69 Saun

lg0f{o g+=*&((
;jf]R{ r cbfnt, k"0f{ Ohnf;

dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fds'df/k|;fb zfx
dfggLo GofofwLz >L tflx/ cnL cG;f/L
dfggLo GofofwLz >L cjw]zs'df/ ofbj
)^%NF))%#
cfb]z ldltM @)^*.(.&.%
ljifo M pTk]i| f0f k/dfb]z .
lgj]bsM dfnkf]t sfof{no rfjlxnsf] tkm{af6 k|dv
'
dfnkf]t clws[t
lj?4
k|ToyL{M u'7L ;+:yfg, s]=sf=sf] tkm{af6 P]=sf k|zf;s
;]dGt/fh rfkfufO{F ;d]t
o; cbfntsf] ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;df km};nf ug]M{
df=Gof= >L zf/bf >]i7
df=Gof= >L /fh]Gb|sd
' f/ e08f/L
s'g} ljifo cfkm}Fn] lg0f{o ug]{ ljifo
eP klg ;f] ;DaGwdf ;DalGwt
JolQmsf] cfkm" ; dIf sfg" g adf] l hd
Pj+ /Ltk" j { s sf] lgj] b g gk/] ; Dd
lg0f{o ug{ sfg"g;Ddt\ x'Fb}g . cGo
sfof{no, lgsfo jf ljefudf k/]sf]
lgj]bg cs}{ k|;+udf cfkm";dIf k|fKt
x' g cfP klg ;f] ljifodf cfkm\ g f]
clwsf/If]q u|x0f u/L lg0f{o ug{ ldNg]
x'bF g} . lg0f{o ug{ kfpg] u/L sfg"gf/f
clwsf/ kfPsf] s'g} clwsf/L, lgsfo
jf sfof{ n on] cfk" m ;dIf lg0f{ o fy{
k] z ePsf] s' g } lgj] b g, ph" / L jf
gfn];pk/ ;'g'jfO{ u/L lg0f{o u/]sf]
dfq sfg"g;Ddt\ dfGg ldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=&_
tfn' s dGqfno jf ljefuaf6 /fo
k7fpg' eg] s f] ljifodf dftxt
525
sfof{non] ;DalGwt ljifodf cfkm}F clGtd

lg0f{ostf{sf] x}l;ot b]vfO{ lg0f{o ug{
ldNb}g . tfn's dGqfno jf ljefu;dIf
ljrf/fwLg s'g} ljifosf] af/]df dflyNnf]
lgsfon] cfk" m clwg:y lgsfo jf
kbflwsf/Lsf] /fo dfu u/L dftxt lgsfo
jf kbflwsf/Laf6 k|fKt /fo ;d]tnfO{ cfwf/
lnO{ ;Da4 ljifodf ;DalGwt dGqfno jf
kbflwsf/Laf6 k|zf;lgs tj/n] lg0f{o
ug'k{ g]{ ljifodf /fo dfu u/]sf] clwg:y
lgsfo jf kbflwsf/L cfkm}n
F ] lg0f{o ugf{n]
dflyNnf] lgsfo jf kbflwsf/Lsf]
clwsf/df x:tIf]k x'ghfg] .
lagf sfg"gL cfwf/ dflyNnf] kbflwsf/L
jf lgsfo ;dIf ljrf/fwLg k|zf;lgs
ljifodf ;f] dftxtsf] tNnf] lgsfo jf
kbflwsf/Laf6 ePsf] lg0f{on] j}wtf k|fKt
ug{ g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=*_
/fo dfu ePsf] ljifonfO{ JolQmsf]
lgj]bg k/] ;/x dfgL hUuf btf{ ug{
gldNg] egL u/]sf] lg0f{onfO{ dfnkf]t
P]g, @)#$ sf] bkmf & cGtu{tsf] 5"6
hUuf btf{ ; DaGwL lg0f{ o dfGg
;lsb}g . lg0f{opk/ ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf
#! cg' k k' g /fj] b g cbfntdf
k' g /fj] b g ug' { k g] { egL cy{ ug' {
sfg"g;Ddt\ x'g g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!)_
ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf 7f]sk|;fb
lzjfsf]6L
l/6 lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmf 1fg]Gb|k;
| fb
kf]v/]n
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
dfnkf]t P]g, @)#$ sf] bkmf @-v@_, &,
*, *v, @*, @( / #) / #!
g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ;fpg
cfb]z
Gof=/fds' d f/k| ; fb zfxM tTsfnLg
g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f **-@_
cGtu{t bfo/ ePsf] l/6 lgj]bgdf o; cbfntsf]
;+oQ
' m Ohnf;af6 @)^#.%.!! df ePsf] km};nfdf
Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !!-!_ sf] v08
-v_ adf]lhd k'g/fjnf]sg u/L x]g{] lg:;f k|bfg
eO{ k]z ePsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] tYo Pj+ lg0f{o o;
k|sf/ 5M
k" j { / blIf0f af8fsf] ljtf{ , pQ/
s[i0fk|;fbsf] ljtf{, klZrd wf]aLvf]nf olt rf/
lsNnfleqsf] /f]kgL @^!$)@ hUuf >L
kz'kltgfy dxf:gfg u'7Lsf] nut g+= #@( tyf
#@(! g+= df btf{ eO{ u'7Lsf] xs :jfldTj ePsf]
hUuf xf] . @)@! ;fndf hUuf gfk hfFr P]g adf]lhd
gfkL x'bF fsf avt pQm hUufsf] aLraf6 wf]aL
vf]nf aUg uO{ hUuf jfl/kfl/ eO{ vf]nfsf]
klZrdtkm{sf] hUuf sf7df8f}+ gu/kflnsf j8f g+=
@#-6_ ls=g+= $), $!, $@, $# tyf vf]nfsf] k"jt{ km{
rfjlxn j8f g+= ( -s_ ls=g+= %) sf] hUuf eg]
cfjfbL hlgO{ gfkL eof] . ;a} lsQf hUuf @@&
) hUuf cfjfbL eof] eg] cGo hUuf rfjlxn j8f
g+= *-s_ ls=g+= # df wf]aL vf]nf hlgO{ gfkgS;f
eof] .
vf]nfn] vfPsf] hUuf vf]nfn] 5f8L @)$%
;fnsf] k'gM gfkLdf sf7df8f}+ lhNnf sf7df8f}+
dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= &-v_ ! l;6 g+= @)@
!)@&!# ls=g+= # sf] If]qkmn /f]kgL %@!!
tyf P] j8f g+= & l;6 g+= !)@!)@&!* lsQf g+=
(@ df )!%@! sfod eO{ hUufwgL u'7L ;+:yfg
kz'klt dxf:gfg u'7L hlgO{ gfkL ePsf]df s;}sf]
lvrf]nf bfjL 5}g . kz'klt dxf:gfg u'7Lsf gfddf
gfkL btf{ ePsf] clGtd eO{ a;]sf] 5 . ;f] hUuf
btf{ x'g;Dd 5"6 ePsf]n] btf{ ug{ :jLs[ltsf]
nflu ;a"b k|df0f tyf sf/jfxL kmfon ;lxt
e"ld;'wf/ tyf Joj:Yff dGqfnodf u'7L ;+:yfg
;~rfns ;ldltsf] ldlt @)%(.(.$ sf]
526
lg0f{ofg';f/ cg'/f]w u/L k7fPsf]df e"ld;'wf/

tyf Joj:Yff dGqfnon] /fosf] nflu ;f] kmfon
e"ld;'wf/ tyf Joj:Yffkg ljefudf k7fPsf]df
;f] ljefun] klg /fo dfu u/L dfnkf]t sfof{no,
rfjlxndf k7fPsf] / ;f] sfof{non] ljefuLo
lgb]z
{ gadf]lhd kmfon tyf ;f] ;+nUg ;a"b k|df0f
x]/L sfg"gL Joj:yf ;d]tnfO{ s]nfO{ e"ld;'wf/
tyf Joj:yfkg ljefudf /fo k7fpg' kg]{df ;f]
gu/L gfkLdf vf]nf hlgO{ gfk hfFr ePsf] /
dfnkf]t P]g, @)#$ sf] bkmf @-v@_ n] o:tf]
hUuf >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] x'g] eO;f]xL P]gsf]
bkmf @$ n] ;/sf/L hUuf JolQm ljz]ifsf] gfpFdf
btf{ ug{ gldNg] x'Fbf hUuf btf{ ul/kfpFm eGg]
lgj]bg bfjL k'Ug ;Sb}g, lrQ ga'em] k'g/fj]bg
cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ug{ hfg ;'gfO{ lbg] eGg]
@)^).#.^ df lg0f{ o u/] s f] 5 . dfnkf] t
sfof{no;Fu /fo dfu;Dd u/]sf]df ;f] sfof{non]
/fo dfu u/]sf] ljifodf /fo lbg];Dd sfo{
ug'k{ g]d{ f hUuf btf{ ug{ gldNg] egL u/]sf] lg0f{on]
tfn's ljefu tyf dGqfnosf] lgb]z
{ gsf] pNn+3g
ePsf] 5 . d'n'sL P]g hUuf ldRg]sf] @ g+=df Ps}
hUufsf] dfemdf vf]nf k;L jfl/kfl/ eof], km]l/
vf]nfn] 5f8\of] eg] Tof] vf]nf lxF8]sf] au/ h:fsf]
hUuf xf] p;}sf] x'G5 eGg] / hUuf khgLsf] * g+=
df vf]nf] klx/f] nfu]sf] hUUff ;fa"b ePkl5 lt/f]
a'emfO{ ef]u ug{ kfpF5 eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf]
5 . pQm sfg"gL Joj:yfd'tflas hUuf btf{ x'g]
gx'g] ;DaGwdf /fo lbg'kg]{df kl/kqsf] cfwf/df
hUuf btf{ ug{ gldNg] egL lg0f{o ePsf] 5 . t/
kl/kqsf] cfwf/df ePsf] lg0f{o ab/ x'g] egL
;DdfgLt cbfntaf6 ghL/ k|ltkfbg eO/x]sf]
cj:yf ;d]t x'Fbf pQm lg0f{o q'l6k"0f{ 5 .
hUuf gfk hfFr P]g, @)!( adf]lhd hUuf
gfk hfFr ubf{ pQm hUuf kz'klt dxf:gfg u'7Lsf
x'g\ egL k|dfl0ft u/L lkmN8a'ssf] hUufwgLdf
btf{ /x]sf] 5 . sfg"gadf]lhdsf] lgsfon] gfkL
btf{ u/]sf], d'ns
' L P]g, hUuf ldRg]sf] dxnsf] @ g+=
tyf hUuf khgLsf] * g+= adf]lhd btf{ x'g] hUufnfO{
*&(( dfnkf]t sfof{no rfjlxn lj=u'7L ;+:yfg, s]=sf= ;d]t
;fj{hlgs ;/sf/L hUuf egL dfnkf]t P]g, @)#$

sf] bkmf @$ adf]lhd btf{ gx'g] egL u/]sf] lg0f{o
ldn]sf] 5}g . s]xL ;do vf]nf k;L kl5 vf]nfn]
5f8L u'7Ls} gfddf gfk gS;f ePsf] 5 . ;/sf/L
;fj{hlgs hUuf geO{ u'7L hUuf eGg] b]lvFbf b]lvFb}
;a"b k|df0f gx]/L lg0f{o ePsf] 5 . o;af6 g]kfn
clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f !!, !@ -#_
-_ tyf wf/f !& ;d]tn] k|bfg u/]sf] clwsf/df
cf3ft k'us
] f] / dfnkf]t P]g, @)#$ sf] bkmf @$
adf]lhd ePsf] lg0f{opk/ k'g/fj]bg gnfUg] eO{
cGo j}slNks pkrf/ ;d]t gx'bF f pQm lg0f{o ab/
u/fpg ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @# / **-@_ sf cfwf/df
l/6 u/]sf 5f}+ . dfnkf]t sfof{no, rfjlxnsf] ldlt
@)^).#.^ sf] q'l6k"0f{ lg0f{o tyf pQm hUUff >L %
sf] ;/sf/sf gfpFdf btf{ x'g] u/L ePsf] lg0f{o
pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ u/L k|df0f tyf sfg"gsf
cfwf/df >L kz'klt dxf:gfg u'7Lsf gfddf btf{
u/L lbg' eGg] k/dfb]znufot cGo hf] rflxg]
cf1f cfb]z jf k"hL{ ljkIfLsf gfpFdf hf/L u/L
cf/fWob]j >L kz'kltgfysf] dxf:gfg u'7Lsf] hUuf
;+/If0f ul/kfpFm eGg] lgj]bg bfjL .
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf] dfu
adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf] < of]
cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf Dofb afx]s !%
lbgleq dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t\ lnlvt
hjfkm k7fpg' egL ljkIfLxnfO{ ;"rgf k7fO{
lnlvt hjfkm k/] k l5 jf cjlw gf3] k l5
lgodadf]lhd k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] cfb]z .
;fljs gfkLdf vf]nf hlgO{ gfk hfFr
ePsf] pQm ljjflbt hUuf dfnkf]t P]g, @)#$ sf]
bkmf @-v@_ n] ;/sf/L hUufsf] kl/efiffleq kg]{
eO{ o:tf] ;/sf/L k|sl[ tsf] hUuf P]gsf] bkmf @$
adf]lhd btf{ ug{ gldNg] x'bF f hUuf btf{ ul/kfpFm
eGg] lgj]bssf] bfjL gk'Ug] u/L dfnkf]t sfof{no
rfjlxnn] u/]sf] lg0f{o sfg"g;Ddt\ g} ePsf] /
cfjZos ;a"b k|df0f a'emL sfg"gadf]lhd sf/jfxL
/ lg0f{o u/]sf] ljifodf o; dGqfnonfO{ ljkIfL
agfpg' kg]{ cf}lrTo Pj+ sfg"gL cfwf/ ;d]t gx'bF f
527
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] e"ld;'wf/ tyf

Joj:yf dGqfno, l;+xb/jf/sf] lnlvt hjfkm .
ljjfbsf] hUufdf @)@! ;fnsf] gfkL k"j{
g} wf]aLvf]nf k;]sf] eGg] pNn]v 5 t/ s'g ldltdf
vf]nf k:of], slxn] vf]nfn] 5f8L hUuf ;fa"b eof],
vf]nf sfod ePsf] cj:yfdf lt/f] e/f] s] ul/of],
oL ljifodf lgj]bs df}g /x]sf] b]lvG5 . u'7L ;+:yfg
sfg"gL JolQm ;/xsf] x}l;ot /fVg] x'bF f sfg"gsf]
kl/kfngf ug'{ lghsf] st{Jo x'G5 . d'ns
' L P]g,
hUuf khgLsf] !& g+= / hUuf ldRg]sf] !* g+= n]
lglb{i6 u/]sf] jfWofTds xbDofb u'hs
]| f] cj:yfnfO{
5Ng lgj]bsn] l/6 If]qsf] ;xf/f lnPsf] b]lvG5 .
;fy} lgj]bssf] hUufdf vf]nf k;]sf] eGg] tYoo'Qm
/ j:t'lgi7 k|df0f k]z ug{ ;s]sf] gb]lvFbf lgj]bg
vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] e"ld;'wf/ tyf Joj:Yffkg
ljefu, sf7df8f}s
+ f] lnlvt hjfkm .
ljjflbt lgj]bg dfu bfjLsf ls=g+= sf
hUufx z' gfkL e} wf]aL vf]nf hlgO{ gfk gS;f
ePsf] s'/f :jo+ lgj]bsn] :jLsf/ u/]sf 5g\ .
z'df gfkL ePsf] lkmN8a's x]bf{ hf]tfxf dxndf
vf]nf, hUufwgLsf] gfd, y/, jtg eGg] dxndf
vfnL / lj/x dxndf vf]nf ePsf] kfOG5 . u'7L
;+:yfg P]g, @)## ;d]tn] ;/sf/L ;fj{hlgs hUuf
u'7Ldf btf{ u/fpg kfpg] clwsf/ u'7L ;+:yfgn]
kfPsf] 5}g . o;/L k/fk"jb{ l] vsf] vf]nfsf] hUuf
ljz'4 ;/sf/L ePsf], To:tf] hUufnfO{ s'g} JolQm
jf u'7Ln] btf{ u/fpg kfpg] clwsf/ s'g} sfg"gn]
glbPsf], u'7L ;+:yfg jf dftxtsf] sfof{nonfO{
;/sf/L hUuf btf{ u/fpg kfpg] clwsf/ gePsf],
;f] hUuf cl3b]lv >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] gfpFdf
clen]va4 e};s]sf] / k'gM gfkLdf s'g} JolQm
ljz]if jf u'7Lsf] gfpFdf gfk gS;f ug{ kfpg]
clwsf/ To:tf] gfkL ug]{ sd{rf/L, 6f]nL Pj+ gfkL
uf]Zjf/fnfO{ hUuf -gfkhfFr_ P]g, @)!( nufot
k|rlnt s'g} sfg"gn] glbPsf] / clwsf/ gkfPsf]
sd{rf/L, 6f]nL / gfkL uf]Zjf/fn] ;/sf/L hUuf
u'7L jf JolQm ljz]ifsf gfpFdf gfkgS;f u/L lbPsf]
eGg] Joxf]/fn] sfg"gL dfGotf gkfpg] x'bF f em"7f
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/L o; sfof{nosf] ldlt

@)^).#.^ sf] sfg"g;Ddt\ lg0f{o sfod /xg] u/L
cfb]z ul/kfpFm eGg] dfnkf]t sfof{no rfjlxnsf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
u'7L ;+:yfgsf] kqaf6 btf{ :jLs[ltsf]
nflu dfu ePcg'k e"ld;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf
dGqfnon] e"ld;'wf/ tyf Joj:yfkg ljefu /
;f] ljefun] ;DalGwt dfnkf]t sfof{nonfO{ /fo
k7fpg' egL kq n]vL /fo dfu u/]sf]df ljjfbsf]
hUuf dfnkf]t P]g, @)#$ sf] bkmf @-v@_ adf]lhd
:ki6 ;/sf/L hUuf ePsf] / To:tf] ;/sf/L hUuf
bkmf @$ adf]lhd btf{ ug{ gx'g] u/L aGb]h ;d]t
nufPsf] x'Fbf k'gM gfkLdf h] h:tf] Joxf]/faf6
gfk gS;f ePsf] ePtfklg ;/sf/L hUufnfO{
btf{ ul/kfpFm eGg] lgj]bg bfjL k'Ug ;Sb}g egL
dfnkf]t sfof{noaf6 lg0f{o ePsf] b]lvG5 .
/fo;Dd dfu u/]sf]df /fo gk7fO{ hUuf btf{ ug{
gldNg] / lrQ ga'em] k'g/fj]bg ug'{ egL ePsf]
pQm lg0f{o k|ydb[li6df g} q'l6k"0f{ x'bF f pTk|i] f0fsf]
cfb]zf/f ab/ ul/lbPsf] 5 . ca dfu ePadf]lhd
cfkm\ g f] /fo k7fpg' egL ljkIfL dfnkf] t
sfof{nosf] gfddf k/dfb]z hf/L ul/Psf] 5
eGg] o; cbfnt, ;+ o ' Q m Ohnf;sf] ldlt
@)^#.%.!! sf] cfb]z .
l/6 lgj]bsxn] btf{ dfu u/]sf] sf7df8f}+
wf]aLvf]nfsf] hUuf @)$$.!).$ sf] ;/sf/L
hUufsf] clen]v tof/ ug{ ePsf kl/kq ;d]tsf
cfwf/df dfnkf]t sfof{no, rfalxnaf6 @)^).#.^
df g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gfddf btf{ ug]{ lg0f{o
eO;|:] tfk"hf{ ;d]t tof/ e};s]sf]n] lgj]bsxnfO{
lrQ ga'em] dfnkf]t P]g, @)#$ sf] bkmf #!
adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg ug{ ldlt @)^).#.( df
k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb lbO{ ;f] k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb
;'gL kfPsf] sfuh ;d]t ldl;n ;fd]n 5 .
;f]cg'k k'g/fj]bg gu/L l/6 If]qdf k|jz
] u/]sf]
q'l6k"0f{ 5 . k|rlnt sfg"gdf k'g/fj]bgsf] Joj:yf
x'bF fx'bF } l/6 If]qdf k|jz
] ug{ gkfOg] l;4fGtljk/Lt
;+o'Qm Ohnf;n] l/6 lgj]bgsf] tYoleq k|j]z
u/L pTk]|if0fsf] cfb]zf/f dfnkf]t sfof{nosf]

lg0f{o ab/ u/]sf] g} q'l6k"0f{ 5 . ;+jt\ @)%(
;fnsf] l/=k'=O{=g+= #! tg'snfn uf]Ot lj4
dfnkf]t sfof{no l;/xf ePsf] l/6df 5"6 hUuf
btf{ ug]{ ;DaGwdf dfnkf]t sfof{non] u/]sf]
lg0f{opk/ k'g/fj]bg nfUg] j}slNks cj:yf
ljBdfg 5 eg] ;f] kIfn] klxn] ;f] sfg"gL pkrf/sf]
af6f] g} klxNofpg' kg],{ ;f]em} l/6 If]qdf k|jz
] ug{
gldNg] b]lvPsf]n] l/6 vf/]h x'G5 egL JofVof
ePsf] 5 . ;f] l;4fGtljk/Lt k|:t't ljjfbdf l/6
lgj]bg u|x0f u/L dfnkf]t sfof{non] g]kfn
;/sf/sf] gfddf u/]sf] btf{ ab/ ug]{ u/L hf/L
ul/Psf] cfb]z q'l6k"0f{ ePsf]n] Gofo k|zf;g P]g,
@)$* sf] bkmf !!-!_ sf] v08 -v_ adf]lhd
k|:t't d'2fsf] km};nf k'g/fjnf]sg u/L ;+o'Qm
Ohnf;sf] km};nf ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] dfnkf]t sfof{no rfjlxnsf] tkm{af6
btf{ ePsf] lgj]bg .
lgj]bs xhf/b]jLsf] d'=;= ug]{ tg'snfn
uf]Ot lj4 ljkIfL dfnkf]t sfof{no, l;/xf ePsf]
;+jt\ @)%( ;fnsf] l/6 k'=O{=g+= #! sf] pTk]i| f0fsf]
lgj]bgdf o; cbfntsf] k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 dfnkf]t
P]g, @)#$ df ldlt @)%$.*.@^ df ePsf] kfFrf}
;+zf]wgkZrft\ 5"6 btf{ ;DaGwdf dfnkf]t
sfof{non] u/]sf] lg0f{opk/ bkmf #! cGtu{t
k'g/fj]bg nfUg] j}slNks pkrf/sf] Joj:yf ljBdfg
/x]sf]n] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] egL ldlt @)^).#.!@
df lg0f{o eO{ l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ePsf] ;Gbe{df
dfnkf]t sfof{non] 5"6 hUuf btf{sf] ljifodf u/]sf]
lg0f{o pTk]|if0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ u/]sf] o;
cbfntsf] lg0f{o q'l6k"0f{ eO{ k'g/fjnf]sgof]Uo b]lvFbf
Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !!-!_ sf] v08
-v_ adf]lhd k'g/fjnf]sg u/L x]g{] cg'dlt lbOPsf]
5 . nufpsf] k'=lg=g+= )@#) sf] lgj]bg ;d]t ;fy}
/fvL k]z ug'{ eGg] ldlt @)^%.!!.#) sf] cfb]z .
lgodadf]lhd k]zL ;"rLdf r9L lg0f{ofy{
k]z ePsf] k|:t't d'2fdf lgj]bsljkIfL dfnkf]t
sfof{nosf] tkm{af6 ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L
528
7f]sk|;fb lzjfsf]6Ln] k|:t't ljjfb 5"6 hUuf btf{sf]

xf] . 5"6 btf{sf] ljifodf dfnkf]t sfof{nosf]
lg0f{opk/ k'g/fj]bg nfUg] egL dfnkf]t P]g, @)#$
sf] bkmf #! df :ki6 Joj:yf 5 . l/6 lgj]bssf]
s'g} ;+jw} flgs jf sfg"gL xs xgg\ ePsf] cj:yf
gePsf] / sfg"gn] j}slNks pkrf/sf] Joj:yf
ul//x]sf] cj:yfdf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'gk' g]d
{ f
pTk]|if0fsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] 7xofPsf] ;+o'Qm
Ohnf;sf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ 5 . t;y{ ;f] km};nf
ab/ u/L l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'gk' b{5 eGg] ;d]t
ax; ug'e
{ of] .
k|ToyL{l/6 lgj]bs u'7L ;+:yfgsf] tkm{af6
ljfg clwjQmf >L 1fg]Gb|k;
| fb kf]v/]nn] dfnkf]t
sfof{non] u/]sf] lg0f{opk/ dfnkf]t P]g, @)#$
sf] bkmf #! adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg
u/]sf]df k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] @)^).!).% df
k'g/fj]bg b/kL7 u/]sf] / tTkZrft dfq} l/6 If]qdf
k|jz
] u/]sf] xf] . dfnkf]t sfof{non] btf{ ab/ ug]{
u/]sf] lg0f{opk/ k'g/fj]bg gnfUg] eGg] -g]sfk
@)^!, lg=g+= &#(!, k[= ^((_ l;4fGt /x]sf] x'bF f
k|:t't ljjfbdf l/6 If]q cfslif{t x'g] s'/fdf s'g}
lljwf 5}g . ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;n] dfnkf]t sfof{nosf]
lg0f{o ab/ u/L btf{ hUufsf] :jfldTjsf] af/]df g}
af]ns
] f] geO{ k|lqmof;Dd gldn]sf] cfwf/df l/6
hf/L u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . t;y{ k'g/fjnf]sgsf]
lg:;fdf pNn]v ePsf] l;4fGt k|:t't ljjfbdf
;fGble{s 5}g . ctM ;+oQ' m Ohnf;sf] lg0f{o oyfjt\
sfod /xg'kb{5 eGg] ;d]t ax; ug'e
{ of] .
ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLxsf] pko'Q{ m ax;
;'gL ldl;n cWoog u/L ljrf/ ubf{ k|:t't ljjfbdf
d"ntM b]xfosf k|Zgxsf] lg/f]k0f x'gk' g]{ b]lvof]M
1. dfnkf]t sfof{nosf] ldlt @)^).#.^ sf]
lg0f{opk/ dfnkf]t P]g, @)#$ sf] bkmf #!
adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg ug'k{ g]{ cj:yf ljBdfg
5, 5}g <
2. o; cbfntsf] ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;af6 ldlt
@)^#.%.!! df ePsf] cfb]z kl/jt{g ug'k{ g]{
xf], xf]Og <
529
@= lg0f{ofy{ k|:t't klxnf] k|Zgsf] ;DaGwdf

ljj]rgf ug'{k"j{ ldl;nsf] tYout cj:yftkm{
ljrf/ ug'{ ;fGble{s x'g cfPsf] 5 . ldl;nsf]
cWoog ubf{ kz'kltgfy dxf:gfg u'7Lsf] nut
g+= #@( / #@(.! df btf{ ePsf] k"j{ / blIf0f
afF8fsf] ljtf{, pQ/ s[i0fk|;fbsf] ljtf{, klZrd
wf]aLvf]nf olt $ lsNnfleqsf] /f]kgL @^!$)@
hUuf @)@! ;fndf gfkL x'Fbfsf avt aLr
efuaf6 wf]aLvf]nf aUg uO{ ;f] hUuf vf]nfsf]
jf/L kf/L b'j}tkm{ kg{ uPsf] sf/0f vf]nfsf]
klZrdtkm{ sf7df8f}+ gu/kflnsf j8f g+= @#-6_
ls=g+= $), $!, $@ / $# tyf vf]nfsf] k"j{tkm{
rfjlxn uf=lj=;= j8f g+= (-s_ ls=g+= %) df
gfkgS;f ePsf] lyof] . afFsL hUuf rfjlxn j8f
g+= *-s_ ls=g+= # df wf]aLvf]nf hlgPsf] lyof] .
;f] hUuf @)$% ;fndf k'gM gfkL x'bF f j8f g+= &v_ ls=g+= # df /f]kgL %@!! / ls=g+= (@ df
/f]kgL )!%@! sfod eO{ gfkgS;f ePsf] /
hUufwgLdf u'7L ;+:yfg, kz'klt dxf:gfg u'7L
hlgO{ /x]sf]df btf{ x'g;Dd 5"6 x'g uPsf] x'Fbf
btf{ :jLs[ltsf] nflu ;a"b k|df0f;lxt u'7L ;+:yfg
;~rfns ;ldltsf] ldlt @)%(.(.$ sf]
lg0f{ofg';f/ cg'/f]w 5 egL u'7L ;+:yfgn] e"ld;'wf/
tyf Joj:yf dGqfno;dIf kmfon;lxt n]vL
k7fPsf] b]lvG5 . tTkZrft\ e"ld;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf
dGqfnon] pQm kmfonsf] ljifodf /fo dfu ub}{
e"ld;'wf/ tyf Joj:yfkg ljefu;dIf k7fPsf]
/ pQm ljefun] ;d]t /fo dfu ub}{ dfnkf]t
sfof{no, rfjlxndf kmfon k7fPkl5 pQm
sfof{non] gfkLdf vf]nf hlgO{ gfkhfFr ePsf] /
dfnkf]t P]g, @)#$ sf] bkmf @-v@_ adf]lhd
o:tf] hUuf >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] x'g] eO{ ;f]xL
P]gsf] bkmf @$ n] ;/sf/L hUuf JolQm ljz]ifsf]
gfddf btf{ ug{ gldNg] x'Fbf hUuf btf{ ul/kfpFm
eGg] lgj]bg bfjL k'Ug ;Qm}g, lrQ ga'em]
k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ug{ hfg' egL
;'gfO{ lbg' eGb} ldlt @)^).#.^ df lg0f{o u/]sf]
b]lvg cfof] .
#= dfnkf]t sfof{nosf] pQm ldlt @)^).#.^

sf] lg0f{o sfg"gL q'l6k"0f{ /x]sf] eGb} lgj]bs u'7L
;+:yfgn] ;f] lg0f{o ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] d'Vo dfu
/fvL o; cbfntdf l/6 lgj]bg btf{ u/fPsf]df
;+oQ' m Ohnf;af6 pTk]i| f0fsf] cfb]zf/f ;f] ljjflbt
lg0f{o ab/ u/L tfn's dGqfno, ljefuaf6 dfu
ePadf]lhdsf] /fo k7fpg' egL dfnkf]t sfof{nosf]
gfddf ldlt @)^#.%.!! df k/dfb]z ;d]t hf/L
ePsf] kfOof] .
$= plNnlvt tYout cj:yfsf] cjnf]sg
kZrft\ ca lg0f{o x'g'kg]{ klxnf] k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/
ubf{ dfnkf]t sfof{nosf] ldlt @)^).#.^ sf]
lg0f{odf "ls=g+= # sf] hUuf >L % sf] ;/sf/sf]
gfddf df]7 sfod e} k|dfl0ft /x]sf] b]lvPsf] /
hUufwgLsf] gfd, y/, jtg, ls;fgsf] Joxf]/f /
s}lkmot dxn vfnL /xL dfnkf]t P]g, @)#$ sf]
bkmf @-v@_ cg';f/ :ki6M ;/sf/L hUuf ePsf],
To:tf] ;/sf/L hUuf bkmf @$ adf]lhd btf{ ug{
jf cfafb ug{ gldNg] u/L aGb]h nufPsf] x'bF f ;f]
hUuf k'gM gfkLdf h] h:tf] Joxf]/faf6 gfkgS;f
ePsf] ePtf klg ;/sf/L hUufnfO{ btf{ ul/kfpFm
eGg] lgj]bg dfu bfjL k'Ug ;Qm}g . ;f] lg0f{odf
lrQ ga'em] sfg"gsf Dofbleq ;DalGwt k'g/fj]bg
cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ug{ hfg' egL lgj]bsnfO{ /
u'7L ;+:yfg ;d]tnfO{ hfgsf/L lbg'" egL pNn]v
u/]sf] b]lvof] . dfnkf]t P]g, @)#$ sf] bkmf @$
-!_ df ;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs hUuf btf{ ug{ jf
cfafb ug{ x'Fb}g eGg] Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 .
;f]xL pkbkmf -@_ df s;}n] of] bkmf k|f/De
x'g'eGbf cl3 jf kl5 s'g} ;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs
hUuf JolQm ljz]ifsf] gfpFdf btf{ u/L cfjfb
u/]sf]df To:tf] btf{ :jtM ab/ x'g]5 . To:tf]
hUufsf] JolQm ljz]ifsf gfpFdf /x]sf] btf{ nut
;d]t dfnkf]t sfof{no jf g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]ss
] f]
clwsf/Ln] sf ug]5
{ " eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 .
of] sfg"gL Joj:yfn] ;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs hUuf
JolQm ljz]ifsf] gfddf btf{ ug{ u/fpg lgif]w
u/]sf] / s'g} sf/0fn] btf{ g} ePsf] /x]5 eg] klg
To:tf] JolQm ljz]ifsf gfdsf] btf{ nut sf u/L

oyfjt\ kdf ;/sf/s} gfddf sfod ug'{kg]{
clgjfo{ u/]sf] kfOG5 .
%= dfnkf]t sfof{nosf] ldlt @)^).#.^
sf] plNnlvt lg0f{odf bfjLsf] pQm ls=g+= # sf]
hUuf >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] gfddf df]7 sfod
ePsf] / dfnkf]t P]g, @)#$ sf] bkmf @ -v@_
adf]lhd ;/sf/L hUuf ePsf], ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf
@$ adf]lhd JolQm ljz]ifsf gfddf btf{ ug{ gx'g]
u/L aGb]h nufPsf] x'bF f u'7L ;+:yfg klg sfg"gL
JolQm x'bF f gfkLdf h] h;/L gfk gS;f ePsf]
ePtf klg ;/sf/L hUufnfO{ btf{ ul/kfpFm eGg]
lgj]bg bfjL k'Ug ;Qm}g egL pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvg
cfpF5 .
^= s'g} hUuf cfkm\gf] gfddf btf{ x'g 5"6
ePsf] egL s;}n] ;f] hUuf btf{ u/L kfpg cfjZos
k|df0f /fvL /Ltk"j{s cfkm";dIf lgj]bg lbPdf
dfnkf]t sfof{non] cfkm\gf] sfof{nodf /x]sf] df]7
;|:] tf tyf cGo lnvt k|df0fsf] cfwf/df dfnkf]t
P]g, @)#$ adf]lhd btf{ ug{] jf gug]{ egL dfnkf]t
sfof{non] lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg] x'G5 . t/ dfnkf]t
sfof{no ;dIf ls=g+= # sf] hUuf btf{ ul/kfpg
;DalGwt JolQm u'7L ;+:Yffgsf] /Ltk"j{ssf]
dfubfjL;lxt lgj]bg k/]sf] / ;f] sfof{non] ;f]
;DaGwdf cfjZos k| d f0f a' e mL k| r lnt
sfg"gadf]lhd lg0f{o u/]sf] cj:yf geO{ u'7L
;+:yfg s]Gb|Lo sfof{non] kz'klt dxf:gfg
u'7LcGtu{tsf] hUuf btf{ ug{ :jLs[ltsf] nflu
k|df0f;lxtsf kmfon e"ld;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf
dGqfnodf k7fPsf]df ;f] ljifodf /fo dfu u/L
;Ssn} kmfon pQm dGqfnon] e"ld;'wf/ tyf
Joj:yfkg ljefudf k7fPsf] / ;f] ljefun] klg
;f] ljifodf /fo k7fpg' egL dfnkf]t sfof{nonfO{
n]vL k7fPsf] b]lvG5 . ;f]xL /fo dfu u/]sf]
ljifodf /fo gk7fO{ pQm kqsf] cfwf/df pQm
hUuf btf{ ug{ gldNg], lrQ ga'em] k'g/fj]bg ug{
hfg' ;d]t egL dfnkf]t sfof{non] ldlt @)^).#.^
df pQm lg0f{o u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
530
&= cfkm\gf] tfn's ljefu jf cGo s'g}

lgsfon] s'g} ljifodf cfkm\gf] clwg:y sfof{no;Fu
/fo dfu u/]sf]df ;f] ljifodf k|rlnt sfg"g,
ljefuLo kl/kq, ghL/ Pj+ k"j{ Jojxf/ -Usages_
;d]tsf] cfwf/df cfk\mgf] 1fg / ljj]s ;d]tsf]
cfwf/df /fo lbg' ;DalGwt dfnkf]t sfof{no jf
;f]sf] clwsf/Lsf] st{Jo x'G5 . ;f] /fo dflyNnf]
lgsfosf nflu aGwgsf/L gx'g ;S5 . s'g} ljifo
cfkm}n
F ] lg0f{o ug]{ ljifo eP klg ;f] ;DaGwdf
;DalGwt JolQmsf] cfkm";dIf sfg"gadf]lhd Pj+
/Ltk"js
{ sf] lgj]bg gk/];Dd lg0f{o ug{ sfg"g;Ddt\
x'bF g} . cGo sfof{no, lgsfo jf ljefudf k/]sf]
lgj]bg cs}{ k|;uF df cfkm";dIf k|fKt x'g cfP klg
;f] ljifodf cfkm\gf] clwsf/If]q u|x0f u/L lg0f{o
ug{ ldNg] x'bF g} . lg0f{o ug{ kfpg] u/L sfg"gf/f
clwsf/ kfPsf] s'g} clwsf/L, lgsfo jf sfof{non]
cfk"m ;dIf lg0f{ofy{ k]z ePsf] s'g} lgj]bg, ph"/L
jf gfn];pk/ ;'g'jfO{ u/L lg0f{o u/]sf] dfq
sfg"g;Ddt\ dfGg ldNg] x'G5 .
*= dfnkf]t sfof{no;dIf tfn's dGqfno
/ ljefun] s'g} klg ljifodf /fo k]z ug'{ egL
lgb]z
{ g lbO{ kqfrf/ u/]sf] cj:yfdf ;f] sfof{non]
klg pQm ljifodf k|rlnt sfg"g / ljefuLo
lgb]z
{ gxsf] cwLgdf /xL oyfy{ Joxf]/fsf] /fo
k7fpg' kg]{ x'G5 . tfn's dGqfno jf ljefuaf6 /fo
k7fpg' eg]sf] ljifodf dftxt sfof{non] ;DalGwt
ljifodf cfkm}F clGtd lg0f{ostf{sf] x}l;ot b]vfO{
lg0f{o ug{ ldNb}g . tfn's dGqfno jf ljefu;dIf
ljrf/fwLg s'g} ljifosf] af/]df dflyNnf] lgsfon]
cfk"m clwg:y lgsfo jf kbflwsf/Lsf] /fo dfu u/L
dftxt lgsfo jf kbflwsf/Laf6 k|fKt /fo ;d]tnfO{
cfwf/ lnO{ ;Da4 ljifodf ;DalGwt dGqfno jf
kbflwsf/Laf6 k|zf;lgs tj/n] lg0f{o ug'k{ g]{ ljifodf
/fo dfu u/]sf] clwg:y lgsfo jf kbflwsf/L cfkm}n
F ]
lg0f{o ugf{n] dflyNnf] lgsfo jf kbflwsf/Lsf]
clwsf/df x:tIf]k x'g hfG5 . To;}sf/0f lagf sfg"gL
cfwf/ dflyNnf] kbflwsf/L jf lgsfo ;dIf
ljrf/fwLg k|zf;lgs ljifodf ;f] dftxtsf] tNnf]
531
lgsfo jf kbflwsf/Laf6 ePsf] lg0f{on] j}wtf k|fKt

