L
sfof{Gjogsf] k|Zg pl7/xg'af6 k'li6 e}/x]sf]
5 . pQm P]gsf] sfof{Gjogs} ljifonfO{ lnP/
;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/ / xslxtsf] ljifo k|jz
]
u/fO{ o; cbfntdf k6sk6s k|Zg p7fpg]
ul/Psf] / o; cbfntaf6 ;d]t af/Daf/ g]kfn
;/sf/nufotsf gfpFdf k/dfb]z / lgb]z
{ gfTds
k|sl[ tsf cfb]zx hf/L ePsf] s'/f :d/0fLo
5 . Tolt x'bF fx'bF } klg ;fdflhs lqmofsnfkx
vf;u/L ljjfx, j|taGw cflbdf b]lvg] t8se8s
1322
/ ef]het]/sf kIfxdf ;'wf/ x'g ;s]sf] eGg]

b]lvg cfPsf] 5}g . ;:tf] nf]slk|otf / ;fj{hlgs
rrf{sf nflu h:tf] b]lvg] u/L af/Daf/ o:tf
ljifox p7fOg]] / cbfntaf6 ;d]t oyf]lrt\
;Daf]wg u/L cfb]zx lbOg] u/]sf] ePklg
;dflhs cEof;sf] kIfnfO{ x]bf{ of] ljifo
ljrf/0fLo b]lvG5 . To;}n] x/]s s'/fnfO{ clt
k|fljlws 9+uaf6 dfq p7fpg] ;f]r / z}nLn]
;dfwfg lbg ;Sb}g eGg] s'/fdf ;a}n] Wofg
k'ofpg' kg]{ x'G5 .
pk/f]Qm ljZn]if0fsf] cfwf/df ;fdflhs
Jojxf/ -;'wf/_ P]g, @)## sf] bkmf %-@_ sf]
Joj:yfn] bfOhf] k|yfnfO{ k|fT] ;fxg u/]sf] gb]lvO{
lgoGq0f g} ug]{ p2]Zo /fv]sf] / ;f] sfg"gL
Joj:yf lgj]bsn] lhsL/ lnPadf]lhd ;+ljwfgsf]
wf/f @)-#_ k|lts"n ;d]t b]lvg cfPg .
!!= ca lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ x'g cfPsf] bf];f| ]
k|Zgsf ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ug'k{ g]{ x'g cfPsf] 5 .
lgj]bsxn] d'ns
' L P]g :qL c+zwgsf] $ / %
g+= df pNn]v ePsf] bfOhf] eGg] zAbn] klg
dlxnf lx+;fnfO{ k|>o lbg] x'bF f pQm zAbsf]
7fpFdf lghL ;DklQ eGg] zAb /fvL kfGt/0f
x'g' kg]{ dfu p7fpg' ePsf] 5 . k|ToyL{xsf]
lnlvt hjfkm x]bf{ Joj:yflksf ;+;bdf g]kfn
;/sf/n] d'n'sL P]gnfO{ vf/]h u/L b]jfgL
;+lxtfsf] lgdf{0fsf] nflu ljw]os k]z u/]sf] /
pQm ljw]osdf bfOhf] eGg] zAb pNn]v gu/L
lghL ;DklQ eGg] zAb g} pNn]v ePsf] x'bF f
lgj]bg lhsL/ lg/y{s ePsf] eGg] lhsL/ lnPsf]
kfOG5 . j:t'tM g]kfnL ;dfhdf bfOhf] eGg]
zAbn] dlxnfnfO{ dfOtLdfjnL tkm{af6 lbOg]
;DklQnfO{ a'em\ g] k|rng /x]sf] kfOG5 . To:tf]
;DklQdf ;DalGwt dlxnfsf] dfq lghL xs
lgxLt /xg] / s;}nfO{ a08f ug'{ gkg]{ ;Gbe{df
d'ns
' L P]g ck'tflnsf] dxnsf] $ / % g+= df
bfOhf] zAbsf] k|;u+ pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 .
o;af6 dlxnfxsf] ;fDklQs clwsf/
cgltqmDo eO{ ;+/If0f ug]{ sfg"gsf] p2]Zo /x]sf]

b]lvG5 . cGo k|jGwx gu/L bfOhf] eGg] zAbnfO{
lghL ;DklQ eGg] zAbdf kfGt/0f ubf{ o;af6
yk r'gf}tL ;d]t cfpg ;Sb5 . h'gs'/f :jo+
dlxnfxs} nflu k|To'Tkfbs ;d]t x'g ;Sb5 .
To;}n] k|:tfljt b]jfgL ;+lxtfdf pQm ljifonfO{
;dlGjt kdf :yflkt ul/;s]sf] eGg] b]lvPsf]n]
tTsfnsf nflu d'ns
' L P]gdf /x]sf] pQm zAbx
kfGt/ ul/xfNg' kg]{ cj:yf ;d]t b]lvFbg} .
!@= lgj]lbsfxn] bfOhf] k|yfn] g]kfnL
;dfhdf g/fd|f;
] uF h/f uf8]sf], o;sf] sf/0f
s}of}+ dlxnfx uDeL/ k|sl[ tsf] lx+;fsf] lzsf/
ePsf] / ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 o;sf] /f]syfdsf]
nflu k|efjsf/L / kof{Kt kxnx ;d]t x'g
g;s]sf] x'bF f :yfgLo lgsfoxsf] ;xeflutfdf
o; ;DaGwdf k|efjsf/L sbdx rfNg' /
s]Gb|Lo:t/df To;sf] cg'udgsf] Joj:yf ug'{
tyf :yfgLo / /fli6o ;~rf/ dfWodxaf6
bfOhf] k|yf lj?4 Jofks k|rf/ k|;f/ ug'{ u/fpg'
egL ljkIfLxsf gfddf lgb]z
{ gfTds cfb]z
;d]tsf] dfu u/]sf] b]lvG5 . k|ToyL{xsf] lnlvt
hjfkm x]bf{, &% j6} lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no /
k|x/L k|wfg sfof{nonfO{ bfOhf] k|yf lgoGq0f
ug{ ljBdfg sfg"gsf] s8fOsf ;fy kfngf /
sfof{Gjog ug{ u/fpg lgb]z
{ ul/Psf], :yfgLo
txdf ah]6 5'6o\ fO{ uf]i7L, ;]ldgf/ cflb ;~rfng
ub}{ cfPsf] x'bF f To:tf] cfb]z hf/L ug{ cfjZos
gePsf] eGg] ;d]t lhsL/ lnPsf] kfOG5 .
!#= g]kfnL ;dfhdf bfOhf], ltns jf
bx]h h:tf bfOhf]hGo ;d:ofx /x]sf] eGg]
lgj]bsn] p7fPsf] s'/f;Fu c;xdt x'gk' g]{ cj:yf
5}g . bfOhf]s} lgx'Fdf lbgfg'lbg dlxnfdfly
ckdfghgs Jojxf/sf cltl/Qm s'6kL6 /
cfuhgL u/L dfg];
{ Ddsf uDeL/ k|sl[ tsf lx+;fx
e}/x]sf] j:t'tYonfO{ c:jLsf/ ug'k{ g]{ cj:yf
5}g . ;/sf/L tj/af6 l56k'6 k|of; e}/x]sf]
eGg] eP klg ;dfhdf sfod /x]sf] bfOhf]hGo
1323
lx+;fsf] ;d:of 36\gs

' f] ;f6f] yk a[l4 x'bF } uPsf]
cj:yfdf ;/sf/L tj/af6 ePsf k|of;x
;d]t k|efjsf/L gePsf] eGg] b]lvG5 . bfOhf]
Pp6f uDeL/ ;fdflhs ljs[ltsf kdf /x]sf]n]
/fHo jf /fHosf lgsfosf] k|of;af6 dfq} o;sf]
/f]syfd ;Dej gePsf] h:tf] klg b]lvPsf] 5 .
o;sf] nflu /fHosf ;fy;fy+} gful/s ;dfh,
u}/;/sf/L ;+3;+:yf, ;~rf/ If]q / ;dfhsf
x/]s ;b:on] cfcfk\mgf] :yfgaf6 Odfgbf/
k|of; ug'k{ g]{ 68\sf/f] vFfrf] b]lvPsf] 5 .
!$= /fHosf] tkm{af6 slDtdf klg P]gsf]
k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog / o; k|sl[ tsf] ;fdflhs
;d:ofnfO{ k|efjsf/L kdf ;Daf]wg ug{sf]
nflu sfg"g sfof{Gjog / ;fdflhs If]qsf
;DalGwt lj1x ;d]t ;+nUg u/fO{ Aofks
kdf cWoog ug]{+ u/fpg], ;f]sf cfwf/df
cfjZos /fli6o gLlt / sfo{qmd agfpg] /
To;sf] cfwf/df k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf] 5'}
;+oGq / ljlw lgdf{0f ug]{ tyf o; k|sl[ tsf]
;d:ofaf6 k|tfl8txsf] nut lng] / cfjZos
dfgjLo ;xof]u k'ofpg] / /fli6o / :yfgLo
;~rf/ dfWodsf] k|of]u u/L bfOhf] lj?4
hgr]tgf clea[l4 ug]{ nufotsf 7f]; sfo{x
ug{ ljnDa e};s]sf] b]lvG5 .
!%= t;y{ dfly k|s/0f k|s/0fdf ul/Psf]
ljZn]if0fsf cfwf/df ;fdflhs Jojxf/ -;'wf/_
P]g, @)## ;fdflhs Jojxf/df ;'wf/ ug{s}
nflu NofOPsf], P]gsf] bkmf % bfOhf]df lgoGq0f
ug]{ k|of]hgs} nflu Joj:yf ul/Psf] / P]hg
bkmf %-@_ sf] Joj:yf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @)-#_ ;d]t;Fu aflemPsf] cj:yf
b]lvg gcfPsf]n] lgj]bg dfu adf]lhd cdfGo /
ab/ 3f]lift ug{ ldn]g .
!^= t/ pQm sfg"gsf] k|efjsfl/tf /
;d;fdlos ;'wf/sf] af/]df ;a} If]qsf JolQmx
;+nUg u/fO{ Jofks kdf cWooog u/L To;sf]
cfwf/df sfg"gdf ;'wf/ ug],{ pko'Qm /0fgLlt /
sfo{qmd agfO{ nfu" ug],{ sfo{qmdsf] k|efjsf/L

sfof{Gjog / cg'udgsf nflu bIf hgzlQm /
kof{Kt ah]6;lxtsf] 5'} ;+/rgfsf] Joj:yf ug],{
bfOhf] k|yfaf6 x'g] lx+;fnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ ;f]
lj?4sf] cleofgnfO{ k|efjsf/L kdf ;~rfng
ug] { / ;f] s f] nflu /fli6 o tyf :yfgLo
;~rf/dfWodnfO{ k|of]u ug]{ nufotsf sfo{x
cljnDa ug'{ egL ljkIfL g]kfn ;/sf/ ;d]tsf
gfpdf lgb]z
{ gfTds cfb]z hf/L ul/lbPsf] 5 .
cfb] z sf] hfgsf/L ljkIfLxnfO{ u/fO{
sfof{Gjogsf] cg'udg ug{ o; cbfntsf] km};nf
sfof{Gjog dxflgb]{zgfnonfO{ n]vL k7fO{
bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/
u/L a'emfO{ lbg" .
pQm /fodf xfdL ;xdt 5f}+ .
Gof=lu/Lz rGb| nfn
Gof=1fg]Gb|axfb'/ sfsL{
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn ebf} & ut] /f]h % z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[tM gf/fo0fk|;fb ;'jb] L
&
lg0f{o g+= ***$
;jf]R{ r cbfnt, k"0f{ Ohnf;

dfggLo GofofwLz >L tflx/cnL cG;f/L
dfggLo GofofwLz >L e/t/fh pk|t] L
dfggLo GofofwLz >L ts{/fh e
)^*DF))!^
km};nf ldltM@)^(.@.$.%
d'2fM gfkL btf{ ab/ btf{ .
k'g/fj]bs jfbLM lhNnf tfKn]h' , km'ln ufpF
ljsf; ;ldlt j8f g+= % a:g] 8Da/s'df/
g]of]xf lnDa" ;d]t
1324
***$ - 8Da/s'df/ g]of] lnDa" ;d]t lj= u+ufdfof ;]Gbf lnDa"
JolQmnfO{ cfk" m v' z L jf sfNklgs

36gfqmd b]vfO{ hlxn];s
' } cbfnt k|jz
]
ug{ jf gfln; ug{ lbg] Joj:yf eg]
xf]Og . To;}n] cbfntn] cfk"m;dIf k]z
ePsf] ljjfbsf] ljifoj:t'sf] lg/f]k0f
ug'e
{ Gbf cufl8 ;f] ljjfb sfg"gf/f
lgwf{l/t ;do;Ldf jf xbDofbleq
cfk"m;dIf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5, 5}g eGg]
k|fylds k|Zgsf] lg/f]k0f ug'k{ g]{ .
sfg"gsf] kl/lw jf xbDofbeGbf aflx/
uO{ jf xbDofbljxLg cj:yfdf cbfnt
k|jz
] u/fOPsf] ljjfbdf cbfntn] cGo
tYoleq k|jz
] u/L ljjflbt k|Zgxsf]
lg/f]k0f ug'k{ g]{ cj:yf gx'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=%_
lj?4
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLM lhNnf tfKn]h', km"naf/L
uf=lj=;=j8f g++ * 3/ eO{ lhNnf df]/,
pnf{af/L ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt j8f g+= $
a:g] u+ufdfof ;]Gbf lnDa"
z' km};nf ug]M{
df=Gof= >L gf/fo0fk|;fb >]i7
k'g/fj]bg km};nf ug]{ M
sf=d'=d'Vo Gof=>L Clif/fh ld>
df=Gof=>L k'iff]Qd e08f/L
o; cbfnt ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;df /fojfemLM
df=Gof=>L cjw]zs'df/ ofbj
df=Gof=>L 1fg]Gb|axfb'/ sfsL{
yfxf kfPsf] s'/fsf] lgwf{/0f btf{ ab/sf]
bfjL lng] kIfsf] cg' s " n tf jf
;'ljwfcg';f/ x'g] geO{ ;f] s'/f k|To]s
d'2fsf] tYo, ;DalGwt kIf jf JolQmn]
;f] btf{sf] tYo yfxf kfpg ;Sg] 36gf,
cj:yf / kl/l:yltsf] ljBdfgtfaf6
x'g] s'/f xf] . To;}n] hUuf khgLsf] !&
g+= adf]lhd s'g} hUufsf] btf{ ab/ tkm{
gfln; ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu jfbL of
bfjLstf{n] of] o; kl/l:ylt / cj:yfn]
o; ldltdf ;f] s'/f yfxf kfPsf] eGg]
tYonfO{ k|ydtM cfwf/ k|df0f;lxt
:yflkt ug{ ;Sg'kg]{ .
cfkm\gf] ;'ljwf / cg'sn
" tfcg';f/ s'g}
cd's ldltdf ;DalGwt lnvtsf] gSsn
;f/L yfxf kfPsf] eGg] b]vfO{ hUuf
khgLsf] !& g+= sf] xbDofb ;dfO{
hlxn];s
' } klg btf{ ab/sf] bfjL lng
gkfOg] .
-k|s/0f g+=$_
yfxf kfP/ klg lgwf{l/t ;dofjlwleq
sfg" g L pkrf/k| l t pbf;Lg /xg]
k'g/fj]bs jfbL tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmf lbnLk

dfb]g
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbL tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmf xl/s[i0f
sfsL{
cjnlDat ghL/M
g]sfk @)$#, lg=g+= @(@# k[i7 !!#*
g]sfk @)^@, lg=g+=&%!(, k[=$)!
;Da4 sfg"gM
hUuf khgLsf] !& g+=
hUuf gfk hfFr P]g, @)!( sf] bkmf *
km};nf
Gof=tflx/ cnL cG;f/LM Gofo k|zf;g
P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !@-!_ sf] b]xfo -s_ -v_
adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg cbfnt Onfdsf] km};nfpk/
d'2f bf]xf]ofO{ kfpFm egL jfbLsf] tkm{af6 lgj]bg
k/L bf]xf]ofO{ x]g]{ lg:;f k|bfg eO{ ;+o'Qm
Ohnf;df k]z x'bF f ;f] Ohnf;sf dfggLo
GofofwLzx aLr dt}So x'g g;sL lgodfg';f/
o; Ohnf;;dIf k]z ePsf] k|:t't d'2fsf]
;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5 M
1325
!(%) ;fnsf] hfFrdf xfd|f r]Jh' ;'Jjf

cf]hfxf lhDdf lgh} lt/f] =^.%) df btf{ eO{
z]ifkl5 cfdf cf]hfxfdf lnDa'gLn] & g+= kmf/fd
e/L s/jL/ lnDa"n] agfPsf] nfnkf6L 5]p
t];f]{ l8nb]lv pef] k"j,{ dfgl;+x lnDa"sf] 5f]/f
g/wf]h lnDa"n] vfPsf] af/L k'R5f/ t];f]a{ f/Lb]lv
pFef], klZrd, g/axfb'/ lnDa" / xs{h lnDa"
;d]tsf] lsk6 hUuf dl0fz+s/ g]jf/n] y}nL
xfnL vfPsf] af/L, s/jL/ lnDa"n] y}nL xfnL
vfPsf] af/Lsf] 7f8f] vf]N;fb]lv pQ/ olt $
lsNnfleqsf] hUUff ;fx" t'n;L/fd >]i7nfO{
sDkgL =!^*. df @))@ ;fndf ef]u aGwsL
kf/Lt ul/lbO{ psf; u/L cfPsf]df cfdfsf]
d[To'kZrft\ xfd|f] xs x'g cfPsf] ;e]{ cufl8
s/jL/sf] kf6L leQf pFef]bl] v %) xft, 7f8f]
vf]N;f pQ/b]lv * xft 5f]8L %) xft,
kbds'df/Lsf] af/L blIf0f, xfd|} ;fFw klZrd
olt $ lsNnfleqsf] hUuf k|ltjfbL dgdfof
;]Gbfaf6 =!,@),))). lnO{ / g+= @!#
ldlt @)$$.*.@@ ut] /fhLgfdf kf/Lt
ul/lbPsf] / t];f]{ * xft rf}8fO{ 7f8f] %* xft
nDafO{ afFsL /x]sf] cGbfhL )&)) hUuf
gfkL x'bF f lgh} u+ufdfof ;]Gbfn] ls=g+= @*^
sf] If]qkmn !^)# df 3';fO{ gfkL btf{
u/fO{ 6fdg l;Ub]nnfO{ clws[t jf/];gfdf lbO{
ljjflbt hUuf /= g+= %#@ ldlt @)%(.!).!@
ut] =&,)),))). df pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3,
tfKn]h
] ' sf gfddf /fhLgfdf kf/Lt u/L lng'
lbg' u/]sf]n] xfd|f] 3';h
] lt )&)) cfgf
hUufsf] btf{ ab/ u/L xfd|f gfddf btf{ sfod
ul/kfpmF eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] ldlt @)^).%.@^
sf] ;+oQ
' m lkm/fb kq .
oL lkm/fbLxn] d u+u+ fdfof ;]GbfnfO{
/=g+= @!# ldlt @)$$.*.@@ ut] hUUff /fhLgfdf
kf/Lt u/L lbg' ePkl5 ;f] hUuf @)$% ;fnsf]
;e]{ gfkLdf ls=g+= @*^ df If]qkmn !^)#
sfod u/L gfkL btf{ u/L hUUffwgL k|df0fk"hf{
kfO{ d]/f] xs sfod x'g cfPsf] pQm hUuf /=

g+=+ %#@ af6 ldlt @)%(.!).!@ df clws[t
jf/];af6 kf/Lt ul/lbPsL / pBf]u jfl0fHo
;+3 tfKn]h' n] klg hUUff lng pko'Qm 7fgL
kf/Lt u/L lnPsf] xf] . gfkLsf] ;dodf jfbL
dWo]sf rGb|axfb'/ 6f]nLdf pkl:yt /xL ls=g+=
@** sf] hUuf btf{ u/fPsf 5g\ eg] csf{
8Da/s'df/n] ls=g+= @*( sf] hUuf btf{ u/fPsf
5g\ . ;f]xL ;dodf yfxf kfP/ klg gfkL ePsf]
s/La !% jif{ kl5 xbDofbsf] cefjdf k/]sf]
lkm/fb vf/]h ul/kfpmF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
ldlt @)^).!).& sf] k|ltpQ/ kq .
cfb]zfg';f/ jfbLsf] ;fIfL sfnLaxfb'/
g]of]xf, k|ltjfbLsf ;fIfL cDa/s'df/ >]i7sf]
askq eO{ ldl;n ;+nUg /x]sf] .
oL jfbLn] ls=g+= @*^ sf] If]qkmn !
^)# sf] hUUff k|ltjfbL u+ufdfof ;]Gbfsf]
gfpFdf ldlt @)$%.@.@& df gfkL btf{ u/L
;s]kl5 xfn cfP/ ldlt @)^).%.@^ df jfbLn]
lkm/fb kq s/La !% jif{ gf3]/ btf{ ug{ cfPsf]
b]lvG5 eg] ldlt @)^).!!.@@ df o; cbfntdf
k]z ePsf] gS;f d'rN' sfdf ;d]t k|ltjfbLsf]
ls=g+= @*^ df #@ kmL6 sd ePsf] b]lvg
cfpFbf / jfbLxn] gfkL btf{sf] ;dodf cfgf]
gfpFdf lsQf sf6 u/L btf{ ;|:] tf sfod ug{
g;s]sf] cfwf/af6 ;d]t jfbL bfjL k'Ug g;Sg]
7x5{ eGg] tfKn]h' lhNnf cbfntaf6 ePsf]
ldlt @)^!.@.!! sf] km};nf .
k|ltjfbLdWo]sL u+ufdfof ;]GbfnfO{
xfdLn] ldlt @)$$.*.@@ sf] /fhLgfdf kf/Lt
u/L lbPsf] lsNnfadf]lhdsf] hUufsf] nDafO{
%) xft / rf}8fO{ %) xftsf] hUUff xf] . ljkIfL
k|ltjfbLnfO{ lbPsf] hUufsf] gfkcg';f/ ls=g+=
@*^ sf] If]qkmn !^)# x'g] xf] eg] xfd|f]
vf]N;ftkm{ /x]sf] afFsL * xft hUuf sxfF 5 <
To;}n] k|i6 b]lvG5 ls ljkIfL k|ltjfbLn] xfd|f]
xs ef]usf] * xft hUuf ls=g+= @*^ df g}
1326
***$ - 8Da/s'df/ g]of] lnDa" lj= u+ufdfof ;]Gbf lnDa"
3';fO{ hDdf If]qkmn !^)# sfod u/]sf]

xf] . To;}n] xfd|f] 3';fP hltsf] hUuf cGbfhL
If]qkmn )&)) sf] btf{ ab/ u/L xfd|f
gfddf btf{ x'gk' g]{ u/L km};nf x'gk' g]d
{ f z'
tfKn]h' lhNnf cbfntn] jfbL bfjL gk'Ug]
egL u/]sf] ldlt @)^!.!@.!! sf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{
x'bF f pQm k}m;nf ab/ u/L xfd|f] lkm/fb tyf
k'g/fj]bg lhs/Ladf]lhd ul/kfpmF eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] jfbLxsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt Onfddf
k/]sf] ;+oQ
' m k'g/fj]bg kq .
ldlt @)$$.*.@@ sf] /fhLgfdfdf
plNnlvt lsNnftkm{ Wofg glbO{ ePsf] z'
km};nf km/s kg{ ;Sg] b]lv+bf k|ToyL{ lemsfO{
lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
Onfdsf] ldlt @)^!.(.# sf] cfb]z .
bfjLsf] hUuf ;fljs btf{ j fnf
jfbLxs} r]Ah' afh] cf]hfxf lnDa"sf gfddf
btf{ eO{ lghsf] z]ifkl5 oL jfbLxsf cfdf
cf] h fxfdf lnDa' g Lsf] xsdf cfO{ lgh
cf]hfxfdf lnDa'gLsf] d'To'kl5 oL jfbLxsf]
xs :yflkt eO{ ;e]{ cufl8 g} s/jL/sf] kf6L
leQf pef] k"j{b]lv %) xft, 7f8f] vf]N;f
pQ/b]lv * xft 5f]8L %) xft, kbds'df/Lsf]
af/L blIf0f xfd|} ;fFw blIf0f, olt $ lsNnfleqsf]
hUuf egL pNn]v u/L pQm hUuf k|ltjfbLdWo]sL
u+ufdfof ;]GbfnfO{ /=g+= @#! ldlt @)$$.*.@@
ut] =!,@),))). lnO{ /fhLgfdf kf/Lt u/L
lbPsf] pQm /fhLgfdfsf] lnvtaf6 b]lvG5 .
k|ltjfbL u+ufdfof ;]Gbfn] /fhLgfdf kf/Lt
u/fO{ lnPkl5 ;f] hUuf @)$%.@.@& ut] gfkL
eO{ pQm hUuf ls=g++ @*^ df If]qkmn !^)
# sfod ePsf] hUUffwgL k| d f0fk" h f{ s f]
k|ltlnlkaf6 b]lvG5 . ljjflbt hUuf gfkL ePsf]
cj:yfdf oL k'g/fj]bs dWo]sf rGb|axfb'/n]
ls=g+= @** / csf{ k'g/fj]bs jfbLdWo]sf
8Da/s'df/n] ls=g+= @*( sf] hUuf gfkgS;f
u/fO{ ;lx5fk u/]sf] eGg] klg lkmN8a's ptf/sf]
k|ltlnlkaf6 b]lvPsf] / ;f] ljjflbt hUufsf]

hUufwgL k|df0fk"hf{ k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbL u+ufdfof
;]Gbfsf] gfddf ldlt @)$^.!.^ ut] ljt/0f
ePsf] ;d]t b]lvG5 . jfbL bfjLsf] hUUff gfkL
ug{ 5"6 ePsf] jf jfbLxsf] xs ef]u :jfldTjsf]
hUuf k|ltjfbL u+ufdfof ;]Gbfn] cfgf] hUufdf
3';fO{ gfkL u/fPsf] eP hUuf gfk hfFr P]g,
@)!( sf] bkmf ^ sf] b]xfo -s_ cg';f/ cfgf]
hUUff btf{ u/fpFbfsf] cj:yfdf cfgf] hUUff
btf{ x'g 5"6 ePsf] cj:yfdf g} yfxf kfpg]
ePs} x'bF f sfg"gn] lglb{i6 u/]sf] ;dodf g}
5"6 hUuftkm{ sfg"gadf]lhd sf/jfxL rnfO{
xs sfod u/fpg ;Sg' kg]{ jf ;f]xL ;dodf
;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf & cg';f/ bfjL lj/f]w ug{
;Sg' kg]{df ;f] ;d]t ug{ ;s]sf] cj:yf
b]lvb}g . k|ltjfbL u+ufdfof ;]Gbfn] /fhLgfdf
kf/Lt lnvtcg';f/ eGbf a9L hUuf btf{ u/fPsf]
eP ;f]xL ;dodf g} emu8f hgfO{ hUUffwgL
k|df0fk"hf{ ljt/0f ePsf] ldltn] !@) lbgleq}
;DalGwt lgsfodf ph"/ ug'{ kg]d
{ f Dofbleq
ph"/ u/]sf] ;d]t gb]lv+bf jfbL bfjL k'Ug
g;Sg] 7x/fPsf] z' tfKn]h' lhNnf cbfntsf]
ldlt @)^!.@.!! ut]sf] km};nf ldn]s} b]lv+bf
;b/ x'g] 7x5{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt Onfdsf] ldlt @)^#.%.!$ sf] km};nf .
xfdLn] * xft c+= )&)) hUuf
afFsL /fvL ;f]afx]s hUuf dfq ljkIfLnfO{ ljqmL
u/]sf lyof}F . gfkLsf] ;dodf xfdL pkl:yt
x'g g;s]sf]n] ljkIfLn] cfgf] hUufdf ld;fO{
gfk hfFr u/]sL x'g . pgn] gfkL u/fpFbd
} f
xfd|f] hUufsf] xs d]l6g] xf]Og . ;f] s'/f yfxf
kfPsf] ldltn] hUuf khgLsf] !& g+= / hUuf
ldRg]sf] !* g+= sf] xbDofbleq} bfo/ u/]sf]df
xbDofbljxLg eGg ldNb}g . k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf]
km};nf pQm sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] q'l6k"0f{ x'gs
' f
cltl/Qm ;jf]R{ r cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt -g]sfk
@)$(, c $, k[i7 #&! lg=g+= $%!^, g]sfk
1327
@)$(, c #, k[i7 @$^, lg=g+= $$(%, g]sfk

@)%), c !@, k[i7 ^(*, lg=g+= $*##_
l;4fGt ;d]t ljk/Lt /x]sf] 5 . hUufwgL
k|df0fk"hf{ ljt/0f u/]sf] !@) lbgleq ph"/
gub}d
{ f cfgf] hUUff csf{sf] x'g] xf]Og To:tf]
x'g] sfg"gL Joj:yf ;d]t 5}g . pQm xbDofb
k"hf{df ePsf] q'l6 ;Rofpg lgj]bg lbg] Dofb
xf] . hUuf gfk hfFr P]gsf] bkmf *-@_ sf]
ckJofVof u/L km};nf ePsf] 5 . ljkIfLnfO{
xfdLn] laqmL u/]sf] hUuf %)%) xft xf] .
;f]sf] If]qkmn !)!@ dfq x'G5 . ljkIfLn]
ls=g+= @*^ df !^)# hUuf btf{ u/fPsL
x'bF f xfd|f] afFsL hUuf 3';fP/ gfkL u/fPsf]
:ki6 5 . cbfntaf6 ePsf] gS;f ;d]tn] ;f]
s'/fsf] k'li6 u/]sf] 5 . xfd|f] * xft hUuf
5f]8g' kg]d{ f g5f]8L btf{ u/fPsf]n] d'2f bf]xf]ofO{
x]/L bfjLadf]lhd ul/kfpmF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
jfbLsf] o; cbfntdf k/]sf] lgj]bg .
k|:t't d'2fsf] lkm/fb hUuf ldRg]sf]
!* g+= / hUuf khgLsf] !& g+=+ nfO{ c+ufnL
bfo/ ePsf] l:yltdf hUuf gfk hfFr P]gsf]
bkmf ^s sf] b]xfo -s_ / & g+= cg';f/ hUufwgL
k|df0fk"hf{ ljt/0f ePsf] !@) lbgleq ;DalGwt
lgsfodf ph"/ gu/]sf] eGg] cfwf/df jfbL
bfjL k' U g g;Sg] 7x/fPsf] z' lhNnf
cbfntsf] km};nfnfO{ ;b/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt Onfdsf] km};nf d'n'sL P]g, hUuf
ldRg]sf] !* g+= hUuf khgLsf] !& g+= / g]sfk
@)%), c !@, k[i7 ^(*, lg=g+=+ $*## df
o; cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt l;4fGt ;d]tsf]
k|lts"n b]lvFbf Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf]
bkmf !@-!_-s_ / -v_ adf]lhd bf]xf]ofO{ x]g{]
lg:;f k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 eGg] o; cbfntsf]
ldlt @)^^.!.@% sf] cfb]z .
/fhLgfdf ubf{ hlt hUuf qm]tfnfO{
lbPsf] x'G5 Tolt hUuf dfq qm]tfsf] x'G5,
afFsL /x]sf] hUuf :jtM laqm]tf cyf{t\ oL jfbLsf]
x'G5 . k|ltjfbLnfO{ laqmL ul/lbPsf] hUufsf]

nDafO{ rf}8fO{ pNn]v u/]/ g} lbPsf] b]lvG5 .
;d'Rrf ;fljs ;|:] tfadf]lhdsf] hUuf lbPsf]
eGg] lnvtdf pNn]v 5}g . To;/L gfk pNn]v
u/L lbPsf] hUufeGbf a9L hUuf vl/bstf{
cyf{t\ k|ltjfbLn] ;e]{ gfkLdf gfkL u/fpFbd
} f
lghsf] :jtM xs sfod x'g] xf]Og . a9L hUuf
laqm]tf cyf{t\ jfbLsf] oyfjt sfod /x]sf]
dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 . hUuf gfk hfFr P]g, @)!( df
ePsf] tTsfnLg Joj:yf x]bf{ pQm P]gsf] bkmf
* sf] pkbkmf -@_ df pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf]
hUufwgL btf{ k|df0fk"hf{ gkfPdf ;f]xL If]qsf]
hUufwgL k|df0fk"hf{ ljt/0f k|f/De ePsf] ldltn]
jf hUufwgL btf{ k|df0fk"hf{ kfPkl5 To;df
lrQ ga'g] JolQmn] hUufwgL k|df0fk"hf{ kfPsf]
ldltn] Ps;o aL; lbgleq tf]lsPsf] clwsf/L
;dIf sf/0f;lxt ph"/ ug{ ;Sg]5 eGg] Joj:yf
/x]sf] kfOG5 . of] Joj:yf hUufwgL k|df0fk"hf{
gkfPsf] jf kfP klg To;df lrQ ga'em]df
ph"/ ug{ ;Sg] Joj:Yff b]lvFbf pQm Joj:yf
k|:t't ljjfbdf ;fGb{les b]lvg cfPg . Psfsf]
hUuf ;e]{ gfkLdf csf]{ JolQmn] cfgf] hUufdf
3';fO{ gfkL u/fPsf] ;DaGwdf s] s;/L /
slxn] sxfF ph"/ ug]{ eGg] :ki6 Joj:yf ;d]t
pQm P]gdf /x] ePsf] kfOb}g . o;/L k'g/fj]bs
jfbLxsf] hUuf 3';fO{ gfkL u/fPsf]df hUuf
gfkhfFr P]g, @)!( df xbDofbsf] Joj:yf
gePkl5 :jtM cGo P]g cfslif{t x'g] x'G5 .
o;y{ k|:t't d'2fdf d'ns
' L P]g, hUuf khgLsf]
!& g+= tyf hUuf ldRg]sf] !* g+= df ePsf]
Joj:Yff cfslif{t x'g] b]lvg cfof] . ctM
k'g/fj]bs jfbLn] hUuf khgLsf] !& g+= tyf
hUuf ldRg] s f] !* g+ = df ePsf]
Joj:Yffadf]lhdsf] Dofbleq lkm/fb lnO{ cfPsf]
b]lvFbf xbDofbljxLg eGg ldn]g . k'g/fj]bs
jfbLn] laqmL u/]sf] eGbf a9L hUuf cfk"mn]
vl/b u/]sf] hUufdf 3';fO{ gfkL u/fO btf{
1328
;d]t u/fPsf] b]lvPsf]n] a9L gfkL u/fO{ k|ToyL{

k|ltjfbLsf gfpFdf btf{ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
Onfdsf] cfb]zfg';f/ ldlt @)^#.#.!% gfkgS;f
ePsf] gS;f s'08nLsf] g=g+= !( sf] )#!
#=& hUuf dfq k|ltjfbLsf] gfddf sfod u/]sf]
gfkLsf] lg0f{o btf{ ab/ eO{ jfbLxsf] gfddf
btf{ ;d]t x'g] 7x5{ . afbLxn] laqmL u/]sf]
eGbf a9L hUuf gfkL btf{ u/fPsf] lg0f{o ab/
ug'{ kg]d
{ f jfbL bfjL k'Ug g;Sg] 7x/ u/]sf]
tfKn]h' lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf ;b/ u/]sf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt Onfdsf] ldlt @)^#.%.!$
sf] km};nf ldn]sf] gx'bF f pN6L x'G5 eGg] dfggLo
GofofwLz >L cjw]zs'df/ ofbjsf] /fo .
hUuf ljqmL ubf{ ;fljs btf{ lsQfaf6
dWo] hgfO{ lng' lbg' ePsf] b]lvb}g . o;sf
;fy} pQm hUufsf] If]qkmn jf cGbfhL If]qkmn
s] slt xf] eGg] s'/f pQm /fhLgfdfsf] lnvtdf
v'ns
] f] b]lvb}g . jfbLn] k|ltjfbLnfO{ hUuf laqmL
u/]kZrft\ s]xL ;dosf] cGt/fn kl5 pQm
hUuf ldlt @)$%.@.@& df ;e]{ gfkL ePsf]
b]lvG5 . k|ltjfbLn] vl/b u/]sf] hUuf ;f] ;e]{
gfkLdf gfkL u/fpFbf ls=g+= @*^ / If]qkmn !
^)# sfod ePsf] / ;f] adf]lhdsf] hUufwgL
k|df0fk"hf{ k|ltjfbLn] ldlt @)$^.!.^ df g}
kfPsf] tYodf cGoyf b]lvPg . o;sf ;fy} oL
jfbLx dWo]sf rGb|axfb'/n] ;f]xL hUufsf]
;Ldfgfdf cjl:yt hUuf ls=g+= @** df /
8Da/s'df/n] ls=g+= @*( hUuf cfkm} pkl:yt
eO{ cfgf] gfddf gfkgS;f u/fO{ ;lx5fk u/]sf]
eGg] lkmN8a'saf6 b]lvg'sf] cltl/Qm lghxn]
gfkL u/fPsf] plNnlvt hUuf k|ltjfbLnfO{ laqmL
u/]sf] hUufsf] 7Ls cufl8 ;Ldfgf hf]l8P/}
/x]sf] eGg] tYo gS;f lk|G6af6 b]lvG5 . o;/L
hUuf gfkL u/fpFbf s]xL hUuf gfkL u/fpg' /
s]xL hUuf gfkL gu/fO{ To;} 5f8\g' kgf{sf]
sf/0f jfbLn] j:t'ut kdf pNn]v ug{ ;s]sf]
cj:yf 5}g . o;/L cfgf] xsef]usf] hUuf s'g}
gfkL u/fpg] / s'g} gfkL gu/fO{ To;} 5f8\gk' g]{

cf}lrTotf s] xf] Tof] jfbLkIfn] :ki6 ug{ ;s]sf]
cj:yf 5}g . k|ltjfbL u+ufdfofnfO{ laqmL u/L
af+sL /x]sf] eP pQm hUuf gfkL u/fp+bf 5'6fpg'
kg]{ s'g} 7f]; Pj+ ts{;u+ t sf/0f pNn]v ug{ oL
jfbLxn] ;s]sf 5}gg\ .
lkm/fb bfjL ubf{sf] ;dodf ljjfbsf]
ls=g+= @*^ sf] hUuf k|ToyL{ u+ufdfofsf] gfddf
btf{ /x]sf] geO{ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 tfKn]h' sf]
gfddf btf{ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . To;/L lkm/fb bfjL
ug'{ cufj}bl] v t];f| ] JolQmsf] gfddf btf{ eO/x]sf]
hUuf ;DaGwdf btf{ :jfldTjjfnfnfO{ ljkIfL;Dd
klg agfpg ;s]sf] l:ylt b]lvb}g eg] csf]t{ km{
u+ufdfofsf] gfddf /x]sf] cjlwe/ bfjL ug{
;s]sf] ;d]t b]lvb}g . o;sf cltl/Qm ldlt
@)$$.*.@@ df ljqmL ubf{ af+sL /fv]sf] elgPsf]
* xft hUufdf cfgf] ef]u sAhfdf /x] ePsf]
cj:yfnfO{ k'g/fj]bsxn] k'li6 u/fpg ;s]sf]
klg b]lvb}g . k|ToyL{ u+ufdfofsf] btf{ cjlwe/
gfn]; ug{ g;sL Ps}k6s pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3
tfKn]h'nfO{ pQm hUuf laqmL u/]kZrft\
@)^).%.@^ df hUuf khgLsf] !& g+= tyf
hUuf ldRg]sf] !* g+= df ePsf] xbDofbnfO{
cfwf/ dfgL cbfnt k|jz
] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . hUuf
khgLsf] !& g+= tyf hUuf ldRg]sf] !* g+= df
ePsf] xbDofb ;bfsf] nflu v'nf xbDofb xf]Og
To;sf] klg lglZrt\ cfwf/ / ;Ldf 5 . pQm
Joj:yfcg';f/ klg d'2f ug'k{ g]{ sf/0f eP yfxf
kfPsf] ldltaf6 xbDofb z' x'g] tYonfO{ cGoyf
JofVof ul/g' x'bF g} . k|:t't ljjfbdf hUuf gfkL
x'bF f oL jfbLx :jo+ pkl:yt e} ;Ldfgfdf g}
cfgf c hUuf gfkL u/fPsf] tyf hUufwgL
k|df0fk"hf{ kfPsf] l:yltdf cfgf] hUuf cn]
gfkL u/fPsf] eP ;f]xL ldltaf6 d'2f ug'k{ g]{
sf/0f l;h{gf ePsf] dfGg'kg]{ ePaf6 oL jfbLxn]
pQm sfg"gL Joj:yfcg'k klg plrt ;dodf
g} gfkL btf{ ab/sf] k|lqmof cjnDag u/]sf]
1329
gb]lvbf To:tf] bfjLnfO{ plrt dfGg ldn]g .

ctM xbDofbsf] cfwf/df jfbL bfjL vf/]h ug'{
kg]d
{ f vf/]h gu/L jfbL bfjL gk'Ug] 7x/ u/]
tfklg pQm lg0f{oaf6 OG;fkmdf tflTjs leGgtf
gx'g] x'Fbf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt Onfdsf] ldlt
@)^#.%.!$ sf] km};nf kl/jt{g ul//xg k/]g,
pQm km};nf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ eGg] dfggLo GofofwLz
>L 1fg]Gb|axfb'/ sfsL{sf] /fo .
lgodadf]lhd k]zL ;"rLdf r9L k]z
ePsf] k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf] tkm{af6
ljfg clwjQmf lbnLk dfb]gn] jfbLn] lnvt
kf/Lt u/L lbbf v'nfPsf] If]qkmn eGbf a9L
hUuf k|ltjfbLn] k|fKt ug]{ eGg] x'bF g} . lnvtdf
plNnlvt If]qkmn eGbf a9L If]qkmn gfkL u/fO{
btf{ u/fPdf To:tf] btf{ b"lift eO{ ab/ efuL
x'g hfG5 . b"lift btf{sf] cfwf/df hUufdf xs
k'Ug g;Sg] egL ;jf]R{ r cbfntn] cg]sf}+ d'2fdf
af]ln;s]sf] 5 . To:tf] b"lift btf{ ab/ tkm{
hUuf ldRg]sf] !* g+= / hUuf khgLsf] !& g+=
adf]lhds} xbDofb cfslif{t x'G5 . ;f] Dofb
;dfO{ k/]sf] lkm/fb xbDofbljxLg egL vf/]h
ug{ ldNb}g . ctM jfbL bfjL k'Ug g;Sg] egL
z' lhNnf cbfntn] u/]sf] km};nf ;b/ u/]sf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf k|df0fsf] cfwf/df
gldn]sf] x'Fbf ;f] km};nf pN6L u/L jfbL
bfjLadf]lhd gfkL lg0f{o ab/ u/L jfbLsf] gfddf
btf{ x'g] egL ;+oQ' m Ohnf;sf dfggLo GofofwLz
>L cjw]zs'df/ ofbjn] JoQm ug'{ ePsf] /fo
sfod x'g' kb{5 eGg] ;d]t ax; k|:t't ug'e
{ of] .
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLsf] tkm{af6 ljfg
clwjQmf xl/s[i0f sfsL{n] jfbLaf6 /fhLgfdf
kf/Lt u/fO{ lng] k|ltjfbLn] cfkm\gf] gfddf
gfkL u/fO{ ljjflbt hUuf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3
tfKn]h' nfO{ lbPsf]df ;f]nfO{ k|ltjfbL agfOPsf]
5}g . jfbLaf6 hUuf vl/b u/L lng] k|ltjfbLn]
lnvtsf] rf/lsNnf le8fO{ gfkL btf{ u/fPsf]
cj:yf 5 . lnvtdf rf}xbLleqsf] If]qkmndWo]
olt /fhLgfdf u/]sf] egL jfbLn] v'nfPsf] klg

5}g . To:tf] cj:yfdf ;d'Rrf If]qkmn g} lghn]
k|ltjfbLnfO{ ljqmL u/]sf] dfGg' kb{5 . gfkLsf]
;dodf ljjfbsf] hUuf;Fu} hf]l8Psf] hUUff jfbLx
:jo+n] gfkL u/fO{ cfkm\gf] gfddf btf{ u/fPsf
5g\ . olb xfnsf] ljjflbt hUuf k|ltjfbLn]
gfkL u/fpFbf To;df jfbLsf] hUuf 3';s
] f] eP
gfkLs} avt ;f]pk/ gfn]; ug'k{ g]{ lyof] . t/
cfkmFn
} ] a]rs
] f] lsQf;Fus
} f] hUuf cfkm\gf] gfddf
btf{ u/fO;s]kl5 xfn cfP/ k|ltjfbLnfO{ lbPsf]
hUufdf jfbLn] lkm/fb ug{ ldNg] xf]Og . ;fy}
xbDofbsf] cfwf/af6 ;d]t k|:t't lkm/fb btf{
x'g] cj:Yff gx'bF f z'n] jfbL bfjL gk'Ug] u/L
u/]sf] km};nf ;b/ ug]{ u/L ePsf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfntsf] km};nf ;b/ u/]sf] ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;sf
dfggLo GofofwLz >L 1fg]Gb|axfb'/ sfsL{sf] /fo
sfod /xg' k5{ eGg] ;d]t ax; ug'e
{ of] .
b'j} tkm{sf ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLxn]
ug'{ ePsf] ax; ;d]t ;'gL ldl;n cWoog u/L
lg0f{o tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ k|:t't ljjfbdf d"ntM
b]xfosf k|Zgxsf] lg/f]k0f ug'k{ g]{ b]lvof] M
s_ k|:t't d'2fdf jfbLsf] lkm/fb xbDofbleq
bfo/ ePsf] 5, jf 5}g <
v_ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt Onfdsf] km};nf ldn]
gldn]sf] s] xf] <
@= ;j{ky| d klxnf] k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{
k|:t't ljjfbsf] ls=g+= @*^ sf] hUuf k'g/fj]bs
jfbLxn] /=g+= @!# dfkm{t\ ldlt @)$$.*.@@
df /fhLgfdf kf/Lt u/L k|ltjfbL u+ufdfof
;]GbfnfO{ lbPsf] b]lvG5 . ;f] /fhLgfdfsf]
lnvtdf s/jL/sf] kf6L leQf pFef] k"j{ %)
xft, 7f8f] vf]N;f pQ/b]lv * xft 5f]8L %)
xft, kbds'df/Lsf] af/Lb]lv blIf0f, xfd|f] ;fFwsf]
klZrd olt rf/lsNnfleqsf] k'mln eGg] jf/L
egL rf/lsNnf vf]nL ;f] rf/lsNnfleqsf] hUufsf]
1330
lnvt kf/Lt u/L x:tfGt/0f u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

tTkZrft\ ldlt @)$%.@.@* df ;f] hUufdf
lsQf gfkL eO{ ls=g+= @*^ sfod ePsf] b]lvG5 .
gfkL eO{ sfodL ls=g+= @*^ sf] hUufsf] hUufwgL
k|df0fk"hf{ ldlt @)$^.!.^ df k|ltjfbLn] lnO{
ef]u ub}{ cfPsf]df ljjfb 5}g . ;f]xL hUuf
lghn] pBf]u afl0fHo ;+3 tfKn]h' nfO{ ldlt
@)%(.!).!@ df kf/Lt ul/lb+bfsf] cjlw;Dd
lgh k|ltjfbLn] lglj{jfb kdf ef]u rng ub}{
cfPsf] b]lvG5 . ljjflbt hUuf gfkL x'bF fsf
avt ;f] ls=g+= @*^ sfod ePsf] 5 eg]
;f]xL;Fu hf]l8Psf] ls=g+= @** sf] hUuf
jfbLdWo]s} rGb|axfb'/ g]of]xf lnDa"n] / ls=g+=
@*( sf] hUuf afbLdWo]s} 8Da/s'df/ g]of]xf
lnDa"n] :jod\ gfkL btf{ u/fPsf] tYo gfkLsf]
If]qLo lstfjsf] k|ltlnlk ;d]taf6 b]lvG5 .
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, Onfdsf] cfb]zfg';f/ ldlt
@)^#.#.!% df ePsf] gS;f d'rN' sf x]bf{ jfbLn]
k|ltjfbLnfO{ ldlt @)$$.*.@@ df kf/Lt
ul/lbPsf] pQm ls=g+= @*^ sf] hUuf / jfbLxn]
:jod\ gfkL btf{ u/fPsf] ls=g+= @** / @*( sf]
hUuf ;d]t ;fFw hf]l8Psf] b]lvG5 . cyf{t\ ls=g+=
@*^ sf] blIf0fkl jfbLxs} ls=g+= @** /
@*( sf hUuf Pp6} ldltdf lsQf gfkL eO{ Ps}
;fy gfkL btf{ eO{ jfbLx / k|ltjfbLsf] gfddf
cfkm\gf] cfkm\gf] hUufsf] hUufwgL btf{ k|df0fk"hf{
k|fKt u/]sf] eGg]df klg s'g} ljjfb 5}g .
#= ;fFw hf]l8P/ /x]sf] ljjfbsf] ls=g+=
@*^ / jfbLxsf gfddf /x]sf] ls=g+= @** /
@*( sf hUufx Pp6} gfkL 6f]nLaf6 Pp6}
ldltdf ;e]{ gfkgS;f e} jfbLx :jod\ pkl:yt
eO{ cfkm\gf] hUuf gfkL u/fPsf] b]lvG5 . o:tf]
cj:Yffdf olb k|ltjfbLnfO{ klxn] cfkmFn
} ] /fhLgfdf
kf/Lt u/L lbPsf] ldlt @)$$.*.@@ sf]
lnvtadf] l hdsf] hUufdf jfbLxsf]
bfjLadf]lhdsf] cfkm\gf] hUuf afFsL /x]sf] jf
3';s
] f] eP ;f] gfkLdf ;f] ljifodf bfjL lhsL/
lng jf gfkgS;f eO;s]kl5 klg hUuf gfk

hfFr P]g, @)!( sf] bkmf * adf]lhd tf]lsPsf]
xbDofbleq ;f]sf] pkrf/ vf]Hg ;Sg] cj:yf
ljBdfg /xFbf /xFb} ;f]cg'k jfbLxn] bfjL
ug{ ;s]sf] kfOb}g . t/ jfbLxn] hUuf khgLsf]
!& g+= sf] xbDofb ;dfO{ k|:t't lkm/fb lbPsf]
b]lvG5 . ldlt @)$%.@.@& df Ps} ldltdf
ljjflbt ls=g+= @*^ ;Fu} hf]l8Psf jfbLsf gfddf
/x]sf ls=g+= @** / @*( gfkgS;f u/fpg
;Sg] jfbLxn] cfkmFn
} ] /fhLgfdf kf/Lt u/L
k|ltjfbLnfO{ lbPsf] ls=g+= @*^ k|ltjfbLn] ;d'Rrf
gfkgS;f u/fpFbf k|ltjfb gu/L j;]sf] / To;/L
gfkgS;f ePsf] s/Lj !% jif{ kl5 ldlt
@)^).%.@^ df dfq k|:t't lkm/fbkq btf{ u/fO{
cfkmF}n] ljqmL u/]sf] hUufpk/ bfjL lnPsf]
b]lvG5 .
$= oL jfbLxn] lkm/fb ubf{ cfwf/
lnOPsf] hUuf khgLsf] !& g+= df Psfsf]
xssf] hUuf csf]n
{ ] btf{ u/fPsf]df yfxf kfPsf]
ldltn] ^ dlxgfleq / c s'/fdf eP u/]sf]
ldltn] b'O{ jif{leq gfln; glbP nfUg ;Qm}g
eGg] sfg"gL Joj:Yff ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . ;f]
Joj:yfcg';f/ s;}sf] xsef]usf] hUuf xs} gx'g]
csf]{ JolQmn] btf{ u/fPsf] cj:yfdf xsjfnf
JolQmn] ;f] btf{ u/fPsf] tYo yfxf kfPsf]
ldltn] ^ dlxgfleq gfln; lbO{ btf{ ab/sf]
nflu bfjL lnO{ ;Sg' kb{5 . pQm sfg"gL Joj:Yffdf
k|oQ
' m yfxf kfPsf] ldlt eGg] jfSofFzsf] cfzo
x]bf{ xs gk'Ug] JolQmn] csf{sf] xssf] hUuf btf{
u/fPsf] s'/f jf:tljs xsbf/ jf xsjfnfn]
s'g} Jojxf/, 36gf jf kl/l:ylt jf o:t} cGo
s'g} cfwf/af6 hfgsf/L lnPsf] jf yfxf kfPsf]
ldltnfO{ ;Demg' kb{5 eGg] b]lvG5 . yfxf kfPsf]
s'/fsf] lgwf{/0f btf{ ab/sf] bfjL lng] kIfsf]
cg'sn
" tf jf ;'ljwfcg';f/ x'g] geO{ ;f] s'/f
k|To]s d'2fsf] tYo, ;DalGwt kIf jf JolQmn]
;f] btf{sf] tYo yfxf kfpg ;Sg] 36gf, cj:yf
1331
/ kl/l:yltsf] ljBdfgtfaf6 x'g] s'/f xf] . To;}n]

hUuf khgLsf] !& g+= adf]lhd s'g} hUufsf]
btf{ ab/ tkm{ gfln; ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu jfbL
of bfjLstf{n] of] o; kl/l:ylt / cj:yfn] o;
ldltdf ;f] s'/f yfxf kfPsf] eGg] tYonfO{
k|ydtM cfwf/ k|df0f;lxt :yflkt ug{ ;Sg'
kb{5 . cfkm\gf] ;'ljwf / cg'sn
" tfcg';f/ s'g}
cd's ldltdf ;DalGwt lnvtsf] gSsn ;f/L
yfxf kfPsf] eGg] b]vfO{ hUuf khgLsf] !& g+=
sf] xbDofb ;dfO{ hlxn];s
' } klg btf{ ab/sf]
bfjL lng kfOg] xf]Og / sfg"gL Joj:Yffsf] p2]Zo
klg Tof] xf]Og .
%= sfg"gdf xbDofb;DaGwL Joj:yf
/fVg'sf] klg Pp6f lglZrt p2]Zo / dg;fo
x'G5 . l;4fGttM ljjfbsf] cgGttfnfO{ lglZrt
;doleq ;Lldt ug'{ xbDofb;DaGwL sfg"gL
Joj:yfsf] d'Vo p2]Zo xf] . o;sf ;fy} jf:tljs
kdf cGofo k/]sf] kIfnfO{ 5f]6f] ;dodf cfkm\gf]
xs :yflkt u/fpg] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ af6f] klg
xf] . t/ To;sf] cy{ cGofo ePsf] t/ jf:tljstf
yfxf kfP/ klg lgwf{l/t ;dofjlwleq sfg"gL
pkrf/k|lt pbf;Lg /xg] JolQmnfO{ cfk"mv'zL
jf sfNklgs 36gfqmd b]vfO{ hlxn];s
' } cbfnt
k|j]z ug{ jf gfln; ug{ lbg] Joj:yf eg]
xf]Og . To;}n] cbfntn] cfk"m ;dIf k]z ePsf]
ljjfbsf] ljifoj:t'sf] lg/f]k0f ug'e
{ Gbf cufl8
;f] ljjfb sfg"gf/f lgwf{l/t ;do;Ldf jf
xbDofbleq cfk"m;dIf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5, 5}g
eGg] k|fylds k|Zgsf] lg/f]k0f ug'{ kb{5 . sfg"gsf]
kl/lw jf xbDofbeGbf aflx/ uO{ jf xbDofbljxLg
cj:yfdf cbfnt k|j]z u/fOPsf] ljjfbdf
cbfntn] cGo tYoleq k|j]z u/L ljjflbt
k|Zgxsf] lg/f]k0f ug'k{ g]{ cj:yf x'bF g} .
^= o:fsf cltl/Qm jfbLxn] k|:t't
lkm/fbkqdf ldlt @)$$.*.@@ sf] /fhLgfdfdf
afFsL /flvPsf] elgPsf] hUuf ljjflbt ls=g+=
@*^ sf] klZrdtkm{ cyf{t\ vf]N;ftkm{ pQ/
blIf0f 7f8f] lr/fdf afFsL /flvPsf] egL pNn]v

ul/Psf] kfOG5 . ;fy} e} cfPsf] gS;f d'rN' sfaf6
klg ;f]xL s'/f b]lvG5 . jfbLs} bfjLcg';f/ klg
ls=g+= @*^ sf] klZrdkl To;/L pQ/ blIf0f
vf]N;fsf] ;dfgfGt/ x'g] u/L cfkm\gf] hUuf afFsL
/x]sf] eGg] jfbLxnfO{ k|ltjfbLn] gfkgS;f
u/fO{ ls=g+= @*^ sfod u/fO{ ln+bf vf]N;ftkm{
csf]{ 5'} lsQf gb]lvPkl5 cfkm\gf] hUuf klg
k|ltjfbLs} gfpFdf k/]5 egL yfxf gx'g] cj:Yff
g} cfpFbg} . cfk}mF pkl:yt ePsf] gfkLsf] ;dodf
k|ltjfbLnfO{ lbPsf] hUufsf] klZrdlt/ kg]{ 7f8f]
vf]N;fsf] ;dfgfGt/ hUuf afFsL ePsf] eP ;f]sf]
5'} lsQf sfod x'gk' g]{ tYo jfbLxnfO{ yfxf
jf hfgsf/L gx'g] egL dfGg klg ldNb}g . To;}n]
oL ;du| cj:yfxsf] /f]xdf jfbL bfjLnfO{
cjnf]sg ubf{ ls=g+= @*^ sf] hUuf gfkgS;f
x'bF fs} avt cyf{t\ ldlt @)$%.@.@& df g} xfn
jfbLxn] bfjL lnPsf] hUuf Psd'i6 kdf
gfkL eO{ ls=g+= @*^ sfod eO{ k|ltjfbLsf]
gfddf gfkL btf{ ePsf] s'/f jfbLxnfO{ yfxf
hfgsf/L /x]sf] tYo k'li6 x'g cfpF5 .
&= csf]{ ljrf/0fLo tYo s] 5 eg]
k'g/fj]bs jfbLn] k|:t't lkm/fb kq btf{ ubf{
ljjfbsf] ls=g+= @*^ sf] hUuf k|ltjfbL u+ufdfof+
;]Gbfsf] gfddf btf{ sfod /lx/x]sf] geO{ lghn]
pBf] u jfl0fHo ;+ 3 , tfKn] h ' sf] gfddf
xsx:tfGt/0f u/L lbO;s]sf] b]lvG5 . k|ltjfbL
u+ufdfofaf6 ldlt @)%(.!).!@ df pBf]u jfl0fHo
;+3n] /fhLgfdf kf/Lt u/fO{ lnO;s]kl5 ldlt
@)^).%.@^ df dfq bfo/ ePsf] k|:t't lkm/fb
kqdf ;f] pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3, tfKn]h'nfO{
k|ltjfbL agfpg ;s]sf] 5}g . o;/L k|ltjfbL
u+ufdfofFsf] gfddf hUuf sfod /x]sf] cjlwe/
ljjfbsf] hUuf ;DaGwdf s'g} bfjL g} gu/L t];f| ]
JolQmsf] gfddf u};s]kl5 k|:t't lkm/fb bfo/
x'g cfPsf]n] klg o;sf] c tYoleq k|jz
]
u/L lg0f{o ug'k{ g]{ cj:yf /x]g .
1332
***# - 8Da/s'df/ g]of] lnDa" lj= u+ufdfof ;]Gbf lnDa"
*= o:t} ljifoj:t' ;dfj]z ePsf]

d' = ;=ug] { eQmaxfb' / b' u ' lj4 d' = ;=ug] {
s[i0faxfb'/ k|hfktL ePsf] lg0f{o ab/ ;d]t
d'2fdf ;e]{ gfkLsf] qmddf Psfsf] xsef]u btf{sf]
hUuf csf{sf] gfddf btf{ ePsf]df To:tf] hUuf
gfkL eO{ btf{ ;|:] tf v8f ePsf] ldltaf6} d'2f
ug'k{ g]{ sf/0f l;h{gf ePsf] dfGg' kb{5 egL
l;4fGt sfod ePsf] b]lvG5 . -g]sfk @)^@,
lg=g+= &%!(, k[i7 $)!_ eg] nfnf j'l4dfg
>]i7 lj4 k"0f{snf pkfWofo ePsf] btf{ ab/
xs sfod d'2fdf ;e]{ gfk hfFrsf] qmddf Psfsf]
hUuf csf{sf] gfddf gfkL btf{ ePsf]df To:tf]
hUuf gfkL eO{ btf{ ;|:] tf v8f ePsf] ldltaf6}
d'2f ug'k{ g]{ sf/0f l;h{gf ePsf] dfGg' kb{5 g]sfk @)$#, lg=g+= @(@#, k[i7 !!#*_ egL
a[xb k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 sfg"gL l;4fGt sfod
ePsf] kfOG5. k|:t't d'2fdf klg pQm ghL/
l;4fGt cfslif{t x'g] cj:yf ljBdfg 5 .
(= pko'Q
{ m l;4fGtx ;d]taf6 k|:t't
d'2fdf jfbLxn] ljjfbsf] ls=g+= @*^ ;Fu}
;Ldfgf hf]l8Psf ls=g+= @** / @*( sf] hUuf
gfkL u/fO{ cfkm}+ pkl:yt eO{ lkmN8j'sdf ;lx5fk
;d]t ul/;s]sf] cj:Yffdf Ps} ldltdf gfkL
ePsf] pQm ls=g+= @*^ sf] hUufdf cfkm\gf]
hUuf afFsL /x]sf] / To;df 3';s
] f] cj:yf eP
;f]xL ldltaf6 sfg"gn] lglb{i6 u/]sf] xbDofbleq
gfln; ug{ ;Sg' kg]{ :ki6 x'G5 . t/ jfbLsf]
lkm/fb ;f] cg';f/ bfo/ geO{ hUuf gfk hfFr
P]g, @)!( sf] bkmf * Pj+ hUuf khgLsf] !&
g+= df plNnlvt xbDofb ;d]t g3fO{ gfkL
ePsf] s/Lj !% jif{kl5 btf{ ePsf] b]lvFbf
To:tf] xbDofbljxLg lkm/fb bfjLsf] cGo s'/fdf
ljj]rgf u/L lg0f{o ul//xg' k/]g . xbDofbsf]
cefjdf bfo/ ePsf] k|:t't lkm/fb vf/]h x'G5 .
!)= ctM dfly plNnlvt sfg" g L
Joj:yf, k|ltkflbt l;4fGt Pj+ ljj]rgf ;d]taf6
lkm/fb bfjL vf/]h ug'{ kg]d
{ f gu/L jfbL bfjL
gk'Ug] egL z' tfKn]h' lhNnf cbfntaf6

ePsf] km};nf ;b/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
Onfdsf] ldlt @)^#.%.!$ sf] km};nfaf6 d'2fsf]
OG;fkmdf s'g} tflTjs leGgtf gkg]]{ x'bF f ;f]
km};nf ;b/ ug]{ u/L o; cbfnt ;+o'Qm
Ohnf;sf dfggLo GofofwLz >L 1fg]Gb|axfb'/
sfsL{n] JoQm ug'{ ePsf] /fo dgfl;j b]lvFbf
;f]xL /fo sfod x'G5 . bfo/Lsf] nut s6\6f
u/L ldl;n lgodadf]lhd a'emfO{ lbg" .
Gof=e/t/fh pk|t] L
Gof=ts{/fh e6[
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn h]7 $ ut] /f]h % z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[t M ljb'/ sf]O/fnf
&
lg0f{o g+= ***%
;jf]R{ r cbfnt, k"0f{ Ohnf;

dfggLo GofofwLz >L j}Bgfy pkfWofo
dfggLo GofofwLz >L 1fg]Gb|axfb'/ sfsL{
b]=k'=g+=)^&DF)))%
km};nf ldltM @)^(.#.@!.%
d'2fM lg0f{o ab/ ;d]t .
k' g /fj] b s k| l tjfbLM l;/xf lhNnf nxfg
gu/kflnsf j8f g+= # a:g] wgdGtLb]jL
rf}w/L ;d]t
lj?4
k|ToyL{ jfbLM l;/xf lhNnf nxfg gu/kflnsf
j8f g+= ^ a:g] kjgs'df/ zf/bf
1333
qmddf btf{ b"lift /x]sf] b]lvg' g} To:tf]

btf{ ab/ jf lgliqmo ug{sf nflu kof{Kt
cfwf/ aGg] .
-k|s/0f g==&_
Psk6s laqmL ul/lbPsf] hUuf km]l/
cfkm\g} gfddf btf{ u/fPsf] lqmofnfO{
b"lift btf{ xf]Og eGg gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g==*_
z'? km};nf ug{] M

df=lh=Gof=>L g/]Gb|sd
' f/ lzjfsf]6L
k'g/fj]bg km};nf ug{] M
df=Gof=>L bfdf]b/k'?if 9sfn
df=Gof=>L uf}/Laxfb'/ sfsL{
;jf]R{ r cbfnt /fojfemL M
df=Gof=>L /fdk|;fb >]i7
df=Gof=>L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{
cfkm\gf] xs g} gk'Ug] ;DklQ cfkm\gf] xf]
egL btf{ u/fpFbd
} f :jtM xs k|fKt x'g]
x'bF g} . cfkm\gf] xs 6'l6;s]sf] jf xs}
gePsf] ;DklQnfO{ cjfl~5t jf
u}/sfg"gL tj/af6 btf{ u/fpg' b"lift
btf{ x'g] .
-k|s/0f g==^_
b"lift btf{ d'2fsf] /f]xdf b]lvg] s'/f xf] .
of] of] lqmof b"lift btf{ x'G5, To:tf]
b"lift btf{ ab/ u/fpg of] o:tf] sfo{ljlw
cjnDag ug'k{ b{5 eGg] 5'' } Joj:yf
sfg"gdf lgwf{/0f ePsf] gb]lvg] .
b"lift btf{sf] l;4fGt, Gofo;Dkfbgsf]
l;nl;nfdf s;}n] cjfl~5t, cg}lts
jf u}/sfg"gL tj/af6 hfn;fh jf
km6\ofOF u/L cfkm\gf] xs 6'6s
] f] jf cfkm\gf]
xs} gk'Ug] csf{sf] xssf] hUuf jf
;fj{hlgs hUufnfO{ btf{ u/fO{ a;]sf]
b]lvPdf To:tf] cjfl~5t b'ik|of;nfO{
z"Godf kl/0ft u/L xs k'Ug] JolQmxsf]
xs tyf ;fj{hlgs ;DklQsf] /Iff u/L
sfg"gsf] zf;gnfO{ ;Ddfg ug]{ p2]Zon]
cbfnt cfkm}+n] ljsf; u/]sf] Ps
;dGoflos l;4fGt ePsfn] o:tf
cjfl~5t sfo{xnfO{ ;xg jf k|fT] ;fxg
ug]{ s'/f gx'g] .
b"lift btf{ egL jfbLn] g} bfjL lng'kb{5
eGg ldNb}g . clkt' Goflos lg/f]k0fsf]
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL tkm{af6M ljfg jl/i7

clwjQmfo /fdhLk|;fb d}gfnL / xl/x/
bfxfn tyf clwjQmf hogf/fo0f x'hb] f/
k|ToyL{ jfbL tkm{af6M ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmfo
Zofdk|;fb v/]n / ;'zLns'df/ kGt
tyf clwjQmfo ;Ltf/fd cu|jfn /
/dgs'df/ >]i7
cjnlDat ghL/M
g]sfk @)^^, sflQs, k[= !!@(
;Da4 sfg"gM
km};nf
Gof=j}Bgfy pkfWofoM o; cbfntsf]
;+oQ
' m Ohnf;df dfggLo GofofwLzxsf aLr
dt}So x'g g;sL ;jf]R{] r cbfnt lgodfjnL,
@)$( sf] lgod #-!_-s_ adf]lhd o; Ohnf;df
k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;FlIfKt tYo Pj+
7x/ o;k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 M
ljkIfLxsf lktf tyf klt gGbLnfn
rf}w/Ln] d]/f] lktfnfO{ ;f=ls=g+= !$** sf]
h=lj= @!@$ dWo] )@!&!# -b'Os
{ f ;q
w'/ ;f9] t]x| sGjf_ hUuf ;d]t ldlt @)#).#.!
df ;'qmLljqmL /fhLgfdf n]vL ljqmL u/]sf]df
P]gsf] Dofbleq lnvt kf; gu/L lbPsf]n] kl5
ldlt @)#).!@.!@ sf] l;/xf lhNnf cbfntsf]
km};nfadf]lhd tTsfnLg e"ld k|zf;g sfof{no
l;/xfaf6 ldlt @)#!.^.@^ df /lhi6z
] g;d]t
kf/Lt eO{ ldlt @)%^.*.!^ sf] kf/Lt c+za08fn]
1334
***% - wgdGtLb]jL rf}w/L ;d]t lj= kjgs'df/ zf/bf
plNnlvt hUuf d]/f] c+z kmfF6df k/L d}n] rng

u/L cfPsf] lyPF . @)@^ ;fndf ;e{] gfkL
x'bF fsf jvt @ ufpF k~rfotaLrdf /x]sf] pQm
hUuf Pl/of;DaGwL ljjfbsf sf/0f lkmN8j'sdf
emu8f hlgO{ s;}sf] gfddf btf{ x'g ;s]sf]
lyPg . kl5 pQm hUuf gGbLnfn rf}w/Ln] ldlt
@)#$.#.@& sf] lg0f{on] cfkm\gf] gfpFdf btf{
u/fPsf] / lghsf] d[To'kZrft\ lghsL kTgL
ljkIfL wgdGtL b]jLn] ldlt @)%&.%.& df
gfd;f/L u/fO{ ljkIfL cfdf 5f]/fxn] ldlt
@)%&.%.@& df c+za08f kf/Lt u/fO{ ljleGg
lsQf cyf{t\ ls=g+= ##*, ls=g+= ##( ls=g+=
#$), ls=g+= #$!, ls=g+= #$@ / ls=g+= #$#
sfod u/L cfcfkm\gf] gfddf btf{ u/fPsf]n]
;fx|} cGofodf k/]sf] x'bF f dfnkf]t sfof{no
l;/xfsf] ldlt @)#$.#.@& sf] lg0f{o / @)%&.%.&
sf] gfd;f/L lg0f{o tyf ldlt @)%&.%.@& sf]
c+za08f lnvt / ljkIfLxsf] gfpFsf] btf{
;d]t ab/ u/L pQm hUufx d]/f] gfpFdf btf{
sfod ;d]t u/L sf]6k{ mL / cGo b:t"/ ;d]t
ljkIfLxaf6 lbnfO{ e/fO{ kfpmF eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] jfbL kjgs'df/ zf/bfsf] ldlt
@)%&.!!.!* sf] lkm/fb kq .
ljjflbt xfd|f] gfpF btf{sf hUufx
;j{] gfkL x'Fbf @)@^ ;fndf g} ;|]:tf;d]t
sfod ePsf] xf], pQm hUuf hUuf gfkhfFr P]g,
@)!( cg';f/ gfkgS;f e} ;]:| tf sfod ePsf]
/ pQm ;|:] tfdf hUuf / hUufwgL;d]t sfod
ePsf] cj:yfdf pQm P]gljk/Lt bfo/ ePsf]
lkm/fb kq xbDofbljxLg / lg/fwf/ x'Fbf
bfjLadf]lhd lg0f{o Pj+ btf{;d]t ab/ x'gk' g{]
xf]Og, 5}g . jfbL bfjLaf6 cnu km';b{ ul/kfpFm
eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL wgdGtLb]jL ;d]tsf]
ldlt @)%*.#.! sf] ;+oQ
' m k|ltpQ/ kq .
jfbLsf ;fIfLx j]rg ofbj / jL/jn
zdf{n] cfcfkm\gf] kIfsf] ;dy{g x'g] u/L askq
u/]sf] .
ldlt @)#!.^.@% sf] kf/Lt lnvtdf

pNn]v ePcg';f/sf] hUufdf a08fkqjf6 jfbLsf]
xs :yflkt e} ;s]sf] b]lvFbf ldlt @)#$.#.@&
sf] btf{ lg0f{o, @)%&.%.& sf] gfd;f/L lg0f{o /
k| l tjfbLxsf] ;f] xb;Ddsf] a08fkq /
;f]cg'ksf] k|ltjfbLxsf gfpFsf] btf{;d]t
ab/ e} @)#!.^.@% sf] kf/Lt lnvtadf]lhdsf]
hUuf jfbLsf gfpFdf btf{;d]t x'g] 7x5{ eGg]
z'? l;/xf lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)%(.^.(
sf] km};nf .
jfbLsf] bfjLdf ljjflbt hUuf ;f=ls=g+=
!$** af6 vl/b u/]sf] eGg] pNn]v 5 eg]
pQm hUuf ldlt @)@^.@.#! df gfkLdf ls=g+=
#@ sfod ePsf] lyof] . ;f] ls=g+= #@ sf] hUuf
ljqmL gePsf] tyf @)@& ;fndf e"ld k|zf;g
P]g nfu" ePkZrft\ ls=g+= !$** sf] hUuf
sfod g/x]sf] ;fy} hldGbf/L pGd"ngkZrft\
bf=vf= x'g g;s]sf] hUufnfO{ dfnn] ufpF Ansdf
btf{ u/]sf]df ;f] btf{ b"lift x'g] x'bF f b"lift
btf{sf] cfwf/ tf]sL gfkL btf{sf] hUufdf jfbLsf]
xs k'Ug] u/L u/]sf] z'?sf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ /x]sf]n]
pN6L u/L OG;fkm kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
k|ltjfbL wgdGtLb]jL rf}w/L;d]tsf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfntdf k/]sf] ;+oQ
' m k'g/fj]bg kq .
cfkm\gf afa' / nf]Ug]n] ljqmL u/L
sfg"gadf]lhd xs 5f8]sf] hUuf bfjLsf] hUuf
afx]s csf{] xf] egL k|ltjfbLxn] lhsL/ lng
;s]sf] kfOPg . jfbLn] bfjL u/]sf] hUuf g}
kf/Lt lnvtadf]lhdsf] xf]Og eg] ;f] lnvtsf]
;fljs ls=g+= !$** sf] hUuf s'g xf] egL
b]vfpg] bfloTj klg oL k|ltjfbLxsf] x'g
cfpF5 . ;f] k|df0f k'ofpg] bfloTj lghxn]
k"/f u/]sf] b]lvg cfPg . kf/Lt lnvtadf]lhdsf]
nDafO rf}8fOadf]lhd ljjfbsf] hUufdf 3/
agfO{ jfbLn] ef]u u/L /x]sf]df klg k|ltjfbLxn]
ljjfb p7fpg ;s]sf] kfOPg . ;fljs ls=g+=
!$** df h=lj= @!@$ ePsf]df ;f]af6
1335
h=lj= )@!&!# ;Dd jfbLsf afa'n] vl/b

u/]sf]df gfkLdf ufpF Ansdf ;d]t k/]sf]
sf/0faf6 ljjfb /x]sf] b]lvP tfklg jfbLsf]
hUuf ufpFAnsdf k/]sf] eP ToxfF k5{ egL
k|ltjfbLxn] lhsL/ lng ;s]sf] kfOPg . cfkm"n]
ljqmL u/L Psk6s ljlwjt kdf xs
5fl8;s]sf] hUuf;d]t k|ltjfbLxsf nf]Ug] /
afa' gGbLnfnn] b"lift kdf btf{ u/fO{ ;f]xL
b"lift btf{sf] cfwf/df gfd;f/L / a08fkq ;d]t
u/fPsf] lqmofnfO{ sfg"g;Ddt dfGg ldNg] b]lvg
cfPg . ctM o:tf] cj:yfdf jfbL bfjLadf]lhd
btf{ lg0f{o, gfd;f/L lg0f{o / a08fkq /
k|ltjfbLxsf] gfdsf] btf{;d]t ab/ e} jfbLsf
gfddf btf{ x'g] 7xofPsf] l;/xf lhNnf cbfntsf]
ldlt @)%(.^.(.$ sf] km};nf ldn]s} b]lvFbf
;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . k|ltjfbLxsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/
k'Ug ;Sb}g eGg] ;d]tsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
/fhlj/fhsf] ldlt @)^).^.@* sf] km};nf .
jfbLsf] lkm/fb xbDofb gf3L k/]sf]
cj:yfdf ;f]tkm{ Wofg glbO{ xr'jf lsl;dn]
km};nf ePsf] 5 . jfbLsf] lkm/fb kqdf jfbLn]
vl/b u/]sf] ;f=ls=g+= !$** sf] h=lj= @!@
$ dWo] )@!&!# hUuf @)#).#.! df
;'sLljqmL /fhLgfdf u/fO{ b]=g+=@&!# sf] lnvt
kf/Lt d'2faf6 km};nf u/fO{ /=g+= (!&) af6
/lhi6z
] g kf/Lt ;d]t u/fO{ lghsf] lktfsf]
gfpFdf !$** sf] )@!&!# ;|:] tf sfod
u/fO{ ;f] hUuf ufpF Ansdf btf{ u/fO{ lktfsf]
:juf{/f]x0f kl5 cfdf h;f]bf b]jLsf] gfpFdf
gfd;f/L e} ldlt @)%^.*.!^ sf] a08fkqdf
pQm !$** sf] )@!&!# jfbLsf] c+z efudf
k/L lghsf] gfpFdf sfod /x]sf] eGg] Psflt/
jfbL n]vaf6 k'li6 e} pQm hUuf !$** sf] )
@!&!# hUufsf] 5'} cl:tTj sfod x'Fb}
@)%^.*.!^ ;Dd sfod /x]sf] 5 eg] bfjL
lnPsf] hUuf @)#$.#.@& sf] lg0f{oaf6 ls=g=+
#@ sf] @!!!)) / lsQfsf6 e} ls=g+= *$
sf] @!)!) sfod e} xfn @)%&.%.& sf]

gfd;f/L / @)%&.%.@& sf] a08fkqaf6 lsQfsf6
e} sfod ePsf] ls=g+= ##*, ##(, #$), #$! /
#$@ sf hUufx x'g\ / b'j} jfbL k|ltjfbLsf]
hUufx ;fljsb]lv g} 5'f5'} lsl;daf6 bf=vf=
btf{ / gfd;f/L Pj+ a08fkq x'bF } cfPaf6 xfn
cfP/ jfbLn] xfdL k|ltjfbL lgj]bssf] @)#$.#.@&
sf] lg0f{o @)%&.%.& sf] gfd;f/L / @)%&.%.@&
sf] a08fkqnfO{ bfjL u/]sf] ;j{yf u}/sfg"gL
5 . jfbLn] :jo+ cfk\mgf] hUuf ufpF Ansdf
k/]sf] eg]af6 lghsf] hUuf ;fljs ls=g+= !$**
sf] )@!&!# hUuf cgj/t kdf bf=vf=
e} gfd;f/L Pj+ @)%^.*.!^ sf] a08fkq ;d]taf6
k'li6 e} /fv]sf] cj:yfdf ufpF Anssf] hUufn]
gfkL sfod btf{sf] hUuf kqmg ;Sg] cj:yf
cfpFbg} .
ljkIfL jfbLn] ls=g+= #@ sf] hUuf lnPsf]
eP lgh :jo+n] klg tTsfn} bf=vf= u/fpFbf
ls=g+= #@ af6 bf=vf= u/fpg ;Sg'kYof]{ . ;fy}
gfd;f/L a08fkq ubf{ ;d]t ls=g+=+ #@ kqmL
a08fkq ug{ ;Sg'kYof{] . To;f] ug{ ;s]sf] cj:yf
5}g . pQm ls=g+= #@ sf] hUuf xfdL k|ltjfbLxn]
g} ef]u rng btf{ u/L cfPsf] hUuf xf] .
o;sf] cnjf @)#$ ;fnb]lv cfh;Dd pQm
hUufsf] kf]t lt/L cfPsf] cj:yfdf kf]t j'emfO{
cfpg] JolQmn] ls=g+= #@ sf] hUuf lg0f{o ab/
gfd;f/L / a08fkq ab/ ug{ s f nflu
@)%&.!!.!* df d'2f bfo/ u5{ eg] b"lift
dg;fon] u/]sf] eGg] :jtM k'li6 x'ghfG5 .
ctM klt lktf gGbLnfnn] @)@^.@.^ df ;e{]
gfkL ePsf] cfwf/df ls=g+= #@ sfod ePsf] ;f]
sfodL ls=g+= #@ sf] hUuf @)#$.#.@& df btf{
u/fO{ c6'6 kdf xfdL k|ltjfbLxn] ef]u
rng u/L cfPsf]df ;DklQ h:tf] ;+jb] gzLn
ljifodf 7f]; k|df0fsf] cfwf/df km};nf ug'k{ g{d] f
;f] gu/L sfg"g tyf ghL/ l;4fGt ;d]tsf]
unt JofVof u/L z'? lhNnf cbfntaf6 ePsf]
1336
km};nfnfO{ ;b/ ug{] u/]sf] k'g/fjb]g cbfntsf]

km};nf ldn]sf] gb]lvO{ q'l6k"0f{ b]lvFbf d'2f bf]xf]ofO{
x]/L k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf ab/ u/L Gofo
OG;fkm kfpFm eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbLsf]
o; cbfntdf k/]sf] lgj]bgkq .
@)#$.#.@& df ePsf] lg0f{o ab/ ug{sf
nflu ldlt @)%&.!!.!* df lkm/fb k/]sf]
b]lvPsf], tTsfn k|rlnt hUuf khgLsf] !& g+=
adf]lhd @ jif{sf] xbDofb tf]lsPsf]df kl5
ldlt @)#$.(.@& df ;+zf]wg ePsf] sfg"gsf]
xbDofb kqmL gfn]; lbPsf]df k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf]
km};nfdf xbDofb;DaGwL s'g} ljj]rgf gu/L
u/]sf] lg0f{odf sfg"gsf] JofVofTds tyf hUuf
khgLsf] !& g+= sf] q'l6 x'gs
' f ;fy} g]sfk
@)$(, c #, lg=g+= $$(! tyf g]sfk @)%%,
c *, k[= $&!, lg=g+= ^%*& df k|ltkflbt
l;4fGt ;d]tsf] k|lts"n x'bF f Gofo k|zf;g
P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !@-!_-s_ / -v_ adf]lhd
bf]xf]ofpg] lg:;f k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . ljkIfL
lemsfO{ cfPkl5 lgodfg';f/ u/L k]z ug'{ eGg]
o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^@.!!.@^ sf] cfb]z .
ljjflbt ls=g+=sf] hUuf k|ltjfbLxsf
klt tyf lktf gGbLnfn rf}w/Ln] 3/;f/df
@)#).#.! df ;f=ls=g+= !$** sf] h=lj= @
!@$ dWo] h=lj= )@!&!# hUuf jfbLsf
afa'nfO{ ljqmL u/L lbPsf]df lnvt kf/Lt
gul/lbPaf6 ;f]pk/ k/]sf] lnvt kf; d'2fsf]
cbfntsf] @)#).!@.!@ sf] km};nfadf]lhd pQm
lnvt @)#!.^.@^ df kf/Lt eO{ lkmN8j'sdf
emu8f hlgPsf] sf/0fn] btf{ x'g afFsL /x]sf]df
;f]xL hUuf k|ltjfbLsf afa'n] @)#$.#.@& df
cfkm\gf] gfpFdf btf{ u/]sf]df lghsf] d[To'kl5
lghsf] >LdtL wgdGtLn] @)%&.%.& df cfkm\gf]
gfpFdf gfd;f/L u/fO{ P]= %.@& df ;f] hUuf
k|ltjfbLx aLr a08fkq ePsf] ;d]t b]lvof] .
t/ ldl;n ;+nUg cGo sfuhft x]bf{ ;fljs
pQm ls=g+= !$** sf] hUufaf6 ls=sf= e} s]xL
hUuf oL jfbLsf afa'n] /fhLgfdff/f vl/b u/L

cbfntsf] km};nfcg';f/ lghsf] gfpFdf lnvt
kf; ePsf] ;d]t b]lvg cfpF5 . k|:t't ljjfbdf
jfbLn] vl/b u/]sf ls=g+=sf hUufx ;fljs
ls=g+= !$** sf] ge} cGo hUuf xf] egL
k|ltjfbLxn] b]vfpg ;s]sf] klg kfOb}g . ;fy}
ljjflbt ls=g+= sf] hUufdf jfbLn] 3/ agfO{
ef]u u/L /x]sf]df klg k|ltjfbLxn] ;f]pk/
ljjfb p7fpg ;s]sf] ;d]t b]lvb}g . o;/L
cfkm"n] Psk6s ljqmL u/L xs 5f8L lbPsf]
hUufnfO{ k| l tjfbLxsf lktf tyf klt
gGbLnfnn] b"lift kdf ;f]xL hUuf cfkm\gf]
gfpFdf btf{ u/L ;f]xL b"lift btf{sf] cfwf/df
k|ltjfbLxdWo] wgdGtLsf] gfpFdf gfd;f/L u/L
k|ltjfbLx aLr a08fkq u/]sf] sfo{nfO{
sfg"g;Ddt kdf geO{ b"lift kdf btf{ eP
u/]sf] /x]5 egL eGg'kg]{ b]lvg cfof] . ;fy}
o:t} ljifoj:t' ;dfj]z ePsf] k'g/fj]bg g+=
)^%DF))$ sf] s[i0fs'df/L esf] d'=;= ug{]
/Tgk|;fb e k'g/fj]bs jfbL lj?4 lrqs'df/L
u'? k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbL ePsf] lnvt ab/ d'2fdf
o; cbfntsf] k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 5nsk6
hfn;fh, s[lqd cfwf/ gSsnL k|df0fkq cfk;L
ldn]dtf] / ;fj{hlgs ;DklQdf sAhf h:tf
dfWodaf6 ePsf btf{af6 s;}sf] xs k|fKt gxf];\
eGg] g} b"lift btf{sf] d"n dd{ xf] . ljgf ;|ft]
ljgf cfwf/ / ;|ft] lnvt jf k|df0fsf] k|lts"n
x'g k'us
] f] btf{nfO{ klg b"lift btf{s} bfFhf]df
/fVg'kg{] x'G5 . o:tf] sfo{n] ;do ;Ldfsf sf/0fn]
dfGotf kfpg] l:ylt g/xf];\ eg]/ g} b"lift btf{
ab/ u/fpg xbDofb gnfUg] l;4fGt sfod
ePsf] xf] egL ldlt @)^^.%.$ df km};nf eO{
l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ePsf] ;d]t b]lvg cfPsf] /
k|:t't d'2fdf ;d]t ljjflbt ls=g+= hUufnfO{
cbfntsf] km};nfadf]lhd jfbLsf] gfpFdf lnvt
kf/Lt e};s]sf] cj:yfdf ;f]xL hUufnfO{
k|ltjfbLxsf] lktf tyf kltn] cfkm\gf] gfpFdf
1337
btf{ u/fPsf] sfo{nfO{ b"lift btf{ dfGg'kg{] /

o:tf] b"lift kdf u/fPsf] btf{nfO{ ab/ u/fpg
xbDofb gnfUg] eGg] s'/fdf s'g} ljjfb /x]g .
t;y{ z'? lhNnf cbfntn] k|ltjfbLxsf] gfpFdf
ljjflbt ls=g+=sf hUufxsf] btf{ ;d]t ab/
u/L jfbLsf gfpFdf btf{ sfod x'g] 7xofPsf]
km};nfnfO{ ;b/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
/fhlj/fhsf] ldlt @)^).^.@* sf] km};nf
dgfl;j b]lvFbf ;f] ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . dfggLo
GofofwLz >L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{n] 5'} /fo JoQm
ug'e
{ Psf]n] ;jf{R] r cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$(
sf] lgod #-!_-s_ adf]lhd ;'gj' fOsf] nflu
k|:t't d'2f k"0f{ Ohnf;df k]z ug'{ eGg] ;DdfggLo
k|wfg GofofwLz >L /fdk|;fb >]i7sf] /fo .
k|ToyL{ jfbLsf] lkm/fb kqaf6} lghn]
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLxsf :j=klt tyf lktf
gGbLnfn rf}w/Ln] ls=g+=#@ sf] hUufsf] ldlt
@)#$.#.@& df u/fPsf] btf{ ab/sf] dfu u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . jfbL ;f] @)#$.#.@& sf] btf{ ab/sf
nflu d'ns
' L P]g hUuf khgLsf] !& g+=sf] xbDofb
kqmL cbfnt k|jz
] u/]sf] kfOG5 . ljjflbt
hUuf k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLsf klt lktf gGbLnfn]
btf{ u/fpFbfsf avt cyf{t\ ldlt @)#$.#.@&
df k|rlnt hUuf khgLsf] !& g+= df Psfsf]
hUuf csf]n
{ ] btf{ u/fPsf]df btf{ u/fPsf] ldltn]
b'O{ jif{leq gfln; glbP nfUg ;Sb}g eGg]
:ki6 sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;f] sfg"gL
Joj:yfadf]lhd ldlt @)#$.#.@& sf] btf{ ab/sf
nflu ldlt @)#^.#.@^ ;Dddf gfln; lbO{ ;Sg'kg]{
/ ;f]kZrft\ To; ljifodf lkm/fb g} nfUg g;Sg]
eg] 1ft x'g cfpF5 . pQm sfg"gL Joj:yfadf]lhd
k|:t't d'2fsf] lkm/fb kg{ cfPsf] gb]lvO{ ldlt
@)#$.(.@& df ePsf] d'ns
' L -;ftf}+ ;+zf]wg_
P]g, @)#$ af6 hUuf khgLsf] !& g+= df ePsf]
Psfsf] hUuf csf]n
{ ] btf{ u/fPsf]df yfxf kfPsf]
ldltn] 5 dlxgfleq gfln; lbg'kg]{ eGg] sfg"gL
Joj:yf kqmL gfln; kg{ cfPsf] b]lvG5 . t/
h'g avt sfdsf/jfxL ePsf] xf] ;f]xL avt

k|rlnt sfg"gL Joj:yfadf]lhd gfln; nfUg]
x'bF f kl5 ePsf] ;+zf]wgsf] ;'ljwf k|ToyL{ jfbLn]
k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] b]lvFbg} .
xbDofb;DaGwL k|Zg sfg"gL k|Zg xf] /
s'g} klg d'2fdf k|f/lDes kdf lgk0f x'gk' g]{
k|Zg klg oxL g} xf] . o:tf] sfg"gL k|Zgsf
;DaGwdf d'2fsf kIfxn] ljjfb gp7fPsf] eP
klg cbfnt :jo+n] cfk"m ;dIf NofOPsf] ljjfbsf]
ljifoj:t'df k|jz
] ug'{ cl3 uDeL/tfk"js
{ Wofg
k'ofpg' kg]{ x'G5 . xbDofb;DaGwL k|Zg sfg"gL
k|Zg ePsf] sf/0f z'?df lhsL/ glnFbd
} f s]xL
km/s kb}g{ . of] k|Zg h'g;'s} txdf p7fpg /
x]g{ ldN5 . k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLxn]
z'? k|ltpQ/ lkm/fpFbfb]lv g} xbDofb g/x]sf]
eGg] lhsL/ lnPsf] eP tfklg z'? tyf k'g/fj]bg
b'a} cbfntsf] km};nfdf k|ltjfbL kIfaf6
p7fOPsf] ;f] sfg"gL k|Zgsf] 5f]6f] ljZn]if0f;Dd
klg ePsf] b]lvFbg} . o;af6 k|ltjfbL kIfn]
p7fPsf] xbDofb;DaGwL ;f] dxTjk"0f{ sfg"gL
k|Zgdf dftxt cbfntxn] b[li6 gk'ofPsf]
k|i6 kdf b]lvg cfpF5, h'gs'/f xbDofb;DaGwL
sfg"gL Joj:yf / dfGo l;4fGtcg'sn
" b]lvg
cfpFbg} . To;}n] ldlt @)#$.(.@& kl5sf] btf{sf
;DaGwdf yfxf kfPsf] 5 dlxgfleq gfln; lbg
kfOg] eP klg P]gsf] ;f] Joj:yf ;+zf]wgcl3sf]
Jojxf/sf ;DaGwdf cfslif{t x'g ;Sb}g . sfg"gn]
lglb{i6 u/]sf] xbDofb g3fO{ kg{ cfPsf] lkm/fbaf6
d'2fsf] tYoleq k|jz
] u/L z'? lhNnf cbfntn]
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLxsf] btf{nfO{ b"lift btf{
7xofO{ btf{ ab/ x'g] u/L u/]sf] km};nfnfO{
;b/ ug{] u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf
;d]t ldn]sf] gb]lvFbf pN6L x'g] 7x5{ . ;DdfggLo
k|wfg GofofwLz >L /fdk|;fb >]i7Ho"sf] /fo;Fu
;xdt gx'bF f ;jf{R] r cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$(
sf] lgod #-!_-s_ adf]lhd k"0f{ Ohnf;df k]z
ug'{ eGg] dfggLo GofofwLz >L bfdf]b/k|;fb
1338
zdf{sf] km/s /fo;lxt o; cbfntsf] ;+oQ

' m
Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)^&.!.@* df ePsf] lg0f{o .
x'gcfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] k'g/fj]bg;lxtsf] ;Dk"0f{
ldl;n cWoog ul/of] .
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLsf tkm{af6 pkl:yt
ljfg\ jl/i7 clwjQmfo >L /fdhLk|;fb d}gfnL
/ >L xl/x/ bfxfn tyf clwjQmf >L hogf/fo0f
x'hb] f/n] jfbLn] g} b"lift btf{ xf], xbDofb nfUb}g
egL lkm/fb kqdf bfjL u/]sf] cj:yf 5}g .
hUuf khgLsf] dxnsf] xbDofbleq cfPsf] egL
jfbLn] lkm/fb kqdf pNn]v ul//x]sf] cj:yfdf
cbfnt cfkm}n
+ ] b"lift btf{ xf], xbDofb ;d]t
nfUb}g egL km};nf ug{ ldNb}g . b"lift xf] jf
xf]Og eGg] k|Zg sfg"gL k|Zg xf]Og . of] k|Zg
tYout k|Zg ePsf]n] jfbLn] g} bfjL ug'k{ 5{ .
cGoyf cbfnt cfkm}n] b"lift 7x/ ug{ gldNg]
x'bF f ;d]t k'g/fj]bg cbfnt /fhlj/fhsf] km};nf
pN6L ug] { u/] s f] dfggLo GofofwLz >L
bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{sf] /fo ;b/ x'gk' b{5 egL
ax; ug'e
{ of] .
To:t} k|ToyL{ jfbLsf tkm{af6 pkl:yt
ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmfo >L Zofdk|;fb v/]n
/ >L ;'zLns'df/ kGt tyf clwjQmfo >L
;Ltf/fd cu|jfn / >L /dgs'df/ >]i7n] bfjLsf]
hUufdf ef]u klg jfbLs} 5 . hUuf a]Rg] JolQm
cfkm}n
F ] km]l/ cfkm\g} gfddf btf{ u/]sf] lqmofnfO{
klg b"lift geGg] xf] eg] b"lift btf{sf] kl/efiff
g} ljlng x'g k'Ub5 . t;y{ jfbL bfjLadf]lhd
k|ltjfbLxsf gfdsf] btf{ ab/ u/L jfbLsf
gfddf btf{ sfod x'g] 7xofPsf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt /fhlj/fhsf] km};nf ;b/ ug]{ ;DdfggLo
k|wfg GofofwLz >L /fdk|;fb >]i7sf] /fo ;b/
sfod x'gk' b{5 egL ax; ug'e
{ of] .
@= plNnlvt ax;;d]t ;'gL lg0f{otkm{
ljrf/ ubf{, k|ltjfbLxsf klt lktf gGbLnfn
rf}w/Ln] d]/f lktfnfO{ ;fljs ls=g+= !$** sf]
@!@$ dWo]af6 )@!&!# hUuf ldlt