ug{ ;Sg] l:ylt x'bF g} .
(= k|:t't ljjfbdf dfnkf]t sfof{no
rfjlxn ;dIf e"ld;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf dGqfno
Pj+ e"le;'wf/ ljefun] /fo;Dd k7fpg' egL kqfrf/
ul/Psf]df ;f] dfnkf]t sfof{non] klg ;f]xLcg'k
cfkm\gf] /fo k7fpg' kg]d{ f ;f]sf] ljk/Lt hUuf btf{
ug{ gldNg] / lrQ ga'em] k'g/fj]bg ug'{ egL dfnkf]t
sfof{non] u/]sf] cw{Goflos k|s[ltsf] lg0f{o
sfg"g;Ddt\ b]lvFbg} .
!)= dfnkf]t P]g, @)#$ sf] bkmf #! df
;f] P]gsf] bkmf &, *, *v, @*, @( / #) adf]lhd
dfnkf]t sfof{non] u/]sf] lg0f{opk/ k'g/fj]bg
cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] b]lvG5 .
;f] sfg"gL Joj:yfcg';f/ qmdzM hUuf btf{;DaGwL
ljifo, /lhi6]z
g gfd;f/L, bflvn vf/]h / nut
sf ug]{ ljifo, 3/hUuf /f]Ssf jf km'sj' f ug]{
ljifo, dfnkf]t c;"n ubf{ afwf lj/f]w ug]n
{ fO{
;hfo u/]sf] ljifo, ;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs hUuf
btf{ jf cfafb ug]n
{ fO{ ;hfo u/]sf] ljifo / :jLs[lt
glnO{ hUuf cfjfb ug]n
{ fO{ ;hfo u/]sf] ljifodf
dfnkf]t sfof{non] u/]sf] s'g} lg0f{opk/ lrQ
ga'em] bkmf #! adf]lhd ;DalGwt kIfn] k'g/fj]bg
cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ug{ ;Sg] u/L sfg"gL pkrf/sf]
dfu{ pknAw ePsf] b]lvG5 . dfnkf]t sfof{nosf]
ldlt @)^).#.^ sf] lg0f{odf klg hUuf btf{ ug{
gldNg] tyf lrQ ga'em] k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf
k'g/fj]bg ug'{ hfg' egL ;'gfO{ lbg' eGg] pNn]v
ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . dfnkf]t sfof{no, rfjlxnn]
e"ld;'wf/ tyf Joj:Yff dGqfno / ljefuaf6 /fo
dfu ul/Psf] ljifonfO{ 5"6 hUuf btf{sf] nflu
cfkm";dIf u'7L ;+:yfgsf] lgj]bg jf bfjL k/L
cfkm}n
F ] ;f] ;DaGwdf 5fglag ug]{ ljifoleqsf] dfgL
;f] lg0f{o u/]sf] kfOG5 . t/ oyfy{df dfnkf]t
sfof{no, rfjlxn;dIf hUuf btf{ ;DaGwdf k|rlnt
sfg"gcg'k s'g} lgj]bg k/L sf/jfxL ePsf] geO{
dflyNnf] lgsfon] /fo dfu u/]sf] s'/fnfO{ hUuf
btf{sf] ljjfbsf] k lbO{ ;f] lg0f{o u/]sf] cj:yf
b]lvG5 . o:tf] /fo dfu ePsf] ljifonfO{ JolQmsf]

lgj]bg k/];/x dfgL hUuf btf{ ug{ gldNg] egL
dfnkf]t sfof{non] u/]sf] pQm ldlt @)^).#.^ sf]
lg0f{onfO{ dfnkf]t P]g, @)#$ sf] bkmf & cGtu{tsf]
5"6 hUuf btf{;DaGwL lg0f{o dfGg ;lsb}gF . t;y{
pQm lg0f{opk/ ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf #! cg'k
k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ug'k{ g]{ egL cy{
ug'{ sfg"g;Ddt\ x'g ;Qm}g .
!!= ca, k|:t't ljjfbdf o; cbfntsf]
;+oQ
' m Ohnf;af6 ePsf] lg0f{o k'g/fjnf]sg u/L
x]g{] u/L lg:;f k|bfg ubf{ cfwf/ lnOPsf] ;+jt\
@)%( ;fnsf] l/=k'=O{=g+= #! sf] lgj]bs xhf/b]jLsf]
d'=;= ug]{ tg'snfn uf]Ot lj4 ljkIfL dfnkf]t
sfof{no, l;/xf ;d]t ePsf] pTk]i| f0fsf] lgj]bgdf
k|ltkflbt l;4fGtsf] ;fGble{stftkm{ ljrf/ ug'k{ g]{
x'g cfof] . pQm l/6 lgj]bgdf 5"6 btf{sf ljifodf
dfnkf]t sfof{nodf lgj]bg k/L dfnkf]t sfof{non]
u/]sf] lg0f{opk/ k|Zg p7fOPsf] / ;f] ;DaGwdf
o; cbfntsf] k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 dfnkf]t P]g, @)#$
df ldlt @)%$.*.@^ df ePsf] kfF r f}
;+zf]wg0f:kZrft\ 5"6 btf{;DaGwdf dfnkf]t
sfof{non] u/]sf] lg0f{opk/ bkmf #! adf]lhd
k'g/fj]bg nfUg] j}slNks pkrf/sf] Joj:yf ljBdfg
/x]sf]n] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] egL l;4fGt sfod
ePsf] b]lvG5 . t/ k|:t't ljjfbdf dfnkf]t sfof{no,
rfjlxnsf] ldlt @)^).#.^ sf] lg0f{o 5"6 hUuf
btf{sf] nflu dfnkf]t sfof{no;dIf g} u'7L ;+:yfgsf]
lgj]bg k/L sf/jfxL ubf{ ePsf] eGg] geO{ dflyNnf]
lgsfoaf6 /fo dfu ul/Psf]df ;f] cg'k /fo
gk7fO{ dfnkf]t sfof{no cfkm}n] hUuf btf{ ug{
gldNg] egL /fo dfu ul/P eGbf k[ys lg0f{o
u/]sf] cj:yf x'bF f ;f] ljjflbt lg0f{onfO{ 5"6 hUuf
btf{sf] lg0f{o ;/x dfGg ldNg] b]lvFbg} . t;y{
k'g/fjnf]sg u/L x]g{] u/L lg:;f lbFbf cfwf/ lnOPsf]
plNnlvt ghL/ Pj+ ;f] k|ltkfbg ePsf] l;4fGt
k|:t't ljjfbdf cfslif{t x'g ;Sg] b]lvPg .
!@= ca, lg/f]k0f ug'k{ g]{ bf];f| ] k|Zg o;
cbfntsf] ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)^#.%.!! df
532
ePsf] cfb]z kl/jt{g ug'{kg]{ xf], xf]Og eGg]

;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ o; cbfnt ;+ o ' Q m
Ohnf;af6 ePsf] pQm cfb]z x]bf{ dfnkf]t
sfof{non] ljefuLo lgb]z
{ gcg'k cfkm\gf] /fo
lbg'kg]d
{ f glbO{ cfkm}n
F ] hUuf btf{ ug{ gldNg] egL
lg0f{o u/]sf] gldn]sf] x'bF f dfnkf]t sfof{nosf]
ldlt @)^).#.^ sf] pQm lg0f{o pTk]i| f0fsf] cfb]zf/f
ab/ u/L e"ld;'wf/ tyf Joj:yfkg ljefusf]
kqcg';f/ ;f] sfof{nosf] /fo k7fpg' egL dfnkf]t
sfof{nosf] gfddf k/dfb]z hf/L ug]{ u/L ;+oQ
' m
Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)^#.%.!! df lg0f{o ePsf]
b]lvG5 . dfly ljj]rgf ul/Padf]lhd 5"6 hUuf
hUuf btf{ u/L kfpg dfnkf]t sfof{nodf lgj]bg
k/]sf] geO{ u'7L ;+:yfgn] gfkLdf btf{ x'g 5"6
ePsf] hUuf btf{ ug{ dGqfno ;dIf :jLs[ltsf
nflu kqfrf/ u/]sf]n] ;f] ;DaGwdf dfnkf]t
sfof{noaf6 /fo dfq dfu ul/Psf]df e"ld;'wf/
tyf Joj:yfkg ljefusf] kq adf]lhd hUuf btf{
ug{ ldNg] jf gldNg] eGg] ;DaGwdf k|rlnt
sfg"gadf]lhd dfnkf]t, sfof{no rfjlxnn] cfkm\gf]
/fo ;'emfj ;DalGwt ljefudf k]z ug{ ;Sg] / ;f]
;DaGwdf ;DalGwt e"ld;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf dGqfno
/ ljefun] cfjZos lg0f{o u/L u'7L ;+:yfg s]Gb|Lo
sfof{no ;d]tnfO{ lgb]z
{ g ug{;Sg] cj:yf ljBdfg
/lx/x]sf] x'bF f o; cbfnt ;+oQ' m Ohnf;af6 ePsf]
ldlt @)^#.%.!! sf] lg0f{o cGoyf ul//xg' kg]{
l:ylt b]lvg cfPg .
!#= ctM pko'Q
{ m ljj]rgf ul/Psf cfwf/
Pj+ sf/0f ;d]taf6 5"6 hUuf btf{ ug]{ ;DaGwdf
dfnkf]t sfof{nodf lgj]bg gk/L tfn's dGqfnodf
kqfrf/ ul/Psf] / ;f] ;DaGwdf dfnkf] t
sfof{ n oaf6 /fo dfu ul/Psf] cj:yfdf
sfg"gadf]lhd /fo lbg'kg]d
{ f /fo dfu ul/Psf]
ljifodf /fo glbO{ dfnkf]t sfof{no rfjlxnn]
hUuf btf{ ug{ gldNg] egL @)^).#.^ df lg0f{o g}
u/]sf] x'bF f ;f] lg0f{o sfg"g;Ddt\ gx'bF f pTk]i| f0fsf]
cfb]zf/f ab/ u/L e"ld;'wf/ tyf Joj:yfkg
laefusf] kqfg';f/ /fo;Dd k7fpg' egL ljkIfL
**)) bLksk|;fb Gof}kfg] lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t
dfnkf]t sfof{nosf] gfddf k/dfb]z hf/L ug]{

u/L o; cbfnt ;+oQ' m Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)^#.%.!!
df ePsf] cfb]zdf sfg"g Pj+ o; cbfntaf6
k|ltkflbt l;4fGtsf] q'l6 gb]lvFbf ;f] cfb]z oyfjt\
sfod x'G5 . bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L ldl;n
a'emfOlbg" .
pQm /fodf xfdL ;xdt 5f}+ .
Gof=tflx/ cnL cG;f/L
Gof=cjw]zs'df/ ofbj
;+jt\ @)^* ;fn k'; & ut] /f]h % z'ed\ =======
Ohnf; clws[t M ljb'/ sf]O/fnf
&
lg0f{o g+=**))
;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L k]d
| zdf{
dfggLo GofofwLz >L k|sfz j:tL
l/6 g+= )^&WS))&@
cfb]z ldltM @)^*.!!.$.%
ljifo M pTk]i| f0f .
lgj]bsM lh= sfe]k| nf~rf]s, b]je"ld uf=lj=;= j8f
g+= % 3/ e} xfn :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno
b'ud
{ If]q ljsf; ;ldltdf /f=k= cglt
k|yd >]0fLsf] n]vfkfn kbdf sfo{/t\ jif{
#( sf] bLksk|;fb Gof}kfg]
lj?4
ljkIfLM k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\s
\ f] sfof{no ;d]t
g] k fn ;/sf/n] k| T ofof] l ht
ljwfogcGtu{t ljsf; ;ldlt -u7g_
cfb]z hf/L u/]sf] / ;f] cfb]zadf]lhd
ul7t ;ldltn] agfPsf] lgodfjnL
g]kfn ;/sf/n] :jLs[lt k|bfg u/]kl5
dfq nfu" x'g] eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf]af6
u7g cfb]z klg ljsf; ;ldlt P]gn]
533
lbPsf] clwsf/ k| o f] u u/L g] k fn

;/sf/n] hf/L u/]sf] / ;f] cfb]zcGtu{t
ul7t ;ldltn] agfPsf] lgodfjnL klg
g]kfn ;/sf/n] :jLs[lt u/]kl5 dfq
nfu" x'g] Joj:yf ePsf]n] ;f] u7g
cfb]z / lgodfjnLsf] x}l;ot ;dfg
x' g ] .
-k|s/0f g+=$_
:jLs[lt lbg] clwsf/ g]kfn ;/sf/df
/x]sf]n] lgodfjnL hf/L ug]{ clGtd
clwsf/ klg g]kfn ;/sf/df /x]sf]
;Demg' kg]{ .
ljsf; ;ldlt P] g af6 k| T ofof] l ht
clwsf/ kfPsf] g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;f]
k" / } jf ;f] d Wo] s] x L clwsf/ cGo
lgsfo jf pQm ;ldltnfO{ k|bfg ug{
;Sb} g . k| T ofof] l ht clwsf/ d" n
P] g sf] :ki6 clVtof/L j] u / k' g M
k|Tofof]hg x'g g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=%_
cfkm"nfO{ cfjZos gePsf] sd{rf/L
/fvL /xg' k5{ egL lgb]l{ zt ug{ ldNg]
b]lvFbg} . cfgf] p2]Zo / sfo{sf nflu
rflxg] hlt sd{rf/L /fVg' kg]{ x'G5 .
o:tf] cj:yfdf klxnf sfd a9L
ePsf] j]nf a9L sd{rf/L /flvPsf]df
sfd gx'Fbf kl5 sd{rf/Lsf] ;+Vofdf
ul/Psf] s6f}tLnfO{ c:jfefljs eGg
gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=*_
lgj]bs tkm{af6M
ljkIfL tkm{jf6M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf o'j/fh ;'jb] L
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f
!, !@-#_-r_, !*-!_, !)&-!_
b'ud
{ If]q ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfo{ ;~rfng
lgodfjnL @)^%, lgod @$-$_
cfb]z
Gof=tflx/ cnL cG;f/LM g] k fnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f !)&-!_ adf]lhd
bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo
Pj+ cfb]z o; k|sf/ 5 M
d lgj]bs ldlt @)%^.$.!) df b'ud
{ If]q
ljsf; ;ldlt cGtu{t lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf]
sfof{no ;f]nv
' D' a'sf] n]vfkfn -/f=k=k|yd >]0fL_
df :yfoL lgo'lQm e} ;]jf k|jz
] u/]sf]df xfn ;f]xL
b'ud
{ If]q ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{nodf n]vfkfn
kbdf sfo{/t\ /x]sf] 5' .
b'ud
{ If]q ljsf; ;ldltsf] u7g b'ud
{ If]q
ljsf; ;ldlt -u7g_ cfb]z @)## cGtu{t ePsf]
xf] . ;f] u7g cfb]zsf] bkmf ( n] ;ldltn] cfgf]
sfo{ ;~rfngsf] nflu cfjZos lgod agfpg
;Sg] u/L ;ldltnfO{ g} clwsf/sf] k|Tofof]hg u/]sf]
5 . ;f] u7g cfb]z @)## ldlt @)^# ;fndf
;+zf]wg x'bF f ePsf] bkmf ( sf] ;+zf]wgdf klg
;ldltn] cfgf] sfo{ ;~rfngsf] nflu cfkm} lgod
agfpg ;Sg] / To:tf] lgod g]kfn ;/sf/af6
:jLs[t ePkl5 nfu" x'g5
] eGg] Joj:yf u/L ;ldltn]
cfgf] lgod cfkm} agfpg kfpg] clwsf/nfO{
;'/lIft g} /fv]sf] 5 .
b'u{dIf]q ljsf; ;ldltn] cfgf] sfo{
;~rfngsf] nflu b'u{dIf]q ljsf; lgodfjnL,
@)%! -;+zf]wg @)%* ;lxt_ agfP/ sfo{
;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf]df ldlt @)^% r}t !& ut]
k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\s
\ f] sfof{non] :yfgLo
ljsf; dGqfnonfO{ kq n]vL :yfgLo ljsf;
dGqfnosf] k|:tfjdf @)^%.!).( sf] dlGqkl/ifb\s
\ f]
a}7saf6 dlGqkl/ifb\\ ljw]os ;ldltdf 5nkmn
e} )^%.!@.$ df ul7t pk;ldltn] kl/dflh{t
u/]sf] lgodfjnLsf] 5nkmn x'bF f b'ud{ If]q ljsf;
;ldltsf] sfo{ ;~rfng lgodfjnL @)^% :jLs[lt
ug]{ egL k7fPsf] kq ;fy ;+nUg pQm lgodfjnL,
@)^% sf] Joj:yf x]bf{ u7g cfb]z @)## -;+zf]wg
)^#_ sf] bkmf $-h_ sf] k|lts"n x'g] u/L ;f]
lgodfjnL @)^% sf] lgod @$-!_ / -$_ df
sd{rf/Lsf] b/jGbL s6f}tL ul/Psf] ;f] b/jGbL

s6f}tL / aGb]h g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
sf] wf/f !@, -#_-r_ !*-!_ Pj+ b'u{dIf]q u7g
cfb]z @)## sf] bkmf $-h_, ( ;d]t k|lts"n
ePsf] / clwsf/ g} gePsf] lgsfon] pQm
lgodfjnL agfO{ nfu" ;d]t u/]sf]n] pQm b'ud{ If]q
ljsf; ;ldlt sfo{ ;~rfng lgodfjnL @)^%,
b'u{dIf]q u7g cfb]z @)## -;+zf]wg @)^#_ sf]
bkmf ( sf] k|lts"n 5 .
sfo{ ;~rfng ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)^%
sf] cl:tTjnfO{ b'ud{ If]q ljsf; ;ldltsf] )^%.^.%
sf] a}7sn] g} c:jLsf/ u/]sf]af6 pQm lgodfjnL
b'ud{ If]q ljsf; ;ldlt u7g cfb]z @)## sf] bkmf
( sf] k|lts"n clwsf/ g} gePsf] dlGqkl/ifb\n
\ ]
tof/ u/L nfu" ug{sf] nflu k7fPsf] eGg] k|i6
ePsf] 5 . o;/L clwsf/ljxLg lgsfoaf6 agfOPsf]
pQm lgodfjnLsf] lgod @$ cGtu{tsf] cg';r
" L
! df ul/Psf] ;ldltsf] ;+u7g tflnsfdf ;fljsdf
!(@ b/jGbL /x]sf]dWo] @$ kb n]vfkfnsf] /x]sf]df
# b/jGbL sf u/L hDdf @! b/jGbL sfod ul/Psf]
5 . ;ldlt u7g cfb]z, @)## sf] bkmf $-h_ n]
;ldltsf] nflu cfjZos sd{rf/Lx egf{ ug]{
clwsf/ ;ldltnfO{ g} k|bfg u/]sf]df ;ldltsf]
s"n sd{rf/Lsf] !(! b/jGbL e} !$! hgf sfo{/t\
/x]sf]df xfnsf] lgodfjnL, @)^% n] hDdf !#!
b/jGbL sfod ug]{ u/L lgod @$ df ePsf] Joj:yf
u7g cfb]zsf] bkmf $-h_ ( sf] k|lts"n Pj+
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !* ;Fu aflemPsf] 5 .
ctM b'u{dIf]q ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfo{
;~rfng lgodfjnL, @)^% sf] lgod @$ sf]
cg';r
" L ! ;DalGwt Joj:yf / P]= lgodsf]
pklgod -$_ sf] Joj:yf b'ud
{ If]q ljsf; ;ldlt
u7g cfb]z @)## -;+zf]wg )^#_ sf] bkmf $-h_
Pj+ bkmf ( Pj+ g]kfn cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]
wf/f !, !@-#_-r_, !*-!_ ;d]t ;Fu aflemg uPsf]n]
pQm lgodfjnL, @)^% sf] lgod @$ nfO{ ;+ljwfgsf]
wf/f !)&-!_ cGtu{t k|f/DetM cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift
ul/kfpFm eGg] lgj]bg bfjL .
534
**)) bLksk|;fb Gof}kfg] lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t
o;df lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z

hf/L x'g' gkg]{ s'g} sf/0f eP jf6fsf] Dofb jfx]s
!% lbgleq lnlvt hjfkm k]z ug'{ eGg] o;
cbfntsf] cfb]z .
s'g} u7g cfb]zadf]lhd lgdf{0f ePsf]
lgodfjnLsf] s'g} Joj:yf ;f] u7g cfb]zsf] s'g}
Joj:yf;Fu jflemPsf] jf c;+ut ePsf] egL bfjL
lng ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)&-!_ adf]lhd gldNg] x'bF f
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] k|wfgdGqL tyf
dlGqkl/ifb\ sfof{no tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\ ljwo]s
;ldltsf] ;+oQ
' m lnlvt hjfkm .
b' u { d If] q ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfo{
;~rfng;DaGwL lgodfjnL @)^% ;ldltn] jgfO{
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jLs[lt k|fKt eO{ sfg"gadf]lhd
g}+ hf/L ePsf] / pQm lgodfjnLsf] s'g} klg k|fjwfg
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# / b'ud{ If]q ljsf;
;ldlt -u7g_ cfb]z, @)## sf] s'g} k|fjwfg;Fu
gjflemPsf]n] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg]
b'ud{ If]q ljsf; ;ldlt / :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnosf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
lgodadf]lhd cfhsf] k]zL ;"rLdf r9L k]z
x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf ljkIfL g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf o'j/fh ;'jb] Ln]
;+zf]lwt lgodfjnLn] ;fljs b/jGbLdf x]/km]/ u/]sf]n]
lgj]bsn] cfkm" hflu/af6 cjsfz kfpg' kg]{ xf] ls
eGg] cfz+sfsf] e/df lgodfjnLsf] ;+jw} flgstfsf]
k|Zg p7fP/ l/6 If]q] df k|jz
] u/]sf]n] lgj]bs ;kmf
xft lnP/ cbfnt k|jz
] u/]sf] cj:yf gx'bF f l/6
lgj]bg vf/]h x'gk' 5{ eGg] ;d]t ax; ug'e{ of] .
ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmfsf] ax; ;d]t ;'gL
lgj]bg kq;lxtsf] ;Dk"0f{ ldl;n sfuhft cWoog
u/L x]bf{ lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L
x'gk' g]{ xf] jf xf]Og eGg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{
b]lvg cfof] .
@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ b'ud
{ If]q ljsf;
;ldltn] cfgf] sfo{ ;~rfngsf] nflu b'ud
{ If]q
ljsf; lgodfjnL, @)%! agfP/ sfo{ ;~rfng
ub}{ cfPsf]df :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnosf] ldlt
535
)^%.!).( k|:tfjdf ldlt )^%.!@.$ df b'ud

{ If]q
ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfo{ ;~rfng lgodfjnL, @)^%
:jLs[lt ug]{ egL lg0f{o ePsf]n
] ] clwsf/ g} gePsf]
lgsfon] pQm lgodfjnL agfO{ nfu" ;d]t u/]sf]n]
pQm b'u{dIf]q ljsf; ;ldlt sfo{ ;~rfng
lgodfjnL, @)^%, b'ud
{ If]q u7g cfb]z @)##
-;+zf]wg @)^#_ sf] bkmf ( / g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] k|lts"n ePsf]n] ab/ ul/kfpFm
eGg] lgj]bg bfjL /x]sf] 5 . b'ud
{ If]q ljsf;
;ldltn] g} sfo{ ;~rfng;DaGwL lgodfjnL @)^%
jgfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jLs[lt k|fKt eO{ hf/L
ePsf] sfg"gadf]lhd 5 eGg] lnlvt hjfkm /x]sf]
kfOG5 .
#= b'u{dIf]q ljsf; ;ldltsf] u7g
b'u{dIf]q ljsf; ;ldlt -u7g_ cfb]z, @)##
cGtu{t ePsf] / ;f] u7g cfb]zsf] bkmf ( n]
;ldltn] cfgf] sfo{ ;~rfngsf] nflu cfjZos
lgod cfkm} agfpg ;Sg]df dlGqkl/ifb\\ cfkm}n]
pQm lgodfjnL jgfO{ nfu" ug{ k7fPsf] sfo{
;+ljwfgljk/Lt ePsf]n] ab/ x'g'k5{ eGg] g}
lgj]bssf] d'Vo bfjL /x]sf] 5 .
$= b'u{dIf]q ljsf; ;ldlt-u7g_ cfb]z
ljsf; ;ldlt P]g, @)!# sf] bkmf # n] lbPsf]
clwsf/cGtu{t g]kfn ;/sf/af6 hf/L ePsf]df
ljjfb 5}g . ;f] cfb]zn] b'ud{ If]q ljsf; ;ldltnfO{
cfgf] sfo{ ;~rfngsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ lgod
agfpg] clwsf/ klg k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . t/ To:tf]
lgod g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jLs[lt k|fKt ePkl5 dfq
nfu" x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . o;/L g]kfn
;/sf/n] k|Tofof]lht ljwfogcGtu{t ljsf;
;ldlt -u7g_ cfb] z hf/L u/] s f] / ;f]
cfb]zadf]lhd ul7t ;ldltn] agfPsf] lgodfjnL
g]kfn ;/sf/n] :jLs[lt k|bfg u/]kl5 dfq nfu"
x'g] eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf]af6 u7g cfb]z klg ljsf;
;ldlt P]gn] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L g]kfn
;/sf/n] hf/L u/]sf] / ;f] cfb]zcGtu{t ul7t
;ldltn] agfPsf] lgodfjnL klg g]kfn ;/sf/n]
:jLs[lt u/]kl5 dfq nfu" x'g] Joj:yf ePsf]n] ;f]
u7g cfb]z / lgodfjnLsf] x}l;ot ;dfg x'g]

b]lvG5 .
%= pQm u7g cfb]zdf b'ud
{ If]q ljsf;
;ldltn] agfPsf] lgodfjnL g]kfn ;/sf/n]
jfWofTds ?kdf h:tfsf] t:t} :jLs[lt ug]k{ g]{
eGg] geO{ nfu" x'gsf] nflu eg] g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
:jLs[lt clgjfo{ /x]sf] cj:yf b]lvG5 . :jLs[lt
lbg] clwsf/ g]kfn ;/sf/df /x]sf]n] lgodfjnL
hf/L ug]{ clGtd clwsf/ klg g]kfn ;/sf/df
/x]sf] ;Demg' kb{5 . lsgeg] ljsf; ;ldlt P]gaf6
k|Tofof]lht clwsf/ kfPsf] g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;f] k"/}
jf ;f]dWo] s]xL clwsf/ cGo lgsfo jf pQm
;ldltnfO{ k|bfg ug{ ;Sb}g . k|Tofof]lht clwsf/
d"n P]gsf] :ki6 clVtof/L j]u/ k'gM k|Tofof]hg
x'g ;Sb}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf Sub-delegation sf]
l;4fGt lqmofzLn x'G5 . Tof] xf] Delegatus non
potest delegare cyf{t A delegate cannot further
delegate unless the parent law itself gives
authority to the government to that effect. g]kfn
;/sf/n] lgodfjnL agfpg] clwsf/ pQm

;ldltnfO{ k|bfg ug{ g;Sg] x'G5 / g]kfn ;/sf/n]
of] clwsf/ ;ldltnfO{ Sub-delegate u/]sf] klg
5}g . o; JofVofaf6 of] :ki6 eP/ cfpF5 ls
b'ud{ If]q ljsf; ;ldlt -u7g_ cfb]zsf] plNnlvt
Joj:yfn] sfo{ ;~rfng lgodfjnL jgfO{ nfu"
ug]{ clGtd clwsf/ b'ud
{ If]q ljsf; ;ldltnfO{
k|bfg u/]sf] geO{ s]jn sfo{ ;xhtfsf nflu
;ldltnfO{ lgodfjnLsf] d:of}bf ug]{ sfo{;Dd
;'lDkPsf] / ;f] d:of}bf :jLs[ltsf] nflu dlGqkl/ifb\d\ f
k]z ug]{ bfloTj klg ;f] ;ldltsf] /x]sf] 5 .
^= o;sf] cltl/Qm tYout cfwf/df x]bf{
b'ud{ If]q ljsf; ;ldlt -u7g_ cfb]z cg';f/ pQm
;ldltsf] cWoIfdf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqL jf
/fHodGqL x'g] Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . dlGqkl/ifb\s
\ f]
ldlt @)^%.!@.!& sf] kq x]bf{ lgj]bsn] eg]h:tf]
;f] lgodfjnL dlGqkl/ifb\n\ ] cfkm} jgfO{ kfl/t ul/Psf]
eGg] geO{ b'ud
{ If]q ljsf; ;ldltsf cWoIf /x]sf]
:yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnodfkm{t\ :jLs[ltsf] nflu
536
cfPsf] k|:tfjnfO{ dlGqkl/ifb\\ ljwfog ;ldltdf

5nkmn u/L ;f] lgodfjnL :jLs[t ug]{ lg0f{o ePsf]
eGg] b]lvG5 . o; l:yltdf lgj]bssf] egfO{ tYodf
cfwfl/t ;d]t b]lvPg .
&= cj, b'ud
{ If]q ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfo{
;~rfng lgodfjnL, @)^% sf] lgod @$ sf]
cg';r
" L ! ;Fu ;DalGwt Joj:yf / P]= lgodsf]
{ If]q ljsf; ;ldlt
u7g cfb]z @)## -;+zf]wg @)^#_ sf] bkmf $-h_
Pj+ bkmf ( Pjd\ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
sf] wf/f !, !@-#_-r_, !*-!_ ;d]t;Fu aflemg
uPsf]n] pQm lgodfjnL, @)^% sf] lgod @$
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)&-!_ adf]lhd cdfGo / ab/
3f]lift x'gk' 5{ eGg] lgj]bssf] bfjLtkm{ ljrf/ ug'k{ g]{
x'g cfPsf] 5 . ;+zf]lwt lgodfjnLsf] lgod @$
df ;ldltsf] ;+ u 7gfTds :j?k tyf
sd{rf/L;DaGwL Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . ;f] adf]lhd
;ldltsf]] ;+u7gfTds tflnsf lgdf{0f u/L
sd{rf/Lsf] b/jGbLdf s]xL s6f}tL ul/Psf] b]lvG5 .
o;/L b/jGbL s6f}tL;DaGwL of] k|fjwfg nfu" eO{
gofF ;+u7gfTds :j?k sfod x'bF f gofF ;+u7gfTds
:j?kcg';f/ s]Gb|nfO{ cfjZos kg]{ sd{rf/L s]Gb|df
/fvL s]Gb| tyf dftxt lgsfodf a9L x'g]
sd{rf/LxnfO{ sfo{jf]em a9L ePsf / ;|ft] ;fwg
sd /x]sf b'ud
{ sf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltdf v6fO{
sfdsfh nufpg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
*= pQm ;ldlt b'ud
{ If]qsf] ljsf;;Fu
;DalGwt sfo{x ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu u7g ePsf]n]
o;n] cfgf] sfo{jf]em / sfo{sf] k|sl[ tcg';f/
sd{rf/Lx /fVg ;Sb5 . o;df ljjfb x'g ;Sb}g .
sd{ r f/Lxsf] ;+ V ofsf] lgwf{ / 0f / cfgf]
cfjZostfsf] klxrfg klg ;f]xL ;ldltn] ug'k{ g]{
x'G5 . cfkm"nfO{ cfjZos gePsf] sd{rf/L klg
/fvL /xg' k5{ egL lgb]l{ zt ug{ ldNg] b]lv+bg} .
cfgf] p2]Zo / sfo{sf nflu rflxg] hlt sd{rf/L
/fVg' kg]{ x'G5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf klxnf sfd a9L
ePsf] j]nf a9L sd{rf/L /flvPsf]df sfd gx'bf
kl5 sd{ r f/L ;+ V ofdf ul/Psf] s6f} t LnfO{
**)! /flugL pkfWofo u]|nf ;d]t lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t
c:jfefljs eGg ldNb}g . o;/L pQm lgodfjnLsf]

lg0f{o g+= **)!
pQm ;+zf]lwt Joj:yfaf6 gful/ssf] k]zf, /f]huf/
pBf]u / Jofkf/ ug]{ :jtGqtf tyf /f]huf/Lsf]
xsdf s'g} k|lts"n c;/ k/]sf] b]lvPg . lgj]bsn]
cfgf] lgj]bgdf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f pNn]v ug'{ dfq
;jf]R{ r cbfnt, k"0f{ Ohnf;
kof{Kt x'bF g} ;+zf]lwt lgodfjnLsf] s'g k|fjwfg
;+ljwfgsf] s'g wf/f;Fu jflemPsf] xf] / lgodfjnLsf]
dfggLo GofofwLz >L ;'zLnf sfsL{
s'g Joj:yfaf6 ;+ljwfg k|bQ df}lns xs s;/L dfggLo GofofwLz k|f=8f=>L e/taxfb'/ sfsL{
;+sl' rt agfPsf] xf] ;f] :ki6;Fu v'nfpg' kg]d
{ f
l/=k"=O=g+=)^*WF)))$
lgj]bsn] cfgf] lgj]bgdf ;f] s'/f pNn]v ug{
cfb]z ldltM @)^*.!!.!!.%
;s]sf] kfO+bg} .
ljifoM pTk|i] f0f ;d]t .
(= o;/L :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnon] k]z
u/]sf] k|:tfjpk/ dlGqkl/ifb\s
\ f] ljwfog ;ldltdf lgj]bsM eQmk'/ lhNnf, eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf j8f
5nkmn u/]kZrft\ :jLs[lt u/]sf] dlGqkl/ifb\s
\ f]
g+= ! a:g] /flugL pkfWofo u]n
| f ;d]t
lg0f{odf sfo{ljlwut q'l6 /x]sf] gb]lvg'sf] ;fy}
lj?4
clwsf/sf] b'?kof]u u/]sf] jf clwsf/If]q gf3L sfd ljkIfLM k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\s
\ f] sfof{no ;d]t
u/]sf] jf cfgf] :jljj]sLo clwsf/sf] b'?kof]u
u/]sf] eGg] cj:yf ;d]t b]lvg gcfPsf] / ;f] sfo{
cGoyf k|dfl0ft ePdf afx]s g]kfn
;+ljwfg;Fu jflemPsf] eGg] klg gb]lvPsf]n] lgj]bssf]
;/sf/ jf ;/sf/L sfof{noaf6 k|fKt
dfu adf]lhd cfb]z hf/L ug'k{ g]{ cj:yf b]lvPg .
;"rgf, tYof, clen]v, lnvt, lg0f{o
!)= t;y{ ljj]lrt cfwf/ sf/0faf6
jf kqfrf/sf] Joxf]/f ;fFrf] xf] egL
b'ud{ If]q ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfo{ ;~rfng lgodfjnL,
cbfntn] cg'dfg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ;f]
@)^% sf] lgod @$ sf] cg';r
" L ! / P]= lgodsf]
lnvtsf] n]vfO{ jf Joxf]/f jf lz/,
{ If]q ljsf; ;ldlt
k'5f/sf] s'g} n]vfO{sf] q'l6 jf Pp6}
u7g cfb]z, @)## -;+zf]wg @)^#_ sf] bkmf $-h_
ldltdf ;fdfGotof gul/g] sfd u/]
Pj+ bkmf ( Pj+ g]kfn cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]
ePaf6 ;fdfGo z+ s fsf] cfwf/df
wf/f !, !@-#_-r_, !*-!_ ;d]t ;Fu aflemPsf]
To:tf lnvtnfO{ cGoyf xf] egL dfGg
gb]lvPsf]n] lgj]bg dfu adf]lhd cdfGo / ab/
jf ;Demg gldNg] .
3f]lift ug'k{ g]{ cj:yf b]lvPg . k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg
-k|s/0f g+=#_
vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L ldl;n
P] g n] clVtof/L k| b fg u/] s f] s' g }
lgodfg';f/ u/L j'emfO{ lbg" .
kbflwsf/L jf ;ldltsf] To:tf]
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5f}+ .
;Gt'li6sf] ljifoj:t'leq k|j]z u/L
o; cbfntn] l/6 If] q af6 cGoyf
Gof=k|d
] zdf{
eGg jf cf}Nofpg g;Sg] .
Gof=k|sfz j:tL
l;kmfl/z ;ldlt u7g ug]{sf] lgot
Olt ;+jt\ @)^* ;fn kmfu'g $ ut] /f]h % z'ed\====
/ ;f] ;ldltsf] Ifdtf / lgotdf
Ohnf; clws[t M s[i0fd'/f/L lzjsf]6L
:ki6 cfwf/ a] u / z+ s f ug{ /
l;kmfl/z ul/Psf JolQmxsf]
&
537
sfo{ s ' z ntfdfly k| Z g p7fO/xg'

cf}lrTok"0f{ gx'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=!)_
Ps k6sdf ;a} k|ltefsf] vf]hL ug{
g;s] a f6 s] x L JolQmxnfO{ clxn]
l;kmfl/z ug] { / kl5 k' g M of] U o
JolQmxsf] l;kmfl/z ug{ ldNg] g}
xF ' b f l;kmfl/z ul/PsfdWo] s] x L
JolQmxsf] Voflt / k| l ti7fsf
ljifodf k| Z g p7fPsf] b] l vP klg
To:tf cd" t { ljifox Gofo
lg/f] k 0fof] U o jf Goflos k/LIf0fsf]
dfkb08df kg] { ljifox gx' F b f
cbfntaf6 ;b:oxsf] of] U otf /
Ifdtfsf] If]qdf x:tIf]k ug{ gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!#_
lgj]bssf tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmfqo k|sfzdl0f
zdf{, /d0fs'df/ >]i7 / dfwjs'df/ a:g]t
k|ToyL{ tkm{af6M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf dx]zs'df/
kf}8n
] , ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf xl/x/ bfxfn
tyf ljfg clwjQmfx xl/k|;fb pk|t] L,
z]/axfb'/ s]=;L=, xl/s[i0f sfsL{, dx]z
g]kfn / k/z'/fd sf]O/fnf
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
g]kfn nlntsnf k|1f k|lti7fg P]g, @)^$
sf] bkmf &, &-@_-3_, *, *-!_, -@_, -#_ /
!!, / !!-@_-u_
cfb]z
Gof=tflx/ cnL cG;f/LM g] k fnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ tyf !)&
adf]lhd bfo/ eO{ ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;sf dfggLo
GofofwLzx aLr dTo}Sotf x'g g;sL ;jf]R{ r
cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod #-!_-s_
adf]lhd o; Ohnf;;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't
l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / cfb]z o; k|sf/ 5M
g]kfn nlntsnf k|1f k|lti7fg P]g, @)^$

sf] k|:tfjgf / bkmf # -!_ n] pQm P]gsf] p2]Zo
:ki6 u/]sf] 5 . k|lti7fgsf] k|f1;efdf @* hgf
kbflwsf/L x'g] Joj:yf bkmf &-@_ df ul/Psf] 5
eg] bkmf * df kbflwsf/L tyf ;efdf dgf]gog
x'g] ;b:osf] lgo'lQm jf dgf]gogsf] nflu k|wfgdGqL
;dIf l;kmfl/z ug{sf] nflu tLg ;b:oLo l;kmfl/z
;ldlt /xg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . pQm ;ldltn]
l;kmfl/z u/]kl5 bkmf @! adf]lhd k|wfgdGqLn]
k|f1 kl/ifb\df lgo'lQm ug]{ Joj:yf 5 . ;ldltn]
l;kmfl/z ubf{ nlntsnfsf] If]qdf cWoog tyf
cg';Gwfg u/]sf jf ;f] ljwfdf Voflt k|fKt JolQmx
dWo]af6 ;Dej eP;Dd nlntsnfsf] ljleGg ljwf
/ If]qsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g] / ;a} hflt, ln, efiffefifL
;d]tnfO{ ;d]6g\ ] u/L ug'k{ g]{ afWofTds Joj:yf
ul/Psf] 5 . P]gsf] bkmf !! n] k|lti7fgsf] sfo{sf/L
lgsfosf] kdf Ps k|f1 kl/ifb\ /xg] Joj:yf
u/]sf] 5 h;sf] ;+/rgfdf s'nklt cWoIf,
pks'nklt pkfWoIf, ;efsf dgf]gLt ;b:oxaf6
slDtdf b'O{ hgf dlxnf;lxt ;Dej eP;Dd ljleGg
hft, hflt, efiffefifLsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L
k|wfgdGqLaf6 dgf]gLt 5 hgf ;b:o / ;lrj
;b:o ;lrj /xg] Joj:yf u/]sf]df ;f] sfg"gL
Joj:yfsf] k|lts"n x'g] u/L o; cl3 u/]sf] dgf]gog
sfg"gljk/Lt eof] egL d lgj]lbsf /flugL
pkfWofon] )^%wo%$# / ls/0f dfgGw/ ;d]tn]
)^%wo$(* sf] l/6 lgj]bg bfo/ u/]sf lyof} .
pQm l/6 lgj]bgdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 ldlt
@)^^.!!.% df cfb]z x'Fbf kbflwsf/L tyf
k|f1;efsf ;b:ox lgo'lQm / dgf]gog ubf{
;DalGwt P]gdf ePsf] Joj:yfadf]lhd tt\ tt\
If]qdf ljz]if of]ubfg k'ofPsf Vofltk|fKt dlxnfx
;d]taf6 ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L k|f1
k| l ti7fgxsf] kbflwsf/L tyf k| f 1;efsf
;b:oxsf] lgo'lQm / dgf]gog u/L ;a} k|1f
k|lti7fgxsf] u7g ug'{ cfjZos b]lvPsf] x'bF f
pQm tLgj6} k|1f k|lti7fgx Pj+ k|f1;efdf
;b:ox lgo'lQm / dgf]gog ubf{ ;DalGwt If]qdf
538
ljlzi6 of]ubfg k'ofPsf dlxnfx ;d]tsf]