@)#).#.! df /fhLgfdf n]vL lbPsf]df lnvt
kf/Lt u/L glbPsf]n] lnvt kf/Lt u/fOkfpmF
eGg] d'2f u/L l;/xf lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt
@)#).!@.!@ sf] km};nfaf6 lnvt kf/Lt x'g]
7x/L ;f] km};nfadf]lhd e"ld k|zf;g sfof{no
l;/fxfaf6 ldlt @)#!.^.@^ df /lhi6]z
g kf/Lt
eO{ ldlt @)%^.*.!^ df c+za08f x'bF f d]/f] c+z
efudf k/L d}n] ef]u a;f]af; u/L cfPsf] ;f]xL
hUuf k|ltjfbLxsf klt lktf :j= gGbLnfnn]
ldlt @)#$.#.@& df ls=g+= #@ sfod u/fO{
cfkm\g} gfddf btf{ u/fPsf / lghsf] d[To'kl5
lghsL kTgL ljkIfL wgdGtL b]jLn] ldlt
@)%&.%.& df gfd;f/L u/fO{ ldlt @)%&.%.@&
df ljkIfLxaLr c+za08f x'bF f ls=g+= ##*,
##(, #$), #$!, #$@ / #$# sfod u/fO{ btf{
u/fPsf] x'bF f pQm ldlt @)#$.#.@& sf] btf{
lg0f{o, ldlt @)%&.%.& sf] gfd;f/L lg0f{o,
ldlt @)%&.%.@& sf] c+za08f lnvt / ;f]
adf]lhd ljkIfLxsf gfddf ePsf] btf{ ;d]t
ab/ u/L d]/f gfddf btf{ ul/kfpFm eGg] jfbLsf]
bfjL /x]sf] b]lvG5 . k|ltjfbLxn] k|ltpQ/
lkm/fpFbf xfdLn] c+za08f u/]sf] ls=g+= #@ sf]
hUuf gfkLsf avt g} ls=g+= #@ sfod ePsf] /
;f]xL ;dob]lv xfdLn] ef]urng u/L cfPsf xf},+
;f] hUuf xfd|f klt lktfn] jfbLsf lktfnfO{
ljqmL u/]sf] xf]Og eGg] lhsL/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
#= ldl;n ;+nUg sfuhftxaf6 jfbLsf
afa' b'nLrGb zf/bfn] k|ltjfbLxsf klt lktf
gGbLnfn rf}w/Laf6 ;fljs ls=g+= !$** sf]
)@!&!# hUuf ldlt @)#).#.! df vl/b
u/L lnPsf] / ;f] hUuf l;/xf lhNnf cbfntsf]
ldlt @)#).!@.!@ sf] km};nfn] jfbLsf afa'
b'nLrGb zf/bfsf] gfddf kf; x'g] 7x/L lghsf
gfddf btf{ ePsf] b]lvG5 . k|ltjfbLsf klt
lktfn] ldlt @)#$.#.@& sf] e"ld k|zf;g
sfof{no, l;/xfsf] lg0f{on] btf{ u/fPsf] ls=g+=
1339
#@ sf] hUuf ;fljs ls=g+= !$** sf] hUuf xf]

eGg] jfbLsf] bfjL /x]sf] 5 eg] jfbL bfjLsf]
hUuf pQm ls=g+= #@ sf] hUuf xf]Og eGg]
k|ltjfbLxsf] lhsL/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
$= ;f] ;DaGwdf jfbL bfjLsf] hUuf
cfkm\gf klt lktfn] btf{ u/fPsf] ls=g+=#@ sf]
hUuf xf]Og egL k|ltjfbLxn] lhsL/ u/]sf]
eP tfklg jfbL bfjLsf] ;f] hUuf s'g xf] egL
k|ltjfbLxn] b]vfpg ;s]sf] kfOFbg} . bfjLsf]
hUufdf a;f]af; klg jfbLsf] g} /x]sf] eGg] tYo
ldl;n ;+nUg jfbLsf ;fIfLxsf] askqaf6
b] l vg cfPsf] 5 . jfbLsf] ;f] ef] u nfO{
k|ltjfbLxn] r'gf}tL lbg ;s]sf] eGg] klg
ldlznaf6 b]lvFbg} . o;af6 k|ltjfbLxsf klt
lktf gGbLnfn rf}w/Ln] jfbLsf afa' b'nLrGbnfO{
ldlt @)#).#.! df ljqmL ul/lbPsf] ;fljs
ls=g+= !$** sf] hUuf g} lgh gGbLnfnn]
ls=g+= #@ sfod u/fO{ ldlt @)#$.#.@& df k'gM
cfkm\gf] gfddf btf{ u/fOlnPsf] /x]5 eGg] b]lvg
cfpF5 .
%= o;/L Psk6s cfkm"n] c?nfO{ laqmL
ul/lbPsf] hUuf g} k]ml/ cfkm\gf] gfddf btf{
u/fPsf] k|ltjfbLxsf klt lktfsf] sfo{ b"lift
xf] xf]Og eGg] k|Zg k|:t't d'2fdf ljjflbt k|Zgsf]
kdf p7]sf] b]lvG5 . ;f] ;DaGwdf b"lift
btf{sf ljifodf o; cbfntaf6 cjnDag ul/Fb}
cfPsf] Goflos b[li6sf]0f cjnf]sg ug'{ cfjZos
b]lvPsf] 5 .
b"lift btf{sf ;DaGwdf, s[i0fs'df/L esf]
d'=;= ug]{ /Tgk|;fb e k'g/fj]bs jfbL /
lrqfs'df/L u'? k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbL ePsf] )^%
DF)))$ sf] lnvt ab/ d'2f -g]sfk @)^^,
sflQs, k[= !!@(_ df o; cbfntsf] k"0f{
Ohnf;af6 5nsk6, hfn;fh, s[lqd cfwf/,
gSsnL k|df0f, cfk;L ldn]dtf] / ;fj{hlgs
;DklQdf sAhf h:tf dfWodaf6 ePsf btf{af6
s;}sf] xs k|fKt gxf];\ eGg] g} b"lift btf{sf] d"n
dd{ xf] . lagf ;|ft] , lagf cfwf/ / ;|ft] lnvt

jf k|df0fsf] k|lts"n x'g k'us
] f] btf{nfO{ klg
b"lift btf{s} bhf{df /fVg'kg]{ x'G5 . o:tf sfo{n]
;do;Ldfsf sf/0fn] dfGotf kfpg] l:ylt g/xf];\
eg]/ g} b"lift btf{ ab/ u/fpg xbDofb gnfUg]
l;4fGt sfod ePsf] xf] egL l;4fGt k|ltkfbg
ePsf] b]lvG5 .
^= hUufdf xs k|fKt ug]{ / xs 5f]8\g]
5f]8fpg] ;DaGwdf lglZrt sfg"gL k|lqmofx
lgwf{/0f ul/Psf x'G5g\ . cfkm\gf] xs g} gk'Ug]
;DklQ cfkm\gf] xf] egL btf{ u/fpFb}df :jtM
xs k|fKt x'g] x'Fb}g . cfkm\gf] xs 6'l6;s]sf] jf
xs} gePsf] ;DklQnfO{ cjfl~5t jf u}/sfg"gL
ta/af6 btf{ u/fpg' b"lift btf{ x'G5 . To:tf]
b"lift btf{ ljifodf gfn]; ug{ pk/f]Qm k|ltkflbt
l;4fGtaf6 xbDofb nfUg] cj:yf b]lvPg .
k|:t't d'2fdf k|ltjfbLxsf klt tyf lktfn]
laqmL u/]sf] t/ kf; u/L glbPsf] hUuf ljifodf
jfbLsf lktfn] gfn]; u/L lnvt kf; u/fO{
k|ltjfbLxsf klt lktfsf] xs 6'l6;s]sf]
cj:yfdf cfkm\gf] xs g} gk'Ug] pQm hUufsf]
lghn] k'gM u/fPsf] btf{ b"lift g} ePsf]n]
pk/f]Qm k|ltkflbt l;4fGtsf] cfwf/af6 lkm/fb
bfo/ ug]{ xbDofb gePsf] eGg]] dfggLo
GofofwLz >L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{sf] /fo;Fu
;xdt x'g ;lsPg .
&= k|ltjfbLxsf tkm{af6 pkl:yt
ljfg\ sfg"g Joj;foLxn] jfbLn] b"lift btf{sf]
bfjL glnPsf] x'bF f To;tkm{ af]Ng gldNg] egL
lng'ePsf] lhsL/tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{, b"lift btf{
d'2fsf] /f]xdf b]lvg] s'/f xf] . of] of] lqmof b"lift
btf{ x'G5, To:tf] b"lift btf{ ab/ u/fpg of]
o:tf] sfo{ljlw cjnDag ug'{kb{5 eGg] 5''}
Joj:yf sfg"gdf lgwf{/0f ePsf] b]lvFbg} . b"lift
btf{sf] l;4fGt, Gofo;Dkfbgsf] l;nl;nfdf
s;}n] cjfl~5t, cg}lts jf u}/sfg"gL ta/af6
hfn;fh jf km6\ofOF u/L cfkm\gf] xs 6'6s
] f] jf
1340
***^ - g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=o'j/fh zdf{ ;d]t
cfkm\gf] xs} gk'Ug] csf{sf] xssf] hUuf jf

;fj{hlgs hUufnfO{ btf{ u/fO{ a;]sf] b]lvPdf
JolQmsf] To:tf] cjfl~5t b'ik|of;nfO{ z"Godf
kl/0ft u/L xs k'Ug] JolQmxsf] xs tyf
;fj{hlgs ;DklQsf] /Iff u/L sfg"gsf] zf;gnfO{
;Ddfg ug]{ p2]Zon] cbfnt cfkm}n
+ ] ljsf;
u/]sf] Ps ;dGoflos l;4fGt xf] . sfg"g Gofo
k|bfg ug]{ cf}hf/ xf] . Gofo sfg"gsf] p2]Zo xf] .
o;}n] sfg"g, Gofo jf ;dGofo s'gn
} ] klg o:tf
cjfl~5t sfo{xnfO{ ;xg jf k|fT] ;fxg ug]{
s'/f x'bF g} . t;y{ b"lift btf{ egL jfbLn] g} bfjL
lng'kb{5 eGg ldNb}g . clkt' Goflos lg/f]k0fsf]
qmddf btf{ b"lift /x]sf] b]lvg' g} To:tf] btf{
ab/ jf lgliqmo ug{sf nflu kof{Kt cfwf/
aGb5 .
*= dfly ljj]lrt cfwf/ k|df0f Pj+ k"0f{
Ohnf;sf] plNnlvt km};nfaf6 5nsk6 jf
hfn;fhaf6 tyf lagf cfwf/ jf lagf ;|ft]
u/fPsf] btf{nfO{ ;d]t b"lift btf{ dfGg'kg]{ /
o:tf] b"lift btf{ ab/sf nflu xbDofb;d]t
gnfUg] eGg] l;4fGt sfod eO/x]sf] ;Gbe{df
k|:t't d'2fdf k|ltjfbLxsf klt lktfn] jfbLsf
lktfnfO{ Psk6s laqmL ul/lbPsf] hUuf km]l/
cfkm\g} gfddf btf{ u/fPsf] lqmofnfO{ b"lift btf{
xf]Og eGg ldNg] ePg . t;y{ k|ltjfbLsf klt
lktfn] b"lift kdf u/fPsf] ls=g+= #@ sf]
btf{;DaGwL ldlt @)#$.#.@& sf] lg0f{o, ;f]xL
hUuf k|ltjfbL wgdGtLb]jLsf gfddf gfd;f/L
ePsf] ldlt @)%&.%.& sf] gfd;f/L lg0f{o Pj+
k|ltjfbLx aLr kf/Lt ldlt @)%&.%.@& sf]
a08fkq / ;f] a df] l hd lsQfsf6 eO{
k|ltjfbLxsf gfddf ePsf] ls=g+= ##*, ##(,
#$), #$!, #$@ sf] btf{;d]t ab/ u/L jfbLsf
gfddf btf{ ug]{ 7xofPsf] z'? l;/fxf lhNnf
cbfntsf] km};nf ;b/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
/fhlj/fhsf] OG;fkm ;b/ ug]{ u/L ;+o'Qm
Ohnf;df ;DdfggLo k|wfg GofofwLz >L
/fdk|;fb >]i7n] JoQm ug'e

{ Psf] /fo dgfl;j
b]lvFbf ;f] /fo ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . ldl;n lgodfg';f/
u/L a'emfOlbg" .
Gof=ts{/fh e6[
Gof=1fg]Gb|axfb'/ sfsL{
;+jt\ @)^( ;fn c;f/ @! ut] /f]h % z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[t M dft[sfk|;fb cfrfo{
&
lg0f{o g+= ***^
;jf]R{ r cbfnt ;+oQ

' m Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L ;'zLnf sfsL{
k'g/fj]bg g+=)^$CR&$&
km};nf ldltM @)^(.(.@%
d'2fM u}/sfg"gL ;DklQ e|i6frf/ .
k'g/fj]bsjfbLM clVtof/ b'kof]u cg';Gwfg
cfof]usf] tk{mjf6 cg';Gwfg clws[t
uf]ljGbaxfb'/ >]i7sf] k|ltj]bgn] g]kfn
;/sf/
la?4
ljkIfLk|ltjfbLM lhNnf bf, dfgk'/ uf=lj=;=
j8f g+= ! :yfoL 7]ufgf eO{ xfn sf7df8f}+
dxfgu/kflnsf jf8{ g+= (, jQL;k'tnL
j:g] o'j/fh zdf{ ;d]t
ljz]if cbfntdf km};nf ug]{ GofofwLzx
df=Gof=>L e"kWjh clwsf/L
df=Gof=>L sf]dngfy zdf{
df=Gof=>L rf]nG] b| zDz]/ h=j=/f=
1341
;/sf/jfbL kmf}hbf/L d'2fsf] cfwf/e"t /

d"n bfjL eg]sf] cleof]ukq jf cf/f]kkqdf
lnOPsf] bfjL g} xf] . To;}sf cfwf/df g}
cbfntaf6 cleof]u bfjLcg';f/ ;hfo
x'g] jf gx'g] egL 7x/ x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=^_
k| f O{ e ] 6 sDkgLsf] z] o / lsgj] r
;+:yfksx;Fu ;DalGwt gft]bf/,
;fyLefO jf lrg]hfg]sf AolQmaLr uf]Ko
/ cgf} k rfl/s tj/af6 x' g ;Sg]
cj:yfnfO{ OGsf/ ug{ ;lsFbg} . z]o/
lsga]rsf nflu ;DalGwt lgodgsf/L
lgsfosf] k"j{ cg'dlt grflxg] x'Fbf
;DalGwt sDkgL / sDkgL /lhi6f/sf]
sfof{nosf] clen]vjf6 k|ltjfbLsf]
gfddf pQm sDkgLsf] z]o/ :jfldTj
gb]lvPsf] eGg] cfwf/n] dfq ljjfb kg'{
cufj} :jtGq kdf k| l tjfbLn]
cflwsfl/s lgsfodf k]z u/]sf] ljj/0f
cGoyf xf] eGg gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=@@ / @#_
u} / sfg" g L cfh{ g u/] s f] egL kg] {
e|i6frf/sf d'2fxdf hfFr cjlwdf
k|ltjfbLn] cfh{g u/]sf] ;DklQ / u/]sf
vr{xsf] ;f] cjlwdf lghnfO{ sfg"gL
kdf k|fKt ePsf cfoxaf6 ;|ft]
k'li6 ug{ ;Sg'kg]{ .
cfwf/e"t ;DklQsf] ;|ft] k'li6 ug{ g;s]sf]
cj:yfdf To;af6 a9]a9fPsf] ;DklQ
;d]t :jtM u}/sfg"gL x'g] eO{ bkmf $&
adf]lhd hkmt x'g] l:ylt /xG5 . To;}n]
a9]a9fPsf] ;DklQsf] ;|ft] vf]Hg jf To:tf]
;DklQaf6 cfwf/e"t ;DklQsf] ;|ft] k'li6
x'g] u/L cy{ ug{ ldNb}g . a9]a9fPsf]
;DklQnfO{ cfosf] dfGotf lbFbf kl/0ffdtM
To;n] cfwf/e"t ;DklQs} ;|ft] k'li6
x'ghfg] cj:yf l;h{gf x'g cfpF5, h'g

sfg"g;Ddt x'g g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=#@_
kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf cbfntn] cleof]u bfjL
lnOPsf] eGbf a9L k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;hfo
x'g] u/L lg0f{o lbg ldNb}g . To;f] ul/g'
Gofosf dfGo l;4fGtcg'k klg x'bg} .
tyflk dfu bfjL lnOPsf] ;hfosf]
bfo/fleq} /xL ldl;n ;+nUg ;a"bk|df0fsf]
j:t'lgi6 d"Nofgsf cfwf/df Goflos
lgisif{df k'Ug] clwsf/ cbfntdf
cGtlg{lxt /x]sf] x'G5 . cleof]u kqdf
lnOPsf] d"n bfjLsf] ;Ldfleq /xL
ldl;n ;+nUg tYok|df0fsf] d"Nofg /
ljZn]if0f u/L k|ltjfbLsf] cfo;|f]t,
;DklQ tyf vr{sf] ;d'lrt lgisif{
lgsflng' k|rlnt sfg"g / :yflkt
Goflos l;4fGt cg'k g} x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=#^_
k'g/fj]bs jfbL tkm{af6M ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf
z+s/axfb'/ /fO{
ljkIfL k|ltjfbL tkm{af6M ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf
Zofdk|;fb v/]n Pj+ ljfg clwjQmfx
/+lhteQm k|wfgf, z]/axfb'/ s]=;L=,
O{Zj/LrGb| zdf{, s[i0fk|;fb ;fksf]6f /
of]uG] b|axfb'/ clwsf/L
cjnlDat ghL/M
g]sfk @)^* c ^, lg=g+= *^#), k[= (!&
;Da4 sfg"gM
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf
&-!_, !$s, !%, !û, Pj+ @(
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf
@)-@_, @$ / $&
k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf @#-&_
1342
km};nf
k|=Gof=lvn/fh /]UdLM ljz]if cbfnt
sf7df8f}s
F f] ldlt @)^$.*.@& sf] km};nfpk/
ljz]if cbfnt P]g @)%( sf] bkmf !& adff]lhd
jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sftkm{af6 o; cbfntdf
k'g/fj]bg bfo/ eO{ k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't
d'2fsf] tYo / lg0f{o o; k|sf/ 5M
>d tyf oftfoft Joj:yf dGqfno
cGtu{t Joj;fohGo ;'/Iff tyf :jf:Yo
cfof]hgfsf k|dv
' o'j/fh zdf{n] u}/sfg"gL tj/n]
;DklQ ;+u|x u/L ljleGg a}+s tyf ljQLo
;+:yfxdf gub df}hbft /fv]sf], ljleGg
sDkgLsf] z]o/ vl/b u/]sf], w]/} 7fp+df hUuf /
eJo dxn jgfO{ cfk"m sfo{/t /x]sf] g]kfn
cfon lgudnfO{ 8'afO{ /ftf/ft s/f}8f}s
+ f] dflns
jg]sf]n] lghsf] ;DklQ 5fgaLg u/L sf/jfxL
ul/kfpFm eGg] b]=g+= $#*@ ldlt @)%(.&.$ sf]
cfof]udf btf{ ePsf] ph"/L lgj]bg .
k|ltjfbL o'j/fh zdf{sf] kl/jf/df lghsL
>LdtL zLnf kf]v/]n -zdf{_ / b'O{ hgf 5f]/fx
k|tLs kf]v/]n / k|zGg kf]v/]n /x]sf, lgh
k|ltjfbL @)#^ ;fnb]lv d]sflgsn OlGhlgo/
kbdf ;]jf k|jz
] u/L ldlt @)%#.!.@) b]lv
xfn;Dd >d tyf oftfoft Joj:yf
dGqfnocGtu{ t jl/i7 sf/vfgf lg/LIfs
-/f=k=ltLo_ kbdf sfo{/t /xL @)%@.*.@@ b]lv
xfn;Dd Joj;fohGo ;'/Iff tyf :jf:Yo
cfof]hgfsf] k|dv
' kbdf sfhdf sfo{/t /x]sf] .
o; cjlwleqsf] ldlt @)%%.!.#) b] l v
@)%&.!.@*;Dd g] k fn cfon lgudsf]
dxfk|aGws kbdf sfo{/t /x]sf] .
d}n] gf]s/L @)#$ ;fnb]lv z'? u/]tfklg
aLrdf 6'6s
] fn] @)#^ ;fnb]lv c6'6 kdf
lghfdtL ;]jfdf xfn;Dd sfo{/t 5' . xfn d
>d tyf oftfoft Joj:yf dGqfnocGtu{t >d
sfof{no jfUdtL c~rndf b/jGbL /xL sfhdf
Joj;fohGo ;'/Iff tyf :jf:Yo;DaGwL cfof]hgf
;}j+ ,' nlntk'/df sfo{/t 5' . d}n] g]kfn cfon

lguddf dxfk|jGwssf] kdf klg sfo{ u/]sf]
5' . d]/f] sfo{sfndf ;f] lguddf s'g} r'xfj6
ePsf] hfgsf/L dnfO{ 5}g . cGo ;fdflhs ;+:yfdf
cfj4 x'bF f :jLs[lt lng' k5{ eGg] hfgsf/L 5}g /
:jLs[lt lnPsf] 5}g . d]/L >LdtLsf] k]zf :j/f]huf/
/ ;fdflhs lqmofsnfk xf] .
d]/f] k'Vof}n
{ L ;DklQ bf / g]kfnu~hdf
ePsf]n] c+za08f;DaGwL sfuhft bfdf 5g\ .
@)!( ;fndf d]/f] c+za08f eP tfklg d ;fgf]
ePsf] sf/0f d}n] sfuhft /fVg] s'/f cfPg,
kl5 vf]Hbf ge]l6Psfn] @)$& ;fndf k'gM
c+za08f ul/Psf] xf] . b'Ok{ IfaLr ;dembf/L
u/L ug]{ xf] eg] k6sk6s c+za08f x'g ;S5 .
bf / g]kfnu~hsf] 3/ k'Vof}{nL 3/ xf] .
g]kfnu~hsf] 3/ @)@* ;fndf / bfsf] 3/
@))@ ;fndf jg]sf] xf] . sf7df8f}+sf] 3/
@)%@.@)%# lt/ z'? u/L @)%$ df k"/f ePsf]
xf] . 3/ lgdf{0fdf cGbfhL !@ nfv hlt nfu]sf]
5 . tnj eQf, ljb]z e|d0f, k]k/ k|:t'tL,
;]ldgf/, uf]i7Ljf6 k|fKt /sdsf] klg k|df0f
5}g . g]kfn ;/sf/n] ef8fdf lnPsf] ;do
dfqsf] bf / g]kfnu~hsf] 3/ ef8fsf] sfuhft
k]z ug]5
{ ' cGo cfDbfgLsf] k|df0f /fVg] k|rng
gePsf]n] 5}gg\ . hUuf hldgsf] cfDbfgL /
vr{sf] lx;fj lstfj g/fv]sf] x'bF f k|dfl0ft x'g]
sfuhft 5}gg\ . d]/L >LdtLsf gfddf @ k6s
u/L hDdf ( nfvsf] /fli6o jrtkq vl/b
u/]sf] 5' . cgdf]n Sof6l/df xfn;Dd d}n]
nufgL nufPsf] 5}g, s'/f dfq ePsf] xf] .
d]/f] nufgLdf of] ;|ft] jf6 of] nufgL ePsf]
eGg ;lSbg . ;j} nufgLsf] ;|ft] d]/f] k}ts
[ ;DklQ,
efOxjf6 k|fKt /sd, hUuf ljqmL, 3/ ef8f,
tnj eQf, hUufsf] cfo;|ft] cflb ePsfn] 5'6o\ fP/
oxL g} ;|ft] jf6 eGg ;lSbg . d]/f] xfnsf] ;j}
;DklQsf] cfo;|ft] k}ts
[ , efOxjf6 k|fKt /sd,
hUuf ljqmL, hUufsf] pJhgL cfo, tnjeQf, 3/ef8f
1343
cflbjf6} xf] . t;y{ pk/f]Qm ;j} cfo;|ft] jf6 hDdf

ePsf] dWo]jf6 >LdtLsf] gfddf jrtkq vl/b
u/]sf] xf] .
lktfsf] c+zjf6 k|fKt wg ;DklQnfO{
k}ts
[ eg]sf] x'F . d]/f] gfddf btf{ ePsf] hUuf
hldgjf6 jflif{s Psnfv krf;xhf/b]lv b'On
{ fv
;Dd cfo x'g] u/]sf] 5 . d]/f] cfdfsf] d[To'kl5
dnfO{ aHo}n] kfNg' ePsf]n] kl5 s] xf]nf egL
@)!( ;fndf d ( jif{sf] x'bF } c+za08f u/L lbg'
ePsf] xf] . d}n] @)#$ ;fndf k|fKt ubf{ 3/
hUuf hldg @$ ljufxf ;'g cGbfhL #%) tf]nf
rfFbLsf uxgf !@)) tf]nf r+fbLsf k}of+ %
kf+r
F xhf/ / &% xhf/ gub hlt k|fKt ePsf]
dfq ;Demgf 5 .
af=# r= ^!@@ g+= sf] sf/sf] ;|ft] sf]
;DaGwdf dfly pNn]v eO;s]sf cfo;|ft] k}ts
[
;DklQ cflb nufot efO cgGtjf6 k|fKt @!
nfv, efO s'df/jf6 k|fKt % nfv cflb ;d]tsf]
Psd'i6 /sdjf6 uf8L vl/b u/]sf] x'F .
d]/L cfdfjf6 d dfq Ps 5f]/f x'F . sfG5L
cfdftk{m # efO cg'bo/fh zdf{, d'/f/L zdf{ /
cgGt/fh zdf{ x'g\ . efO s'df/ / d b'O{ efOsf
gflt xf}+ . lghxn] nufgL u/L Jofkf/ Joj;fo
ug{ egL /sd lbPsf x'g\ . efO cgGt @)$*
;fnb]lv USA df 5g\ lghsf] b]zleq /x]sf]
;DklQsf] cfo d}n] g} ef]u rng u/]sf] 5' .
ox+fsf] cfDbfgL d]/f] ;/x hUuf hldgjf6 x'G5
nueu Psnfv krf;xhf/b]lv b'O{ nfv /
g]kfnu~hsf] 3/ef8fjf6 jflif{s nueu Psnfv
hlt cfDbfgL x' G 5 . Environment Sector
Programme Support 8]lg8f / g]kfn ;/sf/aLr
jftfj/0fLo ;'wf/sf] ;xof]usf nflu :yflkt ;+:yf
xf] . of] ;xof]u leq >d dGqfno klg kg]{ x'bF f d
>d dGqfnojf6 dgf]gLt e} cfj4 ePsf] x'F . d
Component Manager x'F . Component Manager
sf] x}l;otjf6 s'g} ;'ljwf 5}g . d]/f] uf8L g+=
jf=#=r= ^!@@ To; ;+:yfn] ef8fdf lnPafkt,
Snf;x lnP afkt, g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]ss

] f]
jfx]s, 6fG;\n;
] g cflbjf6 /sd j'em] sf] 5' .
s'gafkt slt k|fKt eof] dnfO{ osLg ofb 5}g .
uf8L ef8fdf lbFbfsf] d;Fu clxn]
;Demf}tfkq 5}g . ESPS sf tTsfnLg CTA ;+u
s'/f u/L ESPS jf6 k|of]u x'g] u/L uf8L ef8fdf
lbPsf] xf] . e'QmfgLsf nflu lbPsf] lgj]bg
cfof]hgfsf] kqfrf/ ug]{ n]6/ x]8 x}g tflnddf
tflnd]nfO{ lbg] sfuh xf] . d @)%% j}zfvsf]
clGtd ;ftfb]lv @)%& j}zfvsf] clGtd
;ftf;Dd dxfk|jGwssf] x}l;otn] sfd u/]sf]
x'F . Kathmandu Institute of Technology Pvt. Ltd.
df d]/L >LdtLsf] gfddf ?=%,&@,))). sf]
z]o/ 5 . efOn] lbPsf] /sdjf6 z]o/ lnPsf]
xf] . ?=&@,))). KIT jf6 cfPsf] eQf klg
gub glbO{ z]o/df hf]l8Psf] 5 . efO cgGt/fh
zdf{n] dnfO{ Joj;fodf nufpg /sd lbPsf
x'g\ pgL oxfF gj:bfsf] sf/0f ;d]tn] ubf{ efph"
-d]/L >LdtL_ sf] gfddf z]o/ lng d~h"/ u/L
;f] z]o/ lnPsf] xf] . efO cgGtn] cd]l/sfjf6
k7fPsf] To Whom it May Concern sfuhn] pQm
s'/f k'li6 ub{5 eGg] dnfO{ nfUb5 .
d} n ] ESPS jf6 j} + s s 6' / afkt
?=%$,)))., j}s
+ s :68L 6'/afkt ?=%&,%#&.,
g]kfnu~h 6'/afkt ?=^,$(%., sfo{kq k|:t't
u/] afkt ?=^#,))., ;xhstf{afkt ?=@(,($@.,
w'lnv]ndf # lbg ;]ldgf/ e|d0f eQf ?=$,@$@.,
w'lnv]ndf $ rf/ lbg ;]ldgf/ eQf ?=%,&)).,
lj/f6gu/df dlxnf sfdbf/ 6] l 8
;~rfngafktsf] vr{ ?=%!,@!%. sfo{kq k|:t't
eQf, ?=#,^))., sfo{kq k|:t't eQf ?=$,))).
d]/f] uf8L g+= jf=#=r= ^!@@ sf] dfl;s ef8f !
dlxgf !% lbgsf] ?=^),))). j}s
+ s 6]l ssf]
Full Payment ?=!!,&)*., ;'/Iff ;Ktfx dgfp+bf
nfu]sf] vr{sf] e'QmfgLafkt ?=#@,%%@. d]/f]
uf8L jf=#r= ^!@@ sf] Ps dlxgfsf] uf8L ef8f
$),))). j'em] sf] 5' . hxfF;Dd dnfO{ nfUb5
1344

ESPS Sub Componemt No 4 MOLTM sf] jh]6jf6
;j} /sd tflnd sfo{qmd, cWoog e|d0f cflbjf6

lnPsf] dfq dnfO{ ;Demgf 5 . dfgk'/ jf=g+=
!-s_ ls=g= @)( If]qkmn )#!* / ls=g+=
#(! If]qkmn )@!& sf] hUuf vl/b ubf{ k]z
u/]sf] 5' . ;j} k|sf/sf cfo;|ft] ldl>t eO{
h'g sfddf klg To:tf] ldl>t k};fjf6 ug]{
u/]sf] xf] . t;y{ of] klg To:t} ldl>t /sdjf6
vl/b u/]sf] xf] .
sf7df8f}+ lhNnf sf=d=g=kf= jf=g+= (
ls=g+= ^!, #%%, !)!, #%$, !!% / @^* If]qkmn
)))#, )^!@, )@@#, )##@, )
#)) / )!)), -/f]kgL_ hUuf ;j} k|sf/sf
cfo;|f]t ldl>t eO{ hDdf ePsf] /sdjf6
k6sk6s u/L vl/b u/]sf] xf] . ldl>t /sdsf]
df]6fdf]6L eO{ hDdf ePsf] /sdjf6 k6sk6s
u/L pQm hUufx vl/b u/]sf] xf] . k}ts
[ hfoh]yf,
s[lifaf6 k|fKt cfo, hUuf hldg j]rljvgjf6
k|fKt cfo, cfk\mgf] tnj eQf, 3/ ef8fjf6 k|fKt
/sd ljb]z e|d0fdf hfFbf jrt /sd cflbnfO{
ldl>t /sd eGg] d]/f] dg;fo xf] . o;df sfo{kq
k|:t't ubf{ k|fKt /sd klg kb{5 .
ljb]z e|d0fjf6 ePsf] cfo df]6fdf]6L
?=!) nfv hlt xf]nf t/ osLg /sd dnfO{
;Demgf 5}g . v8\sf eb|sfnLsf] hUuf k}ts
[
cfo;|ft] jf6 vl/b ul/Psf] xf] . ls=g+= #%% /
^! df, @)%@.)%# lt/ ejg lgdf{0fsf] sfd z'?
u/L @)%$ ;fnleq jgfO{ @)%$ ;fn df3
dlxgfjf6 pQm 3/df j:g yflnPsf] xf] . 3/
jgfpFbfsf] osLg nfut t ;Demgf 5}g .
df]6f]df]6L !!!@ nfv nfu]sf] x'g ;S5 . ldl>t
cfo;|ft] sf] /sdjf6 g} 3/ klg agfPsf] xf] .
?=!) nfv #) xhf/df vl/b ul/Psf]
sf/ ldl>t cfo;|ft] sf] /sdjf6 g} vl/b u/]sf]
x'F . >LdtL zLnf kf]v/]n -zdf{_ sf] gfdsf]
s[lif ljsf; j}+s jQL;k'tnL zfvfsf] @#!%*@
g+=sf] vftfdf ldlt @)%$.$.% df &) xhf/,
)%$.&.% df @$ xhf/, )%%.$.!! df %)

xhf/, @)%%.&.@^ df &% xhf/, )%^.&.#) df
?=! nfv, )%^.!).@! df ?=%) xhf/, )%&.^.^
df ?= @ nfv, )%(.$.#) df ?=$) xhf/,
)%(.%.$ df ?=# nfv / )%(.&.!$ df ?=#)
xhf/ hDdf u/L ljleGg ldltdf ;f] /sd
lgsfn]sf] ;Gbe{df dnfO{ ;Demgf ePcg';f/
ldl>t cfo;|f]tjf6 k|fKt s]xL /sdnfO{ j]nf
j]nfdf j}+sdf hDdf ug]{ / lemSg] ul/Psf] xf] .
s'g s'g sfdsf] nflu s] slt /sd /flvG5
lemlsG5 To:tf] l6kf]6 ug]{ d]/f] jfgL gePsfn]
osLg kn] eGg ;lSbg .
gljn j}s
+ ln=sf] d]/f] gfdsf] vftf g+=
)!!))!#!)#^)! df ldlt !) d] !((( df %
nfv, ;f]xL lbg r]s g+= %%%*@)@! jf6 $
nfv / ldlt !@ d] !((( df ?=! nfv hDdf
u/L @$ h'nfO{ @))) df ?=@ nfv, @$ h'nfO{
@))) d} # nfv / @% h'nfO{ @))) df ?=%
nfv lgsfn]sf] ;DaGwdf 5f]/fnfO{ ljb]z k7fpFbf
le;f cfj]bg lbFbf k|z:t cfo;|ft] / Bank
Balance vf]H5 To:t} l;nl;nfdf /sd /flvPsf]
/ kl5 lemlsPsf] x'g;S5 t/ osLg eGg ;lSbg .
cfo;|ft] rfFxL ldl>t cfo;|ft] jf6 hDdf u/]sf]
/sddWo]sf] /sd xf] . ldl>t cfo;|ft] df klxn]
n]Vbf 5"6 x'g uPsf] /sdxM artkqsf] Jofh
/sd, a}s
+ jf6 k|fKt Jofh, -df]6fdf]6L % nfv_,
)$& ;fnb]lv )%$ ;fn;Dd JolQmxnfO{
3/ jxfn lbFbfsf] /sd -sl/j % nfv_, )%$
kl5sf] 3/ef8f k|fKt cfof]udf k]z ePsf] >d
sfof{no e]/L c~rnsf] kqdf pNn]v /sdsf
;fy} ns8L j]rs
] f] /sd cflb ?=# nfv ;d]t
cfodf ;dfj]z ul/kfpFm .
gljn j}s
+ sf] vftfdf @^ gf]jD] j/ @))!
df ?=!#,*!,@))., !( l8;]Dj/ @))! df
?=$,%),))). hDdf u/L ljleGg ldltdf /sd
lgsfn]sf] ;Gbe{df oL plNnlvt b'a} /sd ESPS
jf6 Safety Week @))! dgfpg] l;nl;nfdf
1345
sfdnfO{ l56f] 5l/tf] ug{ ljleGg 7fpFdf tf]ss

] f
JolQm / 7fpFdf pk/f]Qm /sd lbO{ k7fO{ d}n]
sfd ;DkGg u/L ESPS df k|ltj]bg lbPsf]
5' . tL s'/f j}s
+ df j'em] k'li6 x'g5
] / k|ltj]bg
rflxPdf ESPS df ;'/lIft x'g' kg]{ xf] ToxfFjf6
dufpg ;lsG5 .
5f]/fnfO{ ljb]z k7fpg eL;f cfj]bg
ubf{ /sd b] v fpg !% cui6 @))@ df
?=%,&%,)))., !^ cui6 @))@ df
?=!,)$,))). / ;f] x L ldltdf k' g
?=!,&$,)))., @& l8;]Dj/ !((* df ?= @
nfv, !) dfr{df ?=@ nfv, @# h'nfO{ !((( df
?=# nfv, @& hgj/L @))) df ?= @ nfv
gljn j}s
+ df /sd hDdf u/L ljleGg ldltdf
lgsfn]sf] xf] . eL;f gkfPkl5 Tof] /sd ljleGg
ldltdf 3/sfdsf] nflu lemlsPsf] h:tf] nfU5
t/ osLg ;Demgf eg] 5}g .
g]kfn j}s
+ ln=l8NnLjhf/sf] g+=)@%$^%)
sf] d]/L >LdtLsf] gfddf hDdf ePsf] /sd xfd|f+ ]
ldl>t cfo;|ft] dWo]sf] /sd xf] . HAMS sf] @)
nfvsf] z]o/dWo] ?=!% nfvsf] z]o/ efO cgGt/fh
zdf{n] lbPsf] /sdjf6 lsg]sf] x'F . jfFsL % -kfFr_
nfvsf] z]o/ 8S6/L k9\g uPsf sfsfsf 5f]/f
efO s'df/ kf]v/]nsf] nflu sfsL aflnsfb]jLjf6
% -kfFr_ nfv lnPsf] x'F . ;fy} efO s'df/ ut
>fj0fefb|df o'qm] gjf6 k9fO{ ;sL kmls{;s]sf]
x'bF f ;f] /sdsf] z]o/ lghnfO{ k|bfg ug{ HAMS
df lgj]bg lbO ;s]sf] 5' .
d}n] ldlt @)%#.!@.!! df k]z u/]sf]
;DklQ ljj/0f ;DalGwt lgsfodf x'g' kg]{ xf] .
;f] ;DaGwdf dnfO{ s]xL hfgsf/L 5}g .
?=!*,)),))). sf] cgdf]n Sof6l/ k|f=ln=
sf] !*,))). lsQf z]o/ vl/b ug]{ s'/f ePsf]n]
;DklQ Goflos hfFrj'em cfof]udf k]z u/]sf]
ljj/0fdf ;d]t ;f] Joxf]/f v'nfO{ lbPsf] x'F . t/
vl/b u/]sf] 5}g . pQm cfof]udf ljj/0f k]z
ubf{ e"nj; bfdf vl/b u/]sf] @ lsQf / ljqmL
u/]sf] @ lsQf hUuf pNn]v ug{ 5"6 x'g uPsf]

5 . d]/f] ns/jf6 lemlsPsf uxgfx d]/f]
ljjfxdf ;;'/fnL / 3/jf6 k|fKt ePsf] uxgf
ePsf] n ] To;nfO{ k} t [ s ;DklQsf kdf
lnOof];\ . ;f]dWo] s]xL uxgf d]/L sfG5L ;fnL
;f]ljtf xdfnn] /fVg lbPsf] xf] eGg] Joxf]/fsf]
k|ltjfbL o'j/fh zdf{n] cg';GWffgsf] qmddf
u/]sf] jofg .
sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsf jf8{ g+= ( df
Pp6f 3/, xfn jgfPsf] l6gsf] 5fgf ePsf] :6f]/
3/ klg ToxL ;+u} 5 . /fi6 j}s
+ df jrtkq 5 .
cGo j}s
+ xdf jrt vftfx 5g\ . z+vd"ndf
/x]sf] KIT df kfFrnfvsf] z]o/ 5 . ;fy} d}n]
z'?sf] ! jif{ sfo{ u/]afktsf] z'Ns klg ToxL
z]o/df hDdf ul/Psf] 5 . s'g s'g j}s
+ df slt
/sd 5 ofb 5}g . /fli6o jrtkqdf @ k6s
u/L % nfv / $ nfvsf] jrtkq vl/b u/L
>Ldfgn] d]/f] gfddf /fVg' ePsf] xf] . KIT df ?=
% nfv eGbf j9L z]o/ 5}g . ;+:yfdf sfo{ ubf{
dfl;s ?=%,))). k|fKt /sd ToxL z]o/df hDdf
5 . bf lhNnfdf hUuf 5}g . a+f+ s] lhNnfdf xfn
cGbfhL ! sf hldg 5 . c? ;j} hldg ljqmL
eO;s]sf] 5 . xfd+f| ] k}ts
[ ;DklQ, hUuf hldgsf]
cfo, 3/ef8f, cfh{gjf6 jrt u/L >Ldfgn] d]/f]
gfddf /fvL lbg' ePsf] /sd, >Ldfgsf] k'Vof}n
{ L
h]yf, jfj' jfh]n] lbg' ePsf] ;'g rfFbL gub cflb
jflif{s Ps nfv krxQ/ xhf/b]lv @ nfv;Dd
s[lif cfojf6 cfDbfgL x'gs
' f] ;fy} cfFk cflb
jluofxjf6 klg s]xL /sd cfpF5 . d}n] klg
d]6nsf k]lG6x k6sk6s u/L ! nfv @%
xhf/;Dddf ljqmL u/]sf] 5' .
j+fs] lhNnf, jgs6jf uf=lj=;= jf=g+=
!-_ ls=g+= !)# If]qkmn !)) ljufx / P]=
ls=g+= !%& If]qkmn )&!& sf] hUuf d]/f]
cfk\mg} efOn] dnfO{ js; lbPsf] hdLg xf] .
sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g++ ( ls=g+= !!%
If]qkmn )#)), ls=g+=@^* If]=km= )!)
1346
), ls=g+=^! If]qkmn )))#, ls=g+= #%%

If]qkmn )^!@, ls=g+= !)! If]qkmn )@
@# / ls=g+= #%$ If]qkmn )##@ sf] hUuf
sf] ;+u s;/L vl/b u/Lof] dnfO{ ofb 5}g, ;j}
sfuh >Ldfgn] k]z u/L ;Sg' ePsf] 5 . cfo;|ft]
>Ldfgn] k]z ug'{ ePsf] 5 . ls=g+= ^! If]qkmn
)))# / ls=g+= #%% If]qkmn )^!@ df
3/ jgfPsf] 5 . @)%@%# jf6 z'? u/L @)%$
;fn df3 dlxgfdf u[x k|jz
] u/]sf], 3/ lgdf{0fdf
cGbfhL bznfv hlt vr{ ePsf] 5 . 3/ lgdf{0f
ubf{ g]kfnu~hsf 3/38]/Lx ljqmL u/]sf] ;fy}
>Ldfgsf] cGo cfo;|ft] jf6 lgdf{0f u/]sf] xf] .
/fli6o jfl0fHo j}s
+ d'Vo zfvf sfof{nodf
ePsf] ))$@^( g+= sf] vftfjf6 !^ cui6
@))@ df ?=&%,))). >LdfgnfO{ rflxPsf]
x'gfn] ;f] /sd lgsfnL >LdfgnfO{ lbPsf] xf] .
pQm /sd xfd|f+ ] kfl/jfl/s ;+oQ
' m cfDbfgLjf6
hDdf ePsf] /sd xf] . /fli6o afl0fHo j}s
+
zfvf sfof{no g]kfnu~hdf ePsf art lx;fj
g+=^)&( af6 Ps nfv /sd sf7df8f}d
+ f 3/
lgdf{0f ubf{ rflxPnf egL NofPsf] x'g;S5 .
osLg ofb ePg . Tof] s[lifjf6 cfPsf] cfDbfgL
xf] . s[lif ljsf; j}l+ s sfof{no, jfg]Zj/ l:yt
g+= @#!%*@ sf] vftfdf ldlt @)%$.$.% b]lv
@)%(.&.!$ ;Dddf ?=( nfv %) xhf/ eGbf
j9L /sd hDdf u/]sf] / ;f]xL cjlwdf s/Lj
?=* nfv lgsfn]sf] ;DaGwdf 3/;+u} /x]sf]
hldg vl/b ubf{ /fli6o jrtkq vl/b ubf{
vr{ ePsf] xf] . gljn j}s
+ , sflGtkydf vf]lnPsf]
5f]/fsf] gfdsf] jrt vftf g+= )!!))!#@($*)!
df !) dfr{ !((( df ?=@ nfv, h'nfO{ !(((
df ?=# nfv, @& hgj/L @))) df ?= @ nfv
u/L ?= & nfv eGbf j9L /sd hDdf u/]sf] /
!) d] !((( df ?= $ nfv, @$ h'nfO{ @))!
df ?=# nfv / # h'nfO{ @))@ df ?= # nfv
/sd lgsfn]sf] ;DaGwdf xfd+|f] kfl/jfl/s
cfDbfgLjf6 ljleGg ldltdf cfPsf] /sd xf]
osLg;Fu ofb 5}g . s]xL /sd 5f]/fnfO{ ljb]z

k7fpg] l;nl;nfdf j}+s sf]if b]vfpg] x'Fbf
>Ldfgsf] vftfdf /sd hDdf u/]sf] 5 . 3/
3/fo;Ldf vr{ klg ePsf] xf]nf ofb 5}g eGg]
Joxf]/fs]f k|ltjfbL zLnf kf]v/]n -zdf{_ n]
cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf u/]sf] jofg .
k|ltjfbL o'j/fh zdf{sf] k}ts
[ ;DklQjf6
k|fKt bf / jfFss
] f hUuf ljufxf &#!@=% /
sf=lh= v8\sf ufpsf] )^)) /f]kgL hUuf /
3/nfO{ cg';Gwfg aflx/ /flvPsf] 5 eg] To;jf6
k|fKt u/]sf] cfosf] df}lb|s jrtnfO{{ cg';Gwfgsf]
bfo/fleq /flvPsf] 5 .
k|ltjfbL o'j/fh zdf{n] ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f
u/]kZrft\ cfh{g u/]sf] ;DklQ M
-s_ 3/ hUuf
!= 3/ hUuf wgLsf] gfdM zLnf kf]v/]n -zdf{_
3/ hUuf]sf] ljj/0fM sf7df8f}+ lhNnf, sf7df8f}+ d=g=kf= jf8{
g++=( ls=g+= !!% / @^* If]qkmn qmdzM )#)) / )!))
u/L hDdf If]qkmn )$)) /f]kgL
vl/b ldlt / d"No ?= 2058/8/19 2,00,000/
hUufsf] xfnsf] d"No ?= 6,00,000/@= 3/ hUufsf] ljj/0fM P]=P]=ls=g+= !)! / #%$ If]qkmn qmdzM
)@@# / )##@ u/L hDdf )^@! /f]kgL
vl/b ldlt / d"No ?= 056/5/25, 1,64,200/hUufsf] xfnsf] d"No ?= 9,84,375/#= 3/ hUufsf] ljj/0fM P]=P]=ls=g+= #%% / ^! If]qkmn qmdzM
)^!@ / )))# u/L hDdf )^@! /f]kgL hUuf
vl/b ldlt / d"No ?= 2051/6/3, 61,525/hUufsf] xfnsf] d"No ?= 9,84,375/3/sf] xfnsf] d"No ?= 31,76,043/78
$= 3/ hUufsf] ljj/0fM lhNnf j+fs], jgs6jf uf=lj=;= j8f
g+= !-_ ls=g+= !)# sf] If]=km !)) ljufxf hUuf dWo] xfn
1347

j+fsL /xL sfod ePsf] ls=g+=!%& If]qkmn)&!& ljufxf
hUuf
vl/b ldlt / d"No ?= @)$%.!!.% df ls=g+= !)# sf] k'/} !))
ljufx hUuf sf]dN" o =#@,))).
hUufsf] xfnsf] d"No ?= k|ltjfbLsL >LdtL zLnf kf]v/]n -zdf{_
n] dfOtLjf6 as; kfPsf] hUuf ePsf]n] cg';Gwfgsf] bfo/f jflx/
/flvPsf] 5
%= 3/ hUuf wgLsf] gfdM o'j/fh zdf{

3/ hUuf] s f] ljj/0fM sf7df8f} + lhNnf v8\ s f eb| s fnL
uf=lj=;=j8f g+= ^-s_ sf] ls=g+= #@* If]qkmn !))) /f]kgL
hUuf dWo] c+za08f e} xfn sfod x'g cfPsf] ls=g+= %%* sf]
If]qkmn )^)) hUuf
vl/b ldlt / d"No ?= 2043/5/29 75,000/- df ! /f]kgL
hUuf vl/b u/]sf]
hUufsf] xfnsf] d"No ?= 2,62,500/3/ hUufsf] ljj/0fM lhNnf j+fs], g]kfnu~h gu/kflnsf jf8{ g+=
&-s_ ls=g+= #%% If]=km=)!) ljufxf hUuf dWo] c+za08f x'+bf
sfod ePsf] ls=g= $#^ If]qkmn ))^ ljufxf hUuf
vl/b ldlt / d"No ?= @)$$.#.# df ls=g+= #%% sf] )!) ljufxf
hUuf ?=!),))). df vl/b u/]sf]
hUufsf] xfnsf] d"No ?= 72,000/3/ hUufsf] ljj/0fM lhNnf bf, dfgk'/ ufp+ ljsf; ;ldlt
j8f g+= !-s_ ls=g+= #(! If]qkmn )@!& ljufxf hUuf
vl/b ldlt / d"No ?= 2054/1/9 42,000/hUufsf] xfnsf] d"No ?= 57,000/3/ hUufsf] ljj/0fM lhNnf bf, dfgk'/ ufp+ ljsf; ;ldlt
j8f g+= !-s_ ls=g+= @)( If]qkmn )#!* ljufxf hUuf
vl/b ldlt / d"No ?= 2050/3/22 14,000/hUufsf] xfnsf] d"No ?= 78,000/#= 3/ hUufsf] ljj/0fM zLnf k5f{O{ kf]v/]n
3/ hUufsf] ljj/0fM lhNnf j+fs], g]kfnu~h gu/kflnsf jf8{
g+= !-v_ -;fljs pbok'/_ ls=g+= ^$* If]qkmn)!!@=%
ljufxfhUuf
vl/b ldlt / d"No ?= 2048/4/19 81,250/hUufsf] xfnsf] d"No ?= 4,06,250/hUufsf] xfnsf] d"No hDdf
34,44,500/- 31,76,043/78
hDdf
66,20,543/78
-v_ j}s
+ df}hbft
!= vftfjfnfsf] gfdM zLnf kf]v/]n -zdf{_
gftfM >LdtL
j}+ssf] gfdM/fli6o jfl0fHo j}+s, ljzfnjhf/,
jrt vftf g+=0041269
/sd ?= 13,654/39
j}+ssf] gfdM g]kfn j}+s lnld6]8, g]kfnu~h
jrt vftf g+=5492, 6079
/sd ?= 13,661/36 / 29,084/81
j}+ssf] gfdM s[lif ljsf; j}+s, jlQ;k'tnL
jrt vftf g+=231582
/sd ?= 1,77,524/52
j}+ssf] gfdM gljn j}+s, sflGtky
jrt vftf g+=0110013294801
/sd ?= 73,321/07
j}+ssf] gfdM g]kfn j}+s lnld6]8 l8NnLjhf/
jrt vftf g+=0254650
/sd ?= 7,959/60
j}+ssf] gfdM s[lif ljsf; j}+s, g]kfnu~h
jrt vftf g+=070372
/sd ?= 13,301/34
@= vftfjfnfsf] gfdM o'j/fh zdf{
gftfM :jo+
j}+ssf] gfdM/fli6o jfl0fHo j}+s, gf/fo0fk'/, bf
jrt vftf g+=563
/sd ?= 2,361/73
j}+ssf] gfdM gljn j}+s, sflGtky
jrt vftf g+=0110013103601
/sd ?= 1,39,987/54
j}+ssf] gfdM g]kfn j}+s lnld6]8 l8NnLjhf/
jrt vftf g+=0191150
/sd ?= 11,121/16
j}+ssf] gfdM g]kfn j}+s lnld6]8 l;6L clkm; g]kfnu~h
jrt vftf g+=9134
/sd ?= 52,522/80
hDdfM 5,34,500/32
1348
-u_ z]o/ nufgL

tflnsf
z]o/wgLsf] gfd sDkgLj}+ssf] gfd

o'j/fh zdf{
o'j/fh zdf{
zLnf kf]v/]n
-zdf{_
zLnf kf]v/]n
-zdf{_
k|tLs kf]v/]n
o'j/fh zdf{
o'j/fh zdf{
k|zGg kf]v/]n
zLnf kf]v/]n
-zdf{_
o'j/fh zdf{
z]o/ gDj/qmdf+s
x:kL6n km/ P8efG; !#@*&( b]lv !$&*&* ;Dd

d]l8l;g P08 ;h{/L
k|f=ln=
,,
@( h'nfO{ @))! df vl/b
u/]sf]
dlxnf ;xsf/L ;+:yf &*&&^b]lv &**&% ;Dd /
*%#)) b]lv *%$$( ;Dd
j}+s ckm sf7df8f}+ !&!&@)! b]lv P]=!&!&@!)
ln=
;Dd / jf]g; z]o/
,,
!&!&@@! b]lv P]= !&!&@#)
;Dd / jf]g; z]o/ b]lv
,,
!&!&!*! b]lv P]=!&!&!()
;Dd / jf]g; z]o/
Pg=cfO{=l8=;L=
!#%)@$ b]lv !#%)## ;Dd
Soflk6n dfs]{6
-@)%).@.!$_
g]kfn j}+s ln=
z]o/ g+=ck|fKt
sf7df8f}+ OlG:6Ro"6 ldlt @)%&.#.^ b]lv )%*.#.#)
ckm
6]Sgf]nf]hL ;Dd z]o/df nufgL u/]sf]
k|f=ln=_
/sd
cgdf]n ldlt @)%*.!@.@) df vl/b
Sof6l/+u u/]sf]
k|f=ln=
z]o/
;+Vof
/sd ?=
15,000
15,00,000/
5,00,000/-
250
25,000/-
13
1,300/-
13
1,300/-
13
1,300/-
10
1000/-
10
1000/-
5,72,000/-
18000
18,00,000/
44,02,900/-
k|ltjfbLn] k]z u/]sf] # j6f ;DklQ ljj/0f

-ldlt @)%(.#.!) df >L ;DklQ Goflos hfFrj'em cfof]u,
ldlt @)%(.^.! df >L >d tyf oftfoft Joj:yf dGqfno
/ @)%(.*.( df o; cfof]udf k]z u/]sf] ljj/0f_ adf]lhd
z]o/ vl/b ug{ nufgL u/]sf] /sd .
-3_ /fli6o jrtkq M

jrtkq wgLsf] gfdM zLnf kf]v/]n -zdf{_
jrtkqsf] gfdM /fli6o jrtkq @)^@-v_
btf{ g++
vl/b ldlt
/sd ?=
377
2057/2/31
1,00,000/-
376
1349
,,
1,00,000/-

375
,,
1,00,000/-
374
,,
1,00,000/-
373
,,
1,00,000/-
/fli6o jrtkq @)^$ -s_

874
2056/3/24
1,00,000/-
873
,,
1,00,000/-
872
,,
1,00,000/-
871
,,
1,00,000/-
hDdf
9,00,000/-
-_ uf8L M
o'j/fh zdf{sf] gfddf vl/b eO{ ldlt @)%&.$.#) df
oftfoft Joj:yf sfof{no jfudtL c+rndf btf{ u/]sf]
af=#r ^!@@ sf] x'08fO{ sDkgLsf] SANTRO GLS.
(DX2) df]8nsf] uf8Lsf] d"No ==== ?= !),#),))).
-r_ ;'g rfFbL M

gljn j}s
+ lnld6]8, sflGtky l:yt ns/ g+=@!^ jf6 j/fdb
ePsf dWo] ;'g, ;'gsf] uxgf / hjfx/ftsf] d"No
?= %,*%,*!&.^)
s"n ;DklQ
!,$),&#,&^!.&)
;|ft] v'ns
] f] ;DklQ M
o' j /fh zdf{ M sf7df8f} + lhNnf, v8\ s f eb| s fnL
uf=lj=;=j8f g+= ^ -s_ ls=g+= #@* If]qkmn !)))

/f]kgL hUuf ldlt @)$#.%.@( df ?=&%,))). df
;uf]ndf /x]sf] jvt vl/b u/L c+za08f x'bF f lghsf]
efudf ls=g+= %%* sfod eO{ )^)) /f]kgL k|fKt
x'g cfPsf] hUufsf] xfnsf] d"No ===== ?=@,^@,%)).
o' j /fh zdf{ M lhNnf j+fs], g]kfnu~h gu/kflnsf jf8{
g+= &-s_ ls=g+=#%% If]qkmn )!) ljufxf hUuf ;uf]ndf
/x]s]f jvt ldlt @)$$.#.# df lnvtadf]lhd
?=!),))). df vl/b u/L c+za08f x'bF f lghsf] efudf
ls=g+= $#^ sfod eO{ ))^ ljufxf k|fKt x'g cfPsf]

hUufsf] xfnsf]] d"No ========
?=&@,))).
zLnf kf] v /] n -zdf{ _ M lhNnf j+ f s] , g] k fnu~h
gu/kflnsf j8f g+= !-v_ ls=g+= ^$* If]qkmn )
!!@=% ljufxf hUuf ldlt @)$*.$.!( df
lnvtadf]lhd ?=*!,@%).df vl/b u/]sf] hUufsf]
xfnsf] d"No ====
?=$,)^,@%).
o' j /fh zdf{ M lhNnf bf, dfgk'/ uf=lj=;= j8f g+=
!-s_ ls=g+= @)( If]qkmn )#!* ljufxf hUuf ldlt
@)%).#.@@ df lnvtadf]lhd ?=!$,))). df vl/b
u/]sf] hUufsf] xfnsf] d"No ====
?=&*,))).
zLnf kf]v/]n -zdf{_M ldlt @)%!.^.# df vl/b u/]sf]
sf7df8f}+ lhNnf, sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= (
lsQf g+= ^! / #%% If]qkmn qmdz )))# / )^
!@ /f]kgL hUufsf] d"No =====
?=(,*$,#&%.
o' j /fh zdf{ M lhNnf bf dfgk'/ uf=lj=;= j8f g+=
!-s_ ls=g+=#(! If]qkmn )@!& ljufxf hUuf ldlt
@)%$.!.( df lnvtadf]lhd ?=$@ xhf/df vl/b u/]sf]
hUufsf] xfnsf] d"No ?=%&,))).
zLnf kf]v/]n -zdf{_M /fli6o jrtkq @)^$ -s_ btf{
g+= *&$, *&#, *&@ / *&! ldlt @)%^.#.@$ df
jrtkq vl/b u/]sf] ========
?=$,)),))).
zLnf kf] v /] n -zdf{ _ M sf7df8f} + lhNnf, sf7df8f} +
dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= ( ls=g+= !)! / #%$ sf] hDdf
If]qkmn )^!@ /f]kgL hUuf ldlt @)%^.%.@% def
vl/b u/]sf] ?=(,*$,#&%. d"No j/fj/sf] hUufdWo]
;|ft] v'ns
] f] ====
?=!,#$,))).
zLnf kf] v /] n -zdf{ _ M ldlt @)%&.@.#! df RBP
g+=)))#&#, )))#&$, )))#&%, )))#&^, )))#&&
sf] /fli6o jrtkq @)^@ -v_ vl/b ubf{sf] ?=% nfvdWo]
;|ft] v'ns
] f] ============
?=!,&!,))).
o' j /fh zdf{ M ldlt @)%&.(.@% df Hospital for
Advance Medicine and Surgery Pvt. Ltd. sf] z]o/
vl/b u/]sf] ?=% nfv dWo] ;|ft] v'ns
] f] ?=!,$#,))).
zLnf kf] v /] n -zdf{ _ M Kathmandu Institure of
Technology Pvt. Ltd. sf]
ldlt @)%&.!@.! df ?= @
nfvsf] z]o/ vl/b u/]sf] dWo] ;|ft] v'ns
] f] ?=$),))).
1350

o' j /fh zdf{ M ldlt @)%*.#.!% df Hospital for
vl/b u/]sf] ?=% nfvdWo] ;|ft] v'ns

] f] ===?=&^,))).
zLnf kf] v /] n -zdf{ _ M Kathmandu Institure of
Technology Pvt. Ltd. sf] ldlt @)%* df ?=^ xhf/sf]
z]o/ vl/b u/]sf] =====

?=^),))).
zLnf kf]v/]n -zdf{_Mldlt @)%*.^.! df dlxnf ;xsf/L
;+:yf ln=sf] z]o/ vl/b u/]sf] ====
?=@%,))).
zLnf kf]v/]n -zdf{_M ldlt )%*.*.!( df sf7df8f}+
lhNnf sf=d=g=kf jf=g+=( ls=g+= !!% / @*^ sf] hDdf
If]qkmn )$)) /f]kgL hUufy}nL c ?= @ nfv
/fvL vl/b u/]sf] eP tfklg ?=^ nfvdf vl/b u/]sf]
x'g ;Sg] b]lvPsf]n] ;f] hUuf vl/b ubf{ ;|ft] v'ns
] f]
/sd ========
?=!,@#,))).
o'j/fh zdf{M ldlt @)%*.!@.@) df cgdf]n Sof6/L
k|f=ln= sf] !* nfvsf] z]o/ vl/b u/]sf] dWo] ;|ft]
v'ns
] f] hDdf /sd =====
?=*%,))).
zLnf kf]v/]n -zdf{_M ldlt @)%( ;fndf sf=d=g=kf=
jf=g+= ( l:yt zLnf kf]v/]n zdf{sf] 3/ sDkfp08 leq
?=@,@%,)$&.%^ df uf8{ Sjf6/ lgdf{0f u/]sf] pQm
/sddWo] ;|ft] v'ns
] f] /sd ======
?=&^,))).
zLnf kf]v/]n -zdf{_M/fli6o jfl0fHo j}s
+ , ljzfnjhf/l:yt
vftf g+= $!@^( df /x]sf] df}hbft === ?=!#,^%$.#(
zLnf kf] v /] n -zdf{ _ M g] k fn j} + s ln=l;6L clkm;
g]kfnu~hl:yt vftf g+= %$(@ df /x]sf] df}hbft
?=!#,^^!.#^
o' j /fh zdf{ M g]kfn j}s
+ ln=l;6L clkm; g]kfnu~hl:yt
vftf g+= (!#$ df /x]sf] df}hbft == ?=%@,%@@.*)
zLnf kf]v/]n -zdf{_M /fli6o jfl0fHo j}s
+ g]kfnu~hl:yt
vftf g+= ^)&( df /x]sf] df}hbft ==== ?=@(,)*$.*!
zLnf kf]v/]n -zdf{_M s[lif ljsf; a}s
+ , g]kfnu~hl:yt
vftf g+= )&)#&@ df /x]sf] df}hbft == ?=!#,#)!.#$
zLnf kf]v/]n -zdf{_Mg]kfn j}s
+ lnld6]8 l8NnLjhf/l:yt
vftf g+= )@%$^%) df /x]sf] df}hbft ==?=&,(%(.^)
o' j /fh zdf{ M g]kfn j}s
+ lnld6]8 l8NnLjhf/l:yt vftf
g+= )!(!!%) df /x]sf] df}hbft === ?=!!,!@!.!^
/fli6o jfl0fHo a}s

+ gf/fo0fk'/l:yt vftf
g+= %^# df /x]sf] df}hbft ======== ?=@,#^!.&#
zLnf kf]v/]n -zdf{_M o'j/fh zdf{, k|tLs kf]v/]n a}s
+ ckm
sf7df8f}F ln=df z]o/ nufgL u/]sf] /sd nufgL /
nfef+z z]o/ ;d]tsf] =============== ?=#,()).
o'j/fh zdf{M gljn j}s
+ ln=,sflGtky l:yt ns/ g+=
@!^ jf6 j/fdb ePsf ;'g, ;'gsf] uxgf / hjfx/ftx
o'j/fh zdf{
?=%,*%,*!&.^)
Pg\cfO=l8=;L= Soflk6n dfs]{6df !)

lsQf z]o/ nufgL u/]sf] /sd ======== ?=!,))).
k|zGg kf]v/]nM g]kfn ljsf; j}s
+ ln=sf] !) lsQf z]o/df
nufgL u/]sf] ======
?=!,))).
o'j/fh zdf{M
#(,@*,%)(.&(
dfly plNnlvt ;DklQx dWo] qm=;+=

!$, !^, @^, @* / @( df plNnlvt
?=!,!%,()). d"No j/fj/sf] ;DklQ k|ltjfbLsf]
lgoGq0fdf /x]sf] / qm=;+= @^ df plNnlvt
?=%,*%,*!&.^) d"No j/fj/sf] ef}lts ;DklQ
;DdfgLt cbfntdf k]z u/]sf] / ;f] tflnsfdf
plNnlvt cGo ?=#@,@^,&(@.!( d"No j/fj/sf]
;DklQ cfof]usf] cfb]zjf6 /f]Ssf /x]sf] .
cf/f]kkqsf] tflnsf g+= ( qm=;+= ! df
plNnlvt k|ltjfbLsf] gfddf btf{ ePsf] sf7df8f}+
lhNnf v8\sf eb|sfnL uf=lj=;= j8f g+= ^-s_
ls=g+= #@* If]qkmn !))) /f]kgL hUuf
ldlt @)$#.%.@( df sf] ?=&%,))). y}nL c
pNn]v u/L vl/b u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . pQm hUuf
c+za08f ubf{sf] cj:yfdf )^)) /f]kgL
hUuf k|ltjfbLn] k|fKt u/]sf] pQm hUuf vl/b
ubf{ k|ltjfbLn] ;f] lnvtadf]lhdsf] d"No /
c+za08fjf6 k|fKt hUufsf] cfwf/df x'g]
;dfg'kflts ?=@*,!@%. /sd k|ltjfbLn] ;f]
hUuf vl/b ubf{ nufgL u/]sf] x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5 .
-pQm hUuf vl/b ubf{sf] ;dodf k|ltjfbL
;uf]ndf /x]sf]_ pQm hUuf vl/b ubf{sf] ;|ft] sf]
1351
ljifodf x]bf{ k|ltjfbLs]f ldlt @)#^ ;fnb]lv

hUuf vl/b ubf{sf] ;do;dd k|fKt u/]sf] tnj
eQfsf] jrt /sd -tnj eQf zt k|ltzt
jrt u/]sf] cg'dfgsf] cfwf/df_ jf6 vl/b
u/]sf] x'g ;Sg] l:ylt b]lvPsf] 5 . ;f] ! /f]kgL
hUuf dWo] c+za08f x'bF f lghsf] efudf ls=g+=%%*
sfod eO{ )^)) /f]kgL hUuf k|fKt x'g
cfPjf6 ;f] hUuf ;uf]nsf] ;DklQjf6 ;d]t
vl/b u/]sf] x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5 . ctM xfnsf]
d"Nofgjf6 b]lvPsf] ?=@,^@,%)). sf] pQm
;DklQnfO{ ;|ft] v'ns
] f] ;DklQdf u0fgf u/L
bfjLdf lnOPsf] 5}g .
qm=;+=@ df plNnlvt lhNnf j+fs],
g]kfnu~h gu/kflnsf jf=g+= & -s_ ls=g+=#%%
If]qkmn )!) sf] hUuf k|ltjfbL o'j/fh zdf{n]
cfk\mgf] gfddf ldlt @)$$.#.# df lnvt jdf]hd
?=!),))). y}nL c pNn]v u/L ;uf]ndf
/xbf vl/b u/]sf], c+za08f ubf{sf] cj:Yfdf )
)^ ljufxf hUuf k|fKt u/]sf] x'bF f pQm hUuf
vl/b ubf{ k|ltjfbLn] ;f] lnvtadf]lhdsf] d"No
/ k|fKt u/]sf] hUufsf] cfwf/df ;dfg'kflts
kdf x'g] ?=#,))). hUuf vl/b ubf{ lghn]
pkef]u u/]sf] x'g ;Sg] b]lvPsf] 5 . pQm ;Dk"0f{
hUuf vl/b ubf{ ;uf]nsf kl/jf/sf cGo
c+lzof/xsf] /sd ;d]tsf] cfojf6 ;f] hUuf
vl/b u/]sf] x'g ;Sg] cj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
;f] hUuf vl/b ubf{sf] ;dodf k|ltjfbL
tk{mjf6 nufgL u/]sf] ;|f]tsf] ljifodf x]bf{
k|ltjfbLsf] @)$# efb|bl] v @)$$ h]7;Ddsf]
tnj, eQfafkt k|fKt u/]sf] /sdsf] jrtjf6
vl/b u/]sf] x'g ;Sg] b]lvPsf] 5 . ;DklQ
c+za08f x'bF f )!) ljufxf hUufdWo] k|ltjfbLsf]
gfddf ))^ ljufxf hUuf c+z efudf k/]sf]
b]lvG5 . ctM pQm hUufsf] xfnsf] d"Nofg
adf]lhd sfod x'g cfPsf] ?=&@,))). d"No
j/fj/sf] ;f] ;DklQnfO{ ;|ft] v'ns
] f] ;DklQdf
u0fgf u/L bfjLdf lnOPsf] 5}g .
qm=;+= # df plNnlvt lhNnf jfFs],

g]kfnu~h gu/kflnsf j8f g+= !-v_ ls=g+=
^$* If] q kmn )!!@=% ljufxf hUuf
k|ltjfbLn] cfk\mgL >LdtL zLnf kf]v/]n-zdf{_
sf gfddf ldlt @)$*.$.!( df lnvtadf]lhd
?=*!,@%). y}nL c pNn]v u/L vl/b u/]sf]
b]lvPsf] 5 . lhNnf jfFs] g]kfnu~h gu/kflnsf
jf8{ g+= * df kg]{ If]qkmn ))!(% / )
)^=&% ljufxf hUuf k|ltjfbLn] ldlt )$^.@.#
df ljqmL u/]sf], P]=P]= df kg]{ If]qkmn ))
!) ljufxf hUuf ldlt @)$*.@.! df ljqmL
u/]sf], P]=P]= sf] If]qkmn )#@=% ljufxf
hUuf @)$*.@.( df ljqmLu/]sf] / @)$& ;fnsf]
v]tLsf] cfo ;d]tjf6 ;f] hUuf vl/b u/]sf]
x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5 . ctM xfnsf] ?=$,)^,@%).
d"No j/fj/sf] pQm ls=g+= ^$* hUufnfO{
;|f]t v'n]sf] ;DklQdf u0fgf u/L bfjLdf
lnOPsf] 5}g .
qm=;+= $ df plNnlvt o'j/fh zdf{sf]
gfddf btf{ ePsf] lhNnf bf, dfgk'/ uf=lj=;=
j8f g+= !-s_ ls=g+= @)( If]qkmn )#!*
ljufxf hUuf ldlt @)%).#.@@ df lnvtadf]lhd
?=!$,))). df vl/b u/]sf] b]lvG5 . k|ltjfbLn]
ljb]z e|d0f, kfl/>lds, 3/ef8f / s[lifsf]
cfojf6 k|fKt ldl>t ;|ft] jf6 g} rn crn
;DklQ hf]8s
] f] egL cfof]u ;dIfsf] jofg sygdf
pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . k|ltjfbL @)$* dfu{df ljb]z
e|d0f ubf{ :kf]G;/ ug]{ ;+:yfjf6 cd]l/sL 8n/
!))) k|fKt u/]sf] s'/f lghsf] gfddf hf/L
ePsf] /fxbfgLjf6 b]lvG5 . k|fKt u/]sf] pQm
/sdsf] j9Ldf &) k|ltzt;Dd jrt x'g ;Sg]
/sd dWo]jf6 ;f] hUuf vl/b u/]sf] x'g ;Sg]
b]lvPsf]5 . ctM ?=&*,))). d"No j/fj/sf]
;f] ;DklQnfO{ ;|ft] v'ns
] f] ;DklQ u0fgf u/L
qm=;+= % df plNnlvt sf=d=g=kf=
j8f g+= ( ls=g+=^! / #%% sf] hDdf If]qkmn
1352
)^!@ /f]kgL ?=(,*$,#&%. d"No j/fj/sf]

hUuf k| l tjfbLn] ldlt @)%!.^.# sf]
lnvtadf]lhd ?=^!,%@%. y}nL c pNn]v
u/L vl/b u/]sf] b]lvG5 . hUuf vl/b ubf{sf]
lnvtdf hUufsf] y}nL c ?=^!,%@%. n]lvPsf]
b]lvG5 . ;f] y}nL c hUufsf] jf:tljs d"No
geO{ /lhi6]zg kf/Lt ubf{ ltg'{kg]{ b:t"/sf]
k|of]hgsf] nflu;Dd pNn]v u/]sf] eGg] k|i6}
5 . pQm hUufsf] kf/Lt lnvtdf xfn} b]lvsf]
js; pNn] v ePtfklg lghn] ;f] hUuf
js;jf6 k|fKt ug]{ cfwf/, sf/0f / ;DaGw
klg gb]lvPsf] / k|ltjfbLn] pQm hUuf vl/b
u/L k|fKt u/]sf] egL lhsL/ lnPsf] b]lvPjf6
;f] hUuf vl/b ubf{ k| l tjfbLn] Go" g td
?=(,*$,))). /sd vr{ u/L hUuf vl/b
u/]sf] x'g;Sg] cj:yf b]lvG5 .
t;y{, ;f] hUufsf] cjl:ylt, k"jf{wf/
tyf uf}zfnf If]qsf] ;fldKodf /x]sf] cfwf/
;d]tdf x]bf{ pQm d"Nodf ;f] hUuf ;f] ;dodf
vl/b x'g g;lsg] b]lvPsf] x'Fbf k|ltjfbLn]
Go"gtd kdf xfnsf] d"Noadf]lhdsf] /sd
vr{ u/L hUuf vl/b u/sf] x'g ;Sg] ePsf]n]
xfnsf] d"NonfO{ g} vl/b d"No ?=(*$,#&%.
sfod ul/Psf] 5 . pQm hUuf vl/b ubf{sf]
;|f]tsf] ljifodf k|ltjfbLn] v]tLkfltsf] cfo,
tnj, eQfsf] jrt /sd 3/ef8f cflbsf]
ldl>t cfojf6 vl/b u/]sf] egL lhsL/ lnPsf]
b]lvPsf] 5 .
k|ltjfbLn] lnPsf] lhsL/tk{m x]bf{ @)$*,
@)$( b/ @)%) ;fnsf] v]tLsf] cfojf6 x'g
;Sg] jrt /sd, @)$$ cfiff9b]lv pQm hUuf
vl/b ubf{sf] ;do @)%! efb|;Dd k|fKt u/]sf]
tnj eQfjf6 jrt u/]sf] /sd ldlt @)$*.$.(
df lhNnf j+fs] g]kfnu~h g=kf= j8f g+= * df
kg]{ ))!* ljufxf hUuf ljqmL ubf{ k|fKt
u/]sf] cfDbfgL /sd / @)$(.!@.!) df ljb]z
e|d0f ubf{ :kf]G;/ ug]{ ;+:Yffjf6 k|fKt !!))
cd]l/sL 8n/dWo] &) k|ltzt jrt u/]sf] x'g

;Sg] /sd ;d] t sf] lx;fj ubf{ s" n
?=$,@*,%!(.&) /sdsf] ;|ft] v'ns
] f] b]lvG5 .
k|ltjfbLsf] sf7df8f}+ zx/LIf]qdf 3/jf; of]Uo
38]/L ;f] cl3 gePsf] / To:tf] 38]/L ;/
;fk6, C0f ;fk6L lnO{ vl/b u/]sf] x'g ;Sg]
b]lvG5 . ctM ?=(,*$,#&%. d"No j/fj/sf]
pQm ;DklQnfO{ ;|ft] v'ns
] f] ;DklQdf u0fgf
u/L bfjLdf lnOPsf] 5}g .
qm=;+= ^ df plNnlvt bf lhNnf
dfgk'/ uf=lj=;= j8f g+= !-s_ ls=g+= #(!
If]qkmn )@!& ljufxf ?=%&,))). d"No
j/fj/sf] hUuf k|ltjfbLn] ldlt @)%$.!.( df
lnvtadf]lhd ?=$@,))). y}nL c pNn]v
u/L vl/b u/]sf] b]lvG5 . k|ltjfbLn] lhsL/
lnP adf]lhd @)%@.(.@ df lhNnf jfFs] /e]mgf
uf=lj=;= j8f g+= !-u_ ls=g+= !&( If]qkmn
)^!)=% ljufxf hUuf ljqmL u/]sf] b]lvPsf]n]
;f] /sd / @)%! ;fnsf] s[lifsf] cfojf6
jrt ePsf] /sd dWo]jf6 ;f] hUuf vl/b
u/]sf] x'g ;Sg] b]lvPsf]n] xfn ?=%&,))).
kg]{ pQm ;DklQnfO{ ;|f]t v'n]sf] ;DklQdf
qm=;+= & df plNnlvt ldlt @)%^.#.@$
df k|ltjfbLsL >LdtL zLnf kf]v/]n -zdf{_ sf]
gfpFdf b=g++ *&!, *&# / *&$, @)^$ -s_ sf]
hDdf ?= $ nfvsf] /fli6o jrtkq vl/b
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . k|ltjfbLn] ;|ft] sf] ljifodf lnPsf]
lhsL/tk{m x]bf{ lghsf] jofgadf]lhd ;f] jrtkq
@)%$ / @)%% ;fnsf] v]tLsf] cfDbfgL,
@)%%.%.@$ / @)%^.#.$ df :kf]G;/ ug]{ ;+:yfjf6
k|fKt u/]sf] hDdf #$)) cd]l/sL 8n/ ljb]z
e|d0f ubf{ &) k|ltzt;Dd jrt x'g ;Sg]
/sd, @)%$ j}zfvb]lv @)%^ h]i7;Ddsf]
g]kfnu~hl:yt k}ts
[ 3/sf] ef8f /sd / ;f]
cjlwsf] kfl/>lds ;d]tjf6 jrt x'g] /sdjf6
vl/b u/]sf] x'g ;Sg] ePsf]n] pQm ?=$ nfvsf]
1353
/fli6o jrtkqnfO{ ;|ft] v'ns

] f] ;DklQsf kdf
qm=;+ = * df plNnlvt sf7df8f} +
dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= ( ls=g+= !)! / #%$
hDdf If] q kmn )^@! sf] hUuf ldlt
@)%^.%.@% df hUuf vl/b ubf{sf] lnvtdf
y}nL c ?=!,^$,@)). pNn]v u/L vl/b u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . ;f] hUuf vl/b ubf{ k|ltjfbLn] Go"gtd\
?=(,*$,))). /sd vr{ u/L hUuf vl/b
u/]sf] x'g ;Sg] cj:yf hUuf /x]sf] :yfgdf
ePsf ef}lts k"jf{wf/xsf] pknJwtf / hUufs]f
kl/df0f ;d]tn] k'li6 ub{5 . ;f] s'/fsf] k'li6
xfn sfod eO{ cfPsf] d"Noflt cn] ;d]t
;dy{g u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . ;f] hUuf vl/bsf]
;|ft] tk{m x]bf{ k|ltjfbLsf] ljb]z e|d0f, tnj
eQf, 3/ef8f / @)%% ;fn;Ddsf] v]tLjf6
jrt x'g;Sg] clwstd ?=!,#$,))). dfq
b]lvPsf]n] ;f] hUuf vl/b u/]sf] s'n /sd
(,*$,#&%. dWo] !,#$,))). nfO{ dfq ;|ft]
v'n]sf] ;DklQsf kdf u0fgf u/L bfjLdf
lnOPsf] 5}g .
qm=;+=( df plNnlvt RBP g+= ))#&#
b]lv )))#&& ;Ddsf] hDdf ?=% nfvsf]
/fli6o jrtkq @)^@ -v_ ldlt @)%&.@.#!
df k|ltjfbLsL >LdtL zLnf kf]v/]n -zdf{_
sf] gfddf vl/b u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . ;f]
jrtkq vl/b ubf{ s f] ;| f ] t sf ;DaGwdf
k| l tjfbLn] :ki6 kdf cfof] u ;dIfsf]
jofgdf v'nfpg ;s]sf] b]lv+b}g . ?=% nfvsf]
/sdsf] jrtkq vl/b ubf{sf] ;|f]t k|ltjfbLn]
:ki6 kdf pNn]v ug{ g;s]tfklg @)%^
c;f/9b] l v @)%& j} z fv;Ddsf] lghsf]
kfl/>lds ;f]xL cjlwsf] g]kfnu~hl:yt
k|ltjfbLsf] gfdsf] k}t[s 3/sf] ef8f / @)%^
;fnsf] s[lifsf] cfDbfgL ;d]tsf] clwstd
hDdf ?=!,&!,))). sf] dfq ;|f]t v'nsf]
b]lvPsf] 5 . ctM pQm ?= % nfvsf] /fli6o
jrtkqdWo] ?=!,&!,))). /sdnfO{ dfq

;|f]t v'n]sf] ;DklQdf u0fgf u/L bfjLdf
lnOPsf] 5}g .
qm=;+= !) df pNn]v ePadf]lhd ldlt
@)%&.(.@% df k|ltjfbL o'j/fh zdf{sf gfp+df
Hospital for Advance Medicine and Surgery Pvt.
Ltd. sf] ?=% nfvsf] z]o/ vl/b u/]sf] b]lvPsf]
5 . pQm s+kgLsf] z]o/ k|ltjfbLn] ldlt

@)%&.(.@% b]lv @)%*.#.!% ;Dd % k6s
u/L ?=@) nfvsf] z]o/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . pQm
z]o/ /sdsf] ;|f]tsf] ljifodf k|ltjfbLn] ;f]
z]o/ cfk"mn] 5'L leGg eO{ j;]sf efOsf
/sdn] lghsf nflu cfk\mgf] gfddf z]o/ vl/b
u/]sf] egL lhsL/ lnPsf] b]lvG5 . o;/L
k|ltjfbLn] cfk"mn] u/]sf] s;"/jf6 jRg tyf
cfk\mgf] j}w ;|f]tx j9fpg e"m7f / sfNklgs
s'/f jofg sygdf pNn]v u/]tfklg ?=% nfvsf]
z]o/ vl/b ubf{sf] ;dodf k|ltjfbL;+u @)%&
h] i 7b] l v P] = d+ l ;/;Ddsf] lgh k| l tjfbLsf]
g]kfnu~hl:yt 3/sf] ef8f, P]= cjlwsf] lghsf]
kfl/>lds -ztk|ltzt jrt u/]sf] cg'dfgsf]
cfwf/df_ / @)%& ;fnsf] s[lif cfo ;d]tjf6
k| f Kt u/] s f] /sd dWo] j f6 clwstd
?=!,$#,))). /sd dfq jrtdf /x]sf] b]lvPsf]
5 . t;y{ pQm /sd ;f] sDkgLsf] pQm z]o/df
nufgL u/]sf] x'g ;Sg] b]lvPsf]n] @)%&.(.@%
df vl/b u/]sf] ?=% nfvsf] pQm z]o/dWo]
;|f]t v'n]sf] ?=!,$#,))).sf] z]o/nfO{ ;|f]t
v'n]sf] ;DklQdf u0fgf u/L bfjLdf lnOPsf]
5}g .
qm=;+ = !! df pNn] v ePadf] l hd
k|ltjfbL o'j/fh zdf{sL >LdtL zLnf kf]v/]n
-zdf{ _ sf gfddf ldlt @)%&.!@.! df
Kathmandu Institute of Technology Pvt. Ltd. sf]
?= @ nfvsf] z]o/ vl/b u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . ;f]
z]o/ vl/b ubf{sf] cfDbfgLsf] ;|ft] tk{m x]bf{
k|ltjfbLsf] efO gftf kg]{ elgPsf cgGt zdf{n]
1354
***^ - g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=o'j/fh zdf{
;+oQ
' m /fHo cd]l/sfjf6 k7fPsf] ?=@! nfvdWo]
?= % nfvsf] z]o/ vl/b u/]sf] egL lhsL/
lnPsf] b]lvG5 . ;f] lhsL/df ljZjf;of]Uo cfwf/
b]lvPg .
k|ltjfbLn] lnPsf] lhsL/adf]lhd @)%&
kf}ifb]lv P]= kmfu'g;Ddsf] kfl/>lds / ;f]xL
cjlwsf] 3/ef8f jfx]s ;f] cjlwdf cGo s'g}
cfo k|fKt ePsf] b]lv+bg} . k|ltjfbLsf] @)%&
k';b]lv P]=kmfu'g;Ddsf] kfl/>lds / 3/ef8f
cfDbfgLjf6 clwstd ?=$),))). /sd
jrtdf /x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . pQm /sd ;f]
sDkgLsf] z]o/ vl/bdf nufPsf] x'g;Sg]
b]lvPsf]n] vl/b u/]sf] ?= @ nfvsf] pQm z]o/
dWo] ;f] ?=$),))). sf] z]o/nfO{ dfq ;|ft]
v'ns
] f] ;DklQdf u0fgf u/L bfjLdf lnOPsf]
5}g .
qm=;+= !@ df pNn]v ePadf]lhd ldlt
)%*.#.!% df k|ltjfbL Hospital for Advance
Medicine and Surgery Pvt. Ltd. sf] ?= % nfvsf]
z]o/ vl/b u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;f] z]o/ glhssf
efO gftf kg]{ s'df/ kf]v/]nsf] nflu pQm k|f=ln=
sf] z]o/ vl/b ug{ s'df/ kf]v/]nsL cfdf jflnsf
b]jLn] k|ltjfbLnfO{ ?=% nfv ljleGg ldltdf
lbPsf] egL cfof]u ;dIfsf] jofgdf pNn]v
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . t/ s'g s'g ldltdf / s] slt
/sd lgh jflnsf b]jLn] lbPsf] eGg] ;DaGwdf
s'g} sfuh k|df0f k]z ug{ g;s]sf]n] ;f] egfO
ljZjf;of]Uo 5}g . oBlk pQm z]o/ vl/bsf]
;|ft] tk{m x]bf{ lgh k|ltjfbLn] ljb]z e|d0f ubf{
:kf]G;/ ug]{ ;+:yfjf6 ldlt @)%*.!.@* df
cd]l/sL 8n/ ^*) k|fKt u/]sf] b]lvPsf]df ;f]
/sdsf] clwstd &) k|ltzt ;Dd jrt u/]sf]
x'g ;Sg] b]lvPsf]n] ;f] jrt /sd, @)%&
r}qb]lv @)%* h]7;Ddsf] kfl/>lds / ;f]xL
cjlwsf] k|ltjfbLsf] gfddf /x]sf] g]kfnu~hl:yt
k'Vof}n
{ L 3/sf] ef8f ;d]tjf6 jrt u/]sf] x'g;Sg]
clwstd ?=&^,))). ;d]t vr{ u/L pQm
z]o/ vl/b u/]sf] x'g ;Sg] b]lvPsf]n] ldlt

@)%*.#.!% df vl/b u/]sf] ?=% nfvsf] pQm
z]o/dWo] ?=&^,))). sf] z]o/nfO{ dfq ;|ft]
v'ns
5}g .
qm=;+= !# df pNn]v ePadf]lhd ldlt
@)%*.#.#) df k|ltjfbLsL >LdtL zLnf kf]v/]n
-zdf{_ sf] gfddf Kathmandu Institute of
Technology Pvt. Ltd. sf] ?=^) xhf/sf] z]o/
vl/b u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . ;f] z]o/ vl/b ubf{sf]
;|ft] tk{m x]bf{ lgh zLnf kf]v/]nn] ;f] Kathmandu
Institute of Technology Pvt. Ltd. df sfd u/]
afkt k|fKt kfl/>ldsnfO{ z]o/df kl/0ft u/]sf]
b]lvPsf]n] ;f] ;DklQnfO{ ;|ft] v'ns
] f] ;DklQdf
qm=;+= !$ df pNn]v ePadf]lhd ldlt
)%*.^.! df k|ltjfbLsL >LdtL zLnf kf]v/]n
-zdf{_ sf] gfddf dlxnf ;xsf/L ;+:Yff ln= sf]
?=@%,))). sf] z]o/ vl/b u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 .
;f] z]o/ vl/bsf] ;|ft] tk{m x]bf{ lgh k|ltjfbL
o'j/fh zdf{n] ljb]z e|d0fdf hfFbf ldlt
@)%*.#.@@ df :kf]G;/ ug]{ ;+:yfjf6 ^!)
cd]l/sL 8n/ k|fKt u/]sf] b]lvPsf]df ;f] /sdsf]
&) k|ltzt;Dd jrt ePsf] x'g ;Sg] b]lvPsf]
5 . o;/L pQm j}w cfDbfgLjf6 /sd jrt
u/]sf] ;do / z]o/ vl/b u/]sf] ;dosf]
;fdLKotfsf] cfwf/df ;f] jrt /sdjf6} pQm
z]o/ vl/b u/]sf] x'g ;Sg] b]lvPsf]n] ?=@%,))).
sf] pQm z]o/nfO{ ;|ft] v'ns
] f] ;DklQdf u0fgf
u/L bfjLdf lnOPsf] 5}g .
qm=;+=!% df pNn]v ePadf]lhd ldlt
)%*.*.!* df k|ltjfbLsL >LdtL zLnf kf]v/]n
-zdf{_ sf] gfddf sf7df8f}+ lhNnf, sf=d=g=kf=
j8f g+= ( ls=g+=!!% / @^* hDdf If]qkmn )
$)) /f]kgL ?= ^ nfv d"No j/fj/sf] hUuf
lnvtdf ?= @# nfv y}nL c pNn]v u/L vl/b
u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . ;f] hUuf y}nL c pNn]v
1355
ul/Psf] /sddf vl/b ljqmL x'g ;Sg] gb]lvPsf]n]

xfnsf] d"No Go"gtd ?= ^ nfv /sd vr{ u/L
k|ltjfbLn] ;f] hUuf vl/b u/]sf] x'g ;Sg]
b]lvPsf]n] pQm ?= ^ nfvnfO{ g} vl/b d"No
sfod ul/Psf] 5 .
pQm hUuf vl/bsf] ;|ft] tk{m x]bf{ @)%*
h]i7;Ddsf] cfDbfgLjf6 qm=;+= !$ ;Ddsf]
;DklQ vl/b u/]sf]n] @)%* c;f/b]lv P]=
sflQs;Ddsf] kfl/>lds, P]=cjlwsf] k|ltjfbLsf]
gfdsf] g]kfnu~hl:yt k}ts
[ 3/sf] ef8f /
@)%* ;fnsf] s[lif cfosf] jrtjf6 ;d]t
hDdf ?=!,@#,))). dfq jrt x' g ;Sg]
b]lvPsf]n] ?= ^ nfvdf vl/b ul/Psf] pQm
hUufsf] ?=!,@#,))). sf] dfq ;|ft] v'ns
] f]n]
?=^ nfvdWo] ?=!,@#,))). /sdnfO{ ;|f]t
v'ns
5}g .
qm=;+ = !^ df pNn] v ePadf] l hd
k|ltjfbLn] cgdf]n Sof6l/ k|f=ln= sf] ?=!*
nfvsf] z]o/ vl/b u/]sf] Joxf]/f ldlt @)%(.^.!
df e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf %)
sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] k|of]hgsf] nflu >d tyf
oftfoft Joj:yf dGqfnodf k]z u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
To:t} u/L ldlt @)%(.#.!) df >L ;DklQ
Goflos hfFrj'em cfof]udf ;DklQ ljj/0f
:j3f]lift kdf k]z ubf{ klg lgh k|ltjfbLn]
ldlt @)%*.!@.@) df pQm k|f=ln= sf] ?=!*
nfvsf] z]o/ vl/b u/]sf] Joxf]/f cfk}mn] v'nfO{
lbPsf] b]lvG5 . lgh @)%*.!!.!^ df ljb]z
hfFbf *%) cd]/LsL 8n/dWo] &) k|ltzt
art x' g ;Sg] /sd, @)%* d+ l ;/b] l v
kmfu'g;Ddsf] tnaeQf / k}t[s 3/ef8faf6
clwstd\ *%))) jrt x' g ;Sg] b] l vbf
Tolt;Dd ;|ft] v'ns
] f] ;DklQ u0fgfu/L bfjLdf
lnOPsf] 5}g .
qm=;+ = !& df pNn] v ePadf] l hd
sf7df8f}+ lhNnf sf=d=g=kf= j8f g+= ( l:yt
k|ltjfbLsf] >LdtL zLnf kf]v/]n -zdf{_ sf]

gfddf ePsf] 3/ sDkfp08df @)%( ;fndf
?=@,@%,)$&.%^ vr{ u/L uf8{ Sjf6/ lgdf{0f
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;f] cjlwdf lgh k|ltjfbL;+u
@)%* r}q / j}zfvsf] k}ts
[ 3/sf] ef8f /sd,
P]=cjlwsf] tnj / @)%( ;fnsf] v]tLafkt
k|f+ Kt x'g] cfDbfgLjf6 clwstd ?=&^,))).
dfq jrt x'g;Sg] b]lvPsf] 5 . ctM uf8{
Sjf6/ lgdf{0f ubf{ vr{ ePsf] ?=@,@%,)$&.%^
/sddWo] jrt u/]sf] ?=&^,))). /sd uf8{
Sjf6/ lgdf{0f ubf{ nufgL u/]sf] x'g ;Sg]
b]lvPsf]n] ?=&^,))). /sdnfO{ dfq ;|ft] v'ns
] f]
/sddf u0fgf u/L bfjLdf lnOPsf] 5}g .
qm=;+ = !* b] l v @% ;Dd pNn] v
ePadf]lhd zLnf kf]v/]n -zdf{_ sf gfddf
/fli6o jfl0fHo j}s
+ ljzfnjhf/l:yt vftf g+=
$!@^( df ?=!#,^%$.#(, g]kfn j}s
+ lnld6]8
l;6L clkm; g]kfnu~hl:yt vftf g+= %$(@
df !#,^^!.#^, /fli6 o jfl0fHo j} + s
g]kfnu~hl:yt vftf g+= ^)(& df @(,)*$.*!,
s[lif ljsf; j}+s g]kfnu~hl:yt vftf g+=
)&)#&@ df ?=!#,#)!.#$ / g]kfn j}s
+ lnld6]8
l8NnLjhf/l:yt vftf g+= )@%$^%) df
?=&,(%(.^) u/L hDdf ?=&&,^^!.%) k|ltjfbLsL
>LdtL zLnf kf]v/]n -zdf{_ sf gfddf j}s
+
df}hbft /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
To;}u/L k|ltjfbL o'j/fh zdf{sf] gfddf
g]kfn j}s
+ lnld6]8 l;6L clkm; g]kfnu~hl:yt
vftf g+= (!$# df ?=%@,%@@.*), g]kfn j}+s
lnld6]8 l8NnLjhf/l:yt vftf g+= )!(!!%)
df ?=!!,!@!.!^, /fli6 o jfl0fHo j} + s
gf/fo0fk'/l:yt vftf g+= %^# df ?=@,#^!.&#
u/L hDdf ?=^^,))%.^( k|ltjfbL o'j/fh
zdf{sf gfddf j}+s df}hbft /x]sf] b]lvG5 . tL
j}+s vftfsf] sf/f]jf/ /x]jf6 pQm /sdx
:jfefljs cfDbfgLjf6 jrt u/]sf] x'g;Sg]
b] l vPsf] n ] pQm ?=!,$#,^^&.!( sf] j} + s
1356
df}hbftnfO{ ;|f]t v'n]sf] ;DklQdf u0fgf u/L

qm=;+ = @^, @* / @( df pNn] v
ePadf]lhd k|ltjfbL o'j/fh zdf{ lghsL >LdtL
zLnf kf]v/]n -zdf{_ / 5f]/f k|tLs kf]v/]nsf
gfddf j}s
+ ckm sf7df8f}+ lnld6]8df ?=#,()).
z]o/nufgL u/]sf] -nfef+z z]o/ ;d]t_ u/]sf]
b]lvPsf] 5 To:t}u/L k|ltjfbL o'j/fh zdf{sf
gfddf Pg=cfO{ = l8=;L= Soflk6ndfs] { 6 sf]
?=!,))). sf] / k|ltjfbLsf 5f]/f k|zGg
kf]v/]nsf gfddf g]kfn ljsf; j}s
+ lnld6]8sf]
?=!,))). u/L hDdf ?=%,()). sf] z]o/
vl/b u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . pQm z]o/x :jfefljs
kl/df0fsf] /x]sf]n] tL z]o/x tnj eQf, 3/ef8f
cflbjf6 jrt ePsf] /sdjf6 vl/b u/]sf]
x'g;Sg] ePsf]n] ;f] z]o/xnfO{ ;|ft] v'ns
] f]
;DklQdf u0fgf u/L bfjLdf lnOPsf] 5}g .
qm=;+=@& df pNn]v ePadf]lhd k|ltjfbL
o'j/fh zdf{sf] gfddf ePsf] gljn a}s
+ lnld6]8
sflGtkyl:yt ns/ g+= @!^ jf6 j/fdb ePsf
;' g sf] uxgf / hjfx/ftxsf] hDdf
?=%,*%,*!&.^) sf] d"Nofg eO{ cfPsf] 5 .
;f] u/ uxgfsf ;|ft] sf ;DaGwdf k|ltjfbLn]
kfl/>lds, 3/ef8f, s[lif, ljb]z e|d0f cflbsf]
ldl>t ;|ft] jf6 vl/b u/]sf] egL jofg sygdf
lhsL/ lnPsf] b]lvG5 . k|ltjfbLn] lnPsf]
lhsL/tk{m x]bf{ lghn] ljb]zdf tflnd ;]ldgf/df
;xefuL x'g hfg] l;nl;nfdf ldlt @)$^.#.!@
df cd]l/sL 8n/ $))=)), @)$*.^.@) df
cd]l/sL 8n/ $))=)), @)$(.!!.!# df
cd]l/sL 8n/ !)))=)), @)%#.*.@^ df
cd]l/sL 8n/ &))=)), @)%$.@.@^ df cd]l/sL
8n/ !$))=)), @)%%.%.@$ df cd]l/sL 8n/
&))=)), @)%*.(.!^ df cd] l /sL 8n/
!)))=)) hDdf &,!))=)) cd]l/sL 8n/
kf;kf]6{ ;'ljwfafkt 8n/ vl/b u/L ;6xL u/L
ljb]zdf tflnd ;]ldgf/df efu lng uPsf]
b]lvG5 . ;'g, ;'gsf] uxgf / hjfx/tsf] kl/df0f

tyf Jofjxfl/stf ;d]tsf cfwf/df x]bf{ ;f]
;DklQ k|ltjfbLn] Ps} k6sdf vl/b u/]sf]
geO{ k6sk6ssf] cfo;|f]tjf6 vl/b u/]sf]
x'g;Sg] b]lvPsf] 5 .
k| l tjfbLn] ldlt @)$^.#.!@ b] l v
@)%%.@.@^ ;Dd -* k6s_ kf;kf]6{ ;'ljwfafkt
cd]l/sL 8n/ &!))=)) vl/b u/]sf] / pQm
8n/ vl/b ubf{ g]kfn /fi6 j}s
+ jf6 q}dfl;s
kdf k|sflzt j'nl] 6gdf plNnlvt ljlgdo
b/adf]lhd x'g] ?=#,^#,@*). /sd vr{ u/L
8n/ vl/b u/]sf] b]lvG5 . k|ltjfbLn] 8n/
vl/b ubf{ vr{ u/]sf] /sd ?=#,^#,@*). sf]
;|ft] sf] ljifodf x]bf{ @)$$ ;fnb]lv @)%%
;fn;Ddsf] k|fKt tnj eQfsf] jrt /sd,
-ztk|ltzt jrt u/]sf] cg'dfgsf] cfwf/df
@)$* ;fnb]lv @)%$ ;fn;Ddsf] v]tLkftL
;d]tsf] ldl>t cfojf6 k|fKt u/]sf] /sdsf]
jrt ePsf] ;DklQjf6 vl/b u/]sf] hfgsf/L
;DalGwt j}s
+ jf6 k|fKt ePsf]_ u/]sf] x'g;Sg]
cfwf/ b]lvPsf] 5 . k|ltjfbLsf pko'Q
{ m ;|ft]
v'ns
] f cfojf6 kf;kf]6{ ;'ljwfafktsf] 8n/
vl/b u/]sf] tYo k'li6 ePsf] x'bF f pQm gub
;DklQn] k6sk6s u/L ;'g, ;'gsf uxgf tyf
hjxf/t vl/b u/]sf] x'g;Sg] cfwf/ :yflkt
ePsf] x'bF f ?=#,^#,@*). /sd vr{ u/L vl/b
u/]sf] pQm ;DklQsf] xfnsf] jhf/ d"Noadf]lhd
x'g ;Sg] ?= %,*%,*!&.^) j/fj/sf] rn
] f] ;DklQ u0fgf u/L bfjLdf
lnOPsf] 5}g .
k|ltjfbLsf] jofgadf]lhd 5f]/f k|zGg
kf]v/]nnfO{ ljut @ jif{bl] v -@)%* / @)%(
;fnleq_ lghL vr{df lghL If]qn] ;~rfng
u/]sf] g]kfn OlGhlgol/ sn]h eQmk'/ b'jfsf]6df
bf];f| ] jif{df cWoog u/fO/x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 .
lghsf] jofgadf]lhd pQm sn]hdf cWoog
u/fpFbf egf{ z'Ns ?=!),))). tyf dfl;s
1357
cWoog vr{ ;d]t ?=!),))). lgoldt vr{

nfUg] u/]sf] egL pNn]v u/]jf6 5f]/fsf] cWoog
vr{ ;d]t u/L ljut @ jif{sf] ;dofjlwdf dfq
lghsf] Go"gtd ?=@,%),))). vr{ eO;s]sf]
l:ylt 5 . k|ltjfbL 5'L leGg ePb]lv ljut @
jif{ cl3;Dd dfl;s ?=%,))). sf b/n] 3/
vr{ x'g] u/]sf] egL jofg sygdf lhsL/ lnPsf]
b]lvG5 . lghn] lnPsf] lhsL/adf]lhd 5'L leGg
ePsf] ;dob]lv ljut @ jif{;Ddsf] !! jif{sf]
cjlwdf Go" g td ?=^,^),))). 3/ vr{
eO{ ; s] s f] cj:yf 5 . o;/L hDdf
?=(,!),))). /sd k|ltjfbLsf] jofgadf]lhd
vr{ eO;s]sf] 5 . pQm 3/ Jojxf/ tyf
cWoogdf vr{ eO;s]sf] /sdsf] ;|ft] tk{m x]bf{
k|ltjfbLn] 3/ ef8f, tnj eQf, ljb]z e|d0f /
s[lifsf] cfo jfx]ssf] cGo ;|ft] xaf6 cfh{g
u/]sf] /sdjf6 vr{ ePsf] x'g ;Sg] ePsf]n]
3/ vr{ ePsf] pQm ?=(,!),))). /sd / ;f]
/sd vr{ ug{ k|fKt u/]sf ;|ft] xnfO{ k|ltjfbLn]
jofgdf lhsL/ u/]sf] ljifoj:t'nfO{ ljZn]if0f
ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu k|:t't u/L cg';Gwfgsf]
bfo/f jflx/ /flvPsf] 5 .
;|f]t gv'n]sf] ;DklQ M
zLnf kf] v /] n -zdf{ _ M sf7df8f} + lhNnf, sf7df8f} +
dxfgu/kflnsf jf8{ g+= ( ls=g+=^! / #%% sf] hDdf If]qkmn
)^@! /f]kgL hUufdf ?=@*,@#,)&$.&& vr{ u/L 3/
lgdf{0f u/]sf]df ;|ft] v'ns
] f] gb]lvPsf] ;f] /sdsf] ;dfg'kflts
j[l4n] xfnsf] d"Nofgadf]lhd x'g] === ?=@(,%),((^.@@
zLnf kf]v/]n -zdf{_M ldlt @)%^.%.@% df vl/b u/]sf]
P]=P]= ls=g+= !)! / #%$ sf] hDdf If]qkmn )^@!
/f]kgLsf] ?=(,*$,#&%. d"No j/fj/sf] hUufdWo] ;|f]t
gv'ns
] f] hUufsf] d"No ===
?=*,%),#&%.
zLnf kf]v/]n -zdf{_M zLnf kf]v/]n -zdf{_ sf] gfddf
ldlt @)%&.@.#! df RBP g+= n)))#&3 b]lv )))#&&
;Ddsf] ?=% nfvsf] /fli6o jrtkq vl/b u/]sf] dWo] ;|f]t

gv'ns
] f] ============
?=#,@(,))).
zLnf kf]v/]n -zdf{_M ldlt @)%&.#.^ df >LdtL zLnf
kf]v/]n -zdf{_ sf] gfddf Kathmandu Institure of
Technology Pvt. Ltd. sf] z]o/ vl/b u/]sf] /sd
?=#,!@,))).
o'j/fh zdf{M ldlt @)%&.$.#) df af#r ^!@@ g+=sf]
SANTRO,GLS (DX2) uf8L vl/b u/] s f] /sd
?=!),#),))).
o'j/fh zdf{M ldlt @)%&.(.@% df Hospital for Advance
Medicine and Surgery Pvt. Ltd. sf] vl/b u/]sf] ?=%
nfv z]o/dWo] ;|f]t gv'n]sf] /sd ======= ?=#,%&,))).
o' j /fh zdf{ M ldlt @)%&.!!.@ df Hospital for
Advance Medicine and Surgery Pvtr. Ltd. sf] z]o/
vl/b u/]sf] /sd ====
?=%,)),))).
zLnf kf]v/]n -zdf{_MMldlt @)%&.!@.! df Kathmandu
Institute of Technology Pvt. Ltd. vl/b u/]sf] ?=@ nfvsf]
z]o/ dWo] ;|ft] gv'ns
] f] /sd ====
?=!,^),))).
o' j /fh zdf{ M ldlt @)%&.!@.!& df Hospital for
vl/b u/]sf] /sd ====
?=$,)),))).
o'j/fh zdf{M ldlt @)%*.!.@! df Hospital for Advance
Medicine and Surgery Pvt. Ltd. sf] z]o/ vl/b u/]sf]
/sd ======
?=!,)),))).
o'j/fh zdf{Mldlt @)%*.#.!% df Hospital for Advance
Medicine and Surgery Pvt. Ltd. sf] ?=% nfvsf] z]o/dWo]
;|ft] gv'ns
] f] /sd ============
?=$,@$,))).
zLnf kf]v/]n -zdf{_MMsf7df8f}+ lhNnf sf=d=g=kf= jf=g+=
( ls=g+= !!% / !^* sf] hDdf If]qkmn )$)) sf]
hUuf ldlt @)%*.*.!( df ?=^ nfv d"No j/fj/sf] hUuf
dWo] ;|ft] gv'ns
] f] /sd ======
?=$,&&,))).
o' j /fh zdf{ M cgdf] n Sof6l/+ u k| f =ln= sf] ldlt
@)%*.!@.@) df ?=!* nfv z]o/ vl/b ug{ nufgL u/]sf]
/sddWo] ;|ft] gv'ns
] f] /sd ==========?=!&,!%,))).
zLnf kf]v/]n -zdf{_MMsf=d=g=kf=jf=g+= ( l:yt zLnf kf]v/]n
zdf{sf] 3/ sDkfp08 leq @)%( ;fndf uf8{ Sjf6/ lgdf{0f
1358

ubf{ ?=@,@%,)$&.%^ vr{ u/]sf] /sddWo] ;|ft] gv'ns
] f]
/sd =============
?=!,$(,)$&.%^
zLnf kf]v/]n -zdf{_MMs[lif ljsf; j}+s jlQ;k'tnLl:yt
zLnf kf]v/]n -zdf{_ sf] gfdsf] vftf g+= @#!%*@ df
ePsf] j}s
+ df}hbft /sd ======
?=!,&&,%@$.%@
o'j/fh zdf{M gljn j}s
+ , sflGtkyl:yt o'j/fh zdf{sf]
gfdsf] vftf g+= )!!))!#!)#^)! df ePsf] j}s
+ df}hbft
?=!,#(,(*&.%$
zLnf kf]v/]n -zdf{_M / k|zGg kf]v/]nM gljn j}+s,
sflGtkyl:yt zZLnf kf]v/]n -zdf{_ sf] gfdsf] vftf g+=
)!!))!#@($*)! df ePsf] j}s
+ df}hbft ?=&#,#@!.)&
hDdf ?=!,)!,$%,@%!.(!
dflysf] tflnsfdf pNn]v ePsf] ;|ft]

gv'ns
] f] ;DklQx dWo] qm=;+= !# df plNnlvt
;DklQ k|ltjfbLsf] lgoGq0fdf /x]sf] / cGo
;DklQx cfof]usf] cfb]zn] /f]Ssf /x]sf] .
tflnsf g+= !) qm=;+= ! df plNnlvt
zLnf kf]v/]n -zdf{_ sf] gfddf btf{ ePsf]
sf=d=g=kf= j8f g+= ( ls=g+= ^! / #%% sf]
hDdf If]qkmn )^@! /f]kgL hUufdf k|ltjfbLn]
?=@(,%),((^.@@ d"No j/fj/sf] cfw'lgs 3/
lgdf{0f u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . 3/ lgdf{0f ul/Psf]
pQm hUuf ldlt )%!.^.# df k|ltjfbLn] vl/b
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . 3/ lgdf{0fsf] ;|ft] sf] ljifodf
k|ltjfbLn] cfk\mgf] ldl>t ;|ft] sf] cfosf] jrt
/sdjf6 3/ lgdf{0f u/]sf] egL lhsL/ lnPsf]
b]lvPsf] 5 . k|ltjfbLn] lnPsf] lhsL/tk{m x]bf{
3/ lgdf{0f ubf{sf] ;do;Dds]f j}w cfo;|ft] nfO{
;|ft] v'ns
] f] ;DklQsf] qm=;+=! b]lv ^ ;Ddsf
;DklQx vl/b ubf{ pkof]u u/L ;s]sf]n] ;f]
;dodf k|ltjfbL;+u j}wflgs cfo;|ft] jrt
/x]sf] l:ylt b]lv+bg} .
g] k fn ;/sf/n] lgwf{ / 0f u/] s f]
dfkb08adf]lhd )%$ ;fnsf] tTsfnLg :jLs[t
d"No @(,%),((^.@@ /x]sf] s'/f k|fljlws d"Nofg
k|ltj]bgjf6 b]lvPsf] 5 . cfof]u ;dIfsf] jofg
sygdf pQm 3/ lgdf{0f ug{ ?=!@,)),))).