;dfg'kflts kdf plrt k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L
;DalGwt P]gdf ePsf] Joj:yfcg';f/ k|1f
k|lti7fgxsf] u7g ug'{ egL ljkIfLxsf] gfddf
lgb]z
{ gfTds cfb]z ;d]t hf/L ePsf] lyof] . pQm
cfb]zljk/Lt nlntsnfsf] If]qdf ljlzi6 cWoog,
cg';Gwfg tyf Vofltk|fKt gePsf JolQmxnfO{
lgo'Qm u/]sf] sfo{ nlntsnf k|1f k|lti7fg P]g,
@)^$ sf] bkmf *, !!, g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^# sf] wf/f #, !#, @! / ##-3!_ tyf o;
cbfntsf] ldlt @)^^.!!.% sf] cfb]z ljk/Lt x'bF f
pQm lgo'lQm pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ u/L k'gM
;+ljwfg, P]g tyf cbfntsf] k"j{ cfb]zadf]lhd
dgf]gog / lgo'lQm ug'{ egL ljkIfLxsf] gfddf
k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpmF egL lgDgadf]lhd
lgj]bg u/]sf 5f}M+
l;kmfl/z ;ldltsf ;b:oo pQd g]kfnL
/ pdL{nf uu{nfO{ lbPsf] dgf]gogkqdf g]kfn
;/sf/sf] ldlt @)^^.!@.@^ sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ egL
pNn]v 5 . t/ nlntsnf k|1f k|lti7fg P]g, @)^$
sf] bkmf *-!_-v_ df nlntsnfsf] If]qdf Vofltk|fKt
JolQmx dWo]af6 k|wfgdGqLn] tf]ss
] f] b'O{ hgf
eGg] pNn]v 5 . ha, P]gn] g} k|wfgdGqLn] tf]ss
] f]
JolQm eG5 eg] P]gsf] Joj:yf gf3]/ g]kfn ;/sf/n]
lgo'Qm ug{ gldNg] s'/f @)^% ;fnsf] )$(* g+=
sf] l/6 lgj]bgdf ePsf] cfb]zaf6 k|i6 x'G5 . pQm
l/6 lgj]bgsf] cfb]zdf sfg"gn] :ki6 kdf h'g
lgsfo jf kbflwsf/Laf6 h'g sfo{ jf lg0f{o x'g'
kb{5 egL ls6fgL;fy Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 To:tf]
sfo{ jf lg0f{o ;f]xL lgsfoaf6 jf kbflwsf/Laf6
x'g' kb{5 elgPsf] 5 . o;/L k|wfgdGqLn] tf]Sg'
kg]d
{ f g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lg0f{o elgPsf] x'bF f pQm
lg0f{o nlntsnf k|1f k|lti7fg P]g, @)^$ sf] bkmf
* -!_ -v_ ljk/Lt 5 .
nlntsnfsf $ k|dv
' ljwfdf nf]ssnf,
k/Dk/futsnf, x:tsnf / cfw'lgs snf x'g\ .
k|lti7fgsf] u7g ubf{ P]gsf] bkmf *-@_ adf]lhd
oL ;a} snfsf ljwfsf] ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj
539
x'g] u/L lgo'lQmsf] nflu l;kmfl/z / dgf]gog

x'gk' g]d
{ f ;f] adf]lhd geO{ s]jn cfw'lgs snfsf
JolQmxnfO{ dfq dgf]gog ul/Psf] sfo{af6 P]gsf]
p2]Zo k"/f ePsf] 5}g . k|f1;efdf @* hgf JolQm
x'gk' g]d{ f ;f] ;+Vof k"lt{ gu/L @! hgfdfq dgf]gog
ul/Psf] 5 . To;df klg dgf]gog /fhgLlts
efua08fsf] cfwf/df ePsf] 5 . k|f1 kl/ifb\sf]
u7g k|f1;efdf /x]sf JolQmaf6 ul/g] / k|f1
kl/ifb\df /xg] ( hgfdWo] ^ hgf ;b:o ;efaf6
x'g] Joj:yf ePsf]df bkmf & adf]lhd ;a}
kbflwsf/L lgo'lQm ePsf] cj:yfdf of]Uo JolQm
5gf}6 x'g;Sg] cj:yf lyof] t/ yf]/} ;+Vofdf lgo'lQm
u/]af6 of]Uo JolQm sd kg{ uO{ k|f1 kl/ifb\
/fhgLlts / bnut x:tIf]ksf] lzsf/ aGg k'us
] f]
5 . bkmf *-@_ adf]lhd nlntsnfsf] ljleGg ljwf
/ If]qsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L ;a} hft, hflt, efiff
efifL ;d]tnfO{ ;d]6g\ ] u/L gfd l;kmfl/z ug'k{ g]{
jfWofTds Joj:yf ;d]t kfngf ul/Psf] 5}g .
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f @! adf]lhd
dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L, dw]zL ;d'bfo, pTkLl8t
ju{, u/La ls;fg / dhb'/nfO{ ;dfg'kflts
;dfj]zL l;fGtsf] cfwf/df /fHosf] ;+/rgfdf
;xefuL u/fpg' kg]{ k|Tofe"t df}lns xssf] a]jf:tf
ul/Psf] 5 eg] pQm k|f1 kl/ifb\df dgf]gog ubf{
Pshgf klg dw]zL d"nsf JolQm ;dfj]z ul/Psf]
5}g .
ctM ;jf]R{ r cbfntaf6 hf/L ePsf]
cfb]z / nlntsnf k|1f k|lti7fg P]g, @)^$ sf]
bkmf * ljk/Ltsf] sfo{af6 xfdL lgj]bsnufot
nlntsnf;Fu ;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{ snfsf/ ;d]tsf]
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #,
!@-#_-r_, !#-!_ -@_-#_, !& -#_, !* tyf @! f/f
k|bQ df}lns xsdf k|ToIf cf3ft kf/]sf] / wf/f
## -3!_ adf]lhdsf] /fHosf] ;+jw} flgs bfloTj
;d]t k"/f gu/]sf] x'bF f ljkIfLsf] ldlt @)^^.!@.@^
sf] l;kmfl/z ;ldlt u7g ug]{ elgPsf] lg0f{o,
@)^^.!@.#! sf] dgf]gog / lgo'lQm ug]{ lg0f{o tyf
;f];Fu ;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{ sfo{ tyf lg0f{ox
pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ u/L nlntsnf k|1f

k|lti7fg P]g, @)^$ / o; cbfntsf] @)^^.!!.%
sf] cfb]zadf]lhd kbflwsf/Lx dgf]gog ug'{ egL
ljkIfLxsf gfddf k/dfb]z cfb]z ;d]t hf/L
ul/kfpmF eGg] l/6 lgj]bg .
adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g' gkg]{ xf] < of]
lbgleq lnlvt hjfkm k]z ug'{ egL ;"rgf k7fO{
lnlvt hjfkm k]z ePkl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5
lgodadf]lhd k]z ug'{ . cGtl/d cfb]zsf]
5nkmnsf] nflu ldlt @)^&.#.!^ sf] tfl/v tf]sL
;f]sf] ;"rgf ljkIfLxnfO{ lbg' eGg] o; cbfntsf]
ldlt @)^&.#.( sf] cfb]z .
o;df g] k fn nlntsnf k| 1 f
k|lti7fg;DaGwL ;Ssn kmfOnaf6 g]kfn nlntsnf
k|1f k|lti7fg P]g, @)^$ sf] bkmf * adf]lhd
l;kmfl/z ;ldlt u7g eO{ pQm ;ldltsf]
l;kmfl/zdf k|wfgdGqLn] pk/f]Qm bkmf @!-!_
adf]lhd ljkIfLxnfO{ kl/ifb\sf] kbflwsf/Ldf
lgo'Qm u/]sf] eGg] Joxf]/fx ;lxtsf lgo'lQmkqx
lbPsf] xf] . lgj]bsn] p7fpg' ePsf kbflwsf/Lxsf]
of]Uotf;DaGwL k|Zg Pj+ lgo'lQm ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{
k|lqmofx ckgfPsf] jf gckgfPsf] eGg] k|Zgsf]
;DaGwdf ljkIfLxaf6 lnlvt hjfkm k|fKt x'g
afFsL e} ;f] k|fKt ePkl5 clGtd ;'gj' fO x'bF f ljrf/
u/L lg0f{o ug'k{ g]{ k|Zg b]lvPsf] / dfu adf]lhd
tTsfn cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ug]{ k|Zgsf] xsdf
tTsfn cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L gePdf ck"/0fLo IftL
x'g] l:ylt gb]lvPsf] / tTsfn ljBdfg ;'ljwf /
;Gt'ngsf] b[li6n] k|:t't d'2fdf cGtl/d cfb]z
hf/L x'g ;Sg] l:ylt ljBdfg gb]lvPsf]n] dfu
adf] l hd cGtl/d cfb] z hf/L ug{ k/] g ,
lgodadf]lhd k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt
@)^&.#.@% sf] cfb]z .
nlntsnf k|1f k|lti7fgsf kbflwsf/L
lgo'lQm jf dgf]gogsf ;DaGwdf nlntsnf k|1f
k|lti7fg P]g, @)^$ sf] bkmf &-@_ n] Ps k|f1;efsf]
Joj:yf u/]sf] x'bF f bkmf & -@_ -3_ adf]lhd

nlntsnfsf] If]q;Fu ;DalGwt ljlzi6 JolQmx
dWo]af6 ;dfj]lztfnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL dlxnfx
;d]tsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L k|wfgdGqLn] lgo'lQm
u/]sf] rf}aL; hgf ;b:o k|f1;efdf /xg] Joj:yf
5 . o;/L lgo'lQm x'g] jf dgf]gog x'g] k|f1;efsf
kbflwsf/Lxsf] l;kmfl/z ug{sf nflu bkmf *-!_
df Ps l;kmfl/z ;ldltsf] Joj:yf /x]sf] ;Gbe{df
;f]xL adf]lhd eP u/]sf sfdsf/jfxL jf lg0f{onfO{
sfg"gljk/Lt eGg ldNb}g . k|wfgdGqLn] lgo'lQm
ug'{kg]{df ;f] gePsf] eGg] k|Zgsf ;DaGwdf
k|wfgdGqLaf6 lgo'lQm x'g] P]gsf] bkmf &-@_-3_
adf]lhdsf ;b:oxsf nflu bkmf *-!_ adf]lhdsf]
l;kmfl/z cfjZos gkg]{ egL afx]s gug's
{ f] cnfjf
k|wfgdGqL :jod Ps ;+:yf ePsf]n] k|wfgdGqLaf6
x'g] sfo{x ;d]t ;+:yfut kdf ;Dkfbg ug'{
P]gsf] p2]Zocg'sn
" g} x'bF f l/6 hf/L x'gkg]{ cj:yf
gx'bF f vf/]h ul/kfpmF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|wfgdGqL
dfwjs'df/ g]kfnsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
nlntsnf k|1f k|lti7fg P]g, @)^$ sf]
bkmf * adf]lhd k|1f k|lti7fgsf] kbflwsf/L
tyf ;efdf dgf]gog x'g] ;b:osf] lgo'lQm jf
dgf] g ogsf nflu gfd l;kmfl/z ug{ o;}
dGqfnosf dGqLsf] cWoIftfdf nlntsnfsf]
If]qdf Vofltk|fKt JolQmxdWo]af6 k|wfgdGqLn]
tf]s]sf b'O{ hgf ;b:o /xg] Joj:yf 5 . o;}
k| o f] h gsf] nflu ldlt @)^^.!@.@^ sf]
lg0f{oadf]lhd pQd g]kfnL / pdL{nf uu{
;b:osf kdf tf] l sPkl5 pQm ;ldltsf
cWoIfsf] cWoIftfdf ldlt @)^^.!@.#! df ;f]
;ldltsf] a}7s a;L ;f]xL a}7saf6 kbflwsf/L
tyf ;b:oxsf] lgo'lQm / dgf]gogsf] nflu
ul/Psf] l;kmfl/zadf]lhd ;DalGwt P]gf/f
lgwf{l/t k|lqmof k"/f u/L tyf ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf]
ldlt @)^^.!!.% sf] cfb]zfg';f/ Vofltk|fKt
dlxnfx ;d]tsf] ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj x'g]
u/L k|wfgdGqLn] lgo'lQm / dgf]gog ug'{ ePsf]
xf] . k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd nlntsnf k|1f
540
k|lti7fg u7g ul/Psf] sfo{af6 lgj]bssf] s]

s:tf] df}lns xsdf cf3ft k/]sf] xf] / To:tf]
sfo{n] s] s:tf] ;+j}wflgs bfloTj k"/f gePsf]
;f]sf] :ki6 sf/0f / cfwf/ pNn]v ug{ g;s]af6
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpmF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
;+3Lo dfldnf, ;+ljwfg;ef, ;+;bLo Joj:yf
tyf ;+:s[ltdGqL 8f=ldg]Gb| l/hfn / P]=dGqfnosf]
tkm{af6 ;lrj df]b/fh 8f]6]nsf] Ps} ldnfgsf]
5'f5'} lnlvt hjfkm .
dnfO{ / pQd g]kfnLnfO{ k|wfgdGqLn]
tf]sc
] g'k # ;b:oLo l;kmfl/z ;ldlt u7g ePsf]
tYodf ljjfb 5}g . sfg"gn] k|i6 kdf h'g
clwsf/Laf6 x'gk' g]{ egL Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 ;f]xL
clwsf/Laf6 l;kmfl/z ;ldlt u7g ePsf] sfo{nfO{
cGoyf eGg ldNb}g . k|lti7fgsf] k|f1;ef / kl/ifb\df
l;kmfl/z JolQmx nlntsnf;Fu ;DalGwt
nf] s snf, k/Dk/futsnf, x:tsnf /
cfw'lgssnfsf Vofltk|fKt JolQm x'g' ePsf] / g]kfnL
nlntsnfIf]qsf] g]tT[ jbfoL e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{;Sg]
of]Uo JolQm ePsf] sf/0f l;kmfl/z ;ldltsf]
;j{;Ddt\ lg0f{oaf6 k|lti7fgsf k|dv
' ;+/Ifs
k|wfgdGqL;dIf l;kmfl/z ul/Psf] / k|d'v
;+/Ifsaf6 nlntsnf k|1f k|lti7fg P]g, @)^$
sf] bkmf @! cg'k k|f1;ef / kl/ifb\df lgo'Qm
ul/Psf] sfo{ sfg"g;Ddt\ x'bF f l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h
ul/kfpmF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] nlntsnf k|1f
k|lti7fg, l;kmfl/z ;ldltsf] ;b:o pdL{nf uu{sf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
dnfO{ / pdL{nf uu{nfO{ k|wfgdGqLn]
tf]sc
] g'k # ;b:oLo l;kmfl/z ;ldlt u7g ePsf]
tYodf ljjfb 5}g . sfg"gn] k|i6kdf h'g
clwsf/Laf6 x'g' kg]{ egL Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 ;f]xL
clwsf/Laf6 l;kmfl/z ;ldlt u7g ePsf] sfo{nfO{
cGoyf eGg ldNb}g . k|lti7fgsf] k|1f ;ef /
kl/ifb\df l;kmfl/z JolQmx nlntsnf;Fu
;DalGwt nf]ssnf, k/Dk/futsnf, x:tsnf /
cfw'lgssnfsf Vofltk|fKt JolQm x'g' ePsf] / g]kfnL
nlntsnfIf]qsf] g]tT[ jbfoL e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{;Sg]
541
of]Uo JolQm ePsf] sf/0f l;kmfl/z ;ldltsf]

;j{;Ddt\ lg0f{oaf6 k|lti7fgsf k|dv
' ;+/Ifs
k|wfgdGqL;dIf l;kmfl/z ul/Psf] / k|d'v
;+/Ifsaf6 nlntsnf k|1f k|lti7fg P]g, @)^$
sf] bkmf @! cg'k k|f1;ef / kl/ifb\df lgo'Qm
ul/Psf] sfo{ sfg"g;Ddt\ x'bF f l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h
ul/kfpmF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] nlntsnf k|1f
k|lti7fg l;kmfl/z ;ldltsf] ;b:o pQd g]kfnLsf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
bkmf * cg'k k|wfgdGqLn] tf]ss
] f b'O{ hgf ;b:o
;d]t tLg ;b:oLo l;kmfl/z ;ldltsf] u7g x'g]
Joj:yfadf]lhd pQd g]kfnL / pdL{nf uu{nfO{
k|wfgdGqLaf6 ldlt @)^^.!@.@^ df tf]sL pQm
;ldltsf] ldlt @)^^.!@.#! sf] l;kmfl/zcg'k
k|wfgdGqLaf6 ldlt @)^&.!.@ df k|lti7fgsf]
kbflwsf/L tyf ;efdf dgf]gog x'g] ;b:ox
pQm P]gsf] bkmf @! adf]lhd lgo'lQm ul/Psf] xf] .
lgh b'O{ hgf ;b:osf] of]Uotfsf] af/]df s'g} k|Zg
p7fpg g;s]a] f6 lghx ;d]t ;nUg l;kmfl/z
;ldltsf] l;kmfl/zdf b'Oh
{ gf dlxnf;lxt hft,
hflt, efiffefifLsf] ;d]t k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L kl/ifb\
u7g ePsf] / sfg"gadf]lhd eP u/]sf sfo{af6
ljkIfLxsf] s'g} klg sfg"gL tyf ;+jw} flgs xsdf
c;/ gk/]sf] x'bF f l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpmF eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] nlntsnf k|1f k|lti7fgsf] k|f1;ef
;b:o ljho yfkf, d's;
] dNn, kjgs'df/ /fhj+zL,
e'jg yfkfdu/, tf/fk|;fb cf]emf, lgdf 3\ofD5f,
wgaxfb'/ ofSvf, 1fg]Gb| ljjz, ;'idf /fhe08f/Lsf]
;+oQ
' m lnlvt hjfkm .
bkmf * cg'k k|wfgdGqLn] tf]s]sf b'O{ hgf
;b:o ;d]t tLg ;b:oLo l;kmfl/z ;ldltsf]
u7g x'g] Joj:yfadf]lhd pQd g]kfnL / pdL{nf
uu{nfO{ k|wfgdGqLaf6 ldlt @)^^.!@.@^ df tf]sL
pQm ;ldltsf] ldlt @)^^.!@.#! sf]
l;kmfl/zcg'k k|wfgdGqLaf6 ldlt @)^&.!.@
df k|lti7fgsf] kbflwsf/L tyf ;efdf dgf]gog
x'g] ;b:ox pQm P]gsf] bkmf @! adf]lhd lgo'Qm

ul/Psf] xf] . lgh b'O{ hgf ;b:osf] of]Uotfsf]
af/]df s'g} k|Zg p7fpg g;s]]af6 lghx ;d]t
;nUg l;kmfl/z ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/zdf b'Ohgf
dlxnf;lxt hft, hflt, efiffefifLsf] ;d]t
k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L kl/ifb\ u7g ePsf] /
sfg"gadf]lhd eP u/]sf sfo{af6 ljkIfLxsf]
s'g} klg sfg"gL tyf ;+jw} flgs xsdf c;/ gk/]sf]
x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpmF eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] nlntsnf k|1f k|lti7fgsf] ;b:o zf/bf
lrqsf/, s0f{ df:s], zfGts'df/ /fO{, cf]d vqL,
/jLg sf]O/fnfsf] ;+o'Qm lnlvt hjfkm .
nlntsnf k|1f k|lti7fg P]g, @)^$ hf/L
ePkZrft\ bkmf @! cg' k k| d ' v ;+ / Ifs
k|wfgdGqLaf6 dnfO{ k|1f k|lti7fgsf] ;b:o
;lrjdf lgo'lQm ul/Psf] xf] . d nfdf] ;dob]lv
nlntsnfsf ljleGg ljwfdf cg';Gwfg ug]{ gofF
l;h{gf ug]{ sfo{ ub}{ cfPsf] 5' . x'nfs l6s6df
l8hfOg ug]{ / d'xf/ lrq0f ug]{ sfo{ ub}{ cfPsf]
5' . k|1f k|lti7fg P]gn] vf; z}lIfs of]Uotfsf]
dfu gu/]sf] cj:yfdf dnfO{ ul/Psf] lgo'lQm
cGoyf xf] eGg ldNb}g . d ljut $) jif{b]lv
nlntsnfsf] If]qdf ;fwgf/t 5' o; cj:yfdf
d]/f] lgo'lQmpk/ ljkIfLn] k|Zg p7fpg ldNb}g .
nlntsnf k|1f k|lti7fg P]g, @)^$ sf] bkmf *
cg'k k|wfgdGqLn] tf]s]sf @ hgf ;b:o ;d]t
tLg ;b:oLo l;kmfl/z ;ldltsf] u7g x'g]
pQm P]gsf] bkmf @! adf]lhd lgo'lQm ul/Psf]
xf] . lgh b'O{hgf ;b:osf] of]Uotfsf] af/]df s'g}
k|Zg p7fpg g;s]]af6 lghx ;d]t ;nUg
l;kmfl/z ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/zdf b' O { hgf
dlxnf;lxt hft, hflt, efiffefifLsf] ;d]t
k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L kl/ifb\ u7g ePsf] /
sfg"gadf]lhd eP u/]sf sfo{af6 ljkIfLxsf]

s'g} klg sfg"gL tyf ;+jw} flgs xsdf c;/ gk/]sf]
x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpmF eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] nlntsnf k|1f k|lti7fgsf] ;b:o ;lrj
sfG5fs'df/ sdf{rfo{sf] lnlvt hjfkm .
k|wfgdGqLaf6 dnfO{ k|1f k|lti7fgsf] pks"nkltdf
lgo'lQm ul/Psf] xf] . d nfdf] ;dob]lv nlntsnfsf]
If]qdf ;fwgf/t 5' eg] :jb]z tyf ljb]zdf snf
k|bz{gL ul/cfPsf] 5' . d]/f] of]Uotfsf] af/]df
ljkIfLxn] s'g} k|Zg p7fpg g;s]kl5 d]/f]
lgo'lQmdf ;d]t k|Zg p7fpg ldNb}g . nlntsnf
k|1f k|lti7fg P]g, @)^$ sf] bkmf * cg'k
k|wfgdGqLn] tf]ss
] f b'O{ hgf ;b:o ;d]t tLg
;b:oLo l;kmfl/z ;ldltsf] u7g x' g ]
pQm P]gsf] bkmf @! adf]lhd lgo'lQm ul/Psf] xf] .
;ldltsf] l;kmfl/zdf b'O{ hgf dlxnf;lxt hft,
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] nlntsnf k|1f k|lti7fgsf
pks'nklt 7fs'/k|;fb d}gfnLsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
k|wfgdGqLaf6 dnfO{ k|1f k|lti7fgsf] s'nkltdf
lgo'Qm ul/Psf] xf] . d nfdf] ;do $@ jif{bl] v
nlntsnfsf] If]qdf ;fwgf/t 5' eg] :jb]z tyf
ljb]zdf snf k|bz{gL ul/cfPsf] 5' . d]/f] of]Uotfsf]
af/]df ljkIfLxn] s'g} k|Zg p7fpg g;s]kl5
542
d]/f] lgo'lQmdf ;d]t k|Zg p7fpg ldNb}g . nlntsnf

k|1f k|lti7fg P]g, @)^$ sf] bkmf * cg'k
k|wfgdGqLn] tf]ss
] f @ hgf ;b:o ;d]t tLg
;b:oLo l;kmfl/z ;ldltsf] u7g x' g ]
;ldltsf] ldlt @)^^.!@.#! sf] l;kmfl/z cg'k
pQm P]gsf] bkmf @! adf]lhd lgo'Qm ul/Psf] xf] .
;ldltsf] l;kmfl/zdf b'Oh
{ gf dlxnf;lxt hft,
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] nlntsnf k|1f k|lti7fgsf s'nklt
tyf cWoIf ls/0f dfgGw/sf] lnlvt hjfkm .
o; cbfntaf6 )^%wo$(* / )^%
wo%$# sf] l/6 lgj]bgdf k|1f k|lti7fg Pj+
k|f1;efsf ;b:ox lgo'lQm / dgf]gog ubf{
;DalGwt If]qdf ljlzi7 of]ubfg k'ofPsf dlxnfx
;d]tsf] ;dfg'kflts kdf plrt k|ltlglwTj x'g]
u/L ;DalGwt P]gdf ePsf] Joj:yfcg';f/ k|1f
k|lti7fgxsf] u7g ug'{ egL ljkIfLxsf] gfddf
ldlt @)^^.!!.% df lgb]z
{ gfTds cfb]z hf/L ePsf]
/ ;f] cfb]z kZrft\ nlntsnf k|1f k|lti7fgsf]
;ef / kl/ifb\sf] ;b:oxsf] dgf]gog / lgo'lQm
ug{ g]kfn nlntsnf k|1f k|lti7fg P]g, @)^$ sf]
bkmf *-!_ adf]lhd u7g x'g] l;kmfl/z ;ldltsf]
tLg ;b:oLo ;ldltdf k|wfgdGqLn] tf]ss
] f b'O{
hgf ;b:o /xg] Joj:yfadf]lhd pQd g]kfnL /
pdL{nf uu{nfO{ ldlt @)^^.!@.@^ df k|wfgdGqLaf6
l;kmfl/z ;ldltsf] ;b:odf tf]ss
] f] eGg] s'/f
;+3Lo dfldnf, ;+ljwfg;ef, ;+;bLo Joj:yf tyf
;+:s[lt dGqfnoaf6 k|fKt ePsf] kmfonaf6 b]lvG5 .
nlntsnf k|1f k|lti7fgsf] ;ef / kl/ifb\sf] lgo'lQm
543
/ dgf] g ogsf] sf/jfxL cl3 a9fpg' egL

k|wfgdGqLaf6 ldlt @)^^.!@.@^ df lg0f{o
ePadf]lhd pQm P]gsf] bkmf &-@_ adf]lhd u7g
x'g] k|f1;efdf ls/0f dfgGw/, 7fs'/k|;fb d}gfnL,
s]=s]=sdf{rfo{, zf/bf lrqsf/, lgj]bs /flugL
pkfWofo u|n
] f, s0f{ df:s], zfGts'df/ /fO{, cf]d
vqL, /jLg sf]O/fnf, ljho yfkf, d'sz
] dNn,
l;tfb]jL s0f{, k[YjLgf/fo0f >]i7, e'jg yfkfdu/,
tf/fk|;fb cf]emf, lgdf ofD5f nfdf, wgaxfb'/
ofVof, kjgs'df/ /fhj+zL, 1fg]Gb| ljjz, hLjgfy
kf]v/]n, z'idf /fhe08f/L ;d]t u/L @! hgf /
;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf !!-@_ adf]lhd k|f1;efaf6 g}
u7g x'g] kl/ifb\d\ f ls/0f dfgGw/, 7fs'/k|;fb d}gfnL,
s]=s]=sdf{rfo{, zf/bf lrqsf/, lgj]bs /flugL
pkfWofo u|n
] f, s0f{ df:s], zfGts'df/ /fO{, cf]d
vqL, /jLg sf]O/fnf / s]=s]=sdf{rfo{ ;d]tsf
JolQmx /x]sf] b]lvG5 . pQm JolQmxsf]
gfdfjnLaf6 g} ;ef / kl/ifb\d
\ f hft, hflt,
efiffefifL, dlxnf / dw]zL g;d]l6Psf] eGg] b]lvb}g .
s'g If]qsf] nflu s:tf] of]Uotf, bIftf /
Ifdtf jf cg'ejsf] cfjZostf kb{5 eGg] s'/f
To; ljifosf] k|sl[ t;+uF ;fk]lIft x'G5 . o:tf]
ljlzli6s[t If]qdf pQm ljwfsf] Voflt gePsf
JolQm /fVg'kg]{ afWofTds Joj:yf cltzof]lQmk"0f{
x'g ;Sg] ePsf]n] g]kfn nlntsnf k|1f k|lti7fg
P]g, @)^$ sf] bkmf * -@_ / !!-@_-u_ df /x]sf]
;Dej eP;Dd eGg] k|fjwfgnfO{ clgjfo{ /
aGwgsf/L k|fjwfg xf] egL dfGg ;lsg] b]lvPg .
s'g} vf; p2]Zo lnO{ s'g} ;+:yf :yfkgf ul/G5 /
To:tf] ;+:yf ;~rfngfy{ ;f] ;+:yfsf] k|sl[ tn] g}
ljlzi7 Ifdtf / bIftf ePsf] of]Uo JolQm k|jz
] sf]
nflu ;dfj]lztfnfO{ afWofTds agfPsf] x'bF g} eg]
To:tf] cj:yfdf ;dfj]lztfsf gfddf nlntsnf
h:tf] ljlzli6s[t If]qdf lgj]bsn] bfjL lnPadf]lhd
dhb"/, ls;fg h:tf] ju{ jf k]zdf /x]sf JolQmnfO{
dgf]gog ug'{ cgy{ x'g hfG5 .
l;kmfl/z ;ldltsf] ;b:odf pQd g]kfnL
/ pdL{ n f uu{ n fO{ ldlt @)^^.!@.@^ df
k|wfgdGqLaf6 tf]ss
] f] eGg] s'/f ;+3Lo dfldnf,
;+ljwfg;ef, ;+;bLo Joj:yf tyf ;+:s[lt
dGqfnoaf6 k|fKt kmfonaf6 b]lvPsf] 5 . pQm
kmfOnaf6 g]kfn nlntsnf k|1f k|lti7fg P]g, @)^$
sf] bkmf * adf]lhd l;kmfl/z ;ldlt u7g eO{
pQm ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/zdf k|wfgdGqLn] pk/f]Qm
bkmf @!-!_ adf]lhd ljkIfLxnfO{ kl/ifb\sf]
kbflwsf/Ldf lgo'Qm u/]sf] eGg] Joxf]/fx ;lxtsf
lgo'lQmkqxaf6 b]lvPsf]n] ;f] lg0f{o dlGqkl/ifb\a\ f6
ePsf] ge} k|wfgdGqLn] u/]sf] eGg] s'/f pQm lg0f{o
kmfonaf6 b]lvPsf] 5 .
k|wfgdGqLn] k|f1;efdf @$ hgf dgf]gLt
ug]{ g]kfn nlntsnf k|1f k|lti7fg P]g, @)^$ sf]
bkmf &-@_-3_ sf] Joj:yfsf ;DaGwdf x]bf{ lghn]
dgf]gLt ug]{ clwstd ;+Vof @$ xf] . dgf]gLt
ug]n
{ ] ;f] ;Ldf eGbf a9L ug{ gkfpg] xf], o;df
clt Go"g ;+Vofdf dgf]gLt u/]sf] geO{ k"/f ;+Vof
@$ hgf x'gd] f @! hgf dgf]gLt ul/;s]sf] b]lvG5 .
g]kfn nlntsnf k|1f k|lti7fg P]g, @)^$ sf] bkmf
!) adf]lhd ;efdf tTsfn sfod /x]sf ;b:o
;+Vofsf] krf; k|ltzt eGbf a9L ;b:ox pkl:yt
ePdf ;efsf] a}7ssf] u0fk"/s ;+Vof dflgg] eGg]
pNn]v ePsf] kfOFbf dfq tLg hgf ;b:o dgf]gLt
gePs} sf/0fn] ;efsf] a}7s ck"0f{ tyf j}wtfljxLg
x'g] eGg] klg b]lvPg .
ctM dfly ljj]lrt cfwf/af6 g]kfn
nlntsnf k|1f k|lti7fgsf] ;ef / kl/ifb\ u7gsf]
nflu ldlt @)^^.!@.@^ sf] l;kmfl/z ;ldlt u7g
ug]{ elgPsf] lg0f{o, ;f] ;ldltn] ldlt @)^^.!@.#!
df k|f1;ef / kl/ifb\df dgf]gog / lgo'lQmsf]
nflu u/]sf] l;kmfl/z tyf ldlt @)^&.!.@ sf] lgo'lQm
;d]tsf lg0f{o g]kfn nlntsnf k|1f k|lti7fg P]g,
@)^$ sf] bkmf &-@_, *-!_, *-@_ / !!-@_ -u_ / @!
adf]lhd eP u/]sf] b]lvg'sf] cltl/Qm pQm
lg0f{ o xaf6 lgj] b ssf] s' g } sfg" g L tyf
;+ljwfgk|bQ xsdf c;/ k'us
] f] gb]lvbf l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] dfggLo
GofofwLz >L k|d
] zdf{sf] /fo .
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t\ k|fKt

;DalGwt lg0f{o;DaGwL ;Ssn sfuhftx x]bf{
pQm lg0f{o g]kfn ;/sf/af6 ge} k|wfgdGqLaf6 g}
ePsf] b]lvPsf] / ;f] sfuhftxnfO{ cGoyf eGg
;lsg] cj:yf gx'bF f ;f] lg0f{o e};s]kl5 n]lvPsf]
kqxsf] Joxf]/f Pj+ k|oQ
' m Kof8xsf] cfwf/df
dfq pQm lg0f{o k|wfgdGqLaf6 ePsf] ge} g]kfn
;/sf/af6 ePsf] eGg ldn]g . To;sf/0f ldlt
@)^^.!@.@^ df ePsf] k|wfgdGqLsf] lg0f{ocg';f/
pQm l;kmfl/z ;ldltsf] b'O{ hgf ;b:oxsf]
lgo'lQmnfO{ cGoyf eGg ldn]g .
g]kfn nlntsnf k|1f k|lti7fg P]g,
@)^$ sf] bkmf &-@_ sf] v08 -3_ cg';f/
;b:ox dgf]gLt x'g nlntsnfsf] If]q;Fu
;DalGwt ljlzi6 JolQmx dWo] a f6
;dfj]lztfnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL dlxnfx ;d]tsf]
pko'Qm k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L k|wfgdGqLn] @$
hgf ;b:ox dgf]gLt ug{'kg]{ / ;f]xL P]gsf]
bkmf *-@_ sf] Joj:yfcg';f/ ;ldltn] ;efsf]
;b:odf dgf]gogsf] nflu gfd l;kmfl/z ubf{
nlntsnfsf] If]qdf cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg
u/]sf jf ;f] ljwfdf Voflt k|fKt JolQmx dWo]af6
;Dej eP;Dd nlntsnfsf] ljleGg ljwf /
If]qsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g] / ;a} hflt, ln, efiffefifL
;d]tnfO{ ;d]6\g] u/L gfd l;kmfl/z ug'{kg]{ egL
Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;f] Joj:yfcg';f/
dgf]gLt ug{sf] nflu ;j{k|yd nlntsnfsf]
If]q;Fu ;DalGwt ljlzi6 JolQmx dWo]af6g}
x'g'kg]{ / l;kmfl/z ;ldltn] ;d]t l;kmfl/z ubf{
;f] If]qdf cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg u/]sf jf ;f]
ljwfdf Voflt k|fKt JolQmx dWo]af6 l;kmfl/z
ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf ePaf6 P]gn] :ki6 kdf u/]sf
pQm Joj:yfnfO{ pk]Iff ug{;Sg] cj:yf x'g
;Sb} + g . o;sf] cltl/Qm dgf] g Lt ubf{
;dfj]lztfnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL Pj+ dlxnfx
;d]tsf] pko'Qm k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L dgf]gLt
ug'{kg]{ / ;f] ;DaGwdf l;kmfl/z ubf{ ;d]t
;Dej eP;Dd nlntsnfsf] ljleGg ljwf /
544
If]qsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g] / ;a} hflt, ln, efiffefifL

;d]tnfO{ ;d]6\g] u/L gfd l;kmfl/z ug{' kg]{
x'g cfpF5 .
k|f1;ef u7g ug{ g]kfn nlntsnf k|1f
k|lti7fg P]g, @)^$ sf] bkmf &-@_ sf] v08 -3_
sf] k|of]hg Pj+ ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf *-@_ sf]
Joj:yfg';f/ nlntsnfsf ljleGg ljwf Pj+
If]qxdf cWoog, cg';Gwfg u/]sf jf ;f]
ljwfdf Voflt k|fKt Pj+ ljlzi6 JolQmx dWo]af6
sfg"gn] lgwf{l/t u/]adf]lhdsf] l;kmfl/z Pj+
dgf]gog e} ;f] k|f1;efsf] u7g x'g'kg]{ / ;f]
ubf{ ;dfj] l ztfnfO{ Wofgdf ;d] t /fvL
dlxnfxsf] ;d]t pko'{Qm k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L
dgf]gLt x'g'kg]{df pknAw u/fO{sf sfuhftx
cg';f/ ldlt @)^^.!@.#! sf] dfly plNnlvt
l;kmfl/z Pj+ dgf] g ogdf P] g sf pQm
Joj:yfxnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL j:t'ut ?kdf,
cfwf/x Pj+ sf/0fx v'nfO{ sfdsf/jfxL
ePsf] gkfOPsf]n] l/6 lgj]bgsf] bfjLcg';f/
;DalGwt l;kmfl/z ;ldltaf6 ldlt @)^^.!@.#!
df ul/Psf] l;kmfl/z Pj+ ;f] cfwf/df ;f]xL
ldltdf k| w fgdGqLf/f ePsf] dgf] g og
sfg"g;Ddt\ ePsf] eGg gldNgfn] pQm l;kmfl/z
/ ;f] cfwf/df ePsf] dgf]gognfO{ pTk|]if0fsf]
cfb]zf/f ab/ ul/lbPsf] 5 . ca, pk/f]Qm
sfg"gL Joj:yfxnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL k|f1;efsf]
u7gsf] k|lqmof k'/f u/L dgf]gog;DaGwL sfo{
;d]t u/L k|f1;efsf] u7g ug'{ u/fpg' egL
ljkIfLxsf gfpFdf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z ;d]t
hf/L x'g] 7x5{ . t/ k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] lg0f{o
;DaGwdf dfggLo GofofwLz >L k|]d zdf{Ho"sf]
/fo;Fu dt}Sotf sfod x'g g;s]sf]n] ;jf]{Rr
cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod #-!_-s_
adf]lhd k"0f{ Ohnf;df k]z ug"{ eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] dfggLo GofofwLz >L lu/Lz rGb|
nfnsf] /fo .
lgodadf]lhd k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't
l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bssf tkm{af6 /xg' ePsf
ljfg clwjQmfqo >L k|sfzdl0f zdf{, >L

/d0fs'df/ >]i7 / >L dfwjs'df/ a:g]tn]
k|wfgdGqLsf] lnlvt hjfkmaf6} ;ldlt u7gsf]
dfOGo"6 kl5 tof/ kf/]sf] eGg] k|i6 b]lvPsf]n]
ldlt @)^^.!@.@^ df l;kmfl/z ;ldlt u7g ePs}
xf]Og . To;df klg ;ldltsf ;b:on] ldlt
@)^^.!@.#! df dfq kq a'em]sf] eGg] kqsf]
kL7df pNn]v ePsf] rnfgL g++=/ ldltaf6
k|dfl0ft ePsf]df ;f]xL lbg lgo'lQmsf] l;kmfl/z
ul/Psf] sfo{ k|f/lDes ?kdf g} q'l6k"0f{ 5 . Ps}
lbgdf tLg ljwfsf ;Dk"0f{ snfsf/sf] af/]df
j:t'lgi6 ?kdf hfFra'em u/L lgo'lQmsf] l;kmfl/z
ug{ ;Dej 5}g . To;} eP/ ;a} ljwfsf JolQmx
;d]l6Psf] l:ylt 5}g . To:t} nlntsnfsf ljleGg
ljwfdf cWoog/t ljBfyL{xnfO{ dgf]gog
ul/Psf] 5 hjls pgLxnfO{ k9fpg] u'?x
l;kmfl/zdf k/]sf] cj:yf 5}g . ;+ljwfg / P]gsf]
efjgf cg';f/ ;dfj]lztfsf] cwf/df l;kmfl/z
ug'{kg]{ egL ;DdfgLt cbfntaf6 hf/L ePsf]
cfb]zsf] klg pk]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . k|lqmofut q'l6
u/L ePsf] lg0f{o ab/ x'g] s'/f ;+j}wflgs
kl/ifb\\sf] lg0f{o ab/ ePsf] b[i6fGtaf6 :ki6}
x'Fbf lgj]bg dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L u/]sf]
dfggLo GofofwLz >L lu/Lz rGb| nfnsf] /fo
;b/ x'g' kb{5 eGg] ;d]t ax; k|:t't ug'{eof] .
k|ToyL{ k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf]
sfof{ n o ;d] t sf tkm{ a f6 pkl:yt ljfg
;xGofoflwjQmf >L dx]zs'df/ kf}8n
] n] l;kmfl/z
;ldlt u7g ug]{ lg0f{o k|wfgdGqLaf6} ePsf] eGg]
s'/f ;Ssn} dfOGo"6af6 k|dfl0ft ePsf] / ;+oQ
' m
Ohnf;sf dfggLo GofofwLzx aLr ;f] ljifodf
dt}Sotf ePsf]n] To;df ljjfb x'gk' g]{ cj:yf
5}g . ;/sf/L lgsfoaf6 ul/g] kqfrf/sf] cu|efudf
rnfgL g+= /xg] x'bF f kqsf] kL7df o:tf] s'/f pNn]v
x'bF g} . kmfon ;+nUg kqsf] sfof{no k|ltaf6 o:tf]
gb]lvPsf]n] lgj]bsxn] k]z u/]sf kqsf]
ljZj;gLotf 5}g . k|f1;efsf] nflu s'g JolQm
of]Uo / s'g cof]Uo egL Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf]
545
If]qaf6 hfFr k/LIf0f u/L lgwf{/0f ug{ ldNg] ljifo

klg xf]Og . ;dfj]lztfnfO{ ul0ftLo cfwf/df dfkg
ug{ ldNb}g . l;kmfl/zdf k/]sf JolQmxsf] gfd,
y/ ;d]tsf] ljj/0faf6} ;dfj]zL ?kdf g} lgo'lQmsf]
l;kmfl/z ul/Psf] eGg] b]lvG5 . P]gdf lgwf{/0f
ul/Psf] s'g} klg k|lqmofTds q'l6 ePsf] cj:yf
gePsf]n] lgj]bg vf/]h ug]{ u/]sf] dfggLo
GofofwLz >L k|d
] zdf{sf] /fo ;b/ x'g' kb{5 eGg]
;d]t ax; ug'e
{ of] .
cGo k|ToyL{sftkm{af6 /xg' ePsf ljfg
jl/i7 clwjQmf >L xl/x/ bfxfn tyf ljfg
clwjQmfx >L xl/k|;fb pk|]tL, >L xl/s[i0f
sfsL{, >L z]/axfb'/ s]=;L=, >L dx]z g]kfn /
>L k/z'/fd sf]O/fnfn] g]kfn nlntsnf k|1f
k| l ti7fg P] g , @)^$ sf] bkmf @-s_ df
lrqsnfnufotsf ^ j6f ljwfnfO{ k|i6 ?kdf
pNn]v u/L cGo l;h{gfTds snf ;d]tnfO{
nlntsnfsf] ?kdf kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 . bkmf
& adf]lhdsf] k|f1;ef / bkmf !! adf]lhd u7g
ul/Psf] k|f1 kl/ifb\\df pk/f]Qm ljleGg ljwfsf
JolQmxsf] l;kmfl/z ePsf] k|i6} b]lvG5 . ;fy}
;dfj]zLtfnfO{ klg Wofg lbOPs} 5 . l;kmfl/z
;ldltsf ;b:ox cof]Uo 5g\ eGg] k|Zg
p7fOPsf] cj:yf 5}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf s'g
ljwfdf s] s:tf JolQmxsf] s] s:tf] of]ubfg
/x]sf] 5 egL hfFra'em u/L l;kmfl/z ul/Psf]
sfo{ sfg"g;Ddt\ 5 . cfk"m x'g'kg]{df slgi6
JolQm dgf] g ogdf k/] s f] eGg] klg 5} g .
lgj]bsdWo]sf /flugL pkfWofo dgf]gogdf k/]/
klg lgj]bg ug{ cfPsf] x'Fbf ;kmf xft lnO{
cfPsf] cj:yf 5}g . dgf]gogdf k/]sf @!
hgfdWo] $ hgfsf] af/]df k|Zg p7fOPsf] / !&
hgfsf] af/]df s]xL pNn]v gePaf6 ;d]t pQm
lg0f{ o sfg" g ;Ddt\ /x] s f] k| d fl0ft x' G 5 .
k|lqmofut q'l6 ul/Psf] cj:yf 5}g . s] s'g
JolQmsf] Voflt jf k|lti7f s] slt xf] egL
j:t'lgi6 cfwf/df dfkg ug]{ ;j{;Ddt\ cfwf/
gePsf]n] JolQmut cfu|x jf k"jf{u|xaf6 o;df
leGgtf cfpg' :jfefljs xf] . t;y{ l/6 vf/]h

u/]sf] dfggLo GofofwLz >L k|]d zdf{sf] /fo
;b/ x'g' kb{5 eGg] ;d]t ax; ug'{eof] .
kIf ljkIf b'a}tk{msf ljfg sfg"g
Joj;foLxn] ug'{ ePsf] pk/f]Qm ax; lhsL/
dgg\ u/L l/6 lgj]bg ;lxtsf] ldl;n cWoog u/L
x]bf{ d'VotM b]xfosf k|Zgxdf s]lGb|t /xL lg0f{o
lbg'kg]{ x'g cfPsf] 5 M
k|f1;ef / k|f1 kl/ifb\s
\ f] u7g g]kfn
bkmf &, * / !! n]vcg';f/ ul/Psf] xf] jf
xf]Og <
2. lgj]bg dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ug'k{ g]{
gkg]{ ;DaGwdf o; cbfntsf] ;+oQ
' m
Ohnf;af6 cleJoQm ul/Psf k[ysk[ys
/fodWo] s'g rfFxL /fo sfod x'g] xf] /
dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] xf] jf
xf]Og <
1.
@= lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ x'g cfPsf] pk/f]Qm klxnf]

k|Zgsf ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ ;jf]R{ r cbfntaf6
k|f1;efsf ;b:o lgo'lQm / dgf]gog ubf{ ;DalGwt
If]qdf ljlzi7 of]ubfg k'ofPsf dlxnfx ;d]tsf]
;dfg'kflts kdf plrt k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L
;DalGwt P]gdf ePsf] Joj:yfcg';f/ u7g ug'{
egL hf/L ePsf] ldlt @)^^.!!.% sf] lgb]z
{ gfTds
cfb]z ;d]tsf] a]jf:tf u/L g]kfn nlntsnf k|1f
k|lti7fg P]g, @)^$ sf] bkmf &, *, !! tyf @!
;d]tsf sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] k|lts"n x'g] u/L g]kfn
nlntsnf k|1f k|lti7fgsf] ;ef / kl/ifb\df lgo'lQm
/ dgf]gog u/]sf], P]gadf]lhd ;a} @$ hgf
k|f1xsf] dgf]gog gu/]sf], l;kmfl/z ;ldltsf
;b:osf] lgo'lQm g]kfn ;/sf/af6 ul/Psf] ;d]taf6
ldlt @)^^.!@.@^ sf] l;kmfl/z ;ldlt u7g ug]{
lg0f{o / ;f] ;ldltn] ldlt @)^^.!@.#! df u/]sf]]
l;kmfl/znufot ;f];u+F ;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{ lg0f{o tyf
sfdsf/jfxL pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ u/L k'gM
546
sfg"gadf]lhd dgf]gog / lgo'lQm ug'{ egL

ljkIfLxsf] gfddf k/dfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg]
g} lgj]bssf] d'Vo lgj]bg dfubfjL /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
k|ToyL{xsf] lnlvt hjfkm x]bf{ k|wfgdGqLn] tf]ss
] f
b'O{ hgf ;b:o pQd g]kfnL / pdL{nf uu{;lxtsf]
;ldlt u7g eO{ pQm ;ldltsf] ldlt @)^^.!@.#!
sf] l;kmfl/z lg0f{o ;d]tsf cfwf/df ;DalGwt
If]qsf lj1 dlxnfx ;d]tsf] ;dfg'kflts
k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L k|wfgdGqLaf6 lgo'lQm / dgf]gog
ul/Psf] sfg"g;Ddt\ x'bF f l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm
eGg] ;d]t lhsL/ lnPsf] kfOG5 .
#= lgj]bsxn] kbflwsf/L tyf ;efdf
dgf]gog x'g] ;b:osf] lgo'lQm jf dgf]gogsf]
nflu k|wfgdGqL;dIf l;kmfl/z ug{sf nflu g]kfn
nlntsnf k|1f k|lti7fg P]g, @)^$ sf] bkmf *
adf]lhd u7g ul/Psf] ;ldlt k|wfgdGqLaf6 geO{
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lg0f{oaf6 u7g ePsf]n] ;f]
;ldltsf] u7g g} q'l6k"0f{ /x]sf] eGg] k|f/lDes
lhsL/ lnPsf] kfOG5 . t/ ;+3Lo dfldnf,
;+ljwfg;ef, ;+;bLo Joj:yf tyf ;+:s[lt
dGqfnoaf6 k|fKt ;f] ;DaGwL ;Ssn} lg0f{o kmfon
cjnf]sg ubf{ ;+3Lo dfldnf, ;+ljwfg;ef,
;+;bLo Joj:yf tyf ;+:s[lt dGqLsf] cWoIftfdf
pQd g]kfnL / pdL{nf uu{ ;b:osf] ?kdf /xg]
u/L l;kmfl/z ;ldlt u7g u/L g]kfn nlntsnf
k|1f k|lti7fgsf] ;ef / kl/ifb\\sf] lgo'lQm /
dgf]gogsf] sf/jfxL cl3 a9fpg lg0f{o x'gsf]
nflu k]z ul/Psf] l6Kk0fL tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL
dfwjs'df/ g]kfnn] ldlt @)^^.!@.@^ df :jLs[t
u/]sf] b]lvg cfpF5 . cGoyf k|dfl0ft ePdf afx]s
g]kfn ;/sf/ jf ;/sf/L sfof{noaf6 k|fKt ;"rgf,
tYof, clen]v, lnvt, lg0f{o jf kqfrf/sf]
Joxf]/f ;fFrf] xf] egL cbfntn] cg'dfg ug'{kg]{
x'G5 . ;f] lnvtsf] n]vfO{ jf Joxf]/f jf lz/,
k'5f/sf] s'g} n]vfO{sf] q'l6 jf Pp6} ldltdf
;fdfGotof gul/g] sfd u/] ePaf6 ;fdfGo
z+sfsf] cfwf/df To:tf lnvtnfO{ cGoyf xf]
egL dfGg jf ;Demg ldNb}g .
547
$= k|fKt kmfon x]bf{ l6Kk0fL p7]sf] /

To; kl5 k|wfgdGqLaf6 ;b/ u/]sf] b]lvPsf]
5 . o;af6 ;f] l;kmfl/z ;ldlt u7g ug]{ lg0f{o
k|wfgdGqLaf6 geO{ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 ul/Psf]
eGg] lgj]bg lhsL/ cfwf/xLg b]lvg cfpF5 .
l;kmfl/z ;ldlt u7g ug] { lg0f{ o g] k fn
;/sf/af6 geO{ k|wfgdGqLaf6} ePsf] b]lvPsf]n]
;f] ;ldlt u7g k|lqmofdf s'g} q'l6 gePsf] eGg]
;DaGwdf ;+ o ' Q m Ohnf;sf b' a } dfggLo
GofofwLzxsf] dTo}Sotf ;d]t ePsf] kfOFbf
ljjfb gePsf] ;f] ljifodf yk ljZn]if0f ul//xg
cfjZos b]lvPg .
%= hxfF;Dd pQm ;ldltn] k|f1;efsf
;b:oxsf] l;kmfl/z ubf{ nlntsnfsf ;a}
ljwfsf JolQmnfO{ g;d]6]sf], slgi6 JolQmnfO{
l;kmfl/z u/]sf] tyf ;dfj]zLtfsf] l;4fGt / o;
cbfntsf] lgb]{zgfTds cfb]znfO{ pk]Iff u/]sf]
eGg] lgj]bg lhsL/ /x]sf] 5 ;f] ;DaGwdf :ki6
x'gsf] nflu ;DalGwt P]gdf ul/Psf sfg"gL Joj:yf
b[li6ut ug'{ k|f;+lus x'g cfpF5 . g]kfn nlntsnf
k|1f k|lti7fg P]g, @)^$ sf] k|:tfjgf x]bf{ cGo
s'/fsf cltl/Qm g]kfnsf] nlntsnfsf] ;+/If0f,
;Da4{g, k|a4{g Pj+ ;jf{L0f ljsf; ug{ /
nlntsnf;DaGwL ljifodf cWoog Pj+ c'g;Gwfg
ug{ u/fpg tyf o; If]qsf ljfg tyf k|ltefxsf]
;Ddfg / sb/ ug]{ ;DaGwdf cfjZos Joj:yf
ug{sf] nflu nlntsnf k|1f k|lti7fgsf] :yfkgf
/ ;~rfng ug{sf] nflu pQm P]g th{'df / hf/L
ul/Psf] eGg] b]lvg cfpF5 . k|:tfjgfdf cleJoQm
ePsf] pk/f]Qm Aoxf]/faf6 d'VotM nlntsnfsf]
;+a4{g ug]{, o; ljifodf cWooog cg';Gwfg
ug]{ tyf o; If]qsf ;|i6f, ;h{sxnfO{ ;Ddfg
ug]{ ;d]tsf tLg p2]Zo xfl;n ug{sf] nflu
k|lti7fgsf] :yfkgf / ;~rfng ljlw to ug]{
k|of]hglgxLt /x]sf] kfOG5 . P]gsf] bkmf @ sf]
b]xfo v08 -s_ df nlntsnf eGgfn] lrqsnf,
d"lt{snf, nf]ssnf, x:tsnf, lzNksnf, jf:t'snf
/ cGo l;h{gfTds snf ;Demg' k5{ eGg] pNn]v
ePsf] kfOFbf pk/f]Qm ^ j6f ljwfsf cltl/Qm

;f];Fu ;DalGwt cGo l;h{gfTds k|s[ltsf snf
;d]t nlntsnfsf] kl/efiffcGtu{t kg]{ b]lvG5M
o;sf cltl/Qm P]gsf] bkmf & -!_ adf]lhd
k|1f k|lti7fgsf] ;jf]{Rr lgsfosf] ?kdf Ps
k|f1;ef /xg] Joj:yf ePsf] kfOG5 . P]gsf] bkmf
&-@_ adf]lhd ;f] k|lti7fgsf] u7g b]xfoadf]lhd
x'g] Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvG5M
-s_
-v_
-u_
-3_
-_
s'nklt
- cWoIf
pks'nklt
- pkfWoIf
;lrj, ;+:s[lt ko{6g tyf gful/s p8\8og
dGqfno
- ;b:o
nlntsnfsf] If]q;+uF ;DalGwt ljlzi7
JolQmxdWo]af6 ;dfj]lztfnfO{ Wofgdf
/fvL dlxnfx ;d]tsf] pko'Qm k|ltlglwTj
x'g] u/L k|wfgdGqLn] dgf]gLt u/]sf] rf}lj;
hgf
- ;b:o
;lrj
- ;b:o;lrj
To;}u/L P]gsf] bkmf !!-!_ df k|1f

k|lti7fgsf] sfo{sf/L lgsfosf] ?kdf sfd ug{sf]
nflu Ps k|f1 kl/ifb\\ /xg] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 .
bkmf !!-@_ adf]lhd ;f] kl/ifb\s
\ f] u7g Joj:yf
b]xfoadf]lhd x'g] b]lvG5M
-s_
-v_
-u_
-3_
s'nklt
- cWoIf
pks'nklt
- pkfWoIf
;efsf dgf]gLt ;b:oxdWo]af6 sDtLdf
b'O{ hgf dlxnf ;lxt ;DejeP;Dd
ljleGg hft, hflt, efiffefifLsf] k|ltlglwTj
x'g] u/L k|wfgdGqLaf6 dgf]gLt 5hgf
- ;b:o
;lrj
- ;b:o;lrj
^= k| w fgdGqLsf] tkm{ a f6 k| f 1 /
kbflwsf/Lsf] ?kdf dgf]gog jf lgo'Qm ug]{
pk/f]Qm ;b:oxsf] nflu gfd l;kmfl/z ug{
bkmf * adf]lhd 5'} l;kmfl/z ;ldlt u7g ug]{

Joj:yf klg ePsf] kfOG5 . pQm ;b:oxsf]
dgf] g og jf lgo' l Qm ug] { clVtof/ P] g n]
k|wfgdGqLnfO{ Psnf}6L ?kdf k|bfg u/]sf] b]lvP
klg nlntsnfsf ;a} ljwfdf ;+nUg ;|i6f /
;h{ssf af/]df lghnfO{ hfgsf/L x'g g;Sg]
oyfy{nfO{ cg'dfg u/L of]Uo JolQmxsf] 5gf}6sf
nflu lgh}n] u7g u/]sf] ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/zdf
k|f1;efdf @$ hgf ;b:o / k|f1 kl/ifb\\df ^
hgf kwflwsf/L dgf]gLt ug]{ Joj:yf ePsf] a'em\ g
;lsG5 .
&= ca, k|f1;efsf ;b:o / kl/ifb\sf
kbflwsf/L lgo'lQm jf dgf]gog ug]{ k|wfgdGqL
jf To:tf] lgo'lQm jf dgf]gogsf] l;kmfl/z ug]{
;ldltnfO{ P]gn] s] s:tf] zt{ tf]ss
] f] jf lbzflgb]z
{
u/]sf] /x]5 eGg] s'/f x]l/g' jf~5gLo x'G5 . P]gsf]
bkmf *-@_ df pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd ;ldltn]
;efsf] ;b:odf dgf]gogsf] nflu gfd l;kmfl/z
ubf{ nlntsnfsf] If]qdf cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg
u/]sf jf ;f] ljwfdf Voflt k|fKt JolQmxdWo]af6
;Dej eP;Dd nlntsnfsf] ljleGg ljwf / If]qsf]
k|ltlglwTj x'g] / ;a} hflt, ln, efiffefifL
;d]tnfO{ ;d]6\g] u/L gfd l;kmfl/z ug'{kg]{5
eGg] ;d]t pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . To:t} ;f]xL
pkbkmf -#_ df kbflwsf/Lsf] lgo'lQmsf] nflu
gfd l;kmfl/z ubf{ ;efsf dgf] g Lt
;b:oxdWo]af6 ug]5
{ eGg] ;d]t Joj:yf ePsf]
kfOG5 .
*= pQm l;kmfl/z ;ldltsf] u7g
k|wfgdGqLsf] lg0f{oaf6} ePsf] b]lvPsf]n] ;f]
;ldltsf] u7gdf P]gsf] bkmf * adf]lhdsf] s'g}
k|lqmofut q'l6 gb]lvPsf] eGg] ;DaGwdf dfly
ljZn]if0f e};s]sf] 5 . ;f] ;ldltsf ;b:ox
pQd g]kfnL / pdL{nf uu{ nlntsnf If]qsf
JolQmx xf]Ogg\ / lghx o; If]qdf cfa4
;h{sxsf af/]df hfgsf/L /fVg ;Sg] x}l;ot
/ cj:yfsf JolQm xf]Ogg\ eGg] lgj]bgdf pNn]v
ePsf] kfOFb}g . ;fy} s'g} JolQmut cof]Uotfsf]
548
sf/0faf6 dgf]gogsf] l;kmfl/z ubf{ lghx

k"jf{u|xL ePsf] eGg] klg lgj]bgdf bfjL lnPsf]
b]lvg cfpFb}g .
(= pQm ;ldltn] k|f1;efsf] nflu ls/0f
dfgGw/, 7fs'/k|;fb d}gfnL, s]=s]=sdf{rfo{, zf/bf
lrqsf/, /flugL pkfWofo u|]nf, s0f{ df:s],
zfGts'df/ /fO{, cf]d vqL, /jLg sf]O/fnf, ljho
yfkf, d's]z dNn, ;Ltfb]jL s0f{, k[YjLgf/fo0f
>]i7, df]xg yfkf du/, tf/fk|;fb cf]emf, lgdf
ofD5f nfdf, wgaxfb'/ ofVof, kjgs'df/
/fhj+zL, 1fg]Gb| ljjz, hLjgfy kf]v/]n, z'idf
/fhe08f/L ;d]t hDdf @! hgfsf] gfd l;kmfl/z
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . k|f1;efsf] ;b:osf nflu l;kmfl/z
ul/Psf pk/f] Q m plNnlvt JolQmxsf]
gfdgfd];Laf6} ljleGg hft, hflt, efiffefifL,
dlxnf, dw]zLnufot ju{ / If]qsf JolQmxnfO{
;d]6g] k|of; u/]sf] b]lvg cfpF5 . o; ;DaGwdf
;dfj]zL egL P]gdf k|o'Qm zAbfjnLsf] lg/k]If
?kdf cy{ ug{ gldNg] eO{ ;fk]lIft ?kdf a'e\mg'
kg]{ x'G5 .
!)= k"0f{ ;dfj]lztf Pp6f cfb{z x'g
;Sb5 / a9L eGbf a9L ;dfj]zL cfwf/df lgo'lQm
jf dgf]gog ug]{ k|of; klg cjZo ug'{ kb{5 .
o;df b'O{dt x'g ;Sb}g . t/, Pst lrqsnf,
d"lt{snf / o:t} cGo l;h{gfTds snf If]qdf
nfu]sf snfsf/ / ;|i6fxsf] oyfy{ tYof
pknAw gx'g' / csf]{ If]qut, hftLo / lnLo
cfwf/df ltgLxsf] klxrfg / ;+Vof lgwf{/0f
gx'g'nufotsf sf/0fxn] jf:tljs / k"0f{
;dfj]lztfnfO{ Aojxf/df ptfg{ sl7g dfq xf]Og
clxn] ;Dej b]lvFb}g . oL l/6 lgj]bsxn] klg
;dfj]zLtfsf nflu lglZrt\ ;+Vof / cfwf/ pNn]v
ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvPsf] 5}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;fdfGotM
;dfj]zLtfsf] l;4fGt cjnDag ul/Psf] b]lvG5
eg] cGo ljifo l;kmfl/z ;ldlt tyf ;f] u7g
ug]{ k|wfgdGqLsf] ;Gt'li6df lge{/ /xg] s'/f xf] .
P]gn] clVtof/L k|bfg u/]sf] s'g} kbflwsf/L jf
;ldltsf] To:tf] ;Gt'li6sf] ljifoj:t'leq k|j]z
u/L o; cbfntn] l/6 If]qaf6 cGoyf eGg jf

cf}Nofpg ;Sg] cj:yf x'Fb}g . o;sf] cltl/Qm
l;kmfl/z ;ldlt u7g ug]s
{ f] lgot / ;f] ;ldltsf]
Ifdtf / lgotdf :ki6 cfwf/ a]u/ z+sf ug{ /
l;kmfl/z ul/Psf JolQmxsf] sfo{sz
' ntf dfly
k|Zg p7fO{ /xg' klg cf}lrTok"0f{ x'g] b]lvFb}g .
!!= g]kfn nlntsnf k|1f k|lti7fg P]g,
@)^$ sf] bkmf !! sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf] v08 -u_
adf]lhd k|f1;efsf dgf]gLt ;b:oxaf6 k|f1
kl/ifb\d\ f dgf]gLt ug'k{ g]{ ^ hgf ;b:oxdf zf/bf
lrqsf/, /flugL pkfWofo u|]nf, s0f{ df:s],
zfGts'df/ /fO{, cf]d vqL / /jLg sf]O/fnf ;d]tsf
JolQmxsf] gfd l;kmfl/z u/]sf] b]lvg cfpF5 .
kl/ifb\s
\ f] ;b:odf dgf]gogsf] l;kmfl/z ul/Psf
lgj]lbsf /flugL pkfWofo u|n
] f;lxt b'O{ hgf dlxnf
b]lvPsf] tyf cGo ;b:oxnfO{ ;dli6utdf x]bf{
;dfj]zLsf] cfwf/df ug{ vf]lhPsf] b]lvPsf] 5 .
o;af6 pQm l;kmfl/z lg0f{onfO{ klg cGoyf eGg
ldNg] cj:yf b]lvFbg} .
!@= o:t} k|sl[ tsf] ljifoj:t' p7fO{ log}
l/6 lgj]bs ;d]tn] o; cl3 bfo/ u/]sf] l/6
g+=)^%wo$(* / )^%wo%$# sf lgj]bgdf
o; cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^^.!!.% df cGo s'/fsf
cltl/Qm k|1f k|lti7fg Pj+ k|f1;efsf ;b:ox
lgo'lQm / dgf]gog ubf{ ;DalGwt If]qdf ljlzi7
of]ubfg k'ofPsf dlxnfx ;d]tsf] ;dfg'kflts
kdf plrt k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L ;DalGwt P]gdf
ePsf] Joj:yfcg';f/ k|1f k|lti7fgxsf] u7g
ug'{ egL ljkIfLxsf] gfddf lgb]z
{ gfTds cfb]z
hf/L ePsf] b]lvG5 . k|f1;ef / kl/ifb\d
\ f lgo'lQm
jf dgf]gogsf] nflu ;ldltn] gfd l;kmfl/z u/]sf
JolQmxsf] ;du| l:ylt / cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0faf6
o; cbfntaf6 ePsf] pQm lgb]z
{ gfTds cfb]zsf]
lgotjz pk]Iff ul/Psf] eGg] cj:yf / cfwf/
b]lvg cfPg . o; l/6 lgj]bgdf klg a9L ;dfj]zL
x'g ;Sg] j}slNks t/ ;j{dfGo JolQmxsf]
gfdfjnL / ;dfj]lztfsf cul0ftLo cfwf/x
o; cbfnt;dIf k|:t't ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g .
549
!#= lgj]bsdWo]sf] /flugL pkfWofo

u]|nfnfO{ k|f1;ef tyf kl/ifb\\sf] kbflwsf/Ldf
;d]t lgo'lQmsf] l;kmfl/z ul/Psf] eGg] b]lvG5 .
o;af6 lghn] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg ug'{sf] s'g}
ljj]sk/s sf/0f 5}g . To:t} k|f1;efdf a9Ldf
@$ hgf;Dd k|wfgdGqLn] dgf]gog ug{ kfpg]df
;f] eGbf sd cyf{t\ @! hgfsf] dfq l;kmfl/z
u/]sf] sf/0faf6 pQm l;kmfl/z lg0f{o q'l6k"0f{
eof] eGg ldNg] l:ylt b]lvFb}g . Ps} rf]6L rf}la;}
hgfsf] l;kmfl/z ug'{kg]{ eGg] P]gsf] Aoj:yfn]
afWo u/fPsf] 5}g . Ps k6sdf ;a} k|ltefsf]
vf]hL ug{ g;s]af6 s]xL JolQmxnfO{ clxn]
l;kmfl/z ug]{ / kl5 k'gM of]Uo JolQmxsf]
l;kmfl/z ug{ ldNg] g} b]lvG5 . l;kmfl/z
ul/PsfdWo] s]xL JolQmxsf] Voflt / k|lti7fsf
ljifodf klg lgj]bsn] k|Zg p7fPsf] b]lvP klg
To:tf cd"t{ ljifox Gofo lg/f]k0f of]Uo jf
Goflos k/LIf0fsf] dfkb08df kg]{ ljifox gx'bF f
o; cbfntaf6 ;b:oxsf] of]Uotf / Ifdtfsf]
If] q df x:tIf] k ug{ ldNg] x' F b } g . pk/f] Q m
ljZn]if0fsf] cfwf/df k|f1;efsf ;b:o / kl/ifb\s
\ f
kbflwsf/Lsf] dgf] g ogsf] l;kmfl/z;DaGwL
pk/f]Qm sfdsf/jfxL / lg0f{odf k|rlnt sfg"gn]
lglb{i6 u/]sf] s'g} k|lqmofut jf cGo q'l6 ljBdfg
/x]sf] kfOPg .
!$= ca ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf dfggLo
GofofwLzxdWo] s;sf] /fo sfod /xg] /
lgj]bg dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g'kg]{ xf],
xf]Og eGg] lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ clGtd k|Zgsf] ;DaGwdf
ljrf/ ug'{kg]{ b]lvof] . klxnf] k|Zgsf ;DaGwdf
ul/Psf] ljZn]if0faf6 g]kfn nlntsnf k|1f
k|lti7fgsf] ;ef / kl/ifb\ u7gsf] nflu l;kmfl/z
;ldlt u7g ug]{ u/L ldlt @)^^.!@.@^ df ePsf]
lg0f{o / ;f] ;ldltn] ldlt @)^^.!@.#! df k|f1;ef
/ kl/ifb\df dgf]gog / lgo'lQmsf] nflu u/]sf]
l;kmfl/z lg0f{o ;d]t g]kfn nlntsnf k|1f
k|lti7fg P]g, @)^$ sf] bkmf &-@_-3_, *, /
!!-@_-u_ cg'k g} b]lvPsf] egL :ki6 eO{ g}
;s]sf] 5 . ljkIfLxsf] gfddf k/dfb]z hf/L

ug]{ egL dfggLo GofofwLz >L lu/LzrGb| nfnsf]
/fodf of] o; cfwf/df ldlt @)^^.!@.#! sf]
l;kmfl/z lg0f{o ;dfj]lztfsf] l;4fGt ljk/Lt /
o; cbfntsf] k"j{ km};nfljk/Lt eof] eGg] :ki6
pNn]v ePsf] kfOFb}g . l;kmfl/z ;ldltsf] u7g
k|lqmof sfg"g;Ddt\ 5 eGg] s'/fdf ;+o'Qm
Ohnf;sf dfggLo GofofwLzxsf] dt}Sotf
ePs} b]lvPsf]n] ;f] ;ldltn] u/]sf] l;kmfl/z
lg0f{o ;dfj]lztfsf] l;4fGtcg'k ul/Psf] eGg]
cfwf/ ljBdfg /x]sf]n] ;f] l;kmfl/z lg0f{osf]
cf}lrTo dfly / l;kmfl/z ul/Psf JolQmxsf]
Ifdtf Pj+ ;DalGwt If]qdf k'ofPsf] of]ubfg
af/] j:t'ut cfwf/, k|df0fsf] vf]hL ug{ o;
l/6af6 ldNg] b]lvFb}g .
!%= nlntsnf k|1f k|lti7fg P]g, @)^$
cg'k k|f1;efsf] ;b:oxsf] dgf]gogsf nflu
l;kmfl/z ;ldlt u7g ePsf] 5 . ;f] ;ldltn]
P]gn] lglb{i6 u/]sf] If]qdf nfu]sf JolQmxsf]
vf]hL u/L dgf]gogsf nflu l;kmfl/z klg u/]sf]
5 . ;f]xL l;kmfl/zcg';f/ dgf]gog / lgo'Qm
ePsf] b]lvPsf]n] sfg"gadf]lhd ePsf] ;f]
sfdsf/jfxL / lg0f{oaf6 lgj]bsxsf] s'g} sfg"gL
/ ;+j}wflgs xs clwsf/df c;/ kg{ uPsf]
cj:yf ;d]t gb]lvFbf dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z
hf/L ug'{kg]{ b]lvPg . l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/]sf]
dfggLo GofofwLz >L k|]d zdf{sf] /fo dgfl;j
7x5{ . l/6 hf/L ug]{ u/]sf] dfggLo GofofwLz
>L lu/Lz rGb| nfnsf] /fo;Fu ;xdt x'g ;lsPg .
bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L
a'emfO{ lbg" .
Gof=;'zLnf sfsL{
Gof=k|f=8f=e/taxfb'/ sfsL{
Olt ;+jt\ @)^* ;fn kmfu'g !! ut] /f]h % z'ed
Ohnf; clws[t gf/fo0f ;'jb] L
550
&
**)@ ;l~rtf Gof}kfg] lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t
@)^# sf] wf/f !* f/f k|bQ /f]huf/L

k|fKt ug{] g]kfnL gful/ssf] xs, wf/f !@#_-r_ adf]lhd k]zf, /f]huf/ ug{] :jtGqtf
tyf wf/f !# f/f k|bQ ;dfgtfsf] xsdf
;d]t cg'lrt aGb]h nufPsf] b]lvg
cfPsf]n] ldlt @)^*.!@.@ b]lv cdfGo
/ ab/ 3f]lift x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=!#_
lg0f{o g+= **)@