dfq vr{ ePsf] egL cfk"mn] u/]sf] cfly{s
ck/fwsf] s;"/jf6 aRg em"7f jofg lbO{ cfof]usf]
cg';Gwfg sfo{df ;d]t c;xof]u u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
ctM ;f] hUufdf lgdf{0f u/sf] ;|ft] v'Ng ;Sg]
:ki6 cfwf/ / tYox k|ltjfbLn] :yflkt ug{
g;s]sf] / k|fKt k|df0f sfuhftn] klg j}wflgs
cfh{gsf] ;|ft] k'li6 gePjf6 ?=@(,%),((^.@@
d"No j/fj/sf] pQm ;DklQnfO{ ;|ft] gv'ns
] f]
;DklQdf u0fgf u/L bfjLdf lnOPsf] 5 .
qm=;+= @ df plNnlvt sf=d=g=kf= jf8{
g+= ( ls=g+= !)! / #%$ hDdf If]qkmn )^
@! /f]kgL ?=(,*$,#&%. d"No j/fj/sf] hUuf
k|ltjfbLn] ldlt @)%^.%.@% df lnvtadf]lhd
?=!,^$,@)). y}nL c /fvL vl/b u/]sf] b]lvPsf]
5 . ;f] y}nL c hUufsf] jf:tljs d"No geO{
/lhi6z
] g kf/Lt ubf{ ltg'{ kg]{ b:t"/sf] k|of]hgsf]
nflu;Dd pNn]v u/]sf] eGg] k|i6} 5 . uf}zfnf
h:tf] Pl/ofsf] ;fldKodf cjl:yt uf8L hfg]
sfnf]kq] jf6f]sf] ;'ljwf ePsf] :yfgdf @)%^
;fn tfsf )^@! /f]kgL hUufsf] d"No lnvtdf
pNn]v ePadf]lhd x'g g;Sg] :ki6} 5 . hUufsf]
/lhi6z
] g lnvtdf xfn} b]lvPsf] js; pNn]v
u/]sf] b]lvPtfklg lghn] ;f] hUuf js; k|fKt
ug]{ cfwf/ / sf/0f gb]lvPsf] / k|ltjfbLn] pQm
hUuf vl/b u/L k|fKt u/]sf] egL lhsL/ lnPsf]
b]lvPjf6 ;f] hUuf vl/b ubf{ k|ltjfbLn] Go"gtd\
?=(,*$,))). /sd vr{ u/L hUuf vl/b
u/]sf] x'g ;Sg] cj:yf b]lvG5 . ;f] s'/fsf] k'li6
xfn sfod eO{ cfPsf] d"Noflt cn] ;d]t
;dy{g u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 .
k|ltjfbLn] ldl>t ;|f]txjf6 ldlt
@)%^.#.@$ df ?= $ nfvsf] /fli6o jrtkq
vl/b u/]sf] egL lhsL/ lnPsf] b]lvPsf] / ;f]
gub ;DklQnfO{ ;|ft] v'ns
] f] ;DklQdf ;dflji6
u/L u0fgf u/L ;lsPsf] 5 . tTkZrft k|ltjfbL;Fu
clwstd ?=!,#$,))). jrt x'g ;Sg] b]lvPsf]n]
1359
;|ft] v'ns
] f] ;DklQsf] tflnsfsf] qm=;+ * df
;dflji6 eO{ ;s]sf]n] ldlt @)%^.%.@% df vl/b
u/]sf] dfly plNnlvt ?=(,*$,))). d"NodWo]
?=*,%),))). eGbf j9L /sdsf] j}wflgs ;|ft] x
jrt x'g;Sg] cj:yf b]lv+bg} . ctM ?=(,*$,#&%.
d"No j/fj/sf] pQm hUufdWo] *,%),#&%. sf]
;DklQnfO{ ;|ft] gv'ns
bfjLdf lnOPsf] 5 .
/fli6o jrtkq g+= )))#&# b]lv
)))#&& ;Ddsf] ?=% nfvsf] jrtkq k|ltjfbLn]
ldlt @)%&.@.#! df Psf3/sf] >LdtL zLnf
kf]v/]n -zdf{_ sf] gfddf vl/b u/]sf] b]lvPsf]
5 . k|ltjfbLn] lhsL/ lnPsf] ;|ft] sf] ;DaGwdf
k|ltjfbLn] lhsL/ u/]adf]lhdsf ldl>t ;|ft] x
tk{ m x] b f{ ldlt @)%^ c;f/b] l v @)%&
j}zfv;Ddsf] kfl/>lds -tnj eQf !)) k|ltzt
jrt ePsf] cg'dfgsf] cfwf/df_, ;f] cjlwsf]
3/ef8f / @)%^ ;fnsf] v]tLsf] cfDbfgLjf6
jrt u/sf] /sd ;d]t hDdf ?=!,&!,))).
/sdsf] dfq ;|ft] v'Ng ;Sg] cfwf/ :yflkt
ePsf] x'bF f ;f] j/fj/sf] pQm jrtkq -gub
;DklQ_ nfO{ ;|ft] v'nsf] ;DklQsf] tflnsfsf]
qm=;+= ( df ;dflji6 u/L ;lsPsf]n] jfFsL x'g
cfpg] ?=#,@(,))). d"No j/fj/sf] jrtkq
vl/b u/]sf] /sdsf] ;|ft] v'Ng ;Sg] l:ylt
b]lvPg . pQm ?=% nfvsf] jrtkqdWo] ?=
-#,@(,))). d"No j/fj/sf] jrtkqsf] ;|ft]
gv'ns
] f] x'bF f ;f] d"N" o j/fj/sf] jrtkq -gub
;DklQ_ nfO{ ;|ft] gv'ns
bfjLdf lnOPsf] 5 .
qm=;+=$ df pNn]v ePadf]lhd ldlt
)%&.#.^ df k|ltjfbLsf] Psf3/sL >LdtL zLnf
kf]v/]n -zdf{_ sf gfddf ?=#,!@,))). sf]
z]o/ vl/b u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;f] z]o/ vl/b ubf{sf]
;|f]tsf ;DaGwdf k|ltjfbL;+u ;f]wgL ubf{
k|ltjfbLsf efO gftf kg]{ -;fgLdfsf 5f]/f_
cgGt zdf{ n ] cd] l /sfjf6 k7fPsf]

?=@!,)),))). dWo]jf6 ?=%,)),))). sf]
z]o/ vl/b u/]sf] egL cfof]u ;dIfsf] jofgdf
k|ltjfbLn] pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
;f] z]o/ vl/b ubf{sf] ;|ft] tk{m x]bf{
UNDP cGtu{t ;+oQ
' m /fHo cd]l/sfsf] Go"of]sd{ f
sfo{/t tyf @)$& ;fnb]lv 5'L leGg ePsf
lghsf] efO gftfkg]{ cgGt zdf{n] ljleGg ldltdf
lgh k|ltjfbLnfO{ nufgL ug{ ?=@! nfv lbPsf]
egL cfof]u ;dIfsf] jofgdf lhsL/ lnPsf]
b]lvG5 . ;f]xL Joxf]/fs]f kq lgh k|ltjfbLsf
efO{ kg]{ elgPsf cgGt zdf{n] k\mofS;dfk{mt\
k7fPsf] b]lvG5 . k|ltjfbL tyf /sd k7fpg]
elgPsf cgGt zdf{n] s'g s'g ldltdf s] slt
/sd s'g s'g j}s
+ dfk{mt /sd 6fG;km/ u/L
k7fPsf] xf] ;f]sf] k|df0f k]z ug{ ;s]sf] b]lv+bg}
eg] csf{lt/ efO gftf kg]{ -;flgdfsf 5f]/f_
cgGt zdf{n] cfkm}+ z]o/ vl/b ug{ ;Sg] sfg"gL
x}l;ot /x]sf] cj:yfdf 7"nf] kl/df0fsf] /sd
lgh k|ltjfbLnfO{ cgGt zdf{sf] tk{mjf6 z]o/
vl/b ug{ lbPsf] eGg] s'/f pQm z]o/ k|ltjfbLsL
>LdtLsf] gfddf vl/b ePjf6 ;d]t ljZjf;
ug{ ;lsg] cfwf/ :yflkt x'g ;s]g . k|ltjfbLn]
;f] z]o/ vl/b ubf{sf] cjlw;Ddsf j}wflgs
;|ft] jf6 jrt u/]sf] /sdn] ;|ft] v'ns
] f] ;DklQsf]
tflnsfsf] qm=;+= ( ;Ddsf] ;DklQ vl/b ug{
pkof]u u/]jf6 pQm ;DklQ ;|ft] v'ns
] f] ;DklQdf
;dflji6 eO;s]sf] l:ylt /x]jf6 pQm z]o/
vl/b ubf{sf] ;dodf k|ltjfbL;Fu s'g} klg
j}wflgs ;|ft] x jrtdf /x] ePsf] cj:yf
5} g . ctM pQm Kathmandu Institute of
Technology Pvt. Ltd. df nufgL u/]sf] z]o/
?=#,!@,))). /sdnfO{ ;|ft] gv'ns
] f] ;DklQdf
u0fgf u/L bfjL lnOPsf] 5 .
qm=;+= % df plNnlvt jf=# r=^!@@
g+= sf] HUNDAI SANTRO (DX2) sf] uf8L
1360
k|ltjfbLn] ldlt )%&.$.@) df ?=!),#),))).

-ljnadf]lhd_ cfk\mg} gfddf vl/b u/]sf] b]lvPsf]
5 . pQm uf8L vl/b ubf{sf] j}wflgs ;|ft] xsf]
ljifodf k|ltjfbL;Fu ;f]wgL ubf{ cfk\mgf] ldl>t
cfojf6 vl/b u/]sf] egL jofg sygdf lhsL/
lnPsf] b]lvG5 . tTsfnLg ;dodf k|ltjfbL;Fu
j}wflgs cfosf] h] hlt /sd jrt lyof] pQm
/sd ;|ft] v'ns
] f] ;DklQdf ;dflji6 e};s]sf]
cj:yf b]lvPjf6 ?=!),#),))). gub ;DklQ
vr{ u/L vl/b u/]sf] pQm uf8Lsf] ;|ft] v'Ng
;Sg] cfwf/ tyf sf/0f :yflkt x'g ;s]g . ctM
?=!),#),))). d"No j/fj/sf] pQm uf8LnfO{
;|ft] gv'ns
5.
k|ltjfbLn] cfk\mg} gfddf ljleGg ldltdf
Hospital for Advance Medicine and Surgery Pvt.
Ltd. sf] ?=@) nfvsf] z]o/ vl/b u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
;f] dWo] ?=% nfvsf] z]o/ ldlt @)%&.(.@% df

vl/b u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . ;f] z]o/ vl/b ubf{sf]
;|f]t tk{m x]bf{ UNDP cGtu{t ;+o'Qm /fHo
cd]l/sfsf] Go"of]sd
{ f sfo{/t @)$& ;fnb]lv
5'L leGg ePsf lghsf] efO gftf kg]{ cgGt
zdf{n] ljleGg ldltdf lgh k|ltjfbLnfO{ nufgL
ug{ ?= @! nfv lbPsf] egL cfof]u ;dIfsf]
jofgdf lhsL/ lnPsf] b]lvG5 . ;f]xL Joxf]/fsf]
kq lgh k|ltjfbLsf] efO kg]{ cgGt zdf{n]
k\mofS; dfk{mt\ k7fPsf] b]lvG5 . k|ltjfbL tyf
/sd k7fpg] elgPsf cgGt zdf{n] s'g s'g
ldltdf s] slt /sd s'g s'g a}s
+ dfk{mt /sd
6fG;km/ u/L k7fPsf] xf] ;f]sf] k|df0f k]z ug{
;s]sf] b]lv+b}g eg] csf{lt/ efO gftf kg]{
-;flgdfsf 5f]/f_ cgGt zdf{n] cfk}m z]o/ vl/b
ug{ ;Sg] sfg"gL x}l;ot /x]sf] cj:yfdf 7"nf]
kl/df0fsf] /sd lghk|ltjfbLsf]tk{mjf6 z]o/
vl/b ug{ lbPsf] eGg] s'/f ljZjf; ug{ ;lsg]
cfwf/ :yflkt x'g ;s]g . pQm z]o/ vl/b
ubf{sf] cjlw @)%& h]i7 b]lv P]= d+l;/;Ddsf]
3/ef8f, P]= cjlwsf] tnj eQf / @)%& ;fnsf]

s[lifsf] cfo ;d]tjf6 clwstd ?=!,$#,))).
sf] dfq ;|ft] v'ns
] f] b]lvPsf]n] ;f] j/fj/sf]
z]o/ d"NonfO{ ;|ft] v'ns
;lsPsf] x'bF f ?= % nfvdWo] jfFsL ?=#,%&,))).
sf] ;|ft] v'Ng ;s]sf] kfOPg . ctM ?= % nfv
dWo] ?= #,%&,))). sf] pQm z]o/nfO{ ;|ft]
gv'ns
5.
qm=;+=& df pNn]v ePcg';f/ k|ltjfbLn]
cfk\mgf] gfddf ldlt @)%&.!!.@ df Hospital
for Advance Medicine and Surgery Pvt. Ltd. sf]
?=% nfvsf] z]o/ vl/b u/]sf]df ;f] z]o/ vl/b
ubf{sf] ;dodf lgh k|ltjfbL;+u s'gk} lg j}wflgs
cfDbfgL /sd jrt /x]sf] gb]lvPjf6 pQm z]o/
vl/b ubf{sf] ;|ft] :yflkt x'g ;s]g . ctM
ldlt @)%&.!!.@ df vl/b u/]sf] ?= % nfvsf]
pQm z]o/nfO{ ;|ft] gv'ns
] f] ;DklQdf u0fgf
u/L bfjLdf lnOPsf] 5 .
qm=;+=* df pNn]v ePcg';f/ ldlt
@)%&.!@.! df k|ltjfbLsf] >LdtL zLnf kf]v/]n
-zdf{_ sf] gfddf Kathmandu Institute of
Technology Pvt Ltd. sf] ?=@ nfvsf] z]o/ vl/b
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;f] z]o/ vl/b ubf{sf] cfDbfgLsf]
;|f]tsf] ljifodf k|ltjfbLsf] efO gftf kg]{
elgPsf cgGt zdf{n] ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfjf6
k7fPsf] ?= @! nfvdWo] ?= % nfvsf]
cgGt zdf{sf nflu k|ltjfbLsL >LdtLsf] gfddf
z]o/ vl/b u/]sf] egL lhsL/ lnPsf] b]lvG5 .
efOgftf kg]{ -;fgLcfdfsf 5f]/f_ cgGt zdf{n]
s'g s'g ldltdf s'g s'g a}+sdfk{mt\ s] slt
/sd k7fPsf] eGg] k|df0f sfuh k]z ug{
;s]sf] b]lv+bg} . oBlk ;f] cjlw @)%& k';b]lv
P]= kmfu'g;Ddsf] tnj eQf, P]=cjlwsf] 3/ef8f
u/L hDDff ?=$),))). sf] ;|f]t v'Ng cfPsf]n]
jfFsL x'g cfPsf] ?=!,^),))). d"No j/fj/sf]
1361
pQm z]o/nfO{ ;|f]t gv'n]sf] ;DklQdf u0fgf

u/L bfjL lnOPsf] 5 .
qm=;+= ( / !) df pNn]v ePcg';f/
k|ltjfbL o'j/fh zdf{n] cfk\mg} gfddf ldlt
@)%&.!@.!& / @)%*.!.@! df qmdzM ?=$
nfv / ?=! nfv u/L ?= % nfvsf] Hospital for
vl/b u/]sf] b]lvG5 . gePsf] sf/f]jf/nfO{ eP
u/]sf] egL efO gftfkg]{ cgGt zdf{jf6 ;f]
k|f=ln=sf] z]o/ vl/b ug{ ?=@! nfv k|ltjfbLn]
kfPsf] 5 eGg] lhsL/ s;"/jf6 jRg] k|oTg:jk
dfWod jgfPsf] cfwf/ :yflkt eO;s]sf] 5 .
;f] cjlw -@)%&.!@.!& @)%*.!.@! eGbf cufl8_
;Dddf lgh k|ltjfbLsf] j}wflgs cfDbfgLsf]
;|ft] jf6 ;|ft] v'ns
] f] ;DklQ vl/b ug{ pkof]u
u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . t;y{ ;f] z]o/ vl/b ubf{sf]
;dodf k|ltjfbLsf] j}wflgs cfDbfgLsf] s'g}
;|ft] jrt x'g;Sg] cj:yf b]lv+bg} . ctM pQm
k|f=ln= sf] ldlt @)%&.!@.!& / @)%*.!.@! df
vl/b u/]sf] hDdf ?= % nfvsf] z]o/nfO{ ;|ft]
gv'ns
5.
qm=;+= !! df pNn]v ePcg';f/ ldlt
@)%*.#.!% df k|ltjfbL Hospital for Advance
Medicine and Surgery Pvt. Ltd. sf] ?=% nfvsf]
z]o/ vl/b u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;f] z]o/ lghsf efO
gftf kg]{ s'df/ kf]v/]ns
] f] nflu pQm k|f=ln= sf]
z] o / vl/b ug{ s' d f/ kf] v /] n sL cfdf
jflnsfb]jLn] k|ltjfbLnfO{ ?=% nfv ljleGg
ldltdf lbPsf] egL cfof]u ;dIfsf] jofgdf
pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
k|ltjfbLn] u}/sfg"gL kdf cfh{g u/]sf]
;DklQjf6 cfk\mg} gfddf vl/b u/]sf] ;f] k|f=ln=
sf] hDdf ?=@) nfvsf] z]o/dWo] ?= % nfvsf]
pQm z]o/ efO gftf kg]{ s'df/ kf]v/]nsf] gfddf
gfd;f/L ug{ ldlt @)%(.^.! df pQm k|f=ln=
;dIf lgj]bg lbPsf] ;d]t b]lvG5 . pQm z]o/
vl/b ubf{sf] cj:Yfdf ;DklQ Goflos hfFrj'em

cfof]usf] u7g gePsf]n] cfk\mg} gfddf pQm
z]o/ vl/b u/]sf] / ldlt @)%*.!!.@$ df ;f]
cfof]usf] u7g eP kZrft cfk"mn] u}/sfg"gL
kdf cfh{g u/sf] ;DklQ n'sfpg] l5kfpg]
jblgot /fvL s'df/ kf]v/]nsf] gfddf gfd;f/L
ug{ lgj]bg lbPjf6 k|ltjfbLsf] jblgot cem
:ki6 ePsf] 5 . k|ltjfbLn] lnPsf] lhsL/sf]
cfwf/df ;d]t x]bf{ ?= % nfv /sd lbg] elgPsL
jflnsfb]jL kf]v/]n / lghsf 5f]/f s'df/ kf]v/]nn]
g]kfn clw/fHoleq rn crn ;DklQ vl/b
ug]{ sfg"gL x}l;ot ;d]t /x]sf] cj:Yfdf lghL
If]qn] ;~rfng u/]sf] tyf k|ltkmnsf] lglZrttf
gePsf] sDkgLsf] z]o/ vl/b ug{ cfk"m dfWod
ag]sf] egL lnPsf] lhsL/ ljZjf; of]Uo 5 eGg]
cfwf/ :yflkt x'g ;s]g . oBlk lghsf]
cfDbfgLsf] cGo j}wflgs ;|ft] tk{m x]bf{ ldlt
@)%*.!.@* df k|ltjfbLn] ljb]z e|d0fsf nflu
^()=)) cd]l/sL 8n/ k|fKt u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
;f] 8n/dWo] jrt ePsf] x'g;Sg] &) k|ltztn]
x'g] ?=#^,@&#.#) tyf @)%& r}tb]lv @)%*
h]i7;Ddsf] lghsf] kfl/>lds / 3/ef8f;d]t
u/L hDdf ?=&^,))). sf] ;|ft] v'Ng cfPsf]
b]lvPsf]n] ;f] j/fj/sf] ;DklQ ;|ft] v'ns
] f]
;DklQsf] tflnsfsf] qm=;=!@ df ;dflji6 u/L
;lsPsf] 5 . ctM ldlt )%*.#.!% df k|ltjfbLsf
gfddf vl/b u/]sf] Hospital for Advance Medicine
and Surgery Pvt. Ltd. sf] ?=% nfvsf] z]o/ dWo]
?=$,@$,))). sf] z]o/nfO{ ;|f]t gv'n]sf]
qm=;+ = !@ df pNn] v ePcg' ; f/
k|ltjfbLsf] Psf3/sL >LdtL zLnf kf]v/]n
-zdf{_ sf gfddf ldlt @)%*.(.!( df sf7df8f}+
lhNnf sf7df8f}F dxfgu/kflnsf jf=g+= ( ls=g+=
!!% / !^* sf] hDdf If]qkmn )$)) /f]kgL
?=^ nfv d"No j/fj/sf] hUuf y}nL c ?=@
nfv pNn] v u/L vl/b u/] s f] b] l vG5 .
1362
k|ltjfbLpk/ cfof]un] sf/jfxL k|f/De ug'{ eGbf

Psjif{ cufl8 dfq vl/b u/]sf] uf}zfnfsf]
;fldKodf /x]sf] , sfnf]kq h:tf k"jf{wf/x /x]sf]
pQm hUufsf] xfnsf] d"N" o ?= ^ nfv cg';f/ g}
tTsfnLg ;dodf klg Go"gtd ?=^ nfv d"No
kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 . ;f] hUuf vl/bsf] ;|ft] sf
;DaGwdf k|ltjfbLsf] tnj eQf, 3/ef8f, s[lifsf]
cfo / ljb]z e|d0fjf6 jrt ePsf] /sdjf6
vl/b u/]sf] egL lhsL/ lnPsf] b]lvG5 .
k|ltjfbLn] lnPsf] lhsL/ tk{m x]bf{ ldlt
@)%*.#.@@ df k|ltjfbLn] ljb]z e|d0fdf hfFbf
^!)=)) cd]l/sL 8n/ k|fKt u/]sf] b]lvPsf]n]
;f]sf] &) k|ltzt jrt ePsf] x'g;Sg] cg'dfg
ubf{ jrt x'g cfpg] ?=#@,!(%.*), @)%*
c;f/b]lv P]= ebf};Ddsf] tnj eQf, P]=cjlwsf]
3/ef8fsf] /sddWo] @)%*.^.! df dlxnf
;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] ?=@%,))). sf] z]o/ vl/b
u/L jfFsL /x]sf] clwstd\ ?=$&,))). / @)%*
;fnsf] v]tLsf] cfDbfgL, @)%* c;f]h, sflQssf]
tnj eQf / ;f] cjlwsf] 3/ef8f ;d]tsf]
lx;fj ubf{ clwstd ?=!,@#,))). /sd dfq
j}wflgs ;|ft] v'Ng cfPsf] x'bF f ;|ft] v'ns
] f]
;DklQdf u0fgf u/L ;lsPsf]n] ?=$,&&,))).
/sdsf] ;|ft] v'Ng ;Sg] cfwf/ :yflkt ePg .
ctM ldlt @)%*.*.!( df vl/b u/]sf] pQm ?=
^ nfvsf] crn ;DklQdWo] ?=$,&&,))). sf]
j}wflgs cfDbfgLsf] ;|ft] v'Ng g;s]sf]n] ;f]
;DklQnfO{ ;|ft] gv'ns
bfjLdf lnOPsf] 5 .
qm=;+ = !# df pNn] v ePcg' ; f/
k|ltjfbLn] cfk\mgf] gfddf cgdf]n Sof6l/ k|f=ln=
sf] ldlt )%*.!@.@) df ?=!* nfvsf] z]o/
vl/b u/]sf] s'/f lghn] :j3f]lift kdf ;DklQ
Goflos hfFrj'em cfof]udf k]z u/]sf] ;DklQ
ljj/0f, ldlt )%(.^.! df cfk"m sfo{/t /x]sf]
dGqfnodfk{mt\ lghfdtL lstfj vfgfdf k]z
u/]sf] ;DklQ ljj/0f / cfof]u ;dIf ldlt
@)%(.*.( df k]z u/]sf] ljj/0fdf ;d]t ;f]

sDkgLsf] z]o/ vl/b u/]sf] Joxf]/f pNn]v u/]sf]
b]lvPsf] 5 . o;/L k|ltjfbLn] k6sk6s ?=!*
nfvsf] z]o/ nufgL u/]sf] egL ;DklQ ljj/0fdf
pNn]v u/sf] t/ ;f] sDkgLs]f k|jGwkq /
lgodfjnLdf lghn] s'g} klg /sdsf] z]o/ vl/b
u/]sf] s'/f pNn]v ePsf] b]lv+bg} . o;/L k|ltjfbLn]
;f] sDkgLdf ?=!* nfv nufgL u/]sf] 5' egL
lnlvt kdf lhsL/ lnPsf] ljj/0fsf] cfwf/df
pQm ?=!* nfv nufgL ubf{ s f] ;dodf
k|ltjfbL;Fu s] slt gub;DklQ j}w cfosf]
jrt /sd lyof] eGg] tk{m x]bf{ @)%* d+l;/b]lv
P] kmfu'g;Ddsf] tnj eQf P]=cjlwsf] 3/ef8f
/ ljb]z e|d0fdf hfFbf ldlt @)%*.!!.!^ df
:kf]G;/ ug]{ ;+:yfjf6 j'emL lnPsf] *%)=))
cd]l/sL 8n/ -&) k|ltzt jrt ePsf] cg'dfg
ul/Psf] _ ;d] t sf] cfDbfgLjf6 clwstd
?=*%,))). sf] dfq ;|ft] v'Ng cfPsf] x'bF f
pQm /sd j/fj/sf] nufgLnfO{ ;|ft] v'ns
] f]
;DklQsf] tflnsfsf] qm=;+= !^df pNn]v u/L
u0fgf u/L ;lsPsf]n] ?=!&,!%,))). /sd
j/fj/ nufgL u/]sf] ;DklQsf] ;|ft] v'Ng ;Sg]
cfwf/ :yflkt x'g ;s]g . ctM ?= !* nfvsf]
pQm z]o/dWo] ?=!&,!%,))). sf] pQm z]o/
vl/b ug{ nufgL u/]sf] /sdnfO{ ;|ft] gv'ns
] f]
qm=;+ = !$ df pNn] v ePcg' ; f/
k|ltjfbLsf] >LdtLsf gfddf sf=d=g=kf= jf=g+= (
l:yt 3/ sDkfp08leq @)%( ;fndf
?=@,@%,)$&.%^ vr{ u/L uf8{ Sjf6/ lgdf{0f
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . k|ltjfbLs]f j}wflgs cfDbfgLsf]
;|ft] tk{m x]bf{ @)%* kmfu'g;Ddsf] cfDbfgLjf6
;|ft] v'ns
] f] ;DklQsf] j'b+ f g+= ! b]lv !^ ;Ddsf]
;DklQ vl/b ubf{ pkof]u e};s]sf]n] k|ltjfbLsf]
@)%* r}q / @)%( j}zfvsf] tnj eQf / P]=
cjlwsf] 3/ef8f / @)%( ;fnsf] s[lifsf] cfDbfgL
;d]tsf] lx;fj ubf{ clwstd ?=&^,))). /sdsf]
1363
dfq j}wflgs ;|ft] v'Ng cfPsf]n] ;f] j/fj/sf]

] f] ;DklQsf] tflnsfsf] qm=;+=
!& df ;dflji6 e};s]sf] x'bF f pQm uf8{ Sjf6/
lgdf{0f ubf{ ?=!,$(,)$&.%^ vr{ u/]sf] /sdsf]
j}wflgs ;|ft] v'Ng gcfPsf] x'bF f pQm Sjf6/
lgdf{ 0 f ubf{ s f] ?=@,@%,)$&.%^ dWo]
?=!,$(,)$&.%^ sf] ;DklQnfO{ ;|ft] gv'ns
] f]
qm=;+= !% df pNn]v ePcg';f/ zLnf
kf]v/]n -zdf{_ sf] s[lif lasf; a}+s, jQL;
k'tnL zfvf l:yt vftf g+= @#!%*@ df
?=!,&&,%@$.%@ df}hbft /x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 .
pQm j}s
+ df k|ltjfbLsL >LdtL zLnf kf]v/]n
-zdf{_ n] ldlt @)%$.@.* df vftf vf]ns
] f]
b] l vG5 . j} + s vftf vf] n ] k Zrftsf] ldlt
@)%(.%.$ ;Ddsf] % jif{ # dlxgfsf] cjlwdf
?=(,^(,%)). /sd k6sk6s hDdf u/]sf]
b]lvPsf] 5 . k|ltjfbLn] ;|ft] sf] ljifodf uf]Zjf/f
kdf xfd|f] ldl>t cfo;|ft] jf6 k|fKt s]xL /sd
j]nf j]nfdf hDdf ug],{ lemSg] u/]sf] / lems]sf]
s] s]df vr{ ul/of], To:tf] l6kf]6 ug]{ jfgL
gePsf]n] osLg kdf eGg ;lSbg egL jofg
sygdf pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 . vftfdf hDdf
u/]sf] /sdsf] kl/df0f / cjlwnfO{ x]bf{ pQm
hDdf u/]sf] /sdsf] ;|ft] v'Ng] cfwf/ k'li6 x'g
;Sg] cj:yf kfOPg .
k|ltjfbLn] ;|f]t v'Ng g;s]s]f gub
;DklQ lemsL s'g s'g ;DklQ vl/b u/]sf] xf]
;f] pNn]v ug{ g;s]klg ;|ft] v'Ng g;s]sf]
;DklQ ;+ux| ug{ j}s
+ jf6 lems]sf] /sd pkof]u
u/]sf] x'g ;Sg] ePsf]n] j}s
+ jf6 lems]sf] /sdsf]
5'} bfjL glnO{ pQm vftfdf df}hbftdf /x]sf]
?=!,&&,%@$.%@ /sdnfO{ ;|ft] gv'ns
] f] ;DklQdf
u0fgf u/L bfjLdf lnOPsf] 5 .
qm=;+= !^ df plNnlvt k|ltjfbLsf]
gfddf gljn j}s
+ ln=, sflGtky zfvfl:yt
vftf g+= )!!))!#!)#^)! df ?=!,#(,(*&.%$
df}hbft /x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . a}s

+ df k|ltjfbLn]
ldlt @)%$.$.@$ -* cui6 !((^_ b]lv ldlt
@)%(.$.#! -!^ cui6, @))@_ ;Ddsf] ^ jif{sf]
cjlwdf ?=@!,$*,))). /sd -6fG;km/ /sd
jfx]s_ k6sk6s gub} hDdf u/]sf] b]lvPsf]
5 . hDdf u/]sf] /sdsf] ;|f]tsf] ljifodf
k| l tjfbLn] uf] Z jf/f kdf xfd| f ] ldl>t
cfo;|ft] jf6 k|fKt s]xL /sd a]nf a]nfdf hDdf
ug],{ lemSg] u/]sf] / lems]sf] s] s]df vr{ ul/of],
To:tf] l6kf]6 ug]{ jfgL gePsf]n] osLg kdf
eGg ;lSbg egL jofg sygdf pNn]v u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . ct a}s
+ jf6 lems]sf] /sd bfjLdf
glnO{ pQm vftfdf df} h bftdf /x] s f]
?=!,#(,(*&.%$ /sdnfO{ ;|ft] gv'ns
] f] ;DklQdf
qm=;+= !& df plNnlvt >LdtL zLnf
kf]v/]n -zdf{_ / 5f]/f k|zGg kf]v/]nsf] ;+oQ
' m
gfddf gljn j}s
+ ln=, sflGtky zfvfl:yt
vftf g+= )!!))!#@($*)! df ?=&#,#@!.)&
df}hbft /x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . pQm j}s
+ df >LdtL
zLnf kf]v/]n -zdf{_ n] ldlt @)%%.#.#@ -^
h'nfO{ !((*_ df vftf vf]ns
] f] b]lvG5 . j}s
+
vftf vf]n] kZrftsf] ldlt @)%%.!).@# -@&
hgj/L @)))_ ;Ddsf] ! jif{ ^ dlxgf @!
lbgsf] cjlwsf] ?=!),)),))). /sd k6sk6s
gub} hDdf u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . pQm hDdf
u/]sf] /sdsf] ;|ft] sf] ljifodf >LdtL zLnf zdf{_ kf]v/]nn] cfk"mnfO{ ;|ft] sf] ljifodf s]xL
yfxf gePsf], ;j} s'/f >Ldfg\nfO{ yfxf 5 egL
cgle1tf k|s6 u/]sf] cj:yf 5 .
vftfdf hDdf u/]sf] /sdsf] kl/df0f /
cjlwnfO{ x]bf{ pQm hDdf u/sf] /sdsf] ;|ft]
k'li6 x'g ;Sg] cj:yf 5}g . k|ltjfbLn] ;|ft]
v'Ng g;s]sf] gub ;DklQ j}s
+ df hDdf u/]sf]
b] l vPsf] n ] pQm vftfdf df} h bft /x] s f]
?=&#,#@!.)& /sdnfO{ ;|ft] gv'ns
] f] ;DklQdf
1364
a}s
+ vftfjf6 lems]sf] /sd s'gs'g
;DklQ vl/b u/sf] xf] ;f] pNn]v ug{ g;s]klg
;|ft] v'Ng g;s]sf] ;DklQ ;+ux| ug{ a}s
+ jf6
lems]sf] /sd pkof]u u/]sf] x'g ;Sg] b]lvPsf]
5 . j}s
+ jf6 lemsL ;|ft] v'Ng g;s]sf] ;DklQx
;+ux| ug{ pkof]u u/]sf] x'g ;Sg] b]lvPsf] pQm
j}s
+ vftfjf6 lems]sf] /sdsf ;DaGwdf 5}
bfjL lnOPsf] 5}g .
k|ltjfbLsf 5'l leGg ePsf efO
-;fgLcfdfsf] 5f]/f_ n] ;+oQ
' m/fHo cd]l/sfsf]
Go"of]sj{ f6 Kathmandu Institute of Technology
Pvt. Ltd. / Hospital for Advance Medicine and
Surgery Pvt. Ltd. sf] z]o/ vl/b ug{ ljut %
jif{bl] v -z]o/ vl/b u/]sf] ;doeGbf cl3_ ?=@!

nfv k7fPsf] egL hfgsf/L lbPsf] / ;f]xL
s'/fsf] lhsL/ k|ltjfbLn] jofg sygdf lnPsf]
b]lvPsf] 5 . k|ltjfbLsf efOn] k\mofS;kq dfk{mt
hfgsf/L u/fPsf] kqdf cfk"m / cfk\mgL >LdtLsf]
jflif{s cfo ! nfv cd]l/sL 8n/ /x]sf] Joxf]/f
;d]t pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 . pQm ljifodf x]bf{
k};f k7fpg] elgPsf efO @)$& ;fnb]lv
c+za08f eO{ 5'L leGg a;]sf b]lvG5g\ . lghn]
?= @! nfv /sddWo] s]xL /sd cfk"mn] g]kfn
cfpFbf NofPsf] / s]xL /sd cd]l/sfjf6 k7fPsf]
egL pNn]v u/]sf] tk{m x]bf{ ;+oQ
' m /fi6;3
+
h:tf] ;DdfgLt ;+:yfdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Ln]
c;+ul7t If]qdfk{mt\ -x'08L_ /sd k7fpg] s'/f
ljZjf;of]Uo 5}g . lghn] k7fPsf] /sd s'g
a}s
+ dfk{mt\ k|ltjfbLnfO{ k|fKt ePsf] ;f] ;DaGwdf
k|ltjfbLn] s'g} k|df0f k|:t't ug{ ;s]sf] b]lv+bg}
eg] /sd k7fpg] elgPsf cgGt zdf{n] klg ;f]
ljifodf s]xL s'/f pNn]v ug{ ;s]sf] kfOPg .
c+za08f eO{ 5'L leGg eO{ j;]sf] efOn]
k7fPsf] /sdaf6 lghsf efOsf] nflu Hospital
for Advance Medicine and surgery Pvt.Ltd. sf]
?= !% nfvsf] z]o/ cfk\mgf] gfddf / Kathmandu
Institute of Technology Pvt Ltd. sf] ?= % nfvsf]
z]o/ Psf3/sL >LdtL zLnf -zdf{_ kf]v/]nsf

gfddf vl/b u/]sf] eGg] ;DaGwdf x]bf{ efO
cgGt zdf{n] g]kfn clw/fHoleq s'gk} lg k|sf/sf]
;DklQ vl/b ug{ ;Sg] sfg"gL x}l;ot /x]sf
cfkm\gf] cfh{gsf] gub ;DklQn] cfkmg} c+za08f
eO 5'L leGg j;]sf bfh' efph"sf] gfddf vl/b
ug{ nufPsf] eGg] lhsL/df ljZjf;of]Uo cfwf/
b]lvPg . To;}u/L jflif{s ! nfv 8n/sf] 7"nf]
kl/df0fsf] /sd cfDbfgL x'g] JolQmn] Hospital
for Advance Medicine and surgery Pvt. Ltd. sf]
z]o/ vl/b u/]s]f ljlw -Method of share
purchese) nfO{ x] b f{ Hospital for Advance
Medicine and surgery Pvt. Ltd. sf] ldlt
@)%&.(.@% df ?= % nfv, @)%&.!!.@ df ? %
nfv, @)%&.!@.!& df ? $ nfv / @)%*.!.@!
df ? ! nfvsf / )%&.#.^ df Kathmandu
Institute of Technology Pvt Ltd. sf # nfv !@
xhf/ ldlt @)%&.!@.! df ? @ nfvsf] z]o/
vl/b u/]sf] b]lvPsf] x'bF f tL sDkgLxsf] z]o/
vl/b u/]sf] ljlw -Method of share purchese)
n] ;dy{g u/]sf] b]lvb}g .
dfly plNnvLt ts{ / ljZn]if0fsf]
cfwf/df klg k|ltjfbLn] cfkm"n] u/]sf] s;"/af6
jRg skf]nslNkt / agfj6L s'/f pNn]v u/]sf]
:ki6 x'G5 . t;y{ Kathmandu Institute of
Technology Pvt. Ltd. z]o/ k|ltjfbL cfkm"n]
u}/sfg"gL kdf cfh{g u/]sf] gub ;DklQaf6
z]o/ vl/b u/]sf] tYo :yflkt x'G5 .
;+slnt tYo, plNnlvt ljj/0f / d"Nofg
;d]tsf cfwf/df k|ltjfbL o'j/fh zdf{n] ;fj{hlgs
hjfkmb] x Lsf] kbdf k| j ] z u/] k l5
?=!,$),&#,&^!.&) a/fj/sf] rn crn ;DklQ
cfh{ g u/sf] b] l vPsf] 5 . h;dWo] ?=
#(,@*,%)(.&( sf] j}wflgs cfh{gsf] ;|ft] v'ns
] f]
5 eg] ?=!,)!,$%,@%!.(! sf] j}wflgs cfh{gs]f
;|ft] k|ltjfbLn] k|dfl0ft ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . k|ltjfbLn]
cfh{g u/]sf] ;DklQ / ofkg u/L /x]sf] hLjgz}nLsf]
1365
cGt/;DaGwsf] tYok/s ljZn]if0f ubf{ pk/f]Qm

pNn]v ePadf]lhd :jfefljs cfDbfgLsf] ;|ft] ;Fu
k|ltjfbLsf] cldNbf] / c:jfefljs pRr:t/sf]
hLjgz}nL /x] ePsf] / ;|ft] v'Ng ;s]sf] j}w
cfh{g eGbf cTolws j9L d"Nosf] crn ;DklQ
;+ux| u/]sf] k|dfl0ft x'G5 .
k|ltjfbL o'j/fh zd{f / zLnf kf]v|]n
-zdf{_ sf] gfddf /x]s]f pk/f]Qm hUufx,
k| l tjfbL, lghsL >LdtL / 5f] / f k| z Gg
kf]v/]nsf gfddf pk/f]Qm j}+sdf /x]sf] /sd,
uf8L vl/b ubf{sf] /sd / z]o/sf] /sd ;d]t
u/L hDdf ?= !,)!,$%,@%!.(! j/fj/sf] rn
crn ;DklQ k|ltjfbL o'j/fh zdf{n] u}/sfg"gL
kdf cfh{g u/]sf] k|dfl0ft ePsf]n] ;f] sfo{
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf & -!_ /
bkmf !% / e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf]
bkmf @)-!_ ad]flhdsf] s;"/ b]lvg cfof] .
t;y{ k|ltjfbL o'j/fh zdf{nfO{ tTsfnLg
k|rlnt e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!&, sf] bkmf
&-!_, !$s, !%, !û Pj+ @( tyf xfn
k|rlnt e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf
@)-@_ / bkmf $& ad] f lhd ljuf] ?=
!,)!,$%,@%!.(! sf] ljuf]ad]flhd h/Ljfgf /
xb};Dd s}b u/L lghn] u}/sfg"gL kdf ;+u|x
u/]s]f j}wflgs ;|f]t gv'n]sf] pQm rn crn
;DklQ hkmt ul/kfpFm . ;fy} k|ltjfbLn] cgdf]n
Sof6l/ k|f=ln=sf] z]o/ vl/b u/]sf] egL pNn]v
u/]s]f ?=!*,)),))). dWo] ;|f]t gv'n]sf]
!&,!%,))). sf] /sd u}/sfg"gL cfh{g ePsf]
/ e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf $&
tyf clVtof/ b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u P]g,
@)$* sf] bkmf @(-v_ ad]flhd hkmt x'g]
;DklQ ePsf]df pQm z]o/ afktsf] /sd sJhf
u/L hkmt ug{ ;lsg] l:ytLdf g/x]sf] b]lvPsf]n]
;f] /sd j/fj/sf] ljuf] k|ltjfbLsf] ;|ft] v'ns
] f]
cGo ;DklQaf6 pQm /sd hkmt u/L c;"npk/
ul/kfpFm .
k|ltjfbL o'j/fh zdf{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf]

k"0f{ :jfldTj ePsf] g]kfn cfon lgudsf]
dxfk|jGws /x]sf] cjlwdf ;d]t u}/sfg"gL kdf
;DklQ cfh{g u/L ;+ux| u/]sf] / ;f] ;DklQsf]
;d]t dfubfjL lnOPs]f x'bF f ;fljs e|i6frf/
lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf !$s= adf]lhd /
xfn k|rlnt e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf]
bkmf @$ ad]flhd yk ;hfo ;d]t u/L lghn]
u}/sfg"gL kdf cfh{g u/]sf] ;DklQ >LdtL
zLnf kf]v/]n -zdf{_ / 5f]/f k|zGg kf]v/]nsf
gfddf ;d]t /fv]sf] b]lvPsf]n] pQm ;DklQ
;fljs e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf
!^ u= / k|rlnt e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%(
sf] bkmf $& adf]lhd hkmt u/L kfpg;Dd
lghxnfO{ k|ltjfbL sfod ul/Psf] x'bF f ;hfosf]
dfubfjL ul/Psf] 5}g . lghxsf] gfddf /x]sf]
;DklQ ;d]t hkmt ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
cleof]u dfubfjL .
cf/f]kkqsf] tflnsf g+= @ df d]/f] ;Dk"0f{
k}ts
[ ;DklQ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5}g . s]jn xfnsf]
crn k}ts
[ ;DklQsf] dfq pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
cf/f]kkqsf] tflnsf g+= @ df pNn]v ul/Psf]
k}t[s ;DklQsf cltl/Qm d]/f] jfFs] lhNnf
g]kfnu~h g=kf= j8f g+= !& df @)@$ ;fndf
jg]sf] d]/f] k}ts
[ 3/ c+za08fsf] sfuhjf6}
dnfO{ k|fKt ePsf] xf] . bf dfgk'/ uf=lj=;=
df @)$@ ;fndf lgdf{0f ePsf] 3/ c+za08fdf
v'nfpg 5"6 ePtfklg d}n] c+za08fjf6 k|fKt
u/]sf] xf] To;nfO{ klg tflnsf g+= @ df pNn]v
u/]sf] 5}g . ;f] bfsf] 3/nfO{ d}n] ;DklQ
cfof]udf / lghfdtL lstfjvfgfdf ;d]t pNn]v
u/]sf] 5' . To;} u/L d]/f lktfsf] @))( ;fndf
ePsf] a08fkqdf plNnlvt & j6f df}hfdf
ePsf] hUufsf] jflif{s cfDbfgLsf ;fy} @)@@
;fndf & gDj/ kmfF6jf/Ldf plNnlvt %^ ljufxf
jfx]s -& j6f df}hfdf ePsf] sl/j $ ;o
ljufxf jf6_ cGo hUuf laqmL ul/Psf] ;fy}
1366
;+:s[t ljZjljBfnonfO{ !*$ lj3f % s7\7f

bfg ul/Psf] lyof] . o;/L laqmL ul/Psf]
;DklQjf6 ;'g rfFbL vl/b ul/of] . @)@@ ;fn
cl3 Jofjxfl/s kdf @)!( ;fnd} a'jf, ah}
/ d]/f] aLrdf c+za08f ePsf] lyof] . h;sf]
k'li6 ug{sf nflu @)@@ ;fndf d gfjfns
ePsf] cj:yfdf klg d]/f gfpFdf a'jfn] e/]sf] &
g+= kmfF6jf/Ldf @$ ljufxf hUuf pNn]v ul/lbg'
ePsf] 5 . @)@@ ;fnb]lv @)$& ;fn;Dd
d]/f] nueu !$ ljufxf hUuf ljqmL ul/of]
osLg ldlt hfgsf/L 5}g . o;}u/L @)$&
;fn;Dd jh} / j'jfsf gfddf /x]sf] sl/j ^
ljufxf hUuf ljqmL ePsf] 5 . ;fgLcfdflt/sf
efOx j9\b} uP / @)$& ;fndf g/ds/d
ldnfpg ljz]if u/L j'jfsf gfddf /x]sf]
g]kfnu~hsf] 3/38]/L ldnfpg ;j}sf ;xdltn]
j}wflgs kd} crn ;DklQsf] c+za08f eof] .
@)$& ;fn;Dd laqmL ePsf hUufjf6 k|fKt
/sd Pj+ cfDbfgL ;'grfFbLx cfcfkm"n] g}
/flvof] h;sf] a08f ul/Pg .
cfdf ;fg} d f k/nf] s ePsf] n ] d
xh'/cfdfsf] ;+/IfsTjdf x'ls{Psf], k9]sf] x'gfn]
@)#$ ;fndf d OlGhlgol/ lzIff k"/f u/L
cfPkl5 d]/f] gfp+df /x]sf] hUuf hldgsf] cnfjf
dfly plNnlvt hUufsf] cfDbfgL tyf hUufsf]
ljqmLjf6 k|fKt /sd / ;f]dWo]jf6 vl/b ul/Psf]
;'g u/L hDdf #%) tf]nf ;'g, !@)) tf]nf
rfFbL, %))) rfFbLsf vk6f / gub ?= &%
xhf/ jh}jf6 k|fKt u/]sf] lyPF . h'g @)$&
;fndf a08f ePsf] 5}g . @)$& ;fndf c+za08f
ePkl5 d]/f gfp+df s/Lj & ljufxf hUuf k|fKt
eof] h'g cf/f]kqsf] tflnsf g+= @ df pNn]v 5
t/ d]/f] k}ts
[ ;DklQsf] cfDbfgL, gub, ;'g
rfFbLsf] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5}g .
cf/f]kkqsf] tflnsf g+= #, $, %, ^, &,
* df pNn]v ul/Psf ;j} ;DklQx d]/f]
:jfldTjsf] dfq xf]Og . @)#$ ;fndf d]/f] crn
;DklQsf] cfDbfgL jflif{s s/Lj !,%),))).

hlt x'g] ub{Yof] ;f]nfO{ ;do;dodf j9] j9fpg]
sfo{df nufgL ul//x]sf] lyP+ . d}n] jh}jf6
k|fKt u/]sf] gubnfO{ klg j9] j9fpg] nufgL
ub}{ cfPF . d gf]s/L k|jz
] -d]sflgsn OlGhlgo/
-/f=k=t[=_ u/]kl5 k|fKt tnj, eQf, ;]ldgf/,
uf]i7L, k/fdz{afkt xfn;Dd -@)%(.& ;Dd_
k|fKt s/Lj !% nfv, ljb]z e|d0f h+fbf d
ef/t, cd]l/sf, o'/f]k, Pl;of ;d]tsf b]zdf
sfof{nos} tk{mjf6 s/Lj @) k6s uPsf] /
o;/L hfFbf k|fKt u/]sf] vr{ s6fO s/Lj ?=!)
nfv xf] . d ljb]z e|d0f u/]sf] k|df0f /fxbfgLdf
5 t/ ef/tdf h+fbf slxn] sfxL :ynudfu{jf6
hfg] x'gfn] ;f] pNn]v 5}g . c=b'=c=cf=n]
cf/f]kkqdf s]jn /fxbfgLdf pNn]v ePsf]
/sdnfO{ dfq u0fgf u/]sf] 5 t/ h'g b]zdf d
e|d0f u/]sf] lyP+ ToxL b]zdf k|fKt x'g] /sdnfO{
j}w ;|ft] sf] kdf pNn]v u/LlbPsf] 5}g . dfly
pNn]v u/]sf dWo]sf] k}t[s ;'gnfO{ ljleGg
ldltdf ljqmL ubf{ k| f Kt /sd sl/j
?=#),)),))). -tL; nfv_ xf] . @)#$
;fnaf6 @)%( ;Ddsf] s[lif cfo -jflif{s ;/b/
!%))))_ / @)#$ ;fndf ah}jf6 k|fKt ?=
&%,))). nfO{ ;do ;dodf nufgL u/L
To;jf6 j9] j 9fPsf] /sd u/L s/Lj ?=
#%,%),))). ePsf] o;sf] tYout k|df0f gx'g]
/ Jojxfl/Qmfdf rNg] x'gs
' f ;fy} ;f] ;dodf
sfg"gL jfWotf gePsf]n] 7f]; k|df0f 5}g .
g]kfnu~hsf] 3/ jxfnjf6 @)$&
;fnb]lv @)%( ;fn;Ddsf] 3/ ef8f jflif{s
;/b/ ?=^),))). sf b/n] x' g ] hDdf
?=&,@),))). d]/f] bf dfgk'/ uf=lj=;= df
ePsf] sf7 ljqmLjf6 ljleGg ldltdf k|fKt /sd
?=#,)),))). x'g] ub{5 . h;sf] k|df0fsf] xsdf
3/ ef8f nufPsf] ;DaGwdf >d sfof{no
g]kfnu~hn] n]lvlbPsf] kqjf6 k'li6 x'G5 .
sf7sf] xsdf s'sf7 ljqmL ug{ s'g} sfg"gL
1367
jGb]h gePsf] / JolQmut kdf ljqmL ljt/0f

ul/Psf]n] To;sf] s'g} k|df0f 5}g . >LdtLn]
bfOhf]sf] kdf k|fKt u/]sf] j+fs] lhNnf g]kfnu~h
g=kf= j8f g+= * sf] s/Lj ! s7\7f hUu} k|fKt
u/]sf] / ;f] ljqmL ubf{ ?=$#,@)). k|fKt ePsf],
o;} u/L j+fs] lhNnf jgs6'jf uf=lj=;= j8f g+=
! -_ df ePsf] ! ljufx hUuf dfOtLjf6 js;
kfO ?= #@,))). df ljqmL ePsf] ;f] nfO{
c=b'=c=cf= n] dflg/x]sf] 5 . o;} u/L >LdtLn]
dfOtLjf6 l6sf6fnf ljxfbfgjf6 k|fKt /sdjf6
lsg]sf] j+fs] lhNnf r6f/ uf=lj=;= df !* w'/
P]= /em]gf uf=lj=;= df ^ s7\7f !)=% w'/ P]=
g]kfnu~h g=kf= j8f g+= * df # s7\7f !! w'/
;d]tsf hUuf ljqmL u/L k|fKt ePsf] /sd
?=@,^^,))). ;f]sf] k|df0f c=b'=c=cf= df k]z
u/]sf] 5' . d}n] bf lhNnf hgtf dxfljBfno
uf=lj=;= -ljhf}/L_ sf] s/Lj !$ s7\7f hUuf
ldlt @)%$ ;fndf ljqmL u/L ?= ^),))).
k|fKt ePsf] 5 . h'g hUuf k}ts
[ kdf cfPsf]
/ ljqmL u/]sf] k|df0fsf] lnvtsf] kmf]6f]skL;d]t
k]z u/]sf] 5' .
o;}u/L >LdtLn] :j/f]huf/jf6 -h:t}
vfBfGg ljqmL, d]6n / km]lj|s lk|G6, s'v'/f
kfng_ cfh{g u/L ?=@,%),))). k|fKt ePsf]
5 . o;/L d}n] dfly pNn]v u/]sf ;Dk"0f{ ;|ft] jf6
d]/f] hDdf ;|ft] sl/j ?=! s/f]8 x'G5 . oL
jfx]s d]/f] c=b'=c=cf=n] cg';Gwfgsf] bfo/f
jflx/ /fv]sf] tflnsf g+= @ sf] ;DklQsf] /
g]kfnu~h / bfsf] 3/ hUuf ;d]tsf hUufsf]
cg'dflgt ;DklQ em08} ! s/f]8 x'G5 .
cf/f]kkqsf] tflnsf g+= % sf] qmd;+Vof
! df plNnlvt z]o/ /sd ?=!%,)),))).
-kGw| nfv_ d]/f] cflh{t nufgLsf] ge} efO
cgGt/fh zdf{sf] /x]sf] xf] . o;}u/L tflnsf
g+= % sf] qmd;+Vof ( df zLnf kf]v/]nsf
gfpFdf vl/b ul/Psf] ?=%,&@,))). sf] z]o/
dWo] ?= % nfvsf] z]o/ lgh efO cgGt/fhsf]
nufgLjf6 vl/b ul/Psf] xf] . o;/L hDdf @!

nfv efOsf] d;Fu /x]sf] 5 eg] d}n] @) nfv
nufgL u/LlbPsf] 5' . s]=cfO=6L sf] zLnf
kf]v/]nsf] gfpFsf] %,&@,))). sf] z]o/dWo]
d}n] dfly pNn]v u/] cg';f/ ?=% nfv / csf]{
?=!@ xhf/sf] z]o/ efO cgGt/fh zdf{sf] g}
ePsf] / jfFsL ^) xhf/ d]/f] >LdtLn] pQm
;+:Yffdf sfd u/]afkt k|fKt u/]sf] kfl/>lds
nufgL u/L z]o/ lslgPsf]n] ?=%,&@))).
x'g uPsf] xf] . o;}u/L XofD; c:ktfnsf]
?=%,)),))). sf] z]o/ sfG5f sfsfsf] 5f]/f
8f=s'df/ kf]v/]n ljb]z cWofkg ug{ uPsf]
cj:Yfdf lghsL cfdf d]/f] sfsLn] z]o/ vl/b
ul/lbg egL ?= % nfv lbg' ePsf] / d}n] z]o/
vl/bsf nflu ?=% nfv hDdf ul/lbPF / d]/f
gfp+df /l;b;Dd jg]sf]n] d]/f gfpFdf z]o/
b]lvg uPsf] xf] . kl5 efO ljb]zjf6 cWoog
k"/f u/L cfPkl5 d}n] lghsf gfpFdf z]o/
:yfgfGt/0f ul/lbg lgj]bg ;DalGwt ;+:yfdf
lbO;s]sf] 5' . d}n] ;f] /sd hDdf u/L
/l;b;Dd d]/f gfpFdf lnPsf] lyPF, z]o/
k|df0fkq lnPsf] lyOg .
cgdf]n Sof6l/ k|f=ln=df ?=!* nfv
nufgL u/]sf] eGg] ;DaGwdf d}n] ;DklQ
cfof]udf ;DklQ ljj/0f eg]{ ;dodf g} cgdf]n
Sof6l/ k|f=ln= df ?= !* nfv nufgL ug]{
eGg];Dd s'/f rn]sf] / sfd e} g;s]sf] cj:yf
ePsf]n] nufgL ul/Pnf egL pQm s'/f pNn]v
u/]F t/ kl5 nufgL x'g ;s]g h'g s'/f d}n]
c=b'=c=cf=df lbPsf] jofgdf ;d]t pNn]v
ul/;s]sf] 5' . t;y{ pQm ?= !* nfv nufgL
ePsf] cj:yf gx'gfn] ;DklQdf ;dfj]z ug{
ldNb}g .
3/ lgdf{0f ubf{ d}n] dfly pNn]v u/]sf]
;|ft] dWo]jf6 ?=!# nfvdf lgdf{0f u/]sf] x'F .
c=b'=c=cf=n] u/]sf] d"Nofg;+u d]/f] ;xdlt
5}g . qm=;+=@ df plNnlvt hUuf d}n] @)%^
1368
;fndf dfly plNnlvt ;|f]t dWo]jf6} vl/b

u/]sf] x'F . vl/b ubf{ ?=!,^$,))). nufgL
ePsf] 5 . t/ c=b'=c=cf=jf6 d"Nofg dgf]dfgL
kdf ul/Psf] 5 h;df d]/f] ;xdlt 5}g .
pQm hUuf / qm=;= !@ sf] hUuf Ps} 7fFpsf]
xf] . klxn] ju/ lyof] kl5 dfq ljsl;t eof] .
tflnsf g+= !) sf] qmd;+Vof # df plNnlvt
jrtkq klg d]/f] xf] plNnlvt hUuf Pj+ d}n]
dfly pNn]v u/]sf] ;|ft] jf6} vl/b ul/Psf] xf] .
jf=#r=^!@@ g+= sf] uf8L klg d}n] dfly plNnlvt
;|ft] x dWo]jf6} ?=!),#),))). df vl/b u/]sf]
x'F . qm=;+=!$ df plNnlvt uf8{ Sjf6/ elgPtfklg
;f] b'O{ j6f sf]7f ePsf] l6gn] 5fPsf] :6f]/
sf]7f dfq xf] . h;sf] lgdf{0f ubf{ s]jn ! nfv
@% xhf/ nfu]sf] lyof] h;sf] ;|ft] dfly pNn]v
u/]dWo]s} xf] .
g] k fn /fi6 a} + s sf] ?=( nfvsf]
jrtkqjf6 k|fKt ePsf] Jofh ?= @ nfv %)
xhf/ / @)#& ;fnb]lv @)%( ;fn;Dd
;do;dodf ljleGg a}+sdf /flvPsf] /sdsf]
Jofhjf6 k|fKt /sd sl/j @ nfv %) xhf/
;fy} d]/f] sf/nfO{ ef8fdf nufPafkt k|fKt
/sd ?= ! nfv ;d]t d]/f] ;|f]t xf] . sf/ d}n]
@ dlxgf !% lbg E.S.P.S 8]lg8fnfO{ ef8fdf
lbPsf] lyPF . dflysf plNnlvt s'/fsf] k|df0fsf]
xsdf jrtkqsf] Jofh jrtkq d} pNn]v
u/]sf] 5 h'g d}n] c=b'=c=cf= k]z u/]sf] 5'
To;} u/L ljleGg a}+ssf] Jofh ;DaGwdf
c=b' = c=cf=n] ljleGg a} + s jf6 dufPsf]
:6]6d]G6df g} pNn]v xf]nf . sf/ ef8fdf
nufPsf] k|df0fsf] xsdf c=b'=c=cf=n] dufPsf]
sfuh ldl;n ;+nUg x'g'k5{ olb gePdf ;f]sf]
k|df0f Environment Sector Program Support jf6
dufO k|df0f nufO kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
k|ltjfbL o'j/fh zdf{sf]] jofg .
d] / f] gfpF d f /x] s f ;DklQx j} w
cfh{gsf g} x'g\ . tL ;DklQx cfk\mgf] k}t[s
;DklQ / j}w cfh{gjf6 j9fPsf] xf] . u}/sfg"gL

cfh{g u/]sf] xf]Og . d]/f] >Ldfg cfon lguddf
/xFbf lgudnfO{ $ cj{ gfkmf ;d]t u/fPsf]
xf] . sf=lh=sf=d=g=kf= j8f g+= ( ls=g+= ^! /
#%% sf] hUufdf 3/ lgdf{0f ubf{ lkmlgl;
;d]t hDdf !@ nfv %) xhf/ dfq nfu]sf]
5 . 3/ lgdf{0f ubf{ k}t[s ;DklQ ;'g rfFbL
ljqmL, 3/ hdLgsf] cfo:tf, tnj eQf, ljb]z
e|d0f cflbjf6 lgdf{0f u/]sf] xf] . @)%^.%.@%
df vl/b u/]sf] )^@! hUuf ! nfv ^$
xhf/df ldl>t cfojf6 vl/b u/]sf] xf] .
c=b' = c=cf= n] u/] s f] ?=*,%),#&%. sf]
d" N ofg;+ u d ;xdt 5} g . d] / f] j' j fn]
g]kfnu~h g=kf= j8f g+= * df lbPsf] !
s7\7f hUuf ljqmL u/L k|fKt /sd @)$^ b]lv
@)%# ;fn;Dd * k6s ljleGg ldltdf
hUufx j]rL / d}n] Jo"6Lkfn{/df Jo"6Ll;ogsf]
kdf sfd ubf{ k|fKt /sd ;d]tjf6 jrtkq
vl/b u/]sf] x'F . sf=lh=sf=d=g=kf=j8f g+= (
ls=g+= !!% / !^* sf] hDdf If]=km= )$)
) hUuf / 3/sDkfp08leqsf] uf8{ Sjf6/
lgdf{0f ubf{ @)#( ;fndf d]/f] bfO{hf] /sdjf6
sf]xnk'/ r6f/ uf=lj=;=-afFs]_ xfOj]df /x]sf]
hUuf @)$& df ljqmL u/]sf] /sd, / ljqmL
ug'{eGbf cl3 c:yfoL 5fk|f] agfO{ dlxgfsf]
#)). sf b/n] * jif{;Ddsf] @*,*)). c7\7fO{; xhf/ cf7;o_ /sd efOn] ldlt
@)$%.!!.% df lbPsf] js;kqjf6 ! ljufx
hUuf lbPsf] ;f]jf6 k|fKt cfo @)$^ b]lv
@)%$ ;fn;Dd ! ljufxsf] c/x/ -kx]+nf]
bfn_ v]tLjf6 k|lt jif{ ?=*,))). -cf7 xhf/_
sf b/n] ( jif{;Dd &@,))). -axQ/ xhf/_
pQm hUufdWo] @)%% ;fndf !@ s7\7f ljqmL
u/L k|fKt /sd / jfFsL hUufsf] cfo:tf d}n]
ljleGg k|sf/sf d]6n Pj+ k]mlj|s k]lG6jf6
k|fKt /sd ;fy} >Ldfg\sf] cfDbfgLjf6 vl/b
tyf lgdf{0f u/]sf] xf] .
1369

Kathmandu Institute of Technology Pvt.
df z]o/ lsGbf b]j/sf] OR5fcg';f/ d]/f]

gfp+df ?=% nfv !@ xhf/sf] z]o/ vl/b
u/] s f] xf] . K.I.T. df ! jif{ ; Dd
Joj:yfkg;DaGwL sfo{ ubf{sf] cfDbfgL @)$*
;fndf g]kfnu~h g=kf=jf8{ g+= !& df vl/b
u/]sf] ! s7\7f !@=% w'/ hUufjf6 ePsf]
cfDbfgL, g]kfnu~h g=kf= j8f g+= * df @
s7\7f !!=% w'/ hUufdf @)$% ;fnb]lv
@)%@ ;fn;Dd t/sf/L v]tLsf] nflu ef8fdf
lbFbf ePsf] jflif{s #,))). sf b/n] *
jif{sf] ?=@$,))). / pQm hUuf ljqmL u/]sf]
/sd ;d]t g} g]kfn j}+s lnld6]8 sflGtkydf
/x]sf] j}+s df}hbft xf] . b]j/ cd]l/sf a:g]
x'Fbf pxfFsf] k}t[s ;DklQ /]vb]v / nufgL
;d]t d]/f] >Ldfgn] ub}{ cfpg' ePsf] 5 .
d]/f] j'jf :j=df]xgaxfb'/ k5f{O{sf] jfFs]df !@
;o ljufx hdLg lyof] . d (, !) jif{sf] x'Fbf
d]/f] gfpFdf %@ ljufx hlt hUuf lyof] .
dnfO{ ljjfxdf cGbfhL @) tf]nf ;'g /
rfFbLsf ef8fx rng rNtLcg';f/sf] bfO{hf],
kmlg{r/ lbO{Psf] lyof] . d]/f] >Ldfg cfk}m+
OlGhlgo/ ePsfn] 3/ lgdf{0fsf] Oli6d]6b]lv
3/ lgdf{0f sfo{ k"/f x'Fbf;Dd k/fdz{ z'Ns
gk/]sf], lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lx / n]j/ vr{ s'g
sFxf s;/L ;x'lnot b/df k|fKt ug{ ;Sg]
hfgsf/L ePsfn] c=b'=c=cf=n] 3/ d"Nofg
u/]sf] d"Nodf lgdf{0f geO{ ?=!@ nfv %)
xhf/df lgdf{0f ePsf] ;fFrf] xf] . d]/f] >Ldfgn]
/fi6;]jssf] kdf sfd ubf{ s'g} u}/sfg"gL
;DklQ cfh{g u/L d]/f gfpFdf /fVg' ePsf]
5}g . cleof]ukq em"7f xf] . ctM d]/f] gfpFsf]
;DklQ hkmt x' g ' kg] { xf] O g eGg] ;d] t
Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL zLnf kf]v/]n -zdf{_ n]
u/]sf] jofg .
clVtof/ b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf]
dfubfjL em"7f xf] xfdL klxnfb]lv g} k}t[s
Ltd.
;DklQ k|z:t ePsf dflg; xf}+ . cfon lguddf

d]/f] j'jf sfo{/t /x+bf d]/f] hfgsf/Ldf /x] ;Dd
$ c/j gfkmf ePsf] 5 . xfd|f] gfddf ePsf
;DklQx k}ts
[ jf6 j9] j9fPsf] / j}w cfh{g
x'g\ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fs]f k|ltjfbL k|zGg kf]v/]nn]
u/]sf] jofg .
jfbLsf ;fIfLx O=hfu]Zj/ dxf;]7,
hoGts'df/ /fhj+zL, O{=k|ls0f{ t'nfw/ ;d]tn]
u/]sf] jskq / k|ltjfbLsf ;fIfLx s'db' /fh
zdf{, cg'kd/fh zdf{, s'df/ kf]v/]n, cgGt/fh
zdf{ / gGbgs'df/ zdf{ ;d]tn] u/]sf] jskq
ldl;n ;fd]n /x]sf] .
k|ltjfbLsf] gfddf b]lvPsf] / ;fydf
/x]sf] hfFr cjlwdf cfh{g u/]sf] ;DklQsf]
ljj/0f b]xfoadf]lhd ePsf] b]lvg cfpF5 . o;
ljifodf cfof]un] bfjL lnPsf] k|ltjfbLsf] df}hb'
;DklQsf] ljj/0f, k| l tjfbLn] lhsL/
lnPadf]lhdsf] ;DklQsf] tYo / ljZn]if0fsf]
cfwf/df b]xfoad]flhd b]lvg cfPsf] 5M
1370
tflnsf g+= (
o; k|sf/ k|ltjfbLn] pNn]v u/]sf] cfosf]

;|f]t / k]z ePsf] k|df0fsf] ljZn]if0fjf6
b]xfoadf]lhdsf] ;|ft] jf6 b]xfoadf]lhdsf] cfo
ePsf] b]lvG5 . cfof]un] cfosf tL ;|ft] dWo]
s]xL ;|ft] :jLsf/]sf] eP klg :jLsf/]sf] ;|ft] df
;d] t ;j} d f cfosf] /sd ls6fg u/] s f]
kfO{bg} . t}klg b]vfOPsf] ;|ft] / ljZn]if0fjf6
k|ltjfbLsf] cfosf] ;|ft] / To;jf6 k|fKt /sd
b]xfoadf]lhd ePsf] b]lvg cfpF5M
tnj eQf
?=!$,*#,!*).
ljb]z e|d0f
?=(,&&,&$).
3/ ef8f
?=^,&#,$%!.
hUuf ljqmL
?=$,!*,@&@.
?v ljqmL
?=#,)),))).
jrtkq Jofh
?=!,*&,))).
j}s
+ Jofh
?=^,!),*#!.
s[lif cfo
?=@#,^%,))).
zLnf kf]v/]n -zdf{_ sf] cfo ?=#,*%,@%).
sf/ef8f
k}ts
[ ;DklQ
?=!,)),))).
?=$,%),))).
hDdf M ?=&(,%),&@$.
oL plNnlvt cfosf ;|ft] jfx]s cGo

cfosf ;|ft] /x]sf] / tL ;|ft] jf6 klg yk cfo
ePsf] eGg] k|ltjfbLsf] lhsL/ /x]sf] 5 . cd]l/sfdf
/x]s]f efO cgGt/fh zdf{n] k7fPsf] /sd
?=!,)),))). / efO{ s'df/ kf]v/]nsf] gfddf
z]o/ vl/b ug{ k7fPsf] /sd ?=%,)),))).
;d]t cfosf] ;|ft] sf] kdf dfGg' kg]{ eGg]
k|ltjfbLsf] egfO{ /x]sf] 5 . lghn] b]vfPsf] ;f]
;|ft] jf6 /sd k|fKt u/L XofD; c:ktfn /
s]=cfO=6L= sf] z]o/ vl/b ug{ k|of]u x'g g;Sg]
cj:yf g/x]klg lghsf] gfddf z]o/ vl/b ePsf]
x'bF f lghsf] gfdsf] z]o/ efOsf] nflu vl/b
ePsf] eGg] ljZj;gLo cfwf/ / k|df0f gx'bF f ;f]
/sdnfO{ k|ltjfbLsf] cfodf ;dfj]z x'g ;Sg]

l:ylt b]lvPg .
k|ltjfbL o'j/fh zdf{ pk/ e|i6frf/
lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf @)-!_ df pNn]v
ePsf] dgfl;j sf/0f ljgf cldNbf] / c:jfefljs
pRr hLjg:t/ ofkg u/]sf] eGg] cf/f]k nufOPsf]
5 . ;f] cf/f]k k|ltjfbLsf] cfly{s kIf /
Jojxf/;+u hf]l8Psf] 5 . cfosf] ;|ft] ;Fu ePsf]
;DklQsf] tfnd]n gePsf] eGg] s'/f klg
bzf{OPsf] 5 . k|ltjfbLn] k|fKt u/]sf] cfo /
ePsf] ;DklQsf] ljZn]if0fjf6 k|ltjfbLpk/
nufOPsf] cf/f]k tYok/s eP gePsf] b]lvg
cfpF5 . pRr hLjg:t/sf] dfkb08df d'Vot
kfl/jfl/s k[i7e"ld, ;fdflhs:t/, cfly{s
sf/f]jf/, k}ts
[ ;DklQ h:tf s'/fx ;DalGwt
b]lvG5g\ . oL s'/fjf6 g} k|ltjfbLsf] hLjgofkgsf]
:t/ lgwf{/0f x'G5 . P]gsf] cfzo klg oxL /x]sf]
5 . cf/f]kkqdf k|ltjfbLs]f cfly{s kIf;Fu
;DalGwt Jojxf/nfO{ cfwf/ agfOPsf] / lghsf]
cflh{t ;DklQnfO{ cj}wflgs ;|ft] jf6 cfh{g
u/]sf] egL ;DklQsf] ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .
cfof]usf] ;f] ljZn]if0f xfnsf] df]nsf] cfwf/df
ePsf] x'bF f :jfefjt j9L b]lvPsf] 5 . To;nfO{
dflysf k|s/0fdf pNn]v ePcg';f/ cflwsfl/s
k|df0fsf] cfwf/df kfOPsf] ;DklQ cflh{t ubf{sf]
;dosf] oyfy{ lx;fjsf] d"Nojf6 dfly k|s/0fdf
pNn]v ePadf]lhd j}w cfosf ;|ft] jf6 lghnfO{
?=&(,%),&@$. k|fKt ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . lghsf]
;fydf /x]sf] s'n ;DklQ ?=*@,%$,*)&.
b]lvG5 . o;jf6 ?=#,)$,)*#. lghsf] cfosf]
;|ft] jf6 k'li6 gePsf] b]lvg cfpF5 . ;f] /sd
lghsf] s'n ;DklQsf] #=^* k|ltzt b]lvg
cfpF5 .
k|ltjfbLsf] cfo / Joosf] ;d'lrt
ljZn]if0fjf6 cfo / Joosf] jLrdf b]lvPsf]
cGt/ Gofof]lrt cg'dfg, ;fdflhs kl/j]z /
k|rngsf] cfwf/df :jfefljs xf] xf]Og egL
1371
ljrf/ ug'{ kbf{ k|df0fsf] cefjdf k|ltjfbLn]

lhsL/ lnPsf] cfosf] ;|f]t / /sd cfosf]
kdf u0fgf x'g g;s] klg Jojxf/df cfosf
;Deflat ;|ft] x'g g;Sg] eg] xf]Ogg\ . t/ klg
;d'lrt k|df0fsf] cefjdf cfodf ;dfj]z ug{
g;lsPsf] s'/fnfO{ ;fk]lIfs kdf x]g'{ kg]{
b]lvG5 . P]gsf] Joj:yfjf6 cldNbf] / c:jfefljs
pRr hLjg:t/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ dfkb08 k|ltjfbLsf]
;dflhs / cfly{s kIf /x]sf] / hfFr cjlwdf
b]lvPsf] k|ltjfbLsf] cfly{s sf/f]jf/sf] cfwf/df
dfly pNn]v eP cg';f/sf] cfo / Joosf] lx;fj
ubf{ b]lvPsf] cGt/ c:jfefljs g/x]sf] / of]
cGt/n] dfq P]gn] Joj:yf u/]sf] cldNbf] /
c:jfefljs pRr hLjg:t/ ofkg u/]sf] b]lvg
gcfPsf]n] k|ltjfbL pk/sf] cf/f]k k'li6 x'g
cfPg .
t;y{ plNnlvt cfwf/ sf/0f tyf
ldl;n ;+nUg ;a"b k|df0fjf6 k|ltjfbL o'j/fh
zdf{n] j}w cfo;|ft] sf] cg'kftdf cldNbf] /
c:jfefljs ;DklQ cfh{g u/]sf] k'li6 x'g
gcfPsf] x'bf lgh k|ltjfbLn] bfljsf] s;"/ u/]sf]
g7x/L ;kmfO kfpg] 7x5{ eGg] ljz]if cbfnt
sf7df8f}s
F f] ldlt @)^$.*.@& sf] km};nf
ljz]if cbfntn] k|ToyL{sf] ;DklQsf]
j}wtf k/LIf0f ubf{ lghnfO{ k|fKt ePsf] b]lvg] /
k|fKt x'g ;Sg] cfonfO{ s'g s'g ;dodf s] slt
cfo k|fKt eof] / ;DklQ cfh{g u/]sf] -a}s
+ df
hDdf, 3/ lgdf{0f, 3/ hUuf / cGo rn ;DklQ
vl/b / 7"nf] cGo sfo{df /sd vr{ u/]sf]_
;dodf lghsf] slt j}w cfo art ePsf] xf]
;f] osLg u/L k/LIf0f ug'k{ g]{ lyof] . To:t}, cfo
cfh{gsf] ldlt osLg x'g g;Sg] cfo ;DaGwdf
klg ;fn qmdsf cfwf/n] cfo /sd lgwf{/0f
u/L cflh{t ;DklQsf] ;|ft] k/LIf0f ug'k{ g]{ cj:yf
lyof] . t/ ljz]if cbfntn] ;a} cfonfO{ Psd'i6
u0fgf u/L ;a} cflh{t ;DklQnfO{ tTsfnsf]
d"No;Fu k/LIf0f u/]sf] 5 .
ljz] i f cbfntn] k| l tjfbLsf]

?=#,)$,)*#. sf] ;DklQsf] ;|f]t k'li6 x'g
g;s]sf] 7x/ u/]tfklg Tolt /sdsf] ;|ft] k'li6
gx'gn
' fO{ cldNbf] / c:jfefljs dfGg' gx'g] 7x/
u/]sf] 5 . k|ToyL{sf] u0fgf ug{ gldNg] sltko
cfoxnfO{ klg u0fgf u/L ;Dk"0f{ cfo;|ft] af6
k|fKt /sd u0fgf u/L ;s]kl5 / cfo ePsf]
lyof] ls egL cfz+sf;Dd ug{ ;lsg] s'g} ;|ft]
g} afFsL gePsf] cj:yfdf klg Tolt 7"nf]
kl/df0fsf] /sdnfO{ c:jfefljs gdfGg] 7x/
u/]af6 o; km};nfn] u}/sfg"gL ;DklQ cfh{gsf]
s;"/ ug]{ k|jl[ tnfO{ k|>o ldn]sf] 5 . h] hlt
;DklQsf] j}w cfo;|ft] k'li6 x'bF g} Tolt ;DklQ
u}/sfg"gL kdf cfh{g u/]sf] 7x/ ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 .
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf @)-!_ sf]
k|fjwfgk|lts"n Tolt 7"nf] kl/df0fsf] /sdsf]
;|ft] k'li6 gePsf]df klg lghnfO{ ;kmfO{ lbO{g'
q'l6k"0f{ 5 .
cf/f]kkqdf @)%$ ;fndf k|ltjfbLn]
3/ lgdf{0f ubf{ ?=@$,#@,^@^. nfut k/]sf]
egL pNn] v ePsf] d f ljz] i f cbfntn]
?=!*,##,!(#. sf] nfutnfO{ dfGotf lbPsf]
ePtfklg ;f] nfutnfO{ wfGg ;Sg] ;f]xL
cjlw;Ddsf] lghsf] j}w cfo;|ft] eP gePsf]
tkm{ k/LIf0f ul/g' kg]d
{ f ;f] gu/L Psd'i6 cfo
Joosf] u0fgf ul/g' q'l6k"0f{ 5 . k|ltjfbL o'j/fh
zdf{n] pQm 3/ lgdf{0fdf ldl>t ;|ft] af6 k|fKt
cfo vr{ ePsf] eg]tfklg To:tf cfox
k|ltjfbLsf] ;|ft] v'ns
] f] cGo ;DklQ hf]8g\ d}
vr{ ePsf] cfjlws lx;faaf6 b]lvPsf] cj:yf
5.
k|ltjfbL o'j/fh zdf{ tyf lghsf]
kl/jf/sf] gfddf ljleGg :yfgdf k6sk6s
u/L hDdf ?=%,^@,(&%. df hUuf vl/b ePsf]
tYonfO{ ljz]if cbfntn] :jLsf/ u/]s} 5 .
pQm hUufx vl/b ug{ lghsf] tt\tt\
cjlw;Ddsf] cfoaf6 k'Ug] gb]lvPsf] cj:yfdf
1372
tL hUufx j}w ;|ft] af6 vl/b ePsf] dfGg