;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L ts{/fh e
l/6 g+= )^*WS))#(
cfb]z ldltM @)^*.!@.@
ljifoM pTk|i] f0f;d]t .
lgj]bsM g'jfsf]6 lhNnf, ghf{d08k uf=lj=;=j8f
g+= ! a:g] ;l~rtf Gof}kfg]
lj?4
ljkIfLM k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t
;+jw} flgstf jf Ultra Vires sf] k|Zgdf
cg'lrt ljnDjsf] l;4fGt -Principle
of Laches) nfu" gx'g] .
c:yfoL sd{ r f/Lsf] x} l ;otn] w] / }
jif{bl] v sfo{/t\ sd{rf/Lx aLr dfq
l/Qm kbsf] s] x L k| l tztdf ;Lldt
k|ltof]lutf u/fpg] sfo{ Gofok"0f{ /
To;af6 csf{sf] xs hfFbg} eGg] ts{
:jLsfo{ x'g g;Sg] .
df}lns xs / ;+j}wflgstfsf] k|Zgdf
s]xL ;Lldt JolQmsf] lxtnfO{ ljrf/
u/L lg0f{o ug{ ldNg] x'Fb}g . ;Dk"0f{
;+j}wflgs Joj:Yff / ;+ljwfgsf] dd{
Pj+ s]xL ;Lldt JolQmxsf] lxteGbf
;Dk"0f{ g]kfnL hgtfsf] lxt x]g'{kg]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=!@_
c:yfoL sd{rf/Lx aLr dfq ;Lldt
k| l t:kwf{ ug] { Joj:yf u/] s f] 3/] n '
tyf ;fgf pBf] ] u ljsf; ;ldlt
sd{rf/L ;]jf zt{ lgodfjnL, @)%%
df yk ePsf] lgod #=!=&-#_ sf] ]
Joj:yfn] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
551
lgj]bssf tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmfx tLy{

a;f}nf, dft[sfk|;fb lg/f}nf / k"0f{rGb|
kf}8n
]
ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf dx]z
zdf{ kf}8n
] , ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf zDe'
yfkf Pj+ ljfg clwjQmfx Hof]lt
afFlgof, /d0fs'df/ >]i7, aNne a:g]t
/ ;'/z
] sfsL{
cjnlDat ghL/M
g]sfk @)^&, j}zfv, lg=g+= *@(@, k[=@)
;Da4 sfg"gM
3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; sd{rf/L
;]jf zt{ lgodfjnL, @)%% sf] lgod
#=!=&-#_
ljsf; ;ldlt P]g, @)!# sf] bkmf #
!@, !@-#_-r_, !#-!_-@_-#_-$_, !*
cfb]z
Gof=tflx/ cnL cG;f/LM g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f #@ tyf !)& -!_
-@_ cGtu{t bfo/ x'gcfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf]
;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ 7x/ o;k|sf/ 5 M
ldlt @)^*.*.!* sf] uf]/vfkq b}lgsdf
k|sflzt ljkIfL kbk"lt{ ;ldltsf] ;"rgfdf o;
;ldltf/f ldlt @)^^.!.!* df /fhwfgL b}lgsdf
;"rgf k|sfzg ul/Psf] kbk"lt{ ;DaGwL lj1fkgdWo]
cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutftkm{ lj1fkg g+= &#)^%^^
;Lldt k|ltof]lutftkm{ lj1fkg g+= &%.)^%.^^,
&^.)^%.^^, &&.)^%.^^, &*.)^%.^^, &(.)^%.^^

/ *).)^%.^^ sf] k/LIff sfo{qmd @)^*.(.@@ /
@# ut] ljxfg * ah] ;ldltsf] k|wfg sfof{nodf
;~rfng x'g] Joxf]/fsf] ;"rgf o; ;ldltsf] k|wfg
sfof{nosf] ;"rgf kf6Ldf 6fF; ePsf] eGg] Joxf]/f
n]lvPsf] /x]5 . pQm ;"rgfsf] cfwf/df ljkIfLxn]
Psflt/ @ jif{ * dlxgf k'/fgf] lj1fkgsf] nflu
xfn k/LIff sfo{qmd k|sflzt u/]sf] / csf]l{ t/
;+ljwfg / sfg"gljk/Lt ;Lldt k|ltof]lutfaf6
kbk"lt{ ug{ nfu]sf] cj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
ldlt @)^^.!.!* sf] /fhwfgL b}lgsdf
k|sflzt pQm ;"rgf x]bf{ ljkIfL ;ldltsf] sd{rf/L
;]jf zt{ lgodfjnL, @)%% sf] lgod #=!=&-#_
cg';f/ ;f] ;"rgf k|sflzt ePsf] eGg] b]lvG5 .
pQm lgodfjnLsf] lgod #=!=&-#_ df o;
lgodfjnLdf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP
tfklg :jLs[t b/aGbLsf] clws[t 5}7f}+ tx, ;xfos
:t/ kfrfF} tx, rf}yf] tx / t];|f] txdf of] lgod
k|f/De x'Fbfsf avt c:yfoL ?kdf lgo'lQm eO{
z}lIfs of]Uotf k'u]sf sd{rf/LaLr dfq ;f]xL
kbdf 5'} k|lt:kwf{Tds k/LIff ;~rfng u/L
Psk6ssf] nflu kbk"lt{ ug{ ;lsg]5 . t/, -s_
o:tf] ljz]if Joj:Yffdf @)^# ;fn kf}if d;fGt;Dd
lgo'lQm eO{ cljlR5Gg?kdf ;f]xL kbdf sfo{/t\
ePsf] x'gk' g]5
{ , -v_ Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotf k'us
] f]
x'g'kg]{5, -u_ o:tf] ljz]if Joj:Yffaf6 k"lt{ ul/g]
kb a9Ldf l/Qm kbsf] rfnL; k|ltzteGbf a9L
x'g] 5}g / o:tf] ljz]if Joj:Yff Psk6ssf] nflu
dfq x'g5
] eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . lgodfjnLsf]
of] Joj:yf g]kfn ;/sf/ pBf]u dGqfnosf] ldlt
@)^%.!@.#! sf] dlGq:t/Lo lg0f{ocg';f/ yk
ePsf] eGg] pNn]v ePsf] 5 .
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@-#_-r_ cg';f/ k]zf,
/f]huf/ ug]{ :jtGqtfsf] xs dnfO{ k|fKt 5 . ljkIfL
;ldltdf l/Qm /x]sf] kbdf v'nf k|ltof]lutfaf6
5gf}6 eO{ /f]huf/ ug{ kfpg' d]/f] ;+jw} flgs clwsf/
xf] . ljkIfL ;ldltdf c:yfoL kbdf axfn /x]sf
JolQmxnfO{ dfq lagf k|lt:kwf{ :yfoL ug]{ u/L
ljkIfL ;ldltsf] lgodfjnLdf g} ;+zf]wg u/L d /

dh:tf y'k}| of]Uo g]kfnL gful/sxnfO{ k|lt:kwf{af6
al~rt ug]{ ab\lgotn] pQm sfg"gL Joj:yf ul/Psf]
:ki6} 5 .
ljkIfL 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf;
;ldltsf] :yfkgf ljsf; ;ldlt P]g, @)!# cGtu{t
ePsf] xf] . ljsf; ;ldlt P]g, @)!# sf] bkmf ^ df
nf]s;]jf cfof]uaf6 :jLs[t l;4fGt / t/Lsfcg';f/
afx]s c? s'g} klg t/Lsfaf6 ljsf; ;ldltdf
sd{rf/L lgo'Qm ug{ x'bF g} eGg] :ki6 Joj:Yff /x]sf]
5 . nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] dfGo l;4fGtn] ;Lldt
k|ltof]lutfnfO{ :jLsf/ ub}g{ .
ctM ljkIfL ;ldltsf] sd{rf/L ;]jf zt{
lgodfjnL, @)%% sf] lgod #=!=&-#_ sf] sfg"gL
Joj:Yff g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f
!@-#_-r_, !# / !* f/f k|bQ df}lns xs;Fu
aflemPsf]n] ;f] Joj:YffnfO{ k|f/Deb]lv g} cdfGo /
ab/ 3f]lift u/L ;f] c;+jw} flgs lgodsf] cfwf/df
;Lldt k|ltof]lutfaf6 kbk"lt{ ug{sf nflu ljkIfLn]
ldlt @)^^.!.!* sf] /fhwfgL b}lgsdf k|sfzg
u/]sf] lj1fkg / ldlt @)^*.*.!* sf] uf]/vfkq
b}lgsdf k|sfzg u/]sf] k/LIff sfo{qmd;d]t
pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ ul/kfpFm . ;fy} of]
lgj]bgsf] clGtd 6'u+ f] gnfu];Dd ljkIfLxn] kf}if
@@ / @# ut] lng nfu]sf] ;Lldt k|ltof]lutftkm{sf]
lj1fkg g+= &%.)^%.^^, &^.)^%.^^, &&.)^%.^^,
&*.)^%.^^, &(.)^%.^^ / *).)^%.^^ sf] k/LIff
gug'{ gu/fpg' egL cGtl/d cfb]z;d]t hf/L
ul/kfpFm eGg] Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bgkq .
ljkIfLxaf6 lnlvthjfkm dufpg" .
cGtl/d cfb]zsf] dfu ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{, of]Uotf
k'us
] f g]kfnL gful/snfO{ pDd]bj\ f/ x'gaf6} al~rt
u/L ljkIfL 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf;
;ldltcGtu{t sfo{/t\ /x]sf c:yfoL sd{rf/LnfO{
dfq ;Lldt k|ltof]lutfsf] cfwf/df :yfoL ug]{
p2]Zon] 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltsf]
sd{rf/L ;]jf zt{ lgodfjnL, @)%% df ldlt
@)^%.!@.#! sf] dlGq:t/Lo lg0f{oadf]lhd yk
552
ul/Psf] lgod #=!=&-#_ sf] Joj:yf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d

;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@-#_-r_, !#, !* / ljsf;
;ldlt P]g, @)!# sf] bkmf ^ ;d]tsf] ljk/Lt
ePsf]n] cdfGo 3f]lift ul/kfpFm eGg];d]t lgj]bg
lhsL/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . pQm lgodfjnLsf] Joj:yfsf
cfwf/df ldlt @)^*.(.@@ / @# ut]sf nflu k/LIff
sfo{qmd;d]t ;fj{hlgs ul/Psf]n] k/LIff eO{
kbk"lt{ ePdf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] cf}lrTo ;dfKt
x'g] ePsf]n] pQm sfo{ /f]lsg' kg]{ eGg] dfu u/]sf]
kfOG5 . lgj]bsn] lhsL/ lnPsf ;+jw} flgs / sfg"gL
Joj:yf tyf lgj]bs clwjQmf dLgf v8\sf lj?4
/fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u;d]t ljkIfL ePsf]
@)^% ;fnsf] l/6 g+= ))#% sf] l/6 lgj]bgdf
ldlt @)^^.!).& df hf/L ePsf] cfb]z ;d]tnfO{
b[li6ut ubf{ cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ug'k{ g]{ cj:yf
b]lvPsf] x'bF f ldlt @)^*.*.!* sf] uf]/vfkq b}lgsdf
k| s flzt k/LIff sfo{ q mdxdWo] ;Lldt
k|ltof]lutftkm{sf k/LIffx k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf]
clGtd lsgf/f gnfu];Dd ;~rfng gug'{,
oyfl:yltdf /fVg' egL ljkIfL 3/]n' tyf ;fgf
pBf]u ljsf; ;ldlt, kbk"lt{ ;ldltsf gfddf
cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ul/Psf] 5 eGg] o; cbfntsf]
ldlt @)^*.(.!& sf] cfb]z .
;jf]R{ r cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf]
lgod $@-@_ adf]lhd l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;'gj' fOdf
;l/s x' g kfpF m eGg] Joxf] / fsf] ab| L k| ; fb
cof{n;d]tsf] ;+oQ
' m lgj]bgkq .
o; ;ldltdf @)$@ ;fnb]lv c:yfoL ?kdf
;]jf ub}{ cfPsf sd{rf/Lxsf] xslxt / k]zf
/f]huf/nfO{ Uof/]G6L ug]{ p2]Zoaf6 3/]n' tyf ;fgf
pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltsf] sd{rf/L ;]jf zt{
lgodfjnL, @)%% sf] lgod #=!=&-#_ sf] Joj:yf
ul/Psf] xf] . o;af6 l/6 lgj]bssf] xs clwsf/df
s'g} c;/ k/]sf] 5}g . lgj]bsn] s'g of]Uotf xfl;n
u/]sf] / s'g kbsf] nflu cfk"m of]Uo /x]sf] xf] eGg
;d]t ;s]sf] cj:yf 5}g . o; ;ldltaf6 v'nftkm{
ul/Psf] lj1fkgdf klg lgj]bsn] b/vf:t lbPsf]
eGg ;s]sf] cj:Yff b]lv+bg} . t;y{ l/6 lgj]bg
553
vf/]hefuL 5 eGg] Joxf]/fsf] ljkIfL 3/]n' tyf

;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldlt k|wfg sfof{no / P]= sf]
kbk"lt{ ;ldltsf] ;+oQ
' m lnlvthjfkm .
cGo lgsfo tyf kbflwsf/Lxaf6 eP
u/]sf sfd sf/jfxLsf ljifodf ;d]t o;
sfof{nonfO{ ljkIfL agfO{ bfo/ ul/Psf] l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]hefuL 5 eGg] Joxf]/fsf] ljkIfL k|wfgdGqL
tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no / pBf]u dGqfnosf]
5'f5'} lnlvthjfkm .
lgodadf]lhd k]zL ;"rLdf r9L k]z x'g
cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ldl;n;+nUg ;Dk"0f{
sfuhft cWoog ul/of] .
lgj] b ssf tkm{ a f6 pkl:yt ljfg\
clwjQmfx >L tLy{ a;f}nf, >L dft[sfk|;fb
lg/f}nf / >L k"0f{rGb| kf}8]nn] ljkIfL ;ldltdf
sfo{/t\ c:yfoL sd{rf/Lx aLr dfq ;Lldt
k|lt:kwf{ u/fpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 3/]n' tyf ;fgf
pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltsf] sd{rf/L ;]jf zt{
lgodfjnL, @)%% sf] lgod #=!=&=-#_ sf] Joj:yf
;+ljwfgn] k|bfg u/]sf] ;dfgtfsf] xs ;d]tsf]
k|lts"n x'Fbf ;f] Joj:Yff ab/ 3f]lift x'g'kb{5
eGg];d]t ax; ug'e
{ of] . ljkIfL g]kfn ;/sf/sf
tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L dx]z
zdf{ kf}8]n tyf ljkIfL 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u
ljsf; ;ldltsf tkm{ a f6 pkl:yt ljfg\
clwjQmfx >L aNne a:g]t / >L ;'/z
] sfsL{n]
w]/} jif{b]lv ljlwjt lgo'lQm eO{ c:yfoL kbdf
sfo{/t\ sd{rf/Lxsf nflu g} ;Lldt k|ltikwf{sf]
Joj:yf ul/Psf] xf] . To;sf] w]/} ;dokZrft\
dfq of] l/6 lgj]bg k/]sf]n] vf/]hefuL 5 . oL
lgj]lbsfn] klxnf clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg
cfof]u;dIf lgj]bg lbPsL x'g\ . ToxfFaf6
lgodfjnL ab/ gu/]kl5 w]/} ljnDa u/L of] l/6
k/]sf] / ;+ljwfgsf] s'g} wf/f;Fu gaflemPsf]n]
l/6 vf/]h x'g'k5{ eGg];d]t ax; ug'{eof] .
o; l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;'gj' fOdf ;l/s x'g
cg'dlt k|fKt ab|Lk|;fb cof{n;d]tsf tkm{af6
pkl:yt ljfg\ jl/i7 clwjQmf >L zDe' yfkf tyf
ljfg\ clwjQmfx >L Hof]lt afFlgofF / >L /d0fs'df/

>]i7n] 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltsf]
sd{rf/L ;]jf zt{ lgodfjnL @)%% sf] lgod
#=!=&-#_ sf] Joj:yf e]befjk"0f{ 5}g . o;n]
k|lt:kwf{sf] efjgfnfO{ OGsf/ u/]sf] 5}g . ^)
k|ltzt kbdf v'nf k|lt:kwf{nfO{ :jLsf/ u/]s} 5 .
;ldltdf jiff} { b ] l v c:yfoL ?kdf sfo{ / t\
sd{rf/Lxsf nflu Tof] klg Psk6ssf nflu
dfq $) k|ltzt l;6df ;Lldt k|lt:kwf{ u/fpg]
Joj:yf u/]sf] lgodfjnLsf] pQm Joj:yf ;dfgtfsf]
l;4fGt k|lts"n 5}g . klxnf klg /]l8of] ljsf;
;ldltdf sfo{/t\ sd{rf/Lx aLr / g]kfn
6]lnsdsf c:yfoL sd{rf/LxaLr ;Lldt k|ltikwf{
u/fO{ :yfoL lgo'lQm ePsf] xf] . s'g} JolQm ljz]ifsf
nflu nlIft Joj:yf gePsf]n] of] lgodfjnL ab/
x'g] xf]Og . lgj]bsnfO{ of] lgj]bg lbg] xsb}of
5}g . of]Uotf / cg'ejsf] cfwf/df k|ltikwf{ ug]{
Joj:Yff ;+ljwfgcg'sn
" 5 . of]Uotf k'us
] f] eP l/6
lgj]bs v'nftkm{af6 k|lt:kwf{df ;xefuL x'g
;Sg'xG' 5 . lgj]bssf] xs lxtdf c;/ gk/]sf]n]
dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ug'k{ g]{ cj:Yff 5}g .
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'gk' b{5 eGg];d]t ax; ug'e{ of] .
plNnlvt ax;;d]t ;'gL x]bf{ d'Votof
lgDg k| Z gxsf] lg/f] k 0f ub} { lgj] b ssf]
dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'gk' g]{ xf], xf]Og eGg]
ljifodf lg0f{o lbg'k/]sf] 5M
l/6 lgj]bsnfO{ of] lgj]bg btf{ ug]{ xsb}of
k|fKt 5, 5}g <
2. 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltsf]
sd{rf/L ;]jf zt{ lgodfjnLsf] ljjflbt
;+zf]lwt Joj:yf ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] 5
jf 5}g <
3. dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'gk
' g]{ xf] jf
xf]Og <
1.
@= ;j{ky| d xsb}of;DaGwL klxnf] k|Zgtkm{

ljrf/ ubf{, ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfb cbfnt;dIf
NofpFbf ;f] ljjfb;Fu ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnL hgtf jf s'g}

vf; ;d"x jf ju{ jf If]q;Fu ;DalGwt hgtfsf]
;fd"lxs ;/f]sf/sf ;fy} lgj]bgstf{sf] klg ;fy{s
;/f]sf/ / cy{k0" f{ ;DaGw /x]sf] x'gk' g]{ xf] . o;sf]
cltl/Qm ultra vires ;DaGwL sfg"gL k|Zgsf] xsdf
s'g} klg g]kfnL gful/sn] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^# sf] wf/f !)& sf] pkwf/f -!_ cg';f/ o;
cbfntdf lgj]bg lbg ;S5 . o;k|sf/ k|:t't ljjfb
;fdfGo ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/;DaGwL ljjfb Public
Interest Litigation dfq geO{ o;df ;+jw
} flgs k|Zg
lgxLt /x]sf]n] o; ljjfb;Fu oL lgj]bssf] cy{k0" f{ /
;fy{s ;/f]sf/ 5, 5}g eGg] k|Zg uf}0f x'g uPsf] 5 .
o;sf] cltl/Qm ;+jw} flgs ljjfb;DaGwL lgj]bg
lbg lgj]bssf] xslxtdf c;/ k/]sf] xf];\ jf gxf];\
Tof] vf;} dxTjk"0f{ s'/f x'bF g} . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf]
wf/f !)& sf] pkwf/f -!_ cGtu{tsf] lgj]bg lbg
-!_ df}lns xspk/ cg'lrt aGb]h nufOPsf] jf @_ cGo s'g} sf/0fn] s'g} sfg"g ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf]
5 egL ;f] sfg"g ab/ 3f]lift u/fpg kfpg] xs
k|To]s g]kfnL gful/nfO{ k|fKt 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf
ljkIfLxsf tkm{af6 p7fOPsf] xsb}of;DaGwL
ts{;uF ;xdt x'g ;lsFbg} . k|:t't lgj]bg xsb}of
k|fKt JolQmaf6 bfo/ ePsf] b]lvof] .
#= ca bf];f| ] k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{, ljkIfL
3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltdf l/Qm /x]sf
kbxdf c:yfoL sd{rf/Lx aLr dfq ;Lldt
k|lt:kwf{ u/fO{ kbk"lt{ ug]{ u/]sf] pQm ;ldltsf]
sd{rf/L ;]jf zt{ lgodfjnL, @)%% sf] lgod
#=!=&-#_ sf] Joj:yf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^# sf] wf/f !@-#_-r_, !# tyf !* ;Fu aflemPsf]
5 eGg] lgj]bssf] bfjL /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
lgj]bsn] r'gf}tL lbPsf] 3/]n' tyf ;fgf
pBf]u ljsf; ;ldlt sd{rf/L ;]jf zt{ lgodfjnL,
@)%% df pBf]u dGqfnosf] ldlt @)^%.!@.#! sf]
dlGq:t/Lo lg0f{ofg';f/ yk ePsf] lgod #=!=&-#_
df lgDg Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvG5M
o; lgodfjnLdf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f
n]lvPsf] eP tfklg :jLs[t b/aGbLsf] clws[t
554
5}7f}+ tx, ;xfos:t/ kfrf}+ tx, rf}yf] tx / t];f| ]

txdf of] lgod k|f/De x'bF fsf avt c:yfoL ?kdf
lgo'lQm eO{ z}lIfs of]Uotf k'us
] f sd{rf/LaLr
dfq ;f]xL kbdf 5'} k|lt:kwf{Tds k/LIff ;~rfng
u/L Psk6ssf] nflu kbk"lt{ ug{ ;lsg]5 .
t/,
-s_ o:tf] ljz]if Joj:yfdf @)^# ;fn k';
d;fGt;Dd lgo'lQm eO{ cljlR5Gg ?kdf
;f]xL kbdf sfo{/t\ ePsf] x'gk' g]5
{ .
-v_ Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotf k'us
] f] x'gk' g]5
{ .
-u_ o:tf] ljz]if Joj:Yffaf6 k"lt{ ul/g] kb
a9Ldf l/Qm kbsf] rfnL; k|ltzteGbf
a9L x'g5
] g} / o:tf] ljz]if Joj:Yff
Psk6ssf] nflu dfq x'g5
] .
$= plNnlvt sfg"gL Joj:yf x]bf{, 3/]n'
tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltcGtu{t s]xL txsf
kbxdf kbk"lt{ ubf{ l/Qm kbsf] $) k|ltzt;Dd
pQm ;ldltdf sfo{/t\ c:yfoL sd{rf/Lx aLr
dfq ;Lldt k|lt:kwf{ u/fO{ :yfoL kbk"lt{ ug{;Sg]
Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvof] .
%= ljkIfL 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf;
;ldlt, ljsf; ;ldlt P]g, @)!# cGtu{t :yfkgf
ePsf] eGg] tYodf ljjfb b]lvGg . ljsf; ;ldlt
P]g, @)!# sf] bkmf # cg';f/ g]kfn ;/sf/n]
sfo{sf/L cfb]zf/f ljsf; ;ldltx u7g ug{;Sg]
/ ljsf; ;ldltxsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ klg
;/sf/f/f hf/L x'g] pQm u7g cfb]zdf g} lgwf{/0f
x'g] eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;fy} To:tf
;ldltxdf kbflwsf/Lxsf] lgo'lQm klg g]kfn
;/sf/af6} x' g ] , ;ldltx cljlR5Gg
pQ/flwsf/jfnf ;+:yf -skf]/{ 6] a8L_ x'g] / bkmf *
cg';f/ ;ldltx lj36g ePkl5 ;ldltsf] xs
clwsf/ tyf bfloTj;d]t g]kfn ;/sf/df lgxLt
/xg] Joj:Yff /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;af6 ljsf; ;ldlt
P]g, @)!# cGtu{t ul7t ljkIfL 3/]n' tyf ;fgf
pBf]u ljsf; ;ldlt g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cfb]zaf6
555
l;lh{t /fHo ;+oGq -State Instrumentality_ cGtu{t

kg]{ Ps ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] ?kdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
^= o;k|sf/ 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf;
;ldlt /fHo ;+oGqcGtu{tsf] Ps ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf]
?kdf /x]sf] kl/k|I] odf o:tf] ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf]
;]jfdf k|jz
] ug{ ;dfgtf / ;dfg dfkb08sf
cfwf/df ;a} g]kfnL gful/sxsf] kx'r
F x'gk' b{5 jf
kb}g{ eGg] k|Zg ljrf/0fLo x'g cfPsf] 5 .
&= ;f] ;DaGwdf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^# sf] wf/f !@ cGtu{t :jtGqtfsf] xsleq
pkwf/f -#_ sf] v08 -r_ n] k|To]s g]kfnL gful/snfO{
k]zf, /f]huf/, pBf]u / Jofkf/ ug]{ :jtGqtf k|bfg
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o:t} wf/f !*-!_ n] k|To]s gful/snfO{
sfg"gdf Joj:yf ePadf]lhd /f]huf/Lsf] xs k|bfg
u/]sf] 5 . ;f] :jtGqtf / /f]huf/Lsf] xs lg/k]If
gx'g] eP klg ;f]xL wf/f !@ sf] pkwf/f -#_ sf]
k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+zsf] v08 -%_ df jl0f{t ;f]
:jtGqtfsf] ;d'lrt / 7Ls 9+un] k|of]u ug]{ clek|fon]
cfjZos sfg"g agfO{ lgoldt ug]{ afx]s ;f] :jtGqtf
gful/sxnfO{ lgjf{w?kdf k|fKt x'g] g} dfGg' kb{5 .
oxfF ;DdsL To;df cg'lrt aGb]h nfu]df To;nfO{
ab/ u/fpg kfpg] ;+jw} flgs xs klg wf/f #@ n]
k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .
*= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]
wf/f !# sf] pkwf/f -!_-@_-#_-$_ n] gful/sxnfO{
;dfgtfsf] xs k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . pQm wf/f !# sf]
pkwf/f -#_ sf] k|ltjGwfTds jfSof+zn] dlxnf, blnt,
cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zL jf ls;fg, dhb'/ jf
cfly{s, ;fdflhs jf ;f+:s[lts b[li6n] lk5l8Psf]
ju{ jf afns, j[4 tyf ckf jf zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s
?kn] czQm JolQmsf] ;+/If0f, ;zQmLs/0f jf
ljsf;sf nflu;Dd sfg"Gff/f ljz]if Joj:yf ug{
;lsg] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;f]afx]s cGo s'g}
klg cfwf/af6 /fHon] gful/sxsf aLr c;dfg
Jojxf/ ug{ ;Sg] kl/sNkgf ;+ljwfgn] u/]sf] 5}g .
;a} gful/s sfg"gsf] b[li6df ;dfg x'g] / /fHon]
s'g} klg cfwf/df gful/sx aLr e]befjk"0f{ Jojxf/
gug]{ s'/fnfO{ klg ;+jw} flgs k|Tofe"lt k|fKt 5 .
(= o; cy{af6 x]bf{ /fHon] ;fj{hlgs

If]qdf /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ k|bfg ubf{ pk/f]Qm ljz]if
ju{sf gful/sxsf xsdf ;Dd ljz]if ;+/If0ffTds
Joj:yf ug{;Sg] b]lvG5 . ;f] afx]s cGo s'g} klg
cfwf/df k]zf, Joj;fo jf /f]huf/Lsf] xssf]
pkef]u ubf{ ul/g] lje]bk"0f{ Jojxf/nfO{ k"0f{?kn]
k|ltalGwt ul/Psf] kfOG5 . ljkIfL 3/]n' tyf ;fgf
pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltdf c:yfoL ?kdf sfo{/t\
sd{rf/Lx ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@-#_ sf] k|ltaGwfTds
v08 -%_ cGtu{t kb}g{ g\ . ;f] ;DaGwdf ljwflosfn]
s'g} ljz]if sfg"g agfPsf] klg 5}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf
klxnfb]lv c:yfoL kbdf sfo{/t\ sd{rf/Lx ljz]if
;+/If0fsf] xsbf/ x'g;Sg] b]lvFbg} .
!)= o;sf] cltl/Qm ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !*
n] k|To]s gful/snfO{ /f]huf/Lsf] xs;d]t k|bfg
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;+ljwfgsf] ;f] Joj:yfcg'k aGg]
sfg"gn] gful/sxsf] /f]huf/L k|flKtsf] xsnfO{
;Daf]wg ug'k{ g]{ cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . /fHosf ;fj{hlgs
lgsfoxdf ul/g] sd{rf/Lxsf] lgo'lQmsf nflu
pQm wf/f dfu{bz{gsf] ?kdf ;d]t /x]sf] 5 . o;
;Gbe{df ljkIfL 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf;
;ldltdf l/Qm s]xL kbxdf kbk"lt{ ubf{ ;f] ;ldltdf
c:yfoL?kdf sfo{/t\ sd{rf/LxjLr dfq ;Lldt
k|ltikwf{ ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u
ljsf; ;ldlt sd{rf/L ;]jf zt{ lgodfjnL, @)%%
sf] lgod #=!=& -#_ sf] ljjflbt Joj:yfn] pQm
;ldltdf l/Qm /x]sf kbxdf :yfoL lgo'lQm eO{
sfo{ ug{sf] nflu cfjZos of]Uotf ePsf cfd
g]kfnL gful/sxnfO{ ;ldltsf] ;]jfdf k|jz
] ug{
kfpg] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !# f/f k|bQ ;dfgtfsf]
xssf] pNn+3g ug's
{ f cltl/Qm ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f
!@-#_-r_ f/f k|bQ k]zf /f]huf/ ug{ kfpg]
gful/sxsf] :jtGqtfdf ;d]t cg'lrt tj/af6
aGb]h nufPsf] b]lvg cfpF5 .
!!= k|lt:kwf{sf] bfo/f hlt j[xt\ x'G5
Tolt g} dfqfdf of]Uotd JolQm 5gf}6 x'g] xf] .
of]Uotf k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t sd{rf/L k|zf;gsf] of]
;fdfGo l;4fGt xf] . o; ;DaGwdf o:t} ljjfbsf]
ljifoa:t' ;dfj]z ePsf] lgj]bs clwjQmf dLgf

v8\sf lj?4 /fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u;d]t
ePsf] l/6 g+=)^%WS ))#%, ))#^ sf] l/6
lgj]bg -g]sfk @)^& a}zfv lg=g+=*@(@ k[i7 @)_
df k|ltikwf{nfO{ ;Lldt t'Nofpg] u/L ul/Psf] sfg"gL
Joj:yfnfO{ s'g} klg ts{sf cfwf/df ;+ljwfgcg'sn
"
dfGg ;lsg] cj:yf b]lvFbg} egL o; cbfntsf]
ljz]if Ohnf;af6 /fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf
sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf, zt{ / ;'ljwf;DaGwL lgodfjnL
@)%* df t];f| ] ;+zf]wgaf6 yk ul/Psf] lgod (
sf] pklgod -$_ sf] Joj:yf cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf]
wf/f !*, !@-#_-r_ / !# ;d]tsf] ljk/Lt ePsf]
egL cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift ub}{ l;4fGt;d]t k|ltkfbg
eO;s]sf] 5 . pQm lg0f{odf k|ltkflbt l;4fGt
k|:t't ljjfbdf klg k"0f{?kn] cfslif{t x'g] cj:yf
ePsf]n] ;d]t 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldlt
sd{rf/L ;]jf zt{ lgodfjnL, @)%% df ldlt
@)^%.!@.#! sf] dlGq:t/Lo lg0f{ofg';f/ yk ePsf]
lgod #=!=&-#_ sf] Joj:yf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@-#_-r_, wf/f !# / wf/f !* ;Fu
aflemPsf] b]lvG5 .
!@= dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ug'k{ g]{
xf] jf xf]Og eGg] clGtd k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ o:t}
e]befjk"0f{ Jojxf/ klxnf s'g} ;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs
lgsfodf eP klg Tof] ab/ ePg eGg] ts{sf]
cfwf/df clxn]sf] ljjflbt ljifo ;+ljwfg;Ddt\
x'g ;Sb}g . To;}u/L @)^% ;fndf ePsf] pQm
ljjflbt ;+zf]wg ab/sf nflu ldlt @)^*.(.!#
df k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg bfo/ ePaf6 lanDj u/L
k/]sf] eGg] cfwf/df klg Tof] ;+zf]wg sfod /xg
;Sb}g . j:t'tM ;+jw} flgstf jf Ultra Vires sf]
k|Zgdf cg'lrt ljnDjsf] l;4fGt Principle of
Laches nfu" g} x'b
F g} . o;sf] cltl/Qm ;f] ;ldltdf
klxnfb]lv ljlwjt\ c:yfoL sd{rf/Lsf] x}l;otn]
w]/} jif{bl] v sfo{/t\ sd{rf/LxaLr dfq l/Qm
kbsf] s]xL k|ltztdf ;Lldt k|ltof]lutf u/fpg]
sfo{ Gofok"0f{ 5, To;af6 csf{sf] xs hfFbg} eGg]
ljkIfLxsf tkm{af6 k|:t't ul/Psf] ts{ klg :jLsfo{
556
**)# afns[i0f >]i7 lj=/fd]Zj/L >]i7
x'g ;Sb}g . lsgeg] df}lns xs / ;+jw} flgstfsf]

k|Zgdf s]xL ;Lldt JolQmsf] lxtnfO{ ljrf/ u/L
lg0f{o ug{ ldNg] x'bF g} . ;Dk"0f{ ;+jw} flgs Joj:Yff /
;+ljwfgsf] dd{ x]gk{' g]{ x'G5 . o;sf] cltl/Qm s]xL
;Lldt JolQmxsf] lxteGbf ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnL hgtfsf]
lxt x]gk{' g]{ x'g cfpF5 .
!#= ctM dfly ljj]lrt cfwf/ sf/0fxaf6
ljkIfL 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltdf
sfo{/t\ c:yfoL sd{rf/LxjLr dfq ;Lldt
k|lt:kwf{ ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u]
ljsf; ;ldlt sd{rf/L ;]jf zt{ lgodfjnL @)%%
df ldlt @)^%.!@.#! sf] dlGq:t/Lo lg0f{ofg';f/
yk ePsf] lgod #=!=&-#_ sf]] Joj:yfn] g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f !* f/f k|bQ
/f]huf/L k|fKt ug{] g]kfnL gful/ssf] xs, wf/f !@
-#_ sf] v08 -r_ adf]lhd k]zf, /f]huf/ ug{] :jtGqtf
tyf wf/f !# f/f k|bQ ;dfgtfsf] xsdf ;d]t
cg'lrt aGb]h nufPsf] b]lvg cfPsf]n] ;+ljwfg;Fu
aflemPsf] pQm lgod #=!=&-#_ sf] Joj:yf g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)& sf] pkwf/f
-!_ adf]lhd cfh}sf ldltaf6 cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift
ul/Psf] 5 . pQm lgod #=!=&-#_ sf] Joj:yf cdfGo
/ ab/ 3f]lift ePsf] x'bF f ;f]xL lgodcg'k k|sflzt
;Lldt k|ltikwf{tkm{sf] lj1fkg g+= &%)^%)^^,
&^)^%)^^, &&)^%)^^,&*)^%)^^,
&()^%)^^ / *))^%)^^ sf lj1fkg /
;f];uF ;DalGwt cGo sf/jfxL;d]t pTk|i] f0fsf]
cfb]zf/f ab/ ul/lbPsf] 5 . k|:t't cfb]zsf]
hfgsf/L ljkIfLxnfO{ lbO{ ldl;n lgodfg';f/
u/L a'emfOlbg" .
Gof= k|sfz j:tL
Gof=ts{/fh e6[
Olt ;+jt\ @)^* ;fn r}t @ ut] /f]h % z'ed\ ======
Ohnf; clws[t M dft[sfk|;fb cfrfo{
&
557
lg0f{o g+= **)#

;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;
;DdfggLo k|wfg GofofwLz >L /fdk|;fb >]i7
dfggLo GofofwLz >L s[i0fk|;fb pkfWofo
b]=k'=g+= )^#-CI-)&#@
km};nf ldltM @)^&.*.@@.$
d'2f M c+z rng .
k'g/fj]bs jfbLM nlntk'/ lhNnf, nlntk'/
pkdxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= $ a:g]
afns[i0f >]i7
lj?4
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLM P]= P]= a:g] >Ls[i0f >]i7sf] d[To'
eO{ d'2f ;sf/ ug]{ lghsf] >LdtL /fd]Zj/L
>]i7 ;d]t
z'? lg0f{oM
df=Gof=>L k|ef j:g]t
k'g/fj]bg km};nfM
df=Gof=>L s]zjk|;fb d}gfnL
df=Gof=>L hgfb{gaxfb'/ v8\sf
z]ifkl5sf] as;kq ul/lbg]sf] d[To'
ePsf] / ;f] lnvt ab/ gePsf]
cj:yfdf To:tf] as;kq :jtM
lqmofzLn e} as;kq lbg] s f] c+ z
xs as;kq kfpg]df ;g]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=!)_
z] i fkl5sf] as;kq lnvt ab/
gePsf] l:yltdf bftfsf] d[ T o' k l5
;f] lnvt :jtM lqmofzLn x'g] x'Fbf
;f] lnvtadf]lhd lghsf] xs ePsf]
;DklQ lghn] bz ?k}ofF b:t"/ lt/L
/lhi6 ] z gsf] #@s g+ = adf] l hd
hlxn] ; ' s } gfd;f/L bfv] n vf/] h
u/fpg ;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!#_
z]ifkl5sf] as;kqaf6 k|fKt u/]sf]

;DklQ cGo c+lzof/sf gfddf bf=vf=
x'bF d
} f ;f] ;DklQsf] ;uf]nLo rl/q /
k|s[ltdf s'g} leGgtf gcfpg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!$_
k'g/fj]bs jfbL tkm{af6M ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmfqo
j;Gt/fd e08f/L, xl/x/ bfxfn / zDe'
yfkf
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbL tkm{af6M ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmfo
s[i0fk|;fb e08f/L / ljZjsfGt d}gfnL
Pj+ ljfg clwjQmfx u'?k|;fb j/fn,
;ljtf a/fn / afnd'sG' b >]i7
cjnlDat ghL/M
g]sfk @)#@, lg=g+= (@$, k[i7 @!*
g]sfk @)%^, lg=g+= ^&@(, k[i7 #(@
;Da4 sfg"gM
d'ns
' L P]g, bfgas;sf] % g+=
c+za08fsf] !( / !(-$_g+=
/lhi6z
] gsf] #@s g+=
c=j+= !#(
k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ^-s_
km};nf
k|=Gof=/fdk|;fb >]i7M Gofo k|zf;g P]g,
@)$* sf] bkmf ( cGtu{t k'g/fj]bg cbfnt,
kf6gsf] km};nfpk/ jfbL afns[i0f >]i7sf] o;
cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg kg{ cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt
tYo / 7x/ b]xfoadf]lhd /x]sf] 5 M
lktf t'N;Lgf/fo0f >]i7sf] ldlt @)$@.!!.!
df, ;f}tg] L cfdf lrgLdfof >]i7sf] klxn]g} / cfdf
rGb|sd
' f/L >]i7sf] ldlt @)@(.*.@@ df cfk\mg}
sfnultn] :juf{/f]x0f eO;s]sf] 5 . bfh' t'N;Ls[i0f
>]i7n]] dfnkf]t sfof{no, nlntk'/af6 ldlt
@)#%.@.!), /=g+= ^() sf] kfl/t 5f]8kqsf]
lnvtaf6 cfgf] efu lx:;f lnO{ 5'L leGg eO;Sg'
ePsf] 5 . bfh' hos[i0f >]i7 lktf t'N;Lgf/fo0f
>]i7;Fu rn]sf] c+z d'2fdf tTsfnLg dWodf~rn
If]qLo cbfntaf6 ldlt @)#(.!).!@ df ePsf]

ldnfkqadf]lhd ljleGg 3/ hUufx c+zafkt
lnO{ 5'L leGg eO;Sg' ePsf] 5 . ljkIfL bfh' / d
lkm/fbL ;d]tsf] ljjfx bfg eO;s]sf] 5 . xfdL
jfbL k|ltjfbL bfh'efO{ afx]s c+za08f ug'k{ g]{ tyf
ljjfx vr{ k/ ;fg'kg]{ sf]xL s'g} c+lzof/x tyf
kl/jf/x ;d]t /x]sf 5}gg\ . ca08f ;DklQ xfdL
jfbL k|ltjfbL b'j} hgf bfh'efOsf] gfddf ;+oQ
' m
btf{ /x]sf] eP tfklg ;Dk"0f{ ;DklQ ljkIfLn] dfq
Psnf}6L ?kdf lnO{ vfO{ cfpg' ePsf] 5 . ;uf]n
uf]Zjf/f ;DklQsf] cfo:tf ef]urng ug{af6 lkm/fbL
al~rt eP/ /x]sf] 5' . ctM lkm/fb k/]sf] lbgnfO{
dfgf] 5'lPsf] ldlt sfod u/L a08f ug'k{ g]{ ;Dk"0f{
rn crn >L ;DklQsf] c+za08fsf] @), @!, @@
g+= adf]lhd tfobftL kmfF6jf/L ljj/0f lnO{ b'O{
efusf] ! efu c+z lkm/fbLnfO{ lbnfO{, lkm/fbLsf]
gfddf btf{ u/L cbfntaf6} rng ;d]t rnfO{
kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lkm/fbkq .
xfdL jfbL k|ltjfbL b'O{ hgfdfq c+lzof/
geO{ afa' t'N;Lgf/fo0faf6 z]ifkl5sf] as;kq
kfpg] zzLls/0f ;d]t # c+lzof/ ePsf]n] # efu
nufO{ t'N;L gf/fo0fsf] xs hlt zzLls/0fn] kfpg]
/ afFsL jfbL / d ;d]t @ hgfsf] cfwfcfwf cyf{t
# efusf] ! efu a08f nfUg] xf] . lkm/fbdf pNn]v
ePadf]lhd dfgf] 5'lPsf] ldlt sfod geO{ h]7L
cfdf kLsf bfh' t'N;Ls[i0f >]i7sf] c+z 5f]8kq
kfl/t ePsf] ldlt @)#%.@.!) cyjf afa'
t'N;Lgf/fo0fn] g} k|ltjfbLnfO{ 3/ agfpg
d~h"/Lgfdf lbg' ePsf] ldlt @)#%.!).% cyjf
xfd|L cfdftkm{sf hos[i0f >]i7sf] c+z lbnfO{ kfpFm
eGg] d'2fsf] lkm/fb k/]sf] ldlt cyjf ;f] d'2fdf
tTsfnLg dWodf~rn If]qLo cbfntaf6 ldnfkq
ePsf] @)#*.!).!@ dWo] ldnfkq ePsf] ldltnfO{
g} kSsf dfGg'k5{ . ;fy} ldlt @)#%.!).% nfO{
dfgf] 5'lPsf] ldlt sfod u/L d}n] /fli6o jfl0fHo
a}s
+ ;Fu sd{rf/Ln] kfpg] 3/ shf{ / gf]s/Laf6
cfocfh{g u/]sf] ;d]tsf /sdaf6 lgdf{0f u/]sf]
3/ ePsf]n] ls=g+= ^( lsQfsf6 eO{ xfn ls=g+=
558
**)# afns[i0f >]i7 lj=/fd]Zj/L >]i7 ;d]t
!$# sf] )^# hUufdf ag]sf] 3/ d]/f] dfq

Psnf}6L 7xofO{ ;f] afx]s afFsL /x]sf hUuf /
btf{ eO;s]sf] jfbL / d]/f] gfddf ;+oQ
' m btf{
ePsf hUufx # efu nfUg] x'bF f ;f] adf]lhd #
efu nufO{ Gofo lg/f]k0f xf];\ . rn crn ;DklQ
cfcfkmgf] efudf kg]{ wgdfn afa's} hLjgsfndf
xftxft} a08f u/L a'emL lnO{ ;s]sf] x'bF f c+za08fsf]
dxnsf] @), @!, @@ g+= adf]lhd tfobftL kmfF6jf/L
bflvn ug'k{ g]{ xf]Og . gfn]; k/]sf] ldltnfO{ dfgf]
5'lPsf] ldlt sfod u/L tfobftL lnO{ b'O{ efusf]
Ps efu c+z lbnfO{ kfpFm eGg] ljkIfLsf] lkm/fb
bfjL cfwf/xLg / em"7f xf] . em"7f gfln; lbg]
jfbLnfO{ ;hfo ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t k|ltjfbL >Ls[i0f
>]i7sf] k|ltpQ/kq .
afh] t' N ;Lgf/fo0f >] i 7n] lghsf]
c+zxssf] ;DklQ lghsf] z]ifkl5 d}n] vfg kfpg]
u/L ldlt @)#&.!@.@* df dnfO{ ci6nf]x u/L
z]ifkl5sf] as;kq ul/lbPsf] / lghsf] ;]jf 6xn
ul//x]s} cj:yf ldlt @)$@.!!.!! df lgh
t'N;Lgf/fo0fsf] d[To' ePsf]n] k|:t't d'2fdf jfbL
afns[i0f >]i7, k|ltjfbL tyf afh] t'N;Lgf/fo0fsf]
xsvfg] d zzLls/0f ;d]t # hgf c+lzof/
ePsf]df ljjfb 5}g . jfbL afns[i0f >]i7n]] afh]
t'N;Lgf/fo0f >]i7af6} 3/ agfpgsf] lgldQ ls=g+=
^( sf] hUufdWo]af6 If]=km= )!)@ hUufdf 3/
agfpg] gS;f kf;sf] k|of]hgsf] nflu d~h"/gfdf
k|fKt u/]sf] ;DklQsf] ;|ft] jfh] t'N;Lgf/fo0f g}
x'g' ePsf] / pxfFn] v8f u/]sf] ;DklQ vfg kfpg]
z]ifkl5sf] pQ/flwsf/L dnfO{ ;d]t efu nfUg]
x'bF f jfbL bfjLadf]lhd @ efu dfq a08f nfUg]
geO{ # efu c+za08f u/L # efusf] ! efu dfq
jfbL afns[i0f >]i7n] c+z kfpg] xf] eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] d'ns
' L P]g, c=j+= !#( g+ adf]lhd a'lemPsf
zzLls/0f >]i7sf] clws[t jf/]z /f]zgL >]i7n]
u/]sf] jofg .
d hos[i0fsf] >LdtL x'F . d]/f] klt hos[i0f
h]7f, k|ltjfbL >Ls[i0f dflxnf / jfbL afns[i0f
sfG5f x'g\ . oL tLg c+lzof/x aLr lgodadf]lhd
559
g/ds/d ldnfO{ c+za08f ePsf] 5}g . ctM

g/ds/d ldnfO{ tLg c+z u/L # efusf] Ps efu
d}n] kfpg' k5{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] d'ns
' L P]g,
c=j+= !#( g+ adf]lhd a'lemPsf ;fg' >]i7n] u/]sf]
jofg .
jfbL, k|ltjfbL / c=j+= !#( adf]lhd
a'lemPsf dflg;xsf ;fIfLxn] u/]sf] jskq
ldl;n ;+nUg /x]sf] .
tfobftL kmfF6jf/L k]z eO{ ldl;n ;fd]n
/x]sf] .
sfg"gadf]lhd c+za08f eO{ jfbLn] cfgf]
efu c+z kfO;s]sf] eGg] k'li6 ug{] lnlvt k|df0f
k|ltjfbLn] k]z ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvg gcfO{ jfbL
k|ltjfbLsf] gfddf ;+oQ' m hUuf btf{ /x]sf] b]lvPsf]n]
jfbLn] cfgf] c+z efu kfpg] g} b]lvof] . lktf
t'N;Lgf/fo0f >]i7sf] @)$@ ;fndf k/nf]s ePkl5
z]ifkl5sf] lnvt lqmofzLn u/fO{ t'N;Lgf/fo0fsf
gfpFsf] hUuf jfbL k|ltjfbLsf] gfddf @)$^ ;fndf
;+oQ' m gfd;f/L ubf{sf] cj:yfdfg} k|ltjfbLsf 5f]/f
zzLls/0f >]i7n] bfjL la/f]w ug{ ;s]sf] gb]lvFbf
xfn t'N;Lgf/fo0fsf] c+z egL zzLls/0f >]i7nfO{
a08f nufpg ldNg] b]lvPg . xfn;Dd klg ls=g+=
!$# sf] hUuf jfbL afns[i0f / k|ltjfbL >Ls[i0f
>]i7sf] ;+oQ
' m gfddf btf{ /xL ;uf]ndf /xFbf 3/
lgdf{0f u/]sf] eGg] b]lvFbf a08f nfUg] b]lvFbf jfbL
bfjLadf]lhd ;Dk"0f{ 3/ hUuf >L;DklQaf6 b'O{
efusf] Ps efu c+z jfbLn] kfpg] / rng ;d]t
rnfO{ kfpg] 7x5{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] nlntk'/
lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)^@.!).^ sf] km};nf .
z]ifkl5sf] as;kq bftfsf] d[To'kZrft\
lqmofzLn e} as;kq kfpg]sf] xs x'g] s'/fsf]
pN6f] cy{ nufO{ dgf]ut wf/0ff agfO{ ePsf] ;f]
km};nfdf sfg"gsf] uDeL/ q'l6 ePsf] 5 . @)$^
;fndf g} d}n] s'g} ph"/ lj/f]w ug'k{ g]{ cf}lrTo
5}g . xr'jf a'bF faf6 d]/f] as;kq adf]lhdsf] xs
ckxl/t x'g ;Sb}g . t'N;Lgf/fo0fsf] xs vfg]
k'g/fj]bsnfO{ ;Dk"0f{ ;DklQ Pj+ g};lu{s xsaf6
al~rt x'g] u/L ePsf] km};nf pN6L u/L # c+lzof/
sfod u/L z] i fkl5sf] as;kq adf] l hd

t'N;Lgf/fo0f >]i7sf] xs d]/f] x'g] / jfFsL @ efudf
sfg"gadf]lhd x'g] u/L GofokfpFm eGg] zzLls/0f
>]i7sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gdf k/]sf] k'g/fj]bg
kq .
afa' t'N;Lgf/fo0f >]i7n] d k'g/fj]bsn]
3/ agfPgsf] nflu ldlt @)#%.!).% df d~h"/gfdf
lbO{ jfbL afns[i0f >]i7n] @)#%.!).& df gS;f
kf;sf] :jLs[lt lgj]bgdf ;xL ul/lbg' ePsf]n]
/f=jf=a}s
+ af6 d]/f] gf]s/Laf6 cfocfh{g ePsf] /sd
;d]t tnjaf6 sf x'g] u/L C0f lnO{ cfh]s
{ f]
/sdaf6 @)$).!.!$ ut] lgdf{0f u/]sf] 3/ a08f
nfUg] xf]Og eGg] k|df0f k]z ubf{ub}{ ;Dk"0f{ 3/
hUufaf6 @ efusf] ! efu kfpg] egL ePsf] km};nf
pN6L u/L afa' t'N;Lgf/fo0f >]i7sf] ;Dk"0f{ k}ts
[
;DklQnfO{ # efu nfufO{ # efusf] ! t'N;Lgf/fo0fsf]
z]ifkl5sf] as;kq kfpg] zzLls/0f >]i7nfO{
5'6o\ fO{ d k'g/fj]bsn] 3/ shf{ lnO{ lgdf{0f u/]sf]
ls=g+= !$# sf] If]=km= )^#) hUufdf ag]sf]
3/ d]/f] Psnf}6L / ljkIfL jfbLsf] ls=g+= &! df
jg]sf] 3/ ljklIfnfO{ g} Psnf}6L ?kdf 5'ofO{
afFsL /x]sf] crn ;DklQdf b'O{ efu nufO{ ljkIfLnfO{
! efu / d k'g/fj]bsnfO{ Ps efu c+z lbnfpg]
u/L OG;fkm kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL
>Ls[i0f >]i7sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gdf k/]sf]
k'g/fj]bg kq .
o;df lgjbgsf] k|s/0f # sf] b]xfodf
n]lvPsf] lsQf hUufxdf bfjL lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sg]
Ps ltxfO{ xb;Ddsf] hUufx k'g/fj]bgsf] lsgf/f
gnfu];Dd bfg bftJo a]rljvg OToflb gug'{ egL
c=j+= !&!-s_ g+= cg';f/ /f]Ssf /fvL lbPsf] 5
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] cfb]z .
o;df lkm/fbL afns[i0f >]i7 / k|ltjfbL
>Ls[i0f >]i7sf] afa' :j= t'N;Lgf/fo0f >]i7n]
ldlt @)#&.!@.@* df cfgf] c+z btf{sf] ;DklQ
z]ifkl5sf] as;kq u/L k|ltjfbL >Ls[i0fsf] 5f]/f
k| = zzLls/0fnfO{ lbPsf] / @)$@ ;fndf
t'N;Lgf/fo0fsf] d[To' ;d]t ePsf] cj:yfdf
t'N;Lgf/fo0faf6 z]ifkl5sf] as;kq kfpg]

zzLls/0fsf] z]ifkl5sf] as;kq adf]lhdsf]
;DklQdf c+z xssfod gu/L lkm/fbL afns[i0f
/ k|ltjfbL >Ls[i0f >]i7sf] dfq} c+z xs sfdo
u/L / ls=g+= !$# sf] hUufdf 3/ lgdf{0f ubf{
k|ltjfbL >Ls[i0fn] :j= afa' t'N;Lgf/fo0faf6
:jLs[t lnO{ a}+saf6 C0f lnO{ 3/ agfPsf] /
gS;f kf;df lkm/fbL afns[i0f ;d]t ;fIfL j;]sf]
cj:yf b]lvFbf ;f] 3/ ;d]taf6 lkm/fbLn] @ efusf]
Ps efu c+z kfpg] u/L ePsf] z'? km};nf km/s
kg{ ;Sg] b]lvFbf k|ToyL{ lemsfO{ lgodfg';f/ k]z
ug'{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt,
kf6gsf] cfb]z .
o;df jfbL k|ltjfbL c+lzof/ x'g\ eGg]
s'/fdf ljjfb b]lvPg . t'N;Lgf/fo0fn] cfgf]
hLjgsfnd} cfgf] c+z xssf] ;DklQ gflt
zzLls/0f >]i7nfO{ ldlt @)#&.!@.@* df
z]ifkl5sf] as;kq kfl/t ul/lbPsf] / @)$@
;fndf lgh k/nf]s ePsf] x'Fbf @)$@ ;fndf
pQm as;kq ;lqmo ePsf] b]lvFbf >Ls[i0f,
afns[i0f / zzLls/0f -t'N;L gf/fo0fsf] u/L_
tLg c+za08f nfUg] g} eof] . afa' / bfh'af6
:jLs[lt lnO{ JolQmut tj/df C0f lnO{ 3/ agfPsf]
b]lvFbf ljjflbt ls=g+ !$# dWo]sf] h=/f]= )^
#) hUuf / 3/ >Ls[i0fsf] lghL x'g] / afns[i0f
>]i7n] klg lghL tj/n] agfPsf] 3/ / 3/n]
rr]{sf] )^!) hUuf lghxsf] cfcfgf]
lghL b]lvFbf ;f] 3/ a08f ug'{kg]{ b]lvPg . c?
>L;DklQdf jfbLn] tLg v08sf] Ps v08 c+z
kfpg] b]lvof] . t;y{ z'? nlntk'/ lhNnf cbfntsf]
km};nf s]xL pN6L e} z]ifkl5sf] as;kq kfpg]
zzLls/0fsf] ;d]t c+z efu nfUg] / ls=g+ !$#
sf] hUuf /f]kgL !!)) dWo] h=/f]= )^#
) df ag]sf] eg]sf] 3/ / 3/n] rr]{sf] hUuf
afx]ssf] 3/ hUuf;Dd tyf ls=g+= &! sf] )^
!) df ag]sf] eg]sf] 3/ / 3/n] rr]{sf] hUuf
afx]ssf] 3/ hUuf ;Dd pk/f]Qm @ 3/x jfbL
k|ltjfbLn] cfk"mn] lghL tj/af6 agfPsf] b]lvFbf
560
;f] 3/x a08f gnfUg] / c? >L ;DklQaf6

jfbLn] tLg efusf] Ps efu c+z kfpg] 7x5{
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf]
ldlt @)^#.%.@& sf] km};nf .
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] pQm km};nfdf
lrQ a'em]g . z]ifkl5sf] as;kq lbg] t'N;Lgf/fo0f
>]i7sf] ldlt @)$@.!!.! df d[To' ePsf] ldltn]
bfgas;sf] % g+= adf]lhd @ jif{ xbDofbleq
ljkIfL zzLls/0f >]i7n] as;kq lqmofzLn
u/fpg g;s]sf]n] lgliqmo e};s]sf] z]ifkl5sf]
as;kqadf]lhd ;DklQdf xs x'g] 7x/ u/]sf]
km};nf pQm sfg"gL Joj:yf ljk/Lt ab/efuL
5 . z]ifkl5sf] as;kqsf] cfwf/df k|fKt ePsf]
xs d'ns
' L P]g, h=k=sf] @s= g+= adf]lhd hlxn];s
' }
gfd;f/L ug{ ldNb}g . @)$^ ;fndf g} ;f]
hUufx d afns[i0f >]i7 / k|ltjfbL >Ls[i0f
>]i7sf gfpFdf ;+oQ
' m gfd;f/L ul/Psf]df ;f]pk/
r'gf}tL u/L bf=vf= gfd;f/L ab/ / xs sfod
u/fpg g;s]sf] x'Fbf xfn bfjL g} gePsf] s'/fdf
lg?k0f u/]sf] km};nf c=j+= *@, !*$s, h=k=sf]
@s / !& tyf h= ld= sf] !* g+= sf] ljk/Lt
ab/efuL 5 . ljkIfL zzLls/0f d ;d]tsf
c+lzof/ geO{ elthf gftfsf JolQm x'g\ . lghnfO{
c+za08fsf] ! g+= adf]lhd c+lzof/ sfod ug{
gldNg]df xs g} ;dfKt e};s]sf] z]ifkl5sf]
as;kq sf] cfwf/df c+lzof/ sfod u/]sf] km};nf
c+za08fsf] ! / !(-$_ g+= ljk/Lt 5 . ls=g+=
!$# sf] If]=km= !!) dWo] )^#) hUufdf
ag]sf] 3/ ljkIfL >Ls[i0f >]i7sf] lghL 7xofPsf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf klg q'l6k"0f{ 5 . pQm
3/ ;uf] n df /xF b f agfPsf] xf] . gS;f
kf;nufotsf sfo{ ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu dfq
ljkIfLnfO{ d~h"/gfdf lbOPsf] xf] . hUuf lghnfO{
dfq xs 5fl8 lbPsf] eP lktfsf] d[To'kZrft\
@)$^ ;fndf ;+o'Qm gfd;f/L x'g] lyPg . gS;f
kf;sf] nflu lbPsf] d~h"/gfdfaf6 xs ;dfKt
ePsf] eGg] cy{ u/L ;uf]ndf 5Fbf agfPsf] 3/
ljkIfLsf] lghL 7xofPsf] km};nf ldn]sf] 5}g .
561
a}saf6 lnPsf] ?=#),))).C0faf6 s/f}8+ f}+ d"No

kg]{ pQm 3/ lgdf{0f x'g;Sg] cj:yf klg 5}g .
ctM # c+lzof/ sfod ul/Psf] / 3/ lghL cfh{gsf]
7xofO{ a08f gnufPsf] xb;Dd k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
kf6gsf] km};nf ab/ u/L z'? nlntk'/ lhNnf
cbfntsf] km};nf ;b/ ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] jfbL afns[i0f >]i7sf] o; cbfnt;dIf
kg{ cfPsf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
o;df k|ltjfbL zzLls/0f >]i7n] ldlt
@)#&.!@.@* sf] z]ifkl5sf] as;kq cg';f/ k|fKt
u/]sf] eg]sf] ;DklQ z]ifkl5sf] as;kqsf] lnvt
ul/lbg] t'N;Lgf/fo0f >]i7sf] ldlt @)$@.!!.! df
d[To' ePkl5 d'ns
' L P]g bfgas;sf] dxnsf] % g+=
sf] xbDofb @ jif{leq lqmofzLn u/fpg' kg]d
{ f ;f]
u/fPsf] gb]lvPsf] cj:yfdf lgh zzLls/0f
>]i7nfO{ klg jfbL ;/xsf] c+lzof/ sfod u/L
jfbLn] # efusf] ! efu dfq c+z kfpg] 7x/ u/]sf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] km};nf pQm bfgas;sf]]
dxnsf] % g+= sf] xbDofb ;d]tsf] kl/k|I] odf
km/s kg{;Sg] b]lvFbf 5nkmnsf] lgldQ k|ToyL{
lemsfO{ cfPkl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5 lgodfg';f/
k]z ug'{ eGg] ;d]t o; Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfntaf6
ldlt @)^%.!@.@^ df ePsf] cfb]z .
lgodadf]lhd k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't
d'2fdf k'g/fj]bs jfbL afns[i0f >]i7sf tkm{af6
pkl:yt ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmfqo >L j;Gt/fd
e08f/L, >L xl/x/ bfxfn / >L zDe' yfkfn]
@)#& ;fnsf] z]ifkl5sf] as;kq gb]vfOPsf]
x'gfn] jfbLnfO{ ;f] tYo yfxf x'g] s'/f ePg .
@)$@ ;fndf lktf t'N;Lgf/fo0fsf] d[To' ePsf]
/ @)$^ ;fndf lktfsf] gfpF btf{sf] hUuf afns[i0f
/ >Ls[i0f >]i7sf gfp+df ;FoQ
' m gfd;f/L e};s]sf]
5 . pQm as;kqsf] cl:tTj gb]vfPsf] sf/0fn]
g} To;/L gfd;f/L ePsf] xf] . bfg as;sf] % g+=
adf]lhd kfpg]sf] xs k'u]sf] b'O{ jif{leq xs
sfod gu/fPsf]n] as;kq :jtM lgliqmo e};s]sf]
5 . ljifo ljifodf ag]sf] sfg"gsf] xbDofb JotLt
u/L ;s]sf] cj:yfdf d'n'sL P]g /lhi6]zgsf] #@
/ #@s tyf h=k=sf] @s g+= cfslif{t x'g ;Sb}g .

To;df klg lgh zzLls/0f jfbL agL gfd;f/L
ab/ u/L xs sfod u/fpg gfn]; lnO{ cfPsf]
cj:yf 5}g . c+z d'2fdf c=j+=!#( g+= adf]lhd
a'lemPsf] JolQmnfO{ jfbL ;/x dfgL xs sfod
ul/lbg ldNg] xf]Og . xbDofb gf3L ;s]sf] s'/fdf
OG;fkm ug{ ldNb}g eGg] ;DaGwdf tdfd ghL/
k|ltkfbg ePsf] x'bF f k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf
q'l6k"0f{ 5 . To;} u/L ls=g+= !$# sf] hUufdf
jg]sf] 3/ / 3/n] rr]s
{ f] )^#) hUuf k|ToyL{
>Ls[i0fsf] lghL 7xofPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf]
km};nf ;d]t ldn]sf] 5}g . pQm hUufdf 3/
agfpFbf gS;f kf; ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu;Dd
d~h"/gfdf lbPsf] xf] . ;f] 3/hUuf k|ToyL{sf]
lghL eP lktfsf] d[To' kl5 @)$^ ;fndf jfbL
;d]tsf] gfpFdf ;+oQ
' m gfd;f/L x'g] lyPg . a}s
+ df
hflu/ vfPsf] / tL; xhf/ C0f lnPsf] eGg]
cfwf/df dfq s/f}8+ f} kg]{ 3/ lghL tj/df agfPsf]
egL cg'dfg ug{ ldNb}g . ctM zzLls/0fnfO{
c+lzof/ sfod ul/Psf] / pQm 3/hUuf lghL
cfh{g 7x/ u/]sf] xb;Ddsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf]
km};nf ab/ eO{ z'? nlntk'/ lhNnf cbfntsf]
km};nf ;b/ ul/g'k5{ eGg] ;d]tsf] ax; ug'e
{ of] .
ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmfxn] cfgf] ax; lhsL/sf]
;dy{gdf lnlvt ax;gf]6 ;d]t k]z ug'{ ePsf]
/x]5 .
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLxsf] tkm{af6 /xg' ePsf
ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmfo >L s[i0fk|;fb e08f/L
/ >L ljZjsfGt d}gfnL Pj+ ljfg clwjQmfx
>L u'?k|;fb j/fn, >L ;ljtf a/fn / >L
afnd's'Gb >]i7n] afh] t'N;Lgf/fo0fn] lghsf]
c+z xssf] ;Dk"0f{ >L ;DklQ ci6nf]x u/L @)#&
;fndfg} gflt zzLls/0fnfO{ z]ifkl5sf] as;kq
kfl/t ul/lbPsf] eGg] tYodf ljjfb 5}g . @)$@
;fndf bftf t'N;Lgf/fo0fsf] d[To' e};s]sf] x'Fbf
t'N;L gf/fo0fsf] c+z xsdf :jtM zzLls/0fsf]
xs sfod ePsf] 5 . pQm z]ifkl5sf] as;kq
lnvt xfn;Dd ab/ gePsf]n] cGoyf eGg ldNg]
562
cj:yf 5} g . @)$^ ;fndf Psf;uf] n sf

c+lzof/xn] ;DklQ gfd;f/L u/fPsf] eP tfklg
c+lzof/eGbf aflx/ guPsf]n] gfd;f/L ab/df
gfn]; ug'{kg]{ k|of]hg g} 5}g . bfgas;sf] %
g+=sf] xbDofb ;DklQ cGoq xs x:tfGt/0f ePsf]
l:yltdf cfslif{t x'g] xf] . Psf;uf]nsf] afa' /
sfsfn] gfd;f/L u/fpFb}df lqmofzLn e};s]sf]
z]ifkl5sf] as;kq adf]lhd k|fKt xs ;dfKt
x' F b } g . @)^! ;fndf z] i fkl5sf] as;kq
adf]lhdsf hUuf gfd;f/L bf=vf=sf] nflu
zzLls/0fsf] lgj]bg k/]sf] 5 . zzLls/0fnfO{
c=j+=!#( g+= adf]lhd a'emL k|ltjfbL sfod ul/Psf]
sfd sf/jfxL pk/ jfbLsf] ph"/L 5}g . d'n'sL
P]g /lhi6]zgsf] #@ / #@s tyf h=k=sf] @s g+=
adf]lhd gfd;f/L u/fpg hlxn] ;'s} cfpg kfpg]
Joj:yf ePsf] x'Fbf xbDofb uPsf] eGg ldNg]
l:ylt 5}g . z]ifkl5sf] as;kq lbg]sf] d[To' ePkl5
as;kq :jtM lqmofzLn eO{ kfpg]sf] xs x'g]
egL g]sfk @)%^, k[i7 #(@ sf] dy'/f lrkfn'sf]
d'2fdf l;4fGt sfod ePsf] x'bF f t'N;Lgf/fo0fsf]
c+z xs zzLls/0fn] kfpg] u/L ePsf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfntsf] km};nf dgfl;j 5 . To;} u/L ls=g+
!$# sf] )^#) hUufdf k|ToyL{ >Ls[i0f >]i7n]]
3/ agfpFbf t'N;Lgf/fo0f / :jod\ jfbL ;d]tn]
@)#% ;fndf d~h"/Lgfdf lbPsf] cj:yf 5 .
/fli6o jfl0fHo a}+saf6 tL; xhf/ ?k}of C0f
lnO{ a}+sdf gf]s/L u/L u/]sf] cfh{g ;d]taf6
>Ls[i0f >]i7n]] agfPsf] pQm 3/ lghsf] lghL
cfh{g x'bF f a08f nfUg] cj:yf 5}g . :jod\ jfbLn]
;d]t ;f]xL Joxf]/fn] d~h"/Lgfdf lnO{ ls=g+ &!
sf] )^!) hUufdf 3/ agfPsf] cj:yf 5 .
b'j} 5f]/fxnfO{ 5'f5'} 3/ agfpg lktfs} kfnfdf
ePsf] ;f] Jojxf/ Gofof]lrt\ ;d]t ePsf]n] xfn
pQm b'j} 3/ cfcfkmgf] lghL 7xofPsf] km};nfdf
;d]t s'g} q'l6 5}g . hUuf lktfs} gfpFdf ePsf]n]
@)$^ ;fndf ;+o'Qm gfd;f/L ul/Psf] sf/0fn]
dfq lghL Jojxf/nfO{ ;uf]n dfGg ldNb}g . t;y{
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf ;b/ ul/g' kb{5
**)# afns[i0f >]i7 lj=/fd]Zj/L >]i7
eGg] ;d]t ax; ug'e

{ of] . ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf
>L s[i0fk|;fb e08f/L / >L ljZjsfGt d}gfnL
tyf ljfg clwjQmfx >L u'?k|;fb j/fn / >L
afnd's'Gb >]i7n] cfcfgf] ax; lhsL/sf]
;dy{gdf lnlvt ax;gf]6 ;d]t k]z ug'{ ePsf]
/x]5 .
cfh lg0f{o ;'gfpg tfl/v tf]lsPsf] k|:t't
d'2fdf kIf ljkIfsf ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLxn]
ug'{ ePsf] pk/f]Qm ax; lhsL/ dgg\ u/L k]z
ePsf] lnlvt ax;gf]6;lxtsf] ldl;n sfuhft
cWoog u/L x]bf{ d"ntM b]xfosf k|Zgxdf s]lGb|t
/xL lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ x'g cfPsf] 5 M
z]ifkl5sf] as;kq u/L lbg] bftfsf]
d[To'kZrft\ as;kq kfpg]sf] xs l;h{gf
x'g] / ;dfKt x'g] sfg"gL cfwf/ /
cfj:yfx s] s:tf /x]sf 5g\ < o;
ljifodf o; cbfntaf6 s] s:tf
l;4fGtx sfod ePsf 5g\ / k|ToyL{
zzLls/0f >]i7n] kfPsf] z]ifkl5sf]
as;kq sf] x}l;ot ;dfKt ePsf] 5 jf
5}g <
2. ls=g+ !$# sf] hUufdWo] )^#) hUuf
/ ;f] hUufdf ag]sf] 3/ ;uf]nsf] xf] jf
k|ToyL{ >Ls[i0f >]i7sf] lghL cfh{gsf] s]
xf] <
3. k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gsf] km};nf ldn]sf]
5, 5}g < / k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg
lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sg] xf] jf xf]Og <
1.
@= lg0f{o lg/f]k0fsf nflu lgwf{/0f ul/Psf

pk/f]Qm k|Zgxdf k|jz
] ug'{ cl3 k|:t't d'2fsf]
tYosf] ljifodf s]xL :ki6 x'gk' g]{ b]lvG5 . ;f]
;DaGwdf ldl;n x]bf{ lktf t'N;Lgf/fo0f >]i7sf
cfdf lrgLdfof >]i7 / ;f}tg] L cfdf rGb|sd
' f/L
>]i7 ;d]tsf b'O{ kTgL tyf t'N;Ls[i0f, hos[i0f,
jfbL afns[i0f / k|ToyL{ >Ls[i0f ;d]t rf/ efO
5f]/fx ePsf]df lktfsf] @)$@ ;fndf tyf
563
cfdfxsf] ;f] cufj} d[To' e};s]sf], bfh' t'N;Ls[i0f

ldlt @)#%.@.!) sf] 5f]8kq / bfh' hos[i0f ldlt
@)#(.!).!@ sf] ldnfkqaf6 5'lleGg e};s]sf]
x'bF f xfn ljkIfL >Ls[i0f / lkm/fbL ;d]tsf b'O{
c+lzof/ /x]sf]n] lkm/fb k/]sf] cl3Nnf] lbgnfO{
dfgf] 5'lPsf] ldlt sfod u/L ;Dk"0f{ rn crn
>L ;DklQ b'O{ efu nufO{ b'O{ efusf] Ps efu c+z
lbnfO{ kfpFm eGg] ;d]t jfbLsf] lkm/fb bfjL /x]sf]
b] l vG5 . k| l tjfbLsf] k| l tpQ/ x] b f{ afa'
t'N;Lgf/fo0fn] lghsf] c+z xssf] ;Dk"0f{ >L ;DklQ
lghsf] gflt tyf d]/f] 5f]/f zzLls/0fnfO{ z]ifkl5sf]
as;kq kfl/t u/L lbPsf]n] jfbLn] b'O{ efusf] Ps
efu geO{ tLg efusf] Ps efu c+z kfpg] xf] .
ls=g+= !$# sf] hUufdf afa' ;d]tsf] d~h"/L lnO{
a}s
+ C0f ;d]taf6 3/ agfPsf] x'bF f ;f] a08f nfUg]
xf]Og . ;f] 3/ / ljkIfL jfbLn] ls=g+= &! agfPsf]
3/ cfcfgf] lghL 7xofO{ ;f] afx]ssf] ;DklQaf6
jfbLn] tLg efusf] Ps efu c+z kfpg] xf] eGg]
;d]t lhsL/ lnPsf] b]lvg cfpF5 .
#= z' ? nlntk' / lhNnf cbfntn]
tfobftLdf plNnlvt ;Dk"0f{ >L ;DklQaf6 jfbLn]
b'O{ efusf] Ps efu c+z kfpg] 7xofPsf] km};nf
s]xL pN6L u/L k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gaf6
t'N;Lgf/fo0fsf] c+z efusf] ;DklQ lghaf6
z]ifkl5sf] as;kq kfpg] zzLls/0fn] lng kfpg]
x'Fbf jfbLn] tLg efusf] Ps efu c+z kfpg] /
ls=g+ = &! / !$# df ag] s f 3/x jfbL
k|ltjfbLsf] lghL 7x/L a08f gnfUg] eGg] ;d]t
km};nf ePsf] b]lvof] . z]ifkl5sf] as;kq lbg]
t'N;Lgf/fo0fsf] @)$@ ;fndf d[To' eO{ @)$^
;fndf lghsf gfp+df btf{ ePsf hUufx jfbL
k|ltjfbLxsf] gfpFdf ;+o'Qm gfd;f/L e};s]sf],
;f] avt pQm as;kqsf] cl:tTj gb]vfOPsf]n]
bfgas;sf] % g+= sf] xbDofb gfl3;s]sf]
cj:yfdf bfjL g} gePsf] s'/fdf c=j+= !#(
g+=adf]lhd a'lemPsf] JolQmnfO{ c+lzof/ sfod
ug{ gldNg] tyf ;uf]ndf /xFbf agfPsf] 3/
lghL cfh{g 7xofPsf] xb;Ddsf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfntsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ ePsf]n] ab/ u/L z'?