;lsg] x'bF g} . ;fy} e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%(
sf] bkmf @)-@_ adf]lhd cj}wflgs ;|ft] af6
cflh{t ;DklQ hkmt ug]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf]
kl/k]|Iodf xfnsf] d"NofgnfO{ cGoyf egL
;fljssf] d"NonfO{ g} cfwf/ dfgL ePsf] km};nf
sfg"gL kdf q'l6k"0f{ 5 .
k|ltjfbL o'j/fh zdf{ :jo+n] lnlvt
kdf cgdf]n Sof6l/df ?= !*,)),))).
nufgL ePsf] egL :jLsf/ ul//x]sf] cj:yfdf
cbfnt :jo+n] pQm Sof6l/df nufgL ePsf]
xf] xf]Og egL ;f]wgL u/L lbPsf] hjfkmsf] cfwf/df
k|ltjfbLsf] nufgL gePsf] b]lvPsf] egL ePsf]
km};nf Gofosf] dfGo l;4fGtljk/Lt 5 .
k| l tjfbLnfO{ @)#^ ;fnb] l v hfF r
cjlw;Dd ?= @#,^%,))). s[lifaf6 cfo k|fKt
ePsf] dflgPsf] 5 . ;f] cfo lghnfO{ ;uf]n d}
/xFbf b]lvsf] k}ts
[ hUuf hldgaf6 k|fKt ePsf]
egL ;Dk"0f{ hldgsf] cfo:tfnfO{ s[lif cfodf
u0fgf ul/Psf] 5 . k}ts
[ ;DklQaf6 k|fKt x'g]
;Dk"0f{ cfosf] xsbf/ k|ltjfbL dfq gx'g]
Jofjxfl/s kIfnfO{ cbfntn] s'g} Wofg gk'ofPsf]
Psftkm{ 5 eg] csf]{ tkm{ k|ltjfbLnfO{ k|fKt
ePsf] s[lif cfo;d]taf6 lghn] k[ysk[ys
;dodf 3/ hUuf OToflb hf]8]sf] / To;/L
hf]8s
] f] ;DklQnfO{ lghsf] ;|ft] v'ns
] f] cGo
;DklQsf] kdf u0fgf u/L cfof]un] dfGotf
lbPsf] tkm{ cbfntn] b[li6 k'ofPsf] 5}g .
k|ltjfbLsf] >LdtL zLnf kf]v/]n -zdf{_
n] ;L xj{n Jo"6L dLgejgdf sfd u/L ?=
!,!#,@%). / d]6n k]lG6 PS;kf] @))@ df
ljqmLaf6 ?= !,!@,))). cfo k|fKt u/]sf] egL
xr'jf tj/n] lg0f{o ul/g' q'l6k"0f{ 5 . PS;kf]
@))@ df k|ltjfbLsL >LdtLn] ;fdfg ljqmL
u/L /sd k|fKt u/]sf] ljZj;gLo / osLg
k|df0fj]u/ cfo ePsf] egL dfGotf lbPsf];d]t
sfg"g;Ddt 5}g .
dfly plNnlvt cfwf/ / sf/0f;d]taf6

ljz] i f cbfntn] u/] s f] km} ; nf ab/ u/L
k|ltjfbLxnfO{ cleof]u dfubfjL adf]lhd ;hfo
ul/kfpFm eGg] jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k'g/fj]bg
lhsL/ .
k|ltjfbL o'j/fh zdf{n] ;DklQ Goflos
5fgaLg cfof]udf k]z u/]sf] ;DklQ ljj/0fdf
cgdf]n Sof6l/ k|f=ln= sf] ?= !*,)),))).
a/fa/sf] z]o/ vl/b u/]sf] s'/f;d]t cfkm\gf]
;DklQ ljj/0fdf pNn]v u/]sf] eGg] tYonfO{
lghn] ljz]if cbfnt sf7df8f}+;dIf u/]sf]
aofgsf] ;=h= & -kfgf (_ df;d]t :jLsf/
u/]sf] b]lvPsf], lgh k|ltjfbLsf efO gftfsf
JolQm cgGt zdf{n] cd]l/sfaf6 k7fPsf] elgPsf]
? @! nfv /sdsf] ljZj;gLo k|df0f k|ltjfbLn]
k]z u/]sf] gb]lvg'sf ;fy} cleof]u kqdf ;|ft]
gv'ns
] f] egL bfjL lnPsf] cGo ;DklQsf] j}wflgs
;|ft] k'li6 x'g] k|df0fsf] cefjdf k|ltjfbLnfO{
;kmfO lbg] u/L ljz]if cbfnt sf7df8f}a+ f6
ldlt @)^$.*.@& df ePsf] km};nf km/s kg{
;Sg] b]lvFbf 5nkmn lgldQ ljkIfL lemsfpg'
eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^^.(.!( sf] cfb]z .
lgodfg';f/ k]zL ;"rLdf r9L k]z x'g
cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bs jfbL g]kfn
;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf
>L z+s/axfb'/ /fO{n] ljz]if cbfntn] k|ToyL{sf]
;DklQsf] j}wtf k/LIf0f ubf{ lghnfO{ k|fKt
ePsf] b]lvg] / k|fKt x'g ;Sg] cfonfO{ s'g s'g
;dodf s] slt cfo k|fKt eof] / ;DklQ cfh{g
u/]sf] xf]] ;f] osLg u/L k/LIf0f ug'k{ g]d
{ f To;f]
ul/Psf] 5}g . ljz]if cbfntn] k|ltjfbL o'j/fh
zdf{n] ?=#,)$,)*#. sf] ;DklQsf] ;|ft] k'li6
x'g g;s]sf] 7x/ u/]sf] / To;eGbf c? s'g}
;|ft] g} afFsL gePsf] cj:yfdf klg Tolt 7"nf]
kl/df0fsf] /sdnfO{ c:jfefljs gdfGg] 7x/
ug'{ P]gsf] dg;focg'k 5}g . o; km};nfn]
u}/sfg"gL ;DklQ cfh{gsf] s;"/ ug]{ k|jl[ QnfO{
1373
k|>o ldn]sf] 5 . h] hlt ;DklQsf] j}w cfo;|ft]

k'li6 x'bF g} Tolt ;DklQ u}/sfg"gL kdf cfh{g
u/]sf] 7x/ ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 . t/ e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f
P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf @)-!_ sf] k|fjwfgk|lts"n
Tolt 7"nf] kl/df0fsf] /sdsf] ;|ft] k'li6 gePsf]df
klg lghnfO{ ;kmfO{ lbg' q'l6k"0f{ 5 .
ljz]if cbfntsf] km};nfpk/ k|ltjfbL
o'j/fh zdf{n] k'g/fj]bg gu/L lghn] lrQ a'emfO{
a;]sf] cj:yf x'bF f pQm km};nfdf sfod ePsf]
j}w cfo eGbf c klg cfkm\gf] a}w cfo /x]sf]
5 egL lghn] bfjL ug{ ldNg] cj:yf 5}g .
ljz]if cbfnt sf7df8f}n
F ] k|ltjfbLsf] lgoldt
kdf x'g] vr{sf] kf6f]nfO{ ;d'lrt ljZn]if0f
u/]sf] kfOb}g . k|ltjfbLsf] 3/ lgdf{0f ubf{ nfu]sf]
vr{ jf nfut sfod ug]{ ;DaGwdf o; cbfntn]
o; cl3sf d'2faf6 dfkb08 sfod u/L /x]sf]
cj:yf ePsfn] k|:t't d'2fdf klg ;f]xL
dfGotfnfO{ cFuflng' k5{ . lghsf] 3/ lgdf{0fdf
nfu]sf] cf]e/x]8 vr{ / 7]Ssfs/ 36fOPsf]
lauf] ldn]sf] 5}g . To;nfO{ 5"6 lbg] cj:yf
5}g . k|ltjfbL o'j/fh zdf{ :jo+n] ;DklQ 5fgaLg
Goflos cfof]u;d]tsf cflwsfl/s 7fFpdf lnlvt
kdf cgdf]n Sof6l/df ?=!*,)),))).
nufgL ePsf] egL :jLsf/ ul//x]sf] cj:yfdf
ljz]if cbfnt :jo+n] pQm Sof6l/df nufgL
gePsf] egL ePsf] km};nf Gofosf] dfGo
l;4fGtljk/Lt 5 . o; ljifodf k|ltjfbL cfkm}
ljjlGwt x'g' ePsf] cj:yf 5 . xfn jxfFn]
e"nj; n]lvP5 eg]sf] cfwf/df 5"6 kfpg] cj:yf
5}g . pQm ;DklQnfO{ dfGotf glbPsf] ldn]sf]
5}g .
ljz]if cbfntaf6 k|ltjfbLnfO{ @)#^
;fnb]lv hfFr cjlw;Dd ?= @#,^%,))).
s[lifaf6 cfo k|fKt ePsf] dflgPsf] 5 . @)$&
;fndf c+za08f xFb' f sl/j ;ft lj3f hUufdfq
k|ltjfbLsf] efudf k/]sf] b]lvPsfn] Tolt hUufsf]
cfo dfq u0fgf ul/g'k5{ . ;f] cjlw cufl8
klg ;f]xL cg'kftdf cfo u0fgf x'g' k5{ . s[lif

cfosf] u0fgf ;DaGwdf o; cbfntn] :yflkt
u/]sf] dfkb08cg';f/ g} x'gk' g]{ cj:yf 5 .
k|ltjfbLn] cfkm} v]tLkftL u/]sf] gb]lvPsf] x'bf
s[lif cfo u0fgfdf To; s'/fnfO{ ;d]t ljrf/
ul/g' k5{ . k|ltjfbLsf] g]kfnu~hl:yt k'Vof}n
{ L
3/df >d sfof{no a;]sf] elgPtfklg To;sf]
7f]; k|df0f x'gk' 5{ . sfof{nonfO{ 3/ef8fdf
nufpFbf s/ sL ePsf] b]lvg' kof] .
k|ltjfbLnfO{ a}s
+ sf] Jofhaf6 cfDbfgL ePsf]
dflgPsf] 5 . JofhnfO{ d"n cfo;|f]tsf] kdf
dfGg ldNb}g . k|ltjfbLnfO{ j}b]lzs e|d0faf6
k|fKt cfo klg q'l6k"0f{ kdf u0fgf ul/Psf]
5 . kf;kf]6{af6 ;6xL ePsf] b]lvPsf] /sd
vr{ x'g] /sd xf] . lghn] eQf k|fKt u/]sf]
k| d f0f b] l vg' kb{ 5 . ljz] i f cbfntn]
k|ltjfbLnfO{ ?vsf] sf7 ljlqmaf6 cfo k|fKt
ePsf] egL dfg]tfklg To;/L cfo k|fKt ePsf]
s'/f k|df0fjf6 b]lvg' k5{ . lagf cfwf/ sf/
ef8fdf nufP/ cfo k|fKt u/]sf] eGg] lgisif{
klg q'l6k"0f{ 5 . k|ltjfbLsf efO{ gftfsf elgPsf
cgGt zdf{ / s'df/ zdf{n] k7fOlbPsf] /sdaf6
z]o/df pgLxs} nflu nufgL u/]sf] eGg]
k|ltjfbLsf] sygnfO{ ljz]if cbfntn] dfGotf
lbPsf] 5}g . tL JolQmxjf6 k7fOPsf] elgPsf]
/sdnfO{ j}wflgs ;|f]tsf] kdf dfGotf
glbO{Pkl5 cj tL ;DklQsf] ;|f]tklg k'li6
x'g'k5{ .
k|ltjfbLsL >LdtL zLnf kf]v/]n -zdf{_
n] l; xj{n Jo'l6 dLgejgdf sfd u/L ?=
!,!#,@%). / d]6n k]lG6 PS;kf] @))@ df
ljqmLaf6 ?=!,!@,))). cfo k|fKt u/]sf] egL
ljz]if cbfntf/f cfo sfod ul/Psf]df ;f]
;+:yfsf] sfg"gL x}l;ot / cflwsfl/stfnfO{
klg x]l/g' k5{ . lghn] sdfPsf] /sd lgoldt
j}olQms vr{ x'g] x'G5 . o;nfO{ cfo;|ft] df
u0fgf ul/Psf] q'l6k"0f{ /x]sf] 5 .
1374
jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] d"nbfjL eg]sf]

cf/f] k kq ePsfn] / k' g /fj] b gkqdf
cf/f]kkqadf]lhd ul/kfpFm elgPsf] x'gfn] o;
cbfntn] k'g/fj]bg kqdf plNnlvt a"bF fdf dfq}
;Lldt x'gk' g]{ cj:yf x'bg} . ljkIfLn] cfof]udf
/ cbfntdf aofg ubf{ @)#$ ;fnb]lv d"Nofg
cjlw dflgg' k5{ egL lhsL/ glng' ePsf]n]
To;f] x'g' kg]{ xf]Og . ljkIfLtkm{af6 pNn]v
ul/Psf ghL/x k|:t't d'2fd cfslif{t x'g]
xf]Ogg\ . ljjflbt ljifodf sfg"g, tYo / k|df0fsf]
cfwf/ lnO{ ljZn]if0f / JofVof ePsf] s'/f ghL/
x'g] xf] t/ To:tf d'2fxnfO{ ljkIfLn] pNn]v g}
ug' { ePsf] 5} g . plNnlvt cfwf/ /
sf/0f;d]taf6 ljz]if cbfntn] u/]sf] km};nf
ab/ eO{ k|ltjfbLx?nfO{ cleof]u dfubfjL
adf]lhd ;hfo xf];\ .
k| T oyL{ k| l tjfbL o' j /fh zdf{
;d]tsftkm{af6 ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L
Zofdk|;fb v/]n Pj+ ljfg clwjQmfx >L
/+lhteQm k|wfgf, >L z]/axfb'/ s]=;L=, >L
O{Zj/LrGb| zdf{, >L s[i0fk|;fb ;fksf]6f / >L
of]uG] b|axfb'/ clwsf/Ln] jx; ug'{ ePsf] 5 .
pxfFxn] ug'{ ePsf jx; aFb' fnfO{ tnsf k|s/0fdf
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5M
k|:t't d'2fdf k|ltjfbL o'j/fh zdf{pk/
5'} ph"/L k/L sf/jfxLsf] z'?jft ePsf] xf]Og .
v'daxfb'/ v8\sfpk/sf] ph"/Ldf oL k|ltjfbLnfO{
kf]n ul/Psf] cfwf/df d'2fsf] sf/jfxL ePsf]
xf] . k|:t't d'2fdf ljz]if cbfntsf] km};nfpk/
g]kfn ;/sf/n] k'g/fj]bg ubf{ lnOPsf lhsL/sf
;DaGwdf dfq ljrf/ u/L o; cbfntaf6 km};nf
x'g ;Sg] xf] . o; cbfntjf6 emul8of lemsfpg]
cfb]z x'bf d"ntM b'O{j6f ljifonfO{ cfwf/
lnOPsf]df tL s'/f k|dfl0ft x'g] cj:yf 5}g .
xfd|f] kIf k|ltjfbL o'j/fh zdf{ @)#$ ;fnb]lv
g} ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf k|jz
] u/]sf] x'gfn] ;f]xL
ldltaf6 g} d"Nofg cjlw dflgg' k5{ . Gofosf]
/f]xdf ;d]t To; cjlwb]lv g} ;DklQsf] d"Nofg

ul/g' kb{5 . @)#^ ;fnb]lv d"Nofg cjlw
dflgPsf] s'/f ldn]sf] 5}g . k|ltjfbL o'j/fh
zdf{sf] @)!( ;fndf a08fkq ePsf]df k}ts
[
;DklQsf] rSnfjGbL ldnfpg] nufotsf sf/0fn]
k'gM j}wflgs tj/n] g} @)$& ;fndf a08fkq
ePsf] 5 . ljz]if cbfntsf] km};nfpk/ xfd|f]
kIfaf6 k'g/fj]bg gul/Ptfklg Gofosf] /f]xdf
x]l/g' kb{5 . Ohnf;af6 ljj]s k|of]u u/]/
Gofo x'gk' g]{ cj:yf 5 .
JolQmsf] 3/ lgdf{0f ubf{ / ;/sf/L 3/
lgdf{0f ubf{ nfut :jfefljs kdf km/s k5{ .
cfjf; tyf ef}lts of]hgf ljefun] sfod u/]sf]
;/sf/L ejg lgdf{0fsf] b//]6nfO{ JolQmsf] 3/
lgdf{0fsf] b//]6 dflgg' plrt x'bg} . JolQmn]
cfkm} 3/ agfpbf :jfefljs kdf sd nfut
nfu]sf] x'G5 . oL k|ltjfbLsf] 3/lgdf{0f ubf{ hu
vGbf lglSnPsf] jfn'jf 3/ jgfpbf k|of]u u/]sf]
xf], sf7 bfaf6 NofPsf] ;fy} k|ltjfbL :jod\
OlGhlgo/ ePsf] sf/0faf6 sd nfutdf 3/
lgdf{0f u/]sf] x'gfn] 3/ lgdf{0fsf] jf:tljs vr{
?= !@,%),))). dfq} /x]sf] 5 . ljz]if cbfntn]
@) k|ltzt cf]e/x]8 vr{ / 7]Ssf s/ 36fPsf]
ljifodf k'g/fj]bgdf lhsL/ glnPsf] x'bF f To;nfO{
oyfjt sfod ul/g' k5{ . 3/df /x]sf] kmlg{r/
bfOhf]jf6 tyf bfaf6 NofOPsf x'g\ ltgnfO{
;d]t hf]l8 3/sf] d"Nodf sfod u/]sf] ldn]sf]
5}g . gljn j}sf] ns/jf6 nluPsf] sl/j %)
tf]nf ;'g k|ltjfbLsf] xh'/cfdfn] lbPsf], k}ts
[ ,
bfOhf] k]jfjf6 k|fKt ePsf] ;DklQ xf] .
zLnf kf]v/]nsf] gfdsf] g]kfn /fi6 a}s
+ sf]
/fli6o jrtkqjf6 ?=!,*&,))). Jofh k|fKt
ePsf] 5 . ;f] /sdnfO{ k|ltjfbLsf] cfosf]
;|f]tsf] kdf u0fgf ul/g' kb{5 . k|ltjfbL
o'j/fh zdf{;uF )#$ ;fnb]lv )$^ ;fn;Dd
hDdf !)^!* ljufx hUuf /x]sf] lyof] . @)$&
;fnsf] c+za08f kl5 lghsf] gfddf &#!@
1375
ljufx hUuf sfod ePsf] / ;f] hUufjf6 @)$&

b]lv @)%( ;fn;Ddsf] ?=@#,($,!(#.j/fj/sf]
s[lif cfDbfgL ePsf] s'/f s[lif sfof{nosf]
kq;d]tjf6 k'li6 ePsf] 5 . s[lif cfosf]
u0fgfubf{ @)#) ;fndf tf]lsPsf] s'tsf cfwf/df
ul/g' Gofof]lrt x'bg} . To; ;dodf k/Dk/fut
cfwf/df v]tL x'GYof] eg] kl5 cfP/ cfw'lgs
dn, aLp, ;fwg;d]tsf] k|of]u u/L cfw'lgs
tj/n] v]tL nufpg] rng ckgfOPsf] 5 .
o;n] :jfefljs kdf cfDbfgLdf;d]t km/s
kg]{ s'/fnfO{ ljrf/ ul/g' k5{ . g]kfnu~h g=kf=
j8fg+=+ !& df /x]sf] k|ltjfbLsf] k}ts
[ 3/ )$&
;fnb]lv ;/sf/L tyf JolQmut kdf ef8fdf
nufO cfDbfgL k|fKt u/]sf] k|df0fjf6 k'li6 ePsf]
/ To;nfO{ ljz]if cbfntn] dfGotf lbPsf] 5 .
k|ltjfbL o'j/fh zdf{n] cfk\mgf] bf dfgk'/
:yLt hUufdf /x]sf ?vx laqmL u/L ?=
#,)),))). cfDbfgL u/]sf, @)#$ ;fnb]lv
@)%( ;fn;Dd tnj eQf cflbjf6
?=!%,@),@##. cfh{g u/]sf], k|ltjfbLxsf gfdsf]]
ljleGg j}s vftfdf /x]sf /sdaf6 k|fKt Jofh
tyf ;~rosf]ifjf6 lnOPsf] ;fkl6;d]tsf
/sdxnfO{ k|ltjfbLsf] j}w cfo;|ft] sf] kdf
dflgg' kb{5 .
cgdf]n Sof6l/df k|ltjfbLn] nufgL
ug{] s'/f;Dd u/]sf] xf] nufgL ePsf] 5}g eGg]
s'/f o; cbfntsf] cfb]z;d]taf6 sDkgL
/lhi6f/sf] sfof{nodf j'em\bf k|fKt ePsf]
kq;d]tjf6 k'li6 ePs]f 5 . ;DklQ 5fgaLg
Goflos cfof]udf ljj/0f ebf{ nufgL ug]{ s'/f
rln/x]sf] x'gfn] n]lvPsf] xf] . t/ kl5 nufgL
ul/Pg, To;/L n]lvg' e"n x'g uof] . ;DklQsf]
cl:tTj g} gb]lvPsf] l:yltdf To;nfO{ u0fgf
ul/g' kg]{ cj:yf x'bg} . k|ltjfbL zLnf zdf{n]
;L xj{n Jo'6L kfn{/df sfd u/]sL, d]6n /
km]lj|s k]l6 sfo{ ;d]tu/L ?= @,*%,@%).
:jcfh{g u/]sf] /sd ;d]t k|ltjfbLsf] cfosf]
;|ft] df hf]l8g' kb{5 . oL sfdxjf6 cfo k|fKt

ePsf] s'/f ldl;n k|df0faf6 k|dfl0ft ePsf]
5 . cGo k|df0f rflxg] cj:yf 5}g . o;sf
cnfjf k| l tjfbLxn] ljleGg ;dodf
lnvtcg';f/ hUuf laqmL u/]sf] k|dfl0ft ePsf]n]
;f] /sd k|ltjfbLsf] cfodf u0fgf ul/g' kb{5 .
o; cbfntaf6 o:t} k|sl[ tsf ljleGg
d'2fxdf cjnDag ul/Psf ghL/ l;4fGtxdf
Psktf /x]sf] kfO{bg} . Psktfk"0f{ tj/n]
JofVof x'g' kg]{ cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . ;j} cfDbfgL
/ vr{sf] oyfy{ lx;fj lstfj / k|df0fx /fVg]
k|rng / cj:yf ;d]t g/x]sf] s'/fnfO{ ljrf/
ul/of];\ . k|ltjfbL o'j/fh zdf{n] c:jfefljs
;DklQ cfh{g u/L e|i6frf/sf] s;"/ u/]sf]
k|dfl0ft ePsf] cj:yf gx'bF f cf/f]lkt s;"/jf6
;kmfO lbg] u/L ljz]if cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nf
ldn]sf] x'bf ;f] km};nf ;b/ x'g' kb{5 .
ljkIfLtkm{sf sfg"g Joj;foLaf6 lnlvt
jx;gf]6 ;d]t k]z ePsf] /x]5 .
cfh lg0f{o ;'gfpg] tfl/v tf]lsPsf] k|:t't
d'2fdf b'jk} Ifsf sfg"g Joj;foLxn] ug'{ ePsf]
pk/f]Qm jx; lhsL/ dgg\ u/L, k]z ePsf] lnlvt
jx; gf]6 / k'g/fj]bg;lxtsf] ldl;n sfuh
cWoog u/L x]bf{ k|:t't d'2fdf b]xfosf ljifodf
lg0f{o ug'k{ g]{ b]lvg cfPsf] 5M
1376
!= ljkIfL k|ltjfbLx;Fu s] slt ;DklQ

/x]sf] 5, lghxsf] j}w cfDbfgLsf
;|ft] af6 tL ;DklQsf] ;|ft] k|dfl0ft
x'G5 x'Fb}g / To; ;DaGwdf ljz]if
cbfntn] u/]sf] ljZn]if0fdf s'g} q'l6
ljBdfg /x]sf] 5 jf 5}g <
@= ljkIfL k|ltjfbL;Fu /x]sf] ;DklQ / j}w
cfDbfgLsf] ljZn]if0faf6 u}/sfg"gL kdf
;DklQ cfh{g u/L cfgf] x}l;ot;Fu
cldNbf] / pRr:t/sf] hLjg ofkg u/]sf]
eGg] l:ylt b]lvG5 jf b]lvFbg} <
#= k'g/fj]bssf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/cg';f/ z]o/df efO cgGt/fhsf] cfDbfgL;d]t nufgL

ljz]if cbfntsf] km};nf pN6L eO{ ePsf] 5 . cgdf]n Sof6l/ k|f=ln=df nufgL
k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;hfo x'g' kg]{ xf] jf xf]Og < ug]{ eGg] s'/f;Dd rn]sf] xf] t/ nufgL u/]sf]
5}g . cfkm" / cfk\mgf] kl/jf/sf gfddf /x]sf]
@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ k|ltjfbL o'j/fh ;DklQ j}w ;|ft] jf6} cfh{g u/]sf] xFb' f hkmt
zdf{n] ;fj{hlgs hjfkmb]xLsf] kbdf k|jz
] u/]kl5 u/L ;hfo x'gk' g{] xf]Og egL s;"df OGsf/ /xL
?=!,$),&#,&^!.&) cfh{ g u/] s f] d f jofg u/]sf 5g\ eg] k|ltjfbL zLnf kf]v/]n ?=#(,@*,%)(.&( a/fa/sf] ;|ft] v'ns
] f] / ;|ft] zdf{_ n] aofg ubf{ cfk\mgf gfpFdf /x]sf] ;DklQx
gv'ns
] f] ?=!,)!,$%,@%!.(! a/fa/sf] rn crn j}w cfh{gsf g} x'g\ tL ;DklQx d}n] ljleGg
;DklQ u}/sfg"gL kdf cfh{g u/]sf] k|dfl0ft k|sf/sf d]6n Pj+ k]mj|Ls k]lG6af6 k|fKt /sd,
e} e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf @)-!_ Jo"6Ll;ogsf] kdf sfd ubf{ k|fKt /sd,
ad]flhdsf] s;"/ u/]sf] b]lvFbf lgh k|ltjfbL l6sf]6fnf]jf6 k|fKt /sd, bfOhf] k]jf tyf cfk\mgf]
o'j/fh zdf{nfO{ tTsfn k|rlnt e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f k}ts
[ ;DklQ / j}w cfh{gjf6 a9] a9fPsf] x'bF f
P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf &-!_, !$s, !%, !û, Pj+ hkmt x'gk' g{] xf]Og egL / csf{ k|ltjfbL k|zGg
@( tyf xfn k|rlnt e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, kf]v/]nn] cfk\mgf] gfddf /x]sf] ;DklQ k}ts
[
@)%( sf] bkmf @)-@_ / bkmf $& adf]lhd ;DklQ / ;f]jf6 a9]j9fPsf] a}w ;DklQ xFb' f
ljuf] ?= !,)!,$%,@%!.(! ad]flhd h/Ljfgf / hkmt x'gk' g{] xf]Og egL jofg u/]sf] kfOG5 .
xb};Dd s}b u/L lghn] u}/sfg"gL kdf ;+ux|
$= pk/f]Qm bfjL / lhsL/sf ;DaGwdf
F ] ;DklQ cfh{g ubf{sf]
u/]sf] rn crn ;DklQ hkmt ul/kfpFm . ;fy} ljz]if cbfnt sf7df8f}n
k|ltjfbL o'j/fh zdf{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k"0f{ ;dosf] d"Nofgsf cfwf/df k|ltjfbLsf] s'n
:jfldTj ePsf] g]kfn cfon lgudsf] dxfk|jGws ;DklQ ?=*@,%$,*)&. a/fa/ /x]sf], hfFr
/x]sf] cjlwdf ;d]t u}/sfg"gL kdf ;DklQ cjlwsf] j}w cfosf ;|ft] jf6 k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLnfO{
cfh{g u/L ;+ux| u/]sf] / ;f] ;DklQsf] ;d]t ?=&(,%),&@$. k|fKt eO{ ?=#,)$,)*#. sf]
dfubfjL lnOPsf] x'bF f ;fljs e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f ;|ft] k'li6 gePsf] eGg] lgisif{ lgsfn]sf] kfOG5 .
P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf !$s= adf]lhd / xfn ;fy} k|ltjfbLsf] cfo / Joo aLrsf] ;f] cGt/
k|rlnt e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf c:jfefljs g/x]sf] / pQm cGt/n] dfq P]gn]
@$ ad]flhd yk ;hfo ;d]t ul/kfpFm eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] cldNbf] / c:jfefljs pRr
Joxf]/fsf] cf/f]kkqdf dfu bfjL lnOPsf] b]lvG5 . hLjg:t/ ofkg u/]sf] dfGg gldNg] x'bF f k|ltjfbL
#= plNnlvt bfjLsf ;DaGwdf k|ltjfbL pk/sf] cf/f]k k'li6 x'g gcfPsf] egL k|ltjfbLnfO{
o'j/fh zdf{n] cbfntdf aofg ubf{ cfkm";uF cf/f]lkt s;"/af6 ;kmfO lbg] u/L ljz]if
ePsf] ;DklQ cfk\mgf] j}w cfh{g tnj, eQf, cbfntaf6 km};nf ePsf] b]lvG5 .
%= k'g/fj]bs jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
;]ldgf/, uf]i7L, k/fdz{afkt k|fKt /sd, ljb]z
e|d0f hfFbf k|fKt u/]sf] /sd, k}ts
[ ;'g, rfFbLnfO k'g/fj]bg kqdf d"ntM k|ToyL{sf] ;DklQsf] j}wtf
ljleGg ldltdf ljqmL ubf{ k|fKt /sd, ah}jf6 k/LIf0f ubf{ lghnfO{ k|fKt ePsf] b]lvg] / k|fKt
k|fKt /sdnfO{ nufgL u/L To;jf6 a9]a9fPsf] x'g ;Sg] cfonfO{ s'g s'g ;dodf s] slt cfo
+ df hDdf,
tyf >LdtLsf] cfh{g, bfOhf] k]jf, 6Lsf6fnfaf6 k|fKt eof] / ;DklQ cfh{g u/]sf] -a}s
k|fKt /sd cflbaf6 a9] a9fPsf] ;DklQ xf] . 3/ lgdf{0f, 3/ hUuf / cGo rn ;DklQ vl/b
1377
/ 7"nf] cGo sfo{df /sd vr{ u/]sf]_ ;dodf

lghsf] slt j}w cfo art ePsf] xf] ;f] osLg
u/L k/LIf0f ug'{kg]{df ;a} cfonfO{ Psd'i6
u0fgf u/L ;a} cflh{t ;DklQnfO{ tTsfnsf]
d"No;Fu k/LIf0f u/]sf] gldn]sf], ?= tLg nfv
eGbf a9L ;DklQsf] ;|ft] k'li6 gePsf]df klg
;kmfO{ lbO{Psf], k|ltjfbLsf] 3/ lgdf{0fsf] nfut
wfGg ;Sg] j}wflgs ;|f]t g/x]sf], cgdf]n
Sof6l/sf] z]o/df nufgL u/]sf] egL k|ltjfbLn]
lnlvt kdf ;DklQ ljj/0fdf b]vfPsf]df
To;nfO{ ;DklQdf u0fgf gul/Psf], s[lif
cfonufotsf] u0fgf tyf k|ltjfbL zLnf zdf{sf]
cfo u0fgf;d]tsf s'/fxdf ljz]if cbfntsf]
km};nf q'l6k"0f{ ePsf]n] ;f] km};nf ab/ u/L
k|ltjfbLnfO{ cf/f]kkq dfu bfjLadf]lhd ;hfo
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
k'g/fj]bgdf lhsL/ lnOPsf] kfOG5 .
^= ljz] i f cbfnt sf7df8f} F a f6
k|ltjfbLsf] hfFr cjlwsf] s'n ;DklQ /
cfo;|ft] sf] ljZn]if0f u/L ?=#,)$,)*#. a/fa/sf]
rncrn ;DklQsf] ;|ft] k'li6 x'g g;s]sf] egL
ePsf] km} ; nfpk/ o' j /fh zdf{ ;d] t sf
k|ltjfbLxn] k'g/fj]bg u/]sf] gb]lvFbf lghxn]
ljz]if cbfntsf] ;f] ljZn]if0f / lgisif{;lxtsf]
km};nfnfO{ :jLsf/ g} u/]sf] dfGg'kg{] x'G5 .
To;}n] k|ltjfbLsf tkm{af6 /xg' ePsf ljfg
sfg"g Joj;foLxn] pQm km};nf cGoyf x'g]
u/L lng' ePsf] ax; lhsL/ u|x0fof]Uo x'g ;Sg]
b]lvFbg} . To:t} k|ltjfbLtkm{af6 jx; ug'x{ g' ]
ljfg sfg" g Joj;foLxn] g] k fn
;/sf/sftkm{af6 k'g/fj]bg ubf{ h'g ljifodf
lrQ gj'emfO{ bfjL lhsL/ lnOPsf] 5 ;f]xL
ljifoxdf dfq ;Lldt /xL o; cbfntaf6
ljz]if cbfntsf] km};nfsf] k/LIf0f ul/g' kg]{
egL lhsL/ lng' ePsf] 5 To; ;DaGwdf x]bf{,
ljz]if cbfntn] k|ltjfbLnfO{ cf/f]lkt s;"/af6
;kmfO{ lbFbf lnOPsf cfwf/, ;DklQsf] u0fgf /
s'g s'g cfo;|ft] af6 s] slt k|fKt ePsf] xf]

egL ul/Psf] ljZn]if0fdWo] ljleGg a'bF fxdf
q'l6 sdhf]/L /x]sf] eGg] ts{ lbO{ pQm ljz]if
cbfntsf] km} ; nf jb/ u/L ;f/df
k|ltjfbLxnfO{ cleof]u dfu bfjLadf]lhd ;hfo
ul/kfpFm egL k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ lnOPsf] b]lvG5 .
;/sf/ jfbL kmf}hbf/L d'2fsf] cfwf/e"t / d"n
bfjL eg]sf] cleof]ukq jf cf/f]kkqdf lnOPsf]
bfjL g} xf] . To;}sf cfwf/df g} cbfntaf6
cleof]u bfjLcg';f/ ;hfo x'g] jf gx'g] egL
7x/ km};nf x'G5 . k|:t't k'g/fj]bgdf cleof]u
dfu bfjLadf]lhd ;hfo ul/kfpFm egL lhsL/
lnOPsf], cleof]u bfjL / lhsL/s} cfwf/df
d'2fsf ;du| tYo / k|df0fsf] d"Nofg / ljZn]if0f
u/L ljz]if cbfntsf] km};nfdf q'l6 /x] g/x]sf]
s'/fsf] k/LIf0f u/L d'2fsf] lg/f]k0f ul/g' kg]{
xFb' f k|ToyL{tkm{sf sfg"g Joj;foLn] lng' ePsf]
plNnlvt lhsL/ sfg"g;Ddt / cf}lrTok"0f{ b]lvg
cfPg . To;df klg ljz]if cbfntsf] km};nfsf]
;du| tYout / sfg"gL kIfsf] ljZn]if0f ubf{
ldl;n ;+nUg ;a"b k|df0fsf] ljj]rgfdf q'l6
x'g uPsf] b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf To:tf q'l6
sdhf]/Lx o; cbfntaf6 ;'wf/ x'g ;Sg] /
xfn;Ddsf] Goflos kl/kf6L klg To:t} /x]sf]
x'bF f o; ;DaGwdf yk ljrf/ u/L /xg' kg]{
cj:yf b]lvFbg} .
&= k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLsf] ;DklQsf] j}wtf
k/LIf0f ubf{ s'g s'g ;dodf s] slt cfo k|fKt
eof] / ;DklQ cfh{g u/]sf] ;dodf lghsf]
slt j}w cfo art ePsf] xf] ;f] osLg u/L
k/LIf0f ug'k{ g]d
{ f ljz]if cbfntn] ;a} cfonfO{
Psd'i6 u0fgf u/L ;a} cflh{t ;DklQnfO{
tTsfnsf] d"Nosf cfwf/df k/LIf0f u/]sf] gldn]sf]
egL k'g/fj]bg kqdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf tkm{af6
lnOPsf] lhsL/sf ;DaGwdf x]bf{, oL k|ltjfbLsf]
ldlt @)#^ ;fnb]lv @)%( ;fn;DdnfO{ hfFr
cjlw (Check Period) dfgL cleof]u kq bfo/
1378
ePsf] 5 . t/ pQm cjlwdWo] s]s'g jif{df

k|ltjfbLsf] cfo;|ft] s]s:tf] lyof] / lghn] s]
slt ;DklQ cfh{g u/]sf lyP eGg] s'/f
t'ngfTds kdf k|i6 b]lvg] u/L cfo Joosf]
ljj/0f ;"rL jfbL kIfn] cf/f]kkq ;fy k]z ug{
;s]sf] kfOb}g . cf/f]kkqdf k|ltjfbLn] ;fj{hlgs
kb wf/0f u/]kl5 cfh{g u/]sf] ;du| ;DklQ,
To;dWo] ;|ft] v'ns
] f] / gv'ns
] f] ;DklQ;Ddsf]
Psd'i6 ljZn]if0f k]z u/]sf] b]lvG5 . k|ltjfbLsf]
k|To]s jif{sf] cfDbfgL / vr{sf] t'ngfTds
ljj/0f;lxt lglZrt / ls6fgL bfjL lng' kg]{
bfloTj ePsf] jfbL kIf :jo+dn
\ ] To:tf] ug{
g;s]sf] cj:yfdf cbfntn] km};nf ubf{ To;
k|sf/n] ljZn]if0f u/]g egL ;f]xL cfwf/df
km};nfnfO{ q'l6k"0f{ /x]sf] egL k'g/fj]bg kqdf
lhsL/ lng' plrt x'g ;Sb}g . jfbL kIfn]
osLg ljj/0f;lxt bfjL lng g;s]sf] /
k|ltjfbLn] cbfntdf aofg ubf{;d]t k|To]s
jif{sf] lghsf] cfo;|ft] / vr{sf] k|i6 lrq0f
pNn]v ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yfdf cbfnt cfkm}n
+ ]
tYosf] pTvgg u/L km};nf ug]{ Goflos dfGotf
/ kl/kf6L gePsf] xFb' f k'g/fj]bgkqdf lnOPsf]
pQm lhsL/ dgfl;j b]lvg cfPg .
*= k|ltjfbL o'j/fh zdf{ / lghsf
sfg"g Joj;foLn] Ohnf;;dIf k|ltjfbL @)#$
;fnb]lv d]sflgsn O{lGhlgo/sf] kbdf s[lif
ljsf; j}+sdf hflu/ z'? u/]sf] x'Fbf ;f]xL
cjlwb] l v hfF r cjlw sfod u/L s[ l if
cfonufotsf lghsf cfo;|ft] xsf] u0fgf ul/g'
kg]{ egL lhsL/ klg lng' ePsf] cj:yf 5 .
o; ;DaGwdf cf/f]kkqdf cfof]un] @)#^
;fnb]lv d]sflgsn O{lGhlgo/ kbdf ;]jf k|jz
]
u/]sf] egL ;f]xL ;fnb]lv hfFr cjlw dfgL
cf/f]kkq k]z u/]sf] kfOG5 . k|ltjfbL o'j/fh
zdf{n] cfof]u ;dIf / ljz]if cbfntdf;d]t
jofg ubf{ @)#$ ;fnb]lv g} hfFr cjlw sfod
ug'{ kg]{ egL lhsL/ lng ;s]sf] kfOFbg} . lghn]
cfof]u;dIf aofg ubf{ ;=h= # df cufl8b]lv

;fj{hlgs kbdf sfd u/]tfklg aLrsf] cjlwdf
lg/Gt/tf sfod x'g g;sL 6'6s
] f] eGg] s'/fnfO{
:jLsf/ u/]sf] kfOG5 . ljz]if cbfnt sf7df8f}n
F ]
@)#^ ;fn ebf}bl] v hfFr cjlw sfod u/L
@)#^ ;fnb] l v @)%( ;fn;Ddsf] lgh
k|ltjfbLsf] cfo;|ft] sf] u0fgf u/]sf] kfOG5 .
o;/L k|ltjfbLn] cfk\mgf] hfFr cjlwsf] af/]df
df}sd
} f aofg ubf{ bfjL lhsL/ lng g;s]sf],
;]jfdf lg/Gt/tf g/xL aLrsf] cjlw 6'6s
] f]
s'/fnfO{ k|ltjfbLn] g} :jLsf/ u/L /x]sf] /
lghsf] k'g/fj]bg ;d]t gk/]sf] cj:yfdf jfbL
kIfaf6 k/]sf] k|:t't k'g/fj]bgsf] ;'gj' fOsf]
qmddf k|ltjfbLsf tkm{af6 Ohnf;df lnOPsf]
lhsL/sf cfwf/df ljz]if cbfntn] sfod u/]sf]
hfFr cjlw af/] cGoyf ljrf/ ug'k{ g]{ dgfl;j
cfwf/ gb]lvPsfn] k|ltjfbLsf tkm{af6 lnOPsf]
plNnlvt lhsL/ Gofof]lrt b]lvg cfPg .
(= To;df klg s] slt cjlwnfO{ hfFr
cjlwsf] kdf lng] eGg] s'/f cleof]hg kIfdf
lge{/ /xg] s'/f xf] . k|ltjfbLn] ;fj{hlgs kbdf
Joltt u/]sf] ;Dk"0f{ cjlwnfO{ hfFr cjlwsf
kdf lng} k5{ eGg] klg sfg"gsf] cfzo xf]Og .
cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf cfosf] t'ngfdf c:jfefljs
kdf ;DklQ cfh{g u/]sf] / pRr hLjgofkg
u/]sf] b]lvPsf] ;fj{hlgs hLjgsf] s'g} lglZrt\
cjlwnfO{ dfq hfFr cjlwsf] kdf lnO{
k|ltjfbLpk/ cleof]hg ug{ s'g} sfg"gL afwf
b]lvFb}g . ;fy} hfFr cjlw a9fPsf] sf/0f
k|ltjfbLsf] cfo;|ft] sf] dfq Psnf}6L u0fgf x'g]
klg xf]Og . ;f] cjlwdf lghn] u/]sf] vr{ jf
cfh{g u/]sf] ;DklQ ;d]tsf] t'ngfTds k/LIf0f
ul/g] ePsf]n] @)#$ b]lv @)#^ ;fn;DdnfO{
hfFr cjlw gdflgPsf] sf/0faf6 k|ltjfbLnfO{
s'g} k|lts"n c;/ kg]{ cj:yf ;d]t b]lvFbg} .
!)= k|:t't k'g/fj]bg ;d]tdf p7fO{Psf
s]xL ;}4flGts ljifodf dfly pNn]v u/]cg';f/
1379
ljj]rgf u/L ;s]kl5 cj o; d'2fdf lg/f]k0f

ug'{ kg]{ klxnf] k|Zgsf] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ug'{ kg]{
x'g cfPsf] 5 . o; ;DaGwdf cf/f]kkq dfu
bfjL, k|ltjfbLsf] jofg lhsL/, ljz]if cbfntsf]
km};nf / k'g/fj]bs jfbL kIfsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/
;d]tsf ldl;n ;+nUg sfuh k|df0fsf cfwf/df
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLsf] ;DklQ / cfo;|ft] sf ;DaGwdf
ljifout ljZn]if0f ug'{ kg]{ x'g cfp5, h;nfO{
tnsf k|s/0fxdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5M
!!= cf/f] k kqdf k| l tjfbL o' j /fh
zdf{;d]tn] cfh{g u/]sf] ;DklQnfO{ xfnsf]
d"Nodf d"Nofg u/L bfjL lnOPsf] b]lvG5 .
ljz]if cbfntn] ;DklQ cfh{g ubf{sf] ;dosf]
d"NonfO{ cfwf/ dfgL k|ltjfbLn] hFfr cjlwdf
cfh{g u/]sf] ;DklQsf] d"Nofg u/]sf] kfOG5 .
o; ljifosf ;DaGwdf o:t} k|s[ltsf] ;dfg
sfg"gL k|Zg /x]sf] k'g/fj]bsjfbL g]kfn ;/sf/
lj?4 lr/l~hjL jfUn] ;d]t k|ltjfbL ePsf]
e|i6frf/ d'2f -g]sfk @)^&, lg=g+=*%!(_,
g]kfn ;/sf/ lj?4 /fdf1f rt'j]{bL ;d]tsf]
d'2f -g]sfk @)^*, lg=g+=*^#), k[i7 (!&_
g]kfn ;/sf/ lj?4 d'/f/Laxfb'/ sfsL{ ;d]tsf]
d'2f -kmf}=k'=g+=)^%CR)))( km};nf ldlt
@)^(.@.#_ nufotsf d' 2 fxdf o;
cbfntaf6 cg' ; Gwfgsf] qmddf ul/Psf]
d"Nofgsf] cfwf/df geO{ lnvt d"No cyf{t\
;DklQ cfh{g ubf{sf] nfut d"Nosf] cfwf/df
g} ljuf] sfod ug'{ dgfl;j x'g] eGg] dfkb08
sfod ePsf] 5 . o;/L s'g cjlwsf] d"No
sfod ug]{ / s] cfwf/df ;DklQsf] d"Nofg
ug]{ eGg] ;DaGwdf o; cbfntaf6 :yflkt
eO/x]sf] pQm dfkb08af6 Ps lglZrt\ Goflos
b[li6sf]0f :yflkt eO{ /x]sf] cj:yf x'bf To;nfO{
o; Ohnf;n] cjnDag ug' { gkg] { s' g }
ljj]s;Ddt sf/0f b]lvPsf] 5}g . t;y{ ;DklQ
cfh{ g ubf{ s f] nfut d" N osf cfwf/df
k|ltjfbLxsf] ;DklQsf] d"Nofg u/L ljuf]
sfod ug]{ u/]sf] ljz]if cbfntsf] km};nfdf

s'g} q'l6 ljBdfg b]lvg cfPg .
!@= cf/f]kkqdf k|ltjfbL o'j/fh zdf{
;d]tn] hfFr cjlwdf cfh{g u/]sf] ;DklQnfO{
xfnsf] d"Nodf d"Nofg u/L ?=!,$),&#,&^!.&)
b]lvPsf] egL ?=#(,@*,%)(.&( a/fa/sf] ;|ft]
v'n]sf] / ?=!,)!,$%,@%!.(! j/fj/sf] ;|f]t
gv'ns
] f] x'bF f ;|ft] gv'ns
] f] pQm ;DklQ u}/sfg"gL
kdf cfh{g u/]sf] egL bfjL lnOPsf] 5 .
k|ltjfbL o'j/fh zdf{n] cbfntdf jofg ubf{
cfkm";uF ePsf] ;DklQ cfk\mgf] j}w cfh{g tnj,
eQf, ;]ldgf/, uf]i7L, k/fdz{afkt k|fKt /sd,
ljb]z e|d0f hfFbf k|fKt u/]sf] /sd, k}ts
[ ;'g
rfFbLnfO{ ljleGg ldltdf ljqmL ubf{ k|fKt /sd
ah}jf6 k|fKt /sdnfO{ nufgL u/L To;jf6 a9]
a9fPsf] tyf >LdtLsf] bfOhf] k]jf, 6Lsf6fnf
cflbaf6 k|fKt /sdaf6 a9] a9fPsf] ;DklQ xf],
cfkm" / cfk\mgf] kl/jf/sf gfddf /x]sf] ;DklQ
j}w ;|ft] jf6} cfh{g u/]sf] xFb' f hkmt u/L ;hfo
x'gk' g{] xf]Og egL s;"/df OGsf/ /xL jofg
u/]sf 5g\ . ljz]if cbfntn] km};nf ubf{
k|ltjfbLsf] gfddf b]lvPsf] / ;fydf /x]sf] hfFr
cjlwdf cfh{g u/]sf] ;DklQsf] ljj/0fnfO{
jf:tljs vr{ / df}hbftcg';f/ b]lvPsf] /sd
egL ?= *@,%$,*)&. sfod u/]sf] kfOG5 .
o; ;Gbe{df k|ltjfbLn] hfFr cjlwdf cfh{g
u/]sf] elgPsf rn crn ;DklQ tyf u/]sf
vr{xsf] af/]df ljz]if cbfntn] u/]sf] ljZn]if0f
/ To;df lgsfn]sf] lgisif{ ldn] gldn]sf] s]
/x]5 eGg] ;DaGwdf b]xfoadf]lhd ljifout
kdf ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 M
!#= cf/f] k kqdf sf7df8f} +
dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+ ( df /x]sf] k|ltjfbL
zLnf kf]v/]n -zdf{_ sf] gfdsf] ls=g+= #%% /
ls=g+=^! sf] hUufdf @)%$ ;fndf tTsfnLg
d"No ?=!*,**,#)@.)@ df 3/ -d'Vo ejg_
lgdf{0f ePsf] nfut sfod u/L OG6]l/o/
1380
8] s f] / ] z g / kmlg{ r /;d] t sf] ;DalGwt

ljz]if1af6 d"Nofg u/fO{ tTsfnLg ;dosf]
cfwf/e"t d"Nofg ?= @^,*!,&@).)@ sfod
ul/Psf] kfOG5 . To;}u/L ;f]xL :yfgdf @)%(
;fndf tTsfnLg d"No ?=@,@%,)$&.%^ df
lgdf{0f ePsf] ;e]{G6 Sjf6/!, @)%$ ;fndf
tTsfnLg d"No ?= !,$!,#%$.&% df lgdf{0f
ePsf] Uof/]h! ;d]t u/L ;j} ;+/rgfxsf]
tTsfnLg nfut ?=#),$*,!@@.## tyf xfn
k|rlnt d"Nocg';f/ ?=#!,&^,)$#.&* egL
bfjL lnPsf] b]lvG5 . k|ltjfbLn] cbfnt ;dIf
u/]sf] jofgdf pQm 3/ lgdf{0f ubf{ sl/j !@
nfv %) xhf/ / ;e]{G6 Sjf6/ lgdf{0f ubf{ ?=
! nfv @% xhf/ nfu]sf] egL lhsL/ lnPsf]
kfOG5 . ljz] i f cbfntaf6 ;f] :yfgdf
?=!*,**,#)@.sf] 3/, ?= @,!!,*#$.sf] ;e]G{ 6
Sjf6{/ / ?=!,$!,#%%.sf] Uof/]h lgdf{0f ePsf]
egL To;df cf]e/x]8 / 7]Ssf s/ s6fO{ tyf
ljB'tLo ;fdu|L / kmlg{r/sf] d"NofgnfO{ 3/
lgdf{0f nfutdf ;dfj]z gx'g] egL 5'} lx;fj
u/L 3/ lgdf{0f tkm{sf] s'n nfut ?=!*,##,!(#.
dfq nfu]sf] egL nfut d"No sfod u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . plNnlvt ;e]{G6 Sjf6/ lgdf{0fdf
?=@,@%,)$&.%^ nfu]sf] eGg] k|fljlwssf]
d"Nofg k|ltj]bg x'FbfxF'b} ljz]if cbfntn]
To;nfO{ unt kdf pNn]v u/L ?=!#,@!#.%^
36fP/ lx;fj u/L pNn]vg u/]sf] k|ydb[li6df
g} q'l6k"0f{ b]lvg cfPsf] 5 . o; ljifo ;d]tsf
s'/fxnfO{ tnsf k|s/0fxdf ;du| kdf
d"Nofg ul/g] 5 .
!$= cf/f]kkqdf xfn k|rlnt d"Nosf
cfwf/df bfjL lnOPsf] b]lvPtfklg ljz]if
cbfntaf6 3/ lgdf{0f ubf{sf] tTsfnLg nfut
d"Nosf cfwf/df g} d"Nofg u/]sf] b]lvPsf]n]
d"Nofgsf] ;f] cfwf/;DdnfO{ o; cbfntaf6
:yflkt l;4fGt / dfkb08;d]tsf cfwf/df
cGoyf eGg ldNg] b]lvPg .
!%= cj pQm 3/xsf] tTsfnLg nfut

d"Noaf6 cf]e/x]8 / 7]Ssf s/ s6fPsf] tyf
kmlg{r/ / ljB'tLo ;fdfgsf] d"Nofg 3/sf]
nfutdf ;dfj]z gx'g] egL 5'} lx;fj u/]sf]
ljz]if cbfnt sf7df8f}s
F f] km};nf gldn]sf] eGg]
k'g/fj]bs jfbL kIfsf ljfg pkGofoflwjQmfsf]
ax; lhsL/tkm{ x]bf{, cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf
ljjflbt 3/sf] :ynut d"Nofg Ol~hlgo/ k|ls0f{
t'nfw/;d]tsf] k|fljlws 6f]nLaf6 ePsf] b]lvG5 .
lghn] k]z u/]sf] k|ltj]bg x]bf{ pQm d"Nofg
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jLs[t k|fKt cfwf/ b//]6cg';f/
ul/Psf] / 3/ ag]sf] ;fnsf] b//]6sf] cfwf/df
g} d"Nofg ul/Psf] eGg] pNn]v ePsf] b]lvg
cfpF5 . To:t} 3/sf] l;len OlGhlgol/ lgdf{0f
sfo{sf] cnUu} b//]6 sfod ul/Psf] / ;f] afx]ssf
cGo ljz]if vfnsf sfo{x h:t}M ljB'tLo
;+/rgf, OG6]l/o/ 8]sf]/z
] g / kmlg{r/ cflbsf]
d"Nofg ;DalGwt ljz]if1xsf] k|ltj]bgdf
pNn]v ePadf]lhd 5'f5'} b]lvg] u/L d"Nodf
;dfj]z u/L s"n d"Nofg sfod ul/Psf] eGg]
;d]t pNn]v ePsf] b]lvg cfpF5 .
!^= k|ltjfbL zLnf kf]v/]n -zdf{_ sf
gfddf /x]sf] 3/ -d'Vo ejg_ sf] d"Nofg ljj/0f
x]bf{ 3/sf] l;len Ol~hlgol/ lgdf{0f sfo{df
afx]s ljh'nL, :ofg]6/L / ;fO6 8]enkd]G6df
!@=% k|ltzt / lkmlgl;df !) k|ltzt nfUg]
egL vr{ sfod u/]sf] b]lvG5 . To:t} ;e]0{ 6
Sjf6/df ljh' n Lsf] @ k| l tzt / ;fO{ 6
8]enkd]G6sf] @=% k|ltzt u/L $=% k|ltzt
dfq tyf Uof/]hdf ljh'nLsf] ! k|ltztdfq vr{
;dfj]z ul/Psf] b]lvG5 .
!&= o;/L 3/sf] jf:tljs cj:yf
O{G6]l/o/ 8]sf]/z
] g, kmlg{l;sf] :t/ ;d]tsf]
j:t'l:yltsf] cfwf/df k|fljlws d"Nofg e}
cfPsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . ;fy} pQm d"Nofg ljj/0fdf
7]Ssf s/ / cf]e/x]8 vr{;d]t ;dfj]z ul/Psf]
eGg] pNn]v ePsf] b]lv+bg} . cg';Gwfgsf]
1381
qmddf JolQmn] lghL tj/df agfPsf] 3/sf]

d"Nofg ug{ uPsf] Ol~hlgo/ ;lxtsf] k|fljlws
6f]nLn] ;f] d"Nofgdf 7]sb] f/n] k|fKt ug]{ cf]e/x]8
vr{ / lghn] ltg'{ kg]{ 7]Ssf s/ ;d]t ;dfj]z
u/L d"Nofg u/]sf] xf]nf egL cg'dfg ug{
ldNb}g . pQm 3/sf] d"Nofg 6f]nLdf /xL k|ltj]bg
k]z ug]{ OlGhlgo/ k|ls0f{ t'nfw/n] cbfnt
;dIf pkl:yt eO{ askq ubf{ 3/sf] d"Nofg
;/sf/L b//]6cg';f/ g} u/]sf] egL lghn] lbPsf]
k|ltj]bgsf] ;dy{g u/L jskq u/]sf] cj:yf
5 . lghn] pQm d"Nofgdf cf]e/x]8 vr{ /
7]Ssf s/ ;d]t ;dfj]z ul/Psf] egL v'nfPsf]
kfOFbg} . o; cj:yfdf k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf]
bkmf @#-&_ adf]lhd ljz]if1xsf] pQm d"Nofg
k|ltj]bgnfO{ o; cbfntn] k|df0fdf lng' kg]{
x'g cfpF5 .
!*= plNnlvt cfwf/df ljz] i f
cbfntaf6 zx/L ljsf; tyf ejg lgdf{0f
ljefusf] ldlt @)^$.$.( sf] kqdf n]vL
cfPsf] eGg] cfwf/ lnO{ k|fljlws d"Nofg
k|ltj]bg ;d]taf6 ;dfj]z ePsf] gb]lvPsf]
cf]e/x]8 vr{ / 7]Ssf s/ ;d]t ;dfj]z ePsf]
egL ljz]if1sf] d"Nofg k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v
gePsf] k|ltjfbLsf] 3/ lgdf{0f nfutdf cf]e/x]8
vr{ / 7]Ssf s/afkt hDdf @) k|ltzt 36fP/
3/ lgdf{0fsf] nfut sfod u/]sf] ljz]if
cbfntsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ b]lvg cfpF5 . o;
cbfntn] o:t} ljifo ;dfj]z /x]sf] k'g/fj]bs
g]kfn ;/sf/ lj?4 d'/f/Laxfb'/ sfsL{ ePsf]
e|i6frf/ d'2fdf -kmf}=k'=g+=)^%CR)))(,
km};nf ldlt @)^(.@.#_ k|fljlws d"Nofg
k|ltj]bg ;d]taf6 ;dfj]z gePsf] cf]e/x]8
vr{ / 7]Ssf s/ ;dfj]z ePsf] egL d"Nofg
k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v gePsf] k|ltjfbLsf] 3/
lgdf{0f nfutdf cf]e/x]8 vr{ afkt !% k|ltzt
/ 7]Ssf s/afkt % k|ltzt u/L hDdf @)
k|ltzt 36fPsf] ldn]sf] b]lvPg egL l;4fGt
sfod ePsf] 5 . pQm l;4fGt / dfkb08;Fu

of] Ohnf; c;xdt x'g'kg]{ s'g} sf/0f gePsf]
x'Fbf k|:t't d'2fdf cf]e/x]8 vr{ / 7]Ssf s/
36fP/ 3/ lgdf{0fsf] nfut sfod ug{ ldNg]
b]lvg cfPg .
!(= To;}u/L OG6]l/o/ 8]sf]/z
] g, ljw'tLo
;fdfg / kmlg{r/nfO{ 3/sf] nfut d"Nodf ;dfj]z
gx'g] egL ljz]if cbfntn] ;f]sf] 5'} lx;fj
u/]sf] ldn] gldn]sf] s] /x]5 eGg] ;DaGwdf
ljrf/ ubf{ dfly pNn]v ul/Psf] 3/sf] d"Nofg
ljj/0faf6 3/sf] lgdf{0f nfutsf] cg'kftdf
O{G6]l/o/ 8]sf]/z
] g, kmlg{r/ / ljB'tLo ;fdfgsf]
klg lglZrt k|ltzt sfod u/L d"Nofg ug]{
k|fljlws dfkb08 g} /x]sf] eGg] b]lvg cfPsf]
5 . ;Dalwt If]qsf ljz]if1af6 d"Nofg u/L
k|ltj]bg k]z eO{ cbfntdf askq ubf{ To:tf]
k|ltj]bgnfO{ ;dy{g / k'li6 u/]sf] cj:yfdf
To:tf] k|fljlws ljifonfO{ cbfntaf6 cg'dfgsf]
e/df xr'jf tj/n] cGoyf 7x/ ug'{ o'lQmo'Qm /
Gofof]lrt x'g ;Sb}g . ctM ljjflbt 3/ -d"Vo
ejg_, ;e]G{ 6 Sjf6/ / Uof/]hsf ;a} ;+/rgfsf]
d"Nofg u/L ;DalGwt k|fljlwsn] k|ltj]bgdf
pNn]v u/]sf] tTsfnLg d"No ?=#),$*,!@@.##
g} 3/ lgdf{0fsf] jf:tljs nfut d"No sfod x'g
cfpg] b]lvG5 .
@)= k|ltjfbLn] cgdf]n Sof6l/df ?=
!* nfvsf] z]o/df nufgL u/]sf] egL ;DklQ
Goflos 5fgaLg cfof]u;d]tdf lnlvt kdf
:jLsf/ u/L /x]sf]df ;f] z]o/ nufgLnfO{
k|ltjfbLsf] ;DklQdf u0fgf gu/]sf] ljz]if
cbfntsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ /x]sf] egL k'g/fj]bg
kq / k'g/fj]bs tkm{af6 ax; ug'{ x'g] ljfg
pkGofofwLjQmfn] lhsL/ lng' ePsf] 5 . ;f]
;DaGwdf x]bf{, cf/f]kkqdf k|ltjfbL o'j/fh zdf{n]
k6sk6s ?=!* nfvsf] z]o/ nufgL u/]sf]
egL ;DklQ ljj/0fdf pNn]v u/L :jLsf/ u/]sf]
t/ ;f] sDkgLsf] k|jGw kq / lgodfjnLdf
1382
lghn] s'g} klg /sdsf] z]o/ vl/b u/]sf] s'/f

pNn]v ePsf] gb]lvP tfklg pQm z]o/df nufgL
u/]sf] /sd ?=!*,)),))). lgh k|ltjfbLsf]
cfodf u0fgf u/L z]o/afktsf] /sd sJhf u/L
hkmt ug{ ;lsg] l:yltdf g/x]sf] n] ;f] /sd
j/fj/sf] ljuf] k|ltjfbLsf] ;|ft] v'ns
] f] cGo
;DklQaf6 hkmt u/L c;"npk/ ul/kfpFm egL
bfjL lnPsf] kfOG5 .
@!= k|ltjfbL o'j/fh zdf{n] cgdf]n
Sof6l/sf] z]o/ vl/b ug]{ s'/f;Dd ePsf] t/
vl/b gu/] s f] x' F b f ;f] z] o /sf] /sd
?=!*,)),))).;DklQdf u0fgf x'g gx'g] eGg]
lhsL/ lnPsf] b] l vG5 . ljz] i f cbfnt
sf7df8f}Fn] z]o/ lnPsf] eGg] s'/f cgdf]n
Sof6l/sf] clen]vdf gb]lvPsf] / cl:tTjdf
g} gePsf] z]o/df df}lb|s nufgL u/]sf] dfGg
ldNg] gb]lvPsf] eGb} To;nfO{ ;DklQdf u0fgf
u/]sf] kfOb}g . k|ltjfbLn] cfk\mgf] gfddf
cgdf]n Sof6l/ k|f=ln=sf] ldlt @)%*.!@.@)
df ?=!* nfvsf] z]o/ vl/b u/]sf] s'/f lghn]
:j3f]lift kdf ldlt @)%(.#.!) df ;DklQ
Goflos hfFrj'em cfof]udf k]z u/]sf] ;DklQ
ljj/0f, ldlt @)%(.^.! df cfk"m sfo{/t /x]sf]
dGqfno dfk{mt lghfdtL lstfj vfgfdf k]z
u/]sf] ;DklQ ljj/0f / cfof]u;dIf ldlt
@)%(.*.( df k]z u/]sf] ljj/0fdf ;d]t ;f]
sDkgLsf] z]o/ vl/b u/]sf] Joxf]/f pNn]v
u/]sf] s'/f ;+nUg k|df0faf6 b]lvPsf] 5 .
k|ltjfbL o'j/fh zdf{ @)#^ ;fnb]lv lg/Gt/
kdf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf ljleGg kbdf sfo{/t
/x]sf] / o; qmddf lgh cfkm}klg ljBdfg P]g
lgodsf] sfof{ G jog ug] { clVtof/jfnf
kbdf;d]t a;]/ lhDd]jf/L lgjf{x u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
lghn] cfon lgudsf] dxfk|jGws h:tf]
lhDd]jf/ kbdf ;d]t /x]/ sfd u/]sf] kfOof] .
To:tf] JolQmn] cfk\mgf] JolQmut ;DklQ ljj/0f
sfg"gn] lgb]{z u/]adf]lhd /fHosf] cflwsfl/s
lgsfodf lnlvt kdf k]z ubf{ To;af6 s]

s:tf] hjfkmb]lxtf lgjf{x ug'{ kg]{ xf] / To;af6
s] s:tf] kl/0ffd pTkGg x'g;Sg] xf] eGg] s'/f
tkm{ ;f]r ljrf/ u/]gg\ xf]nf egL cg'dfg ug{
;lsb}g . lgh k|ltjfbLn] To;/L ljj/0f ebf{
n]lvPsf] ljj/0f ;To;fFrf] xf] egL lnlvt
kdf sa'n;d]t u/]sf] kfOG5 . lghn] Ps
k6sdfq geO{ tLg k6s ;DklQ ljj/0f ebf{
;d]t cgdf]n Sof6l/df z]o/ lsg]sf] s'/f
pNn]v u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . ldlt @)%*.!@.@)
df z]o/ ul/b u/]sf] egL sl/j * dlxgf
kl5;Dd cyf{t\ @)%(.^.! / @)%(.*.( df
:jLsf/ u/]sf] kfOG5 .
@@= o; ;Gbe{df cgdf]n Sof6l/
k|f=ln=sf] k|sl[ t / z]o/ vl/b ljqmLsf] k|lqmof
;d]t ljrf/0fLo x'g cfp5 . pQm sDkgL k|fO{e6]
sDkgLsf] kdf /x]sf] b]lvg cfpF5 . of]
hg;fwf/0fsf] nufgL ePsf] jf ;/sf/L nufgL
ePsf] klAns sDkgL xf]Og . k|fO{e6] sDkgLn]
sDkgLsf cfk\mgf sfdsf/jfxLx / ultljwLx
;fj{hlgs u/L /xg' clgjfo{tf x'bg} . o:tf
sDkgLsf] sfdsf/jfxL / ultljlwxdf ;/sf/L
jf lgodgsf/L lgsfosf] rf;f] sd x'g] / lgoGq0f
klg sdhf]/ x'G5 . sltko cj:yfdf ;+:yfut
;'zf;gsf lgodx s8f kdf kfngf ul/Psf
kfOFb}gg\ . k|fO{e]6 sDkgLsf] z]o/ lsgj]r
;+:yfksx;Fu ;DalGwt gft]bf/, ;fyLefO jf
lrg]hfg]sf AolQmaLr uf]Ko / cgf}krfl/s
tj/af6 x'g;Sg] cj:yfnfO{ OGsf/ ug{ ;lsFbg} .
z]o/ lsga]rsf nflu ;DalGwt lgodgsf/L
lgsfosf] k"j{ cg'dlt rflxFbg} . z]o/ vl/b
u/]kl5sf] lglZrt ;doleq hfgsf/L;Dd u/fpg]
xf] .
@#= plNnlvt kl/k|I] oaf6 ;d]t x]bf{
;DalGwt sDkgL / sDkgL /lhi6f/sf] sfof{nosf]
clen]vjf6 k|ltjfbL o'j/fh zdf{sf] gfddf
pQm sDkgLsf] z]o/ :jfldTj gb]lvPsf] eGg]
1383
cfwf/n]dfq k|:t't ljjfb kg'{ cufj} :jtGq

kdf k|ltjfbLn] cflwsfl/s lgsfodf k]z u/]sf]
ljj/0f cGoyf xf] eGg gldNg] x'bF f oL k|ltjfbLn]
To; sDkgLsf] z]o/ vl/b u/]gg\ xf]nf egL
lgisif{df k'Ug ldNg] b]lvFb}g . ctM cgdf]n
Sof6l/ k|f=ln=sf] z]o/nfO{ k|ltjfbLsf] ;DklQdf
u0fgf gu/]sf] ljz]if cbfnt sf7df8f}s
F f] km};nf
dgfl;j gb]lvPsf]n] pQm k|f=ln=df k|ltjfbLn]
?=!*,)),))). nufgL u/]sf] cj:yfnfO{ OGsf/
ug{ gldNg] x'bF f ;f] /sdnfO{ lghsf] ;DklQdf
u0fgf ug'k{ g]{ b]lvg cfof] .
@$= k|ltjfbL o'j/fh zdf{ / zLnf
kf]v/]n -zdf{_ sf gfddf df}hb' /x]sf ljleGg
lsQf hUufsf] xfnsf] d"Nofg u/L ;f] hUufsf]
df]n ?= #$,$$,%)). x'g] egL cf/f]kkqdf
pNn]v ul/Psf] / k|ltjfbLn] ;f] hUuf k|fKt ubf{
?=%,^@,(&%. nfu]sf] egL lhsL/ lnPsf]df
ljz]if cbfntn] dfnkf]t sfof{noaf6 hUuf
kf/Lt xFb' f lnvtdf clt df]nnfO{ dfGotf lbO{
?=%,^@,(&%. nfO{ hUuf k|fKt ubf{ k|ltjfbLn]
nufgL u/]sf] ;DklQsf kdf u0fgf u/]sf]
kfOG5 . o; cbfntn] klg hUufsf] d"Nofg
sfod ubf{ ;fdfGotM cGoyf k|dfl0ft geP;Dd
lnvtdf clt df]nnfO{ dfGotf lbO{ ;f]xL
cg';f/ ;DklQsf] u0fgf ug]{ dfGotfnfO{
cfTd;ft u/L cfPsf] x'bF f lnvt d"Nosf cfwf/df
d"Nofg sfod u/]sf] dgfl;j b]lvG5 . t/
k|ltjfbLn] ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]kl5 vl/b
u/]sf] egL bfjL lnOPsf] cf/f]kkqsf] tflnsf
g+=# sf] qm=;+=+ @ df pNn]v ePsf] ls=g+=#@*
xfn sfod ls=g+= ^$*& sf] hUuf, / qm=;+= %
df pNn]v ePsf] ls=g+=#%% sf] xfn sfod
ls=g+ = $#^ sf] hUuf ;d] t k| l tjfbLnfO{
c+za08faf6 k|fKt x'g cfPsf] / lghsf] lghL
df}lb|s cfh{g nfu]sf] gb]lvPsf] egL ljz]if
cbfntn] tL hUufsf] df]n ?=!,!&,))). 36fO{
;DklQsf] u0fgf u/]sf] kfOof] .
@%= plNnlvt ls=g+=#@* sf] !)

)) /f]kgL hUuf k|ltjfbL o'j/fh zdf{sf]
gfddf hfFr cjlwleq} lghsf] tnj;d]tsf]
cfDbfgLaf6 vl/b u/] s f] d f c+ z a08faf6
lghsf efudf )^)) hUuf k/]sf] tyf
ls=g+= #%% sf] )!) ljufxf hUuf klg
hfFr cjlwleq} k|ltjfbLsf] tnj;d]taf6 vl/b
u/]sf]df c+za08faf6 lghsf efudf ))^
hUuf k/]sf] / To;df ;dfg'kflts lx;fjn]
oL k|ltjfbLsf] qmdzM ?=@*,!@%. / ?= #,))).
nufgL k/]sf] egL cf/f]kkqdf bfjL lnOPsf]
5 . To; ;DaGwdf k|ltjfbLn] cGoyf lhsL/
lng g;s]sf] / lgh k|ltjfbLn] /sd nufgL
u/L vl/b u/]sf] b]lvO{ /x]sf] cj:yfdf ljgf
cfwf/ / k|df0f pQm hUufdf k|ltjfbLsf] nufgL
gk/]sf] eGb} ;DklQdf u0fgf gu/]sf] ljz]if
cbfntsf] km};nf ;f] xb;Dd q'l6k"0f{ b]lvg
cfof] . pQm hUuf vl/b ubf{ k/]sf] k|ltjfbL
lx:;fsf] nufgL ?=#!,!@%. ;d]t k|ltjfbLsf]
hUuf vl/b tkm{sf] nufgL ?=%,($,!)).
sfod x'G5 .
@^= k|ltjfbLsf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf cGo
;DklQxM z]o/df u/]sf] nufgL, /fli6o jrtkq,
;jf/L ;fwg, j}s
+ df}hbft / ;'grfFbLsf ;DaGwdf
ljz]if cbfntaf6 ul/Psf] ljZn]if0f / sfod
ul/Psf] d"Nof+gsf ;DaGwdf ljjfb g/x]sfn]
To; ;DaGwdf yk ljj]rgf ul//xg' k/]g .
t;y{ tL ;DklQsf] xsdf ljz]if cbfntn]
k|ltjfbLsf] df}hb' ;DklQsf kdf u0fgf u/L
sfod u/]sf] d"NofgnfO{ cGoyf u/L /xg'
cfjZos b]lvg cfPg . O{G6]l/o/ 8]sf]/]zg,
kmlg{r/ / cGo ljB'tLo ;fdfgsf] d"NonfO{
ljz]if1sf] k|ltj]bgcg';f/ 3/sf] d"Nofgdf g}
;dfj]z u/]/ u0fgf u/L ;lsPsfn] To;nfO{
k'gM ljrf/ ug'{ kg]{ cj:yf ;d]t ePg .
@&= k| l tjfbL o' j /fh zdf{ ; d] t sf]
cfo;|ft] sf] ljZn]if0f
1384
k|ltjfbL o'j/fh zdf{ @)#^ ;fn ebf}

!( b]lv d]sflgsg Ol~hlgo/df k|jz
] u/L xjfO{
ljefu, ;8s ljefu, >d ljefucGtu{t
sf/vfgf lg/LIfs x'bF } jl/i7 sf/vfgf lg/LIfs,
g]kfn cfon lgudsf] dxfk|jGwsnufotsf
ljleGg kbdf sfd u/]sf] b]lvG5 . cf/f]kkqdf
k|ltjfbLn] tL kbxdf sfd ubf{ lghn] k|fKt
u/sf] tnj eQfnfO{ cfosf] kdf :jLsf/
ul/Ptfklg osLg;fy olt /sd k|fKt u/]sf]
egL ls6fg ePsf] kfO{bg} . k|ltjfbL o'j/fh
zdf{n] plNnlvt kbxdf sfd ubf{ / @)#^
;fn cufl8sf] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf sfd ubf{
;d]t u/L tnj eQfsf] kdf ?=!%,@),!*).
k|fKt u/]sf] egL lhsL/ lnPsf] cj:yf /x]sf]
5 . ljz]if cbfntn] hfFr cjlwdf lgh k|ltjfbLn]
tnj eQfafkt ?=!$,*#,!*). k|fKt u/sf]
b]lvPsf] egL ;f] /sd lghsf] cfodf ;dfj]z
u/]sf] kfOof] . ljz]if cbfntn] k|ltjfbLsf] pQm
cfodf lghn] O{=P;=kL=P;=af6 k|fKt u/]sf]
egL bfjL u/]sf] ?=b'On
{ fvsf] cfonfO{ ;d]t
hf]8s
] f] kfOof] .
;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQmsf]
k|dv
' cfDbfgLsf] kdf ;/sf/ cyjf ;DalGwt
;+:yfaf6 k|fKt ePsf] tnjeQf x'g] ePsf] /
To;/L k|fKt u/]sf] df}lb|s cfh{gsf] /sdnfO{
cfosf] kdf u0fgf ug'{ :jfefljs x'G5 . ldl;n
;+nUg sfuhftxdf lghn] ljleGg sfof{noaf6
tnjeQf e'QmfgLafkt k|fKt u/]sf] /sd;d]t
pNn]v eO{ cfPsf] kfOG5 . k|ltjfbLn];d]t
To;sf] km]xl/:t k]z u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;
cbfntn] klg /fi6 ; ] j sn] k| f Kt u/] s f]
tnjeQfsf] /sdnfO{ jrt x'g] cfosf] kdf
dfgL cfPsf] 5 .
hxfF;Dd k|ltjfbLn] O{=P;=kL=P;=af6
k|fKt u/]sf] elgPsf] ?= b'O{ nfvsf] /sdsf]
;Gbe{ 5 To; ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ug'{kg]{ x'g
cfPsf] 5 . k|ltjfbLn] O{=P;=kL=P;=df sDkf]gG] 6
d]g]h/sf] kdf sfd u/]sf] / To; kbsf]

x}l;otdf s'g} 5'} ;'ljwf lbOPsf] lyPg egL
aofg u/]sf] kfOG5 . lgh To; ;+:yfdf sfd
ubf{sf] cjlwdf kbflwsf/ /x]sf] sfof{noaf6
k|fKt u/]sf] tnjeQfnfO{ cnu kdf hf]l8O{
;s]sf] 5 . To; ;+:yfaf6 k|ltjfbL ljb]z hfFbf,
b]zleq ljleGg sfo{qmd ;~rfng ubf{ / To;sf]
nflu e|d0f ubf{ ljleGg /sd k|fKt u/]sf] egL
lghn] bfjL u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . To; ;+:yfaf6
j}bl] zs e|d0fdf hfFbf lghnfO{ k|fKt ePsf]
eQfsf] af/]df cnu zLif{sdf ljZn]if0f ul/g]5 .
ldl;n ;+nUg sfuh k|df0faf6 lgh k|ltjfbLn]
pQm ;+:yfaf6 ;~rflnt ljleGg sfo{qmd /
lqmofsnfkxdf sfo{kq k|:t'tL, ;xhstf{ eQf
/ ;]ldgf/ eQfnufotdf ?=!,!^,(&(. k|fKt
u/]sf] b]lvg cfPsf] x'bF f TotL a/fa/sf] /sd
lghsf] cfodf u0fgf x'g] b]lvof] . lgh k|ltjfbLn]
kfpg] b]lvPsf] pk/f]Qm /sdeGbf a9L cyf{t\
dlxnf sfdbf/ 6l] g ;~rfngafktsf] vr{ /
;' / Iff ;Ktfx dgfpbf nfu] s f] vr{ s f]
e'QmfgLafktdf lnPsf] /sdnfO{ ;d]t lghsf]
cfosf] kdf lhsL/ lnPsf] / ljz]if cbfntn]
klg ;f] /sdnfO{ lghsf] cfosf] kdf dfGotf
lbPsf] kfOG5 . k/Gt' To:tf] sfo{qmd ;~rfng
ug{sf] nflu ;~rfng vr{ afkt ;+:yfaf6
a'em]sf] ?= *#,&^&. /sd ;DalGwt sfo{df g}
vr{ e} hfg] / lancg';f/ km5\of}6{ ug'k{ g]{ x'bF f
To:tf] /sdnfO{ ;d]t k|ltjfbLsf] cfDbfgL dfGg
ldNg] b]lvPg . sfo{qmd ;~rfng vr{ afkt
a'emL lnPsf] /sdnfO{ ;d]t cfosf] kdf u0fgf
u/]sf] ljz]if cbfntsf] km};nf ;f] xb;Dd q'l6k"0f{
b]lvPsf] 5 . ctM k|ltjfbL o'j/fh zdf{n] hfFr
cjlwdf tnaeQfafkt ?=!$,)),!%(. k|fKt
u/]sf] b]lvFbf ;f] a/fa/sf] /sd lghsf]
tnjeQfsf] cfo sfod x'G5 .
k|ltjfbL o'j/fh zdf{nfO{ j}bl] zs e|d0f
eQfafktdf xr'jfsf] cfwf/df ljz]if cbfntn]
1385
?=(,&&,&$). lghsf] cfodf hf]8s

] f] q'l6k"0f{
/x]sf] egL k'g/fj]bs tkm{sf pkGofofwLjQmfn]
Ohnf; ;dIf lhsL/ lnPsf] kfOof] . lgh
k|ltjfbL tflnd ;]ldgf/ h:tf ljleGg sfo{qmddf
efu lng ljb]z e|d0f u/]sf] / To;af6 /sd
jrt u/] s f] s' / fnfO{ cf/f] k kqdf pNn] v
ul/Ptfklg s] slt /sd k|fKt u/]sf] / jrt
ePsf] xf] eGg] :ki6 ls6fg x'g ;s]sf] kfO{bg} .
cf/f]kkqdf @)$* ;fndf ljb]z e|d0faf6
cd]l/sL 8n/ !,))), @)$(.!@.!) df !!)),
@)%%,@)%^ df #$)), @)%*.!.@* df ^*)
/ )%*.#.@@ df ^!) cd]l/sL 8n/ k|fKt u/]sf]
/ To;sf] &) k|ltztn] jrt x'g] egL pNn]v
ePsf] b]lvof] . k|ltjfbLn] jofg ubf{ j}bl] zs
e|d0faf6 cfkm"n] ?= !) nfv k|fKt u/]sf] egL
bfjL u/]sf] kfOG5 . ljz]if cbfntn] k|ltjfbLn]
bfjL u/]sf] eGbf a9L ?=!#,(^,&&@. ljb]z
e|d0faf6 k|fKt u/sf] dfgL To;dWo] &) k|ltztn]
x'g] ?=(,&&,&$). jrt x'g ;Sg] x'bf ;f] /sd
?=(,&&,&$). lghsf] cfodf hf]8g\ k' g]{ 7x/
u/]sf] kfOG5 .
ldl;n ;+nUg k|df0faf6 k|ltjfbL o'j/fh
zdf{n] cd]l/sf, a}+ss, dn]lzof, c:6]lnof,
:jL8]gnufotsf ljleGg d'ns
' df e|d0f u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . t/ tL ;Dk"0f{ e|d0fxaf6 lgh k|ltjfbLn]
s] slt /sd k|fKt u/]sf] xf] eGg] s'/fsf] e/kbf]{
/ j:t'lgi7 k|df0f k]z ug{ ;s]sf] kfO{bg} , s]jn
e|d0fsf nflu dgf]gog ePsf], sfh :jLs[t ePsf]
cyjf e|d0fsf] k|df0fkq;Dd k]z u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
ljb]z e|d0faf6 k|fKt u/]sf] /sddWo] &) k|ltzt
/sd;Dd jrt x'g ;Sg] egL o:tf k|sl[ tsf
cGo d'2fdf o; cbfntn] dfGotf lbb} cfPsf]n]
o; d'2fdf klg ;f]xL cfwf/ / cg'kftdf k|ltjfbLsf]
cfosf] u0fgf ug'{ kg{] ePsf] x'gfn] k|ltjfbLn]
jofgdf lhsL/ u/]sf] ?=!),)),))). sf] &)
k|ltztn] x'g] ?=&,)),))). lghsf] j}bl] zs
e|d0fafktsf] cfo sfod x'G5 .
@*= 3/ ef8f
g]kfnu~hdf k|ltjfbLsf] gfddf /x]sf]
3/af6 3/ef8f k|fKt u/]sf] s'/f jfbL kIfn]
cf/f]kkqdf pNn]v u/]klg /sd ls6fg ePsf]
b]lvb}g . k|ltjfbL o'j/fh zdf{n] ;f] 3/df @)$&
;fnb]lv @)%( ;Dd aflif{s ;/b/ 5 xhf/sf
b/n] ;ft nfv aL;xhf/ 3/ef8fafktdf k|fKt
u/]sf] egL bfjL lnPsf] kfOG5 . ljz]if cbfnt
sf7df8f}n
F ] 3/ ef8fafkt s'n ?=^,&#,$%!.
k|fKt u/]sf] egL Tolt /sd k|ltjfbLsf] cfodf
;dfj]z u/]sf] kfOof] . ;f] cbfntn] pQm 3/df
@)%@ kf}if b]lv @)%( sflQs;Dd >d sfof{no
ef8fdf a;]sf] b]lvPsf] egL ;f] sfof{non] To;
cjlwdf lt/]sf] ef8fsf] b/nfO{ g} @)$& d+l;/
b]lv @)%@ d+l;/;Ddsf] klg ef8fb/ sfod
u/L cfodf ;dfj]z u/]sf] kfOof] .
k|ltjfbLsf] pQm 3/ cf7 sf]7] kSsL /x]sf]
/ g]kfnu~hsf] ahf/df cjl:yt /x]sf] b]lvPsf]
5 . ;f] 3/df @)%@ k';b]lv @)%( sflQs;Dd
>d sfof{non] ef8fdf lnO{ a;]sf] k]z ePsf]
k|df0faf6 b]lvPsf] / To;/L ef8fdf lnPafkt
;f] sfof{ n ojf6 ?=$,%&,(%!. ef8fsf]
/sd;d]t e'QmfgL ePsf] ;+nUg k|df0faf6 b]lvbf
To;nfO{ o; cbfntn] cGoyf kdf lng' kg]{
sf/0f b]lvPg .
@)%@ k';eGbf cufl8 pQm 3/df /fhZj
GofofwLs/0f g]kfnu~h / JolQmn] ;d]t ef8fdf
lnO{ a;]sf] tyf To; aLrdf axfn s/ lt/]sf]
;d]t ldl;n k|df0faf6 b]lvg cfPsf] 5 . j:t'tM
3/ef8fsf] b/ ;docg' ; f/ kl/jt{ g x' g '
:jfefljs x'G5 . rf/kfFr jif{ cufl8sf] ef8f
b/ / To;eGbf k5fl8sf] ef8f b/ ;dfg x'G5
eGg' :jfefljs x'bg} . k|ltjfbLsf] 3/df @)$*
;fpgb]lv ef8fdf nufpg] u/L ;Demf}tf eO{
;f]sf] b/;d]t pNn]v ePsf] sfuhft k|ltjfbLn]
k]z u/]sf] / @)$* ;fpg b]lv P]=d+l;/
d;fGt;Dd k|lt dlxgf ?=#,%)). sf] ;Demf}tf
1386
x'bF f To; cjlwdf lgodfg';f/ s/ sL u/L

?=!$,*&%. k|fKt u/]sf] b]lvG5 eg] @)$* k';
b]lv @)%@ sflQs d;fGt;Dd ?=$,))). sf]
b/n] s/ slu/L ? !,%^,$)) . k|fKt u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . @)$* ;fpg eGbf cufl8 / @)%@
k'; dlxgfdf k|ltjfbLsf] 3/ ef8fdf nfu]sf]
eGg] gb]lvFbf To; cjlwdf lghnfO{ 3/ef8faf6
cfo k|fKt ePsf] dfGg ldn]g . t;y{ k|ltjfbLn]
3/ef8fafktdf ?=^,@(,@@^. cfo k|fKt u/]sf]
b]lvFbf ;f]xL /sd a/fa/ 3/ef8f cfo sfod
ug'{ kg]d
{ f ?= ^,&#,$%!. sfod u/]sf] ljz]if
cbfntsf] km};nf ;f] xb;Dd q'l6k"0f{ b]lvg
cfof] .
@(= hUuf laqmLaf6 k|fKt cfo
k|ltjfbLnfO{ hUuf laqmLaf6 klg cfo
k|fKt ePsf] eGg] s'/f cf/f]kkqdf pNn]v u/]sf]
kfOG5 . t/ /sd ls6fg ePsf] kfOb}g .
cf/f]kkqdf k|ltjfbL o'j/fh zdf{ / lghsL
>LdtL zLnf kf]v/]n -zdf{_ sf gfdsf g]kfnu~h
* cGtu{tsf] h=lj=))!(=%, ))^=&% ldlt
@)$^.@.# df, ;f]xL :yfgsf] h=lj= ))!)
ldlt @)$*.@.! df, )#@=% ldlt @)$*.@.(
df, ))!* ldlt @)$*.$.(df / afFs] /em]gf
!-u_ sf] )^!)=% ldlt @)$@.(.@ df ljqmL
u/L cfo ePsf] s'/f v'nfOPsf] kfOof] . k|ltjfbL
o'j/fh zdf{n] lghsL >LdtLnfO{ dfOtLaf6
k|fKt ePsf / cfk\mgf hUuf ;d]t laqmL u/L
cfo k|fKt ePsf] egL lhsL/ lnPsf] cj:yf
5 . ldl;n ;+nUg k|df0faf6 k|ltjfbL zLnf
kf]v/]nsf gfdsf] g]kfnu~hsf ljleGg lsQfsf
hUufx ldlt @)$^.@.#, ldlt @)$*.@.!, ldlt
@)$(.@.(, ldlt @)%@.(.@, ldlt @)%#.@.(
tyf k|ltjfbL o'j/fh zdf{sf gfdsf] bfsf]
h=lj= )^) / )&$ hUuf ldlt @)%$.!.(
df ljqmL u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . To;/L ljqmL ePsf]
hUufsf] lnvt kf/Lt x'bf clt ePsf] d"Nosf]
cfwf/df hDdf /sd ?=$,!*,@&@.sf] hUuf

ljqmL ePsf] b]lvg cfPsf] / Tolt /sd g}
k|ltjfbLn] cfosf] kdf k|fKt u/]sf] egL dfGg'
kg]{ ePsf] x'bF f hUUff ljqmLaf6 lgh k|ltjfbL
nfO{ ?=$,!*,@&@. k|fKt ePsf] egL ljz]if
cbfntn] lgsfn]sf] lgisif{df cGoyf ljrf/
u/L /xg' kg]{ b]lvPg .
#)= sf7 laqmLaf6 k|fKt cfo
k|ltjfbLn]] bf dfgk'/df /x]s
] f] hUufdf
?v /x]sf] / To;sf] sf7 sf7df8f}d
+ f NofO{ ljqmL
ubf{ ?=#,)),))). cfDbfgL ePsf] egL lhsL/
lnPsf] kfOG5 . ljz]if cbfntn] ?v ljqmL
ePsf] eGg] k|ltjfbLsf] lhsL/ k|df0faf6 ;dly{t
ePsf] egL To;afktdf k| f Kt ePs] f
?=#,)),))). lghsf] cfodf ;dfj]z u/]sf]
kfOof] . ldl;n ;+nUg dfgk'/ uf=lj=;=sf] ldlt
@)$%.^.@! sf] l;kmfl/z kqdf k|ltjfbL o'j/fh
zdf{sf] bf dfgk'/sf] hUufdf ;fn l;;f};d]tsf
?vx /x]sf / To;af6 cfpg] sf7 lhNnf
aflx/ sf7df8f}F / kf]v/fdf nfuL ljqmL u/]df
cfklQ gx'g] eGg] Joxf]/f pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 .
To:t} ldlt @)%$.@.!@ df d"No clej[l4 s/
bfdf /fhZj bflvn ePsf] cfwf/df ldlt
@)%$.@.!# df jg sfof{no bfn] sf7 ljqmL
ug{ Ohfht kq lbPsf] k|df0f;d]t k]z ePsf]
b] l vF b f sf7 ljqmLafktdf ?=#,)),))).
k| l tjfbLsf] cfodf ;dfj] z u/] s f] ljz] i f
cbfntsf] ljZn]if0f / lgisif{df s'g} kl/jt{g
ug'k{ g]{ b]lvg cfPg .
#!= jrtkq Aofh / j} Aofh
k'g/fj]bs jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sftkm{af6
ax; ug'{ x'g] pkGofoflwjQmfn] jrtkqaf6 /
a}s
+ af6 k|fKt ePsf] JofhnfO{ j}w cfosf] kdf
u0fgf ug{sf] nflu ;fFjfsf] ;|ft] k'li6 x'g kg]{ /
Jofh /sdnfO{ d"n ;|ft] sf] kdf cfodf u0fgf
1387
u/]sf] ljz]if cbfntsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ /x]sf]

egL lhsL/ lnPsf] kfOG5 . To;} u /L
k|ltjfbLtkm{sf sfg"g Joj;foLxn] k|df0faf6
g} Jofh k|fKt ePsf] s'/f k'li6 eO{ /x]sf] x'gfn]
To;nfO{ cfodf u0fgf u/]sf] dgfl;j 5 egL
lhsL/ lnPsf] kfOG5 . cf/f]kkqdf k|ltjfbLnfO{
Jofhafktdf cfo k|fKt ePsf] s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/
ul/Psf] kfOb}g . k|ltjfbL o'j/fh zdf{n] cfkm"nfO{
jrtkq / j}s
+ Jofhafktdf sl/j kfFrnfv
k|fKt ePsf] egL lhsL/ lnPsf] kfOG5 . ljz]if
cbfntn] /fli6o jrtkqaf6 k|ltjfbLnfO
?=!,*&,))). tyf lghsf] ljleGg j}s
+ df /x]sf]
vftfaf6 ?=^,!),*#!. Jofh k|fKt ePsf] b]lvPsf]
egL b'jt} km{sf] hDdf Aofh ?=&,(&,*#!. lghsf]
cfodf ;dfj]z u/]sf] kfOof] .
k|ltjfbL o'j/fh zdf{, lghsL >LdtL zLnf
kf]v/]n -zdf{_ / lghsf 5f]/f k|zGg kf]v/]nsf
gfddf /x]sf ljleGg j}s
+ vftfsf /sdaf6
k|ltjfbLnfO{ @)#& ;fnb]lv @)%( ;fn;Dd
b'O{ nfv krf; xhf/ Jofh k|fKt u/]sf] egL
jofgdf lgh k|ltjfbLn] lhsL/ lnPsf]df Tof]
eGbf klg a9L /sdnfO{ Jofhafkt k|ltjfbLsf]
cfodf u0fgf u/]sf] ljz]if cbfntsf] km};nf
k|ydb[li6df g} q'l6k"0f{ b]lvg cfPsf] 5 .
k|ltjfbLxn] bfjL u/]sf j}+s vftfxdf
@)#^@)#& ;fnb]vL sf/f]jf/ ePsf] / Jofh
k|fKt ePsf] tyf To;}sf] cfwf/df Jofh cfo
ePsf] egL bfjL u/]sf] b]lvg cfPsf] 5 . tL
vftfxjf6 k|ltjfbLxn] ljleGg ldltdf a}s
+ df
/sd hDdf ug]{ / lemSg] u/L sf/f]jf/ u/]sf],
To;df w]/} /sdsf] sf/f]jf/ u/]sf] b]lvPsf],
To;qmddf lglZrt ;dofjlw kl5 vftfdf hDdf
ePsf] Jofh /sd;d]t lghxsf] df}hbft
/sddf hf]l8Psf] / /sd lemlsPsf] k|df0faf6
b]lvPsf] 5 .
cf/f]kkqdf j}s
+ af6 lemlsPsf] /sdnfO{
bfjL glnO{ df}hbft /x]sf] /sdnfO{dfq k|ltjfbLsf]
;DklQdf u0fgf u/L ?=%,#$,%)). nfO{ dfq

j}s
+ df}hbft dflgPsf] 5 . o;df k|ltjfbLn]
;d]t cGoyf eGg ;s]sf] cj:yf 5}g . o;/L
clxn]sf] cj:yfdf g t ljz]if cbfntn] cfodf
u0fgf u/]adf]lhdsf] /sd a}s
+ Jofh df}hbft
/x]sf] b]lvG5 g ;f] a/fa/sf] Jofh k|fKt x'g]
;|f]t cyf{t\ d"n wg g} a}+s vftfdf /x]sf]
cj:yf 5 . xfn j}s
+ vftfdf df}hbft /x]sf]
?=%,#$,%)). sf] Jofh cfo ?=^,!),*#!.x'g]
egL dfGotf k|bfg ubf{ kl/0ffdtM j}s
+ vftfdf
/x]sf] df}hbftsf] ;|ft] Jofhaf6} k'li6 x'g] cj:yf
cfpF5 h'gs'/f sfg"g;Ddt x'g ;Sb}g . o:t}
ljifo ;dfj]z /x]sf] g]kfn ;/sf/ lj?4 lg/~hg
afa' >]i7 ePsf] e|i6frf/ d'2fdf -kmf}=k'=g+=)^%
CR))^$ km};nf ldlt @)^(.#.@(_ j:t'tM
Jofh a}s
+ df /x]sf] df}hbftaf6 a9]a9fPsf] ;DklQ
x'bF f To;nfO{ ;DklQ jf cfosf] :jtGq dfGotf
lbg gldNg] egL l;4fGt ;d]t :yflkt eO{
/x]sf] 5 . pQm l;4fGt / dfkb08;Fu of] Ohnf;
c;xdt x'gk' g]{ s'g} ts{;u+ t sf/0f /x]sf] 5}g .
t;y{ ljz]if cbfntn] k|ltjfbLxsf] j}s
+ df
/x]sf] vftfaf6 ?=^,!),*#!. Jofh k|fKt ePsf]
b]lvPsf] egL ;f] /sdnfO{ cfodf u0fgf u/]sf]
ldn]sf] b]lvg cfPg .
ca k|ltjfbLn] jrtkqjf6 k|fKt u/]sf]
Jofhsf] cfo ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{, lgh
k|ltjfbLn] jrtkqaf6 ?=!,*&,))).Jofh k|fKt
u/]sf] egL lhsL/ lnFb} k|ltjfbL zLnf kf]v/]nsf
gfddf @)%^ / @)%& ;fndf vl/b u/]sf]
?=(,)),))). sf] jrtkqaf6 ?=!,*&,))).
Jofh k|fKt u/]sf] egL k|df0f k]z u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
clVtof/ b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] ldlt
@)%(.!!.* sf] kqaf6 pQm Aofh /sd k'ms'jf
ul/lbg g]kfn /fi6 a}s
+ df n]vL uPsf]df g]kfn
/fi6 a}s
+ sf] ldlt @)%(.!!.#) sf] kqaf6 k'ms'jf
ul/Psf] ;f] Jofh /sdnfO{ ;d]t ljz]if cbfntn]
k|ltjfbLsf] Aofh cfosf] dfGotf lbPsf] b]lvg
1388
cfpF5 . o;af6 hfFr cjlwsf] kl5Nnf] cjlwdf

dfq k'ms'jf ePsf] pQm /sd nufgL ePsf] jf
cGo ;DklQ cfh{g ubf{ k|of]u ePsf] cj:yf
klg b]lvFbg} .
#@= ;fdfGotM art kqaf6 k|fKt ePsf]
elgPsf] AofhnfO{ cfosf] dfGotf lbg] jf glbg]
eGg] ;DaGwdf klg dfly a}+s Aofhsf xsdf
canDag ul/Psf] cfwf/ g} canDag ug'{kg]{
x'G5 . j:t'tM u}/sfg"gL cfh{g u/]sf] egL kg]{
k| : t' t k| s [ l tsf d' 2 fxdf hfF r cjlwdf
k|ltjfbLn] cfh{g u/]sf] ;DklQ / u/]sf
vr{xsf] ;f] cjlwdf lghnfO{ sfg"gL kdf
k|fKt ePsf cfoxaf6 ;|f]t k'li6 ug{ ;Sg'
kg]{ x'G5 . k|ltjfbLn] To:tf] ;DklQ Pj+ vr{sf]
;|f]t k'li6 ug{ g;s]df u}/sfg"gL kdf ;DklQ
cfh{g u/]sf] dfgL e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%(
sf] bkmf @) -!_ adf]lhdsf] s;"/ 7x/ eO{
;f]xL pkbkmf -@_ n] ljuf]adf]lhd h/Ljfgf,
ljuf]sf] dfqfcg';f/ s}b / ;|f]t k'li6 gePsf]
;DklQ ;d]t hkmt x'g] b]lvG5 . ;fy} ;|f]t
k'li6 x'g g;s]sf] ;DklQaf6 a9] a9fPsf]
;DklQ ;d]t bkmf $& adf]lhd :jtM hkmt
x'g] sfg"gL Joj:yf ePsf] kfOG5 . bkmf @)-@_
/ $& df ul/Psf] ;|f]t k'li6 gePsf] ;DklQ
hkmt x'g] / To:tf] ;DklQaf6 a9]a9fPsf]
;DklQ ;d]t hkmt x'g] sfg"gL Joj:yfx
Pp6} geO{ k[ysk[ys p2]Zo / k|of]hgsf
nflu ul/Psf x'g\ . tL sfg"gL Joj:yfaf6
a9]a9fPsf] ;DklQsf] ;|f]t k'li6 ug'{ kg]{ geO{
hfFr cjlwdf cfh{g u/]sf] ;DklQsf] ;|f]t
k'li6 ePsf] cj:yfdf :jtM j}w cfosf] dfGotf
k|fKt ug]{ l:ylt x'G5 . To:t} cfwf/e"t ;DklQsf]
;|f]t k'li6 ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yfdf To;af6
a9]a9fPsf] ;DklQ ;d]t :jtM u}/sfg"gL x'g]
eO{ bkmf $& adf]lhd hkmt x'g] l:ylt /xG5 .
To;}n] a9]a9fPsf] ;DklQsf] ;|f]t vf]Hg jf
To:tf] ;DklQaf6 cfwf/e"t ;DklQsf] ;|f]t
k'li6 x'g] u/L cy{ ug{ ldNb}g . a9]a9fPsf]

;DklQnfO{ cfosf] dfGotf lbFbf kl/0ffdtM To;n]
cfwf/e"t ;DklQs} ;|f]t k'li6 x'ghfg] cj:yf
l;h{gf x'g cfpF5, h'g sfg"g;Ddt x'g ;Sb}g .
ctM k|ltjfbLn] hfFr cjlwdf artkq vl/b
ubf{ nufgL u/]sf] ?=(,)),))). sf] ;|f]t
k'li6 x'g] u/L To;af6 k|fKt AofhnfO{ cfosf]
dfGotf lbg gldNg] x'Fbf o; ;DaGwdf ljz]if
cbfntsf] ljZn]if0f / lgisif{ ldn]sf] b]lvPg .
##= ;~rosf]if ;fk6L
k|ltjfbL o'j/fh zdf{n] sd{rf/L ;~ro
sf]ifaf6 cfkm\gf] hDdf ePsf] /sdaf6 ?=@*,()).
lnPsf] egL lhsL/ lnPsf] kfOof] . ldl;n ;+nUg
k|df0faf6 lgh k|ltjfbLn] pQm sf]ifaf6 ldlt
@)$&.!).#) df ?=@*,()). lnPsf] b]lvPsf] /
;f] /sd sf]ifdf lkmtf{ u/]sf] eGg] gb]lvPsf] xFb' f
To;/L k|fKt u/]sf] /sdnfO{ k|ltjfbLsf] cfodf
u0fgf u/]sf] ljz]if cbfntsf] lgisif{nfO{ cGoyf
u/L /xg' kg]{ b]lvPg .
#$= sf/ ef8f
k|ltjfbL o'j/fh zdf{n] lghsf] gfdsf]
af=# r= ^!@@ sf] ;]G6f] sf/ O{=P;=lk=P;=nfO{
@ dlxgf !% lbg ef8fdf lbP afkt
?=!,)),))). k|fKt u/]sf] eGg] lhsL/ lnPsf]
kfOG5 . cf/f]kkqdf lghn] sf/ ef8fafktdf
cfo kfPsf] s'/fnfO :jLsf/ ul/Psf] kfOb}g .
ljz]if cbfntn] k|ltjfbLn] sf/ ef8fdf lbPafkt
/sd k|fKt u/]sf] eGg] k|df0f k]z u/]sf] egL
k|ltjfbLsf] lhsL/adf]lhd ?=!,)),)))./sd
lghsf] cfodf ;dfj]z u/]sf] b]lvG5 . k'g/fj]bs
jfbL tkm{sf pkGofoflwjQmfn] Ohnf;;dIf
k|ltjfbLsf] pQm sf/ ef8fdf nufpg] k|sl[ tsf]
g/x]sf] x'bF f sf/ ef8fnfO{ k|ltjfbLsf] cfodf
;dfj]z u/]sf] gldn]sf] egL lhsL/ lnPsf]
kfOFbf To; ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ug'k{ g]{ x'g cfpF5 .
1389
k|ltjfbL o'j/fh zdf{n] pQm sf/ ef8fdf

lng] lbg] u/L O{=P;=lk=P;=;Fu ;Demf}tf u/]sf]
/ To;afkt k|fKt ePsf] cfosf] s/ ;d]t
lt/]sf] egL ls6fgL;fy lhsL/ lng ;s]sf]
b]lvb}g . lghn] To:tf] s'g} lsl;dsf] k|df0f klg
k]z ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvPsf] 5}g . pQm ;+:yfsf]
ck|Ln !, @))# sf] kqdf lghsf] pQm sf/
ef8fdf lnPsf] jf To;afktdf lhsL/ lnOP
adf]lhdsf] /sd lbPsf] eGg] v'Ng cfpb}g .
To; ;DaGwdf clVtof/ b'kof]u cg';Gwfg
cfof]un] ;DalGwt ;+:yf;Fu Plsg;fy v'nfO{
k7fpg egL n]vL k7fpFbf ;d]t ;DalGwt
k|zf;sLo k|dv
' n] cfkm";uF ;Ssn sfuhftx
g/x]sf] / osLg ;fy s]xLklg eGg g;Sg] egL
hjfkm lbPsf] kfOG5 . k|ltjfbLn] pQm ;+:yfsf]
clk|n !, @))# sf] kqnfO{ cfwf/ lnO{ pQm
/sd bfjL u/]sf] / ljz]if cbfntn];d]t To;nfO{
dfGotf lbPsf] kfOG5 . t/ pQm kqdf Psflt/
k|ltjfbLnfO{ sf/ ef8f afktdf of] olt /sd
e'QmfgL ul/Psf] egL v'Ng ;s]sf] kfOb}g eg]
csf]l{ t/ Tof] kqsf] n]vfO{ g} c:ki6 / uf]Zjf/f
k|sl[ tsf] /x]sf] xFb' f To;nfO{ ljZj;gLo k|df0fsf]
kdf u| x 0f ug{ ldn] g . o:tf] l:yltdf
O{=P;=lk=P;=nfO{ lgh k|ltjfbLn] sf/ ef8fdf
nufPsf] / lghn] /sd k|fKt u/]sf] egL dfGg
;lsPg . t;y{ sf/ ef8fafktdf k|ltjfbLnfO{
cfo k|bfg u/]sf] ljz]if cbfntsf] ljZn]if0f /
lgisif{ ldn]sf] b]lvPg .
#%= s[lifaf6 k|fKt cfo
cleof]u kq x]bf{ k|ltjfbLsf gfddf
bf / afFs] lhNnfcGtu{t hDdf &#!@=%
ljufxf k}ts
[ hUuf /x]sf] / k|ltljufx ?=&,))).
s[lif cfo k|fKt u/]sf] x'g ;Sg] eGg] ;d]t
pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . k|ltjfbLn] lghsf] k}ts
[
hUuf cleof]u kqdf pNn]v u/]eGbf a9L ePsf]
/ k|lt jif{ ;/b/ ?=!,%),))). s[lif cfo k|fKt
u/]sf] eGg] aofg lhsL/ lnPsf] kfOG5 . ljz]if

cbfntaf6 k|ltjfbLsf] @)#^ ;fnb]lv @)$^
;Dd h= lj= !)^!* / To;kl5 &#!@=%
/x]sf] b]lvPsf] egL s[lif ljsf; sfof{nosf] kq
;d]tnfO{ cfwf/ lnO{ hDdf ?=@#,^%,)).s[lif
cfo k|bfg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
k'g/fj]bg kqdf ;uf]ndf /xFbfsf] s[lifaf6 k|fKt
;Dk"0f{ cfonfO{ k|ltjfbLsf] dfq Psnf}6L sfod
u/L a9L cfo lbPsf] ljz]if cbfntsf] km};nf
q'l6k"0f{ /x]sf] eGg] ;d]t lhsL/ lnPsf] kfOG5 .
k|ltjfbLn] cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf u/]sf]
jofgdf @)#$ ;fndf @$ ljufxf hUuf k|fKt
u/]sf] / jflif{s s[lif cfo Ps nfv krf;
xhf/b]lv b'O{ nfv;Dd x'g] eGg] Joxf]/f n]vfPsf]
b]lvG5 . To:t} cbfntdf u/]sf] jofgdf @)@@
;fndf lktfn] el/lbPsf] & g+= kmfF6jf/Ldf @$
ljufxf hUuf pNn]v ePsf]df @)@@ ;fnb]lv
@)$& ;fn;Dd nueu !$ ljufxf hUuf ljqmL
ePsf] / k|ltjif{ ;/b/ ?=!,%),))). s[lif cfo
k|fKt ePsf] eGb} @)#$ ;fndf ah}af6 k|fKt
?=&%,))). nufgL u/L a9] a9fPsf] ;d]t u/L
hDdf ?= #%,%),))). k|fKt ePsf] eGg] lhsL/
lnPsf] kfOG5 . cfk\mgf] k}ts
[ hUuf a9L ePsf]df
cleof]ukqdf sd hUuf b]vfPsf] eGg] k|ltjfbLsf]
cbfntsf] jofgdf pNn]v ePsf] b]lvP klg
@)$& ;fnsf] kf/Lt a08fkqdf lgh
k|ltjfbLnfO{ k|fKt ePsf] h=lj=&@!*=% hUuf
c+zdf kfPsf] eGg] b]lvPsf] x'bf ;f] eGbf klg
a9L hUufnfO{ cleof]u kqdf k}ts
[ hUufsf
kdf pNn]v u/L cg';Gwfgsf] bfo/f aflx/
/flvPsf] eGg] pNn]v ePaf6 k|ltjfbLsf] pQm
lhsL/ vl08t e}/x]sf] b]lvG5 . k|ltjfbLn] @)@@
;fndf lghsf lktfn] el/lbPsf] elgPsf] &
g+=cg';r
" Lsf cfwf/df lghsf] k}ts
[ hUuf a9L
ePsf] eGg] lhsL/ lnPsf] kfOP klg & g+=
kmfF6jf/L hUufsf] ljj/0f k]z ug]{ 5'} k|of]hgsf]
nflu el/g] x'bF f ;f]xL cfwf/df dfq hUufdf
1390
Psnf}6L xs :jfldTj sfod x'g] eGg ldNb}g .

Psf;uf]nsf c+lzof/xdWo] s'g} Ps c+lzof/sf
gfddf 36L jf a9L hUuf b]vfO{ & g+= kmfF6jf/L
el/Fbd
} f c+z xs l;h{gf x'g] jf ;dfKt x'g] klg
xf]Og . k|ltjfbLn] @)!( sf] a08fkqaf6 kfPsf]
hUuf g} & g+= cg';r
" Ldf b]vfPsf] eGg] lhsL/
lnPsf] b]lvP klg @)!( ;fnsf] a08fkq sfod
/x]sf] eP @)$& ;fndf k|ltjfbLsf cfdf /
bfh'efO{x aLr k'gM c+za08f ug'{ kg]{ l:ylt /
cj:yf l;h{gf x'g' kg]{ s'g} sf/0f b]lvFbg} .
@)$& ;fnsf] a08fkqdf @)!( ;fndf g}
c+lzof/x aLr a08f ePsf] eGg] ;DaGwdf
s'g} s'/f pNn]v gePsf] / xfn;Dd ;uf]ndf
a:b} cfPsf] eGg] Aoxf]/f k/]sf] b]lvFbf @)!(
;fnsf] a08fkqsf] lhsL/ :jtM vl08t e}/x]sf]
kfOG5 . o; l:yltdf @)$& ;fnsf] kf/Lt
a08fkqaf6 k|ltjfbLn] h] hlt hUuf c+z afkt
kfPsf] xf] ;f] eGbf cl3 ;uf]ndf /xFbfsf]
cj:yfdf;d]t lghsf] efudf ;f]xL a/fa/sf]
c+z xsflwsf/lgxLt /x]sf] dfGg'kg]{ eO{ To;}
cg'kftdf s[lif cfo lgwf{/0f ug'{ Gofof]lrt x'g]
b]lvG5 . To;sf] ljk/Lt @)#^ ;fnb]lv @)$^
;Dd k|ltjfbLsf] h=lj= !)^!* w'/ k}ts
[
hUuf /x]sf] egL s[lif cfo sfod u/]sf] ljz]if
cbfntsf] km};nf k|f/lDes kdf g} ldn]sf]
b]lvPg .
To:t} ljz]if cbfntaf6 lhNnf s[lif
ljsf; sfof{nosf] kq l;kmfl/z ;d]tsf cfwf/df
k|ltjfbLsf] hUufsf] s[lif cfo sfod u/]sf] ldn]sf]
5, 5}g eGg] ;DaGwdf klg ljrf/ ug'{ kg]{ x'g
cfPsf] 5 . s[lif cfo sfod ug]{ ;DaGwdf
lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{nosf] l;kmfl/znfO{
u|x0f ug]{ jf e"ld ;DaGwL P]gn] s't k|of]hgsf
nflu lgwf{/0f u/]sf] Joj:yfnfO{ canDag ug]{
eGg] ;DaGwdf k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL /fdf1f rt'jb]{ L
lj?4 clVtof/ b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u ePsf]
u}/sfg"gL ;DklQ cfh{g u/L e|i6frf/ u/]sf]
eGg] d'2fdf :ki6 kdf AofVof eO;s]sf] cj:yf

5 . d'VotM df]xL nfu]sf] hUufsf] s[lif cfo
lgwf{/0f ubf{ e"ld;DaGwL P]gadf]lhd s't
k|of]hgsf nflu tf]lsPsf] pAhgLsf] cfwf/nfO{
cjnDag ul/g' sfg"g;Ddt / Gofof]lrt x'g,]
hUufwgLn] g} hUuf sdfPsf] eGg] lhsL/ /x]sf]
cj:yfdf ;d]t s[lif pTkfbgsf] qmddf dn,
aLp >d nufotdf x'g hfg] dgfl;j vr{x
s6fO{ d'Vo aflif{s pAhgLafkt s't k|of]hgsf
nflu tf]lsPsf] pAhgLsf] bf]Aa/ v'b cfo lgwf{/0f
ug'{ plrt / ljj]s;Ddt x'g], ;fy} l;+rfO{
cflbsf] ;'ljwf ePsf] / PseGbf a9L afnL
nfUg] hUufsf ;DaGwdf s't k|of]hgsf nflu
tf]lsPsf] d'Vo aflif{s pAhgLsf] cfwf lxpFb]
afnL afkt v'b cfo lgwf{/0f ug'{ Gofof]lrt x'g]
eGg] ;d]t l;4fGt -g]sfk @)^*, c ^, lg=g+=
*^#), k[i7 (!&_ sfod ePsf] b]lvG5 .
;f]xL l;4fGtnfO{ To;kl5 km};nf ePsf
k'g/fj]bs g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=hok|sfz k|;fb
u'Ktf, g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=s]zj/fh uf}td, g]kfn
;/sf/ lj= s]z/h+u v8\sf, g]kfn ;/sf/
lj=v'daxfb'/ v8\sf ;d]t k|ltjfbL ePsf
d'2fxdf canDag ul/Fb} cfPsf] cj:yf ljBdfg
x'Fbf o; cbfntaf6 s[lif cfo sfod ug]{
dfkb08sf ;DaGwdf sfod ul/Psf] pk/f]Qm
AofVof;Fu c;xdt x'g' kg]{ s'g} sf/0f gePsf]n]
k|:t't d'2fdf ;d]t ;f]xL cfwf/df k|ltjfbLsf]
k}ts
[ hUufsf] s[lif cfo lgwf{/0f x'gk' g]{ b]lvg
cfpF5 .
e"ld;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf ## sf]
k|of]hgsf] nflu t/fO{sf emfkf, df]/u+ , ;'g;/L
nufotsf lhNnfxsf] nflu ldlt @)#).^.@(
sf] g]kfn /fhkqdf df]xLn] hUufwgLnfO{ a'emfpg'
kg]{ s'tsf] b/ tf]lsPsf] b]lvFbf t/fO{sf pk/f]Qm
lhNnfsf] nflu tf]lsPsf] s'tsf] b/nfO{ bf /
afFs] lhNnfsf] xsdf ;d]t cjnDag ug{ gldNg]
s'g} cfwf/ 5}g . ;f] /fhkqdf k|sflzt ljj/0f
1391
x]bf{ wgx/ v]tsf] nflu wfgtkm{ cAandf !%

dg, bf]oddf !! dg @) z]/, ;Ld * dg @)
z]/ / rfx/sf] nflu % dg @) z]/ tf]lsPsf]
b]lvg cfpF5 . To:t} eL6 kfvf] hUufsf] nflu
ds} qmdzM * dg @) z]/, ^ dg @) z]/ / $
dg @) z]/ tf]lsPsf] kfOG5 . ;fy} ldl;n
;+nUg s[lif ljefusf] ldlt @)^!.$.* sf] wfgsf]
s[ifs:t/ d"No tYof+s ljj/0f x]bf{ afFs] lhNnfsf]
nflu cf=j= @)#*)#( ;fnb] l v
cf=j=@)%()^) sf] nflu qmdzM k|lt s]=hL=?=
!.^), !.(%, @.#%, @.*), #.%), #.%), #.&%,
%.%), %.%%, %.^), %.^*, ^.%), ^.%), ^.%),
&.), &.*#, &.&%, *.$), *.*# / (.@% tf]lsPsf]
b]lvG5 . afFs] lhNnfsf] nflu tf]lsPsf] pQm
d"No lgs6jtL{ lhNnfx bf / alb{of;d]tsf]
nflu eGg] pNn]v ePsf] b]lvFbf bf lhNnfsf]
s[lif pkhsf] d"Nosf ;DaGwdf ;d]t u|x0f ug{
ldNg] g} b]lvG5 .
ldl;n ;+nUg ldlt @)$&.&.@! sf]
kf/Lt a08fkqaf6 k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbL o'j/fh zdf{n]
h=lj=&@!*=% hUuf c+zdf kfPsf] eGg]
b]lvPsf] 5 . To:t} k|ltjfbLsf] >LdtL zLnf
zdf{n] afFs] lhNnf ags6'jf uf=lj=; j8f g+=
!-_ ls=g+ = !)# sf] If] = km=!)) hUuf
dfOtLaf6 as;sf kdf @)$% ;fndf k|fKt
u/]sf]df ;f]dWo]af6 @)%% ;fndf s]xL hUuf
ljqmL u/L h=lj= )&!& afFsL /x]sf] eGg]
b]lvG5 . k|ltjfbL o'j/fh zdf{n] bf, dfgk'/
uf=lj=;= j8f g+= !s= ls=g+= #(! sf] h=lj=)
@!& hUuf @)%$ ;fndf / P]= ls=g+= @)( sf]
h=lj=)#!* sf] hUuf @)%) ;fndf vl/b
u/]sf] eGg] klg b]lvG5 . lgh k|ltjfbLsf gfdsf]
ls=g+= !#! sf] h=lj=)^) / ls=g+=%&^ sf]
h=lj=)&$ hUuf ldlt @)%$.!.( df ljqmL
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . a08fkqdf kfPsf hUufxdWo]
afFs] g]kfnu~h g=kf= cGtu{tsf] h=lj )!)
/ 38]/L hUuf b]lvG5 . To:t} sf7df8f}+F v8\sf
ufFpsf] h=/f]=)^) hUuf klg 38]/L k|of]hgs}

b]lvFbf tL hUufaf6 pNn]Vo s[lif cfo k|fKt x'g]
cj:yf b]lvFbg} . o;} u/L )!#!# hUufdf
df]xL nfu]sf] ;d]t b]lvPsf] 5 . ;fy} pk/f]Qm
hUufdWo] wgx/ v]t sl/a #)) / cGo afFsL
hUuf le6 kfvf] eGg] ldl;n ;+nUg hUufwgL
k|df0fk"hf{af6 b]lvg cfpF5 .
df]xL nfu]sf] hUufdf s't k|of]hgsf]
nflu tf]lsPsf] plNnlvt s'tsf] b/adf]lhd /
df]xL gnfu]sf] hUufdf ;f]sf] bf]Aa/ s[lif cfo
sfod ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . To:tf wgx/ hUufdf
l;+rfO{sf] ;'ljwf;d]t x'g ;Sg] x'bF f jif]{ jfnLsf
nflu tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] tyf lxpFb] afnLsf]
nflu ;f]sf] cfwf s[lif cfo x'g ;Sg] b]lvP klg
eL6 kfvf] hUufdf PsafnL dfq nfUg] x'bF f
lxFpb] afnLafktsf] s[lif cfo k|fKt x'g ;Sg]
b]lvFbg} . dfly pNn]v ul/Padf]lhd k|ltjfbLn]
c+zafkt k|fKt u/]sf], vl/b u/]sf] tyf lghsf]
>LdtL ;d]tsf gfpFdf k|fKt ePsf], ;f]xL cjlwdf
ljqmL ePsf] hUufsf] k|sl[ t tyf bf lhNnfdf
d';/' f], c/x/ nufotsf bnxg / tf]/Lnufotsf
t]nxg;d]tsf gub]afnL x'g] j:t'tYonfO{ ;d]t
b[li6ut u/L x]bf{ clwstd\ s"n ?= !&,!!,#!%.
;Dd s[lif cfo x'g;Sg] b]lvof] . ;f] eGbf a9L
s[lif cfo k|bfg u/]sf] ljz]if cbfntsf] km};nf
ldn]sf] b]lvPg . k|ltjfbLsf] s[lif cfoafkt
?=!&,!!,#!%. sfod x'G5 .
k|ltjfbL zLnf kf]v/]n -zdf{_ n]] ;L
xj{n Jo'6L kfn{/;d]taf6 cfo cfh{g u/]sf]
tyf d]6n k]lG6 PS:kf]jf6 cfDbfgL ul/Psf]
elgPsf] /sdnfO{ ljz]if cbfntn] ljgf cfwf/df
dfGotf lbOPsf] gldn]sf] egL jfbL kIfsf
pkGofoflwjQmfn] lhsL/ lng' ePsf] kfOof] .
To; ;DaGwdf ljrf/ u/L x]bf{, cf/f]kkqdf
k|ltjfbL zLnf kf]v/]n -zdf{_ n] sf7df8f}F
OG:6LRo"6 ckm 6]Sgf]nf]hLdf sfd u/]sf] /
kfl/>lds k|fKt u/]sf] egL kfl/>ldssf] kdf
1392
?=^),))). k|fKt u/]sf] eGg] s'/fnfO{ cfof]un]

:jLsf/} u/]sf] b]lvG5 . k|ltjfbLn] s]z >+u[ f/sf]
tflnd lnPsf] x'bf ;L xj{n Jo"6L kfn{/
dLgejgdf dfl;s ?=#))).df # jif{ ! dlxgf
@# lbg sfd u/]sfn] ;f] afkt ?=!,!#,@%).
k|fKt u/]sf] tyf d]6n k]G6L, PS;kf] @))@ df
k]G6L ljqmL ubf{ ?=!,!@,))). k|fKt u/]sf]
eGg] lghsf] lhsL/ /x]sf] 5 . lgh k|ltjfbLn]
k]z u/]sf] k|df0faf6 ;f] ;+:yfdf sfd u/L
kfl/>lds lnPsf] b]lvg cfPsf], ;L xj{n
Ao"6L kfn{/ gfds pQm ;+:yf sfg"gadf]lhd
btf{ eO{ ;~rfngdf /x]sf], To; cjlwdf lgh
k|ltjfbL cGo sfddf ;+nUg /x]sf];d]t gb]lvPsf]
tyf k|ltjfbLn] k|fKt u/]sf] elgPsf] kfl/>lds
c:jfefljs gb]lvPsf] ;d]tsf cfwf/ / sf/0faf6
To;nfO{ cGoyf ug'{ kg]{ cj:yf b]lvg cfPg .
To;}u/L d]6n k]G6L PS;kf] @))@ sf]
d]nfdf k|ltjfbL zLnf kf]v/]n -zdf{_ n] efu
lnO{ k|;z
+ fkq;d]t k|fKt u/]sf] b]lvPsf], To:tf]
cj;/df ;/;fdfgx laqmLdf /fVbf cfo k|fKt
x'g ;Sg] :jfefljs cj:yf /x]sf], lghn] k|fKt
u/]sf] eg]sf] /sd c:jfefljs ;d]t gb]lvPsf]
x'bF f Gofo / cf}lrTotfnfO{ ;d]t ljrf/ ubf{
To;nfO{ cGoyf eGg ldNg] b]lvPg . ctM lgh
k|ltjfbL zLnf kf]v/]n -zdf{_ n]] JolQmut kdf
cfo cfh{g u/]sf] s'/f dgfl;j g} b]lvg cfPsfn]
lghn] lhsL/ lnPadf]lhd ljz]if cbfntn]
?=@,*%,@%).nfO{ lghsf] cfodf ;dfj]z u/]sf]
ldn]s} b]lvof] . k|ltjfbL zLnf kf]v/]n -zdf{_ n]
k|fKt u/]sf] elgPsf] afFs] ags6jfsf] hUufsf]
s[lif cfo ;d]tnfO{ dfly s[lif cfosf] ljZn]if0f
v08df ;dfj]z u/L ;lsPsf] x'bF f 5'} u0fgf
u/L /xg' k/]g .
k|ltjfbL o'j/fh zdf{n] cfkm" @)#$
;fndf k9]/ cfPkl5 k}ts
[ ;DklQsf] kdf
;'g #%) tf]nf, rfbL !@)) tf]nf, %)))
rfFbLsf vk6f / gub ?=&%,))). ah}af6
k|fKt u/sf], Tof] ;DklQ @)$& ;fndf a08f

gePsf] / To;nfO{ ljqmL ubf{ / a9fpFbf sl/j
#! nfv cfo ePsf] egL lhsL/ lnPsf] kfOG5 .
cf/f]kkqdf k|ltjfbLn] k}ts
[ ;DklQ afktdf
vf; kdf s'g} ;DklQ k|fKt u/]sf] egL dfGotf
lbPsf] b]lvPsf] 5}g . ljz]if cbfnt sf7df8f}n
F ]
k|ltjfbLsf] kfl/jfl/s k[i7e"ld, k}ts
[ ;DklQsf]
df}hb' l:ylt Pj+ hfFr cjlw k"j{ )#$)#^
;Dd lgh Dofr O08:6Ldf sfo{/t ;d]t /x]sf]
b]lvPsf] egL ? ?=$,%),))). lghsf] cfodf
;dfj]z u/]sf] b]lvg cfpF5 .
ljz]if cbfntn] k|ltjfbLnfO{ k}t[s
;DklQafktdf pQm /sd j/fj/sf] cfo u0fgf
ubf{ e/kbf]{ / j:t'lgi7 k|df0fsf cfwf/df geO{
dgf]ut ts{sf cfwf/df cfo ePsf] egL dfg]sf]
kfOG5 . dflysf ljleGg k|s/0fxdf ljZn]if0f
ul/Pcg';f/ k|ltjfbLnfO{ k}t[s kdf k|fKt
ePsf ;DklQsf] cfo u0fgf u/L ;lsPsf] 5 .
To;eGbf jfx]s k|ltjfbLn] k|fKt u/]sf] egL
lhsL/ ul/Psf] ;'g, rfFbL / rfFbLsf vk6fx
k|fKt u/]sf] k'li6 x'g] s'g} klg lnvt k|df0f k]z
u/L cfk\mgf] lhsL/ k|dfl0ft ug{ ;s]sf] kfOFbg} .
s]jn df}lvs lhsL/;Dd lnPsf] cj:yf /x]sf]
5 . df}lvs lhsL/df klg To;/L k|fKt ePsf
;'g, rfFbL / vk6fx s] s'g b/ efpdf sxFf /
slxn] ljqmL ul/Psf] lyof], To;jf6 s] slt
/sd k|fKt ePsf] lyof] / k|fKt /sd s] s:tf]
7fFpdf nufgL u/L a9] a9fOPsf] lyof] eGg]
nufotsf ljifodf tYout cfwf/ ;d] t
k|ltjfbLn] v'n:t / ljZj;gLo kdf k|:t't
ug{ ;s]sf] kfO{bg} .
To;}u/L ah}af6 &% xhf/ /sd k|fKt
u/]sf] / a9]a9fPsf] egL lhsL/ lnPklg pQm
/sd k|fKt u/]sf] s'/f k'li6 x'g] lnvt k|df0f
k]z ug{ ;s]sf] kfOb}g . ;fdfGo tj/df 3/fo;L
kdf tof/ x'g] lnvt klg b]vfpg ;s]sf]
cj:yf 5}g . Tolt j/fj/sf] /sd lgh k|ltjfbLn]
1393
dfq} kfpg'kg]{ s'g} Gofo;+ut cfwf/klg b]lvPsf]

5}g . To;df klg Ol~hlgo/ h:tf] k|fljlws
ljifo cWoog u/]sf] JolQmnfO{ cGo c+lzof/nfO{
eGbf ljz]if kdf yk cfly{s ;DklQ k|bfg
u/]sf] eGg] s'/f k|lttnfos b]lvFbg} . ;fy} To;/L
kfPsf] elgPsf] /sd s] s:tf] 7fpdf nufgL
u/L s] s;/L a9fOPsf] lyof] eGg] s'/fsf] :ki6
lhsL/ lng ;s]sf] cj:yf klg b]lvPsf] 5}g .
;fdfGo u/ uxgf jf /sd k|fKt u/]s} ePtfklg
To:tf /sd / lrhj:t'x JolQmut vr{ jf
k|of]hgdf k|of]u x'g ;Sg] j:t'tYo b[li6ut
ubf{ klg ljz]if kdf cfosf] kdf u0fgf ug'{
kg]{ l:yltsf] b]lvb}g . o:t} ljifo ;dfj]z /x]sf]
g]kfn ;/sf/ lj?4 d'/f/Laxfb'/ sfsL{ ePsf]
e|i6frf/ d'2fdf -kmf}=k'=g+=)^%CR)))( km};nf
ldlt @)^(.@.#_ k|ltjfbLn] lktfaf6 gub ?=
%),))). k|fKt u/]sf] egL lhsL/ lnPsf] ;Gbe{df
pQm /sd k|fKt u/]sf] k'li6 x'g] a08fkq
nufotsf lnvt k|df0f k]z u/L lhsL/ k'li6
ug{ ;s]sf] gkfOPsfn] df}lvs lhsL/sf e/df
pQm /sd k|fKt u/]sf] dfGg ldn]g eGg] dfGotf
:yflkt eO/x]sf] 5 .
ctM s]jn df}lvs lhsL/s} dfq cfwf/df
k|ltjfbLn] plNnlvt k|s[ltsf k}t[s ;DklQ
k|fKt u/]sf] egL dfGg ;Sg] cj:yf /x]g . To:tf]
;DklQafktdf ?= $,%),))). k|ltjfbLsf] cfodf
u0fgf u/]sf] ljz]if cbfntsf] lgisif{ dgfl;j
b]lvg cfPg .
xl:k6n km/ P8\efG; d]l8l;g P08
;h{/L k|f=ln=df k|ltjfbL o'j/fh zdf{sf gfddf
vl/b ul/Psf] z]o/ cd]l/sfdf a:g] lghsf
efO{ cgGt/fd zdf{n] k7fPsf] /sdaf6 lghs}
nflu vl/b ul/Psf] x'Fbf To;/L efOn] k7fPsf]
/sd cfo;|ft] df u0fgf ul/g'kg]{ eGg] k|ltjfbLsf]
bfjLnfO{ c:jLsf/ ub}{ ljz]if cbfnt sf7df8f}n
]F ]
Tof] z]o/df k|ltjfbL o'j/fh zdf{sf] nufgL
ePsf] 7x/ u/L cgGt/fh zdf{n] /sd k7fPsf]
eGg] s' / fnfO{ dfGotf glbPsf] ;DaGwdf

k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ gxF'bf To;af/]df
yk ljrf/ u/L /xg' k/]g . To;}u/L sf7df8f}F
OlG:6Ro"6 ckm 6]Sgf]nf]hLsf] k|ltjfbL zLnf
kf] v /] n -zdf{ _ sf gfddf /x] s f] z] o /dWo]
k|ltjfbLsf efO gftfsf s'df/ kf]v/]nsf nflu
z]o/ vl/b ug{sf nflu lghsL cfdfn] lbPsf]
?=kfFr nfv /sdaf6 z]o/ vl/b ul/Psf] x'Fbf
To;nfO{ klg cfo;|f]tdf u0fgf ul/g'kg]{ eGg]
k|ltjfbLxsf] syg /x]sf] ;Gbe{df ljz]if
cbfntn] pQm /sdnfO{ klg k|ltjfbLsf] cfodf
;dfj]z gx'g] u/L 7x/ u/]sf] / To;df
k|ltjfbLsf] lhsL/ gx'Fbf To;af/] c? ljrf/
ug'{ kg]{ b]lvPg .
#^= cf/f]kkqdf k|ltjfbLn] ;fj{hlgs
kb wf/0f u/]kZrft cfh{g u/]sf ;DklQdWo]df
;|ft] k'li6 ePsf] / ;|ft] k'li6 gePsf] ;DklQsf]
pNn]v u/L To;sf] ljZn]if0f ub}{ cleof]u
bfjL lnOPsf] kfOG5 . kmf} hbf/L d' 2 fdf
cbfntn] cleof]u bfjL lnOPsf] eGbf a9L
k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;hfo x'g] u/L lg0f{o lbg ldNb}g .
To;f] ul/g' Gofosf dfGo l;4fGtcg'k klg
x'b}g . tyflk dfu bfjL lnOPsf] ;hfosf]
bfo/fleq} /xL ldl;n ;+nUg ;a"bk|df0fsf]
j:t'lgi6 d"Nofgsf cfwf/df Goflos lgisif{df
k'Ug] clwsf/ cbfntdf cGtlg{lxt /x]sf] x'G5 .
cleof]u kqdf lnOPsf] d"n bfjLsf] ;Ldfleq
/xL ldl;n ;+nUg tYok|df0fsf] d"Nofg /
ljZn]if0f u/L k|ltjfbLsf] cfo;|f]t, ;DklQ
tyf vr{sf] ;d'lrt lgisif{ lgsflng' k|rlnt
sfg"g / :yflkt Goflos l;4fGtcg'k g}
x'G5 . k|:t't d'2fdf hfFr cjlwdf k|ltjfbLn]
cfh{g u/]sf] ;du| ;DklQ / j}w cfo;|f]tsf]
t'ngf u/L o; cbfntn] sfod u/]sf] l;4fGt
/ ckgfPsf] dfkb08sf] cfwf/df d"Nofg /
ljZn]if0f u/L lgisif{df k'u]sf] cj:yf x'Fbf
cf/f] k kqsf] zLif{ s xsf] ljZn] i f0f /
1394
zLif{scg';f/sf] bfjLdf s]xL km/skg cfpg

;S5 . cleof]u bfjLsf] ;Ldfleq /x]/ ;du|tfdf
/x]/ lgisif{df k'Ubf s]xL zLif{sdf bfjLsf] cj:yf
eGbf leGg kl/0ffd b]lvg cfPklg d"n bfjLsf]
;Ldfleq OG;fkm af]lnFbf o:tf k|s[ltsf d'2fdf
a9L Goflos, Jojxfl/s / cf}lrTok"0f{ x'g]
ePsfn] tbg'k ul/Psf] 5 . tbg';f/ dflysf
ljleGg k|s/0fxdf ljj]rgf / ljZn]if0f
ul/Pcg';f/ ;du|df x]bf{ k|ltjfbLn] hfFr
cjlwdf cfh{g u/]sf] ;DklQ / u/]sf vr{
tyf lghsf] j}w cfo;|f]tsf] t'ngfTds ljj/0f
b]xfoadf]lhd /x]sf] b]lvg cfPsf]5 M
;DklQsf]
ljj/0f
3/ -kmlg{r/ /
ljB'tLo ;fdfg
;d]t _
hUuf
z]o/
art kq
j}+s df}hbft
;jf/L ;fwg
;'grfFbL
s"n hDdf
/sd
cfo;|f]tsf] ljj/0f
/sd
#),$*,!@@.## tnj eQf
!$,)),!%(.
%,($,!)).
$$,)@,()).
(,)),))).
%,#$,%)).
!),#),))).
#,^#,@*).
&,)),))).
^,@(,@@^.
$,!*,@&@.
#,)),))).
@*,()).
!&,!!,#!%.
@,*%,@%).
ljb]z e|d0f
3/ef8f
hUuf ljqmL
sf7 ljlqm
jrtkq / a}+s Jofh
s=;+=sf]ifaf6 lnPsf]
s[lif cfo
k|ltjfbL zLnf kf]v/]n
-zdf{_ sf] cfo
pk/f]Qm
!,)*,&@,()@.## s'n hDdf
tflnsfdf
k|:t't ul/Pcg';f/
%$,&#,!@@.
k|ltjfbLn] hfFr cjlwdf cfh{g u/]sf] s"n df}hb" f
;DklQ ?=!,)*,&@,()@.## a/fa/ b]lvg cfPsf]df
;f]xL cjlwdf lghsf] j}w cfo;|ft] ?= %$,&#,!@@.
ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . o; cg';f/ lgh k|ltjfbLsf]
;fydf lghsf] ] a} w flgs cfo;| f ] t eGbf
?=%#,((,&*).## a9Lsf] rn crn ;DklQ /x]
ePsf] b]lvg cfof] .
ca, bf];f| ] k|Zgsf ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{

dfly klxnf] k| Z gsf ;DaGwdf ul/Psf]
ljZn]if0faf6 k|ltjfbL;Fu df}hb" b]lvPsf] s'n
?=!,)*,&@,()@.## a/fa/sf] rncrn
;DklQdWo] ;|ft] k'li6 x'g cfPsf] ?= %$,&#,!@@.
a/fa/sf] ;DklQ 36fpFbf hDdf ?=%#,((,&*).##
a/fa/sf] ;DklQsf] ;|ft] k'li6 gePsf] kfOG5 .
k|ltjfbLsf] s"n df}h"b ;DklQ / ;|f]t
k'li6 x'g g;s]sf] ;DklQaLr cGt/ b]lvg
cfPsf] o; l:yltdf cf/f]kkqdf lnOPsf]
bfjL;Fu ;DalGwt sfg"gL Joj:yf b[li6ut ug'{
jf~5gLo x'G5 . e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%(
sf] bkmf @)-!_ df k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd
;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] dflgg] /fi6;]jsn]
k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd k]z u/]sf] ;DklQ ljj/0f
cldNbf] tyf c:jfefljs b]lvg cfPdf jf
lghn] dgfl;j sf/0f lagf cldNbf] /
c:jfefljs pRr hLjg:t/ ofkg u/]df jf
cfk\mgf] x}l;ot eGbf a9L s;}nfO{ bfg, bftAo,
pkxf/, ;fk6L, rGbf jf as; lbPsf] k|dfl0ft
ePdf To:tf] ;DklQ s] s:tf] ;|f]taf6 cfh{g
u/]sf] xf] eGg] s'/f lghn] k|dfl0ft ug'{ kg]{5 /
gu/]df To:tf] ;DklQ u}/sfg"gL kdf cfh{g
u/]sf] dflgg]5 eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf]
b]lvG5 . plNnlvt Joj:yfcg';f/ cfk"m;Fu
/x]sf] ;DklQsf] ;|f]t k'li6 ug'{kg]{ k|ltjfbLsf]
sfg"gL bfloTj /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
hxfF;Dd k|ltjfbLn] cfgf] x}l;oteGbf
cldNbf] tyf c:jfefljs pRr hLjgofkg
u/]sf] xf], xf]Og eGg] k|Zg 5, lgh k|ltjfbL
@)#^ ;fndf ;/sf/L ;]jfdf k|j]z u/]sf] eGg]
b]lvFbf lghsf] d'Vo cfosf] ;|ft] ;/sf/L ;]jfaf6
k|fKt ug]{ tnj eQfsf ;Lldt /sd x'g\ eGg]
b]lvG5 . lgh k|ltjfbLn] @)$& ;fndf 5'lleGg
x'Fbf c+zafkt kfPsf] bf / afFs] lhNnf
cGtu{tsf] v]tL hUufaf6 s]xL s[lif cfo /
g]kfnu~hsf] 3/af6 3/ef8fafkt s]xL /sd
1395
k|fKt u/]sf] eGg] klg b]lvPsf] 5 . To:tf

lsl;dsf j}w cfDbfgLsf] ;|f]t /x]sf] k|ltjfbLn]
hfFr cjlwsf] kl5Nnf] ;dodf sf7df8f}F+df
s/La Ps /f]kgL 38]/L hUuf vl/b ug'{sf ;fy}
tTsfnLg nfut d"No #) nfv eGbf a9L
nufgL u/L cfw'lgs 3/, ;e]{G6 Sjf6/ /
Uof/]h ;d]t lgdf{0f u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . To;}u/L
lgh k|ltjfbLsf 5f]/f k|zGg kf]v/]nnfO{ lghL
If]qaf6 ;~rflnt OlGhlgol/ sn]hdf pRr
cWoog u/fpFbf vr{ nfUg] u/]sf] eGg] lghsf]
aofgaf6} v'Ng cfPsf] b]lvG5 . k|ltjfbLn]
hfFr cjlwdf cfk"m tyf cfgf] kl/jf/sf]
gfddf pNn]Vo /sd j}+sdf hDdf u/]sf] /
lems]sf], ?= gf} nfvsf] ;/sf/L C0fkq / ?=
$$ nfveGbf a9Lsf] z]o/ vl/b u/]sf], ?=
!) nfvsf] uf8L vl/b u/]sf] nufotsf
cj:yfx ;Lldt cfo k|fKt ug]{ /fi6;]js
sd{rf/Lsf] cfo;|f]t;Fu ldNbf]h'Nbf] b]lvg
cfpFb}g . To;df klg k|ltjfbLn] pQm clwsf+z
;DklQx @)%$ ;fnb]lv @)%* ;Dd cfh{g
u/]sf] b]lvPsf] / ;f]xL cjlwleq lgh g]kfn
cfon lgudsf] dxfk|jGws kbdf sfo{/t /x]sf]
eGg] klg b]lvPsf] 5 .
#&= k|ltjfbLsf] hfFr cjlwsf] ;Dk"0f{
cfonfO{ u0fgf ul/Psf] 5 . k|ltjfbL :jod\n]
lghsf] kl/jf/sf] e/0f kf]if0f tyf 5f]/fsf] lzIff
bLIffdf vr{ ePsf] egL df}sfsf] jofgdf :jLsf/
u/]sf] tyf cbfntsf] jofgdf ;d]t cGoyf
eGg g;s]sf] vr{ /sdnfO{ s6fOPsf] 5}g .
o;/L cg';Gwfg clws[tn] k|ltjfbLn] jf:tljs
kdf cfo k|fKt u/]sf] eGbf a9L ;|ft] nfO{
cfosf] dfGotf lbO{ hfFr cjlwdf ePsf jf:tljs
vr{ tyf ;DklQx 5"6 lbFbf ;d]t k|ltjfbLsf]
cfo;|ft] eGbf lghn] cfh{g u/]sf ;DklQ tyf
vr{x c:jfefljs kn] a9L g} b]lvPsf]n]
k|ltjfbLn] lghsf] x}l;ot eGbf pRr / cldNbf]
hLjg:t/ ofkg u/]sf] dfGg'kg]{ x'g cfof] .
#*= ca, hkmt k| o f] h gsf] nflu

k|ltjfbLsf] s] s'g ;DklQ hkmt x'gk' g]{ xf] eGg]
;DaGwdf ljrf/ ug'{ kg]{ x'g cfPsf] 5 .
cf/f] k kqdf k| l tjfbLsf] ;DklQsf] xfnsf]
d"Nofgsf] cfwf/df bfjL lnO{ ;f]xL lx;fjn]
;|ft] k'li6 ePsf] / gePsf] ;DklQsf] ljZn]if0f
u/L hkmt dfu ul/Psf]df ljz]if cbfnt / o;
cbfnt ;d]tsf] ljZn]if0faf6 tTsfnLg nfut
d"Nosf cfwf/df d"Nofg sfod ul/Psf] x'bF f
bfjLsf] cfwf/df leGgtf cfPsf] cj:yf 5 .
To;}n] pQm leGgtf ;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut ub}{ ;DklQ
k|fKt ePsf] ;dofjlw / ;f] ;dodf k|ltjfbLsf]
j}w ;|ft] af6 x'g ;Sg] cfo cfh{g ;d]tnfO{
ljrf/ u/L Goflos ljj]ssf] cwf/df ;|ft] v'ns
] f]
/ gv'n]sf] ;DklQ 5'6\ofpg' kg]{ x'G5 . ;f]
cfwf/af6 ljrf/ ubf{ k|ltjfbL o'j/fh zdf{sf]
gfddf /x]sf] xl:k6n km/ P8efG; d]l8l;g
P08 ;h{/L k|f=ln=sf] ?=@),)),))).a/fa/sf]
z]o/, k|ltjfbL zLnf kf]v/]n -zdf{_ sf gfpFsf]
sf7df8f}+F OlG:6Ro"6 ckm 6]Sgf]nf]hL k|f=ln=sf]
?=%,&@,))).a/fa/sf] z]o/ / lghs} gfddf
/x]sf] ?=(,)),))). sf] /fli6o artkq,
k|ltjfbLxsf gfpFdf ljleGg a}s
+ df df}hbft
/x]sf] hDdf ?=%,#$,%)).#@, k|ltjfbL o'j/fh
zdf{sf gfpFdf btf{ /x]sf] af=# r=^!@@ sf]
uf8L vl/b ubf{sf] nfut ?=!),#),)))./ a}s
+
ns/df /x]sf] ?=#,^#,@*). a/fa/sf] ;'g, ;'gsf]
uxgf / hjfx/tsf] ;|ft] k'li6 gePsf] / ;f]
eGbf afx]s cGo ;DklQsf] ;|ft] k'li6 ePsf]
b]lvg cfof] .
#(= ca jfbL kIfsf] k' g /fj] b g
lhsL/adf]lhd ljz]if cbfntsf] km};nf pN6L
eO{ k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;hfo x'g' kg]{ xf], xf]Og egL
lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ x'g cfPsf] clGtd k|Zgsf ;DaGwdf
ljrf/ ubf{ dfly klxnf] / bf];f| ] k|Zgdf ljj]lrt
sfg"gL Joj:yf, k|ltkflbt l;4fGt tyf tYo /
k|df0fx ;d]tsf] cfwf/ sf/0faf6 k|ltjfbLnfO{
1396
cf/f]lkt s;"/af6 ;kmfO{ lbPsf] ljz]if cbfntsf]

km};nf ldn]sf] gb]lvFbf pN6L eO{ ;|ft] k'li6 x'g
g;s]sf] ?=%#,((,&*).## a/fa/sf] rn crn
;DklQ u}/sfg"gL kdf cfh{g u/L e|i6frf/
lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf @)-!_ cGtu{tsf]
s;"/ u/]sf] 7x5{ . t;y{ e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g,
@)%( sf] bkmf @)-@_ adf]lhd lgh k|ltjfbL
o'j/fh zdf{nfO{ ljuf]cg';f/ gf} -(_ dlxgf tyf
lgh k|ltjfbL hfFr cjlwleq g]kfn cfon lgudsf]
dxfk|jGws kbdf ;d]t sfd u/]sf] eGg] b]lvPsfn]
P]hg P]gsf] bkmf @$ adf]lhd yk s}b tLg -#_
dlxgf ;d]t hDdf s}b Ps jif{ / ljuf]adf]lhd
?=%#,((,&*).## h/Ljfgf eO{ hkmt k|of]hgsf]
nflu dfly ;|ft] gv'ns
] f] egL ljZn]if0f ul/Psf]
/ pNn]v ul/Psf] rn crn ;DklQ / ;f]af6
a9]a9fPsf] ;DklQ P]hg bkmf $& adf]lhd hkmt
x'G5 . c?df tkl;n adf]lhd ug"{ .
a9]a9fPsf] ;DklQ ;d]t hkmt u/L ;j{;l~rt

sf]ifdf bflvn ug'{ egL sf7df8f}+F lhNnf cbfntdf
nut lbg" ===== #
s_ k|ltjfbL o'j/fh zdf{sf] gfddf /x]sf]

xl:k6n km/ P8efG; d]l8l;g P08 ;h{/L
k|f=ln=sf] ?=@),)),))).a/fa/sf] z]o/,
v_ k|ltjfbL zLnf kf]v/]n -zdf{_ sf gfpFsf]
sf7df8f}F+ OlG:6LRo"6 ckm 6]Sgf]nf]hL
k|f=ln=sf] ?=%,&@,))).a/fa/sf] z]o/
u_ k|ltjfbL zLnf kf]v/]n -zdf{_ sf gfddf
/x]sf] ?=(,)),))).sf] /fli6o artkq,
3_ k|ltjfbLxsf gfpFdf ljleGg a}+sdf
df}hbft /x]sf] cf/f]kqsf] tflnsf g+=$
df plNnlvt ?=%,#$,%)).#@,
_ k|ltjfbL o'j/fh zdf{sf gfpFdf btf{ /x]sf]
af=# r=^!@@ sf] ?=!),#),))). sf] uf8L
r_ cf/f]kqsf] tflnsf g+= * df plNnlvt
a}s
+ ns/df /x]sf] ?=#,^#,@*). a/fa/sf]
tkl;n
;'g, ;'gsf] uxgf / hjfx/t
dfly OG;fkm v08df n]lvPadf]lhd
ljz]if cbfntsf] km};nf pN6L eO{ k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbL
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbL o'j/fh zdf{nfO{ k|:t't
o'j/fh zdf{nfO{ Ps jif{ s}b x'g] 7x/ ePsf]
x'bF f lghnfO{ 7x/ ePsf] s}bsf] nut s;L km};nfadf]lhd nfu]sf] s}b / h/Ljfgf c;"n
lx/f;tdf y'gfdf a;]sf] cjlw s6fO{ afFsL s}b pk/ ePkl5 ljz]if cbfntaf6 /f]Ssf /x]sf]
sfg"gadf]lhd c;"npk/ ug{' egL k|:t't ;DklQdWo] hkmt x'g] afx]s c? ;DklQ tyf
km};nfsf] k|ltlnlk;lxt sf7df8f}+ lhNnf h]yf hdfgt ;d]t km's'jf ul/kfpFm egL
k|ltjfbLsf] sfg"gadf]lhd b/vf:t k/] lkmtf{
cbfntdf nut lbg" ====!
+ f n]vL
ljz]if cbfnt sf7df8f}s
+ f] km};nf pN6L k'ms'jf ug{ ljz]if cbfnt sf7df8f}d
eO{ k| T oyL{ k| l tjfbL o' a /fh zdf{ n fO{ k7fpg' ==========$
k|:t't d'2fsf] bfo/Lsf] nut s6\6f u/L
?=%#,((,&*).## h/Ljfgf x'g] 7x/ ePsf] x'bF f
lghnfO{ nfu] s f] h/Ljfgfsf] nut s;L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{ lbg" =========%
sfg"gadf]lhd c;"npk/ ug'{ egL sf7df8f}+F
pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' .
lhNnf cbfntdf nut lbg" ==========@
Gof=;'zLnf sfsL{
dfly OG;fkm v08df pNn]v ePadf]lhd
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf @)-@_ / Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn k'; @% ut] /f]h $ z'ed\====
bkmf $& adf]lhd hkmt x'g] 7x/ ePsf] Ohnf; clws[tM 6Lsf/fd cfrfo{
b]xfoadf]lhdsf] rn crn ;DklQ / ;f]af6
&
1397
x'G5 . t/ s'g} d'2fdf hfn;fhL 7xg'{

t/ lnvt rflxF ab/ gx'g' k|of]hgxLg /
lg/y{s x'ghfg] .
-k|s/0f g+=%_
lg0f{o g+= ***&
;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ;+oQ

' m Ohnf;
;DdfggLo k|wfgGofofwLz >L lvn/fh /]UdL
dfggLo GofofwLz >L e/t/fh pk]t| L
@)^! ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= *%($
km};nf ldltM @)^(.$.!^.#
d'2fM lnvt ab/ btf{ ab/ btf{ sfod .
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL tkm{af6M ljfg jl/i7

clwjQmf >L /fds[i0f uf}td
k|ToyL{ jfbL tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmf >L /fdrGb|
;'jb] L
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] !) g+=
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLM ;Kt/L lhNnf xl/x/k'/
uf=lj=;= j8f g=+ # a:g] rGbLb]jL ofbj
km};nf
;d]t
k|=Gof=lvn/fh /]UdLM k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
lj?4
k|ToyL{ jfbLM ;Kt/L lhNnf /fhlj/fh gu/kflnsf /fhlj/fhsf] ldlt @)^).*.!) sf] km};nfpk/
j8f g+= ( a:g] uf]ljGb/fd ?+u6f ;d]t Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf ( adf]lhd
k'g/fj]bg k/L k]z x'gcfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf]
;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ 7x/ o;k|sf/ /x]sf] 5M
z' km};nf ug]M{
d" n k' v f{ d uf] l jGb/fd ?u6f eO{
df=Gof=>L rl08/fh 9sfn
uf]ljGb/fdsf] Ps dfq >LdtL d efuL/yLb]jL
k'g/fj]bg km};nf ug]M{
x'F . uf]ljGb/fd ?uF6fsf] tLg 5f]/f h]7f k|ltjfbL
df=Gof= >L nId0fdl0f l/;fn
/d]zs'df/, dflxnf d jfbL cfgGbs'df/, sfG5f
df=Gof= >L df]xgk|;fb l3ld/]
d jfbL /fh]Gb|s'df/ e} /d]zs'df/sf] Ps dfq
Pp6} hUufsf] ljifodf lnvt ab/ d'2f efof{ d jfbL k/ldnfb]jL e} Psdfq 5f]/f d
/ hfn;fhL d'2f bfo/ eO{ nufpdf jfbL dlgifs'df/ ?Fu6f x'F . o;/L xfdLx
/x] s f] cj:yfdf b' j } d' 2 fxnfO{ aLr lktf dftf bfh' klt, lktfsf] gftf ;DaGw
lg/k]Ifkdf 5'6o\ fP/ lans'n} leGgleGg 5 . xfdL jfbL k|ltjfbLx ;femf ;uf]ndf
kdf x]g{ ldNg] x'bF g} . lnvt ab/ d'2f /xFbf a:bf /d]zs'df/;Fu ldlt @)%$.!).!%
/ hfn;fhL d'2fsf] k|sl[ t / k|of]hg b]lv xfd|f] j}dgZotf eO/x]sf] / 3/sf] d'Vo d
s]xL xb;Dd 5'f5'} x'g] eP tfklg b'j} jfbL uf]ljGb/fd / efuL/yL b]jL x'F . xfdLxsf]
d'2fx Pp6} sfo{ sf/0f jf hl/ofaf6 c+z xs d]6\g] tyf JolQmut vr{sf] nflu
v8f ePsf x'bF f b'j} d'2fx k/:k/ ljkIfLx;Fu sLt]{ hfn;fh u/L xfdLnfO{ yfxf
hfgsf/L glbO{ /d]zs'df/ ?u6f gfpF btf{sf]
;DalGwt / cGt/k|efjL x'g] .
nufpdf /x]sf] s'g} d'2fdf d'2fsf] tYosf] lhNnf ;Kt/L uf=lj=;= xl/x/k'/ jf8{ g+= #-u_
cfwf/df lnvt ab/ x'g' / hfn;fhL ls=g+= $! sf] )!@!$ dWo] klZrdtkm{af6
g7xg'{ :jfefljs / cy{k0" f{ g} x'g;Sg] )^& hUuf ldlt @)%$.!!.!@ df y}nL ?=
1398
***& - rGbLb]jL ofbj ;d]t lj=uf]ljGb/fd ?+u6f ;d]t
@),))). b]vfO{ k|ltjfbL ;LofjtLnfO{ / ;f]

ls=g+= $! dWo]sf] k"j{tkm{af6 )^& k|ltjfbL
rGbL / /fds'df/nfO{ /fhLgfdf lnvt /lhi6z
] g
u/L lbPsf]df ;f] s'/f tTsfn yfxf ge} ldlt
@)%^.*.!( df yfxf ePsf]n] hfn;fhtkm{
gfn]; ul/;s]sf 5f}+ . ;fIfL k|df0f a'emL lbg]
/d]zs'df/ lng] rGbLb]jL / /fds'df/ ePsf]
/=g+= $)*( ldlt @)%$.!!.!@ df kf/Lt
ePsf] hfn;fhLk"0f{ lnvt ab/ u/L ;f]
lnvtsf] cfwf/df ljkIfL rGbLb]jL / /fds'df/n]
u/fPsf] xl/x/k'/ jf8{ g+= #-u_ ls=g+= !%% sf]
)^& hUufdWo] % v08sf] xfd|f] c+z xs $
v08 xfdL jfbL uf]ljGb/fd, efuL/yLb]jL,
cfgGbs'df/, /fh]Gb|sd' f/sf] c+z kmfF6sf] ePsf]n]
blIf0ftkm{af6 )%! sf] / /d]zs'df/sf]
efunfO{ # efu nufO{ ;f]dWo] @ efu xfdL
jfbL k/ldnfb]jL / dlgifs'df/sf] ePsf]n]
k"j{tkm{af6 ))!^@# hUuf ;d]tsf] lnvt
ab/ btf{ ab/ u/L xfd|f] gfpFdf btf{ u/L rng
kfpg] u/L OG;fkm kfpFm eGg] ;d]t jfbL
uf]ljGb/fd ?u6f;d]tsf] ldlt @)%^.*.@! sf]
lkm/fbkq .
jfbL bfjLsf] hUufdf jfbLxsf] xsb}of
gePsf] ef]u rng gePsf]n] jfbL bfjL em"7f
5 . n] g b] g Jojxf/sf] !) g+ = adf] l hd
js;kqaf6 kfPsf] hUuf cfkm"vz
' L ljqmL u/]sf]n]
lnvt ab/ x'g] xf]Og . xbDofb g3fO{ Ps jif{kl5
gfn]; u/]sf]n] of] gfln; nfUg ;Sb}g . jfbLsf]
em"7f bfjLaf6 km';b{ kfpFm eGg];d]t k|ltjfbL
rGbLb]jL ofbj / /fds'df/ ofbjsf] ;+o'Qm
k|ltpQ/ kq .
jfbL bfjL em"7f xf] . dnfO{ cfly{s
sl7gfO k/]sf] x'bF f d}n] cfkm\gf] gfpFsf] hUuf
ljqmL u/]sf] x'F . xfdLaLr /Ltk"js
{ sf] c+za08f
ePsf] 5}g . xfdLx ;uf]ndf g} 5f}+ eGg];d]t
k|ltjfbL /d]zs'df/ ?u6fsf] k|ltpQ/ kq .
jfbLsf ;fIfL /fh] G b| k | ; fb ?F u 6f,

k|ltjfbLsf ;fIfL pd]z ofbj;d]tn] z'?
cbfntdf u/]sf] askq .
k|:t't d'2f xbDofbleqsf] gb]lvFbf
xbDofb gf3L k/]sf] o; d'2faf6 OG;fkm ug{
ldn]g vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ eGg] ;Kt/L lhNnf
cbfntsf] ldlt @)%*.$.#) sf] km};nf .
xfdLn] k|:t't lnvtsf] ljifonfO{ lnP/
bfo/ u/]sf] ;f=kmf}=g+= &#@ sf] hfn;fh d'2fnfO{
k|df0fdf u|x0f gu/L xbDofbljxLg egL lkm/fb
vf/]h u/]sf] q'l6k"0f{ 5 . sfg"gdf b'O{ pkrf/
ePsf]n] b'O{ pkrf/dWo] s'g pkrf/sf] dfu{
cjnDag ug]{ eGg] kIfsf] OR5fdf lge{/ /xg]
egL g]sfk @)$* c !@ lg=g+= $$#% k[i7
*$# df l;4fGt;d]t k|ltkfbg ePsf] cj:yfdf
hfn;fh d'2f xbDofbleqsf] ePkl5 ;f]nfO{
cfwf/ agfO{ k|:t't d'2fdf OG;fkm af]Ng'kg]d
{ f
d'2fs]f tYodf k|jz
] g} gu/L xbDofbsf] cfwf/df
jfbL bfjL vf/]h u/]sf] z'? km};nfdf n]gb]g
Jojxf/sf] $) g+= sf] xbDofbsf] JofVof ;d]tsf]
q'l6 x'bF f z'? km};nf pN6L u/L jfbL bfjLadf]lhd
OG;fkm kfpFm eGg] jfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
o;} nufpsf] b]=k'=g+= !^#* sf] lnvt
btf{ ab/ d'2fdf k|ToyL{ lemsfpg] cfb]z ePsf]n]
k|:t't d'2fdf klg 5nkmnsf] nflu k|ToyL{
lemsfO{ lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt /fhlj/fhaf6 ldlt @)%(.!.( df ePsf]
cfb]z .
nufpsf] hfn;fh d'2faf6 ;hfo ul/g]
k|Zgsf] lgk0f x'g] xf] . ;f]nfO{ lg0f{ofwf/ agfO{
n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] !) g+= sf] xbDofb c+ufnL
bfo/ ul/g'kg]{ k|:t't lnvt ab/ d'2fdf ;f]
xbDofb gf3L bfo/ ePsf] cj:yfdf jfbL bfjL
vf/]h u/]sf] z'? km};nf ;b/ x'g' kb{5 eGg]
rGbLb]jL ofbjsf] lnlvt k|ltjfb .
xfdL jfbLsf] xs dfg] { lgotn]
k|ltjfbLx cfk;df ldnL ;To s'/f 9fs5f]k
1399
u/L xfdLxsf] c+ z xssf] ;DklQ ldlt

@)%$.!!.!@ df lnvt u/L hfn;fhk"0f{
tl/sfn] xfdLnfO{ yfxf ;d]t glbO{ /fhLgfdf
kf/Lt ul/lbPsfn] hfn;fhtkm{ @)%^ ;fnsf]
;f=kmf}=g+= &#@ sf] hfn;fh d'2f bfo/ u/L
lnvt ab/ btf{ ab/tkm{ k|:t't d'2f bfo/
u/]sf] eGg] jfbLsf] bfjL /x]sf] kfOG5 . o;}
nufpsf] log} k'g/fj]bs jfbLx jfbL tyf
k|ltjfbL /d]zs'df/ ?u6f / ;LofjtL ofbj
ePsf] b]=k'=g+= ^!.!^#* sf] lnvt btf{ ab/
btf{ sfod d'2fdf ljj]rgf ul/Psf cfwf/
k|df0fxaf6 nufpsf] hfn;fh d'2fsf] jfbLsf]
bfjLdf k|jz
] ul/;s]kl5 k|:t't d'2faf6 ljj]Ro
ljifoxsf] lg/fs/0f u/L OG;fkm ug'{kg]{df
;f] adf]lhd gu/L xbDofbsf] cfwf/df jfbL
bfjL c=j+= !*) g+= adf]lhd vf/]h u/]sf]
;Kt/L lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)%*.$.#) sf]
km};nf ldn]sf] gb]lvFbf ab/ ul/ lbPsf] 5 .
ca hf] h] a'em\g' kb{5 a'emL nufpsf d'2f
;d]t ;fy} /fvL OG;fkm ug'{ egL pkl:yt
kIfnfO{ tfl/v tf]sL k|:t't d'2f z'? ;Kt/L
lhNnf cbfntdf lkmtf{ k7fOlbg] 7x5{ eGg]
Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt /fhlj/fhsf] ldlt
@)^).*.!) sf] km};nf .
;uf]nsf] hUuf dGh'/L a]u/ laqmL u/]sf]df
laqmL ab/ ug]{ sfg"gn] tf]ss
] f] xbDofb n]gb]g
Jojxf/sf] !) g+= cg';f/ ! jif{leqdf yfxf
kfPsf] #% lbgleqdf gfln; u/]s} x'g'k5{ .
csf]{ s'g} xbDofbsf] Joj:yf sfg"gdf st}
gePsf]df of] d'2fdf @)%$.!!.!@ sf] lnvtnfO{
ab/ u/L kfpg @)%^.*.@! ut] s'g} P]gsf]
pNn]v} gu/L btf{ ePsf] lkm/fb xbDofbleq
bfo/ gePaf6 vf/]h ug's
{ f] ljsNk g} 5}g .
lhNnf cbfntn] xbDofbsf] cefjdf gfln;
vf/]h x'g] 7xofPsf] 5 . k'g/fj]bg cbfntn]
;f] km};nf ab/ u/L k'gM lg0f{o ug{ k7fpFbf
xbDofbleq gfn]; k/]sf] sfg"g b]vfO{ ;f] sfg"gsf
cfwf/df lg0f{o ug'{ eGg'kg]{ x'G5 . t/ k'g/fj]bg

cbfntsf] km};nfdf xbDofbleq d'2f bfo/ ePsf]
eGg] s'/f pNn]v gePsf] x'bF f ;f] km};nf ab/
u/L z'? ;Kt/L lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf ;b/
ul/kfpFm eGg] Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbLxsf] o;
cbfntdf k/]sf] ;+oQ
' m k'g/fj]bgkq .
tNnf] cbfntn] ug{ kfpg] km};nf jf
clGtd cfb]z k'g/fj]bg cbfnt :jo+n] ug{
kfpg'sf ;fy} tNnf] cbfntn] d'2fdf lg0f{o
ug'{kg]{ k|Zgx dWo] s]xLdf lg0f{o gu/L u/]sf]
;d]t cj:yfdf Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf]
bkmf !$-v_ / -3_ adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
cfkm+}n] km};nf ug{ kfpg]df ;f] gu/L k'gM
lg0f{o ug'{ egL ldl;n z'? lhNnf cbfntdf
k7fpg] u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt /fhlj/fhsf]
km};nfdf pQm P]gsf] k|i6 q'l6 b]lvFbf ljkIfL
lemsfO{ k'g/fj]bsnfO{ ;d]t c=j+= @)! g+=
adf]lhd xflh/ x'g ;"rgf k7fO{ lgodfg';f/
k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^*.&.^
sf] cfb]z .
x'gcfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] k'g/fj]bg;lxtsf] ;Dk"0f{
ldl;n cWoog ul/of] .
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLsf tkm{af6 pkl:yt
ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L /fds[i0f uf}tdn]
n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] !) g+= n] :ki6 kdf xbDofb
gePsf] k|:t't d'2fdf lkm/fb vf/]h u/]sf] lhNnf
cbfntsf] km};nf ab/ u/L k'gM OG;fkmsf nflu
z'?df k7fPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt /fhlj/fhsf]
km};nf cf}lrTok"0f{ ;d]t gePsf]n] ;f] km};nf
ab/ eO{ z'? km};nf ;b/ x'gk' b{5 egL ax;
ug'e
{ of] . k|ToyL{ jfbLsf tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg
clwjQmf >L /fdrGb| ;'jb] Ln] lnvt ab/ d'2fsf
;fy} hfn;fhL d'2f;d]t k/]sf] cj:yfdf Pp6f
d'2fdf xbDofb ePkl5 csf]d
{ f klg xbDofb x'g]
g} ePsf]n] k|:t't d'2fdf xbDofb gePsf]
7xofPsf] z'? km};nf ab/ u/]sf] xb;Dd
1400
***& - rGbLb]jL ofbj ;d]t lj=uf]ljGb/fd ?+u6f ;d]t
k' g /fj] b g cbfnt /fhlj/fhsf] km} ; nf

sfg"g;Ddt 5 egL ax; ug'e
{ of] .
plNnlvt ax;;d]t ;'gL k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt /fhlj/fhsf] km};nf ldn]sf] 5, 5}g
eGg] ljifodf lg0f{o lbg' k/]sf] 5 .
@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{, xfd|f];d]t
c+z xs nfUg] k|ltjfbLdWo]sf /d]zs'df/
?Fu6fsf gfddf btf{ /x]sf] hUuf xfd|f] c+z xs
dfg]{ lgotn] xfd|f] d~h"/L glnO{ k|ltjfbL
rGbLb] j L / /fds' d f/ ofbjnfO{ ldlt
@)%$.!!.!@ df /fhLgfdf kf/Lt ul/lbPsf]n]
xfd|f] xssf] hlt lnvt btf{ ab/ ul/kfpFm
eGg] lkm/fb bfjL ePsf] k|:t't d'2fdf z'?
;Kt/L lhNnf cbfntaf6 n]gb]g Jojxf/sf]
!) g+= df plNnlvt xbDofb gf3L lkm/fbkq
bfo/ ePsf] eGg] cfwf/df jfbL bfjL vf/]h
ug]{ u/L lg0f{o ePsf] b]lvG5 .
#= k|:t't lnvt ab/ d'2fsf] lkm/fb
ldlt @)%^.*.@! df bfo/ ePsf] b]lvG5 . k|:t't
d'2f bfo/ ug'{ cufj} ldlt @)%^.*.@) df log}
jfbLxn] log} k|ltjfbL;d]t pk/ o;} hUufsf]
ljifodf hfn;fhLtkm{ ;d]t lkm/fb bfo/ u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . pQm hfn;fhL d'2fdf eg] z'? ;Kt/L
lhNnf cbfntn] tYoleq k|jz
] u/L jfbL bfjL
gk'Ug] km};nf u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
$= k|:t't lnvt ab/ d'2f / pQm
hfn;fhL b'j} d'2fdf jfbLxsf] k'g/fj]bg
k/] s f] d f k' g /fj] b g cbfnt /fhlj/fhaf6
nufpd} /x]sf] hfn;fhL d'2fdf jfbL bfjLdf
k|j]z ul/;s]kl5 lnvt ab/ d'2fdf klg
OG;fkm ug'k{ g]d
{ f OG;fkm gu/L xbDofbsf] cefj
/x]sf] egL lkm/fb vf/]h u/]sf] z'? km};nf
q'l6k"0f{ ePsf]n] ab/ ul/lbPsf] 5, ca b'j}
d'2f ;fy} /fvL OG;fkm ug'{ egL k|:t't lnvt
ab/ d'2f;d]t k'gM lg0f{osf nflu z'?df k7fpg]
u/L ePsf] km};nfpk/ k|ltjfbLtkm{af6 k|:t't
k'g/fj]bg k/]sf] b]lvG5 .
%= pk/f]Qmadf]lhd Pp6} hUufsf]

ljifodf lnvt ab/ d'2f / hfn;fhL d'2f
bfo/ eO{ nufpdf /x] s f] cj:yfdf b' j }
d'2fxnfO{ lg/k]Ifkdf 5'6\ofP/ lans'n}
leGgleGg kdf x]g{ ldNg] x'Fb}g . lnvt ab/
d'2f / hfn;fhL d'2fsf] k|s[lt / k|of]hg s]xL
xb;Dd 5'f5'} x'g] eP tfklg b'j} d'2fx
Pp6} sfo{ sf/0f jf hl/ofaf6 v8f ePsf x'Fbf
b'j} d'2fx k/:k/ ;DalGwt / cGt/k|efjL g}
x'G5g\ . To;df klg nufpdf /x]sf] s'g} d'2fdf
d'2fsf] tYosf] cfwf/df lnvt ab/ x'g' /
hfn;fhL g7xg'{ :jfefljs / cy{k0" f{ g} x'g;Sg]
x'G5 t/ s'g} d'2fdf hfn;fhL 7xg'{ t/ lnvt
rflxF ab/ gx'g' k|of]hgxLg / lg/y{s x'ghfg]
x'G5 . cbfntaf6 km};nf ubf{ sfg"gsf] k|of]udf
o:tf] cy{xLg kl/0ffd lg:sg] u/L km};nf ug'{
klg plrt x'Fb}g . To;}n] nufpdf /xL k/:k/
cGt/k|efjL /x]sf lnvt ab/ / hfn;fhL
d' 2 fxnfO{ 5' f5' } kdf ljrf/ gu/L
cGt/;DalGwt ljifoj:t'sf] kdf g} ljrf/
ug'{ jf~5gLo x'G5 . o;} adf]lhd k|:t't
ljjfbdf nufpsf] hfn;fhL d' 2 fnfO{
xbDofbleqsf] dfgL z'? lhNnf cbfntn]
tYoleq k|j]z u/L km};nf u/]sf] / k|:t't
lnvt ab/ d'2fnfO{ pQm hfn;fhL d'2f;Fu
c;DalGwt /x]sf] kl/0ffd lg:sg] u/L xbDofbsf]
cfwf/df lkm/fb vf/]h ug]{ u/L u/]sf] lg0f{oaf6
b'j} d'2fxsf] hl/of / sfo{sf/0fsf] cGt/;DaGw
/ kl/0ffdnfO{ ;+of]hg ug{ g;sL oflGqs
kaf6 lg0f{o u/]sf] b]lvg cfof] . ctM nufpsf]
hfn;fhL d'2fdf tYoleq k|j]z ul/;s]kl5
k|:t't lnvt ab/ d'2fdf xbDofbsf] k|fljlws
k|ZgnfO{ :jtM uf}0f dfgL k|:t't d'2fdf klg
tYodf k|jz
] u/L af]Ng'kg]d{ f xbDofbsf] cfwf/df
lkm/fb vf/]h ug]{ u/]sf] z'? ;Kt/L lhNnf
cbfntsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ b]lvg cfPsf]n] ;f]
km};nf ab/ u/L k'gM lg0f{osf nflu ldl;n
1401
z'? lhNnf cbfntdf k7fpg] u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg ;Da4 sfg"gM

afnaflnsf ;DaGwL P]g, @)$* sf]
cbfnt /fhlj/fhsf] km};nf ldn]s} b]lvFbf
bkmf !!-@_
;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . tfl/vdf pkl:yt kIfxnfO{
afn Gofo -sfo{ljlw lgodfjnL,
;Kt/L lhNnf cbfntdf xfhL/ x'g hfg] tfl/v
@)^# sf] lgod !%-v_ / -u_
tf]sL ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfOlbg" .
d'ns
' L P]g c=j+= !& g+=
!# jf !$ jif{sf] pd]/n] k'kI{ fsf] nflu
k|bfg ul/g] ;x'lnotdf s]xL leGgtfsf]
Gof=e/t/fh pk|t] L
cj:yf /xg hfg] eP klg b'a} cj:yfdf
;+jt\ @)^( ;fn ;fpg !^ ut] /f]h # z'ed\
cGo jo:s JolQm;Fu k|x/Lsf] y'gfdf
Ohnf; clws[t M dft[sfk|;fb cfrfo{
/fVg gldNg] .
&
afn;'wf/ u[xnfO{ sf/fuf/ jf k|x/Lsf]
y'gfs} kdf lng ldNg] geO{ ;'wf/
lg0f{o g+= ****
u[xsf kdf lng'kg]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=%_
aGbLk|ToIfLs/0fsf] lgj]bgaf6 lgj]bsnfO{
u}/sfg"gL kdf y'gfdf /flvPsf] 5,
' m Ohnf;
5}g eGg] s'/f;Dd x]l/g] xf] . d'2f x]g{]
clwsf/Laf6 k'kI{ fsf] lgldQ y'gfdf /fVg]
dfggLo GofofwLz >L sdngf/fo0f bf;
u/L ePsf] cfb]zsf] sfg"gL kIf x]l/g]
l/6 g+=@)^(WH)))@
xf] . ljjfbf:kb tYosf] lg/f]k0f ;DalGwt
cfb]z ldltM @)^(.%.#.!
d'2fsf] OG;fkmsf] /f]xdf ul/g] x'bF f l/6
If] q af6 ljrf/fwLg /x] s f] d' 2 fsf]
ljifoM aGbLk|ToIfLs/0f .
cGt/j:t'leq k|jz
] u/L x:tIf]k ug{
ldNg] l:ylt gx'g] .
lgj]bsM tgx'F lhNnf Jof; g= kf= j8f g+= !)
-k|s/0f g+=^_
3/ eO{ xfn afn;'wf/ u[x ;f/fsf]6
sf:sLdf y'gfdf /x]sf ;Gtf]if yfkfsf]
cfb]z
xsdf /Ldf yfkf
k|=Gof=lvn/fh /]UdLM g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
lj?4
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ / !)&-@_ cGt{ut
ljkIfLM k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf]v/f ;d]t
o; cbfntdf bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6
lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / cfb]z o;k|sf/ 5M
lgj]bssf tkm{af6 /xg' ePsf ljfg
d]/f] 5f]/f ;Gtf]if yfkf du/nfO{ ldlt
clwjQmf afns[i0f g]pkfg]
ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf wd{/fh @)^*.&.@) sf] 36gfpk/ Hofg ;DaGwL dxnsf]
!#-#_ g+= sf] ;hfo dfu u/L ljBfnosf] /]s8{
kf}8n
] , ljfg clwjQmf ;Gtf]if zdf{
cg';f/ hGd ldlt @)%#.!).!( b]lvPsf] x'bF f
cjnlDat ghL/M
1402
**** - ;Gtf]if yfkfsf] xsdf /Ldf yfkf lj=k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf]v/f ;d]t
!% jif{ ePsf] egL afnaflnsf ;DaGwL P]g,

@)$* sf] bkmf !!-#_ adf]lhd ;hfo x'g tgx'F
lhNnf cbfntdf cleof]u kq k]z ul/Psf]
lyof] . lgh ;Gtf]if yfkfn] cbfntdf aofg
ubf{ lghsf] hGd ldlt @)%$.!).!( ePsf]
s'/f pNn]v u/L !# jif{dfq ePsf] / cf/f]lkt
s;"/ ;d]t gu/]sf] egL k"0f{kdf OGsf/L aofg
u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . t/ z'? lhNnf cbfntaf6
ldlt @)^*.*.@! df k'kI{ fsf] nflu y'gfdf /fVg]
cfb]z ePsf]n] d'ns
' L P]g c= j+=!& g+= adf]lhd
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf]v/fdf lgj]bg u/]sf]df z'?sf]
cfb]z a]/Ltsf] gb]lvPsf] egL ldlt @)^*.!).@^
df cfb]z eof] .
afn Gofo sfo{ljlw lgodfjnL, @)^#
sf] lgod !% df pd]/ lgwf{/0f;DaGwL sfo{ljlw
pNn]v ePsf] 5 . afnssf] pd]/ ;DaGwL ljjfb
ePdf qmdzM v08 -s_ adf]lhd c:ktfnaf6
hf/L ul/Psf] hGd k|df0fkqdf pNn]v ePsf]
hGd ldlt, v08 -v_ cg' ; f/ :yfgLo
kl~hsflwsf/Laf6 hf/L ePsf] hGd btf{
k|df0fkqdf pNn]v ePsf] hGd ldlt, v08 -u_
adf]lhd ljBfnosf] rfl/lqs k|df0fkq jf
ljBfno egf{ x'bF fsf] avt pNn]v u/]sf] hGd
ldlt / v08 -3_ adf]lhd ;/sf/L c:ktfnaf6
k|dfl0ft pd]/nfO{ cfwf/ lng'kg]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf
/x]sf] 5 .
lgj] b sn] k] z u/] s f] :yfgLo
kl~hsflwsf/Lsf] sfof{nosf] kqdf lghsf] hGd
ldlt @)%$.!).!( pNn]v 5 . To:t} kfl/jfl/s
k]G;g s]; ;DaGwdf lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{noaf6
;d]t ;f]xL ldlt pNn]v ePsf] 5 . ;f] cfwf/df
jf/bft ldlt;Dd lgj]bssf] pd]/ !# jif{, (
dlxgf, ! lbg x'G5 . pk/f]Qm lgod !% sf] v08
-v_ adf]lhdsf] k|df0f kq x'bF fx'bF } v08 -u_
adf]lhdsf] /]s8{nfO{ k|df0fdf lng ldNb}g .
ctM lgj]bsnfO{ y'gfdf /fVg] cfb]z
afnaflnsf ;DaGwL P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !!
-@_, afn Gofo sfo{ljlw lgodfjnL, @)^# sf]

lgod !% -v_ / -u_ tyf c=j+= !!*-@_ / -%_
ljk/Lt u} / sfg" g L ePsf] n ] ab/ u/L
aGbLk|ToIfLs/0fsf] cfb]z hf/L u/L u}/sfg"gL
y'gfaf6 d'Qm ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Aoxf]/fsf]
lgj]bg kq .
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf]
dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf] <
cfb]z hf/L x'g' gkg]{ s'g} cfwf/ / sf/0f eP
;DalGwt ldl;n sfuhft ;d]t ;fy} /fvL
cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf Dofb afx]s #
lbgleq lnlvt hjfkm k] z ug' { egL
ljkIfLxnfO{ ;"rgf k7fO{ lgodadf]lhd k]z
ug'{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfnt Ps
GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)^(.$.* df
ePsf] cfb]z .
g]kfn ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\ ;fdflhs
;ldltsf] lg0f{ocg';f/ o';k] g]kfnf/f ;~rflnt
afn;'wf/ u[x, ;fgf]l7dL eQmk'/sf] lj:tfl/t
zfvfsf] kdf ;~rflnt o; u[ x df
klZrdf~rn / ;f] eGbf klZrdsf lhNnfl:yt
d'2f x]g] {] lgsfosf cfb]zn] sfg"gadf]lhd y'gf
jf s}bdf a:g kg]{ afnaflnsfnfO{ /fVg] ul/Psf]
/ plNnlvt afnssf xsdf If]qflwsf/ k|fKt
lhNnf cbfntsf] cfb]zsf cfwf/df sfg"gadf]lhd
g} ;'wf/ u[xdf /flvPsf] x'bF f o; ;'wf/ u[xsf]
xsdf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
Aoxf]/fsf] afn;'wf/ u[x ;f/fsf]6 sf:sLsf]
tkm{af6 k]z x'g cfPsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
lgj] b s ;Gtf] i f yfkfn] cg' ; Gwfg
clwsf/L ;dIf aofg ubf{ cfk"mn] k9]sf]
ljBfnosf] /]s8{cg';f/ !% jif{ ePsf] egL
hGd ldlt @)%#.!).!( n]vfPsf] b]lvG5 .
cg';Gwfgsf qmdf lghsf] pd]/ k|dfl0ftsf] nflu
bdf}nL c:ktfndf k7fPsf]df !%!& jif{sf]
eGg] pNn] v ePsf] b] l vG5 . lghn] o;
cbfnt;dIf aofg ubf{ cfk\mgf] pd]/ !# jif{
1403
n]vfP klg ldlt @)^*.$.@@ df u/]sf] hGd

btf{, ldlt @)^#.*.@& df lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no
tgx'aF f6 ul/Psf] k]G;g s]; ;DaGwL kq /
;}lgsdf k]z u/]sf] ;ky kq ;d]tsf kfl/jfl/s
ljj/0fdf hGdldlt @)%$.!).!( pNn]v u/]sf]
;d]taf6 lghsf] pd]/ !% jif{ b]lvFbf k'kI{ fsf
nflu afn ;'wf/ u[xdf k7fpg] u/L cfb]z
ePsf]df ;f] pk/ c=j+=!& g+=adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt kf]v/fdf lgj]bg k/L ;b/ ePsf] cj:yf
5 . o; cbftsf] ldlt @)^*.!@.@) sf cfb]z
adf]lhd afn;'wf/ u[x ;f/fsf]6df lghsf] pd]/
hfFr u/L l/kf]6{ k7fO{ lbg kqfrf/ ul/Psf]df
klZrdf~rn If]qLo c:ktfn ljsf; ;ldlt
/fd3f6 kf]v/fsf] kq;lxt lghsf] pd]/ hfFrsf]
l/kf]6s
{ f] k|ltlnlk ;fy} /fvL ePsf] Joxf]/fsf]
lnlvt hjfkm k]z ul/Psf] 5 . l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] tgx'F lhNnf
cbfntsf] tkm{af6 k]z ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
lgj]bsnfO{ k'kI{ fsf] nflu y'gfdf /fVg]
u/L z'? tgx'F lhNnf cbfntaf6 ePsf] cfb]z
j]/Ltsf] gb]lvPsf] egL kl/jt{g u/L /xg' gkg]{
u/L o; cbfntaf6 ePsf] cfb]z sfg"g;Ddt
/x]sf] 5 . pd]/sf] ;DaGwdf lgj]bsn] k|Zg
p7fPsf] b]lvFbf ;f] tkm{ cfjZos sfd sf/jfxL
u/L y'gj' f d'2f x'bF f oyfzL3| sfg"gadf]lhd
sf/jfxL lsgf/f ug'{ egL ePsf] cfb]zaf6
lgj]bssf] s'g} ;+jw} flgs tyf sfg"gL clwsf/
xgg\ gePsf] x'bF f k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
kf]v/fsf] tkm{af6 k]z ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
lgodadf]lhd k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't
lgj]bgdf lgj]bssf tkm{af6 /xg' ePsf ljfg
clwjQmf >L afns[i0f g]pkfg]n] afn Gofo
-sfo{ljlw_ lgodfjnL, @)^# sf] lgod !% df
pd]/ lgwf{/0f;DaGwL k|lqmof / qmd pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5 . sfg"gdf h'g qmd pNn]v u/]sf] 5
;f] x Ladf] l hd pd] / lgwf{ / 0f ug' { kb{ 5 .
kl~hsflwsf/Lsf] sfof{noaf6 hf/L ul/Psf]

k|df0fkq gePsf] cj:yfdf dfq ljBfnosf]
clen]vnfO{ dfGotf lbg' kg]{ eGg] pQm lgod
!% sf] v08-u_ sf] Joj:yf 5 . t/
kl~hsflwsf/Ln] lbPsf] k|df0fkqdf lgj]bssf]
hGd ldlt @)%$.!).!( pNn]v x'bF fx'bF } To;nfO{
gdfgL ljBfnosf] clen]vdf @)%#.!).!(
pNn]v ePsf] egL To;}sf cfwf/df lgj]bsnfO{
k'kI{ fsf] nflu afn;'wf/ u[xdf k7fpg] u/L ePsf]
cfb]z u}/sfg"gL 5 . ctM aGbLk|ToIfLs/0fsf]
cfb]z hf/L eO{ lgj]bsnfO{ tTsfn y'gfd'Qm
ul/g' kb{5 eGg] ;d]t ax; ug'e
{ of] .
tgx'F lhNnf cbfnt ;d]tsf tkm{af6
pkl:yt ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L wd{/fh
kf}8n
] n] lgj]bs ljBfnodf egf{ x'bF f hGd ldlt
@)%#.!).!( pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . kl5 k]z
u/]sf] hGdbtf{ k|df0fkqdf @)%$.!).!( pNn]v
eP klg lgj]bssf] 3/ ePsf] Jof; g= kf= j8f
g+= !) af6 geO{ eL/sf]6 uf=lj=;=;lrjaf6
;f] k|df0fkq lnPsf] eGg] b]lvG5 . Jof; g=kf=sf]
hGd btf{ ug]{ clwsf/L le/sf]6 uf=lj=;=sf
;lrj xf]Ogg\ . k|ltjfbLn] jofg ubf{ @)^*
;fndf ;f] k|df0fkq lnPsf] eg]sf 5g\ . pd]/
lgwf{/0f ug]{ ljifo aGbLk|ToIfLs/0fsf] lgj]bgaf6
x'g] s'/f geO{ ;DalGwt afn Ohnf;sf]
If]qflwsf/sf] ljifo xf] . o; ;DaGwdf d'2fsf]
sf/jfxLsf] qmddf yk k|df0f a'emL lg0f{o x'g]
cj:yf afFsL g} /x]sf]n] ljrf/fwLg d'2fsf] tYoleq
k|jz
] u/L x:tIf]k ug{ gldNg] x'bF f lgj]bg vf/]h
x'g' kb{5 eGg] ;d]t ax; ug'e
{ of] .
;fy} k|ToyL{ afn ;'wf/ u[x ;f/fsf]6sf
tkm{af6 /xg' ePsf ljfg clwjQmf >L ;Gtf]if
zdf{n] afn;'wf/ u[xn] cbfntsf] cfb]zadf]lhd
lgj]bsnfO{ /fv]sf] x'bF f lgj]bg vf/]h x'g' kb{5
eGg] ;d]t ax; ug'e
{ of] .
ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLxn] ug'{ ePsf]
pk/f] Q m ax; lhsL/ dgg\ u/L l/6
1404
**** - ;Gtf]if yfkfsf] xsdf /Ldf yfkf lj=k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf]v/f ;d]t
lgj]bg;lxtsf] kmfon cWoog u/L x]bf{ lgj]bsnfO{ ug{ gkg]{ egL ldlt @)^*.!).@^ df cfb]z
u}/sfg"gL y'gfdf /flvPsf] xf], xf]Og / lgj]bg dfu ePsf] b]lvg cfpF5 .
$= :yfgLo kl~hsflwsf/Ln] lbPsf]
adf]lhd aGbLk|ToIfLs/0fsf] cfb]z hf/L x'gk' g]{
cj:yf b]lvG5 jf b]lvFbg} eGg] ljifodf lg0f{o lbg' hGdbtf{ k|df0fkq ;d]taf6 lgj]bssf] hGdldlt
@)%$.!).!( b]lvg] / ;f]sf cfwf/df ldlt
kg]{ x'g cfPsf] 5 .
@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ hGd btf{ @)^*.*.!( df jofg ubf{;Dd lgj]bssf] pd]/
k|df0fkq ;d]taf6 lgj]bssf] hGd ldlt !# jif{dfq x'g] ePsf]n] afnaflnsf ;DaGwL
@)%$.!).!( xf] eGg] :ki6 kdf k|dfl0ft P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !!-@_ adf]lhd k'kI{ fsf]
x'bF fx'bF } hGdbtf{ k|df0fkq pknAw eP;Dd k|df0fdf nflu ;'wf/u[xdf /fVg] u/L ePsf] cfb]z u}/sfg"gL
lng} gldNg] ljBfnosf] /]s8{nfO{ cfwf/ dfgL ePsf] eGg] lgj]bssf] d'Vo lhsL/ b]lvG5 .
@)%#.!).!( nfO{ hGd ldlt sfod u/L k'kI{ fsf] afn Gofo -sfo{ljlw_ lgodfjnL, @)^# sf]
nflu afn ;'wf/ u[xdf k7fPsf] tgx'F lhNnf lgod !% -v_ adf]lhd :yfgLo kl~hsflwsf/Lsf]
cbfntsf] y'g5]s cfb]z / ;f] cfb]z ;b/ ug]{ sfof{noaf6 hf/L ePsf] hGdbtf{ k|df0fkq
u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf]v/fsf] cfb]z ;d]t pknAw eP;Dd ;f]xL v08 -u_ adf]lhd
u}/sfg"gL ePsf]n] To:tf] cfb]zsf cfwf/df ljBfnosf] /]s8{df pNn]v ePsf] hGd ldltnfO{
lgj]bsnfO{ u}/sfg"gL y'gfdf /flvPsf] x'Fbf cfwf/ dfGg gldNg]df ;f] sfg"gL Joj:yfljk/Lt
aGbLk|ToIfLs/0fsf] cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] ljBfnosf] /]s8{nfO{ cfwf/ lnPsf] q'l6k"0f{ ePsf]
;d]t lgj]bssf] d'Vo lgj]bg lhsL/ /x]sf] eGg] klg lgj]bssf] lhsL/ /x]sf] 5 . k/Gt'
b]lvG5 . lhNnf cbfnt tgx'F ;d]tsf] lnlvt lgj]bsn] cbfnt;dIf aofg ubf{ pQm hGdbtf{
hjfkm x]bf{ st{Jo Hofg d'2fsf] cleof]u nflu k|df0fkq ldlt @)^*.$.@@ df lnPsf] eGg]
k]z ePsf lgj]bsnfO{ ljBfnosf] /]s8{af6 pNn]v u/]sf]df k|df0fkqdf btf{ ldlt @)%*.$.@@
b]lvPsf] hGd ldlt / tTsfn k|fKt k|df0faf6 pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . To:t} lgj]bsn] cfk\mgf]
k'kI{ fsf] nflu afn ;'wf/ u[xdf k7fpg] u/L jtg tgx'F lhNnf Jof; g=kf=j8f g+=+ !) pNn]v
ePsf] cfb]z sfg"g;Ddt x'bF f lgj]bg vf/]h u/]sf]df ;f] k|df0fkq :yfgLo kl~hsflwsf/Lsf]
sfof{no le/sf]6af6 hf/L ul/Psf] eGg] b]lvG5 .
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 .
#= o;df lzj yfkfsf] hfx]/Ln] jfbL o;af6 lgj]bsn] lbPsf k|df0fxsf ;DaGwdf
g]kfn ;/sf/ lj?4 log} lgj]bs ;Gtf]if yfkf Goflos k/LIf0f / laZn]if0f u/L lgisif{df k'Ug'
;d]t k|ltjfbL ePsf] st{Jo Hofg d'2fdf tgx'F kg]{ cj:yf b]lvG5 .
%= sfg" g ;F u sf] ;Dks{ d f cfpg]
lhNnf cbfntsf ;|:] t]bf/af6 ldlt @)^*.*.@!
/ lhNnf GofofwLzaf6 ldlt @)^*.*.@& df afnaflnsfxnfO{ cGo jo:s JolQmxsf]
ePsf] y'g5]s cfb]zaf6 lgj]bsnfO{ k'kI{ fsf h:tf] s7f]/ b08 ;hfo jf Jojxf/ gu/L
nflu afn ;'wf/ u[x ;f/fsf]6df /fv]sf] eGg] lghxnfO{ ;'w|g] df}sf lbOg' kg]{ eGg] afn
b]lvG5 . lhNnf cbfntsf] ;f] cfb]zpk/ Gofo;DaGwL ljlwzf:qLo dfGotf xf] . o;
lgj]bssf tkm{af6 d'ns
' L P]g c= j+= !& g+= s'/fnfO{ cGtf/f{li6o / /fli6o sfg"gxdf klg
adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf]v/fdf k/]sf] plrt :yfg lbOFb} cfPsf] cj:yf 5 . t/
lgj]bgdf s}lkmot k|ltj]bg dfu u/L z'? lhNnf afnaflnsfsf] pd]/, lghn] u/]sf] s;"/sf] k|sl[ t
cbfntsf] cfb]z j]/Ltsf] gb]lvPsf]n] kl/jt{g / ufDeLo{tf h:tf s'/fx o; ;Gbe{df
1405
ljrf/0fLo x'G5g\ . lgj]bspk/ Hofg df/]sf]

eGg] cf/f]k;lxt st{Jo Hofg d'2f bfo/ ePsf]
cj:yf 5 . lghsf] pd]/ !# jif{ xf] jf !$ jif{
xf] eGg] ljjfb /x]sf] b]l7vG5 . !# jf !$
jif{sf] pd]/n] k'k{Ifsf] nflu k|bfg ul/g]
;x'lnotdf s]xL leGgtfsf] cj:yf /xg hfg]
eP klg b'a} cj:yfdf cGo jo:s JolQm;Fu
k|x/Lsf] y'gfdf /fVg ldNg] x'Fb}g . !$ jif{
pd]/sf afnaflnsfn] k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd
k'k{Ifsf] nflu y'gfdf /fVg' kg]{ s;"/ u/]sf]
cj:yfdf klg k|x/Lsf] y'gfdf /flvg] geO{
afn ;'wf/ u[xd} k7fOG5 . lgj]bsnfO{ klg
k|x/Lsf] y'gfdf /fv]sf] eGg] gb]lvO{ tTsfn
k|fKt k|df0faf6 s;"/bf/ b]lvPsf] egL afn
;'wf/ u[xdf ;Dd k7fOPsf] cj:yf b]lvG5 .
afn ;'wf/ u[xnfO{ sf/fuf/ jf k|x/Lsf] y'gfs}
kdf lng ldNg] geO{ ;'wf/ u[xsf kdf
lng'kg]{ x'G5 .
^= lgj]bssf] pd]/ sfod ug]{ ljifodf
k/:k/ lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ k|df0f cfPsf / tL
k|df0fsf] k/LIf0fsf ;fy} pd]/ lgwf{/0f ;DaGwL
cGo yk k|df0f a'emL pd]/ osLg ug]{ sfo{
;DalGwt afn Ohnf;sf] clwsf/If]qleqsf]
ljifo xf] . k|ToyL{xsf] lnlvt hjfkmaf6 ;d]t
lgj]bssf] pd]/ lgwf{/0f ug{sf] nflu k/LIf0f
ug]{ / k|df0f a'e\mg] sfo{ e}/x]sf] eGg] b]lvg
cfpF 5 . aGbLk| T oIfLs/0fsf] lgj] b gaf6
lgj]bsnfO{ u}/sfg"gL kdf y'gfdf /flvPsf]
5, 5}g eGg] s'/f;Dd x]l/g] xf] . d'2f x]g]{
clwsf/Laf6 k'k{Ifsf] lgldQ y'gfdf /fVg] u/L
ePsf] cfb]zsf] sfg"gL kIf x]l/g] xf] . ljjfbf:kb
tYosf] lg/f]k0f ;DalGwt d'2fsf] OG;fkmsf]
/f]xdf ul/g] x'Fbf l/6 If]qaf6 ljrf/fwLg /x]sf]
d'2fsf] cGt/j:t'leq k|j]z u/L x:tIf]k ug{
ldNg] l:ylt x'Fb}g .
&= ctM pk/f]Qm cfwf/ sf/0faf6 lgj]bs
;Gtf]if yfkf du/nfO{ u}/sfg"gL kdf y'gfdf
/flvPsf] eGg] cj:yf gb]lvO{ d'2f x]g{] clwsf/Lsf]

cfb]zaf6 d'2fsf] k'kI{ fsf] lgldQ afn ;'wf/
u[xdf /fv]sf] / ;f] cfb]zsf] ;fdfGo Goflos
If]qflwsf/cGtu{t txtx hfFr k/LIf0f ;d]t
ePsf] eGg] b]lvg cfPsf]n] lgj]bg lhsL/cg'k
aGbLk|ToIfLs/0fsf] cfb]z hf/L ug'{ k/]g . k|:t't
lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . afnaflnsf ;+nUg
ePsf] d'2f x'bF f zL3| d'2fsf] c+u k'ofO{ sf/jfxL
lsgf/f ug'{ egL tgx'F lhNnf cbfntdf n]vL
k7fO{ bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/
u/L a'emfO{ lbg" .
Gof=sdngf/fo0f bf;
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn ebf} dlxgf # ut] /f]h ! z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[t M gf/fo0fk|;fb ;'jb] L
&
lg0f{o g+= ***(

' m Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fds'df/ k|;fb zfx
dfggLo GofofwLz >L a}Bgfy pkfWofo
)^* WO====)($%
cfb]z ldltM @)^(.^.!$.!
jifo M pTk|i] f0f ;d]t .
lgj]bsM lhNnf ;Kt/L ltnf7L uf=lj=;=j8f g+=
* a:g] /fd]Zj/ ofbj
lj?4
ljkIfLM g]kfn ;/sf/, k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\
sfof{no ;d]t
1406
Psk6s sfg"g;+ut 9+uaf6 k|lt:kwf{f/f

kbk"lt{ ug{ z'? ePsf] lgo'lQm k|lqmof k"0f{
geP;Dd kl5 ag]sf] sfg"g jf cfb]zaf6
;f] ;DkGg eO;s] s f] k| l qmof /
***( - /fd]Zj/ ofbj lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t
sfdsf/jfxLnfO{ s'g} ljlw;Ddt cfwf/ /

sf/0flagf cGTo jf lgliqmo x'g g;Sg] .
;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg lgb]z
{ g af]8{ -u7g /
sfo{;~rfng_ cfb]z, @)^* ljwflosL
sfg"g jf cGo s'g} sfg"gf/f u7g ePsf]
af]8{ geO{ ;/sf/sf] k|zf;sLo cfb]z
-Executive Order_ f/f u7g ePsf] af]8{
ePsf]n] sfg"g;/x zlQm -Sanction_
ePsf] af]8{ /x]sf] dfGg gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=^_
k|ltikwf{af6 sfo{sf/L lgb]z
{ s lgo'lQm ug]{
u/L k|sfzg ePsf] ;"rgfcg';f/ k|f/De
ePsf] k|lqmof tyf ;f] adf]lhd cGtjf{tf{
;d]t ;DkGg eO{ ;lsO{ pDd]bjf/sf]
clGtd d"Nofg ;d]t eO;s]kZrft
sfg"gsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L vf/]h jf
ab/ ug{ afx]s k|zf;sLo cfb]zaf6 g}
lagf cfwf/ / sf/0f ;f] ;DkGg e};s]sf]
sfdsf/jfxLnfO{ To;} ab/ jf vf/]h ug{
gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=&_
lgj]bs tkm{jf6M ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf zDe'
yfkf, ljfg clwjQmfx af]0f{axfb'/
sfsL{ / z]/axfb'/ s]=;L=, /fdrGb| kf}8n
]
ljkIfL k|ToyL{ tkm{af6M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf
s[i0fhLjL l3ld/], ljfg clwjQmfx
/d]zs'df/ l3ld/], /fhg clwsf/L /
k'0ok|;fb b+ufn
cjnlDat ghL/M
g]sfk @)^*, c *, lg=g+= *^&)
k[i7 !#**
;Da4 sfg"gM
clVtof/ b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u
P]g, @)$* bkmf @*
g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f P]g, @)$! sf]
bkmf !&-!_ / -@_
cfb]z
Gof=/fds'df/ k|;fb zfxM g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ tyf !)&@_ adf]lhd o; cbfntdf btf{ eO{ k]z x'g
cfPsf] k|:t't l/6sf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ 7x/ o;
k|sf/ 5 M
d lgj]bs g]kfnL gful/s eO{ ljut
nfdf] ;dob]lv g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] clws[t
txdf ;]jf u/L !@ cf}+ txaf6 ;]jf lgj[Q ePsf]
Ps k"j{ clws[t sd{rf/L x'F . g]kfn ljB't
k|flws/0fsf] sfo{sf/L lgb]z
{ ssf] kb l/Qm ePkl5
pQm kbk"lt{sf] nflu v'Nnf k|lt:kwf{af6 lgo'Qm
ug{] egL ldlt @)^*.*.!% df uf]/vfkqdf ;"rgf
k|sflzt ePsf] lyof] . pQm ;"rgfdf Joj:yf
ePadf]lhd pd]/, of]Uotfnufot ;Dk"0f{ k|lqmofdf
d lgj]bssf] sfo{ bIftf k'Ug] ePsf]n] ldlt
@)^*.(.^ df btf{ g++ @!(* af6 d lgj]bs,
/fd]Zj/ ofbjn] cfj]bg kmf/fd e/L 5gf}6
k|lqmofsf] clGtd r/0fdf k'uL ;a} k|lt:kwL{
eGbf pQd eO{ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 lgo'lQm lng
dfq afFsL /x]sf] lyof] .
g]kfn ;/sf/ pmhf{ dGqfnoaf6 g]kfn
ljB't k|flws/0fsf] l/Qm sfo{sf/L lgb]z
{ s kbdf
lgo'lQm ug]{ ;DaGwdf ldlt @)^*.*.!% ut]
g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f P]g, @)$! sf] bkmf !&
-!_ adf]lhd uf]/vfkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt ePsf]
lyof] . pQm ;"rg" fcg';f/ Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotf
/ cg'ej k]z ug'k{ g]{ sfuhft tyf ljj/0fx,
lnlvt k|:tfjdf ;dfj]z ug'k{ g]{ ljifout ;"rL
5gf} 6 k| l qmof;DaGwL cGo ljj/0f, sfo{
;Dkfbg;DaGwL ;Demf} t f, sfo{ ;Dkfbg
;"rs;lxtsf] sfof{bz
] egL 5gf}6 k|lqmofsf]
ljj/0f ;d]t k|sflzt ePsf] lyof] . pQm
;"rgfcg';f/ d ;d]t !% hgf k|lt:kwL{xn]
5gf}6 k|lqmofdf efu lng' ePsf] lyof] . ;"rgfsf]
qmd;+Vof $-s_ cg';f/ d lgj]bsnufot %
hgfsf] k|:tfj 5gf}6 ;ldltdf /flvPsf]df
1407
;"rgfsf] qmd;+Vof $-v_ adf]lhd k|:tfj /

k|:t'tLs/0fsf] cfwf/df d lgj]bs /fd]Zj/ ofbj,
pQ/s'df/ >]i7, d's]z/fh sfn]sf] ldlt
@)^*.(.@( df pmhf{ dGqfnodf ePsf]
cGt/jftf{ ;d]tsf] cfwf/df lgj]bssf] k|:tfj
k|:t'tLs/0f / cGt/jftf{ ;d]taf6 ;jf]T{ s[i6
7x/ eO{ lgo'lQmsf] clGtd r/0fdf /x]sf]
cj:yfdf d lgj]bsnfO{ lgo'lQm glbO{ ldlt
@)^*.!@.@! ut] s f] ;" r gfcg' ; f/ ldlt
@)^*.*.!% df k| s flzt g] k fn ljB' t
{ ssf] cfjZostf
;DaGwL ;"rgfcg';f/ k|fKt ePsf k|:tfjx
/2 ul/Psf] egL ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L g]kfn
;/sf/ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg lgb]z
{ g af]8,{ @)^*
adf]lhd egL k'gM ldlt @)^*.!@.@^ df g]kfn
ljB't k|flws/0fsf] sfo{sf/L lgb]z
{ ssf] kbk"lt{
;DaGwL ;"rgf k|sflzt ePsf] 5 .
d lgj]bsn] ljkIfL dGqfnodf uO{
d]/f] lgo'lQm;Fu ;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ ljj/0fx dfu
ubf{ ldlt @)^(.!.$ ut] dfq clVtof/
b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]uaf6 k|fKt lgb]{zg
cg';f/ egL g]kfn ;/sf/ -dGqL:t/_ af6
ldlt @)^*.!).@^ df g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf]
sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs kbk"lt{sf] l;nl;nfdf k|fKt
x'g cfPsf] l;kmfl/z tTsfn vf/]h u/L
cfb]zadf]lhd ul7t af]8{ dfkm{t gofF k|lqmof
k|f/De u/L kbflwsf/L l;kmfl/z u/L lbg] cg'/f]w
egL ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg lgb]{zg af]8{df ldlt
@)^*.!).@& df k7fPsf] egL hfgsf/L pknAw
u/fO{of] . d lgj]bssf] lgo'lQm k|lqmof g]kfn
ljB't k|flws/0f P]g, @)$! sf] bkmf !& adf]lhd
k|f/De ePsf] xf] . P]gsf] bkmf !& df k|flws/0fsf]
sfo{ ;~rfngsf] lgldQ d'Vo k|zf;sLo
clws[tsf] kdf ;ldltn] Ps hgf dxfk|aGws,
;Nnfxsf/ / sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm ug{ ;Sg]5,
t/ ;fwf/0f ;efsf] Joj:yf geP;Dd To:tf]
d' V o k| z f;sLo clws[ t sf] kdf g] k fn
;/sf/n] Pshgf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zssf] lgo'lQm

ug{ ;Sg] 5 eGg] Joj:yfadf] l hd ldlt
@)^*.*.!% df lgo'lQmsf] ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L
5gf}6 k|lqmofsf] clGtd cj:yfdf k'u]sf]
cj:yfdf kl5 ul7t ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg lgb]z
{ g
af]8{ cfb]z, @)^* sf] cfwf/df cl3 g]kfn
ljB't k|flws/0f P]g, @)$! adf]lhd k|f/De
ul/Psf] sfg"g;Ddt sfo{nfO{ kZrftbzL{ c;/
kfg{ ;Sb}g .
{ g af]8-{ u7g
tyf sfo{ ;~rfng_ cfb]z, @)^* sf] bkmf #)@_ df k|lt:kwf{af6 5gf}6sf] qmddf /x]sf
;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf sfo{sf/L k|dv
' sf] 5gf}6
k|lqmof af]8{n] sfo{ ;~rfng z'? gu/];Dd
oyfjt /xg]5, tTkZrft o; cfb]zadf]lhd
;dGjo u/L 5gf}6 sfo{ cufl8 a9fpg' kg]5
{
eGg] Joj:yf ePaf6 d lgj] b s v' N nf
k|lt:kwf{af6 5gf}6 k|lqmofdf /x]sf]nfO{ pQm
bkmf #)-@_ n] arfp u/]sf] cj:yfdf To;sf]
unt cy{ nufO{ 5gf}6 k|lqmof g} /2 ug'{ b'/fzok"0f{
/x]sf] 5 . d lgj]bsnfO{ lgo'Qm x'gaf6 /f]sL
k'gM ldlt @)^*.!@.@^ df ;"rgf hf/L ubf{
pd]/sf] xb #) jif{ k"/f ePsf] %% jif{ ggf3]sf]
egL ;"rgf k|sflzt ul/Psf] 5 . k"j{ ldlt
@)^*.*.!% sf] ;"rgfdf pd]/ #% jif{ k"/f
ePsf] / %* jif{ ggf3]sf] pNn]v ePaf6 d
lgj]bs bf];f| ] ;"rgfcg';f/ pDd]bjf/ g} x'g
g;Sg] u/L ;"rgf k|sflzt u/]af6 ljkIfLx d
lgj]bsnfO{ k]zf, /f]huf/ ug{af6 al~rt ug{
pBt /x] s f] :ki6 x' G 5 . To;} u /L ldlt
@)^*.!@.@! ut]sf] ;"rgfdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
lg0f{o cg';f/ ldlt @)^*.*.!% sf] ;"rgf /2
ul/Psf] elgPsf] 5 eg] ldlt @)^(.!.$ sf]
ljkIfL dGqfnosf] hfgsf/L kqdf clVtof/
b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] lgb]z
{ fg';f/ ;"rgf
/2 ul/Psf] pNn]v 5 . ljkIfL dGqfnosf
dGqLnfO{ k|:tfj /2 ug]{ clwsf/ g} 5}g /
1408
k|:tfj /2 ubf{ /2 ug]{ cfwf/ / sf/0f x'gk' g]d