nlntk'/ lhNnf cbfntsf]] km};nf g} ;b/ sfod
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t jfbLsf] o; cbfnt;dIfsf]
k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ d'n'sL P]g, bfgas;sf] % g+=
sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] kl/k]Iodf k'g/fj]bg
cbfntsf] km};nf km/s kg{;Sg] b]lvPsf] eGg]
;d]t cfwf/df o; cbfntaf6 k|ToyL{ lemsfpg]
cfb]z ePsf] b]lvof] .
$= plNnlvt tYout cj:yf / cfwf/
tyf k'g/fj]bg lhsL/sf] ;Gbe{df k|ydtM lg0f{o
lbg'kg]{ x'g cfPsf] klxnf] k|Zgsf ;DaGwdf ljrf/
ug'{kg]{ x'g cfPsf] 5 . o; kl/k|]Iodf z]ifkl5sf]
as;kq lbg], lng] tyf ab/ u/fpg] / To:tf]
as;kqaf6 k|fKt ;DklQdf xs sfod x'g] Pjd\
;dfKt x'g] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] l;+xfjnf]sg ug{'
;fGble{s g} x'g] b]lvG5 . d'ns
' L P]g, c+za08fsf]
!( g+= sf] ljleGg bkmfxdf ;uf]nsf] ;DklQ
s;/L Jojxf/ ug]{ eGg] s'/fsf] cfwf/ / cj:yf
pNn]vg e} b]xfo $ bkmfdf dfly bkmf bkmfdf
n]lvPadf]lhd cfk"mv'zL ug{ gkfpg] cj:yfdf
klg cfgf] c+z xssf] hlt cfk"mv'zL ug{ kfpFF5
eGg] pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;f] sfg"gL Joj:yfaf6
cfgf] c+z xssf] ;DklQ pkef]u ug]{ ;DaGwdf
;DalGwt c+lzof/nfO{ s'g} k"j{ zt{ jf aGb]h
g/xL h'g;'s} Joxf]/fn] cfk"mv'z ug{ kfpg] clwsf/
x'g] b]lvof] .
%= d''n'sL P]g, bfgas;sf] ! g+= df
cfgf] xs k'Ug] ;DklQ bfg jf as; u/L lbg
x'G5 eGg] ;d]t pNn]v ePsf] b]lvFbf c+za08fsf]
!(-$_ adf]lhdsf] ;DklQ bfg jf as; h'g;'s}
Joxf]/fn] xs x:tfGt/0f ug{ gldNg] b]lvFb}g .
bfgas;s} @ g+= df z]ifkl5sf] as;kq ab/
u/fpg] clwsf/ / sfo{ljlwsf] Joj:yf ePsf]]
5 . h;cg';f/ z]=j ul/lbg]nfO{ lrQ ga'em]
hlxn];'s} To:tf] lnlvt ab/ ug{ ;Sg] b]lvG5 .
olb bftfsf] hLjgsfndf lghn] z]=] j=lnvt ab/
gu/fPdf lghsf] d[To'kl5 :jtM kfpg]sf] xs
lqmofzLn x'g] cj:yf cfpF5 . t/ bfgas;
kfPsf] s'/fdf cfgf] xs k'u]sf] jf lbg gx'g]

bfgas; lbPsf]df kfpg]sf] xs k'uL ef]urng
u/]sf] ldltn] b'O{ jif{ leq gfn]; ug'{kg]{ eGg]
bfgas;sf] % g+= sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf b]lvG5 .
pQm sfg"gL Joj:yfn] bfgas; kfPsf] ;DklQ
cGoyf eO{ xs hfg] cj:yf ePdf kfpg]n] xs
sfod u/fpg] tyf lbg} gx'g] ;DklQ bfgas;
lbPdf ;f] ab/ u/fpg] b'O{ j6f cj:yfnfO{
;Daf]wg u/]sf] 5 .
^= o;sf ;fy} d'n'sL P]g /lhi6]zgsf]
#@ g+= adf]lhd z]ifkl5sf] as; kq u/L lbg]
dflg; d/L kfpg]sf] xs k'Ug cfPdf bftfsf]
d[To' ePsf] #% lbgleq bflvn vf/]h u/fpg'
kg]{ b]lvG5 . t/ ;f]xL #@s g+= n] #@ g+=
adf]lhdsf] Dofbleq bfv]n vf/]h gu/fO{ Dofb
u'hf/L hlt;'s} cjlw JotLt u/L b/vf:t lbPsf]
eP tfklg bz ?k}ofF b:t"/ lnO{ gfpF;f/L bflvn
vf/]h ul/lbg' kg]{ jfWofTds sfg"gL Joj:yf
u/]sf] kfOG5 . To;}u/L cfgf xs x'g cfO{
bflvn vf/]h ug'{kg]{ ePsf] ;DklQ gfpF;f/L
bfv]n vf/]h ug]{ ;DaGwdf /lhi6]zgsf] #@s
g+= sf] h:t} Joj:yf d'n'sL P]g h=k=sf]= @s=
g+= df ;d]t ePsf] b]lvG5 .
&= pk/f] Q m sfg" g L Joj:yfxsf]
ljZn]if0faf6 cfgf] c+z xssf] ;DklQ c?nfO{
bfg jf as; lbg] nufot h'g;'s} Joxf]/fn]
cfk"mv'z ug{ kfpg], z]ifkl5sf] as;kq ul/lbPsf]
s' / fdf bftfnfO{ lrQ ga' e m] d f p;sf]
hLjgsfne/L h'g;'s} ;dodf ab/ u/fpg
kfpg], bftfsf] d[To' ePkl5 z]ifkl5sf] as;kq
:jtM lqmofzLn eO{ kfpg]sf] xs l;h{gf x'g],
z]ifkl5sf] as;kq kfO{ xs k'u]sf] s'/f cGoyf
eP @ jif{leq gfn]; lbg'kg]{, lbg gx'g] as;
lbPsf]df kfpg]sf] xs k'uL ef]urng u/]sf] b'O{
jif{ leq gfn]; lbg'kg]{, z]ifkl5sf] as;kq u/L
lbg] dflg; d/]sf] #% lbgleq gfpF;f/L bfv]n
vf/]hsf] nflu b/vf:t lbg'kg]{ t/ #% lbg g3fO{
hlt;'s} cjlw JotLt u/L gfpF;f/L bfv]n vf/]h
564
ug{ cfPtfklg bz ?k}ofF b:t"/ lnO{ gfpF;f/L

bfv]n vf/]h u/L lbg'kg]{ eGg] b]lvg cfPsf] 5 .
*= z]ifkl5sf] as;kq s'g cj:yfdf
lqmofzLn x'g] xf] eGg] sfg"gL Aoj:yfs} ;Gbe{df
o; cbfntsf] k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 ljleGg d'2fxdf
l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ePsf] kfOG5 . vf; u/L
lgj]lbsf kbdfjtL pkfWofosf] d'=;=ug]{ tf/fb]jL
pkfWofo lj?4 OGb|k|;fb pkfWofo kf}8]n ;d]t
ljkIfL ePsf] ;+jt\ @)#! ;fnsf] b]=k"=g+=*& sf]
c+z d'2fdf o; cbfntsf] k"0f{ Ohnf;af6
as;kq lbg]sf] d[To' ePkl5 lghn] u/L lbPsf]
z]ifkl5sf] as;kq sf] as;kqsf] gftfn] lghsf]
xs as; kfpg]df ;g]{ / lgh as; lbg]sf] c+z
efudf as; kfpg]sf] c+z xs :yflkt x'g]
eGg] l;4fGt -g]sfk @)#@, lg=g+=(@$, k[i7 @!*_
sfod ePsf] cj:yf 5 . To;} u/L k'g/fj]bs
dy'/f lrkfn' lj?4 dgf]h lrkfn' k|ToyL{ ePsf]
;+jt\ @)%$ ;fnsf] b]=k'=O=g+=!@^ sf] xs sfod
;d] t d' 2 fdf o; cbfntsf] a[ x b k" 0 f{
Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)%%.!!.@^ df lg0f{o e}
tTsfn k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd cfk\mgf] c+z
xssf] ;DklQ z]ifkl5sf] as;kq sf] lnvt
u/L lbPsf] cj:yfdf ;f] lnvtnfO{ cGoyf
k|dfl0ft gu/];Dd lnvtsf] sfg"gL cl:tTj
oyfjt\ /x]sf] dfGg'kg]{ e} To:tf] sfg"gL dfGotf
k|fKt z]ifkl5sf] as;kq sf] lnvt as;kq
bftfsf] d[To' kl5 :jtM lqmofzLn x'g] x'Fbf
as;kq bftfsf] xssf] ;DklQ as; kfpg]df
;g]{ eGg] ;d]t l;4fGt -g]sfk @)%^, lg=g+=^&@(,
k[ i 7 #(@_ k| l tkfbg ePsf] kfOG5 .
k'g/fj]bsjfbL k'0o/fd ;'jfn lj?4 xif{nIdL
Aof~h" ljkIfLk|ltjfbL ePsf] ;+jt\ @)%*
;fnsf] b]=k'=O=g+=&$ sf] as;kq ab/ d'2fdf
o; cbfntsf] k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 cfdf nIdLdfofF
;'jfnn] u/L lbPsf] z]ifkl5sf] as;kqsf]
lnvtaf6 lghsf] c+z xsdf as;kq kfpg]
k|ltjfbL xif{nIdLsf] xs :yflkt x'g] b]lvFbf ;f]
as;kq ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] jfbL bfjL k'Ug
565
g;Sg] 7xofPsf] z'?sf] OG;fkm ;b/ u/]sf]

k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gsf] km};nf ;b/ x'g]
eGg] l;4fGt sfod ePsf] b]lvG5 .
(= pk/f]Qm ghL/ l;4fGtxsf] cfwf/
u|x0f ub}{ o; cbfntsf] k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 lgj]bs
kfj{tLb]jL jg]gLsf] d'=;=ug]{ ;fljqLb]jL jlgof
lj?4 /fduf]kfn j}Zo ;d]t k|ltjfbL ePsf]
k'=lg=g+= )^%-NF-))$ sf] c+z btf{ d'2fdf ldlt
@)^&.#.!) df lg0f{o eO{ z]ifkl5sf] as;kq
lbg]sf] c+z xs lghsf] d[To'kl5 :jtM kfpg]df
;g]{ eGg] s'/f :yflkt u/L Ps lglZrt\ Goflos
dfGotf sfod ePsf] b]lvFbf jfbL kfj{tLb]jLn]
ul/lbPsf] / xfn;Dd ab/ geO{ sfod /x]sf]
z]ifkl5sf] as;kq lnvtadf]lhd lghsf] c+z
xs lghsf] d'=;=ug]{ lgj]lbsf ;fljqLb]aLdf ;g]{
/ lghsf] xs :yflkt x'g] b]lvPsf]n] pk/f]Qm
ghL/ l;4fGtljk/Lt kfj{tLb]jLsf] c+z xs nf]k
u/L rf/ c+z efu dfq nufO{ ePsf] ;+o'Qm
Ohnf;sf] km};nf ldn]sf] gb]lvFbf ;f] xb;Dd
k'g/fjnf]sg x'g] eGg] ;d]t l;4fGt sfod
ePsf] b]lvG5 .
!)= o; cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt pk/f]Qm
l;4fGtxaf6 z]ifkl5sf] as;kq ul/lbg]sf] d[To'
ePsf] / z]ifkl5sf] as;kq lnvt ab/ gePsf]
ca:yfdf To:tf] as;kq :jtM lqmofzLn e}
as;kq lbg]sf] c+z xs as;kq kfpg]df ;g]{
eGg] ghL/ sfod eO{ Ps lglZrt\ Goflos dfGotf
:yflkt ePsf] b]lvg cfpF5 .
!!= cj, plNnlvt sfg"gL Joj:yf /
o; cbfntaf6 k|ltkfbg ePsf ghL/ l;4fGtsf]
;fk]Iftfdf k|:t't d'2fsf] tYout cj:yf b[li6ut
ubf{ k'g/fj]bs jfbL tyf k|ltjfbLdWo]sf] >Ls[i0f
>]i7sf lktf t'N;Lgf/fo0fn] lghsf] c+z xssf]
;Dk"0f{ >L ;DklQ lghsf] z]ifkl5 lghsf gflt
-k|ltjfbL >Ls[i0fsf 5f]/f_ zzLls/0f >]i7n]
vfg kfpg] u/L ldlt @)#&.!@.@* df ci6nf]x
u/L z]ifkl5sf] as;kq u/L lbPsf] tYodf s'g}
ljjfb 5} g . ldlt @)$@.!!.! df lgh
t'N;Lgf/fo0fsf] d[To' ePsf] eGg] tYonfO{ klg

jfbLsf] lkm/fbkqdf g} :jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 .
z]ifkl5sf] as;kq u/L lbg] t'N;Lgf/fo0fsf]
hLjgsfndf lghn] tyf tTkZrft\ k'g/fj]bs
jfbLnufot cGo s;}n] pQm z]ifkl5sf] as;kq
lnvt ab/df gfn]; u/]sf] jf ab/ u/fPsf]
eGg] klg b]lvPsf] 5}g . o;af6 ;f] z]ifkl5sf]
as;kq cBflk;Dd sfod} /x] s f] / pQm
z]ifkl5sf] as;kqadf]lhdsf] ;DklQ gfpF;f/L
bfv]n vf/]hsf] nflu zzLls/0fsf] tkm{af6 ldlt
@)^!.!.!! df dfnkf]t sfof{nodf b/vf:t k/]sf]
eGg] klg lghn] c=j+= !#( adf]lhd u/]sf]
aofgaf6 b]lvPsf] 5 .
!@= t'N;Lgf/fo0f @)$@ ;fndf k/nf]s
ePkl5 @)$^ ;fndf lgh gfpsf] ;DklQ jfbL
afns[i0f / k|ltjfbL >Ls[i0fn] ;+o'Qm gfd;f/L
u/fO{ ;s]sf] / pQm ;dodf z]ifkl5sf] as;kq
ul/lbPsf] 5 eGg] s'/f pNn]v gul/Psf] x'Fbf
pQm gfd;f/L lg0f{o ab/ ge} zzLls/0fsf] xs
sfod x'g g;Sg], bfgas;sf] % g+= adf]lhd
b'O{ jif{leq xs sfod gu/fPsf]n] c=j+= !#( g+=
adf]lhd a'emPsf] JolQmnfO{ k|:t't c+z d'2faf6
xs sfod ul/lbg gldNg] eGg] g} k'g/fj]bs
jfbLsf] d'Vo k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ e} o; cbfntaf6
k|ToyL{ lemsfpFbf ;d]t ;f]xL cfwf/ u|x0f ul/Psf]
b]lvG5 .
!#= j:t'tM k|ToyL{ zzLls/0fn] k|fKt u/]sf]
z]ifkl5sf] as;kq lnvt ab/ gePsf] l:yltdf
bftf t'N;Lgf/fo0fsf] d[To'kl5 ;f] lnvt :jtM
lqmofzLn e};s]sf] b]lvG5 . To;/L ab/ gePsf]
z]ifkl5sf] as;kq lnvt adf]lhd lghsf] xs
ePsf] ;DklQ lghn] bz ?k}ofF b:t"/ lt/L
/lhi6z
] gsf] #@s g+= adf]lhd hlxn];s
' } gfd;f/L
bfv]n vf/]h u/fpg ;Sg] g} x'G5 . pQm sfg"gL
Joj:yf adf]lhd bf=vf=gfd;f/Lsf] nflu b/vf:t
k/]sf]df k|:t't c+z d'2f ljrf/fwLg /x]s} sf/0f
;f] sf/jfxL d'ntaLdf /x]sf] eGg] b]lvg cfPsf]
5 . k|:t't c+z d'2fdf jfbLn] b'O{ efusf] ! efu
566
c+z dfu u/]sf]df jfbL k|ltjfbL ;/xs} Ps

c+lzof/n] lghsf] c+z xs z]ifkl5sf] as;kq
u/L lbPsf] 5 eGg] k|ltpQ/kqaf6 v'Ng cfO{
To;/L z] i fkl5sf] as;kq kfpg] JolQm
zzLls/0fnfO{ c=j+ !#( g+= adf]lhd a'emL k|ltjfbL
;/x tfl/vdf /flvPsf]n] jfbLn] slt efu c+z
kfpg] xf] eGg] s'/f lg/f]k0f ug'{kg]{ k|of]hgsf
nflu cbfntsf] hfgsf/Ldf cfPsf] pQm
z]ifkl5sf] as;kq lnvtsf] af/]df af]Ng gldNg]
cj:yf x'Fb}g .
!$= k'g/fj]bssf] lhsL/ pQm z]ifkl5sf]
as;kq ePsf] xf]Og jf lbg gkfpg] as;kq
lbPsf] xf] jf ;f] ab/ e};s]sf] eGg] /x]sf] 5}g .
s]jn @)$^ ;fndf t'N;Lgf/fo0fsf] ;DklQ jfbL
/ k|ltjfbLxn] ;+oQ
' m ?kdf gfd;f/L u/L ;s]sf]
s/0f To;sf] lqmofzLntf ;dfKt e};s]sf] eGg]
/x]sf] 5 . t/ c+lzof/ afx]s pgfp JolQmsf
gfpFDff pQm ;DklQ uPsf] ge} @)$^ ;fndf
;uf]nsf c+lzof/xs} gfddf gfd;f/L ePsf]
b]lvG5 . t'N;Lgf/fo0fsf 5f]/fx jfbL afns[i0f
tyf k|ltjfbL >Ls[i0f Psf;uf]ndf /x]sf] sf/0f
c+za08f ul/kfpFm eGg] k|:t't c+z d'2f k/]af6
klg ;f] tYo :yflkt ePsf] 5 . ;uf]nsf c+lzof/
>Ls[i0fsf 5f]/f cyf{t k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf elthf
k|ToyL{dWo]sf zzLls/0f ;uf]nsf xf]Ogg\ egL
dfGg ldNg] cj:yf klg 5}g . ;uf]nsf] ;DklQ
lgh zzLls/0fsf] gfddf btf{ /x]sf] cj:yf eP
To;af6 ;d]t k'g/fj]bs jfbLn] k|:t't c+z
d'2faf6} c+z k|fKt ug]{ cj:yf ljBdfg /x]sf]
l:yltdf lgh zzLls/0fn] afh] t'N;L gf/fo0faf6
z]ifkl5sf] as;kq af6 k|fKt u/]sf] ;DklQ jfbL
tyf k|ltjfbL >Ls[i0fsf gfpFdf bf=vf= x'Fb}df ;f]
;DklQsf] ;uf]nLo rl/q / k|s[ltdf s'g} leGgtf
cfPsf] b]lvb}g . cyf{t\ c+lzof/ afx]s pgfp
JolQmsf gfpFdf k|ToyL{ zzLls/0fn] z]ifkl5sf]
as;kq kfPsf] ;DklQ uPsf] cj:yf 5}g . k|df0f
P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ^-s_ df cGoyf k|dfl0ft
geP;Dd Psf3/;uFsf c+lzof/x dWo] h'g;'s}
c+lzof/sf gfpFdf /x]sf] ;DklQ ;uf]nsf] ;DklQ

xf] egL cbfntn] cg'dfg ug'{kg]{ b]lvg cfpF5 .
o;af6 xh'/a'jfsf] gfpFbtf{sf] ;DklQ Psf3/
;uf]nsf afa' / sfsfsf gfpFdf gfd;f/L x'Fb}df
k|ToyL{ zzLls/0fn] afh] t'N;L gf/fo0faf6
z]ifkl5sf] as;kq lnvtcg';f/ kfPsf] xs
;dfKt ePsf] cy{ ug{ ldNb}g . Psf;uf]nsf
c+lzof/sf gfpFdf btf{ ePsf] ;DklQ ab/ u/fO{
/xg' kg]{ cj:yf gx'Fbf d'n'sL P]g bfgas;sf] %
g+= sf] xbDofb cfs[i6 x'g] l:ylt b]lvPg . ;f] %
g+= sf] Joj:yf c+lzof/ afx]ssf pgfp JolQmsf]
gfpFdf ;DklQ uPsf] l:yltdf cfslif{t x'g] x'Fbf
t'N;Lgf/fo0fsf]] efusf] ;DklQ k|ToyL{ zzLls/0fn]
gkfpg] s'g} sf/0f gb]lvPsfn] o; cbfntaf6
k|ToyL{ lemsfpFbf lnOPsf] cfwf/;Fu ;xdt x'g
;lsPg .
!%= cj ls=g+= !$# sf] h=/f]= !!)
dWo] h=/f]= )^#) hUufdf /x]sf] elgPsf]
3/ k|ltjfbL >Ls[i0f >]i7sf] lghL 7xofO{ a08f
gnufPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf ldn]sf]
5 5}g eGg] lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ x'g cfPsf] bf];|f]
k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ ;f] hUufdf 3/ agfpgsf]
nflu k|ToyL{ >Ls[i0f >]i7nfO{ t'N;Lgf/fo0fn]
ldlt @)#%.!).% df d~h"/Lgfdf lbO{ gS;f
kf;sf] :jLs[lt lgj]bgdf :jo+ jfbL afns[i0f
>]i7n] ldlt @)#%.!).& df ;xL u/L d~h"/L
lbPsf] ;d]t b]lvPsf] 5 . k|ToyL{ >Ls[i0f >]i7
/fli6o jfl0fHo j}+ssf sd{rf/L /x]sf] / lghn]
sd{rf/Ln] kfpg] 3/ shf{afkt shf{ ;fk6L
;d]t lnO{ pQm 3/ agfPsf] eGg] lhsL/ u/L
;f]sf] k|df0f ;d]t k]z u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . pQm
3/ shf{ /sd / gf]s/Laf6 u/]sf] cfocfh{g
;d]taf6 lghL tj/n] ;f] 3/ agfPsf]n] a08f
nfUg] xf]Og eGg] lghsf] lhsL/ /x]sf] kfOG5 .
o;sf ;fy} jfbL afns[i0f >]i7nfO{ ;d]t afa'
t'N;Lgf/fo0fn] d~h"/Lgfdf lbO{ ls=g+= &! sf]
hUufdf 3/ jgfO{ cnucnu a;f]jf; u/L
cfPsf] x'Fbf pQm b'j} 3/ a08f nufpg' kg]{
567
xf]Og eGg] k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbL kIfsf] egfO{ /x]sf]

5 . k|ltjfbLsf] ;f] lhsL/ v08g x'g] 7f]; /
j:t'lgi6 cfwf/ k'g/fj]bs jfbL kIfaf6 lbg jf
u'hfg{ ;s]sf] kfOb}g . jfbL / k|ltjfbLn] cf
cfk"mn] agfPsf elgPsf 3/x s/Lj ;dfg
If]qkmndf cjl:yt /x]sf] eGg] b]lvPsf] pQm
hUufxdf k/:k/ d~h"/L / ;xdltaf6 afa's}
kfnfdf jfbL / k|ltjfbLn] cnucnu 3/ jgfO{
j;f]jf; u/L cfPsf] eGg] b]lvFbf xfn k|ltjfbLsf]
3/ ;8stkm{ k/]sf] sf/0f 3/sf] d"Nofg km/s
ePsf] eGg];Ddsf] cfwf/af6 cGoyf 7xofpg
ldNg] b]lvPg .
!^= k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf ldn]sf]
5 5}g eGg] lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ clGtd k|Zgsf ;DaGwdf
ljrf/ ubf{ dfly k|s/0f k|s/0fdf ljZn]if0f ul/Psf]
tYo k|df0f Pj+ sfg"gL Joj:yf / k|ltkflbt l;4fGt
;d]tsf cfwf/ sf/0faf6 tfobftLdf pNn]v
ePsf] ;Dk"0f{ >L ;DklQaf6 jfbLn] b'O{ efusf]
Ps efu c+z kfpg] 7xofPsf] z'? nlntk'/
lhNnf cbfntsf] km} ; nf s] x L pN6L u/L
t' N ;Lgf/fo0f >] i 7n] ul/lbPsf] z] i fkl5sf]
as;kqadf]lhd lghsf] c+z efu k|ToyL{dWo]sf]
zzLls/0f >]i7n] kfpg] x'Fbf k'g/fj]bs jfbLn] #
efusf] ! efu c+z kfpg] / ls=g+= &! sf] )^
!) / ls=g+= !$# dWo]sf] )^#) hUufdf
ag]sf] elgPsf] 3/ / 3/n] rr]{sf] hUuf a08f
gnfUg] 7xofPsf] ;d]t k'g/fj]bg cbfnt,
kf6gsf] ldlt @)^#.%.@& sf] km};nf dgfl;j
b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf]
k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sb}g . bfo/Lsf] nut
sf u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{ lbg" .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
Gof=s[i0fk|;fb pkfWofo
Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn d+l;/ @@ ut] /f]h $ z'ed
Ohnf; clws[tM gf/fo0fk|;fb ;'jb] L
&
:yflkt ug]{ k|df0fsf] ?kdf x]l/g'k5{

eGg] ;"qjt\ dfGotf /fVg' Gofof]lrt\
/ ljj]s;Ddt\ x'g g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=&_
lg0f{o g+= **)$

' m Ohnf;
;DdfggLo k|wfg GofofwLz >L lvn/fh /]UdL
kmf}=k'=g+= @)^&CR)!(!
km};nf ldltM @)^*.(.@&.$
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmfx

afns[i0f g]pkfg], ;Gtf]if a:g]t /
t]haxfb'/ s6'jfn
k|ToyL{ jfbL tkm{af6M
cjnlDat ghL/M
d'2fM hLpdf:g] a]Rg] .
;Da4 sfg"gM
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLM lh= dsjfgk'/, ;l/v]t uf=lj=;=
hLpdf:g] a]Rg] -sfo{ lgoGq0f_ P]g, @)$#
j8f g+= ^ 3/ e} xfn sf/fuf/ sfof{no
sf] bkmf #, $-s_ / *-!_
eLdkm]bLdf s}bdf /x]sf] xl/ du/ eGg]
dfgj a]rljvg tyf cf];f/k;f/ lgoGq0f
t]haxfb'/ /fgfdu/
P]g, @)^$ sf] bkmf #-!_ / $-!_-s_, !%
lj?4
-!_-s_
k|ToyL{ jfbLM g]kfn ;/sf/
km};nf
z'? km};nf ug]M{
k|=Gof=lvn/fh /]UdLM k'g/fj]bg cbfnt,
df=Gof=>L afnrGb| zdf{
x]6f}+8fsf] ldlt @)^^.!@.@$ sf] km};nfpk/
k'g/fj]bg km};nf ug]M{
k|ltjfbLsf] tkm{af6 Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf]
df=Gof=>L /fh]Gb|k;
| fb /fhe08f/L
bkmf (-!_-u_ adf]lhd o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg
df=Gof=>L t]haxfb'/ sfsL{
btf{ ePsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] tYo Pj+ lg0f{o o;k|sf/
5M
kLl8tsf] df}sfsf] k|dfl0ft aofgnfO{
@)^@ ;fn r}t ^ ut] :s"n k9\g uPsL
cGo k|df0fxn] l;nl;nfa4 ?kdf d]/L sfG5L a}gL aL= !$)nfO{ xl/ du/n] eufO{
;dy{ g u/] s f] cj:yfdf hLpdf:g] nu]sf / HjfO{ a}gL ;d]t a]kQf eP eGg] ;d]t
a] R g] d' 2 fsL kLl8tn] cbfntdf Joxf]/fsf] ;L !%) sf] lgj]bg .
pkl:yt eO{ askq gu/]sf] sf/0fn]
d]/f] 5f]/L jif{ !& sL aL= !$)nfO{
dfq} ;f] 36gf gePsf] / To;df k|ltjfbLdWo]sf t]haxfb'/ /fgf du/n] ljjfx u/L
;+nUg k|ltjfbLn] s;"/af6 pGd'lQm nu]sf / lgh} k|ltjfbL t]haxfb'/ /fgf, /fd nfdf
kfpg g;Sg] .
/ /fs]z nfdf ;d]tn] ef/t cf;fdsf] j]Zofnodf
hLpdf:g] a]Rg] h:tf] uDeL/ k|sl[ tsf] nuL laqmL u/]sf x'bF f k|ltjfbL t]haxfb'/ /fgf
d'2fdf kLl8t JolQmn] df}sfdf u/]sf] du/nfO{ kqmfp u/L k]z u/]sf 5f}+ eGg] ;d]t
aofg k|dfl0ft u/fpg' kg]{ sfg"gL Joxf]/fsf] P= !#) sf] hfx]/L b/vf:t .
Joj:yfsf] vf; k| o f] h g / dxTj
k|ltjfbL t]haxfb'/ /fgf du/sf] 8]/f
x'G5 . ;f] s'/fnfO{ gh/cGbfh u/L sf]7fdf vfgtnf;L ubf{ % yfg /]nsf] l6s6 a/fdb
s]jn kLl8tsf] askqnfO{ dfq s;"/ ePsf] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] d'rN' sf .
568
**)$ xl/ du/ eGg] t]haxfb'/ /fgfdu/ lj=g]kfn ;/sf/
d}n] @)^@ ;fn r}q ^ ut] hfx]/jfnfsL

5f]/L aL= !$) ;Fu ne d]l/h u/L x]6f}8+ fdf 8]/f
sf]7f lnO{ a;]sf] cj:yfdf /fd nfdf, /fh' nfdf;Fu
lrghfg ePsf] / lghxn] s]6L a]r/] k};f sdfpg'
k5{ eg]sf] x'bF f d]/f] >LdtL aL= !$)nfO{ 3'Dg]
axfgfdf ;fydf nuL /fs]z nfdfsf] lhDdfdf
ef/t cf;fdsf] j]Zofnodf k7fO{ d / /fd nfdf
sf+s8lefdf cfO{ a;]sf] cj:yfdf /fd nfdfsf]
d[To' ePsf] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL t]haxfb'/
/fgf du/sf] df}sfdf ePsf] aofg .
d]/f] 3/df 8]/f u/L a;]sf t]haxfb'/ /fgfn]
>LdtL aL= !$) la/fdL 5g\ dnfO{ ?=%,))).
k};f lbg'xf];\ egL kmf]g u/]sf lyP . lghn] ef/tsf]
j]Zofnodf nuL laqmL u/]kl5 ljdf/L 5 egL va/
u/L k};f dfu]sf /x]5g\ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ljdnf
kl/of/sf] sfuh .
hfx]/jfnfsf] 5f]/L aL= !$) & dlxgf
cufl8 ;+:yfdf cfO{ l;nfO{ a'gfO{ tflnd u/L h]i7
dlxgfdf uPsL lyOg\ . PSsf;L @)^$.#.@# ut]
ef/t cf;fdsf] l;Nh/ ahf/df /x]sf] j]Zofno
sf]7L g+= !$ df 5g\ egL ;xof]uL dflg;n] va/
u/]sf] x'bF f a'em\bf lghsf klt t]haxfb'/ /fgf
;d]tn] laqmL u/]sf egL yfxf kfPsfn] p4f/ u/L
NofPsf xf}+ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] dfOtL g]kfnsL
dfof nfdfsf] sfuh .
xl/ du/ eGg] t]haxfb'/ /fgf du/ d]/f]
;fnf] xf] . lghsf] >LdtL aL= !$);fy x]6f}8+ fdf
a:g] u/]sf lyP . PSsf;L @)^$ c;f/ !$ ut]
k~hfj hfFb5
} ' eg]/ kmf]g u/]kl5 P]= @& ut] /flt
;fyL /fd nfdfsf] sfFs8lefdf d[To' eof] egL
vj/ u/]sfn] d}n] k};f k7fO{ af]nfPsf] lyPF . kl5
;fnfn] cfkm\g} >LdtL a]rs
] f] s]zdf kqmfp k/]sf
5g\ egL yfxf kfPsf] x'F eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] s]zj
yfkf du/sf] sfuh .
dnfO{ k|ltjfbLdWo]sf t]haxfb'/ /fgf
du/n] nj Dofl/h u/L NofPsf / sk8f lsGg /
3'Dg hfpF egL sfFs8lef k'ofO{ kmsf{P/ k'gM
x]6f}8+ fdf NofO{ /fd nfdf, /fs]z nfdf ;d]t eO{
569
/S;f}nsf] af6f] x'bF } ef/t cf;fdsf] l;Nh/ ahf/df

nuL /fh' nfdf, lgdf nfdf, l;Nkf nfdf ;d]tnfO{
?=!,%),))). ef=?= df laqmL u/]sf] x'bF f d}n] dsxfF
cfpg] u|fxssf] df]jfOnaf6 dfof nfdfnfO{ kmf]g
u/L va/ u/]sf] x'F eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] kLl8t
aL= !$)sf] df}sfsf] k|dfl0ft aofg .
/fd nfdfn] afnaRrf ;d]t /fvL d]/f]
3/df 8]/f lnO{ a;]sf lyP / pgsf] sf]7fdf
7]Ssfkfsf] sfd u5'{ eGg] /fs]z nfdf gfd u/]sf
JolQm klg cfpg] hfg] uy]{ . c;f/df uPkl5 kmsL{
cfPgg\ . a'em\bf /fd nfdf, /fs]z nfdf / t]haxfb'/
/fgf du/ ;d]tn] aL= !$) nfO{ ljqmL u/]sf
egL yfxf kfPsf] x'F eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] an/fd
zdf{sf] sfuh .
d]/f] 3/df @)^# ;fnsf] clGtdlt/
t]haxfb'/ /fgf / aL= !$)n] nj d]l/h u/L
cfO{ 8]/f lnO{ a;]sf cj:yfdf kmfN6' lsg a:5f}
egL xfd|f] 3/df cfpg] u/]sf /fd nfdf;Fu ;Dks{
u/fO{ sfd nufO{ lbPsf] xf] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
tf/fdfof jfOjf nfdfsf] sfuh .
xfdL;Fu l;nfO{ a'gfO{ sfd u/]sL aL=
!$)nfO{ pg}sf klt t]haxfb'/ /fgfdu/ ;d]tsf
dflg;n] ef/tsf] j]Zofnodf nuL laqmL u/]kl5
lgh} aL= !$)n] 6]lnkmf]g u/L hfgsf/L u/fPsL
x'g\ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] a'lemPsf dflg; dfof
nfdf ;d]t hgf # sf] Ps} ldnfgsf] sfuh .
k|ltjfbLx xl/ du/ eGg] t]haxfb'/
/fgf du/, /fs]z nfdf, l;Nkf nfdf, /fh' nfdf
/ lgdf nfdf ;d]tn] kLl8t aL= !$) nfO{
v/Lb ljqmL u/L tTsfnLg hLpdf:g] a]Rg] sfo{
-lgoGq0f_ P]g, @)$# sf] bkmf # / $-s_ sf]
s;"/ ck/fw tyf xfn k|rlnt dfgj j]rljvg
tyf cf];f/k;f/ lgoGq0f P]g, @)^$ sf] bkmf
#-!_ sf] / $-!_ s adf]lhdsf] g}lts ktg
b]lvg] s;"/ k|ltjfbLxaf6 eP u/]sf] x'Fbf
tTsfnLg hLpdf:g] a]Rg] sfo{ lgoGq0f P]g,
@)$# sf] bkmf *-!_ adf]lhd ;hfo u/L P]=
P]gsf] bkmf *-%_ adf]lhd yk ;hfo tyf xfn
k| r lnt dfgj a] r ljvg tyf cf] ; f/k;f/