{ f
ljgf cfwf/ sf/0f k"jf{ux| k"0f{ lx;fan] ljkIfL
clVtof/ b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] u/]sf]
u}/sfg"gL lgb]z
{ gsf] cfwf/df kqfrf/ ul/Psf]
5 . k/dfb]z k|s[ltsf] cfb]z lbg] clwsf/
clVtof/ b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]unfO{ g/x]sf]
eGg] ;DdfgLt ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 l;4fGt
k|ltkfbg ePsf] cj:yfdf ;d]t clVtof/
b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]uaf6af6 cfb]z
lgb]z
{ gsf] a]jf:tf u/L cfb]z lbPsf] 5 .
ctM dfly plNnlvt cfwf/ / sf/0faf6
ljkIfL clVtof/ b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf]
u}/sfg"gL lgb]{zgsf] cfwf/df ljkIfL pmhf{
dGqfnoaf6 ldlt @)^*.*.!% sf] ;"rgf /2
ug]{ u/L k|sflzt ldlt @)^*.!@.@! sf] ;"rgf
Pj+ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg lgb]z
{ g af]8,{ @)^* sf]
ldlt @)^*.!@.@^ sf] ;"rgf g]kfn ;/sf/
dGqL:t/sf] ldlt @)^*.!).@^ sf] vf/]hL lg0f{o
k' g M ldlt @)^*.!@.@^ ut] s f] kbk" l t{
;"rgfnufot ;f];uF ;DalGwt cGo sfo{ g]kfn
ljB't k|flws/0f P]g, @)$! sf] bkmf !&,
{ g af]8{ -u7g tyf sfo{
;~rfng_ cfb]z, @)^* sf] bkmf #, $,!!, !@,
!#, #)-@_ Pj+ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg lgb]z
{ g af]8{
-u7g tyf sfo{ ;~rfng_ @)^* sf] bkmf !@
adf]lhdsf] sfo{ljlw ;d]tsf] ljk/Lt ePsf]n]
pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zn] ab/ u/L ljkIfL pmhf{
dGqfnosf] ldlt @)^*.*.!% sf] ;"rgfcg';f/
;Dk"0f{ k|lqmof k"/f u/L pTs[i6 ePsf] d
lgj]bsnfO{ g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] sfo{sf/L
lgb]z
{ sdf lgo'lQm lbg' egL k/dfb]znufot
pko'Qm cf1f cfb]z jf k"hL{ hf/L ul/kfpFm .
;fy} lgj]bgsf] clGtd lsgf/f gx'bF f;Dd ldlt
@)^*.!@.@^ / @)^*.!@.@* ;d]tsf] ;"rgfsf]
cfwf/df gofF sfo{sf/L lgb]z
{ s lgo'lQm;DaGwL
s'g} klg k|lqmof cufl8 ga9fO{ oyfl:yltdf
/fVg' egL ljkIfLxsf gfddf ;jf]R{ r cbfnt
lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod $!-!_ adf]lhd

cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
lgj]bg Joxf]/f .
dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf]
<of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf Dofb
afx]s !% lbgleq ;DalGwt ldl;n ;fy /fvL
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t\ lnlvt hjfkm
k7fpg' egL l/6 lgj]bgsf] Psk|lt gSsn ;fy}
/fvL ljkIfL k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
sfof{no l;+xb/af/ ;d]tsf ;/sf/L lgsfonfO{
;"rgf k7fO{ To;sf] af]wfy{ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]
sfof{nonfO{ k7fO{ lbg' / lgj]bssf] dfu
adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf] < of]
cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf Dofb afx]s
!% lbgleq lnlvt hjfkm lnO{ cfkm}+ jf cfgf]
k|ltltlw dfkm{t pkl:yt x'g' egL l/6 lgj]bgsf]
Ps k|lt gSsn ;fy} /fvL cGo ljkIfLnfO{
;DalGwt lhNnf cbfntdfkm{t\ ;"rgf k7fO{
lnlvt hjfkm cfPkl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5
lgodadf]lhd k]z ug'{ .
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf dfu ul/Psf] cGtl/d
cfb]z hf/L ug'{ kg{] gkg]{ ;DaGwdf ljkIfLnfO{
;d]t /fvL 5nkmn ug'{ pko{Qm x'g] b]lvPsf]n]
;f] ;DaGwdf 5nkmnsf] nflu ldlt @)^(.!.!*
sf] k]zL tf]sL ;f]sf] ;"rgf ljkIfLxnfO{ lbO{
lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntaf6 ldlt
@)^(.!.!) df ePsf] cfb]z .
o;df ldlt @)^*.(.@( df 5gf}6sf
nflu cGt/jftf{sf] ;do tf]lsP kZrft g]kfn
{ ssf] nflu
cGt/jf{tf lnO{ 5gf}6 ul/Psf] xf], xf]Og <
sfo{sf/L lgb]z
{ ssf] 5gf}6 ;DaGwdf ;f] s'/f
osLg v' N g] u/L ;DalGwt kmfOn
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no dfkm{t lemsfO{
cGtl/d cfb]z;DaGwL 5nkmnsf] nflu ldlt
@)^(.!.@% sf] tfl/v tf] s L pQm lbg
1409
lgodadf]lhd k]z ug'{ eGg] ldlt @)^(.!.@)

sf] o; cbfntsf] cfb]z .
o;df ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg lgb]z
{ g af]8{
-u7g tyf sfo{ ;~rfng_ cfb]z, @)^* ldlt
@)^*.(.!@ df hf/L x'g' cufj} g]kfn ljB't
{ ssf] lgo'lQm k|lqmof
ldlt @)^*.*.!% sf] lj1fkgcg';f/ z'? eO{
cGt/jf{tf{ ;d]t ;DkGg eO{ glthf;Dd k|sflzt
x'g afFsL /x]sf] b]lvG5 . pQm cfb]zsf] bkmf #)@_ df k|ltikwf{af6 5gf}6sf] qmddf /x]sf
' xsf] 5gf}6
oyfjt /xg] / tt\ kZrft\ cfb]zadf]lhd ;dGjo
u/L 5gf}6 sfo{ cufl8 a9fpg' kg]{ Joj:yf
ePsf] kfOG5 . To;} u/L ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg
lgb]z
{ g af]8{ -u7g tyf sfo{ ;~rfng_ cfb]z,
@)^* sf] bkmf !@ adf]lhdsf] sfo{ljlwsf] bkmf
( df v'nf k|ltof]lutfaf6 sfo{sf/L k|d'v
5gf}6sf] k|lqmofdf /x]sf ;+:yfgsf xsdf ;f]xL
k|lqmofaf6 6'f] nufpg o; k|lqmofn] afwf
k'ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g . o; ;DaGwL clGtd
sf/jfxLsf] hfgsf/L af]8n
{ fO{ u/fpg' kg]5
{
eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] kfOG5 . o;/L z'? eO{
;s]sf] k|lqmof ab/ x'g] eGg] plNnlvt cfb]z
tyf sfo{ljlwdf Joj:yf ePsf] b]lv+bg} . pQm
u7g cfb]zadf]lhdsf] Joj:yf cg';f/ ug'{ eGg]
clVtof/ b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] ldlt
@)^(.!.$ sf] lgb]z
{ g cg';f/ egL g]kfn ;/sf/
dGqL:t/af6 ldlt @)^*.*.!% sf] lj1fkg
cg';f/ z'? ePsf] k|lqmof vf/]h u/L k'gM gofF
lj1fkg ug]{ pmhf{ dGqfnoaf6 lg0f{o ePsf]
b]lvg cfof] . o;/L z'? eO{ ;s]sf] lgo'lQmsf]
k|lqmof glthf k|sfzgsf] clGtd If0fdf cfP/
vf/]h ug]{ u/L hf/L ePsf] cfb]z ab/ ul/kfpFm
egL k/]sf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgaf6 plAhPsf]
k|Zgsf] lg/f]k0f geO{ gofF lj1fkg cg';f/sf]
kbk"lt{ ;DaGwL k|lqmofn] lg/Gt/tf kfpFbf
lgj]bsnfO{ ck'/0fLo Iflt x'g ;Sg] b]lv+bf k|:t't

lgj]bgsf] clGtd lsgf/f gx'Gh]n;Ddsf] nfuL
ldlt @)^*.!@.@^ tyf ldlt @)^*.!@.@*sf]
lj1fkg cg';f/sf] kbk"lt{ ;DaGwdf gofF sf/jfxL
cufl8 a9fpg] sfo{ gug'{ gu/fpg' egL ;jf]R{ r
cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod $! cg';f/
cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ul/lbPsf] 5 . cfb]zsf]
hfgsf/L ljkIfLxnfO{ lbg' .
;fy} hn;|ft] sf] ljsf;sf] sfddf ;d]t
k|ToIf c;/ kg]{ sfo{sf/L lgb]z
{ ssf] kbk"lt{
;DaGwdf k/]sf] ljjfbsf] lg/f]k0f rfF8f] x'g' clt
cfjZos / pko'Qm ;d]t x'bF f lnlvt hjfkm
k]z ePkl5 jf ;f]sf] cjlw gf3]kl5sf] ;ft
lbg leq ;'gj' fOsf] lgldQ k|:t't lgj]bg k]zLdf
r9fO{ lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntaf6
ePsf] ldlt @)^(.!.@% sf] cfb]z .
ljkIfL lgj]bsn] bfjL lng' ePsf] ljifodf
k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nosf] s],
s:tf] ;+nUgtf /x]sf] xf] < eGg] ;DaGwdf s'g}
s'/f pNn]v ug'{ ePsf] 5}g . o; sfof{nonfO{
ljkIfL agfpg kg's
{ f] s'g} sf/0f / cfwf/ lgj]bgdf
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5}g . ljjfbsf] ljifoj:t';uF
o; sfof{nosf] s'g} ;DaGw g} 5}g .
g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] sfo{sf/L
lgb]z
{ ssf] kb l/Qm eO{ tTsfnLg cj:yfdf ;f]
l/Qm kbdf v'Nnf k|lt:kwf{sf cfwf/df kbk"lt{
ug]{ u/L ;"rgf k|sflzt eO{ ;f] adf]lhdsf]
k|lqmof cufl8 a9]sf] cj:yfdf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg
lgb]z
{ g af]8{ -u7g tyf sfo{ ;~rfng_ cfb]z,
@)^* hf/L ePsf] / ;f] cfb]z hf/L eP kZrft
;fj{hlgs k|lti7fgxsf] cWoIf tyf sfo{sf/L
lgb] { z ssf] lgo' l Qm af] 8 { a f6 ug] { Joj:yf
ePadf]lhd g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] sfo{sf/L
lgb]z
{ s lgo'lQm;DaGwL k|lqmof k'gM af]8a{ f6 k|f/De
ePsf] xf] . pQm cfb]zsf] bkmf #) sf] pkbkmf
-@_ df k|lt:kwf{af6 5gf}6sf] qmddf /x]sf
' sf] 5gf}6
1410

oyfjt /xg]5, tTkZrft o; cfb]zadf]lhd
;dGjo u/L 5gf}6 sfo{ cufl8 a9fpg k5{
eGg] Joj:yf 5 . pQm Joj:yf cg';f/ af]8n
{ ]
sfo{ ;~rfng z'? gu/];Dd dfq o; cl3sf]
5gf}6 k|lqmof hf/L x'g] xf] . pQm af]8n
{ ] sfo{ z'?
ul/;s]kl5 pQm cfb]zadf]lhd dfq sfo{sf/L
k|d'vsf] lgo'lQm x'g ;Sg] k|i6 5 . t;y{,
lgj]bsnfO{ pQm bkmf #) n] arfp ug{ ;Sb}g .
ljkIfL lgj]bsn] ;d]t af]8{af6 k|sflzt
;"rgfadf]lhd ;f] lgo'lQm k|lqmofdf ;xefuL
x'g ;Sg] g} x'bF f lghsf] ;+ljwfg tyf sfg"g
k|bQ xs, clwsf/df cf3ft k'us
] f] dfGg ;lsb}g .
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpF eGg] ;d]t g]kfn
;/sf/ k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nosf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
l/Qm sfo{sf/L lgb]z
{ s kbdf :jR5 /
kf/bzL{ 9n] of]Uo JolQmsf] 5gf}6 ug]{ ;/sf/sf]
gLltadf]lhd v'Nnf k|lt:kwf{Tds k|ltof]lutff/f
kbk"lt{ ug{ ldlt @)^*.*.!% df ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf
k|sflzt u/L OR5's JolQmxaf6 k|:tfj cfJxfg
ul/Psf] xf] . k|fKt k|:tfjx cWoog u/L sfo{sf/L
lgb]z
{ s kbsf nflu d'Vo / j}slNks pDd]bjf/
l;kmfl/z ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf k"j{ ;lrj ljZj/fh
/]UdLsf] ;+of]hsTjdf tLg ;b:oLo l;kmfl/z ;ldlt
u7g eO{ ;f] ;ldltn] cWoog tyf d"Nofg u/L
l/6 lgj]bs;lxt kfFr hgfnfO{ sfo{ of]hgf
k|:t'ltsf nflu 5gf}6 u/]sf]df ;f] k|:t'ltsf
cfwf/df tLg hgfsf] gfd cGtjf{tfsf nflu
5gf}6 u/]sf] xf] . ;ldltn] 5gf}6 sfo{ hf/L
/flv/x]s} avt ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg lgb]z
{ g af]8{
-u7g tyf sfo{ ;~rfng _ cfb]z, @)^* hf/L
ePsf] / pQm u7g cfb]zsf] bkmf #) sf] pkbkmf
-@_ df k|lt:kwf{af6 5gf}6sf] qmddf /x]sf
' xsf] 5gf}6
k|lqmof af]8n
{ ] sfo{ ;~rfng z'? gu/];Dd oyfjt
/xg]5, tt\kZrft\ o; cfb]zadf]lhd ;dGjo
u/L 5gf}6 sfo{ cufl8 a9fpg' kg]5

{ egL pNn]v
ePsf]df l;kmfl/z ;ldltsf] sfo{ cjlw ;dfKt
x'g nfu]sf]n] ;ldltn] cfkm"nfO{ tf]lsPsf]
sfof{bz
] sf] kl/lwleq /xL 5gf}6 sfo{ cufl8
a9fO{ cGtjf{tf{ ;d]t ;DkGg u/L pDd]bjf/sf]
l;kmfl/z aGbL vfddf k]z;Dd u/]sf] xf] . o;
kl5sf] dxTjk"0f{ k|lqmof s;nfO{ 5gf}6 ug]{ eGg]
;d]tsf ljifodf dGqfnon] s'g} sf/jfxL cufl8
a9fOPsf] 5}g .
o;} aLr clVtof/ b'kof]u cg';Gwfg
cfof]usf] k=;+ ! pmhf{ !!!)^*)^( r=g+=
!@%( ldlt @)^*.!).@ sf] kqaf6 ;fj{hlgs
;+:yfg lgb]z
{ g af]8{ -u7g tyf sfo{ ;~rfng_
cfb]z, @)^* hf/L ePsf] / cfb]zsf] cg';r
" L
! sf] -s_-@&_ df g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fnfO{
klg ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] ;"rLdf /fv]sf], cfb]zsf]
bkmf #) sf] pkbkmf -@_ df k|lt:kwf{af6
5gf}6sf] qmddf /x]sf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf
sfo{sf/L k|dv
' xsf] 5gf}6 k|lqmof af]8n
{ ] sfo{
;~rfng z'? gu/];Dd oyfjt /xg]5, tt\
kZrft o; cfb]zadf]lhd ;dGjo u/L 5gf}6
sfo{ cufl8 a9fpg' kg]5
{ eGg] k|i6 Joj:yf
u/]sf]n] sfo{sf/L lgb]z
{ s 5gf}6 k|lqmofdf /x]sf]
g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fdf ;f] u7g cfb]zsf]
bkmf #)-@_ cg';f/ sfo{ ;~rfng gu/];Dd
oyfjt /fVg' kg]{df ;f] gu/L g]kfn ljB't
{ ssf] lgo'lQm cfkm"vz
' L
ug{ nfu]sf] b]lvPsf]n] ;f] k|lqmof tTsfn /f]sL
u7g cfb]zadf]lhd ug{ u/fpg / o:t} lgo'lQm
k|lqmofdf /x]sf cGo ;+:yfgxsf] xsdf ;d]t
plNnlvt u7g cfb]zsf] Joj:yf nfu" ug{ u/fpg
g]kfn ;/sf/sf d'Vo ;lrjdfkm{t\ n]vL k7fpg]
egL ePsf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog ug{ u/fpg o;
dGqfnodf n]vL cfPsf] xf] .
{ g af]8{ -u7g
tyf sfo{ ;~rfng_ cfb]z, @)^* sf] bkmf !@
sf] pkbkmf -&_ sf] b]xfosf] v08 -v_ adf]lhdsf]
1411
pd]/sf] xb -tL; jif{ pd]/ k"/f gePsf] jf

krkGg jif{ pd]/ k"/f ePsf]_ / b/vf:t lbg]
pDd]bjf/x dWo] s]xL pDd]bjf/xsf] pd]/sf]
xb aLr d]n gvfPsf] sf/0f ;d]tsf cfwf/df
{ g af]8d
{ fkm{t\ lgo'lQm
k|lqmof k|f/De ug{ plrt b]lvPsf]n] ldlt
@)^*.*.!% sf] cfjZostf;DaGwL k|sflzt
;"rgfcg';f/ k|fKt ePsf ;a} k|:tfjx g]kfn
;/sf/ dGqL:t/sf] ldlt @)^*.!).@^ sf]
lg0f{ofg';f/ /4 u/L ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg lgb]z
{ g
af]8{nfO{ g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] sfo{sf/L
lgb]z
{ ssf] lgo'lQmsf nflu l;kmfl/z ug{ ldlt
@)^*.!).@& df cg'/f]w ul/Psf] xf] . ;fj{hlgs
;+:yfg lgb]z
{ g af]8n
{ ] 5gf}6 k|lqmof cufl8
a9fO;s]sf] 5 .
g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] sfo{sf/L
lgb]z
{ ssf] 5gf}6 k|lqmof ;DkGg eO;s]sf] cj:yf
g} xf]Og . clGtd glthf k|sfzg tyf ;fj{hlgs
gePsf] cj:yfdf l/6 lgj]bs :jod\ g} 5gf}6
ePsf] eGg] cg'dfgsf] e/df l/6 lgj]bsn] cfkm"
g} 5gf}6 ePsf] egL bfjL ug'{ l/6 lgj]bssf]
ab\lgot /x]sf] k|i6 x'G5 .
l/6 lgj]bs g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf]
tx !@-k|f_ clws[taf6 g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f
sd{rf/L ;]jf ljlgodfjnL, @)^@ sf] ljlgod
*$-!_ adf]lhd pd]/sf] xb -%*_ jif{ k"/f u/L
ldlt @)^*.(.@@ b]lv clgjfo{ cjsfz kfO;Sg'
ePsfn] ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg lgb]z
{ g af]8-{ u7g
tyf sfo{ ;~rfng _ cfb]z, @)^* sf] bkmf !@
sf] pkbkmf -&_ sf] b]xfosf] v08 -v_ adf]lhd
pDd]bjf/ x'g g} cof]Uo eO;Sg' ePsf] x'bF f l/6
lgj]bssf] lhsL/ dggof]Uo tyf u|fXo 5}g .
cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]t l/6 vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg]
pmhf{ dGqfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm .
;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgxsf] k|lt:kwf{Tds
Ifdtf tyf Jofj;flostf clej[l4 ug]{ p2]Zo
/fvL g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg lgb]z
{ g
af]8{ -u7g tyf sfo{ ;~rfng _ cfb]z, @)^*

hf/L u/]sf] xf] . of] u7g cfb]z hf/L e} ;s]sf]
cj:yfdf sfo{sf/L k|dv
' sf] lgo'lQm cfb]zdf
ePsf] Joj:yfcg';f/ x'gk' g]{ cfzo /fvL clVtof/
b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] af]8;
{ uF ;dGjo
ug'{ kg]{ ljifodf pmhf{ dGqfno ;d]tnfO{
Wofgfsif{ 0 f u/fPsf] / tt\ k Zrft pmhf{
dGqfnoaf6 ;fljssf] 5gf}6 k|lqmof hf/L /fVg'
pko'Qm gx'g] egL ;f] k|lqmof /2 u/L g]kfn
{ ssf] kbk"lt{
;DaGwL k|lqmof cufl8 a9fO{ lbg] egL ldlt
@)^*.!).@& r=g+= ^!^ sf] kqaf6 o; af]8d
{ f
cg'/f]w u/]kZrft o; af]8a{ f6 g]kfn ljB't
{ s lgo'lQm;DaGwL
;fj{hlgs ;"rgf hf/L ul/Psf] xf] . o;/L
lgod;+ut kdf hf/L ul/Psf] ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf
ab/ ug{ dgfl;j gx'g] x'bF f pQm l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg
lgb]z
{ g af]8s
{ f] tkm{af6 k|:t't lnlvt hjfkm .
k|ydtM s'g} klg l/6 hf/L x'gnfO{ bfjL
u/]sf] kb jf s'/fdf xs :yflkt x'g' kb{5 .
To;df lgj]bsn] cfgf] k"0f{ xs :yflkt e}
;s]sf] :yflkt ug'{ ;Sg'k5{ ta dfq l/6 hf/L
x'g ;Sg] cj:yf /xg]df lgj]bsn] pQm sfo{sfl/0fL
kbdf d]/f] k"0f{ xs 5 egL :yflkt ug{ ;Sg'
ePsf] 5}g . lg0f{o g} gePsf] k|lqmofdf /x]sf
s'/faf6 xs :yflkt x'g ;Sb}g . sfo{sfl/0fL
lgb]z
{ s lgo'Qm ug]{ clwsf/ g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
/x]sf] x'bF f ;f] lgo'lQm ug]{ jf gug]{ k"0f{ clwsf/
g]kfn ;/sf/df /x]sf] :ki6 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n]
lg0f{o g} gu/]sf] ljifodf dnfO{ g} lgo'lQm uYof]{
egL cg'dfgsf] e/df l/6 lgj]bs cfPsf] cj:yf
x'bF f cg'dfg / cfz+sfsf] e/df l/6 hf/L x'g
;Sb}g . ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg lgb]z
{ g af]8{ -u7g
tyf sfo{ ;~rfng_ cfb]z, @)^* sf] cg';r
" L
! sf] s_ @& df ljB't k|flws/0fnfO{ klg
/flvPsf] / cfb]zsf] bkmf @ df of] Joj:yf
1412
t'?Gt nfu" x'g5

] eGg] pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 .
To;} u/L bkmf #) sf] vf/]hL / arfp zLif{ssf]
pkbkmf -@_ n] k|lt:kwf{af6 5gf}6sf] qmddf
/x]sf]nfO{ oyfjt /fVg' kg]{ eGg] af]ns
] f] b]lvG5 .
o; cj:yfdf l/6 lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhd l/6
hf/L x'gk' g]{ cj:yf ljBdfg 5}g . ;fj{hlgs
;+:yfgxsf] sfo{sf/L k|d'vxsf] 5gf}6
k|lqmofdf k|lt:kwf{ tyf Joj;flostf clej[l4
ug]{ p2]Zoaf6 l/6 lgj]bssf] lgo'lQm x'g' cufl8
ePsf] u7g cfb]zadf]lhd ePsf] o; cfof]usf]
lg0f{odf kZrftbzL{ c;/sf] l;4fGt nfu" x'g]
cj:yf gb]lvPsf] x'Fbf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]hefuL 5 vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t clVtof/
b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] lnlvt hjfkm .
klxnf] r/0fsf] ldlt @)^*.*.!% sf]
;"rgfcg';f/sf] sfo{sf/L 5gf}6 k|lqmofdf tyf
bf];|f] k6s ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg lgb]{zg af]8{,
@)^* u7g kl5sf] ldlt @)^*.!@.@^ sf]
;"rgfsf] cfwf/df g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f sfo{sf/L
lgb]z
{ s 5gf}6 k|lqmofdf k|flws/0fsf] e"ldsf g}
5}g . g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f P]gsf] bkmf !& sf]
cwLgdf g]kfn ;/sf/af6 lgo'Qm x'g] sfo{sf/L
lgb]z
{ s g} g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] sfo{sf/L
lgb{z
] s x'g] xf] . k|flws/0fsf] tkm{af6 lgo'lQmsf]
k|lqmofdf s'g} e"ldsf gx'g] tyf of] JolQmnfO{
sfo{sf/L lgb]z
{ s lgo'Qm ul/kfpFm egL l;kmfl/z
;d]t k|flws/0fsf] gx'g] tyf gnfUg] cj:yfdf
k|:t't l/6 vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t g]kfn
ljB't k|flws/0fsf] tkm{af6 k|:t't lnlvt hjfkm .
lgodadf]lhd b}lgs k]zL ;"rLdf r9L
k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg ;d]tsf]
ldl;n cWoog u/L lgj]bs tkm{sf ljfg jl/i7
clwjQmf zDe' yfkfn] ljkIfL pmhf{ dGqfnon]
lgsfn]sf] sfo{sf/L lgb]z
{ ssf] kbk"lt{;DaGwL
;"rgfadf]lhd lgj]bsn] cfj]bg btf{ u/L lgo'lQm
k|lqmofdf ;fd]n eO{ k|:tfj sfo{;Dkfbgsf] :t/
;d]tsf] d"NofgkZrft\ lgj]bssf] cGt/jftf{
;d]t ;DkGg eO{ c lgwf{/0f ;d]t ePkl5 ;f]

lj1fkg ;"rgf g} /2 u/L k'gM ;"rgf lgsfn]sf]
sfo{ cfFkm}df ablgotk"0f{ Pj+ sfg"gk|lts"n 5 .
{ g af]8{ -u7g tyf sfo{
;~rfng_ cfb]z, @)^* sfg"g xf]Og , of] cfb]z
dfq xf] . ;/sf/sf] cfb]z sfg"g x'g ;Sb}g .
g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f P]g, @)$! adf]lhd
;"rgf hf/L eO{ k|lt:kf{f/f kbk"lt{ ;DaGwdf
ePsf] sfdsf/jfxLnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg lgb]z
{ g
af]8{ cfb]z, @)^* n] lgliqmo ug{ ;Sb}g .
sfg"gadf]lhd ePsf] k|lqmof -Due Process _
nfO{ ;/sf/n] cfkm"vz
' L lgliqmo ug{ ;Sb}g . of]
Doctrine of Pleasure cGtu{tsf] laifo xf]Og
To;}n] klxn] ePsf] sfdsf/jfxL ab/ u/]sf]
pmhf{ dGqfnosf] / k'gM kbk"lt{ ;"rgf hf/L
u/]sf] ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg lgb]z
{ g af]8s
{ f] ;"rgf
;d] t ab/ u/L pmhf{ dGqfnosf] k" j {
;"rgfadf]lhdsf] lgo'lQm k|lqmof k"/f u/L oL
lgj]bsnfO{ sfo{sf/L lgb]z
{ ssf] kbdf lgo'lQm
lbg' eGg] cfb]z hf/L x'g kb{5 egL / lgj]bs
tkm{af6 g} pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmf af]0f{axfb'/
sfsL{n] lgj]bssf] xsdf %* jif{ pd]/sf] xb
nfu" x'g ;Sb}g . k"j{ ;"rgf k|sflzt x'bF f %*
jif{leq lgj]bssf] cfj]bg btf{ ePsf] xf] . lgo'lQm
ePkl5 c? sd{rf/LnfO{ nfu" x'g] %* jif{sf] xb
oL lgj]bsnfO{ nfu" x'bF g} . tf]lsPsf] sfo{sfn
e/L sfd ug{ kfpF5g\ . g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f
P]g adf]lhd ePsf] k|lqmofnfO{ kl5 hf/L ePsf]
u7g cfb]zn] ab/ ug{ ;Sb}g . kZrftbzL{
c;/ lbg] u/L u7g cfb]z hf/L x'g ;Sb}g .
h;n] ;"rgf hf/L uof] p;}n] ab/ ug{ klg
ldNb} g . kl5sf] lj1fkg /2 u/L k" j {
;"rgfadf]lhdsf] glthf k|sfzg u/L lgj]bsnfO{
lgo'lQm lbg' eGg] cfb]z hf/L xf];\ egL tyf
lgj]bs tkm{s} ljfg clwjQmf z]/axfb'/ s]=;L=,
/fdrGb| kf}8n
] ;d]tn] g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f
P]g, @)$! adf]lhd kbk"lt{sf] ;"rgf k|sflzt
1413
eO{ lgj]bsn] cfj]bg btf{ u/L ;a} k|lqmofdf

;fd]n eO{ glthf k|sfzgsf] qmddf /x]sf]
cj:yfdf kl5 g]kfn ;/sf/n] hf/L u/]sf] u7g
cfb]zaf6 klxnfsf] sfdsf/jfxL ab/ ug{ ldNb}g .
k"j{ ;"rgfadf]lhdsf sfdsf/jfxL /2 u/L k'gM
sfo{sf/L lgb]z
{ s lgo'lQmsf] ;"rgf hf/L u/]sf]
ljkIfLsf] sfdsf/jfxL ;+ljwfg / sfg"g ljk/Lt
x'bF f ;f] sfo{ ab/ xf]; egL ug'{ ePsf] ax;
;'lgof] .
To:t} k|ToyL{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6
ljfg ;x GofoflwjQmf s[i0fhLjL l3ld/]n] g]kfn
ljB't k|flws/0fsf] sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs lgo'lQm
ug{ sfg"gn] s'g} sfo{ljlwsf] Joj:yf u/]sf]
5}g . ;/sf/n] lgo'lQm Joj:yfkg ug{ dfq
k| l qmof cjnDag u/] s f] xf] . ;fj{ h lgs
;+:yfgsf] sfo{sf/L k|dv
' lgo'lQm ug{ ;fj{hlgs
;+:yfg lgb]{zg af]8{ -u7g tyf sfo{ ;~rfng_
cfb]z, @)^* n] ;/sf/nfO{ l;kmfl/z ug{]
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 / af]8n
{ ] ;/sf/n] tf]sa] df]lhd
sfo{ljlw kfngf ug'{k5{ . af]8{n] l;kmfl/z;Dd
ug]{ xf] lgo'lQm ;/sf/n] ug]{ xf] . g]kfn ;/sf/n]
To:tf] ;"rgf, k|:tfj /2 ug{;Sg] ePsf]n] k"j{
;"rgf /2 u/L k'gM lgo'lQmsf nflu gofF sfo{jfxL
z'? u/]sf] 5 . lgj]bs 5gf}6 k|lqmofdf ;jf]T{ s[i6
7x/L lgo'lQm kfpg] lg0f{o ePsf] cj:yf 5}g .
clwsf/ g} l;h{gf eO{ g;s]sf] ckl/kSj Prematured _ cj:yfdf l/6 hf/L x'g ;Sb}g,
l/6 vf/]h xf];\ egL / k|ToyL{ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg
lgb]z
{ g af]8,{ @)^* sf] tkm{af6 ljfg clwjQmf
k'0ok|;fb b+ufnn] klxn] ;+:yfgsf] sfo{sf/L
lgb]{zs lgo'lQmsf] ;DaGwdf :ki6 Joj:yf
gePsf] cj:yfdf z'? ul/Psf] k|lqmof ;dfKt
gx'Fb} ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg lgb]{zg af]8{ cfb]z,
@)^* ;/sf/n] nfu" u/]sf] / ;f] u7g cfb]zdf
sfo{sf/L lgb]{zssf] lgo'lQm;DaGwL k|lqmofsf]
af/] d f Joj:yf u/] s f] x' F b f tf] s ] s f]
sfo{ljlwadf]lhd k|lqmof k"/f u/L lgo'lQm ug{
k"j{ ;"rgf /2 u/L k'gM ;"rgf hf/L ePsf] xf] .

lgo'lQm ug{] sfo{ o; af]8{sf] xf]Og l/6 vf/]h
xf];\ egL / k|ToyL{ g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf]
tkm{af6 ljfg clwjQmfx qmdzM /d]zs'df/
l3ld/], /fhg clwsf/L ;d]tn] g]kfn ljB't
k|flws/0fsf] sfo{sf/L k|d'vsf] lgo'lQmsf]
l;kmfl/z / lgo'lQm ;d]t ug]{ sfo{df ljB't
k|flws/0fsf] s'g} e"ldsf x'Gg . o; k|flws/0fn]
;"rgf lgsfn]sf] klg xf]Og, /2 u/]sf] klg
xf]Og . lgo'lQmsf] ;"rgf lgsfNg], l;kmfl/z
ug]{, lgo'lQm ug{] nufotsf s'g} klg sfo{df
o; k|flws/0fsf] s'g} e"ldsf x'Gg . t;y{ s'g}
e"ldsf g} gePsf] g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fnfO{
ljkIfL agfO{ lbPsf] l/6 vf/]h xf];\ egL ax;
ug'{ ePsf] 5 .
b'a} kIfsf sfg"g Joj;foLxsf] ax;
;'gL dfu adf]lhd l/6 hf/L x'g] gx'g] s] xf]
lg0f{o lbg' k/]sf] 5 .
lgj]bsn] g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf]
sfo{ s f/L lgb] { z s kbk" l t{ s f nflu v' n f
k|lt:kwf{af6 lgo'lQm ug]{ egL g]kfn ljB't
k|flws/0f P]g, @)$! sf] bkmf !& adf]lhd
pmhf{ dGqfnoaf6 ldlt @)^*.*.!% df k|sflzt
;"rgfadf]lhd d lgj]bsn] cfj]bg e/L k|:tfj
k|:t'tLs/0f / cGtjf{tf ;d]taf6 5gf}6 k|lqmof
clGtd r/0fdf k'uL ;a} k|lt:kwL{ eGbf pQd
eO{ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 lgo'lQm lng dfq afFsL
/x]sf]df dnfO{ lgo'lQm glbO{ ldlt @)^*.*.!%
df k|sflzt ;"rgfcg';f/ k|fKt k|:tfj /2 ul/Psf]
egL g]kfn ;/sf/ pmhf{ dGqfnon] ldlt
@)^*.!@.@! df ;"rgf k|sflzt u/]sf] /
tt\kZrft\ g]kfn ;/sf/ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg
lgb]z
{ g af]8,{ @)^* n] g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf]
sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs kb k"lt{ ug]{ ;DaGwdf
@)^*.!@.@^ df ;"rgf k|sflzt u/]sf] 5 .
clVtof/ b' kof] u cg' ; Gwfg cfof] u af6
lgo'lQm;DaGwL k|lqmof tTsfn /f]sL ;fj{hlgs
1414
;+:yfg lgb]z
{ g af]8,{ @)^* ad]flhd ug'{ egL
n]vL cfPcg';f/ pQm k"j{ ;"rgf k|:tfj /2 u/L
k'gM kbk"lt{ ;"rgf hf/L ePsf] eGg] hfgsf/L
x'g cfof] . t;y{ clVtof/ b'kof]u cg';Gwfg
cfof]usf] pQm lg0f{o kq g]kfn ;/sf/ pmhf{
dGqfnosf] ldlt @)^*.*.!% sf] ;"rgf /2
;DaGwL @)^*.!@.@! sf] ;"rgf, g]kfn ;/sf/
;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg lgb]{zg af]8{, @)^* sf]
sfo{sf/L lgb]{zssf] kbk"lt{ ;DaGwL ldlt
@)^*.!@.@^ sf] ;"rgf, g]kfn ;/sf/ dGqL
:t/sf] ldlt @)^*.!).@^ sf] vf/]hL lg0f{o Pj+
cfb]z / ;f] ;DaGwL cGo sfo{ ;d]t pTk|i] f0fsf]
cfb]zf/f ab/ u/L ljkIfL pmhf{ dGqfnosf]
ldlt @)^*.*.!% sf] ;"rgfcg';f/ lgo'lQm k|lqmof
k"/f u/L pTs[i7 ePs]f lgj]bsnfO{ g]kfn ljB't
{ s kbdf lgo'lQm lbg'
egL cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t lgj]bg
bfjL u/]sf] 5 . kbk"lt{ ;ldltn] l/6 lgj]bs
;lxt tLg hgfsf] gfd cGt/jftf{sf] nfuL 5gf}6
u/]sf] / lgo'lQm sfo{ hf/L /fv]s} avt ;fj{hlgs
;+:yfg lgb]z
{ g af]8{ cfb]z, @)^* hf/L eO{ ;f]
cfb]zsf] bkmf #)-@_ adf]lhd sfo{sf/L 5gf}6
oyfjt /xg] tt\ kZrft o; cfb]zadf]lhd
;dGjo u/L 5gf}6 sfo{ cufl8 a9fpg' kg]{ egL
pNn]v ePsf] / l;kmfl/z ;ldltsf] sfo{ljlw
;dfKt x'g nfu]sf] cj:yfdf clVtof/ b'kof]u
cg';Gwfg cfof]uaf6 k|lqmof tTsfn /f]sL u7g
cfb]zadf]lhd ug{ u/fpg n]vL cfPadf]lhd
ldlt @)^*.*.!% sf] ;"rgf /2 u/L k'g M 5gf}6
k|lqmof cufl8 a9fPsf] xf] . l/6 lgj]bs :jo+ g}
5gf}6 gePsf] cj:yfdf cg'dfgsf e/df, pd]/sf]
xb %* k'us
] f] JolQmn] bfo/ u/]sf] l/6 hf/L x'g
;Sb}g vf/]h xf];\ eGg] ;d]t k|ToyL{xsf] lnlvt
k|ltjfb /x]sf] kfOG5 .
@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{, g]kfn ;/sf/
pmhf{ dGqfnosf] ldlt @)^*.*.!% ut]sf] g]kfn

{ ssf] kbk"lt{
k|lt:kwf{f/f ug]{ egL k|sflzt ;"rgfadf]lhd
oL l/6 lgj]bs ;lxt !% hgfn] cfj]bg e/L ;f]
lgo'lQm k|lqmofdf ljleGg r/0f k"/f u/L oL
lgj]bs ;d]t cGtjf{tf{df ;lDdlnt ePsf] s'/f
lgj]bg tyf lnlvt hjfkm ;d]taf6 b]lvg
cfpF5 . pmhf{ dGqfnosf] ldlt @)^*.*.!% df
k|sflzt sfo{sf/L lgb]z
{ ssf] kbk"lt{;DaGwL ;f]
;"rgf x]bf{, g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] l/Qm
sfo{sf/L lgb]z
{ s kbdf lgo'lQmsf] nflu g]kfn
ljB't k|flws/0f P]g, @)$! sf] bkmf !&-!_ sf]
k| o f] h gsf nflu v' n f k| l t:kwf{ T ds
k|ltof]lutff/f pQm kbk"lt{sf nflu g]kfn ljB't
k| f lws/0fsf] ;' w f/sf nflu cfgf] sfo{
of]hgf;lxtsf] /0fgLlts k|:tfj k]z ug{' x'g
;"rgf k|sflzt ul/Psf] 5 egL pNn]v ePsf]
b]lvG5 .
#= pQm ;"rgfdf pDd]bjf/sf] pd]/
#% jif{ k"/f eO{ %* jif{ ggf3]sf] x'gk' g]{ /
5gf}6 k|lqmofdf k|fKt k|:tfjsf] d"Nofg kZrft\
% hgfnfO{ 5gf}6 ;"rLdf ;dfj]z u/L cfkm"n]
k]z u/]sf] k|:tfj pmhf{ dGqfnon] lgwf{/0f
u/]sf] ;do / :yfgdf k|:t't u/L pTs[i7
7xl/Psf # -tLg_ hgf k| : TffjsnfO{
cGt/jf{tfdf cfAxfg u/L tL tLg hgfdWo]
;jf]{Ts[i7 7x/]sf Ps hgfsf] gfd lgo'lQmsf
nflu l;kmfl/z ;ldltn] pmhf{ dGqfnodf
pknAw u/fpg]5 eGg] ;d]t pNn]v ePsf]
kfOG5 . pQm ;"rgfdf g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf]
sfo{sf/L lgb]z
{ s kbdf lgo'lQmsf nflu cfjZos
of]Uotf, k|lt:kwf{sf cfwf/ / l;kmfl/zsf]
k|lqmofsf af/]df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . ldlt
@)^*.*.!% ut]sf] ;"rgf g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f
P]g, @)$! sf] bkmf !&-!_ sf] k|of]hgsf nflu
hf/L ePsf] b]lvG5 . g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f
P]g, @)$! sf] bkmf !&-!_ df k|flws/0fsf]
sfo{ ;~rfngsf] lgldQ d'Vo k|zf;sLo
1415
clws[tsf] kdf ;ldltn] Ps hgf dxfk|aGws

/ cfjZostfcg';f/ ;Nnfxsf/ / sd{rf/L
lgo'lQm ug{ ;Sg] 5 . t/ ;fwf/0f;efsf] Joj:yf
geP;Dd To:tf] d'Vo k|zf;sLo clws[tsf]
kdf g]kfn ;/sf/n] Ps hgf sfo{sf/L
lgb]{zs lgo'lQm ug]{5 eGg] Joj:yf ePsf]
kfOG5 . P]gsf] pk/f]Qm Joj:yf adf]lhd g}
sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs lgo'lQm k|lqmof lgwf{/0f u/L
g]kfn ;/sf/f/f pQm ;"rgf hf/L u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . ;f] Joj:yfsf] cnfjf g]kfn ljB't
{ s lgo'lQm ug]{ cGo
sfo{ljlwsf] Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvFb}g / cGo
sfo{ljlw cjnDag ul/Psf] 5 egL k|ToyL{xn]
eGg b]vfpg klg ;s]sf] 5}g .
$= g]kfn ;/sf/ pmhf{ dGqfnosf]
ldlt @)^*.*.!% sf] ;"rgf tyf ;f] ;"rgfdf
tf]lsPsf] sfo{ljlw adf]lhd ul7t ;ldltdf
oL lgj]bs ;d]t !% hgfn] sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs
kbdf cfj]bg btf{ u/L ;f] dWo] % hgf 5gf}6
eO{ tf]lsPsf] sfo{ of]hgf ;lxtsf] /0fgLlts
k|:tfj ;d]t k|:t't u/L ;f] k|:tfj k|:t'ltsf
cfwf/df pko'Qm b]lvPsf dWo]af6 oL lgj]bs
;lxt tLg hgfsf] gfd ldlt @)^*.(.@( df
x'g] cGt/jftf{sf nfuL 5gf}6 u/]sf] egL pmhf{
dGqfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm tyf pQm ;ldltn]
pmhf{ dGqfnonfO{ n]vs
] f] kq ;d]taf6 b]lvG5 .
oL lgj]bs ;lxt tLg hgfn] @)^*.(.@( df
;ldlt ;dIf cGtjf{ t f{ d f ;lDdlnt eO{
;ldltsf ;b:oxn] d"Nofg ;d]t u/L ;f]sf]
aGbL vfd k]z u/L ;s]sf] ;d]tsf] tYonfO{
oL k|ToyL{ d+Gqfno tyf kbk"lt{ ;ldltn] cGoyf
eGg ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g . t/ pQm cGt/jftf{sf]
glthf k|sfzg u/L glthfdf ;jf]{Ts[i7 7x/]sf]
JolQmnfO{ pQm kbdf lgo'lQm ug{ ;/sf/nfO{
l;kmfl/z ug'{ kg]{df ;f] u/]sf] kfOPg . a?
cGt/jftf{ ;d]tsf] sfo{ ;DkGg u/L ;s]kl5
To;sf] kl/0ffd glgsfnL clVtof/ b'kof]u
cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] ldlt @)^*.!).@ sf] lg0f{o

Pj+ clVtof/ b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf]
ldlt @)^*.!).@ r=g+ !@%( sf] kq tyf
ldlt @)^*.!).@^ sf] pmhf{ dGqfnosf]
dGqL:t/Lo lg0f{ofg';f/ eGb} sfo{sf/L lgb]z
{ ssf]
kbk"lt{;DaGwL l;kmfl/znufot ;DkGg ;Dk"0f{
lgo'lQm k|lqmof vf/]h u/]sf] pQm lg0f{o;DaGwL
;Ssn kmfOn Pj+ pmhf{ dGqfnosf] r=g+ ^!^
ldlt @)^*.!).@& sf] kq ;d]taf6 b]lvG5 .
pmhf{ dGqfnon] sfo{sf/L lgb]{zssf] kbdf
lgo'lQmsf nflu k|lt:kwf{sf] cfwf/df g]kfn
ljB't k|flws/0f P]g, @)$! sf] bkmf !& adf]lhd
l;kmfl/z k|lqmof lgwf{/0f u/L ;f]xLcg';f/
;"rgf k|sflzt u/L ;f] k|lt:kwf{df oL lgj]bs
;lDdlnt eO{ tf]lsPadf]lhdsf] k|lt:k4f{Tds
k|lqmof / tT;DaGwL sf/jfxLsf k|To]s r/0fdf
;xefuL eO{ cGt/jftf{ ;d]t ;DkGg ePkl5
;jf] { T s[ i 6 pDd] b jf/nfO{ lgo' l Qmsf nflu
l;kmfl/z gu/L kbk"lt{sf] nflu k|sflzt ;"rgf
k|:tfj nufot ;DkGg eO;s]sf] ;Dk"0f{ k|lqmof
g} /2 u/L ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg lgb]{zg af]8{
cfb]z, @)^* adf]lhd gofF k|lqmofaf6 sfo{sf/L
lgb]{zs kbdf lgo'lQm ug{ k|lqmof cf/De ug{
pmhf{ dGqLaf6 lg0f{o ePsf] kfOG5 . t/ kbk"lt{
;DaGwL ;DkGg k|lt:kwf{Tds sf/jfxL /2 ubf{
;f] /2 ug'{ kg]{ sfg"gadf]lhdsf] j:t'lgi7
sf/0f ;f] ;"rgfdf pNn]v ePsf] b]lvFb}g .
%= clVtof/ b' kof] u cg' ; Gwfg
cfof]unfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg lgb]z
{ g af]8{ u7g
cfb]z, @)^* cg';f/ To:tf] lg0f{o ug{ jf
lgb]{zg lbg ;Sg] clwsf/ ePsf] b]lv+b}g .
clVtof/ b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]uaf6 pQm
lgo'lQm k|lqmof /2 ug]{ u/L ePsf] lg0f{o /
lgb]z
{ g lbg] ;d]tsf] sfo{ s] s'g sfg"gsf cfwf/df
ePsf] xf] cfof]usf] pQm kqaf6 b]lvFbg} . clVtof/
b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] pmhf{ dGqfnof/f
ul7t ;ldltn] u/]sf] kbk"lt{;DaGwL sf/jfxLdf
1416
sfo{ljlwut q'l6k"0f{ eof] jf of] o; sf/0fn]

sfg"gljk/Lt eof] s]xL pNn]v ug{ ;s]sf]
kfOb}g .
^= clVtof/ b' kof] u cg' ; Gwfg
cfof]usf] kqdf plNnlvt ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg
lgb]z
{ g af]8{ -u7g / sfo{ ;~rfng_ cfb]z,
@)^* ldlt @)^*.(.!@ df hf/L ePsf] / pQm
af]8s
{ f] u7g kZrft dfq g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf]
sfo{sf/L lgb]z
{ gsf] lgo'lQm k|lqmof ;f] af]8a{ f6
ug]{ u/L @)^*.!@.@^ df ;"rgf hf/L u/]sf]
kfOG5 . pQm af]8{ u7g cfb]zsf] bkmf !! df
;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] sfo{sf/L k|dv
' sf] lgo'lQm
ug{ l;kmfl/z ;ldlt u7g;DaGwL / bkmf !@
df g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] sfo{sf/L k|dv
'
l;kmfl/z ;DaGwL Joj:yf tyf bkmf !# df
To:tf] ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/zsf] cfwf/df g]kfn
;/sf/n] lgo'lQm ug]{ Joj:yf pNn]v 5 . To:t}
bkmf #) df vf/]hL / arfp zLif{s cGtu{t
-!_ df k|ltikwf{sf] dfWodaf6 5gf}6 eO{ xfn
sfo{/t /x]sf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf sfo{sf/L
k|dv
' n] lghnfO{ tf]lsPsf] cjlw;Dd lg/Gt/tf
kfpg]5g eGg] / -@_ df k|ltikwf{af6 5gf}6sf]
qmddf /x]sf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf sfo{sf/L
k|dv
' xsf] 5gf}6 k|lqmof af]8n
{ ] sfo{ ;~rfng
z'? gu/];Dd oyfjt /xg]5 . tt\ kZrft o;
cfb]zadf]lhd ;dGjo u/L 5gf}6 sfo{ cufl8
a9fpg' kg]5
{ elgPsf] 5 . o;/L oL lgj]bssf]
lgo'lQm k|lqmof of] u7g cfb]z nfu" ePsf] ldlt
@)^*.(.!@ eGbf cufl8 ldlt @)^*.*.!% af6}
z'? eO{ ;s]sf] tyf cGtjf{tf{ ;d]t ;DkGg
e};sL lgo'lQmsf] nflu l;kmfl/z x'g] clGtd
r/0fdf /x]sf] kfOG5 . Psk6s sfg"g;+ut
9+uaf6 k|lt:kwf{f/f kbk"lt{ ug{ z'? ePsf]
lgo'lQm k|lqmof k"0f{ geP;Dd kl5 ag]sf] sfg"g
jf cfb]zaf6 ;f] ;DkGg eO{;s]sf] k|lqmof /
sfdsf/jfxLnfO{ s'g} ljlw;Ddt cfwf/ /
sf/0flagf cGTo jf lgliqmo x'g ;Sb}g . To;dfly
klg k|:t't ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg lgb]{zg af]8{

-u7g / sfo{;~rfng_ cfb]z, @)^* ljwflosL
sfg"g jf cGo s'g} sfg"gf/f u7g ePsf] af]8{
geO{ ;/sf/sf] k|zf;sLo cfb]z -Executive
Order_ f/f u7g ePsf] af]8{ ePsf]n] sfg"g;/x
zlQm -Sanction_ ePsf] af]8{ /x]sf] klg dfGg
ldNb}g .
&= g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f P]g, @)$!
sf] bkmf !&-!_ / -@_ adf]lhd hf/L ePsf]
k|zf;sLo cfb]zadf]lhd k|ltikwf{af6 sfo{sf/L
lgb]{zs lgo'lQm ug]{ u/L k|sfzg ePsf]
;"rgfcg';f/ k|f/De ePsf] k|lqmof tyf ;f]
adf]lhd cGtjf{tf{ ;d]t ;DkGg eO{ ;sL
pDd]bjf/sf] clGtd d"Nofg ;d]t eO;s]kZrft\
sfg"gsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L vf/]h jf ab/ ug{
afx]s k|zf;sLo cfb]zaf6 g} lagf cfwf/ /
sf/0f ;f] ;DkGg e};s]sf] sfdsf/jfxLnfO{ To;}
ab/ jf vf/]h ug{ ldNg] x'bF g} . sfg"gsf] zf;g
ePsf] b] z df ;/sf/ jf o;sf lgsfon]
sfg"gadf]lhd dfq cfgf] sfdsf/jfxL jf cfb]z,
lgb]z
{ / lg0f{o ug{k' g]{ x'G5 . sfg"gadf]lhd
gePsf] jf sfg"gf/f k|bQ clwsf/cGtu{t
gePsf] jf sfg"gsf] plrt k|lqmof k"/f gu/L
ePsf] k|To]s sfd / lg0f{o ab/of]Uo x'G5 .
g] k fn ;/sf/ pmhf{ dGqfnoaf6 ldlt
@)^*.*.!% df ;"rgf k|sflzt ePadf]lhd
sfo{sf/L lgb]z
{ ssf] kbk"lt{;DaGwL k|lt:kf{sf
cfwf/df oL lgj]bs ;d]t !% hgf ;lDdlnt
eO{ ;f]dWo] % hgf 5gf}6 eO{ ;f]dWo] # hgf
cGtjf{tf{sf nflu 5flgPsf] / ;f] tL; hgfsf]
cGtjf{tf{ ;d]t ;DkGg eO{ pTs[i6tfsf] nflu
c lgwf{/0f u/L d"Nofg ;d]t e};sL glthf
k| s fzgsf] r/0fdf cl3sf] ;Dk" 0 f{
sfdsf/jfxLnufot @)^*.*.!% sf] ;"rgf g}
pmhf{ dGqfnoaf6 /2 u/L oL lgj]bssf] pQm
kbdf lgo'Qm x'g ;Sg] cj:yf / cfwf/ g}
;dfKt ul/Paf6 k|ToyL{xsf] ;f] sfo{ b'/fzok"0f{
1417
/x]sf] b]lvg cfpF5 . ;fy} ldlt @)^*.*.!% sf]

k|sflzt ;"rgfdf sfo{sf/L lgb]z
{ ssf] kbk"lt{
ug{ lgwf{l/t of]Uotf, pd]/, cg'ejsf] ;f ldlt
@)^*.!@.@^ df ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg lgb]{zg
af]8{ f/f ;f]xL kbsf] nflu lgwf{l/t of]Uotf
pd]/sf] xb tyf cg'ejsf] cjlw ;d]t kl/jt{g
u/L ;"rgf k|sflzt ul/Psf] b]lvPsf]n] oL lgj]bs
;f] kl5Nnf] ;"rgfadf]lhd k|lt:kwf{df ;fd]n
x'g cfof]Uo x'g] u/L pd]/ / cg'ej tf]lsPsf]n]
;f] sfo{ ab\lgotk"0f{ /x]sf] ;d]t :ki6 x'g
cfpF5 .
*= ;f]sf] cnfjf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg
lgb]{zg af]8{ -u7g tyf sfo{ ;~rfng_ cfb]z,
@)^* sf] bkmf #)-@_ df k|lt:kwf{af6 5gf}6sf]
qmddf /x]sf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf sfo{sf/L
k|d'vxsf] 5gf}6 k|lqmof af]8{n] sfo{ ;~rfng
z'? gu/];Dd oyfjt /xg]5 tTkZrft o;
cfb]zadf]lhd ;dGoj u/L 5gf}6 sfo{ cufl8
a9fpg' kg]{5 eGg] Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvPsf] /
oL lgj]bs pQm af]8{ u7g x'g' eGbf cufj} b]lv
;f] sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs kbsf] k|lt:kwf{df ;fd]n
eO/x]sf] b]lvg] cj:yfdf ;f] #)-@_ adf]lhd
;dGjo u/L 5gf}6 k|lqmof cufl8 a9fpg' kg]{
egL arfp u/L /x]sf] b]lv+bf g]kfn ljB't
k|flws/0fsf] ;f]xL kbsf] nflu cl3 ;DkGg
e};s]sf] sfdsf/jfxLnfO{ ;dGjo;Dd u/L sfo{
ug'{ kg]{df ;f] cl3 ldlt @)^*.*.!% sf]
;"rgfadf]lhdsf] ;DkGg eO;s]sf] sfo{jfxL
g} /2 u/]sf] x'Fbf pmhf{ dGqfnosf] ;f] sfo{ /
lg0f{o pQm bkmf #)-@_ cg's"n g/x]sf] klg
k|i6} 5 .
(= clVtof/ b' kof] u cg' ; Gwfg
cfof]usf] lgb]z
{ gsf] cfwf/df kbk"lt{ ;DaGwL
;DkGg e};s]sf] sfdsf/jfxL / ;"rgf vf/]h
u/]sf] eGg] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lnlvt hjfkm
lhsL/sf ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ clVtof/
b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u P]g, @)$* cg';f/
cfof]u ;/sf/sf] lgoGq0f ug]{ lgodgsf/L ;+:yf

/x]sf] b]lv+bg} . ;f] P]gsf] bkmf @* adf]lhd
cfof]un] ;/sf/ jf ;/sf/L lgsfonfO{ ;'emfj
jf lgb]z
{ g lbg ;Sb5 t/ cfof]usf] lgb]z
{ g s'g}
JolQmsf] xsdf k|lts"n c;/ gkg]{ ePdf jf
s'g} sfg"gsf] k|lts"n gx'g] ePdf dfq sfof{Gjog
ug{ ;lsg] x'G5 . cyf{t\ cfof]usf] lgb]z
{ gaf6
s;} s f] xs jf lxt k| l ts" n gePdf jf
sfg"gk|lts"n gx'g] ePdf dfq dfGg ;lsg]
x'G5 . k|:t't l/6 lgj]bsn] pmhf{ dGqfnosf]
lj1fkgadf]lhd sfo{sf/L lgb]z
{ ssf] kbsf nflu
cfj]bg btf{ u/L k|lt:kwf{sf ;a} k|lqmof k"/f
u/L cGt{jftf{df ;d]t ;+nUg ePsf] b]lvPsf] /
o:tf] cj:yfdf ;f] lj1fkgadf]lhd k|lt:kwf{sf]
cfwf/df lnOPsf] cGt/jftf{ / d"Nofgadf]lhd
glthf k|sfzg u/L ;jf]T{ s[i6 x'gn
] fO{ sfo{sf/L
lgb]{zs kbdf lgo'lQm ug'{kg]{df k|lt:kwf{sf]
cfwf/df lnOPsf] cGt/jftf{ / d"Nofgad]flhd
glthf k|sfzg gu/L e};s]sf] ;Dk"0f{ k|lqmof g}
vf/]h u/]sf] b]lvG5 . h'g sfo{ c;n lgotn]
u/]sf] gb]lvO{ ab\lgotk"js
{ ePsf] b]lv+bf ;f]
sfo{af6 oL lgj]bssf] xsdf c;/ kg]{ b]lvg
cfpF5 .
!)= o:t} ljifoj:t'sf ;DaGwdf g]sfk
@)^*, c *, lg=g+= *^&) k[i7 !#** df
sfg"gL k|lqmofaf6 6'lg] s'/fnfO{ lgb]z
{ gaf6
lj:yflkt jf k|lt:yflkt ug{ ;lsb}g . sfg"gL
k|lqmof afx]ssf cGo Joj:yfkg jf k|zf;lso
s'/fdf s;}sf] xs clwsf/df c;/ gkg]{ u/L
s'g} s'/fsf] nflu lgb]z
{ g lbg ;lsG5 . t/
sfg"gL k|lqmofaf6 k|fKt ePsf] jf x'g] xsnfO{
lgb]z
{ gsf] dfWodaf6 cGoyf k|efljt ug{ gldNg]
x'gfn] lgb]z
{ g lbg] clwsf/nfO{ ;DalGwt ;lrjn]
afl~5t xbleq /xL ljrf/ ug'{ / k|of]u ug'k{ 5{
egL o; cbfntaf6 l;4fGt k|ltkfbg eO/x]sf]
;d]t cj:yfdf clVtof/ b'kof]u cg';Gwfg
cfof]usf] kqsf] cfwf/df k|:t't lgj]bssf]
1418
**() - ci6dL y?gL ;d]t lj=5]bL/fd rf}w/L ;d]t
xsflwsf/df c;/ kg]{ u/L ldlt @)^*.*.!%

df k|sflzt kbk"lt{;DaGwL ;"rgfcg';f/ k|fKt
ePsf] k|:tfjx /2 u/]sf] g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
lg0f{o Pj+ tt\;DaGwL sfd sfo{nfO{ sfg"gcg'sn
"
ePsf] dfGg ldn]g .
!!= ctM dfly ljj]rgf ul/Padf]lhd
g] k fn ;/sf/ pmhf{ dGqfnosf] ldlt
@)^*.!).@^ sf] dGqL:t/Lo lg0f{ o , ;f]
dGqfnosf] ldlt @)^*.!@.@! sf] ;"rgf /
;f]sf] cfwf/df ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg lgb]{zg
af]8a{ f6 k|sfzg ePsf] g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf]
sfo{ s f/L lgb] { z ssf] kbk" l t{ ; DaGwL ldlt
@)^*.!@.@^ / ldlt @)^*.!@.@* ;d]tsf
;a} ;"rgfx ab\lgotk"0f{ Pj+ sfg"gk|lts"n
;d]t /x]sf] b]lvPsf] / ;f] sfdsf/jfxLaf6
lgj]bssf] ;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL xsdf cf3ft
kg]{ b]lvPsf]n] tL ;"rgf / lg0f{o ;d]t
pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ u/L lbPsf] 5 . ca
pmhf{ dGqfnosf] ldlt @)^*.*.!% sf]
lj1fkgadf]lhd g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf]
sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs kbdf lgo'lQmsf nflu oL
lgj]bs;lxtsf pDd]bjf/sf] 5gf}6 u/L lnOPsf]
ldlt @)^*.(.@( sf] cGtjf{tfsf] glthf
k|sfzt u/L ;jf]T{ s[i6 7xl/PsfnfO{ pQm kbdf
sfg"gadf]lhd lgo'lQm lbg' egL ljkIfLxsf
gfddf k/dfb]z ;d]t hf/L x'g] 7x5{ . cfb]zsf]
hfgsf/L dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t\
k|ToyL{xnfO{ lbO{ bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L
ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{ lbg" .
lg0f{o g+= **()
;jf]R{ r cbfnt ;+oQ

' m Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L sNof0f >]i7
)^*CR )!%)
km};nf ldltM @)^(.@.!&.$
d'2f M a08fkq hfn;fh
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLM s}nfnL lhNnf, pbfl;k'/

uf=lj=;=j8f g+ ! j:g] ci6dL y?gL ;d]t
lj?4
k| T oyL{ jfbLM s} n fnL lhNnf pbf;Lk' /
uf=lj=;=j8f g+ ! j:g] 8f}nltof eGg]
8f}/L y?gL sf] d'=;= u/L cfgf] xsdf
;d]t P]=P]= j:g] 5]bL/fd rf}w/L ;d]t
z'?df k}m;nf ug]M{
df=Gof=>L gf/fo0f k|;fb lwtfn
k'g/fj]bg k}m;nf ug]{ M
df=Gof=>L bLks/fh hf]zL
df=Gof=>L /fdk|;fb vgfn

Gof=j}Bgfy pkfWofo
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn c;f]h !$ ut] /f]h ! z'ed\ =
Ohnf; clws[tM gf/fo0fk|;fb k/fh'nL
&
1419
gftfsf] k|Zgdf ljjfb ePkl5 s'g}

lnvtjf6 gftf nf]k x'G5 eg] Tof]
lg/Gt/sf] b"lift sfo{ x'G5 . c+zsf] xs
sfg"gn] Joj:yf u/]sf] hGd;+u cfPsf]
xs x'gfn] To:tf] xs d]6g\ jf s'g}
lnvt s'g ldltdf v8f ePsf] eGg]
s'/fn] xbDofbsf] k|Zg p7fO{ c+z xs g}
nf]k ug{ lbg gldNg] .
c+lzof/ b]lvG5 eg] c+lzof/n] cfgf]
c+z a'em]sf] jf ;f] xs ljlwjt\ kl/Tofu
u/]sf] cj:yfdf jfx]s lg/Gt/ sfod
/xg] ljifo ePsf]n] cGo cGo JolQm eO{
u/]sf] lnvtaf6 c+lzof/sf] xsdf s'g}

cg'lrt ;Ldf zt{ l;h{gf ePsf] jf
xs u'ds
] f] eGg ldNg] b]lvb}g . To:tf]
b"lift sfo{ u/]sf] lnvt yfxf kfPkl5
lkm/fb ug{ kfpg] xbDofb k|fKt x'g] .
a08fkqdf c+lzof/ nf]k u/]klg c+z
kfpg jfFsL /x]sf c+lzof/ ;d]tsf]
sfg"gadf]lhd c+z xs nfUg] ;DklQdf
lghsf] xs g} k"0f{ kdf d]6g\ ] p2]Zo
lnO{ b"lift dg;fon] c+lzof/ nf]k u/L
u/]sf] To:tf] a08fkqjf6 c+z lng'lbg'
u/]sf] sfo{ hfn;fhLsf] kl/efiffleq
kg]{ .
c+z kfpg] JolQmnfO{ g} nf]k u/L c+z
h:tf] xsjf6 k"0f{ kdf jl~rt u/fO{
c+zxs d]6g\ ] sfo{ u/L u/]sf] To:tf]
b"lift a08fkq u/]sf] yfxf kfPkl5 c;/
kg]{ kIfn] d'2f ug{ kfpg] g} x'bF f xbDofbs]f
cefjdf lkm/fb bfo/ ePsf] egL cy{
ug{ gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=$_
hfn;fhL sfo{ u/L u/] s ] f b" l ift
a08kqjf6 gftf g} nf]k x'G5 . To:tf]
b"lift sfo{sf] lj?4df yfxf kfPkl5
xbDofb k|fKt x'g] e} c;/ kg]{ kIfn]
d'2f ug{ s'g} sfg"gn] jGb]h gnufPsf]
o; l:yltdf d'2f ug{ ;Sg] / To:tf]
b"lift a08fkq jb/ u/L ;f] hfn;fhL
sfo{df ;+nUgnfO{ ;hfo ;d]t x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=%_
km};nf
Gof=sNof0f >]i7M k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
lbkfonaf6 ldlt @)^&.(.@) df ePsf]
k}m;nfpk/ Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf
!@ sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -s_ adf]lhd d'2f
bf]xf]ofO{ kfpdf lgj]bg k/L lg:;f k|bfg e} k]z
x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo P+j 7x/
o; k|sf/ 5 M
xfd|f d"nk'vf{ :j=nId0f eGg] b'vf/fdsf
% 5f]/fx h]7f :j= ho/fd, dlxnf :j= lev'
8uf}/f, ;flxnf k|ltjfbL ;'bfdf eGg] ;'zL/fd
8uf}/f yf, sflxnf :j= /fdgf/fo0f 8uf}/f,
sfG5f :j=;Ltf/fd 8uf} / f ePsf] d f h] 7 f
:j=ho/fd 8uf}/fsL >LdtL k|ltjfbL ci6dL
y?gL / 5f]/fx :j=7fu'/fd rf}w/L, k|ltjfbL
v'zL/fd rf}w/L, dflxnf :j=leVv' 8uf}/fsf >LdtL
d lkm/fbL 8f}nltof eGg] 8f}/L rf}w/L / rf/
5f]/fxdf ;'lGb/fd, b]jL/fd, 5]bL/fd, n;L/fd
rf}w/L, ;flxnf k|ltjfbL ;'bfdf eGg] k|ltjfbL
;'zL/fd 8uf}/f yfsf] >LdtL lj;/L y?gL /
rf/ 5f]/fxdf dfgaxfb'/, nfnaxfb'/, ;'/z
] s'df/
s[i0faxfb'/, sflxnf :j= /fdgf/fo0fsf] b'O{ 5f]/fdf
k|ltjfbL sfnLr/0f rf}w/L, k|ltjfbL t'nf/fd
rf}w/L tyf sfG5f :j=;Ltf/fdsf rf/ 5f]/fdf
v8\saxfb'/ rf}w/L, xl/k|;fb rf}w/L, /fdk|;fb
rf}w/L, dfgaxfb'/ rf}w/L ePsf] ;fy} :j=
7fu'/fdsf] >LdtL bf]bgL y?gL / b'O{ 5f]/fx
3'Ddg rf}w/L, s0f{axfb'/ rf}w/L ePsf] / k|ltjfbL
;'zL/fdsf] >LdtL hfgsL y?gL / hugL y?gL
ePsL o; jfx]s xfd|f s'g} c+lzof/ gePsf
xfdL jfbL k|ltjfbL aLr sfg"gt c+za08f ePsf]
5}g . ljkIfLnfO{ k|ltjfbL jgfO{ ldlt @)^$.(.!^
k'g/f]bs k|ltjfbL tkm{af6M
k|ToyL{ jfbL tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmf d'/f/L df s}nfnL lhNnf cbfntdf lkm/fb bfo/ u/L
cfPsf]df k|ltpQ/ lhsL/df @)#!.*.* df g}
;fksf]6f
xfdL k|ltjfbLxsf] j'jf tyf ;;'/f :Jf= ho/fd
cjnlDat ghL/M
8uf}/f :j= ;Ltf/fd 8uf}/f :j= /fdgf/fo0f /
;Da4 sfg"gM
1420
k|ltjfbL ;'bfd eGg] ;'zL/fdaLr c+za08fsf]

lnvt tof/ u/L /=g+=!^%.!$# ldlt @)#!.*.$
df dfnkf]t sfof{no s}nfnLdf a08fkq kf/Lt
u/fO{ cfPsf 5f} eGg] k|ltpQ/ x'bF f jf:tljstf
s] /x]5 egL ldlt @)^%.$.^ ut] dfnkf]t
sfof{nodf u} slyt a08fkq elgPsf] gSsn
;f/L ln+bf xfd|f] c+z xs d]6g\ ] sfd Jojxf/df
;xdt eO{ b]=bf=g+ !$^ sf] c+z d'2fdf k|ltjfb
u/L cfPsf] x'Fbf oL k|ltjfbLx klg ldlt
@)#!.*.$ut]sf] a08fkqsf] sf/0fL ;/x ePsf]
x'bF f lghxn] klg xfd|f] c+z xs dfg]{ hfn;fhk"0f{
sfo{ u/]sf] / c+za08f lnvtn] xfd|f] c+z xs
dfg]{ sfo{ ePsf] 5 . ctM To:tf] a08fkq k"0f{kdf
hfn;fh 3f]lift u/L xfd|f] xs ;'/lIft ul/kfpFm .
o;/L k|ltjfbLxsf] ldn]dtf]df /=g+= !^%. !$#
ldlt @)#!.*.$ sf] slyt a08fkq lnvt k"0f{
kdf hfn;fh 3f]lift ul/ ;Dk"0f{ k|ltjfbLxnfO{
sLt]{ sfuhsf] dxns]f !) g+= adf]lhd ;hfo
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]tsf] lkm/fb bfjL .
ljkIfL lkm/fbLxsf] ;Dk"0f{ Joxf]/f em"7f
Pj+ agfj6L xf] . ljkIfL;+u xfd|f] s'g} gftf
;DaGw g} 5}g . lkm/fbkqdf pNn]v u/]sf] k':t]jf/L
/ o;} nufpsf] c+z d'2fdf pNn]v u/]sf] ljkIfLsf]
k':t]jf/L ldn]sf] 5}g . c+z d'2fdf b'v/fdsf %
5f]/f egL pNn]v ug'{ ePsf] 5 eg] a08fkq
hfn;fh d'2fdf d"nk'vf{ nId0f eGg] b'vf/fd
egL pNn]v u/] klg nId0f / b'vf/fd Pp6}
JolQm geP/ cnucnu JolQm x'g . nId0f
ljkIfLsf k'vf{ x'g\ eg] xfd|f k'vf{ hf]vg 8uf}/f
yf x'g lghsf 5f]/f b'vL/fdsf] rf/ 5f]/fx
h]7f hf]vg eGg] ho/fd yf, dlxnf ;'bfdf
eGg] v'lz/fd 8uf}/f, ;flxnf /fdgf/fo0f /
sfG5f ;Ltf/fd 8uf}/f yf x'g . ljkIfLn] b'v/fd
pNn]v u/]klg lgh b'vL/fd g} x'g lkm/fb unt
Pj+d u}/sfg"gL kn] cbfntdf k|jz
] u/fPsf]
5 . ljkIfLs]f xs :yflkt gePsf] cj:yfdf
d'ns
' L P]g sLt]{ sfuhsf] # g+ cfslif{t x'g
;Sb}g . hf];+u s'g} gftf g} 5}g gt s'g}

clwsfl/s kdf k'li6 x'g ;Sg] To:tf] jlnof]
k|df0f 5 o:tf] cj:yfdf k|:t't d'2f vf/]hefuL
5 . ! g+ df]xL kmf/fdnfO{ cfwf/ lnOPsf] 5 h'g
! g+= nut & g+ kmfF6jf/L Pjd lkmN8j'sdf
gfd hlg;s]s} cfwf/df dfq s'g} hUufdf
JolQmsf] xs k'Ug] xf]Og egL s}of}+ l;4fGt k|ltkfbg
e};s]sf] 5 . ljkIfLn] ;+uf]ndf /x] ePsf] tYoo'Qm
cGo s'g} k|df0f bflvnf ug{ ;s]sf] cj:yf
5}g . jfbLxsf] xs nfUg] hUuf eP jfbLxsf
jfj' / >Ldfg 5b}sf] cj:yfdf cl3 g} c+za08fsf]
#) g+= adf]lhd 5'L leGg e} ef]u btf{ Jojxf/
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L ljkIfLn] xfdLnfO{ b'v lbg]
lgotn] dfq bfo/ u/]sf] lkm/fb vf/]h u/L
sfg" g adf] l hd ePsf] a08fkqsf] lnvt
oyfl:yltdf /fvL Gofo kfpFm eGg] ;d]tsf]
k|ltpQ/ lhsL/ .
lkm/fbLx c+lzof/ x'g\ . @)@! ;fnsf]
gfkL ;d]tn] klg oL lkm/fbLxnfO{ c+lzof/
egL v'nfO{ lbPsf] 5 . ;f] a08f hfn;fh xf],
;f] a08f x'g] a]nf lkm/fbLxnfO{ hfgsf/L g}
glbO{ a08f ePsf] xf] eGg] Jox]f/fsf] jfbLsf
;fIfL uf]dfg l;+x jf]u6Ln] cbfntdf u/]sf]
jskq .
@)#! ;fndf ePsf] a08fkq jb/ x'gk' g]{
xf]Og eGg] Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbLsf ;fIfL bfgaxfb'/
ljZjsdf{n] cbfntdf u/]sf] jskq .
jfbLxsf] c+zefu kg]{ hUuf Psfk;df
ldnL a08fkq u/]sf / c+lzof/ nf]k /fvL
hfn;fh u/]sf]n] a08fkq jb/ u/L hfn;fhdf
;hfo ul/kfpFm eGg] jfbL bfjL ePsf]df
k|ltjfbLxn] cfgf] k|ltpQ/ kqdf jfbLsf
jfj' lev' cfgf] 3/df sfd ug{ j;]sf] j+zleqsf]
gx'bF f c+z lbg'kg]{ xf]Og egL k|ltpQ/ lhsL/
lnPtfklg jfbL / k|ltjfbLx Pp6} gftf
k':t]jf/Lleqsf ePsfn] jfbLn] k|ltjfbLjf6 c+z
kfpg] 7x/L o;} nufpsf] b]=bf g+= !$^.*& sf]
1421
c+z d'2fdf o;} Ohnf;jf6 cfh} k}m;nf ePs]f

;d]tjf6 jfbLxsf] efu lx:;fdf kg]{ ;DklQ
@)#! ;fndf c+za08f u/]sf] sfo{ sfg"g;Ddt
geO{ hfn;fhLk"0f{ tl/sfn] ePsf] b]lv+bf ;f]
a08fkq jb/ x'g] 7x5{ . k|ltjfbLx dWo]sf
ho/fd 8uf}/f, /fdgf/fo0f / ;Ltf/fd 8uf}/f
yfsf] d[To' e};s]sf] x'bF f s]xL ;hfo ug'{ k/]g,
a08fkq ug]{ dWo]sf ;'bfdf elgg] v'zL/fd 8uf}/f
yfnfO{ a08fkq hfn;fh u/]sfn] sLt]{
sfuhsf] !) g+ jd]flhd ljuf] ?=!$,))). sf]
@%k|ltztn] x'g] ? #%)). h/Ljfgf x'g] 7x5{
egL z'? s}nfnL lhNnf cbfntjf6 ldlt
@)^^.!@.!* df ePsf] k}m;nf .
ljkIfLdWo] s f b] j L/fd rf} w /Ln]
uf=lj=;=jf6 ljjfx btf{ k|df0fkqdf cfgf] jfh]
k'vf{ nId0f egL 5'} k':t]jf/L pNn]v u/]sf] 5 .
k|:t't hfn;fh d'2fdf kl5 nId0f eGg] / b'v/fd
eGg] JolQm Pp6} x'g eg]klg Pp6} JolQm x'g eGg]
k|df0f jfbLn] c+z d'2fsf] lkm/fb bfjLdf s'g} ;fIfL
;h{dLg / lnvtjf6 k|dfl0ft u/fpg g;s]sf]
l:yltdf k|df0fsf] d"Nofg gu/L ePsf] z'? s}nfnL
lhNnf cbfntsf] k}m;nf jb/ u/L ldlt @)#!.*.$
sf] a08fkq lnvt oyfjt sfod /flvkfpFm eGg]
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLxsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ .
jfbLxsf] c+z lx:;f kg]{ ;DklQ @)#!
;fndf u/]sf] c+za08fsf] sfd sfo{ hfn;fhLk"0f{
b]lvPsf]n] pQm a08fkq jb/ x'g] 7xofO{ a08f
kq ug]{ dWo]sf ;'bfdf elgg] v'zL/fd 8uf}/f
yfnfO{ ljuf] ? !$,))). sf] @% k|ltztn]
x'g] ?=#,%)). h/Ljfgf ;d]t x'g] 7xofO{ z'?
s}nfnL lhNnf cbfntjf6 ldlt @)^^.!@.!*
df ePsf] k};nf ldn]s} b]lv+bf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{
eGg] ;d]tsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lbkfonsf] ldlt
@)^&.(.@) sf] k}m;nf .
xfdL k|ltjfbLx / k|ToyL{ jfbLx Pp6}
k':t]jf/Lsf xf]Ogf} cnu cnu k':t]jf/Lsf xf} .
ldlt @)#!.*.* df xfd|f bfh'efOaLr sfg"gL
kdf c+za08f lnvt kf/Lt u/L cfcfgf]

c+za08fsf] hUuf ef]u rng u/L cfPsf]df
xfd|f] c+lzof/ g} gePsf k|ToyL{xaf6 kg{ cfPsf]
u}/sfg"gL ph"/L ;'gL hfn;fhL 7x/fPsf] k}m;nf
unt 5 . jfbLsf klt tyf lktf leVv' rf}w/L
xfd|f] c+lzof/ ePsf] eP cfgf] hLjgsfndf g}
ph"/ u/L a08fkq jb/ ug{ kg]d
{ f ;f] g;sL
a08f kq ug]{ tLghgf / leVv' rf}w/L ;d]ts]f
d[To' eO;s]sf] cj:yfdf sfg"gn] lglb{i6 u/]sf]
xbDofb gfl3;s]kl5 leVv'sf >LdtL / 5f]/fxn]
xfdL bf];f| ] k':tfsf JolQmxnfO{ hfn;fh u/]sf]
egL u/]sf] lkm/fbdf xfd|f] tyf ljkIfLxsf]
gful/Qmf lnbf e/]sf] tLgk':t] lgj]bg ;d]t x]/L
k':t]jf/Lsf ;DaGwdf o:tf] u|x0fof]Uo ;Da4
k|df0fs]f d"Nofg u/L a'emL k}m;nf ug'k{ g]d
{ f ;f]
k|df0f g} gj'emL ul/Ps]f k}m;nf k|df0f P]g,
@)#! sf] bkmf %$ Pj+ c=j= !*$s, !*%/ *@
g+ ;d]tsf] ljk/Lt ePsf] x'bF f z'? k}m;nf ;b/
ug]{ k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] k}m;nf q'l6k"0f{ x'bF f
d'2f bf]xf]ofO{ x]/L OG;fkm kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fs]f o; cbfntdf bfo/ lgj]bgkq .
o;df k|ltjfbL tk{mjf6 xbDofbleq lkm/fb
gk/]sf] egL lnOPsf] lhsL/ ;DaGwdf lgk0f
geO{ ePsf] k}m;nfdf d'ns
' L P]g sLt]{ sfuhsf] #
/ !* g+= sf] q'l6 b]lvg cfPsf]n] Gofo k|zf;g
P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !@-!_-s_ cg';f/ bf]xf]ofO{
x]g{] lg:;f k|bfg ul/lbPsf] 5 eGg] ;d]tsf] o;
cbfntsf] ldlt @)^*.$.!# sf] cfb]z .
lgodadf]lhd d'2f k]zL ;"rLdf r9L
lg0f{ofy{ o; Ohnf;;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't
d'2fdf ljkIfLxsf tk{maf6 pkl:yt ljfg
clwjQmf d'/f/L ;fksf]6fn] k|ToyL{ kIf /
k'g/fj]bsaLr sfg"gt c+za08f gePsf] cj:yfdf
oL k|ltjfbLx ;d]t e} c+z xs dfg]{ sfo{ u/]sf]
To:tf] hfn;fhk"0f{ a08fkqnfO{ z'? tyf k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt lbkfonjf6 hfn;fh 7xofO{ a08fkq
ug]d{ Wo]sf hLljt v'zL/fd 8uf}/f yfnfO{ h/Ljfgf
1422
;d]t ug]{ 7xofPsf] k}m;nf Gofo / sfg"gsf]

/f]xdf ldn]s} b]lv+bf ;b/ sfod x'gk' 5{ egL ug'{
ePs]f jx; lhsL/ ;'gL k'g/fj]bg kq ;lxtsf
ldl;n ;+nUg sfuhftx cWoog u/L x]bf{
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lbkfonjf6 ePsf] k}m;nf
ldn]sf] 5 5}g lg0f{o ug'k{ g]{ b]lvof] .
@= lg0f{otk{m ljrf/ ubf{, xfdL jfbLxsf]
c+zefudf kg]{ hUuf k|ltjfbLx Ps cfk;df
ldnL xfdL c+lzof/xnfO{ nf]k u/L hfn;fhLk"0f{
t/Lsfn] a08fkq u/L sLt]{ sfuhsf] # g+ jd]flhd
kl/eflift s;"/ u/]sf] x'bF f /=g+ !^%.!$# ldlt
@)#!.*.$ sf] kf/Lt a08fkq hfn;fh 3f]lift
u/L k|ltjfbLxnfO{ ;hfo ;d]t ul/kfpFm eGg]
d'Vo lkm/fb bfjL ePsf] k|:t't d'2fdf jfbLxsf]
xs lx:;fdf kg]{ ;DklQsf] @)#! ;fndf c+za08f
u/] s f] sfo{ n fO{ hfn;fhL 7xofPpk/
k|ltjfbLxsf] bf]xf]ofO{ kfpFdf lgj]bg k/L lg:;f
k|bfg e} lg0f{ofy{ Ohnf;;dIf k]z ePsf] b]lvG5 .
#= jfbL k|ltjfbLx aLr d"n kdf
c+lzof/df ljjfb b]lvG5 . jfbLn] b'v/fdsf
5f]/f xfd|f klt lktf ldVv'/fd x'g\ eg]sf /
k|ltjfbLxn] leVv'/fd b'v/fdsf] 5f]/f geO{
nId0fsf] 5f]/f ePsf]n] xfd|f] c+lzof/ xf]Og
eg]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L gftfdf g} ljjfb b]vfOPklg
jfbLxsf lktf tyf klt leVv'/fd , b'v/fdsf
kfFr eO{ 5f]/fdWo] dflxnf 5f]/f k|ltjfbLxsf
Psf;uf]nsf c+lzof/leqsf JolQm ePsf]n]
jfbLxn] k|ltjfbLxjf6 % efusf] ! efu c+z
kfpg] egL o;} nufpsf] log} jfbL k|ltjfbLx
ePsf] @)^*CI )!$* sf] c+z d'2fdf cfh}
o;} Ohnf;jf6 k}m;nf ePsf]n] ;f] d'2fdf
lnOPsf cfwf/ k|df0f ;d]tjf6 k|:t't d'2fsf
jfbL / k|ltjfbLx Pp6} k':t]jf/Lsf gftfleqsf
JolQm ePsf]df cGoyf b]lvGg .
$= k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLxn] b'v/fdsf
ho/fd, ;Ltf/fd, gf/fo0f / ;'bfdf eGg] v'zL/fd
;d]t rf/ efO 5f]/f ePsf] egL ldlt @)#!.*.$
df a08fkq kf/Lt u/]sf] ;DaGwdf x]bf{ oL

k|ltjfbLxn] cfgf] c+lzof/ gftfleqsf] JolQm
gePsf] eg] klg @)@! ;fndf ho/fdn] efO{
leVv'/fd egL e/]sf] ! g+= kmf/fd, ufpF ;h{dLgsf
clwsf+z JolQmn] leVV'f/fd b'v/fdsf] 5f]/f egL
n]lvPsf] / gftfdf jofg ug]{ n;L/fdn] b'v/fdsf]
af]nfpg] gfd nId0f eg]sf] ;d]tjf6 leVv'/fd
;d]t k'g/fjb]s k|ltjfbLxsf] Pp6} k':t]jf/Lleqsf]
Psf;uf]n kl/jf/sf] c+lzof/ gftfleqsf] k'li6
x'G5 . o;/L Psf;uf]nsf] c+lzof/leqsf] JolQmnfO{
nf]k u/L ePsf] pQm a08fkqnfO{ sfg"gadf]lhdsf]
eGg] cj:yf x'Gg . c+za08f ePsf] ldltjf6
jfbLxnfO{ lkm/fb ug]{ xbDofb g} gePsf] egL
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLxn] d'2f bf]xf]ofO{ x]/L kfpFsf]
lgj]bgdf xbDofbs]f k|Zg p7fPsf] b]lvG5 . ;f]
;DaGwdf x]bf{ jfbLxsf] cfgf] klt lktfn] kfpg]
c+zxs glbgsf] nflu b'v/fdsf kfFr efO{ 5f]/fdf
leVv'/fdnfO{ nf]k u/L rf/ efO{ dfq egL lghsf]
c+zxs d]6g] u/L a08fkq u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L
gftfsf] k|Zgdf ljjfb ePkl5 s'g} lnvtjf6
gftf nf]k x'G5 eg] Tof] lg/Gt/sf] b"lift sfo{
x'G5 . c+zsf] xs sfg"gn] Joj:yf u/]sf] hGd;+u
cfPsf] xs x'gfn] To:tf] xs d]6g jf s'g} lnvt
s'g ldltdf v8f ePsf] eGg] s'/fn] xbDofbsf]
k|Zg p7fO{ c+z xs g} nf]k ug{ lbg ldNg] x'bg} .
c+lzof/ b]lvG5 eg] c+lzof/n] cfgf] c+z j'em]sf]
jf ;f] xs ljlwjt kl/Tofu u/]sf] cj:yfdf
jfx]s lg/Gt/ sfod /xg] ljifo ePsf]n] cGo
cGo JolQm eO{ u/]sf] lnvtaf6 c+lzof/sf] xsdf
s'g} cg'lrt ;Ldf zt{ l;h{gf ePsf] jf xs
u'ds
] f] eGg ldNg] b]lvb}g . To:tf] b"lift sfo{
u/]sf] lnvt yfxf kfPkl5 lkm/fb ug{ kfpg]
xbDofb k|fKt ug]{ g} x'G5 . cyf{t\ ldlt @)#!.*.$
df ePsf] a08fkqdf c+lzof/ nf]k u/]klg c+z
kfpg jfFsL /x]sf c+lzof/ ;d]tsf] sfg"gadf]lhd
c+z xs nfUg] ;DklQdf lghsf] xs g} k"0f{ kdf
d]6g] p2]Zo lnO{ b"lift dg;fon] c+lzof/ nf]k
1423
u/L u/]sf] To:tf] a08fkqjf6 c+z lng'lbg'

lg0f{o g+= **(!
u/]sf] sfo{ hfn;fhLsf] kl/efiffleq kg]{ g} x'G5 . .
c+z kfpg] JolQmnfO{ g} nf]k u/L c+z h:tf]
;jf]R{ r cbfnt ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;
xsjf6 k"0f{ kdf jl~rt u/fO{ c+zxs d]6g]
dfggLo GofofwLz >L tflx/ cnL cG;f/L
sfo{ u/L u/]sf] To:tf] b"lift a08fkq u/]sf] yfxf
dfggLo GofofwLz >L e/t/fh pk|t] L
kfPkl5 c;/ kg]{ kIfn] d'2f ug{ kfpg] g} b]lv+bf
l/6 g+= )^% WO )$$#, )$$$
k|ltjfbLxn] eg] h:tf] xbDofbs]f cefjdf lkm/fb
cfb]z ldltM @)^(.^.!
bfo/ ePsf] egL cy{ ug{ ldNg] b]lvGg .
%= t;y{ dfly plNnlvt cfwf/ / sf/0fjf6
ljifo M pTk|i] f0fo'Qm k/dfb]z .
oL jfbL / k|ltjfbLx Pp6} k':t]jf/L gftfleqsf
JolQmx ePsf] / jfbLxn] k|ltjfbLxjf6 c+z
kfpg] xs ;'/lIft ePsf] cj:yfdf c+lzof/nfO{ g} lgj]bsM lhNnf dsjfgk'/, x]6f}+8f cf}Bf]lus
If]ql:yt g]kfn jg:ktL o" pBf]u
gb]vfO{ nf]k u/L c+z xs d]6g] sfo{ u/L ldlt
lnld6]8 tyf P]= sf] Joj:yfkssf]
@)#!.*.$ df ePsf] c+za08fsf] sfo{ b"lift e}
tkm{af6 clwsf/ k|fKt n]vf clws[t
hfn;fhLk"0f{ b]lvPsf] 5 . o:tf] hfn;fhL sfo{
d'sG' bk|;fb hf]zL
u/L u/]sf] b"lift j08kqjf6 gftf g} nf]k x'G5 eGg]
lj?4
To:tf] b"lift sfo{sf] lj?4df yfxf kfPkl5 xbDofb
k|fKt x'g] e} c;/ kg]{ kIfn] d'2f ug{ s'g} sfg"gn] ljkIfLM /0fl;+x tfdf ;d]t ;d]t
jGb]h gnufPsf] o; l:yltdf d'2f ug{ ;Sg] /
cfjf;sf]if eg]sf] sfdbf/ sd{rf/LnfO{
To:tf] b"lift a08fkq jb/ u/L ;f] hfn;fhL
a:gsf] nflu ;'ljwf lbg] p2]Zon] :yfkgf
sfo{df ;+nUgnfO{ ;hfo ;d]t x'g] g} x'bF f o;
ul/Psf] x'G5 . P]g, lgodsf] p2]Zo
cbfntjf6 xbDofbs]f cfwf/df d'2f bf]xf]ofO{ x]g{
cg';f/ o;sf] /sd cfjf; ;'ljwfsf
lg:;f k|bfg cfb]z;+u ;xdlt x'g ;lsPg . ctM
nflu vr{ ug'{ kg{] xf] . k|lti7fgdf
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lbkfonjf6 z'? cbfntn]
sfo{/t sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lx cjsfz
ljjflbt ldlt @)#!.*.$ df u/]sf] a08fkqsf]
k|fKt x'Fbf ;f] sf]ifdf ;+slnt /sd
sfo{nfO{ hfn;fhL 7x/fO{ ;f] a08fkq ug]{
sd{rf/L ;~rosf]ifsf] sL /sd h:tf]
k|ltjfbLdWo]sf hLljt /x]sf] ;'bfdf eGg] v'zL/fd
sfdbf/ sd{rf/LnfO{ lkmtf{ lbg gx'g] .
8uf}/f yfnfO{ hfn;fhLsf] ljuf] ?=!$,))). sf]
-k|s/0f g+=&_
@% k|ltztn] x'g] ?=#,%)). h/Ljfgf ;d]t x'g]
cfjf;sf]ifsf] /sd sDkgLsf] d'gfkmfaf6
7x/fO{ u/]sf] k}m;nf ldn]s} b]lv+bf ;b/ x'G5 .
sL ePsf]n] o;df ;f]xL sDkgLsf]
k|ltjfbLxsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug g;Sg] 7x5{ .
:jfldTj x'g] s'/fdf ljjfb 5}g . To;af6
k|:t't d'2fsf] bfo/Ls]f nut sf u/L ldl;n
sd{rf/Lxsf] cfjf;sf nflu ejg jf
lgodfg';f/ u/L j'emfO{ lbg" .
;+/rgf lgdf{0f gePsf] jf cfjf;sf]
k|of]hgdf ;f] /sd vr{ gePs} cfwf/df
Gof=ts{/fh e6[
;f] /sddf sDkgLdf sfo{ / t
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn h]7 !& ut] /f]h $ z'ed\===
sd{rf/Lxsf] xs jf :jfldTj k'Ug ;Sg]
Ohnf; clws[t M >Lk|;fb ;+hn
]
1424
**(! - g]kfn jg:ktL Wo" pBf]u ln=;d]t lj=/0fl;Fx tfdf ;d]t
b] l vF b } g . To;df klg sDkgL jf

k|lti7fgdf sfo{/t sd{rf/L jf sfdbf/sf]
cfjf;sf] nflu vr{ x'g] /sd cjsfz
k|fKt sd{rf/L jf sfdbf/nfO{ ljt/0f
ug{ gldNg] .
s'g} klg sDkgLsf sd{rf/L jf sfdbf/
sDkgLsf] lgod jf lkIfLo, lqkIfLo
;Demf}tfcg';f/ sfd ug]{ / ;f]afkt
kfl/>lds kfpg] ub{5g\ . sfd u/]s}
sf/0f d'gfkmf ePsf]n] ;f] d'gfkmfsf]
/sddf ;f]em} sfdbf/, sd{rf/Lsf] xs
k'Ub5 eGg' sbflk ldNb}g . o;f] eGg'
>d P]g, / sDkgL P]g ljk/Ltsf] s'/f
xf] . s'g} ;dodf ;f] sDkgLdf sfd
u/]s} sf/0f cfjf;sf]ifsf] /sdnfO{
Joj:yfkg / sfdbf/aLr a/fa/ afF8g\
gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=*_
lgj] b s tkm{ a f6M ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf
kjgs'df/ cf]emf / clwjQmf g/]Gb|k;
| fb
uf}td
ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf /]jtL lqkf7L
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
>d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf $!, $!-!_, -@_,
-#_-@_, $&, %@, ^#
>d lgodfjnL, @)%) sf] lgod $& / %@
cfb]z
Gof=tflx/ cnL cG;f/LM g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@!)&-@_ adf]lhd
o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]q cGtu{t
kg{ cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo
Pj+ cfb]z o; k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 M
g]kfn jg:ktL o" pBf]u lnld6]8
tTsfnLg sDkgL P]g, @)@! cg';f/ :yflkt
klAns lnld6]8 sDkgL xf] . of] pBf]u cf=j=

@)#()$) b]lv @)$*)$( ;Dd gfkmfdf
;~rfng eO{ cfPsf]df tt\ kZrft\ Ifdtf cg';f/
pTkfbg x'g g;sL pBf]u nuftf/ 3f6fdf
;~rfng eO{ cfPsf] / @)%@ ;fndf pBf]udf
sfo{/t @%) hgf sfdbf/ sd{rf/Ln] :j]lR5s
cjsfz lnO{ lghxn] kfpg] ;Dk"0f{ /sd a'emL
lnPsf]df To;dWo] s]xL sfdbf/ sd{rf/LxnfO{
k'gM s/f/ ;]jfdf lgo'Qm u/L ;Lldt hgzlQmaf6
pBf]u ;~rfng ug]{ qmddf s/f/df lgo'Qm
sfdbf/ sd{rf/LxnfO{ @)%%.%.! b]lv :yfoL
u/L pBf]u ;~rfng ubf{ ;d]t nuftf/ 3f6f g}
ePsf]n] @)^@.&.# df sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lsf k|ltlglw
/ pBf]u Joj:yfkgaLr b'Ok{ IfLo ;Demf}tf eO{
sfdbf/ sd{rf/Ln] :j]lR5s /fhLgfdf k]z u/L
lghxn] kfpg] ;Dk"0f{ ;'ljwf lnO{ cjsfz
k|fKt u/]sf] lglj{jfb 5 .
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf ljkIfL v08df
/x]sf ljleGg JolQmx lgj]bs pBf]udf @)%@
;fndf s/f/ ;]jfdf log'Qm eO{ @)%% ;fn
efb| ! df :yfoL eO{ @)^@ sflQsdf /fhLgfdf
:jLs[t u/fO{ cjsfz k|fKt u/]sf JolQmx
x'g\ . o;/L lgj]bs pBf]uaf6 /fhLgfdf lbO{
sfg"gadf]lhd kfpg] ;Dk"0f{ ;'ljwf tyf /sd
a'emL lnO{ cjsfz eO{ ;s]kl5 ljkIfL v08df
plNnlvt JolQmxn] cjsfz sf]if cGtu{t
sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lsf nflu 5'6\ofPsf] /sd
Joj:yfkgaf6 cg'lrt s6f}tL ul/Psf]n] pQm
/sd lbnfO{ kfpFm egL >d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf
@%-@_ cg';f/ ljkIfL >d sfof{no, x]6f}8+ fdf
lgj]bg lbg'ePsf] /x]5 .
ljkIfL >d sfof{no, x]6f}8+ fsf] r=g+=
!@$, ldlt @)^@.!).$ df pQm lgj]bgsf]
5fofFskL ;+nUg u/L cjsfz sf]ifsf] oyfy{
ljj/0f k]z ug{ kq k7fPsf]n] lgj]bs pBf]un]
pBf]usf] u|; gfkmfsf] %-kfFr_ k|ltzt 5'6o\ fO{
cfjf;sf] Joj:yf ug{ v8f u/]sf] sf]if g}
1425
cfjf;sf]if xf] . sf]if v8f ePsf] cjlw eg]sf]

cf=j= @)#(.)$) b]lv @)$*.)$( ;Dd xf] .
;f] cjlwdf sfd ug]{ @%) hgf ;Dk"0f{ sfdbf/
sd{rf/Ln] @)%@ ;fndf :j]lR5s cjsfz lnO{
;Dk"0f{ ;'ljwf lnO{ ;s]sf 5g\ . xfn cjsfz
sf]ifsf] /sd bfjL ug]{ sfdbf/ sd{rf/L @)%@
;fndf s/f/df lgo'Qm eO{ @)%%.%.! df :yfoL
eO{ @)^@ sflQsdf /fhLgfdf lbO{ :j]lR5s
cjsfz lnPsf 5g\ . cjsfz sf]ifsf] /sd
efu a08f nufpg] ;DklQ xf]Og . pBf]u hLljt
g} /x]sf] / s'gk} lg ;dodf ;~rfng x'g] x'bF f
lghxsf] bflj nfUg ;Sb}g eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/f
pNn]v u/L @)^@.!!.@# df pBf]un] hjfkm
lbPsf] lyof] .
ljkIfL >d sfof{no, x]6f}8+ faf6 lgj]bs
sfdbf/ sd{rf/Ln] cjsfl;t x'bF f cfk"mxn]
kfpg' kg]{ ;Dk"0f{ ;'ljwf gkfpg nfu]sfn] >d
P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf @%-@_ cg';f/ xbDofbleq}
>d sfof{nodf k|jz
] u/]sf] b]lvof] . lajflbt
s'/fdf P]gsf] Dofbleq pkrf/sf nflu bflj
lnO{ pkl:yt ePkl5 cjsfl;t eO{;s]sfn]
;' l jwf gkfpg] eGg ldn] g . cfjf;sf] i f
Joj:yfkg, ;~rfng;DaGwL clVtof/L >d
lgodfjnL, @)%) sf] lgod $& tyf %@ df
:ki6 kn] >d ;DaGw ;ldltnfO{ lbPsf] x'gfn]
tyf xfn k|lti7fg hLljt g} /x]sf]n] Joj:yfkgn]
cljnDa >d ;DaGw ;ldlt u7g u/L df}hb' f
cfjf;sf]if Joj:yfkg / ;~rfngsf] lg0f{o ug'k{ g]{
7x/L @)^#.!.@* df lg0f{o eof] .
ljkIfL >d sfof{no, x]6f}+8fsf] pQm
lg0f{odf lrQ ga'emL lgj]bs pBf]u / ljkIfLdWo]sf
sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lx ^% hgfsf] ljkIfL >d
cbfnt;dIf 5'f5'} k'g/fj]bg k/]sf]df >d
;DaGw ;ldlt gag]sf] ePklg cfjf;sf]ifsf]
;~rfngsf] bfloTj ;f]xL ;ldltdf /xg] egL
:ki6 kdf >d lgodfjnLdf pNn]v ePsf]
cj:yfdf cfjf;sf]ifdf hDdf ePsf] /sddf
>d nufgL ug]{ sfdbf/ sd{rf/L / k"h

F L nufgL
ug]{ nufgLstf{sf] cfwf cfwf :jfldTj /xG5
eGg] j:t' tYonfO{ :jLsfg'{ laj]sk"0f{ / Gofo;Fut
x'g] b]lvG5 . o:tf] l:yltdf b'a} kIfsf] cfk;L
;+ o ' Q m nufgLsf] pkhsf] kdf /x] s f]
cfjf;sf]ifsf] /sddf b'a} kIfsf] a/fa/ xs
x'G5 egL cbfntn] cg'dfg ug'k{ g]{ Joj:yf
k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ^-v_ n] u/]sf] x'bF f
cfjf;sf]ifdf ;l~rt /sddf sfdbf/ sd{rf/L
/ Joj:yfkgsf] cfwf cfwf lx:;f /xG5 .
k|lti7fgsf] cfjf;sf]ifdf hDdf ePsf] /sddf
>d nufgL ug]{ sfdbf/ sd{rf/L / k"h
F L nufgL
ug]{ nufgLstf{sf] cfwf cfwf :jfldTj /x]sf]
j:t'tYonfO{ :jLsfg'{ g} ljj]s;Ddt / Gofok"0f{
x'g hfg] x'bF f sf]ifdf k|of]u x'g] afFsL /sddWo]
cfwf /sd Joj:yfkg jf nufgLstf{n] / cfwf
/sd ;f] avt sfo{/t sd{rf/Lxn] bfdf;fxLn]
kfpg] u/L lg0f{o ug'k{ g]d
{ f u7g x'g} g;Sg]
cj:yfdf Joj:yfkgn] cljnDa >d ;DaGw
;ldlt u7g u/L df}hb' f cfjf;sf]if Joj:yfkg
/ ;~rfngsf] lg0f{o ug'{kg]{ 7x/fPsf] >d
sfof{no, x]6f}8+ fsf] lg0f{o ;f] xb;Dd ldn]sf]
gb]lvFbf s]xL pN6L x'g] 7x/L >d cbfnt
sf7df8f}a+ f6 @)^%.#.@% df km};nf eof] .
o;/L ljkIfL >d sfof{no, x]6f}8+ fn]
xsb}of g} gk'Ug] cjsfz k|fKt sd{rf/Lsf] s'g}
sfg"gL xbDofb gePsf] u}/sfg"gL dfu bfjLsf]
lgj]bg lnO{ lgj]bs pBf]usf] k"h
F Lut ;DklQsf]
;DaGwdf ldlt @)^#.!.@* sf] lg0f{o / pQm
lg0f{opk/ k/]sf] k'g/fj]bgdf ljkIfL >d
cbfntaf6 u}/sfg"gL / cfTdlgi7fk"0f{ cfwf/
u|x0f u/L >d sfof{no, x]6f}8+ fsf] lg0f{odf s]xL
pN6L x'g] egL cfjf;sf]ifsf] /sd bfdf;fxLn]
afF8kmfF8 x'g] egL ldlt @)^%.#.@% df ePsf]
km};nf >d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf @%, $!, ^#,
>d lgodfjnL, @)%) sf] lgod %@, ;d]tsf]
jlv{nfk x'gs
' f] cnfjf pQm lg0f{o km};nfaf6
1426
lgj]bs pBf]usf] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,

@)^# sf] wf/f !# sf] pkwf/f -!_, -@_ wf/f !(,
@$-(_ f/f k|bQ ;+jw} flgs xs clwsf/ s'l07t
x'g uPsf]n] cGo j}slNks pkrf/sf] cefjdf
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg lnO{ ;DdfgLt cbfnt;dIf
pkl:yt ePsf] 5' .
k|ydtM ljkIfL sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lxn]
bfjL u/]sf] cfjf;sf]if >d P]g, @)$* sf]
bkmf $! adf]lhdsf] sf]ifaf6 jf;:yfgsf] k|jGw
ug'{kg]{ x'Fbf ;f] sf]if / To;af6 x'g] vr{ k"FhLut
k|s[ltsf] xf] . sd{rf/L cfjf;sf]ifdf hDdf
ePsf] /sd ljkIfLxn] bfjL u/]cg';f/ sfdbf/
sd{ r f/L / pBf] u sf] nufgLstf{ a Lr
bfdf;fxLaf6 cfwf cfwf afF8kmfF8 x'g ;Sb}g .
sfg"gn] :ki6 pNn]v u/]sf] cj:yfdf afx]s
;f] /sd efua08f x'g ;Sb}g . sd{rf/Lsf]
cfjf; ejg pBf]usf] :yfoL ;DklQ x'g] /
df}h'bf s'g} klg sfg"gn] efua08f nfUg] egL
:jLsf/ gu/]sf] cj:yfdf pQm sf]ifsf] /sdnfO{
efua08f nufpg] u/L ePsf] km};nf >d P]g,
@)$* sf] dg;fo / Joj:yf ljk/Lt x'Fbf
q'l6k"0f{ 5 . pQm sf]ifaf6 lgld{t cfjf; u[xdf
sfdbf/ sd{rf/L ;]jfdf /x];Dd a:g] xs x'g]
/ ;f] sf]ifsf] /sdn] cfjf;u[x ;~rfng
Joj:yfkg x'g] / sfdbf/ sd{rf/Ln] cjsfz
k|fKt u/]kl5 5f]8L hfg' kg]{ ;DklQ ePsf]n]
cjsfz pk|fKt sfdbf/ sd{rf/Ln] To:tf] sf]ifdf
s'g} bfjL ug{ gkfpg] ;d]t lglj{jfb 5 .
lgj]bs pBf]u cfhsf ldlt;Dd klg
hLljt g} /x]sf] 5 . xfn pBf]usf] sf/vfgf
7]Ssfdf lbO{ 7]sb] f/af6 pBf]u ;~rfng eO{
cfPsf] 5 . 7]Ssf cjlw ;dfKt ePkl5 pBf]u
s'g}klg kn] ;~rfng x'g ;Sb5 . o;/L
pBf]u hLljt eO{ /x]sf] cj:yf / ;fljsdf
sfd ug]{ sfdbf/ sd{rf/Ln] 3/eQfsf] ;'ljwf
afkt gub /sd lnO{ vfO{;s]kl5 sfg"g cg';f/
bfjL g} gnfUg] ;DklQpk/ bfjL ug]{ / lghxsf]
bfjLnfO{ :jLsf/ u/L gub afF8kmfF8 ug]{ km};nf

l;f] >d P]gsf] efjgfljk/Lt 5 .
ctM dfly ljj]rgf ul/Psf sfg"g /
tYoaf6 xsb}of gePsf JolQmxsf] u}/sfg"gL
/ sfg"gL xbDofb gePsf] lgj]bgnfO{ ljkIfL
>d sfof{no, x]6f}8+ fn] lnO{ sf/jfxL rnfO{ >d
sfg"gsf] l;4fGt ljk/Lt ldlt @)^#.!.@* df
u/]sf] lg0f{o / pQm lg0f{opk/ >d cbfnt,
sf7df8f}d
+ f k/]sf] k'g/fj]bgdf pQm cbfntn]
ck|f;+lus e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] rf}yf]
;+zf]wg / To; ;DaGwdf ;DdfgLt ;jf]R{ r
cbfntaf6 :yflkt ghL/sf] pNn]v u/L u/]sf]
ldlt @)^%.#.@% sf] km};nf ;d]t q'l6k"0f{ x'bF f
pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ ul/kfpFm . ;fy} k|:t't
l/6 lgj]bgsf] clGtd lsgf/f x'g ;do nfUg] /
ljkIfL sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lxn] >d cbfnt
sf7df8f}s
+ f] u}/sfg"gL km};nfnfO{ cfwf/ lnO{
km};nf sfof{Gjog u/fPdf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg
lgik|of]hg x'g] ePsf]n] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf]
clGtd 6'f] gnfu];Dd ljkIfL >d cbfnt,
sf7df8f}+sf] ldlt @)^%.#.@% sf] km};nf
sfof{Gjog gug',{ gu/fpg' egL ;jf]R{ r cbfnt
lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod $!-!_ cg';f/
ljkIfLxsf gfpFdf cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]t hf/L
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bg dfu bfjL .
dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf] <
of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf Dofb
afx]s !% lbgleq lnlvt hjfkm k7fpg' egL
ljkIfLxnfO{ ;"rgf k7fO{ lnlvt hjfkm
cfPkl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5 lgodadf]lhd k]z
ug'{ . ;fy} o; lgj]bgsf] clGtd lg0f{o geP;Dd
>d cbfntsf] @)^%.#.@% sf] km};nf sfof{Gjog
gug',{ gu/fpg' egL ljkIfLxsf gfpFdf cGtl/d
cfb]z hf/L u/L lbPsf] 5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
o; cbfntaf6 ePsf] ldlt @)^%.!).@@ sf]
cfb]z .
1427
ljkIfLn] l/6 lgj]bgdf cfjf;sf]ifsf]

/sd k"h
F Lut k|sl[ tsf] xf] / Tof] /sd pBf]usf]
:yfoL ;DklQ x'g] x'bF f sfdbf/ sd{rf/Ln] sfd
5f8\bf :jtM sDkgLsf] ;DklQ x'g] egL bfjL
lng' ePsf] /x]5 . cfjf;sf]ifsf] /sd 5'6o\ fpg'
kg]{ clgjfo{ Joj:yf >d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf
$! n] u/]sf] 5 . h; cg';f/ Joj:yfksn]
sfdbf/ tyf sd{ r f/Lsf] nflu :j:ys/
jf;:yfgsf] k|jGw ug{ k|To]s jif{ s'n d'gfkmfsf]
% k|ltztdf g36\g] u/L /sd 5'6o\ fO{ qmdzM
jf;:yfgsf] k|aGw ub}{ nfg'kg]5
{ eGg] pNn]v
5 . o;/L 5'6o\ fOPsf] /sd hDdf ug{ sf]if
v8f ug{' kg]{ Joj:yf u/L sf]ifsf] ;~rfng >d
lgodfjnL, @)%) sf] lgod %@ adf]lhd >d
;DaGw ;ldltn] ug]{ Joj:yf 5 . o;/L sDkgLsf]
v'b cfodf ;dfj]z gx'g] cfjf;sf]ifsf] /sdnfO{
k"h
F Lut k|sl[ tsf] /sd egL bfjL lnO{ k/]sf] l/6
lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] /fdk|;fb zdf{sf] lnlvt hjfkm .
ljkIfL lgj]bs k|lti7fgsf] jf;fnftdf
cfjf;sf]if zLif{sdf /sd /x]sf] egL :jod\
lgj]bsn] dfgL cfPsf] 5 . pQm sf]ifdf /x]sf]
/sdsf] pkof]u h'g;'s} kdf >d ;DaGw
;ldlt dfkm{t ;dod} ePsf] eP ;f]af6
nfeflGjt cjsfz kfO{ ;s]sf sfdbf/
sd{rf/Lx g} x'Gy] . cjsfz kfO{ ;s]sf
sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lx cjsfz x'bF fsf ;do;Dd
pQm cfjf;sf]ifdf /sd /x]sf]n] cjsfz kfPsf]
^ dlxgfleq >d P]g tyf lgodcg';f/ kfpg]
;' l jwf gkfPsf] cj:yfdf Dofbleq} >d
sfof{nodf cjsflzt sfdbf/sd{rf/Lxsf]
lgj]bg lbg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . pBf]u lhjLt g}
/x]sf] cj:yfdf >d ;DaGw ;ldlt u7g u/L
cfjf;sf]ifsf] Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng ug'{
egL >d sfof{noaf6 ldlt @)^#.!.@* df lg0f{o
ul/Psf] xf] . o;/L o; sfof{no ;d]tnfO{ ljkIfL
agfO{ lgj]bsn] lnPsf] lhsL/ lg/fwf/ b]lvFbf
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]

>d sfof{no, x]6f}8+ fsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
ljkIfLn] l/6 lgj] b g bfo/ ubf{
cfjf;sf]ifdf /x]sf] /sd @)%@ ;fneGbf cufl8
sDkgLdf d'gfkmf x'bF f 5'6o\ fOPsf] /sd xf] .
lgj]bs sfdbf/sd{rf/L @)%@ ;fndf :j]lR5s
cjsfz lnO{ k'gM s/f/df sfd u/L :yfoL x'bF f
pgLxsf] sf]ifdf of]ubfg g} 5}g . o;/L of]ubfg
gug]n
{ fO{ z'? lgj]bg ug]{ xsb}of 5}g egL bfjL
lng' ePsf] /x]5 . xfdL lnlvthjfkmstf{x
sDkgLdf z'?df :yfoL eO{ aLrdf s/f/df /xL
/ cGtdf ;]jf cGTo x'Fbf :yfoL sfdbf/
sd{rf/Lsf x}l;otn] sfo{/t /x]sf lyof}+ . >d
P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf $! df tyf >d lgodfjnL,
@)%) cg';f/ >d ;DaGw ;ldlt u7g ug{
:yfoL ePsf] x'g' kg]{ Joj:yf 5}g . >d P]g,
@)$* sf] bkmf @-3_ n] sfdbf/sf] kl/efiff
ubf{ lk; /]6, 7]Ssf jf s/f/cGtu{t sfd ug]{
sfdbf/nfO{ ;d]t ;d]6]sf] 5 . o;/L xfdL
sfdbf/sf] x}l;otdf lg/Gt/ ;]jf/t /x]sf]df
d'2f bfo/ ug]{ xsb}of 5}g egL lnOPsf] bfjL
k"0f{tM tYolxg / sfg"gljk/Lt x'bF f l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Ps} Joxf]/fsf] /fdrGb|
3nfg, s[i0faxfb'/ :oftfg, /fh]Gb|k;
| fb Gof}kfg],
/fh]Gb| jfu]6L, /0fl;+x tfdf, /fdaxfb'/ sfsL{,
s'df/k|;fb ch]n
{ , k|d
] axfb'/ v8\sf, k'ikk|;fb
e08f/L, k"0f{l;+x u'?, uh]Gb|axfb'/ l/hfn,
?b|axfb'/ clwsf/L, s[i0faxfb'/ clwsf/L,
ljho/fh hf]zL, s[i0faxfb'/ 3n], bnaxfb'/
v8\sf, cd[t lh/]n, s]bf/k|;fb cfrfo{, xl/axfb'/
kf} 8 ] n , j[ i faxfb' / >] i 7, x:taxfb' / u' ? ,
s[i0faxfb'/ ?Djf, lbnaxfb'/ du/, ab|Lk|;fb
l3ld/], rGb|axfb'/ df]Qmfg, ljZjgfy ld>,
b]jgf/fo0f ;fx, e'jg]Zj/ ld>, ab|Lk|;fb
;fksf]6f, v8\u e'h]n, s[i0fk|;fb cfrfo{,
;Ltf/fd Gof}kfg], xs{axfb'/ sfsL{, b]jnl;+
vf /fO{, ?b|dfg ef]nfg, b]jaxfb'/ ef]nfg,
1428
;Ltf/fd cof{n, ;"oa{ xfb'/ :oftfg, s'j/] k|;fb

vltj8f, ;Ltf/fd d]x/] f, uf]ljGbk|;fb bxfn,
/+lhtaxfb'/ du/, v8\uaxfb'/ cfn] du/,
afns[i0f yfkf, Zofdaxfb'/ a'9fyf]sL, Clifs'df/
rf}nfufO{, 7fs'/ vltj8f, /fw]Zofd la8f/L,
dw';w' g vltj8f, /fdrGb| k/fh'nL, eQmnfn
rf}nfufO{, s[i0faxfb'/ /fgf du/, 6'k/fh uf}td
;d]tn] k]z u/]sf] lnlvt hjfkm .
o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bgsf] /f]xdf btf{
x'g cfPsf] k'g/fj]bs g]kfn jg:klt o" pBf]u
lnld6]8 lj?4 >d sfof{no, x]6f}8+ f ;d]t ePsf]
cg'lrt tj/n] sL ul/Psf] cfjf;sf] /sd
lbnfO{ kfpmF d'2fdf ldl;n ;+nUg ;a"b k|df0fsf]
cWoog u/L sfg"gadf]lhd g} ePsf] o;
cbfntsf] ldlt @)^%.#.@% sf] km};nf >d
sfg"g tyf Gofosf dfGo l;4fGt Pj+ ;+ljwfgsf]
efjgfcg'k /x]sf] / ;f] km};nfaf6 l/6 lgj]bssf]
sfg"gL Pj+ ;+jw} flgs xsdf cf3ft k'us
] f] cj:yf
gx'bF f k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg]
;d] t Joxf] / fsf] >d cbfnt, cgfdgu/
sf7df8f}s
+ f] lnlvt hjfkm .
lgodadf] l hd k] z L ;" r Ldf r9L
Ohnf;;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf
lgj]bs sDkgLsf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg jl/i7
clwjQmf >L kjgs'df/ cf]emf / clwjQmf >L
g/]Gb|k;
| fb uf}tdn] ljkIfL /0fl;+x tfdf ;d]tsf
^% hgf JolQmx lgj]bs pBf]udf @)%@ ;fndf
s/f/ ;]jfdf lgo'lQm eO{ ldlt @)%%.%.! df
:yfoL eO{ @)^@ sflQsdf :j]R5fn] lbPsf]
/fhLgfdf :jLs[t u/fO{ sDkgLaf6 cjsfz k|fKt
JolQmx x'g\ . lgh sd{rf/Lxn] lgj]bs
pBf]uaf6 /fhLgfdf lbO{ sfg"gadf]lhd kfpg]
;Dk"0f{ ;'ljwf /sd a'emL lnO;s]sf 5g\ . g]kfn
jg:ktL o" pBf]u lnld6]8n] xfn pTkfbg
gu/]tfklg sDkgL vf/]h ePsf] 5}g . ljkIfL
sfdbf/ sd{rf/L ;d]taf6 sf ePsf] sd{rf/L
cfjfzsf]ifsf] /sd sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lxsf] cfjf;
;'ljwfsf] nflu vr{ x'g] /sd xf] . cfjf;sf]if

sDkgLsf] k"h
F Lut sf]if ePsf]n] sd{rf/L cjsfz
x'bF f ljt/0f ul/g] xf]Og . sDkgLsf] cfjf;sf]ifdf
hDdf ePsf] /sddf ljkIfL sfdbf/xsf] xs
gx' g ] x' F b f pQm /sd kfpmF egL ljkIfL
sfdbf/xnfO{ >d sfof{nodf ph"/L ug{ kfpg]
xsb}of ;d]t 5}g . sDkgLdf sfo{/t sd{rf/L
cjsfz e};s]sf] cj:yfdf ljkIfL >d sfof{non]
eg] h:tf] >d ;DaGw ;ldlt u7g x'g ;Qm}g .
lsgsL >d ;DaGw ;ldltdf cjsfz k|fKt
ePsf sfdbf/ ;ldltdf ;lDdlnt x'g} ;Qm}gg\ .
sDkgLsf] cfjf;sf]ifdf hDdf ePsf] /sd >d
nufgL ug] { sfdbf/ / k" F h L nufgL ug] {
nufgLstf{sf] cfwf cfwf :jfldTj /xg] x'bF f
pQm ;l~rt /sd sfdbf/ sd{ r f/L /
Joj:yfksn] bfdf;fxLn] kfpg] u/L >d cbfnt,
sf7df8f}a+ f6 ePsf] ldlt @)^%.#.@% sf] km};nf
>d sfg"gsf] l;4fGtljk/Lt ePsf]n] pTk|i] f0fsf]
cfb]zf/f ab/ ul/of];\ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
jx; k|:t't ug'e
{ of] .
ljkIfL >d cbfnt, sf7df8f}+ ;d]tsf]
tkm{af6 pkl:yt pkGofoflwjQmf >L /]jtL lqkf7Ln]
>d Gofosf] cfwf/e"t l;4fGt eg]sf] g} ;fdflhs
Gofo xf] . k|lti7fgdf sfo{/t sfdbf/sd{rf/Lxsf]
tkm{af6 sf ePsf] cfjf;sf]ifsf] /sd sDkgL
rfn' cj:yfdf g/x]sf] l:yltdf sd{rf/L cjsfz
x'bF f lghsf] tkm{af6 sf ePsf] ;~rosf]if /sd
h:t} lgh sd{rf/Lxn] kfpg' g} Gofof]lrt x'G5 .
cfjf;sf]if sfdbf/sf] lxtsf] nflu lghxn] kfpg]
tnadWo]af6 sf u/L hDdf ePsf] / sDkgL rfn'
cj:yfdf g/xL sDkgLdf cGo sfdbf/x sfo{/t
g/x]sf] x'bF f sfdbf/ sd{rf/L Pj+ Joj:yfksaLr
cfwfcfwf bfdf;fxLn] kfpg] u/L >d cbfntaf6
ePsf] @)^%.#.@% sf] km};nf Gofof]lrt ePsf]n]
lgj]bg dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] cj:yf
5}g . k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h xf];\ eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] k|:t't ug'e{ of] .
1429
ljkIfL /0fl;+x tfdf ;d]tsf] tkm{af6

pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmf >L /d]z j8fnn]
lgj]bs sDkgLsf] Jofn]G; l;6df cfjf;sf]ifdf
hDdf ePsf] /sd sDkgLsf] /sddf ;dfj]z
ul/Psf] 5}g . lgj]bs sDkgLdf sfo{/t sfdbf/
sd{rf/Lxn] cfk"mxn] cjsfz lng'kj" { ldlt
@)^!.#.@* df cfjf;sf]if ;~rfng ug{sf] nflu
>d;DaGwL ;ldlt u7g ul/kfpFm egL lgj]bg
lbPsf]df Joj:yfkgn] ;f]tkm{ kxn ;d]t u/]sf]
5}g . >d cbfnt, sf7df8f}a+ f6 ePsf] km};nfdf
e"dL;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] k|of]u u/]sf] ge} ;f]
;DaGwL ljjfbdf k|ltkflbt ghL/sf] ts{nfO{
b[i6fGtsf] kdf lnPsf] xf] . ljkIfL lgj]bs
sDkgLdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lxsf] cfgf] tnaaf6
sf ePsf] cfjf;sf]if /sd sDkgLn] cfjf;sf]if
;~rfng gu/]sf] cj:yfdf lghxnfO{ lbg'k5{ .
lgj]bs sDkgL xfn rfn" cj:yfdf ;d]t g/x]sf]
l:yltdf cfjf;sf]if /sd hDdf ug{ of]ubfg
k'ofpg] lgj]bs sDkgL / pQm sDkgLdf sfo{/t
sfdbf/xaLr cfwfcfwf x'g] u/L afF8kmfF8
ug' { g} Gofof] l rt x' g ] x' F b f >d cbfnt,
sf7df8f}a+ f6 ePsf] ldlt @)^%.#.@% sf] km};nf
ab/ x'g' kg]{ xf]Og . t;y{, l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h
ul/of];\ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] jx; k|:t't ug'e{ of] .
ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLxn] ug'e
{ Psf]
ax; ;d]t ;'gL l/6 lgj]bg;lxtsf] ;Dk"0f{
ldl;n cWoog u/L x]bf{ lgj]bg dfu adf]lhdsf]
cfb]z hf/L ug{ ldNg] xf], xf]Og < ;f] ;DaGwdf
lg0f{o lbg' kg]{ b]lvg cfof] .
@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ lgj]bs pBf]udf
@)%@ ;fndf s/f/ ;]jfdf lgo'lQm eO{ @)%%.%.!
df :yfoL lgo'lQm kfO{ @)^@ ;fn sflQs dlxgfdf
/fhLgfdf lbO{ cjsfz k|fKt u/]sf sfdbf/
sd{rf/Lxn] sfg"gadf]lhd kfpg] ;Dk"0f{ ;'ljwf
/sd a'lem;s]kl5 sDkgLsf] cfjf;sf]ifcGtu{t
sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lxsf] nflu 5'6o\ fO{Psf] /sd
;d]t kfpmF egL ljkIfLdWo]sf /0fl;+x tfdf
;d]tn] >d, sfof{no x]6f}8+ fdf lgj]bg lbPsf

lyP . pQm lgj]bg sf/jfxLsf] qmddf xfn
k|lti7fg hLjt g} /x]sf]n] Joj:yfkgn] >d
;DaGw ;ldlt u7g u/L df}hb' f cfjf;sf]if
Joj:yfkg / ;~rfngsf] nflu lg0f{o ug'{ egL
>d, sfof{no x]6f}8+ faf6 ePsf] ldlt @)^#.!.@*
sf] lg0f{o pN6L u/L k|lti7fgsf] cfjf;sf]ifdf
hDdf ePsf] /sd Joj:yfkg / sfdbf/
sd{rf/Lxn] cfwfcfwf bfdf;fxLn] kfpFg] u/L
>d, cbfnt, sf7df8f}a+ f6 ldlt @)^%.#.@%
df ePsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ ePsf]n] pTk|i] f0fsf]
cfb]zf/f ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] lgj]bg dfu bfjL
/x]sf] kfOG5 .
#= lgj]bs g]kfn jg:ktL o" pBf]u
lnld6]8df ljkIfLdWo]sf /0fl;+x tfdf ;d]tsf
^% hgf sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lx @)%@ ;fndf
lgj]bs pBf]udf s/f/ ;]jfdf lgo'lQm eO{ @)%%
;fn efb| ! df :yfoL lgo'lQm kfO{ sfd u/L
cfPsf]df sDkgL aGb /x]sf] x'Fbf sfdbf/
sd{rf/Lsf k|ltlglw / pBf]u Joj:yfkg aLr
@)^@.&.# df ePsf] ;+emf}tfadf]lhd /fhLgfdf
:jLs[t eO{ sfdbf/ sd{rf/Ln] sfg"gadf]lhd
kfpFg] ;Dk"0f{ ;'ljwfsf] /sd e'QmfgL lnPsf]df
ljjfb b]lvFbg} .
$= k|:t't ljjfb lgj]bs sDkgLdf @)%@
;fndf s/f/df lgo'lQm eO{ @)%%.%.! af6 :yfoL
lgo'lQm kfO{ ldlt @)^@.&.# ;Dd sfo{/t ljkIfL
/0fl;+x tfdf ;d]tsf sd{rf/Lxn] cfk"mx
sDkgLdf :yfoL lgo'lQm kfO{ cjsfz x'bF fsf]
ldlt;Dd lgj]bs sDkgLn] cfFkm" xsf] tnaaf6
sf ul/Psf] cfjf;sf]ifsf] /sd lkmtf{ kfpg'k5{
egL >d sfof{no, x]6f}8+ fdf lgj]bg lbPaf6
pTkGg ePsf] b]lvG5 .
k| l ti7fgdf sfo{ / t sfdbf/
sd{rf/Lxsf] cfjf;sf] ;DaGwdf >d P]g,
@)$* sf] bkmf $! df ePsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf
o; k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 M
1430
jf;:yfgsf] k|jGwM -!_ Joj:yfksn] %@= >d ;DaGw ;ldltsf] sfd, st{Jo M
>d ;DaGw ;ldltsf] sfd, st{Jo b]xfo
sfdbf/ tyf sd{ r f/Lxsf] nflu
adf]lhd x'g5
] M
:yf:Yos/ jf;:yfgsf] k|jGw ug{ k|To]s
jif{ k|lti7fgsf] s'n d'gfkmf -u|; k|fl] km6_ -s_ k|lti7fgsf] pTkfbg tyf ;]jfsf] clej[l4
/ ;'wf/ u/L u'0f:t/ sfod ug{ lqmofzLn
sf] kfFr k|ltztdf g36\g] u/L /sd
x'g],
5'6o\ fO{ qmdzM jf;:yfgsf] k|jGw ub}{
-v_ sNof0fsf/L sf]if ;~rfng ;DaGwL sfo{
nfg'kg]5
{ .
ug]{,
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd 5'6\ofPsf] -u_ k|lti7fgsf] ;~rosf]ifsf] ;~rfng ;DaGwL
sfo{ ug{,]
/sd hDdf ug{ Pp6f sf]if v8f
-3_ sfdbf/ tyf sd{rf/Lxsf] jf;:yfg tyf
ug{k' g]5
{ .
sf]if ;~rfng ;DaGwL sfo{ ug]{ .
-#_ pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhdsf] sf]ifsf]
;~rfng tf]lsPadf]lhd x'g5
] .
%= plNnlvt sfg"gL Joj:yf ;d]taf6
;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf ^# n] >d ;DaGw s] b]lvG5 eg] k|lti7fgsf] s'n d'gfkmf -u|;
;ldltsf] u7g ;DaGwdf klg lgDg lnlvt k|fl] km6_ sf] kfFr k|ltzt /sd sDkgLn] 5'6o\ fO{
Joj:yf ;d]t u/]sf] kfOG5, h'g o; k|sf/ k|lti7fgdf sfo{/t sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lxsf]
cfjf;sf] k|jGw ug{ v8f ePsf] sf]if g} cfjf;sf]if
/x]sf] 5 M
xf] . pQm sf]if k|lti7fgdf sfo{/t sfdbf/
^#= >d ;DaGw ;ldltM -!_ k|To]s k|lti7fgdf sd{rf/Lxsf] jf;:yfgsf] Joj:yf ug{sf nflu
Joj:yfksn] sfdbf/ jf sd{rf/L / :yfkgf x' g ] ePsf] n ] k| l ti7fgdf sfo{ / t
Joj:yfkg aLr ;f}xfb{k"0f{ jftfj/0f sd{rf/Lxn] kfpg] tna eQfsf] /sddWo]af6
l;h{ g f u/L cfk;L ;xeflutf / ;d]t s]xL k|ltzt /sd sf ul/g] geO{
;dGjosf] cfwf/df :j:y >d jf k|lti7fgsf] s'n d'gfkmfaf6 dfq lglZrt /sd
cf}Bf]lus ;DaGw ljsl;t ug{ Ps >d 5'6o\ fpg' kg]{ / To;sf] ;~rfng;Dd >d ;DaGw
;ldltn] ug{ ;Sg] b]lvG5 . ljkIfLxsf] lnlvt
;DaGw ;ldlt u7g ug'k{ g]5
{ .
hjfkm ;d]tdf pNn]v ePsf] sd{rf/Lsf] tna
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] ;ldltsf] jf eQfsf] /sdaf6 ;~rosf]if sL h:tf] u/L
u7g ljlw, sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ tf]lsP sL x'g] / To;df Joj:yfkgn] s]xL /sd yk
ug]{ u/]sf] Joj:yf of] xf]Og .
adf]lhd x'g5
] .
^= lgj]bs sDkgL sfg"gf/f :yfkgf
-#_ pkbkmf -!_ cGtu{tsf] ;ldltn]
cfgf] sfo{ljlw cfk}m Jojl:yt ug{ ;Sg]5 . ePsf]n] sfg"gL JolQmsf] x}l;ot k|fKt ub{5 .
To;}u/L >d lgodfjnL, @)%) sf] lgod g]kfn jg:ktL o" pBf]u lnld6]8 ;fljs sDkgL
$& n] ;DaGw ;ldltsf] u7gsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] P]g, @)@! adf]lhd :yflkt sDkgL /x]sf]df
5 eg] lgod %@ n] >d ;DaGw ;ldltsf] sfd, ljjfb 5}g . pQm sDkgL, sfg"gadf]lhdsf]
st{Jo tf]ss
] f] kfOG5, h'g o; k|sf/ /x]sf] 5M k| l qmofcg' ; f/ vf/] h gePsf] cj:yfdf
$!=
1431
sfg"gadf]lhd :yflkt sDkgL d[t ePsf] eGg

ldNb}g . cyf{t\ lgj]bs sDkgL xfn ;~rfngdf
g/x]tfklg pQm sDkgLsf] sfg"gL cl:tTj sfod}
/x]sf] b]lvG5 .
&= cfjf;sf]if eg]sf] sfdbf/ sd{rf/LnfO{
a:gsf] nflu ;'ljwf lbg] p2]Zon] :yfkgf ul/Psf]
x'G5 . P]g, lgodsf] p2]Zo cg';f/ o;sf] /sd
cfjf; ;'ljwfsf nflu vr{ ug'{ kg{] xf] . k|lti7fgdf
sfo{/t sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lx cjsfz k|fKt x'bF f
;f] sf]ifdf ;+slnt /sd sd{rf/L ;~rosf]ifsf]
sL /sd h:tf] sfdbf/ sd{rf/LnfO{ lkmtf{ lbg]
eGg] x'bF g} . k|lti7fgn] cfjf; lgdf{0f ug{ g;s]sf]
cj:yfdf >d ;DaGw ;ldltn] lglZrt
dfkb08sf] cfwf/df cfjf; sf]ifdf hDdf ePsf]
/sddWo]af6 cfjf; ;'ljwfsf] kdf jf 3/
ef8f afkt jf :yfgLo eQfafkt klg sfdbf/
sd{rf/LnfO{ ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{ ;S5 .
*= cfjf;sf] i fsf] /sd sDkgLsf]
d'gfkmfaf6 sL ePsf]n] o;df ;f]xL sDkgLsf]
:jfldTj x'g] s'/fdf ljjfb 5}g . To;af6
sd{rf/Lxsf] cfjf;sf nflu ejg jf ;+/rgf
lgdf{0f gePsf] jf cfjf;sf] k|of]hgdf ;f]
/sd vr{ gePs} cfwf/df ;f] /sddf sDkgLdf
sfo{/t sd{rf/Lxsf] xs jf :jfldTj k'Ug
;Sg] b]lvFbg} . To;df klg sDkgL jf k|lti7fgdf
sfo{/t sd{rf/L jf sfdbf/sf] cfjf;sf] nflu
vr{ x'g] /sd cjsfz k|fKt sd{rf/L jf
sfdbf/nfO{ ljt/0f ug{ sbflk ldNb}g . P]g,
lgodsf] p2]Zo / Joj:yf To:tf] xf]Og .
sDkgLsf] d'gfkmfdf s;sf] s], slt of]ubfg
/x]sf] 5 < of] leGg} s'/f xf] . k"FhL / >d
(Capital & Labour) sf] oyf]lrt ;~rfngaf6}
s'g} sDkgL jf k|lti7fgsf] ;~rfng ;Dej
x'G5 . j:t' / ;]jfsf] pTkfbg / ljt/0fdf
cg]s k|fs[lts, sfg"gL JolQm Pjd\ lgsfo /
tTjxsf] o;df of]ubfg /xg] ub{5 . t/ s'g}
klg sDkgLsf sd{rf/L jf sfdbf/ sDkgLsf]
lgod jf lkIfLo, lqkIfLo ;Demf}tf cg';f/

sfd ug]{ / ;f] afkt kfl/>lds kfpg] ub{5g\ .
sfd u/]s} sf/0f d'gfkmf ePsf]n] ;f] d'gfkmfsf]
/sddf ;f]em} sfdbf/, sd{rf/Lsf] xs k'Ub5
eGg' sbflk ldNb}g . o;f] eGg' >d P]g, /
sDkgL P]g ljk/Ltsf] s'/f xf] . s'g} ;dodf
;f] sDkgLdf sfd u/]s} sf/0f cfjf;sf]ifsf]
/sdnfO{ Joj:yfkg / sfdbf/aLr a/fa/ afF8g\
ldNb}g . o:tf] >d ljjfbdf nfUg} g;Sg]
e"ld;'wf/ ;DaGwL ghL/ nufpg' ljNs'n} q'l6k"0f{
5.
(= ctM plNnlvt cfwf/ sf/0f
;d]taf6 lgj]bs k|lti7fgsf] cl:tTj sfod
g} /x]sf] cj:yfdf Joj:yfkgn] cljnDa >d
;DaGw ;ldlt u7g u/L df}h'bf cfjf;sf]if
Joj:yfkg / ;~rfngsf] lg0f{o ug]{ u/L >d
sfof{no, x]6f}+8faf6 ePsf] ldlt @)^#.!.@*
sf] lg0f{o ab/ u/L e"ld;DaGwL P]g, @)@! df
hUufwgL / df]xLnfO{ :jfldTj / ef]usf] cfwf/df
cfwf cfwf x'g] u/L hUufsf] afF8kmfF8 eP h:t}
lgj]bs k|lti7fgsf] cfjf;sf]ifdf hDdf ePsf]
/sddf >d nufgL ug]{ sfdbf/ sd{rf/L /
k"FhL nufgL ug]{ nufgLstf{sf] cfwfcfwf
:jfldTj /x]sf] eGg] unt cy{ u/L cfjf;sf]ifdf
hDdf ePsf] /sd sfdbf/ sd{rf/L / lgj]bs
k|lti7fg aLr bfdf;fxLn] kfpg] u/L >d,
cbfnt, sf7df8f}+af6 ePsf] ldlt @)^%.#.@%
sf] km};nf sfg"gsf] k|ToIf q'l6k"0f{ ePsf]n]
lgj]bg dfu adf]lhd pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zf/f
ab/ x'g] 7x5{ .
!)= ;fy} >d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf $!
cg';f/ k|lti7fgdf sfo{/t sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lxsf]
:jf:ys/ jf;:yfgsf] k|jGw ug{sf] nflu k|lti7fgsf]
s'n d'gfkmf -u|; k|fl] km6_ sf] kfFr k|ltztdf g36\g]
u/L /sd 5'6o\ fpg' kg]{ / cfjf;sf]ifsf] /sd
;~rfngsf] ;DaGwdf >d lgodfjnL, @)%) sf]
lgod %@ n] >d ;DaGw ;ldlt u7g ug]{
1432
**(@ - 8fj/ g]kfn -k|f=_ ln=;d]t lj=>d cbfnt ;d]t
Joj:yf;Dd u/]sf] 5 . t/ cfjf;Lo ejga:x

gag]sf] / sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lsf] cfjf;sf] zLif{sdf
vr{ gePsf] cj:yfdf s] ug]{ eGg] ;DaGwdf P]g,
lgoddf :ki6 Joj:yf ul/Psf] kfOFbg} . To:tf]
/sd slxn];Dd To;} /fVg] xf] / To;sf] k|of]u jf
pkof]u af/] klg :ki6 Joj:yf >d P]g, lgoddf
ul/Psf] b]lvFbg} . o:tf] cj:yfdf cfjf; sf]ifsf]
/sdsf] pkof]u / k|of]u Pjd >d ;DaGw ;ldltn]
o;sf] ;~rfng ug{ ;Sg] cGo kIfxaf/] :ki6 /
k"0f{ Joj:yf ug]{ u/L cfjf;sf]if ;~rfngsf] plrt
Joj:yf ug',{ u/fpg' egL g]kfn ;/sf/, >d tyf
oftfoft Joj:yf dGqfnosf] gfpFdf lgb]z
{ gfTds
cfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/Psf] 5 . of] cfb]zsf] hfgsf/L
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t\ g]kfn ;/sf/,
>d tyf oftfoft Joj:yf dGqfnonfO{ lbO{ bfo/Lsf]
nut sf u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{lbg" .
Gof=e/t/fh pk|t] L
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn c;f]h ! ut] /f]h @ z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[t M xl/ sf]O/fnf
&
lg0f{o g+= **(@
>d P]g @)$* sf] bkmf & cg';f/

s/f/df /flvPsf sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lxsf]
xsdf P]gsf ;a} k|fjwfg / Joj:yf
nfu" x'g] cj:yf g/xg] .
sDkgLdf sfo{/t sd{rf/L ;fdfGotof
;a}n] / ljz]if u/L s/f/ ;]jfsf lalzi6
kbsf sd{rf/Ln] sDkgL / cfgf] sfd
k|lt k"0f{ kn] k|lta4 /xg'sf cltl/Qm
lghsf] cfr/0f / sfdk|lt sDkgL
cfZj:t Pjd\ ljZj:t /xg'kg]{ x'G5 .
sd{rf/Lsf] cfr/0f, Jojxf/, ;]jf jf
sfdk|lt /f]huf/bftf sDkgLsf] ljZjf;
g} /x] g eg] ;f] sfdsf] u' 0 f:t/,
pTkfbsTj / sDkgLsf] Goodwill g}
;+s6fkGg l:yltdf k'Ub5 . To;}n] To:tf]
k|To]s sfdbf/, sd{rf/Ln] sDkgLsf]
ljZjf; xfl;n u/L g} /xg'kg]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=!@_
>d P]gn] g} Joj:yfkg / sd{rf/LaLrsf]
;xdltaf6 k"j{ lglZrt\ zt{xdf s/f/
;]jfdf sfdbf/ jf sd{rf/LnfO{ s'g}
vf; sfddf nufpg ;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf]
5 . o:tf sd{rf/L jf sfdbf/sf] xsdf
>d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !) sf] ;]jf
;'/Iff / bkmf %# sf] k|lqmof nfu" x'g
g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!$_

' m Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L tflx/ cnL cG;f/L
dfggLo GofofwLz k|f=8f=>L e/taxfb'/ sfsL{
lgj]bssf tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmfx gf/fo0f
)^%wo)#&(
g]kfn, /d]z j8fn, /Tgs'df/ v/]n,
cfb]z ldltM @)^(.^.#.$
c?0fs'df/ 1jfnL, afns[i0f g]pkfg] /
ljifo M pTk|i] f0f .
jf]0f{axfb'/ sfsL{
lgj]bsM af/f lhNnf, /fdk'/, 6f]sgLl:yt 8fj/
g]kfn -k|f_ ln= sf] tkm{af6 P]= sf] ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf /]jtL/fh
lqkf7L, ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf
clwsf/k|fKt d'Vo sfo{sf/L clws[t
dxfb]jk|;fb ofbj, ljfg clwjQmfx
pbog uf+un
' L
;tLzs[i0f v/]n / cfgGbdl0f nD;fn
lj?4
cjnlDat ghL/M
ljkIfLM >d cbfnt ;d]t
1433
u|x0f ug]{ k|sl[ tsf] /x]sf] 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf

lghsf] lhDdfdf /x]sf] sDkgLsf] g;{/L uf]bfddf
;Da4 sfg"gM
sDkgL >d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf s]xL g;{/L;Fu ;DalGwt dnsf Kofs]6 (DAP-1
Bags / o'l/of -2 Bags) x/fPsf] / sDkgLsf]
@-v_, &, !), %@ / %#
6ofS6/ cfgf] kbLo dof{bf / cg'zf;g ljk/Lt
cfk"mn] ef8fdf lnPsf] kmfd{df k|of]u u/L
cfb]z
Gof=tflx/ cnL cG;f/LM g]kfnsf] cGtl/d b'kof]u u/]sf] s'/fsf] hfgsf/Lph"/L sDkgLdf
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ / !)&-@_ adf]lhd k/]sf] x'bF f lghnfO{ sDkgLn] tfl/v # d] @))%
o; cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/ leq bfo/ ePsf] k|:t't -ldlt @)^@.!.@)_ df gl;xt kq lbPsf] 5
lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5 M eg] tfl/v * h'nfO{ @))% -ldlt @)^@.#.@$_
8fj/ g] k fn k| f =ln= pTkfbgd" n s df sDkgLsf] l;gLo/;Fu cgfjZos ljjfb u/L
pBf]usf] kdf cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sfd ug]{ jftfj/0fdf vnn u/]sf] x'bF f lghnfO{
adf]lhd btf{ ePsf] pBf]u xf] . sDkgLn] s[lif cg'zf;gsf] sf/jfxL x'g] s'/f ;d]tsf] hfgsf/L
dhb'/, b}lgs Hofnfbf/L sfdbf/ Pj+ s[lif tyf lbO{ gl;xt k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .
sDkgLsf] cfjZostfcg' ; f/ lgh
g;{/L ljzif1sf] k|fljlws Pj+ Joj;flos ;]jf
lng] u/]sf] 5 . sfdbf/ Pj+ ljz]if1sf] ;]jf /fdgf/fo0f ofbjnfO{ !% ;]K6]Dj/ @))% -ldlt
lngsf nflu s/f/sf] dfWodaf6 ;d]t lgo'lQm @)^@.%.#)_ df k|bfg u/]sf] lhDd]jf/Lk|lt
k|bfg ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . cfGtl/s d"Nofgsf] cfwf/df c;xdt x'bF } !^ ;]K6]Dj/df cgfjZos ljjfb
sDkgLn] ;]jfsf] lg/Gt/tf ;d]t k|bfg u/L >d p7fpg' e} kqfrf/ ;d]t ug'{eof] . ;]jf
P]gsf Joj:yfxsf] k"0f{t kfngf ub}{ cfPsf] zt{jGb]h;lxtsf] lgo'lQm kqdf sDkgLsf] s'g}
5 . sDkgLn] ljz]if1sf] kdf Joj;flos ;]jf klg :yfg g]kfn jf ef/t ;d]tdf k7fpg
k|fKt ug{sf nflu ljkIfL /fdgf/fo0f ofbj;Fu ;lsg] s'/fdf lghn] ljdtL hgfPsf 5}gg\ .
sDkgLsf] ;]jfsf] zt{ aGb]hsf] clwgdf /xg] lgh ljkIfLn] cgfjZos ljjfb u/]sfn] sDkgLn]
u/L b'a} kIfn] & dfr{ !((( -ldlt @)%%.!!.@#_ @! ;]K6]Da/ @))% -ldlt @)^@.^.%_ df
df s/fl/o k|sl[ tsf] lgo'lQm kq lng] lbg] sfo{ gl;xtkq lb+bf a'g c:jLsf/ u/L :ki6Ls/0f
;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . pQm lgo'lQm kqdf b'a} lbgsf nflu kq lb+bf ;d]t a'g cl:jsf/ u/L
] fn] afWo e} unt cfr/0f u/]sf]
kIfsf] ;xdlt /x]sf], lgh /fdgf/fo0f k|;fb cg'zf;g tf]8s
ofbjsf] lgo'lQmsf] ;|ft] ;f]xL zt{ aGb]h ;lxtsf] kq lbFbf klg a'g c:jLsf/ u/]sf]n] sDkgLn]
lgo'lQm kq xf] / pQm lgo'lQm kqsf] zt{ aGb]hdf zt{adf]lhd Ps dlxgfsf] tnj lbg] u/L cjsfz
plNnlvt a'bF fx sDkgL / lgh /fdgf/fo0f lbPsf] cjsfzkq a'g' eof] . ljkIfLn] Ps
dlxgfsf] tnj kfpg] u/L lbPsf] cjsfz /
ofbj b'ad
} f ;dfg kdf nfu" x'G5 .
+ vftfdf e'QmfgL
ljkIfL /fdgf/fo0f ofbjn] sDkgLsf] tnjsf ;DaGwdf lghsf] a}s
PS;6]Gzg k|df]zg clkm;/ h:tf] lhDd]jf/ kb x'g] u/L cjsfzafkt kfpg] Ps dlxgfsf] tnj
u|x0f u/L PS;6]Gzg k|df]zg PlShSo"l6e h:tf] / x/ lx;fa bflvnf u/]sf] ;DaGwdf pQm /sd
hjfkmb]xL kbdf /xFb} lghsf] ljz]if1tfcg'k :jLsf/ u/L pkef]u ;d]t u/L ;s]sf 5g\ .
l;gLo/ clkm;/ g;{/L kb ;DxfnL cfPsf lyP . o;af6 lghn] lgo'lQm kqsf] zt{ g+= !) sf]
lghsf] kbLo x}l;ot Joj:yflksLo clwsf/If]q Joj:yfnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf 5g\ .
1434
>d cbfntn] tYo tyf k|rlnt sfg"g

ljk/Lt ldlt @)^%.&.@* df km};nf u/]sf] /
;f] km};nfpk/ k'g/fj]bg nfUg] Joj:yf 5}g .
t/ >d cbfntsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ e} pkrf/af6
jl~rt x'g' eg]sf] sfg"gL xsaf6 jl~rt x'g'
xf] . o; cj:yfdf a}slNks pkrf/sf] cefj
/xg u} g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf]
wf/f !)&-@_ cfslif{t eO{ of] l/6 lgj]bg lnO
pkl:yt ePsf] 5' .
>d cbfntaf6 lgj]bs sDkgLnfO{ x/fO{
km};nf ubf{ @@ ;]K6]Dj/ @))% sf] cjsfz
kqdf >d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf %! df jl0f{t
s'g v/fj cfr/0f u/] afkt cjsfz lbPsf] xf]
;f] gv'nfOPsf], cjsfz lbPsf] d] # @))% /
* h'nfO{ @))% sf kqx k'g/fj]bsn] ga'em]sf],
;]jfaf6 cjsfz lbg] eGbf cl3Nnf] lbg ;]K6]Da/
@!, @))% df k|lti7fgsf] dfgj ;+;fwg laefu
k|dv
' / jl/i7 dxfk|jGwsnfO{ Ps} lbg ;f]lwPsf]
v/fa cfr/0f, r]tfjgL / clGtd r]tfjgL eGg]
Joxf]/fsf] tLg kqx k'g/fj]bsnfO{ a'emfPsf]
gkfOPsf], ;'gj' fOsf] df}sf glbO{ ;]jfaf6 x6fpg]
lg0f{o sfg"gadf]lhd / /Ltk"js
{ gb]lvPsf] eGg]
pNn]v 5 .
>d cbfntn] lg0f{o ubf{ ljkIfLnfO{
sDkgLn] ;]jfaf6 lgZsfzg u/] kl5 klg gf]l6;
k] a'emL lnO{ k'g/fj]bg ug]{ clwsf/nfO{ ;dk{0f
u/L ;Sg' ePsf] lyof] eGg] s'/fnfO{ Wofgdf
lbPsf] cj:yf 5}g . k'g/fj]bg ug]{ clwsf/sf]
;dk{0f u/]sf] s'/fnfO{ sDkgLsf] tkm{af6 p7fOPsf]
eP klg To;nfO{ jf:tf ul/Pg . ljkIfL kbLo
b[li6n] Joj:yfksLo kbdf sfo{/t x'gx' G' Yof] .
lghnfO{ ;f] kbdf lgo'lQm ubf{ ;]jf zt{df
plNnlvt lgo'lQmsf] zt{x b'j} kIfsf nflu
afWosf/L Joj:yf xf] . sDkgLn] lghnfO{ ;]jfaf6
x6fpFbf pQm k|fjwfg adf]lhd e'QmfgL lbPsf]
5 . / ;f] /sd lghn] a'emL lng' ePsf] klg
5 . sDkgLsf] s[lif dn / 6ofS6/ b'kof]u
u/]sf] / lghnfO{ o; cl3 k|bfg ul/Psf]

gl;xtsf] cfwf/df x6fOPsf] xf] . >d P]gsf]
bkmf & sf] Joj:yfnfO{ a]jf:tf ul/Psf] 5 eg]
s/f/ P]g, @)%^ sf] bkmf % sf] Joj:yf tkm{
Wofg k'ofOPsf] 5}g . ;fy} sDkgL / /fdgf/fo0f
ofbjaLr ePsf] lgo'lQm kqsf zt{ aGb]hsf
k|fjwfgnfO{ k"0f{tM a]jf:tf ul/Psf] 5 .
>d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !) sf] Joj:yf
sfdbf/ jf sd{rfl/sf] xsdf nfu" x'g] jf
Joj;flos ljz]if1sf] xsdf ;d]t nfu" x'g] gx'g,]
h;sf] lgo'lQmsf] ;|ft] s/f/ xf] ;f] JolQmsf]
nflu cfslif{t x'g] gx'g] eGg] s'/fdf km};nf df}g
/x]sf] 5 . P]gsf] bkmf @% n] lgZsfzg cjlwsf]
kfl/>lds kfpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . >d
cbfntn] P]gdf plNnlvt kfl/>ldssf] cltl/Qm
eQf tyf ;'ljwf ;d]t kfpg] u/L u/]sf] km};nf
>d P]gsf] bkmf @%-!_ sf] k"0f{t ljk/Lt 5 .
lgh /fdgf/fo0f ofbjsf] cg'zf;gxLgtf
/ ljjfbf:kb lqmofsnfk k|lt sDkgLsf] Gross
loss of confidence e} lghnfO{ cjsfz ;d]t
ul/;s]sf] cj:yfdf lghsf] k'gM lgo'lQm x'g
;Sb}g . s'g} klg lg:sflzt JolQmnfO{ k'gj{xfnL
ug'{ eGbf cufl8 To:tf] JolQmsf] cfr/0faf6 g}
;f] JolQmk|lt Joj:yfkssf] ljZjf; u'ds
] f] 5,
5}g x]g{' kb{5 . lghk|lt Joj:yfkssf] ljZjf;
u'ds
] f] j:t'lgi6 cfwf/ b]lvG5 eg] k|fljlws
q'l6 ePsf] cj:yfdf klg k'gj{xfnLsf] cfb]z
x'g ;Sb}g . v/fj cfr/0fsf] k|Zg ;lGglxt eO{
ljZjf; u'ds
] f] cj:yfdf cbfntaf6 Ifltk"lt{
e/fpg ;lsg] eP klg k'gj{xfnLsf] cfb]z lbg
ldNb}g eGg] ef/tLo cbfntsf km};nfxnfO{
xfd|f] cbfntn] ;d]t l/km/]G;sf] kdf lng
;Sb5 .
ctM >d cbfntsf] lg0f{oaf6 g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@-#_-r_, !#, !(,
#@, !)&-@_ tyf >d P]gsf] bkmf &, @%, %),
%!, %@, %#, *& / s/f/ P]gsf] bkmf % ;d]taf6
1435
lgj]bs sDkgLnfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] pBf]u Joj;fo

ug{ kfpg] tyf ;DklQ cfh{g ug{ kfpg], sfg"gsf]
;dfg ;+/If0fsf] xs tyf sfg"gsf] sfof{Gjog
ug]{ sDkgLsf] clwsf/df cf3ft k'Ug uPsf]
x'bF f >d cbfntsf] ldlt @)^%.&.@* sf] km};nf
pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] l/6 lgj]bg kq .
o;df s] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf] dfu
adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf] < of]
cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf Dofb afx]s
!% lbgleq k7fpg' egL ;"rgf k7fO{ lnlvt
hjfkm k/]kl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5 lgodfg';f/
k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] cfb]z .
ldl;n ;+nUg ;a"b k|df0fsf] cWoog
u/L sfg"gsf] JofVof u/L sfg"gadf]lhd g} ePsf]
o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^%.&.@* sf] km};nf
>d sfg"g tyf Gofosf dfGo l;4fGt Pj+
;+ljwfgsf] efjgfcg'k /x]sf] / ;f] km};nfaf6
l/6 lgj]bssf] sfg"gL Pj+ ;+jw} flgs xsdf cf3ft
k'us
] f] cj:yf ;d]t gx'bF f l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h
ul/kfpFm eGg] >d cbfntsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
ljkIfLsf] l/6 lgj]bg cfkm}df lg/y{s
5 . d lgj]bs Joj;flos s[lif ljz]if1 x'F /
ljleGg If]qdf sfo{ u/L !% jif{ eGbf a9Lsf]
cg'ej k|fKt u/L ;s]sf] cj:yfdf v'Nnf
k| l t:kwf{ a f6 ljkIfL 8fj/ g] k fndf s[ l if
ljz]if1sf] kdf sfd ug]{ u/L & dfr{ !(((
df PS;6]Gzg k|df]zg clkm;/ kbdf lgo'lQm
k|fKt u/]sf] lyPF . dnfO{ lbPsf] lgo'lQmkqsf]
zt{ g+= ( df ^ dlxgfsf] k/LIf0fsfndf /flvg]
s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] . ^ dlxgf kZrft\
k/LIf0fsfn yk ul/Pg / d]/f] lgo'lQm lgzt{
:yfoL x'g uof] . s/f/ ;]jfdf lgo'Qm ul/Psf]
JolQmsf] s'g} k/LIf0f sfn x'bF g} . tt\kZrft\
ljleGg kbdf kbf]Gglt x'bF } PS;6]Gzg k|df]zg
PShLSo'l6e kbdf sfod ul/Psf]n] d]/f] lgo'lQm
:yfoL xf] eGg] s'/fdf ljjfb 5}g .
ljkIfL sDkgLsf] tkm{af6 dnfO{ ;]jf

cjlwel/df Psk6s klg s'g} sf/jfxLsf] nflu
Pp6f :ki6Ls/0f ;Dd ;f] l wPsf] 5} g /
cfr/0f;DaGwL sf/jfxL ul/Psf] 5}g . ldlt *
cu:6 @))% -;fpg @$, @)^@ df_ ;fljs
kbsf] ;+/rgfdf kl/jt{g u/L ;fpg ! ut]bl] v
nfu' x'g] u/L tna a[l4 u/L d]/f] kbnfO{ l;gLo/
clkm;/, g;{/L kbdf sfod ul/of] . ;fljssf]
tnadf a[l4 ul/P klg PlShSo'l6e kbaf6
kl/jt{g u/L clkm;/ kbdf sfod u/]sf], g]kfnL
/ ef/tLo sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lxsf] aLrdf
e]befjk"0f{ Jojxf/ u/]sf] ljifodf ;d]t d]/f]
c;Gt'li6x Joj:yfkg;Fu c;n lgotn] k|s6
u/]sf] lyPF .
ldlt !% ;]K6]Da/ @))% sf lbg ljkIfL
Joj:yfkgsf] tkm{af6 8f=P;=ab|L gf/fo0fn] d]/f]
sfo{If]qdf s6f}tL u/L ;f] ldlt;Dd d]/f] dftxtdf
/x]sf >L s/bd l;Fx gfdsf JolQmnfO{ d]/f]
lhDd]jf/Lsf] 7"nf] v08 ;'Dk]sf]df d]/f] lrQ ga'em]sf]
x'bF f d}n] cfgf] s'/f /fv]sf] lyPF . d]/f] of]Uotf
Ifdtf / d}n] u/]sf] sfdsf] plrt d"Nofg
;d]t gu/L ljkIfL Joj:yfkgsf] tkm{af6
hj/\h:tL dnfO{ /fhLgfdf u/fpg] k|oTg ldlt
@@ ;]K6]Da/ @))% df ul/of] . d}n] cfk"mn]
s'g} uNtL gu/]sf] / /fhLgfdf gug]{ s'/f
atfPkl5 lgo'lQmkqsf] zt{ g+= !) sf] pNn]v
u/L Ps dlxgfsf] tna lbg] u/L ;]jfaf6
x6fOPsf] Joxf]/fsf] kq lbO x6fOof] . z'?
lgo'lQm ubf{ lbPsf] lgo'lQm kqdf ;]jfsf] zt{
g+= !) df d :yfoL kdf lgo'lQm k|fKt
u/]sf] sd{rf/LnfO{ Ps dlxgfsf] k"j{ ;"rgf
lbO{ jf Ps dlxgfsf] tna lbO{ hlxn];'s}
;]jfaf6 x6fpg ;Sg] eGg] s'/f pNn]v u/]sf]
ePklg ;f] Joj:yf k|rlnt >d P]g / lgodsf]
ljk/Lt ePsf] x'gfn] To:tf] zt{ sfg"g;Ddt
tl/sfn] ;]jfsf] cGTo ug]{ cfwf/ x'g ;Sg]
xf]Og .
1436
d]/f] ;]jfsf] cGTo ubf{ >d P]g jf

lgodsf] k|lqmof k"/f ul/Psf] 5}g . P]gsf]
bkmf %@ sf] pkbkmf $ jf %, bkmf %# sf]
k|lts"n ePsf] s'/f :ki6 5 . s] s'g ldltsf]
s:tf] lg0f{osf] cfwf/df dnfO{ x6fOPsf] xf]
eGg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L kfpmF egL dfu ubf{
ljkIfL k|lti7fgn] To:tf] lgj]bg btf{ ug{
;d]t OGsf/ u/L h] lbg' kg]{ hfgsf/L kqaf6}
lbPsf] x'gfn] yk s'g} lg0f{o, l6Kk0fLsf] gSsn
lbg g;lsg] eg]sf] x'gfn] dnfO{ ;]jfaf6
x6fpg] ldlt @@ ;]K6]Da/ @))%, cyf{t ^
c;f]h @)^@ sf] u}/sfg"gL cjsfz lbg] kq
ab/ u/L >d cbfntsf] km};nf oyfjt\ /xg'
kg] { xf] . dnfO{ ;] j faf6 x6fpg] kqdf
:ki6Ls/0f ;f]lwPsf] jf To:tf] s'g} s'/fsf]
pNn]v gePsf] / :ki6Ls/0f ;f]wL ;]jfaf6
x6fpg] sf/jfxL u/]sf] eGg] s'/f cjsfz
kqdf b]lvPsf] 5}g . dnfO{ sf/jfxL ul/Psf]
xf]Og t/ k'/:s[t ul/Psf] k|df0f oy]i6 kdf
5 . Loss of Confidence sf] ljkIfLn] lnPsf]
ts{ xf:of:kb 5 . d]/f] Jojxf/af6 To:tf]
cj:yf ePsf] 5}g . ljkIfLsf] ts{ dfGg] xf]
eg] Joj:yfkgn] lgsfn]sf] s'g} klg sd{rf/Ln]
Gofo kfpg g;Sg] x'Fbf ljkIfLsf] lgj]bg vf/]h
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] /fdgf/fo0f
k|;fb ofbjsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
ljkIfL /fdgf/fo0f ofbjnfO{ ;]jfaf6
x6fpg] lg0f{os} ;DaGwdf @)^% ;fnsf] l/6 g+=
)^%WO)#&( l/6 lgj]bg g} ljrf/fwLg /x]sf]
cj:yfdf pQm l/6 lgj]bgsf] clGtd km};nf
geP;Dd >d cbfntsf] ldlt @)^%.&.@* df
ePsf] km};nf sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;DaGwdf s'g}
sfo{ ug]{ / cbfntsf] ckx]ngfdf s'g} sf/jfxL
cufl8 ga9fpg' egL ljkIfL >d cbfnt ;d]tsf]
gfddf ;af{R] r cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf]
lgod $! adf]lhd cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]t hf/L
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]tsf] lgj]bgkq .
cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L u/L kfpg dfu

ePsf] lgj]bgsf] Joxf]/f ;d]t ljkIfL >d cbfnt
;d]tnfO{ k7fO{ ;f] adf]lhd cGtl/d cfb]z
hf/L x'g' kg]{ gkg]{ ljifodf 5nkmn ug{ hf]
ePsf] Joxf]/f ;lxt of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf]
ldltn] % lbgleq pkl:yt x'g' egL ;"rgf
k7fO{ cGtl/d cfb]z ;DaGwdf 5nkmnsf] nflu
k]z ug'{ eGg] ldlt @)^^.!).@% sf] o; cbfntsf]
cfb]z .
lgj]bsn] lghsf lj?4 >d cbfntn]
u/]sf] ldlt @)^%.&.@* sf] lg0f{o ab/ u/L
kfpg pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]z hf/L u/L kfpg dfu
u/L lgj]bg lbO{ ljrf/fwLg cj:yfdf /x]sf]n]
;f]sf] lg0f{o x'g' k"j{ pQm d'2fsf] /f]xdf lgj]bs
lj?4 cjx]ngf nufotsf s'g} lg0f{o gug'{ egL
>d cbfnt;dIf n]vL k7fO{lbg" eGg] ldlt
@)^^.!@.!^ sf] o; cbfntsf] cfb]z .
lgodadf]lhd b}lgs k]zL ;"rLdf r9L
Ohnf;;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf
lgj]bssf tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmfx
gf/fo0f g]kfn, /d]z j8fn, /Tgs'df/ v/]n,
c?0f s'df/ 1jfnL, afns[i0f g]pkfg] / jf]0f{axfb'/
sfsL{ ;d]tn] ljkIfL /fdgf/fo0f ofbjsf] lgj]bs
k|lti7fgdf lgo'lQmsf] ;|ft] s/f/ xf] . >d P]g,
@)$* sf] bkmf & n] s/f/df lgo'lQm ug{ ;Sg]
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . z'?df ! jif]{ s/f/df lgo'lQm
x'bF } Dofb yk x'bF } uPsf] 5 . lghsf] lhDdfdf
/x]sf g;{/L;Fu ;DalGwt dnsf Kofs]6 x/fPsf
5g\ . ljkIfL /fdgf/fo0f ofbjn] cg'zf;glxg
/ ljjfbf:kb lqmofsnfk u/]sf]n] sDkgLaf6
:ki6Ls/0f ;f]lwPsf] / gl;xt k|bfg u/]sf] xf] .
lghn] ;]jf k|lt nfk/jfxL u/L c?nfO{ e8\sfpg]
sfo{ u/]sf]n] sDkgLsf] lghk|lt ljZjf; u'Dg
uO{ (Loss of Confidence) lghnfO{ s/f/sf]
zt{cg';f/ Ps dlxgfsf] tna ;'ljwf ;d]t
lbO{ cjsfz lbPsf] xf] . o:tf] cj:yfdf lghsf]
k'glg{ol' Qm x'g ;Sb}g . lghnfO{ :yfoL sd{rf/L
1437
dfg]/ k'ga{xfnL ug{' eGg] >d cbfntsf] km};nf

sfg"gL q'l6k"0f{ ePsf]n] ab/ x'g' k5{ .
ljkIfL /fdgf/fo0f ofbjn] sDkgLsf]
PS;6]Gzg k|df]zg clkm;/ h:tf] lhDd]jf/L kb
u|x0f u/]sf]n] lghsf] kbLo x}l;ot Joj:yflksLo
clwsf/If]q u|x0f ug]{ k|sl[ tsf] xf] . ljkIfL k|zf;s
x'g, sd{rf/L xf]Ogg\ . lgo'lQm kq lbFbf s/f/sf
zt{x eO{ b'j} kIfsf] d~h"/Ln] lbOPsf] xf] .
s/f/sf] zt{ adf]lhd Ps dlxgfsf] tnj lbg]
u/L cjsfz lbOPsf] / lghn] Ps dlxgfsf]
tnj :jLsf/ u/L cjsfz kq a'em]sf 5g\ .
>d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !) / bkmf %# sf]
Joj:yf :yfoL sd{rf/L jf sfdbf/sf] xsdf
xf] . lghn] cg'zf;gxLg sfo{ u/]sf] / gl;xt
lbOPsf] kq a'g gdfg] klg ;"rgf lbOP/}
cjsfz lbOPsf]n] ljkIfL sDkgLsf] ;]jfdf
k'glg{oQ
' mL x'g g;Sg] x'bF f >d cbfntsf] km};nf
ab/ ug]{ u/L l/6 cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg]
;d]t jx; ug'e
{ of] .
ljkIfL >d cbfntsf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt
ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf /]jtL/fh lqkf7Ln]
/fdgf/fo0f ofbj :yfoL sd{rf/L x'g\ . lghsf]
xsdf >d cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/ u|x0f x'g] x'bF f
>d cbfntn] u/]sf] km};nf sfg"gadf]lhdg}
ePsf]n] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
jx; ug'e
{ of] .
k|ToyL{ /fdgf/fo0f k|;fb ofbjsf
tkm{ a f6 pkl:yt ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf
dxfb]jk|;fb ofbj, ljfg clwjQmfx ;ltzs[i0f
v/]n / cfgGbdl0f nD;fn ;d]tn] >d P]gsf]
bkmf %# sfdbf/ of sd{rf/L b'js
} f] xsdf nfu"
x'G5 . lgo'lQm kqdf !& j6f bkmf 5g\ To;df
af]g; lbg] Joj:yf ;lxt ^ dlxgfdf a9'jf x'g]
elgPsf] 5 . @)^@.$.@% df a9'jf ul/Psf] 5 .
;ft jif{ ; Dd nuftf/ sfd u/] s f] o:tf]
sd{rf/LnfO{ s/f/sf] sd{rf/L eGg ldNb}g .
lglZrt cjlwsf] nflu lgo'lQm ul/Psf] xf]Og .
cgGt sfn;Dd s/f/ x'g ;Sb}g, /fdgf/fo0f

ofbj :yfoL sd{rf/L x'g,\ Joj:yfks xf]Ogg\ .
Joj:yfkssf] nflu >d P]gsf] bkmf %% n] 5'}
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . gl;xt lbOPsf] 5}g, gl;xt
kfPsf] eP a9'jf ug]{ eGg] x'bF g} . v/fa cfr/0f
s]xL 5}g . ;'gj' fOsf] df}sf ;d]t glbO{ cjsfz
lbOPsf] 5 . a9'jf u/L Encrement lbPsf]
;d]taf6 Loss of confidence s;/L eof] v'nfpg
;lsPsf] 5}g . lagf s'g} sf/0f x6fOPsf]n] >d
cbfntn] ;]jfdf k'gj{xfnL x'g] u/L u/]sf] km};nf
sfg"gadf]lhd g} ePsf]n] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t jx; ug'e
{ of] .
b' j } t km{ s f ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf,
clwjQmfxsf] jx; ;d]t ;'gL ldl;n cWoog
u/L x]bf{ b]xfosf k|Zgxsf] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o
lbg'kg]{ b]lvof]M
!_
lgj]bs sDkgLn] ljkIfL /fdgf/fo0f

ofbjnfO{ lbPsf] lgo'lQm kqsf] cfwf/df
lghsf] ;]jf >d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !)
cGtu{tsf] ;'/Iff k|fKt :yfoL ;]jf xf] jf
bkmf & cGtu{t s/f/ xf] <
@_ ljkIfLnfO{ ;]jfaf6 x6fpFbf >d P]g,
@)$* sf] bkmf %# sf] sfo{ljlw kfngf
ug'{ k5{ kb}g{ <
#_ Lack of Trust or loss of confidence sf]
cfwf/df sfdbf/, sd{rf/LnfO{ ;]jfaf6
x6fpg ;lsG5 ;lsFbg} / To;sf] cfwf/
s] x'g ;S5 <
$_ dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g' kg]{ xf]
xf]Og <
@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ lgj]bs sDkgL
/ ljkIfL /fdgf/fo0f k|;fb ofbjaLr & dfr{
!((( -@)%%.!!.@#_ df ePsf] s/f/Lo k|sl[ tsf]
lgo'lQmkq lng] lbg] sfo{ e} zt{x tf]lsO{
sDkgLsf] PS;6]Gzg k|df]zg clkm;/ h:tf]
1438
lhDd]jf/ kb u|x0f u/L l;gLo/ clkm;/ g;{/L

kb ;DxfnL cfPsf] cj:yfdf dnsf Kofs]6
x/fPsf] / sDkgLsf] 6ofS6/ cfk"mn] ef8fdf
lnPsf] kmd{df k|of]u u/L b'kof]u, cg'zf;gxLg
sfd u/]sf] ph"/Lsf cfwf/df k6sk6s gl;xt
kq lbOPsf] df a'g OGsf/ u/L cg'zf;g
tf]8s
] f]n] unt cfr/0f u/]sf] kq lbFbf klg
a'g cl:jsf/ u/]sf]n] lgo'lQm kqsf] zt{ g+=
!) adf]lhd Ps dlxgfsf] tnj lbP/ ;]jf
cGTo ug{ ;lsg] zt{ a df] l hd cjsfz
ul/;lsPsf] cj:yfdf lghsf] k'glg{ol' Qm x'g
g;Sg] x'bF f >d cbfntn] k'glg{ol' Qm x'g] egL
u/]sf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ ePsf]n] ab/ ul/kfpFm
eGg] lgj]bs sDkgLsf] d'Vo lgj]bg lhsL/ /x]5 .
#= v'Nnf k|lt:kwf{af6 ^ dlxgfsf]
k/LIf0fsfn /xg] u/L lgo'lQm eO{ ^ dlxgfkZrft\
d]/f] lgo'lQm lgzt{ :yfoL x'g uof] . tt\kZrft\
ljleGg kbdf kbf]Gglt x'bF } PS;6]Gzg k|df]zg
PShLSo"l6e kbdf sfod ul/Psf]n] d]/f] lgo'lQm
:yfoL xf] . s'g} :ki6Ls/0f ;f]lwPsf] / cfr/0f
;DaGwL s'g} sf/jfxL ul/Psf] 5}g . ;fljs
kbsf] ;+/rgfdf kl/jt{g u/L l;gLo/ clkm;/,
g;{/L kb sfod u/L tna a[l4 ;d]t ul/Psf]
5 . g]kfnL / ef/tLo sfdbf/aLr e]befjk"0f{
Jojxf/ u/] s f] ljifodf Joj:yfkg;F u
c;Gt'li6x JoQm u/]sf] lyP . >d P]g lgodsf]
Joj:yf cg'ksf] k|lqmof k"/f gu/L dnfO{ s'g}
:ki6Ls/0f g;f]wL, ;'gj' fOsf] df}sf g} glbO{
;]jfaf6 x6fOPsf] 5 . dnfO{ k'/:s[t ;d]t
ul/Psf]df d]/f] Jojxf/af6 sDkgLsf] ljZjf;
u'Dg] cj:yf g/x]sf]n] >d cbfntsf] km};nf
sfg"gcg'k ePsf]n] l/6 vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg]
g} lnlvt hjfkm b]lvG5 .
$= o; tYosf] kl/k|]Iodf lg0f{ofy{
lgwf{l/t ul/Psf] klxnf] k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{
lgj]bs sDkgL cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$(
adf]lhd pTkfbgd"ns pBf]usf] kdf btf{
ePsf] lab]zL nufgL ;d]t /x]sf] k|lti7fg xf]

eGg] b]lvG5 . o; sDkgLn] s[lif pkh Pj+
g;{/L ;~rfngsf] nflu s[lif dhb"/ b}lgs
Hofnfbf/L, s[lif ljz]if1 Pj+ cGo sfdbf/ sd{rf/L
lgo'Qm u/L ;]jf lng] u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;af6
lgj]bs sDkgL >d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf @-v_
cGtu{tsf] k|lti7fg xf] eGg] s'/fdf s'g} ljjfb
/x]g .
%= lgj]bs sDkgLn] ljkIfLnfO{ lbPsf]
& dfr{ ;g\ !((( sf] lgo'lQm kq x]bf{ ".......you
have been selected to be appointed as Extension
promotion officer in our organization on the
following terms and conditions" egL !& j6f
a'bF fut zt{x pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . oL a'bF fxdf

plNnlvt ;]jfsf zt{x :jLsf/ u/L ljkIfL
;]jfdf lgo'Qm ePsf] kfOG5 . pQm lgo'lQm kqdf
pNn]v ePsf !& j6f a'bF fsf] cfwf/df ePsf]
lgo'lQmsf zt{x pNn+3g ePdf s/f/ P]g,
@)%^ nfu" x'g] jf gx'g] eGg] s'g} s'/f pNn]v
5}g . s/f/ P]g, @)%^ cGtu{t g} s/f/ ePsf]n]
;f] adf]lhds} pkrf/ vf]Hg' k5{ eGg] lgj]bg
bfjL klg gePsf] cj:yf Psflt/ 5 eg] csf]l{ t/
pQm k|lti7fg >d P]g, @)$* cGtu{tsf]
k|lti7fg ePsf]n] s/f/ P]g, @)%^ cGtu{t
s/f/ ePsf] eP s/f/sf kIfx s/f/ ug{
;Ifd / :jtGq x'G5g\ . lgj]bs sDkgLn] cfXjfg
u/]sf] lj1fkgdf 5gf}6 eO{ lgo'lQm ePsf]n]
lgo'lQm kqdf plNnlvt zt{x (Terms and
conditions) b'j} kIfn] kfngf ug'k
{ g]{ x'G5 . zt{x
d~h"/ u/L lgo'Qm ePsf] lgo'lQm kq x]bf{ sfo{:yn,
tna /sd, eQf / cGo ;'ljwfx pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5 . pQm dWo] zt{ g+= ( df lgo'lQm
ldltaf6 ^ dlxgf k/LIf0fsfndf /xg], ;f]
cjlwdf ;]jf ;Gtf]ifhgs ePdf ;]jf cjlw
k'g/fnf]sg ug{ ;Sg] eGg] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
To:t} zt{ g+= !) df Ps dlxgfsf] ;"rgf jf
Ps dlxgfsf] tna lbP/ s'g} klg ;dodf ;]jf
1439
cGTo ug{ ;lsg] eGg] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . t/,

v/fa cfr/0f nufotsf cj:yf ePdf lagf
s'g} ;"rgf / Ifltk"lt{ ;]jfaf6 x6fpg ;lsg],
eGg] zt{ g+= !! df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf
;fy} g]kfn aflx/ ef/tdf klg k7fpg ;lsg],
cGoq sfd ug{ gkfpg] eGg] nufotsf a'bF f
pNn]v u/L lgo'lQm lbOPsf] ;d]taf6 ljkIfLsf]
lgo'lQmsf ;DaGwdf >d P]g, @)$* s} k|fjwfg
nfu" x'g] e} ;f]xL P]gadf]lhd g} s/f/df lgo'lQm
kfO{ ;]jfdf /x]sf] b]lvg cfof] .
^= ljkIfL /fdgf/fo0f ofbjnfO{ ^
dlxgfsf] k/LIf0fsfn (Probation) df /xg] u/L
lgo'Qm ul/Psf] / pQm cjlwdf jf ;f] cjlw
;dfKt x'g] nuQ} ;]jfaf6 gx6fO{ ;]jfnfO{
lg/Gt/tf k|bfg ul/Psf]n] lgh :yfoL sd{rf/L
x' g eGg] lghsf] / lghtkm{ s f sfg" g
Joj;foLxsf] lhsL/ /x]sf] 5 . t/ pQm ^
dlxg] k/LIf0fsfnkZrft\ lghnfO{ :yfoL lgo'lQm
egL csf]{ lgo'lQm kq lbOPsf] 5}g . lghnfO{
sfddf nufpFb} u/]sf]df klg z'? lgo'lQmkqsf
zt{x nfu" eO/x]sf] kfOG5 . k/LIf0f sfnsf]
;dflKt kl5 :yfoL lgo'lQmkq lbPsf] eGg]
ljkIfLsf] lhsL/ 5}g . lgh ljkIfL /fdgf/fo0f
ofbjsf] tna ;'ljwfdf cu:t * ;g\ @))%
df a9f]Q/L ul/Psf] / lghnfO{ g;{/Lsf] Senior
Officer sf] lhDd]jf/L k|bfg ul/Psf] 5, t/ ;f]xL
kqdf lghsf] ;]jfsf cGo zt{x lgo'lQm kqdf
n]lvP cg';f/ g} ckl/jt{gLo kdf /xg] 5g\
eGg] klg pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L pQm cu:t
*, ;g\ @))% sf] tna ;'ljwfdf a9f]Q/L ul/Psf]
kqn] klg tna ;'ljwf afx]s ;]jfsf cGo
zt{x & dfr{ ;g\ !((( sf] lgo'lQm kqcg';f/
x'g] egL tL zt{xnfO{ k'gk'l{ i6 ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
;]jfdf lg/Gt/tf lbPkl5 lghnfO{ k|lti7fg
cfk}mn] :yfoL lgo'lQm kq glbPsf] / lgh
/fdgf/fo0f ofbjn] klg :yfoL lgo'lQmsf] dfu
jf bfjL u/]sf] ;d]t kfO{bF g} .
&= >d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !) x]bf{ of]

P]g jf o; P]gcGtu{t ag]sf] lgod jf ljlgoddf
tf]lsPsf] /Lt gk'ofO{ k|lti7fgsf] :yfoL sfdbf/
jf sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jfsf] cGTo ug'{ x'bF g} egL :yfoL
sfdbf/ jf sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jfsf] ;'/Iff k|bfg
ul/Psf] 5 . h; cGtu{t :yfoL sd{rf/LnfO{
;]jfaf6 x6fpg] ;DaGwdf P]g lgod jf ljlgodsf]
k|lqmof k'ofpg' kg]{ t/ cGo sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf
bkmf !) sf] Joj:yf afWofTds kdf nfu" x'g]
b]lvPg . o;/L >d P]g @)$* n] :yfoL sfdbf/,
sd{rf/Lsf ;fy} c:yfoL, Hofnfbf/Ldf sfdbf/
sd{rf/L /fVg ;lsg] k|fjwfg lgwf{l/t u/]sf]
5 . ltgLxsf] xsdf / P]gsf] bkmf & cg';f/
s/f/df /flvPsf sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lxsf] xsdf
P]gsf ;a} k|fjwfg / Joj:yf nfu" x'g] cj:yf
/xFbg} .
*= >d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf & df s'g}
k|lti7fgn] tTsfn pTkfbg jf ;]jfdf a[l4 ug'{
k/]df k|lti7fgsf] :yfoL k|sl[ tsf] sfddf afx]s
c? s'g} lglZrt sfdsf] lgldQ s'g} JolQmnfO{
;dofjlw tf]sL lghn] kfpg] kfl/>lds / ;]jf
zt{ pNn]v u/L s/f/df lgo'lQm ug{ ;lsg]
Joj:yf 5 . lgo'lQm ubf{ pNn]v ul/Psf s/f/sf
zt{x :jLsf/ u/L ^ dlxgfsf] cjlw tf]lsO
;]jfdf k|jz
] u/]kl5 tf]lsPsf] ;do ;dfKt
ePkl5 klg plNnlvt z'? lgo'lQm x'bF f tf]lsPsf
;]jfsf zt{x oyfjt} sfod /x]sf] eGg] b]lvG5 .
ljkIfL ;fdfGo sfdbf/ jf sd{rf/L geP/ s[lif
ljz]if1sf] kdf sfd ug]{ JolQm x'g\ . lghnfO{
lghsf] ljz]if1tfsf] ;]jf lng] k|of]hgfy{
Extension Promotion Officer kbdf lgo' Q m
ul/Psf] / lghsf] ljz]if1tfsf] cfwf/df g} lghsf]
tna ;'ljwfdf a[l4 ub}{ jl/i7 clws[tsf]
lhDd]jf/L lbOPsf] 5 . t/ To;f] ubf{ klg lghsf]
klxn] Service Agreement df pNn]v ul/Psf
zt{x g} nfu" x'g] u/L Senior Officer Nursery
sf] lhDd]jf/L lbOPsf] b]lvG5 .
1440
(= o:t} ljifoj:t' ePsf] @)^$ ;fnsf]

l/=g+= @(( lgj]bs lrlnd] hnlaB't sDkgLsf]
tkm{af6 8f= 8Da/axfb'/ g]kfnL lgj]bs Pjd\
>d cbfnt / sdnk|;fb ltldN;]gf ljkIfL
ePsf] pTk|i] f0f, k/dfb]z d'2fdf @)%$!!@
b]lv sDkgL ;lrjdf lgo'lQm eO{ @)^! ;fn;Dd
lg/Gt/ ;f]xL kbdf sfd ub}{ u/]sf]n] sDkgL
;lrjsf] kb :yfoL k|sl[ tsf] ePsf]n] >d P]g,
@)$* sf] bkmf $-@_ cg';f/ :yfoL lgo'lQm
kfpmF egL lgj]bg lbPsf]df lghnfO{ ;]jfaf6
pQm sDkgLn] @)^@.@.^ df x6fPsf] lyof] .
To;pk/ lghn] >d sfof{nodf lbPsf] lgj]bgdf
lghnfO{ :yfoL lgo'lQm lbg'kg]{ egL @)^@.#.&
df >d sfof{no sf7df8f}n
+ ] lg0f{o u/]sf] lyof] .
;f] lg0f{o pk/ pQm sDkgLsf] >d cbfntdf
k'g/fj]bg kbf{ lgh sdnk|;fbnfO{ sDkgL
;lrjdf k'ga{xfnL u/L tna ;'ljwf ;d]t lbg'
egL >d cbfntaf6 @)^$.#.!%.^ df km};nf
ePsf] lyof] . ;f] km};nfpk/ pQm sDkgLn]
bfo/ u/]sf] pQm l/6 lgj]bgdf >d cbfntsf]
pQm lg0f{o ab/ ub}{ >d cbfntsf] km};nf
sfof{Gjog gug'{ eGg] ;d]t pTk|i] f0f / k/dfb]zsf]
cfb]z o; cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^$.!).!& df
hf/L ug]{ km};nf ePsf] /x]5 . pQm ghL/ o;
d'2fdf k"0f{kn] cfslif{t x'g] b]lvG5 .
!)= l;gLo/ clkm;/ g;{/L kbdf sfo{
If]q kl/jt{g ubf{ klg z'?sf] ;]jf s/f/df
plNnlvt zt{x lgh ljkIfLsf] xsdf afWofTds
kdf nfu" ePs} cj:yf b]lvG5 . o;af6
ljkIfLsf] ;]jf g :yfoL ePsf] 5, g t lghn]
:yfoL x'g kfpFm egL bfjL g} u/]sf 5g\ . o;sf]
cltl/Qm lghn] lhDd]jf/L kfPsf] sfdsf] k|sl[ t
ljlzi6 lsl;dsf] ePsf]n] ;f] ljlzi6 sfdsf]
nflu sDkgLn] >d P]gcg';f/ s/f/df lgo'Qm
ug{ ;Sg] ePsf]n] ;f]xLadf]lhd ul/Psf] ;]jf
s/f/sf zt{sf] kdf /x]sf Terms and conditions
sf a'bF fx cGoyf geO{ lghsf] xsdf nfu"
eO/x]s} b]lvG5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf >d P]g, @)$*

sf] bkmf $-@_ cg'k ! jif{sf] k/LIf0fsfn
;dfKt eO;s]kl5 :yfoL lgo'lQm ug'k{ g]{ u/L
ul/Psf] Joj:yf bkmf & cGtu{t s/f/ ;]jfsf]
xsdf nfu" x'g] eGg ldNg] b]lvPg . o;/L :yfoL
kn] lgo'Qm gePsf] / s/f/ ;]jf cGtu{t
lgo'Qm sd{rf/Lxsf xsdf bkmf !) cGtu{tsf]
;'/Iff k|bfg x'g] b]lvFbg} .
!!= bf];f| ] k|Zgsf] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{
>d P]gsf] bkmf %# n] >d P]gsf] bkmf %@
cGtu{t ;hfo ug'{ kbf{ kfngf ug'k{ g]{ sfo{ljlwsf]
;DaGwdf Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . pQm bkmf %#
n] :yfoL sfdbf/ jf sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf pQm
Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvFbf bkmf & cg';f/ s/f/
;]jfdf lgo'Qm ePsf] sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf bkmf !)
cGtu{tsf] ;'/Iff;Fu ;DalGwt sfg"gL k|fjwfgx
nfu" x'g] xf]Og . ljkIfL /fdgf/fo0f ofbj bkmf
!) cGtu{tsf] ;'/Iff k|fKt :yfoL sd{rf/L geO{
;]jf zt{sf] clwgdf /xL s/f/df lgo'Qm sd{rf/L
ePsf] / lgj]bs 8fj/ g]kfn k|f=ln= n] ljz]if1sf]
kdf Joj;flos ;]jf k|fKt ug{sf] nflu
PS;6]Gzg k|df]zg clkm;/sf] kbdf lgo'Qm u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . ;f] kbdf /xFbfsf] cj:yfdf lgh
ljkIfLsf] lhDdfdf /x]sf dnsf Kofs]6x x/fPsf]
/ sDkgLsf] 6ofS6/ cfk"mv'zL cfgf] lghL
sfddf k|of]u u/]sf] ;DaGwdf ph"/L k/L ;f]
;DaGwdf cg';Gwfgsf] sf/jfxL u/L lghnfO{
unt cfr/0f u/]sf] eGg] af/]sf] kq ;d]t
lbPsf] b]lvG5 . o;af6 s/f/df lgo'Qm ePsf]
c:yfoL k|s[ltsf] sd{rf/LnfO{ sf/jfxL u/L
;]jfaf6 cjsfz lbFbf bkmf %# n] lglb{i6 u/]sf]
sfo{ljlw cjnDag ug'k{ 5{ egL dfGg ;lsg]
cj:yf /x]g .
!@= t];|f] k|Zgsf] ;DaGwdf x]bf{ 8fa/
g]kfn Pp6f ax'/fli6o sDkgL xf] . o;n] ljb]zL
k"FhL / k|ljlw ;d]t g]kfn leq k|j]z u/fO{
cg]s k|sf/sf pkef]Uo ;fdfgsf] pTkfbg /
1441
ljt/0f ub}{ ljb]z lgsf;L ;d]t ub}{ cfPsf]df

ljjfb 5}g . o:tf] sDkgLn] cfgf] cfjZostf
/ sfdsf] k|sl[ tcg';f/ :yfoL, c:yfoL sfdbf/,
sd{rf/L egf{ ug'{sf ;fy} Hofnfbf/Ldf / ;]jf
s/f/df ;d]t sfd u/fpFb} cfPsf] 5 . o:tf]
sDkgLdf sfo{/t sd{rf/L ;fdfGotof ;a}n] /
ljz]if u/L s/f/ ;]jfsf lalzi6 kbsf sd{rf/Ln]
sDkgL / cfgf] sfd k|lt k"0f{ kn] k|lta4
/xg'sf cltl/Qm lghsf] cfr/0f / sfdk|lt
sDkgL cfZj:t Pjd\ ljZj:t /xg' kg]{ x'G5 .
sd{rf/Lsf] cfr/0f, Jojxf/, ;]jf jf sfdk|lt
/f]huf/bftf sDkgLsf] ljZjf; g} /x]g eg] ;f]
sfdsf] u' 0 f:t/, pTkfbsTj / sDkgLsf]
Goodwill g} ;+s6fkGg l:yltdf k'Ub5 . To;}n]
To:tf] k|To]s sfdbf/, sd{rf/Ln] sDkgLsf]
ljZjf; xfl;n u/L g} /xg'kg]{ x'G5 . 7"nf]
cf}Bf]lus k|lti7fgsf] nflu of] cltg} dxjk"0f{
tTj xf] . To;df klg ljz]if k|s[ltsf] ;]jfsf
nflu s/f/df /flvPsf] sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf lgh
/ sDkgLaLr ljZjf; sfod /xg' cTofjZos
x'G5 . Joj:yfkg / sfdbf/ jf sd{rf/LaLr
ljZjf; sfod g/x]df sDkgLsf] ;~rfng /
pTkfbgsf] ck]lIft :t/ xfl;n ug{ ;lsFb}g .
b'a}aLr Loss of Trust or Lack of Confidence
x'g'n] sDkgLsf] ;dli6ut ;~rfng, ;]jf /
u'0f:t/df ljk/Lt c;/ kfg{] ub{5 . ljkIfL
/fdgf/fo0f ofbjn] 6]S6/sf] cglws[t k|of]u /
dnsf] b'kof]u ug'{sf cltl/Qm sDkgLn]
lhDd]jf/L kl/jt{g ubf{ gdfg]sf] nufot lghsf]
cfr/0f / Jojxf/af6 lgh / lgj]bs sDkgLaLr
Lack of confidence a9\b} uPsf] tYosf] k'li6
ePsf] 5 .
!#= Joj:yfkg / s' g } sfdbf/,
sd{rf/LaLr ljZjf;sf] ;+s6 ePsf] cj:yfdf
;DalGwt sfdbf/ sd{rf/Ln] g /fd|f;
] uF sfd /
;]jf k|bfg ug{ ;Sb5 g t lghsf] sfd / ;]jf
k|lt sDkgL ;Gt'i6 /xg ;Sb5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf
k|lti7fgn] ug]{ pTkfbg, ;]jf jf ;'ljwfdf k|lts"n

k|efj kg'{ :jfefljs xf] . o;}n] >d;DaGwL
ljjfbdf Loss of trust or confidence nfO{ klg
sfdbf/, sd{rf/LnfO{ cjsfz lbg Pp6f dxjk"0f{
cfwf/sf] kdf dfGotf k|bfg ul/Psf] xf] . t/
To;/L cjsfz lbFbf klg lgh;Fu ul/Psf] ;]jf
zt{sf] cg'kfng ug'k{ g]{ g} x'G5 . g]kfnsf] >d
P]gn] pk/f]Qm cfwf/df ;d]t s;}nfO{ x6fpFbf
Ifltk"lt{;DaGwL Joj:yf gu/]sf]n] To; tkm{
a9L laj]rgf u/L /xg' k/]g .
!$= >d P]g, @)$* ljleGg If]qsf
k| l ti7fgxdf sfd ug] { sfdbf/ tyf
sd{rf/Lxsf] xs, lxt, ;'ljwf / ;'/Iffsf]
Joj:yf u/L >d ;DaGwdf ;dof]lrt Joj:yf
ug{ ag]sf] eGg] s'/f pQm P]gsf] k|:tfjgfaf6}
:ki6 x'G5 . sfdbf/xsf] ;]jf zt{ ;'ljwfsf
;fy} ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt >d P]gn]
u/]sf] 5 . >d P]gsf k|fjwfgxsf] kfngf
gu/L Joj:yfks Pj+ k|lti7fgxn] >dsf]
zf]if0f ug]{ / >ldsxsf] xs lxt ljk/Lt
hj, h;/L dg nfUof] ;]jfdf lng] / dg
gnfu] ;]jfaf6 x6fpg] h:tf sfo{x gxf];\
egL ;]jfsf] ;'/Iff / sf/jfxL;DaGwL lglZrt\
k|lqmofx P]gn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;sf
;fy} sfdbf/ sd{rf/Ln] klg cfgf] bfloTj /
lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug'k{ g]{ s'/fdf b'O{ dt x'g ;Sb}g .
>d P]gn] g} Joj:yfkg / sd{rf/LaLrsf]
;xdltaf6 k"j{ lglZrt zt{xdf s/f/ ;]jfdf
sfdbf/ jf sd{rf/LnfO{ s'g} vf; sfddf
nufpg ;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o:tf sd{rf/L
jf sfdbf/sf] xsdf >d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf
!) sf] ;]jf ;'/Iff / bkmf %# sf] k|lqmof nfu"
x'g g;Sg] egL dflysf] k|s/0fxdf laj]rgf
ul/;lsPsf] 5 .
!%= clGtd k|Zgsf] ;DaGwdf ljrf/
ubf{, o:tf] cj:yfdf lgj]bs sDkgL 8fj/ g]kfn
k|f=ln= sf] PS;6]Gzg k|df]zg clkm;/ h:tf]
1442
vf; lhDd]jf/Lsf] kb u|x0f u/L ;]jf u/]sf] /

ljz]if1tfcg'k l;lgo/ clkm;/ g;{/L kb
;+xfnL cfPsf ljkIfL /fdgf/fo0f ofbj pQm
sDkgLdf lgo'Qm x'bF f tf]lsPsf a'bF f / zt{xsf
clwgdf /xg'kg]{ g} x'G5 . lghsf] cfr/0f /
Jojxf/af6 lgh /fdgf/fo0f ofbj / lgj]bs
sDkgLaLr ljZjf;sf] ;+s6 Loss of Confidence
eO;s]sf] / ;f] cj:yfdf lghsf] ;]jfnfO{
lg/Gt/tf lbg' eGbf lghsf] ;]jf lgj]bs sDkgLn]
cGTo u/]sf] kfOG5 . t/ To;f] ubf{ >d P]g jf
sd{rf/L;Fu ul/Psf] s/f/sf zt{x cg';f/
dfq ug{ kfOg] x'G5 . lgj]bs sDkgLn] oL ljkIfL
/fdgf/fo0f ofbjnfO{ lgh;Fu ul/Psf] ;]jf
s/f/sf] zt{cg';f/ Ps dlxgfsf] kfl/>lds
;d]t lbO{ lghsf] ;]jf cGTo u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .
pQm ;]jf s/f/sf] s'g} zt{sf] pNn+3g o;
sDkgLn] u/]sf] gb]lvFbf >d P]gsf] cGo k|lqmof
k"/f gu/L x6fPsf] egL lgj]bs sDkgLn] ljkIfL
/fdgf/fo0f ofbjnfO{ ;]jfaf6 x6fPsf] lg0f{o
ab/ u/L k'ga{xfnL u/L sfd gu/]sf] cjlwsf]
;d]t tna ;'ljwf lbg'kg]{ egL >d cbfntn]
ldlt @)^%.&.@* df u/]sf] lg0f{o sfg"gL q'l6k"0f{
b]lvg cfPsf]n] pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]z hf/L eO{ ;f]
lg0f{o ab/ x'g] 7x5{ .
!^= lgj]bg dfu adf]lhd >d cbfntsf]
@)^%.&.@* sf] lg0f{o ab/ x'g] 7x/]klg >d
;DaGwL ljjfbxsf] ;Gbe{df x]bf{ k|rlnt >d
P]gdf ;d]t s]xL c:ki6tf / sfof{Gjogdf kg{
;Sg] afwfx b] l vPsf 5g\ . >lds /
Joj:yfkgaLrsf] ;';DaGwdf lg/Gt/tf / >d
ljjfbsf] Gofok"0f{ Pjd\ sfg"g;Ddt\ lg/f]k0fsf
nflu k|rlnt sfg"gdf s]xL cfjZos ;+zf]wg
u/L kl/dfh{g ug'k{ g]{ cfjZostf o; Ohnf;n]
dx;"; u/]sf] 5 . s'g} sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm
kqdf s/f/ eGg] zAb n]Vb}df lghn] hlt
nfdf] ;do;Dd ;]jf u/]klg lghsf] ;]jf s/f/sf]
x'g] jf :yfoL x'g] eGg] :ki6 Joj:yf 5}g . csf]{
tkm{ s/f/ eGg] zAb gn]v] klg >d P]g eGbf

5'} ;]jfsf zt{xdf ;xdt eO{ s;}nfO{ s/f/df
lgo'Qm ubf{ p;sf] ;DaGwdf :ki6 Joj:yf P]gn]
u/]sf] 5}g . s]xL sfdbf/ jf sd{rf/LnfO{ klxnf
s]xL ;dosf] k/LIf0fsfndf /xg] u/L ;]jfdf
/flvPsf] t/ k/LIf0fsfnsf] ;dflKt kl5 s;}nfO{
:yfoL lgo'lQm lbPsf] / s;}nfO{ k'gM :yfoL
lgo'lQm glbP klg lghsf] ;]jf :yfoL x'g,] gx'g]
eGg] ;d] t sf s' / fxdf / s' g } sfdbf/,
sd{rf/LnfO{ x6fpFbf Ifltk"lt{ lbg] ;DaGwdf
;d]t sfg"gdf :ki6 Joj:yf ePsf] kfOPsf]
5}g .
o:tf] cj:yfdf b]xfo adf]lhdsf] sfo{
ug'{ u/fpg' egL g]kfn ;/sf/ >d tyf /f]huf/
dGqfnosf] gfddf of] lgb]z
{ fTds cfb]z hf/L
ul/lbPsf] 5M
!_
@_
#_
1443
>d P]g, @)$* df >d gLlt ;DaGwL

;a} s'/fx :ki6 gePsf]n] o; ;DaGwdf
k|lti7fgsf] Joj:yfkgn] sfdbf/, sd{rf/L
/ dflyNnf] txsf sd{rf/L -Joj:yfks
;d]t_ sf] lgo'lQm ubf{ c:yfoL, :yfoL,
s/f/ s] xf] < ;f] k|i6 ug'k{ g]{ x'bF f lgo'lQm
kqd} ;f] s'/f pNn]v u/L lgo'lQm kq lbg'
lbnfpg' .
klxnf c:yfoL jf s/f/ ;]jfdf jf s]xL
;dosf] k/LIf0fsfndf /xg] u/L lgo'lQm
lbPdf ;f] cjlwleq sfdaf6 gx6fPdf
jf :yfoL lgo'lQm glbP klg ;f] sd{rf/L
:jtM :yfoL x'g] >d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf
$ sf] Joj:yfnfO{ :ki6 ug'k{ g]{ .
>d P]gsf] bkmf & n] s/f/df lgo'lQm ug{
;Sg] eP klg s'gs'g sfddf To;/L
lgo'Qm ug{ kfOg] xf] ;f] :ki6 gePsf] /
s/f/df plNnlvt cjlweGbf a9L sfd
u/fpFb} uO{ lghsf] ;]jf lg/Gt/tf kfPsf]df
To:tf]nfO{ klg :yfoL dfGg' kg]{ u/L :ki6
sfg"gL Joj:yf ug]{ u/L >d P]gdf cfjZos

lg0f{o g+= **(#
;+zf]wg ug'k{ g]{ .
$_ k|lti7fg Pj+ Joj:yfkgn] s'g} sd{rf/L
' m Ohnf;
jf sfdbf/nfO{ k|lti7fg jf Joj:yfkgsf]
dfggLo GofofwLz >L lu/Lz rGb| nfn
ljZjf; u'dfPsf] (Lack of Trust or loss of
dfggLo GofofwLz >L k|sfz j:tL
Confidence) cfwf/df x6fPklg lghsf]
)^*WO)%)#
xsdf s] s:tf] cj:yfdf s] slt Ifltk"lt{
cfb]z ldltM @)^(.%.!*.@
lbg' kg]{ xf] jf e/fpg] xf] ;f] ;DaGwL
Joj:yf ;DalGwt P]g, lgoddf ug'k{ g]{ .
ljifoM pTk|i] f0f k/dfb]z .
%_ s'g} sfdbf/, sd{rf/L dfly sf/jfxL ubf{
slt lbgsf] ;do lbO{ :ki6Ls/0f dfu
ug'k{ g],{ lbPsf] :ki6Ls/0f lrQ ga'em] To;sf] lgj]bsM afFs] lhNnf, sf]xnk'/ gu/kflnsf j8f
g+= $ l:yt v8\sf s[i0f /fzg cfk"lt{
slt lbgleq ;]jfaf6 x6fpg] nufotsf]
tyf ;Knfo;{sf] tkm{af6 P]=sf k|f=] P]=
;hfo ug{ ;lsg] xf] jf sf/jfxL ul/Psf]
P]= a:g] /Tgaxfb'/ v8\sf
sfdbf/, sd{rf/Ln] :ki6Ls/0f ;DaGwL kq
lj4
jf g;Lxtsf] kq a'g gdfg]df s:tf] k|lqmof
canDag ug'k{ g]{ xf] < o; ;DaGwdf sfg"gdf ljkIfLM ;fj{hlgs vl/b k'g/fnf]sg ;ldlt,
/]8qm; dfu{, tfxfrn, sf7df8f}F ;d]t
:ki6 Joj:yf ug'k{ g]{ .
^_ >d P]g, @)$* cGtu{tsf k|lti7fgdf
;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf
sfo{/t hgzlQmxdWo] s'g tx ;Ddsf] jf
$* adf]lhd u7g ePsf] k'g/fnf]sg
s'gs'g k|sl[ tsf] sfd ug]{ sd{rf/L jf
;ldlt Pp6f cflwsfl/s sfg"gL lgsfo
sfdbf/ Joj:yfks x'g eGg] ;DaGwdf ljjfb
xf] / o;n] bkmf $( cg'k kg]{
b]lvPsf] x'bF f ;f]nfO{ ;d]t ;Daf]wg ug]{ u/L
lgj]bgdf bkmf %) adf]lhdsf] clVtof/L
;DalGwt sfg"gL k|fjwfg kl/dfh{g ug'k{ g]{ .
k|of]u u/L vl/b lg0f{onfO{ k"0f{ jf
cf+lzskdf /2;Dd ug{ ;Sb5 eGg]
of] cfb] z sfof{ G jogsf] nflu
s'/f o; sfg"gsf] ;f/e"t ljz]iftf xf]
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t\ o;sf] Psk|lt
eGg] tYok|lt cgle1tf jf c6]/Lkg
g]kfn ;/sf/ k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
k|bz{g ug'{ ;f/tM sfg"gs} pNn+3g x'g] .
sfof{no / >d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfnodf
-k|s/0f g+=!%_
k7fOlbg" . o;sf ;fy} of] cfb]zsf] hfgsf/L
cfJxfg ul/Psf] af]nkqdWo] ljlw;Ddt
ljkIfLxnfO{ lbO bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L ldl;n
k|lqmofn] d"Nofg ubf{ 36L b/ pNn]v
lgodfg';f/ clen]v zfvfdf a'emfOlbg" .
ug]n
{ ] sfd gkfpg ;Sb5 . t/, 36L
b//]6jfnfnfO{ 7]Ssf glbO{ cyf{t| lgh;Fu
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
vl/b gu/L a9L b/jfnfnfO{ ;f] sfd
Gof=k|f=8f=e/taxfb'/ sfsL{
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn c;f]h # ut] /f]h $ z'ed\
lbOg'sf j:t'ut cfwf/ eg] x'g} kb{5 .
Ohnf; clws[t M gf/fo0fk|;fb kf}8n
]
o:tf j:t'ut cfwf/ lg0f{ostf{sf] lrQdf
1444
**(# - v8\sf s[i0f /fzg cfk"lt{ tyf ;:tfo;{ lj=;fj{hlgs vl/b k'g/fnf]sg ;ldlt ;d]t
nfUg' dfq kof{Kt x'bF g} . tL cfwf/sf]

cf}lrTo sfg"gf/f Jojl:yt k/LIf0f ug]{
lgsfosf] ljj]s / Goflos dgn] klg
plrt 7xofpg' kg]{ .
k|f/lDes lg0f{ostf{n] cfkm\gf lg0f{odf
cfkm\gf] s'g} :jfy{ g/x]sf], gful/sn]
lt/]sf] s/k|lt cfkm" Odfgbf/ /x]sf] /
;f] vl/b ;Demf}tfsf] k|ltkmn kfpg]
ju{sf] lxtk|lt lgi7fjfg /x]sf] cfkm\gf
cfr/0f / sfdaf6 k|blz{t ug{ ;Sg'df
g} cfkm" ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/L /x]sf]
l; ug{ ;s]sf] dfGg'kg]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=@)_
cfly{s k|zf;gdf kf/blz{tfsf] cefj
x'g' g} cfly{s ljrngtkm{ pGd"v x'g'
xf] . sfg"gn] g} lgb]l{ zt u/]sf ;fj{hlgs
lgsfo jf clwsf/Lx cfkm\ g f]
hjfkmb]lxtfk|lt k|ToIf jf k/f]Ifkdf
pbf;Lg eOlbFbf cfly{s ljrngn] 6]jf
kfpg] .
sfg"gsf] cg'lrt k|of]u / sfg"g k|bQ
;b\ljj]ssf] b'kof]u u/L s'g} sfo{ jf
lg0f{o ul/G5 eg] To:tf] sfo{ jf lg0f{o
cfly{s ljrngsf] Bf]ts aGb5 / of] g}
e|i6frf/sf] cf/De ljGb' x'g] .
cfkm\gf sfdsf/jfxL / lg0f{odf cfly{s
clgoldtf ePsf] 5}g egL sfg"gf/f
clVtof/L k|fKt lgsfonfO{ b]vfpg
;Sg'df g} ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Lsf]
st{Jolgi7tf lge{/ /xG5 . sfg"gf/f
g} v8f ul/Psf] ;fj{ h lgs vl/b
k'g/fnf]sg ;ldltnfO{ k|of]hgxLg
t'NofOFbf ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf k|dv
' n]
O{R5fPsf] af]nkqbftfsf] af]nkq h;/L
eP klg :jLs[t ug]{ kl/kf6Lsf] z'jft
x'g ;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=@@_
cfkm\gf] /f]Ssf cfb]z 6]/g] , cfkm"n] lg0f{o

ug{ kfpg] ;do af+sL 5+b} lg0f{o uof],
5fgjLg ug{ ;xof]u u/]g eGg] dfq
cfwf/ emNsg] lsl;dn] vl/b ;Demf}tf
lg0f{o ab/ ug'{ sfg"g;+ut gx'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=@%_
lgj]bssf tkm{af6 ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L
;'zLns'df/ kGt tyf ljfg clwjQmf
s[i0f kf]v/]n
ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L
dx]zs'df/ yfkf Pj+ ljfg clwjQmfx
hubLz cfrfo{, /fh]Zj/ clwsf/L /
dfwj af:sf]6f
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf *, (, !),
!!, !@, !#, !$, !%, !^, @#, @$, @%,
@^, @&, $&, $(, %)-!_, %!-!_ -#_, %!
;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL, @)^$ sf lgod
@), @! / @%
cfb]z
Gof=k|sfz j:tLM g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ tyf !)&-@_ adf]lhd
bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt
Joxf]/f / cfb]z o; k|sf/ 5 M
d l/6 lgj]bsn] g]kfn ;/sf/sf ljleGg
;'/Iff lgsfoxnfO{ /fzg cfk"lt{ ug]{ sfo{ ub}{
cfPsf]df g]kfnL ;]gf k|aGw /yL ljefu -vfB /
kl/jxg_ h+uL cfn] ldlt @)^*.^.!@ df
uf]/vfkq b}lgsdf /fzg vl/b;DaGwL lznaGbL
af]nkq cfAxfgsf] ;"rgf k|sflzt u/]cg';f/
af]nkq k|lt:kwf{df d lgj]bs;d]tsf hDdf !%
hgf af]nkqbftfn] efu lnPsf]df d"Nofgsf
nflu sfg"gLkn] u|fXo /x]sf af]nkqx
;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# tyf ;fj{hlgs vl/b
lgodfjnL, @)^$ -t];f| ] ;+zf]wg @)^*_ ;d]tsf
1445
cfwf/df af]nkq d"Nofg ;ldltaf6 lznaGbL

af]nkq d"Nofg x'bF f d lgj]bsn] k]z u/]sf]
af]nkq 5gf}6 eO{ :jLs[t ug]{ l;kmfl/z ePadf]lhd
g]kfnL ;]gf @$ g+= jflxgL cf Aof/]s h'Dnfsf]
ldlt @)^*.*.% sf] kqaf6 d}n] k]z u/]sf] af]nkq
:jLs[t ePsf] Joxf]/f pNn]v u/L ;fj{hlgs vl/b
P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf @&-#_ adf]lhd vl/b ;Demf}tf
ug{ sa"n csf] % k|ltzt w/f}6afktsf]
lgodfg';f/ sfo{;Dkfbg hdfgtkq;lxt !%
lbgleq /fzg 7]Ssf ;Demf}tfsf] nflu aflxgL
c8\8f b]jn8fF8f Aof/]s h'Dnfdf pkl:yt x'g
cfpg' egL hfgsf/L u/fPsf]n] ;f]sf] Dofbleq
g]kfnL ;]gf @$ g+= jflxgL cf Aof/]s, h'Dnfdf
pkl:yt eO{ pQm aflxgL cf / d lgj]bssf
aLrdf ldlt @)^*.*.& df /fzg cfk"lt{sf] 7]Ssf
;Demf}tf tyf sa'lnotgfdf u/L ;f]xL ldltdf
@)^* df3 ! b]lv /fzg 7]Ssf rnfpgsf nflu
kf k"hL{ ;d]t k|fKt u/]sf] 5' . o:tf] cj:yfdf
gj/Tg OG6/k|fOh]hsf k|f=] ;"o{ yfkfn] lbPsf] ph"/L
lgj]bgsf] cfwf/df ;fj{hlgs vl/b k'g/fnf]sg
;ldltaf6 ldlt @)^*.*.!% df ePsf] lg0f{o
;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf %)-%_-u_,
%!, s/f/ P]g, @)%^ ;d]tsf] ljk/Lt x'g] u/L
k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGtljk/Lt lg0f{o u/]sf] /
k|:t't lg0f{o k|f/Deaf6 g} b"lift / u}/sfg"gL /x]sf]
x'bF f ;fj{hlgs vl/b k'g/fnf]sg ;ldltaf6 ldlt
@)^*.*.!% df ePsf] lg0f{o g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f !)& sf] pkwf/f -@_
adf]lhd pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ u/L sfg"gljk/Lt
/ k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGtljk/Lt /x]sf lg0f{o
sfof{Gjog gug'{ gu/fpg' egL k|ToyL{xsf] gfpFdf
k/dfb]znufot cGo pko'Qm cf1f cfb]z k"hL{ {
hf/L ul/kfpmF eGg] lgj]bg Joxf]/f .
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf], lgj]bssf]
dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf],
cfb]z hf/L x'g' gkg]{ s'g} sf/0f eP of] cfb]z
k|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf Dofbafx]s !% lbgleq
lnlvt hjfkm k]z ug'{ egL ljkIfLxnfO{ ;"rgf
lbg" . cGtl/d cfb]zsf] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ oL
lgj]bsnfO{ ldlt @)^*.*.& df ;Demf}tf /

sa'lnot u/fO{ ldlt @)^*.!).! b]lv 7]Ssf
;~rfng ug{ rng k"hL{ ;d]t lbO{ ;s]sf] b]lvof] .
;fj{hlgs vl/b k'g/fnf]sg ;ldltsf] ldlt
@)^*.*.!% sf] lg0f{odf ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g,
@)^# sf] bkmf %)-%_-v_-@_ adf]lhd 7]Ssf kf
ab/ u/]sf] b]lvPsf] / ;f] lg0f{o x'bF f ph"/stf{
gj/Tg O{G6/k|fOh]h tyf @$ g+= jflxgLsf tkm{af6
k|ltlglwTj u/fO{ 5nkmn u/fOP klg kfjfn
l/6 lgj]bsnfO{ hfgsf/L ;"rgf;Dd glbO{ lg0f{o
ul/Psf] x'gfn] ;fj{hlgs vl/b k'g/fnf]sg
;ldltsf] ldlt @)^*.*.!% sf] lg0f{o k|fs[lts
Gofosf] l;4fGtcg's"n gb]lvPsf]n] ;'ljwf
;Gt'ngsf] b[li6sf]0fn] ;fj{hlgs vl/b k'g/fnf]sg
;ldltsf] ldlt @)^*.*.!% sf] lg0f{o tTsfnsf
nflu nfu" gug'{ egL tfTsflns cGtl/d cfb]z
hf/L ul/lbPsf] 5 . cGtl/d cfb]zn] lg/Gt/tf
kfpg] gkfpg] ;DaGwdf 5nkmn ug{ ldlt
@)^*.(.!@.# df pkl:yt x'g' egL k|ToIfLxsf
gfpFdf ;"rgf hf/L u/L lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg]
o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^*.(.% sf] cfb]z .
o;df o; cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^*.(.%
df hf/L cGtl/d cfb]znfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg'kg]{ xf]
xf]Og eGg] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ ldlt @)^*.*.&
df lgj]bs;+uF ;Demf}tf eO;s]sf] eGg] s'/f
;fj{hlgs vl/b k'g/fnf]sg ;ldltsf] lg0f{odf g}
pNn]v ul/Psf] pQm ;Demf}tf ab/ ug]{ lg0f{o ubf{
lgj]bsnfO{ hfgsf/L ;"rgf lbPsf] gb]lvFbf /
;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf %)-%_-v_
sf] Joj:yf vl/b ;Demf}tf gx'bF fsf] cj:yfdf
nfu" x'g] ;d]tsf] l:yltnfO{ ljrf/ ubf{ o;
cbfntsf] ldlt @)^*.(.% sf] cGtl/d cfb]znfO{
lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] 5 . ljkIfL ;fj{hlgs vl/b
k'g/fnf]sg ;ldltsf] ldlt @)^*.*.!% sf] lg0f{o
of] lgj]bgsf] clGtd lsgf/f geP;Dd sfof{Gjog
gug'{ gu/fpg' egL ljkIfLxsf gfpFdf ;"rgf
lbO{ lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf]
ldlt @)^*.(.!@ sf] cfb]z .
1446
;fj{hlgs vl/b k'g/fnf]sg ;ldlt g]kfn

;/sf/n] u7g u/]sf] ljz]if k|sl[ tsf] ;ldlt
xf] . o; ;ldltdf x'nfs, km\ofS;dfkm{t ph"/L
lgj]bg btf{ ug{ ;lsg], tfl/vdf a:g' gkg],{ ax;
k}/jL ;d]t gx'g] / ;f] ;ldltn] #) lbgleq
lg0f{o u/L ;Sg'kg]{ u/L ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g,
@)^# n] ;do;Ldf lgwf{/0f u/]sf] x'bF f ;f]adf]lhd
;ldltn] sfg"gdf tf]lsPadf]lhdsf] sfo{;Dkfbg
u/]sf] xf] . o; ;ldltn] d lgj]bs;lxt ljkIfL
v8\sf s[i0f /fzg cfk"lt{ ;Knfo;{sf] tkm{af6
@$ g+= jflxgL c8\8f h'Dnfsf] k|ltlglw /fvL
5nkmn ePsf] ljifonfO{ pQm ;ldltn] ldlt
@)^*.*.!% ut] u/]sf] clGtd lg0f{odf ;d]t
pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . o;y{ v8\sf s[i0f /fzg cfk"lt{
tyf ;Knfo;{sf] tkm{af6 @$ g+= jflxgL cf,
h'Dnf ;d]tn] k|ltlglwTj ul/;s] kl5 k|fs[lts
Gofosf] l;4fGt pNn+3g ePsf] egL ljkIfLn] l/6
lgj]bgdf pNn]v u/L ;f]xLcg'k cbfntaf6
cGtl/d cfb]z x'g' ;+ljwfg / k|ltkflbt l;4fGt
;d]tsf] pNn+3g x'g hfG5 . t;y{, ljkIfLsf] l/6
lgj]bg;lxt cGtl/d cfb]z vf/]h ul/kfpFm egL
cg'/f]w ub{5' . ctM d lgj]bsn] k]z u/]sf] b//]6
eGbf ljkIfLn] k] z u/] s f] b//] 6 df =
$$,%),%^!.*) a9L ePsf]n] g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{
;f]xL a/fa/ 3f6f gf]S;fgL x'g] x'bF f ljkIfLsf] l/6
lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] gj/Tg OG6/k|fOh]hsf
k|fk] fO6/ ;"o{ yfkfsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
;}lgsnfO{ Ps jif{sf] nflu /fzg 7]Ssf
aGbf] a :tsf] nflu ldlt @)^*.^.!@ df
uf]/vfkqdf /fzg vl/b;DaGwL lznaGbL af]nkq
cfJxfgsf] ;"rgf k|sflzt u/]sf]df hDdf !%
yfg af]nkq btf{ ePsf lyP . pQm af]nkqx
d"Nofgsf nflu af]nkq d"Nofg ;ldltdf k]z
x'bF f d"Nofg ;ldltn] ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g,
@)^#, P]= sf] lgodfjnL, @)^$ / af]nkqsf
zt{xsf cfwf/df sfg"gL k/LIf0f / sfg"gL
u|fXotfsf] k/LIf0f ubf{ !% yfg af]nkqdWo] b'O{
yfg af]nkqdfq ;f/e"tkdf u|fXotfsf]
k/LIf0fdf ;kmn ePsf]dWo] 36L b//]6 sa'n
ug]+{ v8\sf s[i0f /fzg cfk"lt{ tyf ;Knfo;{sf]

af]nkq d"Nofg ;ldltn] :jLs[t ug{ l;kmfl/z
u/]sf] lyof] . pQm af]nkq @$ g+= aflxgL c8\8fn]
:jLs[t u/L ;DalGwt kIfnfO{ 7]Ssf ;Demf}tfsf]
nflu cfpg' egL ldlt @)^*.*.% df kqfrf/
u/L @)^*.*.& df ljkIfL v8\sf s[i0f cfk"lt{
tyf ;Knfo;{;uF /fzg cfk"lt{sf] 7]Ssf ;Demf}tf
u/L ;f]xL ldlt @)^*.!).! ut]bl] v /fzg 7]Ssf
rnfpgsf] nflu kf k"hL{ ;d]t lbPsf] lyof] .
pQm 7]Ssf ;Demf}tf eO;s] kZrft\
gj/Tg OG6/k|fOh]h ;d]tn] af]nkq :jLs[t
ug]{ lg0f{o q'l6k"0f{ /x]sf] egL ;fj{hlgs vl/b
k'g/fnf]sg ;ldlt;dIf lgj]bg lbPsf]df pQm
;ldltn] ldlt @)^*.*.!% df u/]sf] lg0f{odf
l/6 lgj]bs v8\sf s[i0f /fzg cfk"lt{ tyf
;Knfo;{ / o; aflxgL c8\8faLr ePsf] 7]Ssf
;Demf}tf / k|fKt kf k"hL{ ;d]t /2 tyf ab/
u/L gj/Tg O{G6/k|fOh]hnfO{ ;d]t ;dfj]z u/L
k'gM d"Nofg u/L afFsL sfo{ ug{ egL n]vL
cfPsf]df ;fj{hlgs vl/b k'g/fnf]sg ;ldltsf]
ldlt @)^*.*.!% sf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog gug'{
gu/fpg' egL cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ePsf]n] pQm
cfb]zsf] kfngf ul/Psf] x'bF f lgj]bssf] sfg"gL
tyf ;+jw} flgs xs clwsf/df cf3ft k'Ug] u/L
o; af]nkq d"Nofg ;ldltn] s'g} sfo{ gu/]sf]
x'bF f l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpmF eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] g]kfnL ;]gf @$ g+= jflxgL c8\8f
af]nkq d"Nofg ;ldlt h'Dnfsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
;}lgsnfO{ Ps jif{sf] nflu /fzg 7]Ssf
aGbf]a:tsf] nflu ldlt @)^*.^.!@ df uf]/vfkqdf
/fzg vl/b;DaGwL lznaGbL af]nkq cfJxfgsf]
;"rgf k|sflzt u/]sf]df hDdf !% yfg af]nkq
btf{ ePsf lyP . pQm af]nkqx d"Nofgsf
nflu af]nkq d"Nofg ;ldltdf k]z x'bF f d"Nofg
;ldltn] ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# / P]= sf]
lgodfjnL, @)^$ / af]nkqsf zt{xsf cfwf/df
sfg"gL k/LIf0f / sfg"gL u|fXotfsf] k/LIf0f ubf{
!% yfg af]nkqdWo] b'O{ yfg af]nkqdfq
;f/e"tkdf u|fXotfsf] k/LIf0fdf ;kmn ePsf]
1447
dWo] 36L b//]6 saf]n ug]+{ v8\sf s[i0f /fzg

cfk"lt{ tyf ;Knfo;{sf] af]nkq d"Nofg ;ldltn]
:jLs[t ug{ l;kmfl/z u/]sf] lyof] . pQm af]nkq
@$ g+ aflxgL c8\8fn] :jLs[t u/L ;DalGwt
kIfnfO{ 7]Ssf ;Demf}tfsf] nflu cfpg' egL ldlt
@)^*.*.% df kqfrf/ u/L @)^*.*.& df ljkIfL
v8\sf s[i0f cfk"lt{ tyf ;Knfo;{;uF /fzg cfk"lt{sf]
7]Ssf ;Demf}tf u/L ;f]xL ldltdf @)^*.!).!
ut]bl] v /fzg 7]Ssf rnfpgsf] nflu kf k"hL{
;d]t lbPsf] lyof] .
pQm 7]Ssf ;Demf}tf eO;s] kZrft\
gj/Tg OG6/k|fOh]h ;d]tn] af]nkq :jLs[t ug]{
lg0f{o q'l6k"0f{ /x]sf] egL ;fj{hlgs vl/b
k'g/fnf]sg ;ldlt;dIf lgj]bg lbPsf]df pQm
;ldltn] ldlt @)^*.*.!% df u/]sf] lg0f{odf
l/6 lgj]bs v8\sf s[i0f /fzg cfk"lt{ tyf ;Knfo;{
/ o; aflxgL c8\8faLr ePsf] 7]Ssf ;Demf}tf /
k|fKt kf k"hL{ ;d]t /2 tyf ab/ u/L gj/Tg
O{G6/k|fOh]hnfO{ ;d]t ;dfj]z u/L k'gM d"Nofg
u/L afFsL sfo{ ug{ egL n]vL cfPsf]df ;fj{hlgs
vl/b k'g/fnf]sg ;ldltsf] ldlt @)^*.*.!% sf]
lg0f{o sfof{Gjog gug'{ gu/fpg' egL cGtl/d
cfb]z hf/L ePsf]n] cGtl/d cfb]zsf] kfngf
u/L o; aflxgL c8\8fn] >L v8\sf s[i0f /fzg
cfk"lt{ tyf ;Knfo;{nfO{ ldlt @)^*.(.@@ ut]
kqfrf/ u/L ;Demf}tf ePadf]lhd ldlt @)^*
df3 ! ut]af6 /fzg v'jfpgsf] nflu /fzg
;KnfO{ ug{ kq lbO{ ;s]sf] / ;f]xLadf]lhd lghL
7]sb] f/;Fu /fzg a'emL lnO{ :6f]/ bflvnf u/L
ldlt @)^*.!).! ut]af6 ;}lgsnfO{ /fzg v'jfpg]
Joj:yf ldnfO{ ;lsPsf] x'bF f l/6 lgj]bssf] sfg"gL
tyf ;+jw} flgs xs xgg\ x'g] sfo{ o; aflxgL
c8\8faf6 gePsf] x'bF f l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpmF
eGg] g]kfnL ;]gf @$ g+= aflxgL c8\8f Jof/]s
h'Dnfsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf @&
-#_ Pj+ bkmf $&-#_ df P]= $&-!_ adf]lhdsf]
lgj]bg ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf k|dv
' ;dIf ;ft
lbgleq lbg ;Sg], To:tf] lgj]bg k|fKt ePsf]
kfFr lbgleq sf/0f v'nfO{ ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf

k|dv
' n] lg0f{o ug'k{ g]{ Joj:yf P]= bkmfsf] pkbkmf
-^_df ePsf], P]= bkmf $(-s_ Pj+ %)-!_ df P]=
bkmf $&-^_ adf]lhdsf] cjlwleq ;fj{hlgs
lgsfosf k|dv
' n] lg0f{o glbPdf jf lghn] lbPsf]
lg0f{odf lgj]bgstf{sf] lrQ ga'em]df ;ft lbgleq
;fj{hlgs vl/b k'g/fnf]sg ;ldltdf lgj]bg
lbg'kg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o;df ldlt
@)^*.&.@$ df cfzodf ;"rgf lbOPsf],
@)^*.&.@( df lrQ ga'em\g] kIfn] k'g/fnf]sgsf]
nflu ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf k|dv
' ;dIf lgj]bg
u/]sf], ;f] lgj]bgpk/ lg0f{o u/L ldlt @)^*.*.@
df k'g/fnf]sg lhsL/ gk'Ug] hfgsf/L lbPsf] /
ldlt @)^*.*.& ut] 7]sb] f/;Fu ;Demf}tf u/]sf]
b]lvPsf] 5 . o;/L dfly pNn]v ul/Psf] sfg"gL
Joj:yfadf]lhd k'g/fnf]sg lhsL/ gk'Ug] hfgsf/L
lbPsf] ldlt @)^*.*.@ ut]af6 u0fgf ubf{ ;ftf}F
lbg ldlt @)^*.*.( dfq k'U5 . ;f] cjlw ;ft
lbgsf] Dofbleq} lgh lgj]bsn] ldlt @)^*.*.^
ut] ;fj{hlgs vl/b k'g/fnf]sg ;ldltdf lgj]bg
lbPsf] / ;f] lgj]bgpk/ ;f]xL lbg ;'gj' fO x'bF f
af]nkq;DaGwL sfo{nfO{ /f]Ssf /fvL tLg lbgleq
k|ltlqmof dfu ug]{ ePsf] cfb]zadf]lhd ;f]xL
lbg /f]Ssf /fVg] cfb]z kq ;d]t km\ofS;dfkm{t\
tfn's sfof{no k|aGw/yL ljefu -vfB / kl/jxg_
Pj+ ;DalGwt @$ g+= aflxgL cfdf k7fOPsf] /
;f] cfb]z / ;"rgf k|fKt ePkl5 ;fj{hlgs
lgsfon] P]gsf] bkmf %) -!_ adf]lhd vl/b
sf/jfxL /f]Ssf ug'k{ g]d{ f ;f] ;d]tsf] a]jf:tf u/L
o; ;ldltdf k'g/fnf]sgsf nflu lgj]bg ug{
kfpg] dfly plNnlvt sfg"gadf]lhdsf] Dofb afFsL
5Fb} P]gn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] sfo{ljlw cjnDag gu/L
ldlt @)^*.*.& df ;Demf}tf u/L cglws[t sfo{
u/]sf] / o;af6 ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# sf]
bkmf $(-s_ Pa+ %)-!_ / ;fj{hlgs vl/b
k'g/fnf]sg ;ldlt k|of]hgljxLg x'g] Pj+ ;fj{hlgs
lgsfosf k|dv
' n] cfkm"n] O{R5fPsf] af]nkqbftfsf]
af]nkq h;/L eP klg :jLs[t ug]{ kl/kf6Lsf]
z'jft x'g] k|jn ;Defjgf ePsf] To:tf] cglws[t
1448
sfo{nfO{ /f]Sg @$ g+= jflxgL cfn] v8\sf s[i0f

/fzg cfk"lt{ tyf ;Knfo;{;uF u/]sf] pQm ;Demf}tf
kf k"hL{ ;d]t P]= bkmf %)-%_-v_-@_ adf]lhd
/2 ab/ ug]{ lg0f{o ul/Psf] xf] . ;fj{hlgs vl/b
P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf %)-%_ sf] v08 -u_ P]= P]gsf]
bkmf $&-!_,$(-s_ / %)-!_ adf]lhdsf] sfo{ljlw
cjnDag u/L ul/Psf] ;Demf}tfsf] xsdf dfq
cfslif{t x'g] ePsf]n] ;ldltsf] o; lg0f{oaf6 P]=
bkmf %)-%_-u_ sf] alv{nfk ePsf] 5}g . lg0f{o
sfg"gadf]lhd ul/Psf] x'bF f l/6 vf/]h ul/kfpFm
eGg] ;fj{hlgs vl/b k'g/fnf]sg ;ldltsf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
cf=a= @)^*.^( ;fnsf] lgldQ @$ g+=
aflxgL c8\8f / dftxtsf o'lg6xsf] nflu
/fzg 7]Ssf aGbf]j:t ug{ ldlt @)^*.^.!@ ut]
o; ljefuaf6 uf]/vfkqdf k|sflzt af]nkq
cfJxfgsf] ;"rgfcg';f/ @$ g+= aflxgL c8\8fdf
kg{ cfPsf] !% yfg af]nkqx d"Nofgsf] nflu
pQm aflxgL c8\8fdf ul7t d"Nofg ;ldlt;dIf
k]z eO{ d"Nofg ;ldltaf6 af]nkq;DaGwL
sfuhftdf plNnlvt zt{xsf] cfwf/df
;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf @#-@_
adf]lhd k/LIf0f ubf{ lgj]bsn] k]z u/]sf]
af]nkqnufot b'O{ yfg af]nkqx pQm P]gsf]
bkmf @%-!_ cg';f/ d"Nofgdf ;dfj]z eO{
d"Nofg ubf{ l/6 lgj]bsn] k]z u/]sf] af]nkq
pQm P]gsf] bkmf @& -!_ adf]lhd Go"gtd d"Noflt
;f/e"tkdf k|efju|fxL ePsf]n] l/6 lgj]bsn]
k]z u/]sf] af]nkq :jLs[ltsf] nflu 5gf}6 eO{
sfg"gadf]lhd af]nkq :jLs[t ug]{ clwsf/Laf6
pQm af]nkq :jLs[t eO{ @$ g+=+ aflxgL c8\8faf6
l/6 lgj]bs;+uF ldlt @)^*.*.& df vl/b ;Demf}tf
ePsf] / l/6 lgj]bsnfO{ ldlt @)^*.!).! b]lv
7]Ssf ;~rfng ug]{ kf k"hL{;d]t lbO;s]sf]
cj:yfdf af]nkqbftfdWo]sf gj/Tg O{G6/k|fOh]h
;d]tn] af]nkq :jLs[t ug]{ lg0f{o / sf/afxL
q'l6k"0f{ /x]sf] egL ;fj{hlgs vl/b k'g/fnf]sg
;ldlt;dIf k'g/fnf]sgsf] lgj]bg lbO{ pQm
;ldltaf6 ldlt @)^*.*.!% df l/6 lgj]bs
v8\sf s[i0f /fzg cfk"lt{ tyf ;Knfo;{ / @$

g+= aflxgL c8\8faLr ePsf] 7]Ssf ;Demf}tf
tyf kf k"hL{ ab/ u/L af]nkqbftf gj/Tg
O{ G 6/k| f Oh] h n] k] z u/sf] af] n kq ;d] t
;f/e" t kdf k| e fju| f xL b] l vPsf] n ] pQm
af]nkqnfO{ ;d]t d"Nofgdf ;dfj]z u/L
d"Nofg ug'{ eGg] cfb]z ePsf] xf] . o;
ljefunufot g]kfnL ;]gfsf] s'g} klg o"lg6sf]
tkm{af6 l/6 lgj]bssf] xs clwsf/ xgg\ x'g]
s'g} klg lsl;dsf] sfo{ geP gul/Psf] x'bF f l/6
lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] k|aGw /yL ljefu
-vfB kl/jxg_ h+uL c8\8fsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
lgodadf]lhd k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6
lgj]bgdf lgj]bssf tkm{af6 ljfg al/i7 clwjQmf
>L ;'zLns'df/ kGt tyf ljfg clwjQmf >L s[i0f
kf]v/]nn] lg0f{ostf{nfO{ vl/b ;Demf}tfsf] kf slxn]
ag]sf] 5 eGg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L ePsf] cj:yfdf
lgj]bsnfO{ ga'emL lgh ljsf] lg0f{o ug'{ Gofof]lrt
xf]Og . ;Demf}tf gePsf]df ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g,
@)^# sf] bkmf %)-%_-v_ / ;Demf}tf ePsf]df bkmf
%) -%_-u_ cfslif{t x'g] xf] ;Demf}tf eO;s]sf]
cj:yfdf bkmf %)-%_-v_ cfslif{t x'bF g} . t/ bkmf
%)-%_-v_ df k|jz
] u/L lg0f{o u/]sf] x'bF f l/6 hf/L
x'g' kb{5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ax; k|:t't ug'e{ of] .
ljkIfL gj/Tg OG6/k|fOh]hsf] tkm{af6
ljfg clwjQmfx >L hubLz cfrfo{, /fh]Zj/
clwsf/L / dfwj af:sf]6fn] ldlt @)^*.*.%
df ph"/L k/]kl5 @)^*.*.^ df ;Demf}tf /f]Ssf
ug] { cfb] z ePsf] d f cfb] z kfngf gu/L
@)^*.*.& df ;Demf}tf ul/Psf] sfo{ g}
sfg"gljk/Lt 5 . ;ldltsf] lg0f{o g} sfof{Gjog
ul/b}g+ eg] ;ldltsf] cf}lrTotf g} g/xg] /
P]gsf] dg;fo g} lg/y{s x'g hfg] x'bF f l/6
vf/]h x'g' h/L 5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ax;
k|:t't ug'e
{ of] .
;/sf/L lgsfosf] tkm{ a f6 ljfg
;xGofoflwjQmf >L dx]zs'df/ yfkfn] cGtl/d
cfb]zn] d'2fsf] cGTo g} ul/;s]sf] 5 eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ax; k|:t't ug'e
{ of] .
1449
b'a} tkm{sf ljfg sfg"g Joj;foL tyf

;xGofoflwjQmfn] k|:t't ug'e
{ Psf] ax; ;d]t
;'gL ldl;n cWoog u/L x]bf{ lgj]bg dfu
bfjLadf]lhd cfb]z hf/L x'gk' g]{ xf] xf]Og eGg]
ljifodf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvg cfof] .
@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ ldlt @)^*.^.!@
sf] /fzg vl/b;DaGwL lznaGbL af]nkq cfJxfgsf]
;"rgfadf]lhd hDdf !% af]nkqbftfn] af]nkq
k]z u/]sf af]nkqxdWo] d]/f] af]nkq 5gf}6 ePsf]
hfgsf/L ldlt @)^*.*.% sf] kqaf6 kfO{ ldlt
@)^*.*.& df ;Demf}tf eO{ kf k"hL{ kfO{ ;Demf}tf
;DkGg ePsf]df k|ltjfbsf] df}sf glbO{ ;fj{hlgs
vl/b k'g/fnf]sg ;ldltn] ;f] ;Demf}tf ab/
ul/lbPaf6 ;f] lg0f{o ab/sf] dfu ePsf] kfOof] .
#= lg0f{ostf{ ;fj{hlgs vl/b k'g/fnf]sg
;ldltsf] lnlvt hjfkmdf Dofbleq} ldlt
@)^*.*.^ df cfkm";dIf lgj]bg k/]sfn]
k|ltlqmof dfu ug]{ cfb]z eO{ ;f]xL lbg /f]Ssf
/fVg] cfb]z ;DalGwt sfof{nodf k7fOPsf] /
lgj]bg ug]{ Dofb ldlt @)^*.*.* df k'Ug]df ;f]
Dofb afFsL 5Fb} / eO/x]sf] /f]Ssf cfb]z ;d]tsf]
cj1f u/L cglws[tkdf @)^*.*.& df
;Demf}tf u/]sf] Joxf]/f pNn]v u/]sf] kfOof] .
$= cfkm\gf] eGbf lgj]bsn] k]z u/]sf]
af] n kq / ;Demf} t f ul/Psf] b//] 6 df
=$$,%),%^!.*) -rjfnL; nfv krf; xhf/
kfFr;o Ps;L c:;L k};f _ a9L ePsf]n] g]kfn
;/sf/nfO{ ;f]xL a/fa/ 3f6f gf]S;fgL k/]sf] 5
egL gj/Tg OG6/k|fOh]hsf k|fk] fO6/ ;"o{ yfkfsf]
lnlvt hjfkm /x]sf] 5 eg] o;} nufpsf l/6
g+=%&@ sf lgj]bs ofbj z+s/ h]=eL= n] cfkm\gf]eGbf
lgj]bssf] =!,^@,%^,!%!.- Ps s/f]8 j};L
nfv 5kGg xhf/ Ps;o PsfpGg_ a9L /x]sf]
egL pNn]v u/]sf] ;d]t b]lvG5 .
lgj]bg bfjL, lnlvt hjfkm Pj+ ljfg
sfg"g Joj;foLxsf] ax; ;d]tnfO{ Wofgdf
/fvL ;fj{hlgs vl/b k'g/fnf]sg ;ldltsf]
clwsf/If]q, o;sf] /f]Ssf cfb]zsf] sfg"gL
cf}lrTotf tyf o; ;ldltsf] ldlt @)^*.*.!%

sf] lg0f{osf] ljifodf lg0f{o lbg' k/]sf] 5 .
%= 7]Ssf aGbf]a:tsf] nflu ldlt @)^*.^.!@
df uf]/vfkqdf /fzg vl/b;DaGwL lznaGbL af]nkq
cfJxfgsf] ;"rgf k|sflzt ePsf]df !% yfg af]nkq
btf{ eO{ pQm af]nkqx d"Nofgsf nflu af]nkq
d"Nofg ;ldltdf k]z ePsf] b]lvof] . sfg"gL k/LIf0f
/ sfg"gL u|fXotfsf cfwf/df ;f/e"tkdf ;kmn
b'Od{ Wo] v8\sf s[i0f /fzg cfk"lt{ tyf ;Knfo;{sf]
af]nkq :jLs[t ug{ ;ldltn] l;kmfl/z u/]sf] kfOG5 .
@)^*.&.@$ df cfzokq lbPkl5 k/]sf] lgj]bg
;fj{hlgs lgsfosf k|dv
' af6 k"j{ l;kmfl/z g}
;b/ ePsf] kfOG5 . @$ g+= aflxgL cfn] :jLs[ltsf]
hgfpsf] ;fy} ;DalGwt kIfnfO{ 7]Ssf ;Demf}tfsf
nflu cfpg' egL ldlt @)^*.*.% df kqfrf/
u/]sf] kfOof] . @)^*.*.& df ljkIfL v8\sf s[i0f
cfk"lt{ tyf ;Knfo;{;uF /fzg cfk"lt{sf] 7]Ssf
;Demf}tf u/L @)^*.!).! ut]bl] v Ps jif{sf nflu
/fzg 7]Ssf rnfpgsf] nflu kf k"hL{ ;d]t lbPsf]
b]lvof] .
^= t/, ldlt @)^*.*.& df ;Demf}tf
x'gk' j" { v8\sf s[i0f /fzg cfk"lt{ tyf ;Knfo;{sf]
af]nkq d"Nofg ;ldltn] :jLs[t u/]sf] lg0f{o
sfo{nfO{ r'gf}tL lbFb} ldlt @)^*.*.^ df lgj]bg
k/]kl5 ;f]xL ldlt @)^*.*.^ df ;Demf}tf ug]{
sfo{ tTsfn /f]Ssf ug{ ;d]t ;fj{hlgs vl/b
k'g/fnf]sg ;ldltn] cfb]z u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;f]
cfb]z x'bF fx'bF } @)^*.*.& df g} v8\sf /fzg
cfk"lt{ tyf ;Knfo;{;uF @$ g+=+ aflxgL cf
h'Dnfn] ;Demf}tf u/]sf] kfOof] . ;fj{hlgs vl/b
k'g/fnf]sg ;ldltn] ldlt @)^*.*.!% df lg0f{o
ubf{ cfkm\gf] cfb]zsf] ckl/kfng u/]sf] k|Zg
p7fpFb} @)^*.*.& df ePsf] 7]Ssf ;Demf}tf
;d]t ab/ u/]sf] b]lvof] . s] s'/f lglZrt 5
eg] 7]Ssf ;Demf}tf k"j{ g} ;f] sfo{ gug{
sfg"gadf]lhdsf] clVtof/k|fKt lgsfon] /f]Ssf
cfb]z lbPsf] 5 / o:tf] cfb]z lbg ;f] lgsfonfO{
sfg"gn] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .
1450
vl/b sf/jfxL /f]Ssf ug'k{ g]{ ;DaGwdf bkmf %!-#_ n] k|lqmof /f]Ssf gu/]sf] hfgsf/L
;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf %! df k'g/fnf]sg ;ldltnfO{ lbg'kg]{ x'G5 . o:tf]
hfgsf/L lbOPsf] ;d]t kfOb}g .
lgDg Joj:yf 5 M
(= 7]Ssf ;Demf}tfnufotsf cGo vl/b
%!-!_ k'g/fnf]sgsf] nflu bkmf %) sf] pkbkmf sfo{df kf/bzL{ / :jR5tf gePs} sf/0f To;nfO{
-!_ adf]lhd lbOPsf] lgj]bgsf] ;"rgf Jojl:yt ug{ ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# cfPsf]
k|fKt eP kl5 ;f] lgj]bgsf ;DaGwdf eGg] s'/f pQm P]gsf] k|:tfjgfaf6 g} b]lvG5 .
k'g/fnf]sg ;ldltaf6 lg0f{o geP;Dd pQm P]gsf] k|:tfjgfdf ;fj{hlgs vl/b;DaGwL
;fj{hlgs lgsfon] vl/b sf/jfxL /f]Ssf sfo{ljlw, k|lqmof tyf lg0f{onfO{ cem a9L v'Nnf,
ug'{ kg]5
{ .
kf/bzL{, j:t'lgi7 / ljZj;gLo agfpg,
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ;fj{hlgs vl/b k|lqmofdf k|lt:kwf{, :jR5tf,
eP tfklg b]xfosf] cj:yfdf vl/b Odfgbf/Ltf, hjfkmb]xLtf / ljZjzgLotf k|j{g
sf/jfxL /f]Ssf ug'k{ g]{ 5}g M
u/L ldtJooL tyf ljj]sk"0f{ 9af6 ;fj{hlgs
-s_ vl/b sf/jfxLdf lgxLt dxTjk"0f{ vr{sf] clwstd\ k|ltkmn xfl;n ug{ / ;fj{hlgs
;fj{hlgs lxtsf] sf/0faf6 vl/b lgsfon] lgdf{0f sfo{ ubf{ u/fpFbf, dfn;fdfg,
sf/jfxL hf/L /fVg h/L ePsf] k/fdz{ ;]jf tyf cGo ;]jf vl/b ubf{ To:tf]
s' / f k| d fl0ft u/L ;fj{ h lgs vl/bsf] Joj:yfkg Ifdtf clej[l u/L pTkfbs,
lgsfon] k' g /fnf] s g ;ldltdf laqm] t f, cfk" l t{ s tf{ , lgdf{ 0 f Joj;foL jf
hfgsf/L lbPdf jf
;]jfk|bfosnfO{ ljgf e]befj ;fj{hlgs vl/b
-v_ bkmf %) sf] pkbkmf -$_ sf] k|lqmofdf ;xefuL x'g] ;dfg cj;/ ;'lglZrt
cjlwleq k'g/fnf]sg ;ldltaf6 u/L ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt ug{ eGg] pNn]v ePaf6}
lg0f{o x'g g;s]df jf
ljlwstf{sf] dg;fo b[li6uf]r/ x'G5 .
-u_ vl/b ;Demf}tf eO;s]sf]df .
!)= ;a} lsl;dsf vl/b k|lqmofdf
-#_ ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] pkbkmf -@_ sf] ;fj{hlgs jf ;/sf/L lgsfon] pQm P]gsf]
v08 -s_ / -v_ adf]lhd vl/b sf/jfxL k|:tfjgfsf] dd{ / efjgfnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ug{k' g]{
/f]Ssf gu/]df ;f]sf] hfgsf/L k'g/fnf]sg pQm k|:tfjgfn] g} lgb]l{ zt u/]sf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs
;ldltnfO{ lbg'kg]5
{ .
vl/b k|lqmofdf cfa lgsfon] P]gsf bkmf bkmfdf
ePsf / o;cGtu{t ag]sf] lgodf/f Jojl:yt
&= pko'Q
{ m k|fjwfgljk/Lt o:tf] sfo{ k|fjwfgx cIf/zM kfng u/L ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt
ug'{ eg]sf] sfg"gsf] 7f8f] pNn+3g ;d]t xf] . lbg' P]gsf] efjgf / dd{cg'k sfo{ ug'{ xf] .
o; P]gsf] bkmf %!-@_ n] Joj:yf u/]sf] bkmf gful/sn] lt/]sf] s/af6 p7]sf] /fhZjaf6 ;+slnt
%!-!_ adf]lhd /f]Ssf /fVg cfjZos gdfg]sf] /sd vr{ ug]{ ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] sfg"gf/f
ljBdfgtf ljkIfL agfOPsf] @$ g+=+ aflxgL cfn] axg u/fOPsf] of] bfloTjsf] pk]Iff ug{ ldNb}g .
lnlvt hjfkmdf b]vfpg ;s]sf] ;d]t kfOb}g . gful/sn] lt/]sf] s/sf] clwstd\ ;b'kof]u x'g'
*= oL Joj:yfafx]s o; P]gsf] bkmf kb{5 . of] ;b'kof]u jf b'kof]u gful/sxsf]
%)-!_ adf]lhd ;fj{hlgs vl/b k'g/fnf]sg cledtsf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ ljwflosff/f lgld{t
;ldltdf lgj]bg k/]sf] ;"rgf k|fKt ePkl5 ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# sf] cIf/zM kl/kfngfdf
;Demf}tf ug]{ sfo{ /f]Ssf /fVg} kb{5 . o:tf lge{/ /xG5 . o; P]gn] cfkm\gf] p2]Zosf] k"lt{sf
ckjfbfTds cj:yf cfOk/]df ;d]t o; P]gsf] nflu ljljw Joj:yfx u/]sf] kfOG5 .
1451
!!= vl/b ;Demf}tf geO;s]sf], t/

af]nkq :jLs[t;DaGwL sf/jfxLdf lrQ ga'em\g]
kIfn] ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf k|dv
' ;dIf lgj]bg
lbg;Sg] tyf ;f] lgj]bg ;DaGwdf ;fj{hlgs
lgsfosf k|d'vn] lg0f{o ug'{kg]{ ;DaGwdf
;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf $& df
Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . pQm bkmfdf ePsf] Joj:yf
b]xfoadf]lhd 5M
-^_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd k|fKt ePsf]

lgj]bgsf ;DaGwdf 5fgaLg ubf{ vl/b
sf/afxLdf s'g} q'l6 b]lvP, ;fj{hlgs
lgsfon] kfngf ug'k{ g]{ st{Jo kfngf
u/] s f] gb] l vP jf To:Tff] lg0f{ o
sfg" g ljk/Lt b] l vPdf ;fj{ h lgs
lgsfosf k|dv
' n] vl/b sf/afxL lgnDag
u/L ;f] lgj]bg k|fKt ePsf] kfFr lbgleq
sf/0f v'nfO{ lnlvt lg0f{o ug{' kg]5
{ .
-&_ pkbkmf -^_ adf]lhdsf] lg0f{odf ;f]
vl/b sf/afxL s;/L cufl8 a9fpg]
eGg] s'/f ;d]t pNn]v ePsf] x'g' kg{5
] .
-*_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] lgj]bg tf]lsPsf]
/sdeGbf sd /sdsf] vl/b sf/afxLsf
;DaGwdf eP ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf
k|d'vn] pkbkmf -^_ adf]lhd u/]sf]
lg0f{ o pk/ k' g /fnf] s gsf] nflu
k'g/fnf]sg ;ldlt;dIf lgj]bg lbg
;lsg] 5}g .
$&-!_ ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] vl/b sf/afxL jf

lg0f{o ubf{ s'g} q'l6 u/]sf] jf kfngf
ug'k{ g]{ st{Jo kfngf gu/]sf]n] cfk"mnfO{
Iflt k'Ug] jf k'Ug ;Sg] sf/0f v'nfO{ s'g}
af]nkqbftf jf k|:tfjbftfn] To:tf] q'l6
jf lg0f{osf] k'g/fnf]sgsf nflu ;DalGwt
;fj{hlgs lgsfosf k|dv
' ;dIf lgj]bg
lbg ;Sg]5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd lbg] k'g/fnf]sgsf]
lgj]bg vl/b ;Demf}tf x'ge
' Gbf cl3sf]
sf/afxLsf ;DaGwdf ;Lldt x'g5
] .
-#_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd lgj]bg lbFbf o;
P]gdf To:tf] lgj]bg k]z ug{sf] nflu
s'g} cjlw tf]lsPsf] eP To:tf] cjlwleq
/ To;/L cjlw gtf]lsPsf]df ;fj{hlgs
lgsfon] vl/b sf/afxL;DaGwL q'l6
u/]sf] jf st{Jo kfngf gu/]sf] s'/f
af]nkqbftf jf k|:tfjbftfn] yfxf kfPsf]
ldltn] ;ft lbgleq lgj]bg lbg' kg]5
{ .
-$_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] lgj]bgdf
;fj{hlgs lgsfon] s'g sfd u/]sf] jf
gu/]sf] sf/0fn] To:tf] q'l6 x'g uPsf] xf]
jf st{Jo kfngf gePsf] xf] / To:tf]
lg0f{o of] P]g jf o; P]gcGtu{t ag]sf]
lgod jf lgb]l{ zsfsf] s'g k|fjwfgljk/Lt
5 eGg] s'/f :ki6 kdf v'nfpg' kg]5
{ .
-%_ pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhdsf] cjlw gf3L k|fKt
ePsf] k'g/fnf]sgsf] lgj]bgpk/ s'g}
sf/afxL x'g] 5}g .
!@= pk/f]Qm sfg"gL Joj:yfadf]lhd

af] n kq :jLs[ t ;DaGwL sf/jfxLdf ldlt
@)^*.&.@$ df cfzosf] ;"rgf lbOPsf]df
;f]df lrQ ga'em\g] kIf gj/Tg OG6/k|fOh]hn]
k' g /fnf] s gsf nflu ;fj{ h lgs lgsfosf
k|d'v;dIf ;ft lbgleq ldlt @)^*.&.@( df
lgj]bg u/]sf]df ;f] lgj]bgpk/ lg0f{o u/L
ldlt @)^*.*.@ df k'g/fnf]sgsf] lhsL/ k'Ug
g;Sg] egL hfgsf/L lbPsf] b]lvG5 . pQm
lg0f{o tf]lsPsf] /sdeGbf sd /sdsf] vl/b
sf/afxLsf ;DaGwdf ge} c? af]nkqbftfn]
k]z u/]sf] af]nkqsf] /sdeGbf a9L /sdsf]
vl/b;DaGwL sf/afxL;Fu ;DAflGwt /x]sf]
b] l vG5 . o:tf] l:yltsf] vl/b;DaGwL
sf/jfxLpk/ ;fj{hlgs lgsfo;dIf k/]sf]
ph"/Ldf ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] lbPsf] lg0f{odf
lgj]bgstf{sf] lrQ ga'em]df ;f] lg0f{opk/
;DalGwt kIfn] k'g/fnf]sg ;ldlt;dIf lgj]bg
lbg;Sg] sfg"gL Joj:yf ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g,
1452
@)^# sf] bkmf $( df ul/Psf] 5 . pQm %)-!_ k' g /fnf] s gsf] nflu k' g /fnf] s g
bkmfdf ePsf] Joj:yf b]xfoadf]lhd 5 M
;ldlt;dIf lgj]bg lbg] af]nkqbftf jf
k/fdz{bftfn] bkmf $( sf] v08 -s_ sf]
$(= af]nkqbftf jf k|:tfjbftfn] b]xfosf]
ljifosf] xsdf ;ft lbgleq / v08 -v_
cj:yfdf k'g/fnf]sgsf] nflu k'g/fnf]sg
sf] xsdf To:tf] ;Demf}tf ePsf] ldltn]
;ldlt ;dIf lgj]bg lbg ;Sg]5 M
tL; lbgsf] cjlwleq k'g/fnf]sg ;ldltdf
lgj]bg lbg'kg]5
{ .
-s_ bkmf $& adf] l hd ;fj{ h lgs
lgsfo;dIf lbPsf] lgj]bg tf]lsPsf]
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd lgj]bg k|fKt
/sdeGbf a9L /sdsf] vl/b
ePsf] tLg lbgleq k'g/fnf]sg
sf/afxLsf] ;DAfGwdf eO{ To:tf]
;ldltn] ;DalGwt ;fj{ h lgs
lgsfosf k|d'vn] ;f] lgj]bgsf
lgsfonfO{ To:tf] lgj]bg / lgj]bg
;DaGwdf ;f]xL bkmfsf] pkbkmf -^_
;fy s'g} sfuhft ;+nUg eP ;f]
df plN]nlvt cjlwleq lg0f{o
sfuhft ;d]tsf] k|ltlnlk k7fO{
glbPdf jf lghn] lbPsf] lg0f{odf
To; ;DaGwdf eP u/]sf] sfd
lgj]bgstf{sf] lrQ ga'em] df,
sf/afxLsf] hfgsf/L / k|ltlqmof
-v_ bkmf %@ adf]lhd ePsf] vl/b
lbg ;"rgf ug{' kg]5
{ .
;Demf}tfsf] ljifodf .
-#_ pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhdsf] ;"rgf k|fKt
u/]sf] tLg lbgleq ;fj{hlgs lgsfon]
!#= k|:t't ljjfb bkmf $( sf] v08
;f];DaGwL hfgsf/L / k|ltlqmof
-s_ sf] ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt /x]sf] / o:tf]
k'g/fnf]sg ;ldltnfO{ lbg' kg]5
{ .
ljjfbdf af]nkqbftf jf k/fdz{bftfn] ;ft
-$_ pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd k|fKt ePsf]
lbgleq k'g/fnf]sg ;ldltdf lgj]bg lbg;Sg]
hfgsf/L / k|ltlqmof, lgj]bsn]
Joj:yf 5 . of] sfg"gL ;'ljwf lgj]bgstf{n]
lgj]bgsf ;fy k]z u/]sf] k|df0f,
kfpg] xf]Og eGg] oL l/6 lgj]bsnufot s;}sf]
sfuhftsf cfwf/df / cfjZos
syg 5}g . k'g/fnf]sg ;ldltn] klg To:tf]
eP b'j} kIfnfO{ a'emL pkbkmf -!_
lgj]bg k/]kl5 ckgfpg' kg]{ sfo{ljlw /
adf]lhd lgj]bg k|fKt ePsf] tL;
lg0f{osf ;DaGwdf bkmf %) df ;'lglZrt
lbgleq k'g/fnf]sg ;ldltn] lg0fo{
Joj:yf 5 . o;/L sfg" g n] Joj:yf
ug'{ kg]5
{ .
u/] a df] l hdsf] sfo{ l jlw cjnDag u/L
k'g/fnf]sg ;ldltn] ;fj{hlgs lgsfonfO{
!$= ldlt @)^*.*.@ df k'g/fnf]sgsf]
lbPsf] cfb]zadf]lhdsf] sfo{ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . lhsL/ k'Ug g;Sg] egL hfgsf/L lbPsf] ldltn]
;fj{ h lgs vl/b k' g /fnf] s g ;ldlt;dIf ;ft lbgleq ldlt @)^*.*.^ df g} ;fj{hlgs
lgj]bg k/]kl5 k'g/fnf]sg ;ldltn] canDag vl/b k'g/fnf]sg ;ldlt;dIf lgj]bg k/]sf] /
ug' { k g] { sfo{ l jlw, sfo{ I f] q / clwsf/sf ;fj{hlgs vl/b k'g/fnf]sg ;ldltn] pQm lgj]bg
;DaGwdf ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# sf] k/]sf] tLg lbgleq ;fj{hlgs lgsfonfO{
bkmf %) df ul/Psf] Joj:yf b]xfoadf]lhd ;f];DaGwL hfgsf/L u/fO{ k|ltlqmof dfu ug]{
qmddf tb\;DaGwL /f]Ssf /fVg ;d]t ldlt
5 M
1453
@)^*.*.^ df g} @$ g+=+ aflxgL cfnfO{ hfgsf/L

u/fPsf] eGg] b]lvG5 .
!%= ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf
$* adf]lhd u7g ePsf] k'g/fnf]sg ;ldlt
Pp6f cflwsfl/s sfg"gL lgsfo xf] / o;n] bkmf
$( cg'k kg]{ lgj]bgdf bkmf %) adf]lhdsf]
clVtof/L k|of]u u/L vl/b lg0f{onfO{ k"0f{ jf
cf+lzskdf /2;Dd ug{ ;Sb5 eGg] s'/f o;
sfg"gsf] ;f/e"t ljz]iftf xf] eGg] tYok|lt
cgle1tf jf c6]/Lkg k|bz{g ug'{ ;f/tM sfg"gs}
pNn+3g xf] . k'g/fnf]sg ;ldlt;dIf lgj]bg
k/]sf] eO{ p;n] sfg"gn] tf]sa] df]lhd hfgsf/L
dfu]sf] / tTsfn cufl8 sf/jfxL gug{ eGbfeGb}
p;n] lg0f{o ug]{ sfg"gadf]lhdsf] Dofb;d]t gkvL{
;f] sf/jfxLnfO{ lg:t]h kfg{ /f]Ssf cfb]z ePsf]
ef]lnkN6} @$ g+=+ aflxgL cf h'Dnfn] ;Demf}tf
u/]sf] 5 . o:tf Jojxf/nfO{ sfg"gn] g} aGb]h
nufPsf] 5 .
!^= o;/L k'g/fnf]sg ;ldlt;dIf
lgj]bg k/L pQm lgsfoaf6 ;f]pk/ lg0f{o
geP;Dd ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] 7]Ssf jf vl/b
;Demf}tf ug{ gldNg] Joj:yf ;d]t pQm P]gsf]
bkmf %!-!_ df ul/Psf] 5 . ;f]df :ki6 zAbdf
k'g/fnf]sgsf] nflu bkmf %) sf] pkbkmf -!_
adf]lhd lbOPsf] lgj]bgsf] ;"rgf k|fKt ePkl5
;f] lgj]bgsf ;DaGwdf k'g/fnf]sg ;ldltaf6
lg0f{o geP;Dd ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] vl/b
sf/afxL /f]Ssf ug'{ kg]5
{ eGg] pNn]v 5 . t/
dfly plNnlvt sfg"gL Joj:yfadf]lhd lgj]bg
ug]{ Dofb;d]t afFsL /x]sf] cj:yf, vl/b sf/jfxL
/f]Ssf ePsf] cj:yf Pj+ lgj]bgpk/sf] lg0f{o x'g
sfg"gadf]lhdsf] Dofb afFsL /x]s} cj:yfdf ldlt
@)^*.*.& df 7]Ssf ;Demf}tf ul/g' cfkm"pk/sf]
ph"/L ;/xsf] lgj]bg ;'Gg] lgsfosf] cfb]zsf]
k|ToIftM c6]/L / cGttM sfg"gsf] cj1f xf] .
!&= sfg"gL Joj:yfadf]lhd k'g/fnf]sg
lhsL/ gk'Ug] hfgsf/L lbPsf] ldlt @)^*.*.@
ut]af6 u0fgf ubf{ ;ftf}F lbg ldlt @)^*.*.*
;Dd ;fj{hlgs vl/b k'g/fnf]sg ;ldlt;dIf

lgj]bg ug]{ Dofb sfod} /x]s} calwleq} gj/Tg
OG6/k|fOh]hsf tkm{af6 ldlt @)^*.*.^ ut]
;fj{hlgs vl/b k'g/fnf]sg ;ldltdf lgj]bg
lbPsf] / ;f] lgj]bgpk/ ;f]xL lbg ;'gj' fO x'bF f
k|ltlqmof dfu ug]{ ePsf] cfb]zadf]lhd ;f]xL
lbg /f]Ssf /fVg] cfb]z kq ;d]t k|aGw /yL
ljefu -vfB / kl/jxg_ Pj+ ;DalGwt @$ g+=
aflxgL c8\8fdf k7fOPsf] eGg] tYodf ljjfb
5}g . ;f] /f]Ssfsf] hfgsf/L cfkm"xn] gkfPsf]
eGg] k|aGw /yL ljefu -vfB / kl/jxg_ Pj+
;DalGwt 7]Ssf ;Demf}tf ug]{ @$ g+= aflxgL
c8\8fsf] s'g} lhsL/ 5}g . /f]Ssf ug]{ cfb]z oL
ljkIfLxsf] /f]xa/df g} ul/Psf] / ;f]sf] hfgsf/L
;d]t lbPsf] eGg] ;fj{hlgs vl/b k'g/fnf]sg
;ldltsf] lnlvt hjfkmdf pNn]v 5 .
!*= ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# /
;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL, @)^$ n] vl/b
;Demf}tf;DaGwL ljleGg r/0fxsf] k|aGw ub}{
ltgsf] z'tf, kf/blz{t{ f, lgoGq0f / cg'udgsf
sfo{ljlwut ;+/rgf u/]sf] 5 . af]nkq :jLs[ltsf
;DaGwdf lrQ ga'em\g] kIfn] ;fj{hlgs vl/b
k'g/fnf]sg ;ldlt;dIf k'g/fnf]sgsf nflu
lgj]bg ug{ kfpg] Dofbsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;f]
Dofb afFsL 5Fb} / k/]sf] lgj]bgpk/ P]gn] lgwf{/0f
u/]sf] ;do ;Ldfleq lg0f{o gx'bF } @$ g+= aflxgL
cff/f v8\ s f s[ i 0f /fzg cfk" l t{ tyf
;Knfo;{;uF ;Demf}tf u/L lgj]bgdf p7fOPsf
ljifoxsf] k/LIf0f ug{ gkfOg] cj/f]w l;h{gf
u/L sfg"gsf] pNn+3g ug's
{ f] cltl/Qm cfkm"pk/sf]
ph"/L ;/xsf] lgj]bg ;'Gg] lgsfo ;fj{hlgs
vl/b k'g/fnf]sg ;ldltsf] clwsf/If]qnfO{ ;d]t
lg:t]h kfl/Psf] 5 . o;af6 ;Demf}tf ug]{ /fhZj
vr{ ug{ kfpg] ;fj{hlgs lgsfoaf6 sfg"gsf]
cj1f x'g] sfo{ ul/Psf] 5 .
!(= oL l/6 lgj]bsn] k]z u/]sf] af]nkqdf
plNnlvt d" N oeGbf =$$,%),%^!.*)
1454
-rjfnL;nfv krf;xhf/ kfFr;o Ps;L k}ofF

c:;L k};f _ cfkm\gf] 36L /x]sf] eGg] tYo o;
l/6 lgj]bgsf ljkIfL gj/Tg OG6/k|fOh]hsf
tkm{af6 k|s6 ePsf] 5 . t/, sd d"No /xg]
ljlQs} :jtM ;f] af]nkqbftfnfO{ 7]Ssf jf vl/b
cfb]z lbg'kg]{ jfWofTds sfg"gL Joj:yf 5}g .
t/ lgj]bg k/]df lsg d"No sd 5, ;fdfgsf]
u'0f:t/Lotf s] s:tf] 5, d"No sd x'gs
' f] sf/0f
plrt 5, 5}g / a9L d"No pNn]v ug]{;Fu
;Demf}tf ug]{ lg0f{o 7Ls a]7Ls s] 5 eGg] s'/f
cg'udg ug]{ lgsfo / k|lqmof sfg"gn] lgwf{l/t
u/]sf] 5 . lrQ ga'em\g] ;DalGwt kIfn] lgj]bg
ug{ kfpg] / lgj]bg ;'Gg] lgsfon] ljlwjt
lg0f{o ug{ kfpg] clVtof/L /fVb5 . sfg"geGbf
dfly sf]xL 5}g / 5' eGg] ;Demg' klg b'is/ sfo{
xf] . 5nsk6 u/L sfg"g 5Ng] sfo{ lgGbgLo
xf] . To;}n] o:tf sfo{ of b08gLo x'G5g\ of g
t l6Kk0fLof]Uo . To;}n] k|To]s ;a} sfg"gL lgsfo
/ JolQmxsf] clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg ;fj{hlgs
lgsfon] ug'{ kb{5 . of] p;sf] st{Jo g} xf] .
vf;u/L ;fj{hlgs lgsfo sfg"gf/f lgwf{l/t
st{Jokfngdf pbf;Lg /xg' sfg"gL zf;gs}
nflu b'ef{Uo xf] .
@)= cfJxfg ul/Psf] af] n kqdWo]
ljlw;Ddt k|lqmofn] d"Nofg ubf{ 36L b/ pNn]v
ug]n
{ ] sfd gkfpg ;Sb5 . t/, 36L b//]6jfnfnfO{
7]Ssf glbO{ cyf{t lgh;Fu vl/b gu/L a9L
b/jfnfnfO{ ;f] sfd lbOg'sf j:t'ut cfwf/ eg]
x'g} kb{5 . o:tf j:t'ut cfwf/ lg0f{ostf{sf] lrQdf
nfUg' dfq kof{Kt x'bF g} . tL cfwf/sf] cf}lrTo
sfg"gf/f Jojl:yt k/LIf0f ug]{ lgsfosf] ljj]s /
Goflos dgn] klg plrt 7xofpg' kb{5 . k|f/lDes
lg0f{ostf{n] klg cfkm\gf lg0f{odf cfkm\gf] s'g} :jfy{
g/x]sf], gful/sn] lt/]sf] s/k|lt cfkm" Odfgbf/
/x]sf] / ;f] vl/b ;Demf}tfsf] k|ltkmn kfpg] ju{sf]
lxtk|lt lgi7fjfg /x]sf] cfkm\gf cfr/0f / sfdaf6
k|blz{t ug{ ;Sg'df g} cfkm" ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/L
/x]sf] l; ug{ ;s]sf] dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 . ;fj{hlgs
kbflwsf/Ln] /fhZjdf Jooef/ /xg] vl/b ;DaGwdf

vf;u/L ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf *,
(, !), !!, !@, !#, !$, !% / !^ ;d]tsf]
kl/kfngfsf ;fy} bkmf @#, @$, @%, @^ / @& sf]
cg'z/0f ug}{ kb{5 . o;}u/L o; P]gsf] kl/R5]b\ %
sf Joj:yfsf] cj1f u/]sf] k|ToIf jf k/f]Ifkdf
klg b]lvg' x'bF g} . ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL,
@)^$ sf lgod @), @!, @% tyf kl/R5]b\ %
clgjfo{ kdf vl/b lg0f{o ug]{ ;fj{hlgs lgsfon]
cg'z/0f ug}k{ g]{ x'G5 .
@!= sfg"gL Joj:yf cfn+sfl/s dfq x'g
;Sb}gg\ . logsf] cg'z/0f ul/Psf] 5 5}g,
hfFra'em ug]{ clGtd lgsfo ;fj{hlgs vl/b
k'g/fnf]sg ;ldlt xf] . o; ;ldltnfO{ hfFra'em
ug{ glbg' u}/sfg"gL sfo{ xf] . @)^*.*.& df g}
;Demf}tf ul/;lsPsf] cj:yfdf @)^*.(.%
k|f/lDes / @)^*.(.!@ df ;f]nfO{ lg/Gt/tf
lb+b} o; cbfntaf6 hf/L cGtl/d cfb]z g]kfnL
;]gf @$ g+=+ aflxgL cf Jof/]s h'Dnfsf nflu
lnlvt hjfkmdf pNn]v u/] h:tf] k|lt/Iffsf]
cfwf/ aGg ;Sb}gg\ .
@@= ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf
@# sf] af]nkq k/LIf0f ljlw, bkmf @$ sf sf/jfxL
gx'g] af]nkqsf ;Ldf / bkmf @% sf af]nkq
d"Nofg k|lqmofsf Joj:yfxsf k5fl8 ljlwstf{n]
sfdsf/jfxLdf z'tf / kf/blz{tfsf] ck]Iff /fv]sf]
5 . ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf ;DalGwt kbflwsf/Lsf
sfo{df ljlw;Ddt k|lqmof cjnDag ul/Psf] 5
5}g tyf ltgdf z'tf / kf/blz{tf 5 5}g egL
k/LIf0f ug]{ clGtd lgsfo o; P]gsf] bkmf $*
adf]lhd ;+:yflkt k'g/fnf]sg ;ldltsf] xf] .
k'g/fnf]sg ;ldltn] cfkm\gf lg0f{odf s'g} q'l6
g/x]sf] :jLsf/L lbg' vl/b cfb]z lbg] kbflwsf/Ls}
lxtdf x'G5 . cfly{s k|zf;gdf kf/blz{tfsf] cefj
x'g' g} cfly{s ljrngtkm{ pGd"v x'g' xf] . sfg"gn]
g} lgb]l{ zt u/]sf ;fj{hlgs lgsfo jf clwsf/Lx
cfkm\gf] hjfkmb]lxtfk|lt k|ToIf jf k/f]Ifkdf
pbf;Lg eOlbFbf cfly{s ljrngn] 6]jf kfpg
1455
k'Ub5 . sfg"gsf] cg'lrt k|of]u / sfg"g k|bQ

;bljj]ssf] b'kof]u u/L s'g} sfo{ jf lg0f{o
ul/G5 eg] To:tf] sfo{ jf lg0f{o cfly{s ljrngsf]
Bf]ts aGb5 / of] g} e|i6frf/sf] cf/De ljGb' xf] .
cfkm\gf sfdsf/jfxL / lg0f{odf cfly{s clgoldtf
ePsf] 5}g egL sfg"gf/f clVtof/L k|fKt
lgsfonfO{ b] v fpg ;Sg' d f g} ;fj{ h lgs
kbflwsf/Lsf] st{Jolgi7tf lge{/ /xG5 . sfg"gf/f
g} v8f ul/Psf] ;fj{hlgs vl/b k'g/fnf]sg
;ldltnfO{ k|of]hgxLg t'NofOFbf ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf
k|dv
' n] O{R5fPsf] af]nkqbftfsf] af]nkq h;/L
eP klg :jLs[t ug]{ kl/kf6Lsf] z'jft x'g] k|jn
;Defjgf /xG5 .
@#= ljlwjt k/] s f] ph" / L ;/xsf]
lgj]bgdf sfg"gadf]lhdsf] lgsf;f gx'bF } / af]nkq
:jLs[t /sd h:tf d"ne"t s'/f g} sfg"gf/f
clVtof/L k|bfg u/]sf] lgsfo;dIf ljrf/fwLg
/x]sf] cj:yfdf @$ g+= jflxgL cff/f v8\sf
s[i0f /fzg cfk"lt{ tyf ;Knfo;{;uF 7]Ssf ;Demf}tf
ul/g'nfO{ ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]gsf] p2]Zo /
dg;focg'k dfGg ;lsb}gF . cfkm";dIf lgj]bg
k/]sf] sf/0faf6 ;f]sf] 6'u+ f] gnfuL s'g} sf/jfxL
cufl8 ga9fpg' egL hf/L ul/Psf] cfb]zsf]
cj1f u/L To:tf cfb]zsf] ljk/Lt x'g] u/L s'g}
sfo{ ug'{ cfly{s kf/blz{tf / ;'zf;gsf Go"gtd\
dfGotfsf ljsf sfo{ x'g . o:tf sfo{nfO{
;dod} /f]Sg ;DalGwt lgsfoaf6 tTk/tf
gb]vfOPdf To:tf] ;+:yfsf] ;Ifdtfdf g} cfFr
cfpg ;Sb5 . h'g sfg"g jf P]gsf] cfwf/df
sfo{ ;DkGg ul/G5 Tof] sfg"g jf P]gsf] k"0f{
kl/kfngf ug'{ pQm lgsfosf clwsf/Lsf] k|dv
'
st{Jo / sfg"gL bfloTj xf] . olb To:tf] sfg"gn]
lgwf{l/t u/]sf] sfg"gL st{Jo / bfloTjaf6 ljd'v
eO{ sfo{ u/]df ;f]sf] sfg"gL bfloTjsf] efuLbf/
;DalGwt lgsfo / clwsf/L x'gk' b{5 .
@$= ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# tyf
;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL, @)^$ g]kfnL
;]gfnfO{ klg ;dfg kdf nfu" x'g] afWosf/L
sfg"g xf] . log} sfg"gsf k|lqmof cjnDag u/]/

/fzg 7]Ssfnufotsf sfo{ ul/G5 eg] Tof] P]gn]
lrQ ga'em\gn
] ] ph"/ ;/xsf] lgj]bg ug]{ Joj:yf
u/]sf] 5 . k|:t't ljjfbdf ;f] Joj:yfadf]lhd
Dofbleq} lgj]bg k/]sf] 5 . pQm lgj]bgsf]
sfg"gadf]lhd 6'u+ f] nfu]kl5 jf tf]lsPsf] Dofb
gf3]kl5 ;Demf}tf ug'{ sfg"gsf] ;Ddfg ug'{ xf] .
k'g/fnf]sg ug]{ lgsfon] lg0f{o lbg klg lglZrt
cjlw tf]lsPsf] 5 . lg0f{o ug]{ lbg afFsL /xFb}
;fj{hlgs vl/b k'g/fnf]sg ;ldlt;dIf lgj]bg
k/] klg ;Demf}tf ug{ ;lsg] sfg"gdf tf]lsPsf]
ckjfbfTds cj:yf gb]vfO{ ;Demf}tf ug]{ sfo{n]
sfg"gsf] ;Ddfg u/]sf] dfGg ldNb}g . ;fj{hlgs
vl/b P]g, @)^# cg';f/ af]nkq :jLs[t /
7]Ssf ;Demf}tfsf] l;nl;nfdf ;f]df eP u/]sf
sfdsf/jfxLsf ;DaGwdf ph"/L ;/xsf] lgj]bg
;'Gg] / lg0f{o ug]{ lgsfon] lbPsf] lgb]z
{ gsf]
;Ldfdf /xL sfo{ ug'{ 7]Ssf ;Demf}tf ug]{ jf
vl/b cfb]z lbg] lgsfosf] st{Jo ePsf]df
sfg"gn] g} k|aGw u/]sf] ph"/L ;/xsf] lgj]bg
;'Gg] lgsfon] tTsfn ;Demf}tf gug'{ egL lbPsf]
lgb]z
{ gsf] c6]/ ug'{ sfg"gsf] cj1f xf] .
@%= o;}u/L ph"/L ;'Gg] lgsfo klg
sfg"gsf] ;Ldfdf af+lF wg' kb{5 . cfb]z kfng
ug'{kg]{ lgsfon] cfkm\gf] cfb]z kfngf u/]g
eGb}df sfg"gsf cfwf/e"t sfo{ljlwsf] q'l6 u/L
lg0f{o ul/G5 eg] To:tf] lg0f{odf Goflos ;b\ljj]s
/ Goflos dgsf] cefj x'g hfG5 . lg0f{ostf{n]
sfg"gsf] kl/kfng gug]{ kbflwsf/LnfO{ sf/jfxL
ug{ ;flwsf/ lgsfonfO{ n]Vg ;Sb5 . cfly{s
ljrng jf cfly{s b'kof]u ePsf] cj:yf
b]lvP jf e|i6frf/ ePsf] cfef; eP sf/jfxL
ug{ ;DalGwt clVtof/jfnfnfO{ n]Vg ;Sb5 .
t/, cfkm\gf] /f]Ssf cfb]z 6]/g] , cfkm"n] lg0f{o
ug{ kfpg] ;do af+sL 5+b} lg0f{o uof], 5fgjLg
ug{ ;xof]u u/]g eGg] dfq cfwf/ emNsg]
lsl;dn] vl/b ;Demf}tf lg0f{o ab/ ug'{
sfg"g;+ut x'bF g} . cfTd;+od g} lg0f{ostf{sf]
1456
cfwf/e"t rl/q xf] . cfTdlgoGq0f g} Gofostf{sf]

cfe"if0f xf] / cfTdcg'zf;g g} Gofostf{sf]
lrgf/L xf] . ;fj{hlgs vl/b k'g/fnf]sg
;ldltaf6 ldlt @)^*.*.!% df lg0f{o x'bF f oL
lgj]bsnfO{ cfkm\gf] egfO{ /fVg] df}sf k|bfg u/]sf]
b]lvg cfPg . ldlt @)^*.*.& df lgj]bs;+uF
;Demf}tf eO;s]sf] eGg] s'/f ;fj{hlgs vl/b
k'g/fnf]sg ;ldltsf] lg0f{odf g} pNn]v ul/Psf]
5 . pQm ;Demf}tf ab/ ug]{ lg0f{o ubf{ lgj]bsnfO{
k|ltjfbsf] df}sf lbOPsf] 5}g . o;sf cltl/Qm
;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf %)-%_ -v_
sf] cfwf/ lnO{ 7]Ssf ab/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . t/
;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf %)-%_ -v_
sf] cj:yf 7]Ssf ;Demf}tf geO{ ;s]sf] l:yltdf
dfq k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] xf] .
@^= s'g} ljifodf ;'gj' fOsf] df}sf k|bfg
ug{ gkg]{ u/L sfg"gdf g} :ki6 ls6fg u/]sf]
cj:yfdf 5 eg] To:tf] cj:yfdf dfq ;'gj' fOsf]
df}sf k|bfg ug'{ gkg]{ x'G5 . s;}sf] xs lxtdf
k|lts"n c;/ kg]{ u/L lg0f{o ug{ k|fs[lts
Gofosf] l;fGtn] cg'dlt lbFbg} . ;'gj' fOsf]
df}sf k|bfg ug'k{ g]{ eGg] ;DaGwdf ;fj{hlgs
vl/b P]g, @)^# df}g /x]sf] l:yltdf ;f] l;fGt
cg'z/0f ug{ cfjZos gkg]{ elgPsf] cy{ ug{
ldNb}g . k|ltjfb ug{ kfpg' lgj]bssf] xs xf]
eg] k|ltjfbsf] df}sf k|bfg ug'{ lg0f{ostf{sf]
st{Jo xf] . h'g lg0f{o ubf{ oL lgj]bsnfO{ c;/
kg]{ xf] To:tf] lg0f{oaf6 c;/ kg]{ kIfnfO{ cfkm\gf]
egfO{ /fVg] df}sf ;d]t glbOPsf] sf/0fn]
;fj{hlgs vl/b k'g/fnf]sg ;ldltaf6 ldlt
@)^*.*.!% df ePsf] lg0f{o k|fs[lts Gofosf]
l;4fGtcg's"n gePsf] k|i6 5 . t;y{ of]
lg0f{onfO{ ljlw;Ddt dfGg ldn]g .
@&= d" n tM ldlt @)^*.*.& sf]
;Demf}tfcg';f/ log} lgj]bsn] ldlt @)^*.!).!
b]lv /fzg cfk"lt{ ul//x]sf] / ;f] cjlw @)^(
k'; d;fGtdf ;dfKt x'g] eO{ of] lg0f{o ubf{sf
cj:yfdf ;dofjlw nueu tLg dlxgfdfq afFsL
/x]sf] l:ylt 5 . o; ;Gbe{df o;} cbfntaf6

hf/L cGtl/d cfb]z klg ljrf/0fLo 5 . /fzg
cfk"lt{ sfo{nfO{ aLr}df /f]sfj6 ug{ ;dGoflos
gx'g] x'Fbf ;d]t pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zf/f ldlt
@)^*.*.!% sf] ;fj{hlgs vl/b k'g/fnf]sg
;ldltsf] lg0f{o ab/ x'G5 . @)^( kf}if d;fGt;Dd
/fzg cfk"lt{ ug{ lbg' egL ljkIfLxsf] gfddf
k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z ;d]t hf/L x'G5 .
@*= k|:t't ljjfbdf ljlwjt ph"/L
;/xsf] lgj]bg k/L ;f]xL ldltdf clwsf/o'Qm
lgsfoaf6 /f]Ssf cfb]z ePsf]df lgj]bgpk/
sfg"gadf]lhd lg0f{o ePkl5 dfq ;Demf}tf
ug'k{ g]d
{ f ;f]pk/ lg0f{o gx'bF } ldlt @)^*.*.&
df g]kfnL ;]gf @$ g+=+ aflxgL cf h'Dnfaf6
7]Ssf ;Demf}tf ul/Psf] 5 . o:tf] cj:yfnfO{
P]gsf] kl/kfng ePsf] dfGg ldn]g . t;y{, ca
sfg"g tyf ;fj{hlgs vl/b k'g/fnf]sg ;ldltsf]
clwsf/sf] ;Ddfgsf nflu ;fj{hlgs vl/b
P]g, @)^# sf] cIf/;M kl/kfng ub}{ sfg"gsf]
zf;gnfO{ lz/f]wfo{ ug{ cfkm" dftxtsf] 7]Ssf
aGbf]j:t ug]{ jf vl/b lg0f{o ug]{ clVtof/L
/fVg] ;a} lgsfonfO{ lgb]z
{ g lbg tyf ;fj{hlgs
lgsfosf sfdsf/jfxL ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g /
lgod cg'sn
" 5g\ eGg] ;'lglZrt ug{ ;DalGwt
clwsf/LnfO{ sfg"gf/f tf]lsPsf] lhDd]jf/Lk|lt
;r]t u/fpg' kg]{ cj:yf ;d]t 68\sf/f]kdf
b]lvg cfPaf6 ljkIfL g]kfnL ;]gf k|jGw /yL
-vfB / kl/jxg_ h+ u L cfsf gfpF d f
b]xfoadf]lhd lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z hf/L x'g]
7x5{ M
lgb]z
{ gfTds cfb]z
-s_ ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# tyf ;fj{hlgs
vl/b lgodfjnL, @)^$ adf]lhd ul/g]
af]nkq cfJxfg, 7]Ssf ;Demf}tfnufotsf
sfo{df pQm P]g tyf lgodfjnLdf plNnlvt
sfo{ljlwsf] k|of]u ubf{ cIf/zM kl/kfngf
ub}{ cfly{s lgoldttf, cfly{s cg'zf;g /
1457
cfly{ s kf/blz{ t f k| b lz{ t x' g ] u/L

sfdsf/jfxL tyf lg0f{o ug'{ egL cfkm\gf
dftxtsf lgsfonfO{ g]kfnL ;]gf k|aGw
/yL ljefu -vfB / kl/jxg _ h+uL cf
sf7df8f}n
F ] k|efjsf/L lgb]z
{ g lbg" / k|:t't
ljjfbsf] ;Gbe{ tyf cfkm\gf lgb]z
{ gsf
ljifodf k|wfg ;]gfklt;dIf klg hfx]/
ug[{" .
-v_ ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# tyf ;fj{hlgs
vl/b lgodfjnL, @)^$ adf]lhd ul/g]
af]nkq cfJxfg, 7]Ssf ;Demf}tfnufotsf
sfo{df pQm sfg"gL k|fjwfgsf] k"0f{ kl/kfngf
ug'{kg]{ g]kfnL ;]gf k|aGw /yL ljefu
-vfB / kl/jxg _ h+uL cf / ;f] lgsfosf]
dftxtsf 7]Ssf aGbf]j:t ug]{ clVtof/L
kfPsf ;a} lgsfosf clwsf/Lsf] k|dv
'
st{Jo / sfg"gL bfloTj x'g] x'bF f To:tf]
sfg"gL st{Jo / bfloTjaf6 ljd'v x'g]
clwsf/LnfO{ k|rlnt sfg"gsf] bfo/fdf
NofO{ ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]gsf] k|efjsf/L
sfof{Gjogdf hf]8 lbg" .
-u_ To; lgsfo / cGtu{tsf sfof{noxaf6
x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf 7]Ssf ;Demf}tfsf] k|lqmof
;DkGg ubf{ sfg"gadf]lhd lgj]bg kl//x]sf]
cj:yfdf To:tf] ph"/L ;/xsf lgj]bgdf
;DalGwt lgsfoaf6 lg0f{ o x' g ]
sfg"gadf]lhdsf] Dofb afFsL x'Fb} tyf
sfg"gadf]lhd /f]Ssf /fVbf/fVb} sfg"gdf
jl0f{t ckjfbfTds cj:yfsf] cefjdf
;Demf}tf ;DkGg ug]{ sfo{ u/]sf] k|:t't
ljjfbaf6 b]lv+bf ca pk|fGt o;/L k/]sf]
lgj]bgdf lg0f{o gx'bF } sfg"g k|lts"n 7]Ssf
;Demf}tf ug]{ sfo{ gug'{ gu/fpg" .
-3_ dftxt lgsfoxaf6 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf

vl/b cfb]z jf ;Demf}tf jf 7] S sf
aGbf]a:tsf] cfJxfg tyf :jLs[ltnufotsf
sfdsf/jfxL k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd eP
gePsf] lg/Gt/ cg'udg ug"{ .
-_ ;}lgs ;]jf pRr, dof{lbt / b[9 cg'zfl;t
/lxcfPsf] ljz]if k|sl[ tsf] ;]jf ePsf]n]
/fzg 7]SsfaGbf]a:t ;d]tdf ;]gfsf]
;fvnfO{ cIf'00f /fVgsf] nflu cfly{s
cg'zf;g sfod ug{ ljz]ifkdf ;lqmo
/xg" .
-r_ of] lgb]{zgfTds cfb]zkl5 cjnDag
ul/Psf pkfox / k|:t't ljjfbsf
ljifodf ePsf sfdsf/jfxLsf] hfgsf/L
;jf] { R r cbfnt km} ; nf sfof{ G jog
dxflgb]z
{ gfnonfO{ lbg" .
@(= ctM ;fj{hlgs vl/b k'g/fnf]sg
;ldltsf] ldlt @)^*.*.!% sf] lg0f{o pTk]i| f0fsf]
cfb] z f/f ab/ eO{ ljkIfLxsf gfpF d f
k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z / ljkIfLxdWo] g]kfnL ;]gf
-vfB / kl/jxg_ h+uL cfsf gfpFdf lgb]z
{ gfTds
cfb]z ;d]t hf/L x'g] 7x/]sf]n] of] cfb]zsf]
hfgsf/L ;fj{hlgs vl/b k'g/fnf]sg ;ldlt
nufot cGo ljkIfLxnfO{ ;d]t cljnDa lbg" .
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L
ldl;n lgodfg';f/ a'emfOlbg" .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
Gof=lu/Lz rGb| nfn
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn ebf} !* ut] /f]h @ z'ed
Ohnf; clws[tM bLks 9sfn
&
1458

69 Poush

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69 Poush

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Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

ljs[lt NofPsf] eGg] l:ylt 5}g .

lg0f{o g+= ***#

;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf;

lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmfx 6+sk|;fb

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, k' ;

ug]{ clwsf/sdL{ xf}+ . dlxnfxsf] cfwf/e"t

g]kfnn] cg'df]bg u/]sf] dlxnf lj?4

***# - sG;f]{l6od km/ jf]d]g /fO6\; ;d]t lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

Joj:yf ;lxtsf] pko'Qm sfg"g lgdf{0f

k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug{ u/fpg ;Dk"0f{ lhNnf

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, k' ;

l/6 hf/L ug'k{ g]{ cj:yf gx'bF f l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h

If]qflwsf/leq kg]{ ljifo ePsf]n] o;nfO{ Goflos

***# - sG;f]{l6od km/ jf]d]g /fO6\; ;d]t lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

s'/f /fhLv'zLdf x'g] / of] k|fjwfgn] ;dfhdf

ljz]if cleofg / sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/L /f]syfd

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, k' ;

kIf ljkIftkm{ a f6 ljfg sfg" g

;fdflhs Jojxf/ -;'wf/_ P]g, @)## sf]

@= lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ x'g cfPsf] pk/f]Qm

-;'wf/_ P]g, @)## sf] bkmf %-@_ df cGo s'/fsf

g} bz xhf/;Dd bfOhf] lnglbg 5"6 lbPsf]

***# - sG;f]{l6od km/ jf]d]g /fO6\; ;d]t lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

ePsf]af6 oL s'/fxdf ;dfhdf b]lvPsf] a9bf]

b'nxL jf b'nxfnfO{ olt gub lhG;L bfOhf],

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, k' ;

lgoGq0fs} k|of; :jk ul/Psf] Joj:yf xf]

ljjfx u/]sL >LdtL tyf a'xf/LnfO{ bfOhf]

***# - sG;f]{l6od km/ jf]d]g /fO6\; ;d]t lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

/ ef]het]/sf kIfxdf ;'wf/ x'g ;s]sf] eGg]

cgltqmDo eO{ ;+/If0f ug]{ sfg"gsf] p2]Zo /x]sf]

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, k' ;

lx+;fsf] ;d:of 36\gs

sfo{qmd agfO{ nfu" ug],{ sfo{qmdsf] k|efjsf/L

;jf]R{ r cbfnt, k"0f{ Ohnf;

***$ - 8Da/s'df/ g]of] lnDa" ;d]t lj= u+ufdfof ;]Gbf lnDa"

JolQmnfO{ cfk" m v' z L jf sfNklgs

k'g/fj]bs jfbL tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmf lbnLk

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, k' ;

!(%) ;fnsf] hfFrdf xfd|f r]Jh' ;'Jjf

kfO{ d]/f] xs sfod x'g cfPsf] pQm hUuf /=

***$ - 8Da/s'df/ g]of] lnDa" lj= u+ufdfof ;]Gbf lnDa"

3';fO{ hDdf If]qkmn !^)# sfod u/]sf]

k|ltlnlkaf6 b]lvPsf] / ;f] ljjflbt hUufsf]

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, k' ;

@)$(, c #, k[i7 @$^, lg=g+= $$(%, g]sfk

x'G5 . k|ltjfbLnfO{ laqmL ul/lbPsf] hUufsf]

***$ - 8Da/s'df/ g]of] lnDa" lj= u+ufdfof ;]Gbf lnDa"

;d]t u/fPsf] b]lvPsf]n] a9L gfkL u/fO{ k|ToyL{

gfkL u/fpg] / s'g} gfkL gu/fO{ To;} 5f8\gk' g]{

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, k' ;

gb]lvbf To:tf] bfjLnfO{ plrt dfGg ldn]g .

olt /fhLgfdf u/]sf] egL jfbLn] v'nfPsf] klg

***$ - 8Da/s'df/ g]of] lnDa" lj= u+ufdfof ;]Gbf lnDa"

lnvt kf/Lt u/L x:tfGt/0f u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

lng jf gfkgS;f eO;s]kl5 klg hUuf gfk

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, k' ;

/ kl/l:yltsf] ljBdfgtfaf6 x'g] s'/f xf] . To;}n]

blIf0f 7f8f] lr/fdf afFsL /flvPsf] egL pNn]v

***# - 8Da/s'df/ g]of] lnDa" lj= u+ufdfof ;]Gbf lnDa"

*= o:t} ljifoj:t' ;dfj]z ePsf]

gk'Ug] egL z' tfKn]h' lhNnf cbfntaf6

;jf]R{ r cbfnt, k"0f{ Ohnf;

x:kL6n km/ P8efG; !#@&( b]lv !$&&* ;Dd