lgoGq0f P]g, @)^$ n] s;"/sf] ufDeLo{tf tyf
;+j]bgzLntfsf cfwf/df Jojl:yt bkmf !%-!_
s adf]lhd ;hfo u/L k|ltjfbLx /fh' nfdf,
lgdf nfdf / l;Nkf nfdfn] kLl8tnfO{
j]Zofj[lQdf nufO{ k|rlnt dfgj j]rljvg tyf
cf];f/ k;f/ lgoGq0f P]g, @)^$ sf] bkmf $-!_
-v_ adf] l hdsf] s;" / u/] s f] d f lgh
k|ltjfbLxnfO{ P]= P]gsf] bkmf !%-!_-v_ adf]lhd
x'g] ;hfodf P]= P]gsf] !%-@_-s_ adf]lhd 5'f5'}
yk ;hfo u/L kLl8tnfO{ Ifltk"lt{ ;d]t lbnfO{
e/fOkfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] cleof]u kq .
d}n] ldlt @)^# ;fn j}zfv dlxgfdf
l5d]sL aL= !$);Fu k|d
] ljjfx u/L To;kl5
x]6f}8+ f ahf/df cfO{ 8]/f u/L a;]sf] cj:yfdf /fd
nfdf tyf /fs]z nfdf eGg] dflg;;Fu ;d]t
lrghfg eof] . lrghfgs} qmddf @)^$ c;f/
!$ ut]sf lbg d, d]/f] >LdtL aL= !$), /fd
nfdf, /fdsf] 5f]/L / /fs]z nfdf sk8fsf] Jofkf/
ug{ egL /S;f}n x'bF } l;nu9L uof}+ . l;nu9L k'uL
gf:tf vfPkl5 d axf]; eP5' . d xf];df cfpFbf
d / /fd dfq @ hgf sfFs8lefdf /x]5f}+ . d}n]
/fdnfO{ >LdtL vf]O{ egL ;f]4f l;nf sk8f lng
uPsf 5g\ . !@ lbgdf cfpF5 eg]+ . /fd / /fs]zsf]
aLraLrdf s'/fsfgL ;d]t x'g] /x]5 . >LdtL
x/fPsf] af/]df sxLF st} s;}nfO{ va/ ul/g .
laqmL ug]{ dflg; /fd nfdf / /fs]z nfdf x'g\ .
d}n] ;'sf k};f klg kfPsf] 5}g . lghxnfO{ ;hfo
ug{k' b{5 dnfO{ ;hfo ug'k{ g]{ gkg]{ s] xf] < dnfO{
yfxf 5}g eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL xl/ du/
eGg] t]haxfb'/ /fgf du/n] z'? cbfntdf u/]sf]
jofg .
k|ltjfbLx /fs]z nfdf, l;Nkf nfdf, /fh'
nfdf / lgdf nfdfn] z'? cbfntaf6 hf/L ePsf]
Dofbdf xfhL/ geO{ z'? Dofb g} u'hf/L a;]sf]
b]lvof] .
df}sfdf sfuh ug]{ ladnf kl/of/, dfof
nfdf, k|=h= s]zj yfkf du/ tyf k|ltjfbLsf ;fIfL
nf]saxfb'/ /fgf du/n] z'? cbfntdf u/]sf] k[ys

k[ys askq .
ldl;n ;fd]n /x]sf k|df0fx dWo] kLl8t
cfkm}dF f k|df0f ePsL, k|ToIf ?kdf cfkm"dfly s],
s;f] ePsf], sf] s;n] s] s;/L j]Zofnodf k'ofP
s] s:tf] cj:yfdf a;]sL s] s:tf] kL8f ef]us
] L ;a}
v'n:t ?kdf df}sfsf] sfuhdf v'nfO{ lbPsL, lghn]
cfkmgf] df}sfsf] sfuh cfkm\g} nf]Ug] k|ltjfbL t]haxfb'/
/fgf du/sf] ck/flws sfo{ :ki6 x'g] u/L lbPsf]
askq ;d]tsf k|df0faf6 oL k|ltjfbLn] cf/f]lkt
s;"/ u/]sf] b]lvg cfPsf]n] lgh k|ltjfbL t]haxfb'/
/fgf du/nfO{ cleof]u bfjLadf]lhd hLpdf:g] a]Rg]
sfo{ -lgoGq0f_ P]g, @)$# sf] bkmf *-!_ adf]lhd
s}b jif{ !( / dlxgf !! ;d]t x'g] 7x5{ . P]gsf] bkmf
*-%_ adf]lhdsf] yk ;hfo tkm{sf] bfjL x]bf{ s]
sltdf laqmL u/]sf] egL s] s:tf] yk ;hfosf] dfu
bfjL lnPsf] xf] cleof]u kqdf s]xL pNn]v klg geO{
ljuf] v'nL cfPsf] cj:yf klg gb]lvFbf yk ;hfotkm{
s]xL af]ln/xg' k/]g eGg] z'? dsjfgk'/ lhNnf
cbfntsf] ldlt @)^^.#.@! sf] km};nf .
z'? km};nfdf d]/f] lrQ a'em]g . @)^#
;fn j}zfv dlxgfdf k]|d ljjfx eO{ klt kTgL
eO{ a;]sf] cj:yfdf cfkm\gf] >LdtLnfO{ ljb]z
ef/t nuL laqmL u/L cfpg] s'/f kTof/nfos
5}g . kLl8t aL= !$) nfO{ ef/taf6 p4f/ u/L
NofPsf] elgPsf]df pQm s'/fsf] s'g} cflwsfl/s
k|df0f jfbL kIfn] k]z ug{ ;s]sf] cj:yf 5}g .
hfx]/Ldf pNn]v ePsf /]nsf l6s6x kLl8t
aL= !$) nfO{ laqmL ug{ hfFbfs} l6s6 xf] eGg]
s'g} s'/faf6 k|dfl0ft x'bF g} . d df}sfdf / cbfntdf
jofg ubf{ aL= !$)nfO{ laqmL u/]sf] s'/fdf
;fljt 5}g . d}n] cfkm\gf] >LdtL x/fPsf] egL
eg]sf] 5' . d}n] >LdtLnfO{ ljb]zdf nuL laqmL
u/]sf] gx'Fbf dnfO{ cleof]u bfjLadf]lhd ;hfo
ug]{ u/]sf] z'? dsjfgk'/ lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf
q'l6k"0f{ x'Fbf ab/ u/L Gofo kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL xl/du/ eGg] t]haxfb'/ /fgf
du/sf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
570
k| l tjfbL t] h axfb' / /fgfn] df} s fdf

clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/L ;dIfsf] ;fljtL jofg k|x/Ln]
s'6kL6 u/L u/fPsf] egL cbfntdf jofg u/]
tfklg To;/L lghnfO{ s'6kL6 u/]sf] k'li6 ug]{
cfwf/ k|df0f lghn] b]vfpg v'nfpg g;Sg'sf]
;fy} kLl8t lghsf] >LdtL aL= !$);d]tn]
k|ltjfbL t]haxfb'/ /fgf ;d]tsf] ldn]dtf] /
;+nUgtfdf cfkm"nfO{ ef/tsf] cf;fddf k'ofO{
j]Zofnodf laqmL u/]sf] egL 36gfsf] ;Dk"0f{ Joxf]/f
l;nl;n]af/ tj/n] v'nfO{ df}sfdf clwsf/k|fKt
clwsf/L ;dIf u/]sf] ;fljtL jofgnfO{ cGoyf
eGg ldNg] b]lvPg . t;y{ k|ltjfbL t]haxfb'/ /fgf
du/ ;d]tn] cGo k|ltjfbLx ;d]t;Fu ldn]dtf]
u/L kLl8t aL= !$) nfO{ ef/tsf] cf;fddf
k'ofO{ j]Zofnodf nuL laqmL ug]{ sfo{ u/L hLp
df:g]aR] g] sfo{ -lgoGq0f_ P]g, @)$# sf] bkmf # /
$-s_ sf] s;"/ ck/fw u/]sf] k'li6 x'g cfPsf]n]
z'? dsjfgk'/ lhNnf cbfntaf6 k|ltjfbL
t]haxfb'/ /fgf du/nfO{ hLpdf:g] a]Rg] sfo{
-lgoGq0f_ P]g, @)$# sf] bkmf *-!_ adf]lhd s}b
jif{ !( / dlxgf !! ;d]t x'g] 7x/fO{ ePsf] km};nf
ldn]s} x'bF f ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt,
x]6f}8+ fsf] ldlt @)^^.!@.@$ sf] km};nf .
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nfdf lrQ
a'em]g . kLl8t aL= !$) d]/f] kTgL ePsf] /
lghnfO{ d}n] ef/tdf nuL laqmL ug'k{ g]{ s'g} sf/0f
5}g . lghnfO{ ef/taf6 p4f/ u/L NofOPsf] eGg]
s'g} k|df0f 5}g . d]/f] ;fyaf6 a/fdb ul/Psf
/]nsf l6s6x kLl8tnfO{ g} laqmL ug{ hfFbf k|of]u
ul/Psf eGg] cfwf/ jfbL kIfaf6 k]z x'g ;s]sf]
5}g . kLl8tsf] df}sfdf u/]sf] aofgdf cfkm"nfO{
/fs]z nfdfn] kmsfO{ lghsf] ;fydf nfuL
sfFs8lef;Dd uPsf] eGg] pNn]v 5 . d}n]
cg';Gwfgdf u/]sf] aofgdf s;"/df ;fljt ePsf]
xf]Og, 5}g . d]/f] >LdtL x/fPsf] af/]df d}n] df}sd} f
sfFs8lef k|x/L rf}sLdf lx/f;tdf /xFbfs} cj:yfdf
hfgsf/L u/fPsf] 5' . hfx]/jfnf Pj+ df}sfdf sfuh
ug]{ JolQmx ;d]tn] d}n] g} kLl8tnfO{ ljqmL u/]sf]
571
eGg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . d]/f] df}sfsf] aofg Pj+ cbfntdf

ePsf] aofg ;d]tsf cfwf/df dnfO{ clwstd\
;hfo x'g] cj:yf 5}g . kLl8tsf] p4f/ eO;s]kl5
klg dnfO{ rsf]{ ;hfo ug]{ u/L ePsf] km};nf
sfg"gsf] dg;focg'sn
" 5}g . t;y{ dnfO{ xb};Dd
;hfo ug]{ u/L z'?af6 ePsf] km};nf g} ;b/
u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf ab/ u/L Gofo
kfpFm eGg] ;d]t k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
lgodadf]lhd k]zL ;"rLdf r9L lg0f{ofy{
k]z ePsf] k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLsf]
tkm{af6 ljfg clwjQmfx >L afns[i0f g]pkfg],
>L ;Gtf]if a:g]t / >L t]haxfb'/ s6'jfnn] kLl8tsf]
df}sfsf] aofgnfO{ lg/k]If k|df0f dfgL km};nf
ul/Psf] 5 . k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf !* adf]lhd
kLl8tsf] askq geP;Dd lghsf] df}sfsf] aofg
k|df0f u|fXo x'bF g} . kLl8t k|ltjfbLsf] >LdtL x'g\ .
cfkm\gf] kTgLnfO{ ef/t 3'Dg n}hfg sfg"gn] alh{t
u/]sf] 5}g . kLl8tsf] df}sfsf] aofgdf klg
k|ltjfbLn] g} sf]7L;Dd nuL laqmL u/]sf] eGg
;s]sf] 5}g . jf:tljs s;"/bf/sf] ?kdf /x]sf
/fs]z nfdf ;d]tsf JolQmx pk/ cg';Gwfg
ePs} 5}g . oL k|ltjfbLn] sfFs8lef k|x/L rf}sLdf
y'gfdf /xFbf g} >LdtL x/fPsf] egL hfgsf/L
u/fPsf] / /fs]z nfdf ;d]tsf JolQmn] vfhf
v'jfPkl5 lgh a]xf]; cj:yfdf kLl8tnfO{
l;nu'8Laf6 /fs]z nfdf ;d]tn] lnO{ uPsf] eGg]
b]lvFbf k|ltjfbLnfO{ xb};Ddsf] ;hfo u/]sf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] OG;fkm q'l6k"0f{ 5 eGg] ;d]t
ax; ug'e
{ of] .
ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLg:xn] ug'e
{ Psf]
ax; lhsL/ ;'gL ldl;n cWoog u/L k'g/fj]bg
cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nf ldn] gldn]sf] s] /x]5
eGg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o ug'k{ g]{ b]lvof] .
@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ k|ltjfbLpk/
tTsfnLg hLpdf:g] a]Rg] sfo{ -lgoGq0f_ P]g,
@)$# sf] bkmf # / $-s_ Pj+ xfn k|rlnt dfgj
a]rljvg tyf cf];f/k;f/ lgoGq0f P]g, @)^$
sf] bkmf #-!_ / $-!_-s_ sf] s;"/df ;fljs
hLpdf:g] -sfo{ lgoGq0f_ P]g, @)$# sf] bkmf

*-!_ tyf xfn k|rlnt P]gsf] bkmf !%-!_-s_
adf]lhdsf] ;hfo dfubfjL lnO{ cleof]u kq k]z
ePsf] b]lvG5 . k|ltjfbLn] cg';Gwfg clwsf/L
;dIf u/]sf] aofgdf cf/f]lkt s;"/ u/]sf]df
;fljt eO{ cGo k|ltjfbLx /fd nfdf, /fh nfdf
;d]t eO{ kLl8t aL= !$)nfO{ ef/t /S;f}n
x'Fb} /]nsf] l6s6 sf6L /]n r9fO{ l;lnu'9L;Dd
k'ofPsf] / ToxfFaf6 /fs]z nfdfn] kLl8t ;d]tnfO{
cf;fdsf] j]Zofnodf lnO{ uPsf] egL ;a} 36gf
ljj/0f l;nl;n]jf/ ?kdf v'nfPsf] b]lvG5 .
cbfntsf] aofgdf ;d]t cGo ;a} 36gfqmdnfO{
;dy{g u/L lghn] aofg u/]sf] / l;nu'9Ldf
gf:tf vfPkl5 cfkm" a]xf]; ePsf] cj:yfdf
k|ltjfbL /fs]z nfdf ;d]t eO{ cfkm\gf] kTgLnfO{
a]kQf agfP5g egL kLl8tnfO{ cfkm"n] a]r]sf]
eGg];Ddsf] tYodf OGsf/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
#= k|ltjfbLsf] ;fyaf6 ef/tsf] a/f}gLb]lv
Go" hnkfO{u9' L;Dd ofqf u/]sf % yfg /]nsf
l6s6x ;d]t a/fdb ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;f] l6s6x
kLl8t ;d]tnfO{ lnO{ hfFbfsf x'g\ egL k|ltjfbLn]
df}sfsf] aofgdf :jLsf/ u/]sf] cj:yf b]lvG5 .
$= kLl8t aL= !$) n] cfkm" a]lrPsf]
j]Zofnoaf6 p4f/ eO{ g]kfn cfO{ df}sfdf
cg';Gwfg clwsf/L;dIf aofg ubf{ ;d]t oL
k|ltjfbL ;d]tn] nnfO{ kmsfO{ /S;f}n x'bF } l;nu'9L
k'ofO{ ToxfFaf6 em'SofO{ /fs]z nfdfsf] ;fydf
cf;fdsf] j]Zofnodf k'ofPsf] egL k|ltjfbLpk/
ls6fgL kf]n u/]sf] / ;f] df}sfsf] aofg cbfntaf6
k|dfl0ft eO{ ldl;n ;+nUg /x]sf] b]lvG5 . pQm
aofgdf sf]7Ldf cfpg] u|fxsdWo]sf Pshgfsf]
;xof]un] dfOtL g]kfnsf] x]6f}8+ f sfof{nodf sfd
ug]{ dfof nfdfnfO{ kmf]g u/L cfkm" j]Zofnodf
a]lrPsf] va/ u/]sf] egL pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
dfOtL g]kfn x]6f}+8fdf sfo{/t\ lgh dfof nfdfn]
hfx]/jfnf cyf{t\ kLl8tsf] afa' P= !#) nfO{
va/ u/]kl5 hfx]/jfnf ;d]t pQm j]Zofnodf
uO{ kLl8tsf] p4f/ ul/Psf] b]lvG5 .
%= kLl8t aL= !$) k|ltjfbL xl/ du/

eGg] t]haxfb'/ du/sL >LdtL /x]sL / lghn]
cfkm\g} >LdtLnfO{ 3'Dg hfg] / lsgd]n ;d]t ug]{
egL axfgf agfO{ ljZjf;df kf/L x]6f}+8fb]lv
ef/tsf] /S;f}n x'Fb} l;nu'9L k'ofPsf] ldl;n
sfuhftxaf6 b]lvG5 . tTkZrft ef/tsf]
l;nu'9Lb]lv csf{ k|ltjfbL /fs]z nfdfsf] ;fydf
lghn] kLl8tnfO{ cf;fdsf] j]Zofnodf lg;+sf]r
?kdf k7fPsf] b]lvG5 . cfkm}Fn] ljjfx u/L
>LdtLsf] ?kdf /xL /x]sL kLl8t dlxnfnfO{ cGo
k|ltjfbLx;Fu k"j{ ;Nnfx / of]hgf agfO{ ef/tsf]
l;nu'9L;Dd k'ofpg' kg]{ / ToxfFaf6 k|ltjfbL
/fs]z nfdfsf] ;fy nufO{ cf;fdtkm{ k7fpg' kg]{
s'g} k|of]hg oL k|ltjfbLn] b]vfpg v'nfpg ;s]sf
5}gg\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf lghn] cbfntsf] aofgdf
gf:tf vfPkl5 cfkm" a]xf]; ePsf] / ;f]xL cj:yfdf
kLl8tnfO{ cGo k|ltjfbLn] cf;fdtkm{ nu]s:f]
egL lnPsf] lhsL/ ;j{yf kTof/nfos b]lvb}+g .
o;sf cltl/Qm kLl8tnfO{ j]Zofnoaf6 p4f/
ug]{ sfo{df ;+nUg kLl8tsf] afa' :jod\n] oL
k|ltjfbLnfO{ ls6fg u/L hfx]/L lbPsf] b]lvg'sf
;fy} p4f/ sfo{df ;+nUg dfof nfdfn] ;d]t
cbfntdf pkl:yt eO{ k|ltjfbLpk/ ls6fgL
askq ;d]t u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
^= hxfF;Dd kLl8tsf] df}sfsf] k|dfl0ft
aofg lgh cbfntdf pkl:yt eO{ askq u/L
k'i6L gu/];Dd k|df0f u|fXo 5}g eGg] k'g/fj]bs
k|ltjfbLsf sfg"g Joj;foLxsf] lhsL/ 5, ;f]
;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ kLl8tnfO{ p4f/ u/L
Nofpg]dWo]sL dfof nfdfn] u/]sf] askqaf6 lgh
kLl8t aL= !$) kf7]3/sf] ;+qmd0faf6 uDeL/
lj/fdL eO{ cbfntdf pkl:yt x'g g;s]sf] egL
pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . o:tf] l:yltdf lgh
kLl8tn] jskq gu/]s} sf/0fn] dfq lghn] df}sfdf
u/]sf] k|dfl0ft aofgsf] dxTj z"Godf cfpg] klg
xf]Og .
&= d"ntM kLl8tsf] df}sfsf] k|dfl0ft
aofgnfO{ ldl;n ;+ n Ug cGo k| d f0fxn]
572
l;nl;nfa4 ?kdf ;dly{t u/]sf] cj:yfdf

hLpdf:g] a]Rg] d'2fsL kLl8tn] cbfntdf pkl:yt
eO{ askq gu/]sf] sf/0fn] dfq} ;f] 36gf gePsf]
/ To;df ;+nUg k|ltjfbLn] s;"/af6 pGd'lQm kfpg]
eGg] x'bF g} . hLpdf:g] a]Rg] h:tf] uDeL/ k|sl[ tsf]
d'2fdf kLl8t JolQmn] df}sfdf u/]sf] aofg k|dfl0ft
u/fpg' kg]{ sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] vf; k|of]hg /
dxTj x'G5 . ;f] s'/fnfO{ gh/cGbfh u/L s]jn
kLl8tsf] askqnfO{ dfq s;"/ :yflkt ug]{ k|df0fsf]
?kdf x]l/g'k5{ eGg] ;"qjt\ dfGotf /fVg' Gofof]lrt\
/ ljj]s;Ddt\ x'g ;Qm}g . lsgeg] hLpdf:g] a]Rg]
h:tf] uDeL/ k|sl[ tsf] s;"/ h;df ;fdfGotM dlxnf
g} kLl8tsf] ?kdf /x]sf x'G5g\, To:tf] s;"/ s'g}
Pp6f JolQmn] dfq rfx]/ jf Pp6f JolQmsf] dfq
;+nUgtfn] k"/f x'g] xf]Og . o:tf] s;"/df PseGbf
a9L JolQm ;+nUg /xg] x'bF f of] Pp6f ;+ul7t ck/fw
cGtu{t kg]{ s;"/ xf] . o:tf] s;"/af6 kLl8t dlxnf
hlxn];s
' } klg ;f] s;"/df ;+nUg k|ltjfbLxsf]
;fd"lxs ;~hfndf ;+nUg s'g} klg JolQmsf] jf
s;"/bf/xsf] ;fd"lxs lg;fgf jf 8/, qf;, wDsL
/ jf k|nf]egdf kg]{ ;Defjgf /lx/xG5 . kmn:j?k
o:tf k|sl[ tsf s;"/df ;+nUg s;"/bf/xn] kLl8t
dlxnf jf lghsf 3/ kl/jf/sf ;b:o ;d]tnfO{
cgfjZos k|nf]eg bafa jf 8/ wfs, wDsL lbO{
kLl8tnfO{ cbfntdf jskq ug{ hfg g;Sg] cj:yf
l;h{gf ug]{ jf k|lts"n ;fIfL (Hostile witness) sf]
?kdf askq ug{ afWo kfg]{ ;Defjgf x'G5 . oxL
oyfy{nfO{ dgg u/Lsg g} k|rlnt dfgj a]rljvg
tyf cf];f/k;f/ -lgoGq0f_ P]g, @)^$ sf] bkmf
^-@_ df kLl8tsf] df}sfsf] aofg d'2f x]g]{
cbfntaf6 k|dfl0ft u/fO{ /fVg] u/L 5'} ljz]if
Joj:yf ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . tbg'?k cbfntaf6
Psk6s sfg"gadf]lhd k|dfl0ft eO{ /x]sf]
kLl8tsf] aofg cGo k| d f0fxaf6 v08g
geP;Dd ;f] s;"/ :yflkt ug]{ Pp6f cfwf/e"t
Pj+ csf6\o k|df0fsf] ?kdf u|fxo x'g cfpF5 .
To;sf/0f k|:t't ljjfbdf kLl8tsf] askq gePsf]
eGg] lhsL/af6 dfq} lghsf] cbfntaf6 k|dfl0ft
573
aofgnfO{ k|df0fdf lng gldNg] egL oL k|ltjfbLsf]

lgbf]{liftf k'li6 x'g ;Qm}g .
*= ca hxfF;Dd z'?n] xb};Dd ;hfo
u/]sf]nfO{ ;b/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf
Gofof]lrt 5}g eGg] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ 5, ;f]
;DaGwdf x]bf{ kLl8t JolQm oL k|ltjfbLsf] cfkm\g}
kTgL b]lvPsL 5g\ . oL k|ltjfbLn] kLl8tnfO{ klxn]
cfkm}n
F ] cg]s axfgf agfO{ k|d] ljjfx u/L >LdtLsf]
?kdf /fvL cGttf]uTjf cGo k|ltjfbLgf:x;Fu
ldn]dtf] u/L, of]hgf agfO{ k};f sdfpg] p2]Zo
lnO{ kfl/jfl/s gftf ;DaGw Pj+ klt kTgLaLrsf]
dfgjLo, kfl/jfl/s Pj+ ;fdflhs ;DaGw ;d]tnfO{
lt/:s[t u/L cfkm\g} kltf/f kTgL j]Zofnodf a]lrg'
kg]{;Ddsf] r/d cdfgjLo sfo{ oL k|ltjfbL
;d]taf6 x'g uPsf] :ki6 5 . Pp6L ljjflxt
dlxnfsf] nflu lghsf klt g} ;a}eGbf glhssf] /
clGtd cleefjs Pj+ ;+/Ifs /xg] s'/fdf ljjfb
5}g . o;/L kLl8t aL= !$)sf] klt cyf{t\ ;+/Ifs,
;xf/f / cleefjssf] ?kdf /x]sf oL k|ltjfbLaf6
ePsf] o; cfk/flws sfo{df lghnfO{ tTsfn k|rlnt
hLpdf:g] a]Rg] -sfo{ lgoGq0f_ P]g, @)$# sf] bkmf
*-!_ adf]lhd xb};Ddsf] ;hfo ug'{ Gofosf] /f]xdf
af~5gLo Pj+ ljj]s;Ddt\ g} x'g] b]lvG5 .
(= ctM plNnlvt cfwf/ k|df0fxaf6
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL xl/du/ eGg] t]haxfb'/
/fgfdu/nfO{ cleof]ukq dfu bfjLadf]lhd
tTsfnLg hLpdf:g] a]Rg] sfo{ -lgoGq0f_ P]g, @)$#
sf] bkmf *-!_ adf]lhd s}b !( jif{ !! dlxgf x'g]
7xofPsf] z'? dsjfgk'/ lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf
;b/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, x]6f}8+ fsf] ldlt
@)^^.!@.@$ sf] km};nf ldn]sf] b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g]
7x5{ . k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;Qm}g .
bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L ldl;n a'emfO{ lbg" .
pko'Q
{ m /fodf ;xdt 5' .
Gof=ts{/fh e6[
Olt ;+jt\ @)^* ;fn k'; @& ut] /f]h $ z'ed\ .
Ohnf; clws[t M ljb'/ sf]O/fnf
&
bfjL gnfUg] eGg] lg0f{o sfg"g;Ddt\

gb] l vg] .
-k|s/0f g+=^_
lg0f{o g+= **)%

' m Ohnf;
;DdfggLo k|wfgGofofwLz >L lvn/fh /]UdL
dfggLo GofofwLz >L sdngf/fo0f bf;
b]=k'=g+= )^^CI)*#&
km};nf ldltM @)^*.!).$
d'2fM df]6/;fOsnsf] aLdf bfjL .
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLM /fli6o aLdf ;+:yfgsf tkm{af6
k|zf;s 8f= lzjxl/ >]i7
lj?4
k|ToyL{ jfbLM aLldt ;xsf/L ljQLo ljsf; ;+:yf
ln= g]kfnu~hsf C0fL OGb|hLt ltjf/L
z'? km};nf ug]{ M
cWoIf >L b]jG] b|kt| fk zfx
;b:o >L /fh'sd
' f/ lzjfsf]6L
;b:o >L sdnzfnL l3ld/]
;b:o >L lzjaxfb'/ /fodfemL
k'g/fj]bg km};nf ug]{ M
df=Gof= >L t]haxfb'/ s]=;L=
df=Gof=8f=>L cfgGbdf]xg e/fO{
pknAw g} gu/fPsf] aLdfn] v sf]
zt{ s f] kl/kfngf gu/] s f] eGg]
cfwf/df aLdfsf] bfjLtkm{ k|j]z g}
gu/]sf] lg0f{o ljlw;Ddt\ gb]lvg] .
-k|s/0f g+=%_
lghL{jg aLdfsf] ;DaGwdf bfjL ubf{
To:tf] bfjL ul/;Sg' k g] { egL s' g }
lglZrt\ cjlw ls6fg gePsf], aLdf
lgodfjnLn] aLdf bfjL ug] { s' g }
xbDofb lgwf{ / 0f klg gu/] s f] ]
cj:yfdf df] 6 /;fOsn n' l 6Psf]
hfgsf/L aLdf ;+ : yfgnfO{ t' ? Gt}
gu/fPsf] eGg] cfwf/df aLdf;DaGwL
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmf kbd

lu/L
k|ToyL{ jfbL tkm{af6M
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
km};nf
k|=Gof=lvn/fh /]UdLM k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
kf6gsf] ldlt @)^^.&.@$ sf] km};nfpk/ Gofo
k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf ( adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg
k/L k]z x'gcfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+
7x/ o;k|sf/ /x]sf] 5M
/fli6o aLdf ;+:yfg, sf7df8f}s
+ f] ldlt
@)^@.%.!& sf] kq >L ;xsf/L ljQLo ljsf;
;+:yf ln= ;b/nfO{g g]kfnu~h, afFs] -g]kfn_ nfO{
;Daf]wg u/L e]=!k= $*) sf] aLdf bfjL ;DaGwdf
o; ;+:yfgsf] kq ;+Vof g+= Pg cf/ Pn @!.)^@.^#
ldlt @)^@.%.! sf] kqaf6 jLldtsf] uf8Lsf] b'36{ gf
jf xflg gf]S;fgL ePdf t'?Gt ;+:yfgdf vj/
ug'k{ g]d{ f ! jif{ % dlxgfkl5 dfq va/ k|fKt ePsf]n]
bfjL gnfUg] Joxf]/f hfgsf/L u/fO;s]sf] Joxf]/f
k'gM cg'/f]w ub{5f}+ eGg] kq >L ;xsf/L ljQLo
ljsf; ;+:yf g]kfnu~hn] d lgj]bsnfO{ )^@.%.@!
df n]vL k7fpFbf ;f] kq ;lxtsf] /fli6o aLdf
;+:yfgsf] bfjL ;DaGwsf] kmf]6f]skL ;d]t ldlt
@)^@.%.@# df k|fKt u/L ;f]xL ;+:yfdf @)^@.%.@&
df aLdf ;ldltdf ;+:yfaf6 ph"/L lbgsf nflu
cg'/f]w u/]sfdf d lgj]bssf] lxtdf k|lts"n c;/
k/]sf]n] o; ;ldltdf aLdf P]g, @)$( tyf aLdf
lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod ##-!_ cg';f/ k|:t't
ph"/L ug{ cfPsf] 5' . d lgj]bs af/]sf] ;Dk"0f{
sfuhft -k|df0f_ sf cfwf/df sfg"g;+ut /
Gofo;+ut cfwf/df xs OG;fkm ug]{ u/L cfb]z
u/L plNnlvt df]6/;fOsnsf] ;Gbe{df aLdf
574
**)% /fli6o aLdf ;+:yfg lj=OGb|hLt ltjf/L
lgodfjnL, @)$( ;d]t adf]lhd lgod #@-$_ sf

cfwf/df ;fwf/0ftof #% lbgleq aLdfn] bfloTj
7x/ u/L aLldtnfO{ lghL{jg aLdfsf] bfjL e'QmfgL
lbg'kg]5
{ egL k|i6 ls6fgL Joj:yf eP klg /fli6o
aLdf ;+:yfg sf7df8f}n
+ ] bfloTjadf]lhd bfjL
e'QmfgL glbO{ pN6} sfg"g / Gofo;+ut cfwf/sf]
ljk/Lt lg0f{o u/L hfgsf/L u/fPsf]n] o;}
lgodfjnLsf] lgod ## adf]lhd o; aLdf ;ldlt
sf7df8f}a+ f6 hf] h] a'em\g' kg],{ sf/jfxL ug'k{ g]{ xf]
u/L u/fO{ aLdsn] bfloTj lgwf{/0f ug'k{ g]d{ f bfloTj
dfuadf]lhd jf k'gM bfloTj lgwf{/0f ug{ hf] pko'Qm
7flgg] xf] u/L u/fO{ d ph"/Lstf{ lgj]bs C0fLsf]
df]6/;fOsnsf] aLdf ul/Padf]lhd bfjL Ifltk"lt{
lbnfO{ xs OG;fkm ul/kfpFm eGg] Joxf]/fsf] OGb|hLt
ltjf/Lsf] lgj]bg .
;dodf bfjLsf] ;"rgf k|fKt gePkl5 k'gM
jLdssf] lx:;f dfu ug{ ;lsb}g . t;y{ ;dodf
bfjLsf] ;"rgf k|fKt gePsf]n] bfjL gnfUg] Joxf]/f
cg'/f]w ub}{ ;DalGwt ;a} sfuhftx o;} kq;fy
;+nUg /fvL k]z ul/Psf] Joxf]/f cg'/f]w ub{5f}+
eGg] Joxf]/f pNn]v eOcfPsf] hfgsf/L u/fpg'sf
;fy} tt\;DaGwdf s] s;f] eP u/]sf] xf], ;f]af/]
oyfy{ ljj/0f tyf eP sfuh k|df0f ;d]t k]z
ug'x{ g' egL aLdf lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod ##
sf] pklgod -!v_ sf] Joj:yf adf]lhd ;ldltsf]
ldlt @)^@.(.@$ sf] kqaf6 lgj]bs OGb|hLt
ltjf/LnfO{ lgb]z
{ g.
lgj]bs OGb|hLt ltjf/Lsf] ldlt @)^@.!!.$
sf] k'gM ph"/L lgj]bg .
df]6/;fOsn rf]/L eP x/fPsf] geO{
df]6/;fOsn nUg] dflg;xsf] hfgsf/L jLldtnfO{
ePsf]n] df]6/;fOsn k|fKt ug{ k|zf;g, k|x/Lsf]
d2t lnO{ df]6/;fO{sn ldlt @)%(.!!.^ df n'6/]
nu]sf] Joxf]/f pNn]v eP klg pQm df]6/;fOsn
;Dk'li6 g+= Pd;Lcf] @)^# af6 ldlt @.(.@))$
b]lv !.(.@))% ;Dd aLdf gjLs/0f ePsf] b]lvG5 .
aLdf gjLs/0f x'bF fsf] cj:yfdf df]6/;fO{sn cfkm\g}
:jfldTjdf /x]sf] dflgG5 . ;f] x'gfn] pQm bfjL
575
em"7f k|sl[ tsf] b]lvPsf]n] aLdf bfjL gnfUg] Joxf]/f

cg'/f]w ub{5f}+ eGg] jLdssf] ldlt @)^#.!.@^ sf]
lnlvthjfkm .
! jif{ % dlxgf kl5 bfjL ul/Psf]n] aLdf
P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf *-3!_, bkmf !& sf] pkbkmf
-$_ adf]lhd lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ eGg];d]t
Joxf]/fsf] aLdf ;ldltaf6 ldlt @)^$.(.# ut]
ePsf] lg0f{o .
aLdf ul/Psf] ;DklQsf] ;'/Iff k|bfg ug]{
st{Jo /fli6o aLdf ;+:yfgs} xf] . k|:t't bfjL
;Gbe{df aLdf n]v jLldtnfO{ pknAw gu/fO{
cGtl/d se/gf]6n] k|bfg u/]sf] ;'/IffnfO{ /fli6o
aLdf ;+:yfgn] O{Gsf/ ug'{ u}/sfg"gL xf] . @)%(.!!.^
b]lv k|:t't d'2fsf] clGtd lsgf/f gePsf]
ldlt;Ddsf] Ifltk"lt{ /sddf Jofh;d]t nufO{
ljkIfLaf6 lbnfO{ kfpg ;fy} xbDofb h:tf] s'/fnfO{
cfwf/ lnO{ e'QmfgL ug'k{ g]{ cfkm\gf] bfloTjaf6 cnu
/xg] clek|fon] lgj]bg vf/]h ug]{ u/]sf] lg0f{o
u}/sfg"gL ePsf]n] xs OG;fkm u/L sfg"gadf]lhd
;hfo ;d]t ul/kfpFm eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] OGb|hLt
ltjf/Lsf] k'g/fj]bg .
aLdf P]g, @)$( df xbDofbsf] Joj:yf
g/x]sf] kl/k]I| odf aLdf ;ldltaf6 bfjL vf/]h ug]{
u/]sf] lg0f{o k|df0f d"Nofgsf] /f]xdf km/s kg{
;Sg] b]lvPsfn] 5nkmnsf] nflu ljkIfLnfO{ lemsfO{
k]z ug'{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gsf] ldlt
@)^%.!!.% ut]sf] cfb]z .
aLdf n]vcGtu{t bfjL ug{ ;lsg] s'g}
rf]/L jf ck/fwk"0f{ sfo{sf] ;DaGwdf jLldtn]
k|x/LnfO{ t'?Gt ;"rgf ug'k{ g]5
{ / ;+:yfgnfO{ ck/fwL
kQf nufpg ;xof]u ug'{kg]{5 eGg] sfg"gL
Joj:yfsf] ljk/Lt ! jif{ % dlxgf kl5 u/]sf] aLdf
bfjL o;} cfwf/df ;d]t k'Ug g;Sg] ePsf]n] aLdf
;ldltn] u/]sf] lg0f{o sfg"g;Ddt\ 5 eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] /fli6o aLdf ;+:yfg, sf7df8f}+ tkm{af6
k/]sf] lnlvt hjfkm .
k' g /fj] b s C0fLn] kmfOgfG;df
df]6/;fOsn lnPsf] ;+:yf ;xsf/L ljQLo ljsf;
;+:yfn] aLldt e} ul/Psf cGtl/d aLdf se/gf]6df

of] cGtl/d se/gf]6 aLdf cfn]v tof/ gx'~h]n
;Ddsf nflu dfq hf/L ul/Psf] xf] ===== aLdf
se/gf]6 k|fKt ePkl5 aLldtn] pQm zt{ cfwf/
aGb]hx kfng ug'k{ g]{ eGg] s'/f ;f] cGtl/d
se/gf] 6 df k/] s f] b] l vG5 . ;f] cGtl/d
se/gf]6adf]lhd aLdfn]v k'g/fj]bsnfO{
pknAw u/fOPg eGg] k'g/fj]bssf] egfO 5 .
aLdf cfn]v pknAw u/fOPsf] lyof] eGg]
ljkIfLxsf] lhsL/ 5}g . aLdf lgodfjnL, @)$(
sf] lgod cg';f/ lghL{jg aLdfsf] ;DaGwdf bfjL
ubf{ ;Dk"0f{ ljj/0fx v'nfO{ lgj]bg lbg'kg]{ eGg]
pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . t/ To:tf] bfjL olt ;doleq
lbO ;Sg'k5{ eGg] pNn]v ePsf] b]lvPg .
k'g/fj]bsnfO{ cGtl/d se/gf]6 dfq k|fKt ePsf]
clGtd aLdf cfn]v k|fKt x'g afFsL /x]sf] o;
l:yltdf df]6/;fOsn aLdfn]vsf] zt{ aGb]hsf]
bkmf ! df pNn]v ePsf] s'g} b'36{ gf jf xflg
gf]S;fgL ePdf ;f]sf] ;"rgf ;+:yfgnfO{ t'?Gt
lbg'kg]{ 5 eGg] zAbfjnLsf] cy{ ubf{ sfg"gn] of]
cjlw kl5 bfjL nfUb}g egL geg]sf] l:ylt
b]lvFbfb]lvFb} Ps jif{ kfFr dlxgf kl5 bfjL k/]sf]
eGg] dfq cfwf/df bfjL c:jLsf/ u/]sf] ljifonfO{
k'g/fj]bs ;d]t;Fu ePsf] aLdf s/f/sf zt{ /
pQm lgodfjnLsf] Joj:yfcg'k ePu/]sf] b]lvg
cfPg .
t;y{ aLdf ;+:yfgsf] @)^@.%.! sf] / ;f]
lg0f{o ;b/ u/]sf] aLdf ;ldltsf] @)^$.(.# sf]
lg0f{o ab/ x'g] 7x5{ . k'g/fj]bsn] u/]sf] dfusf]
tYodf s] slt /sd ltg'{ / kfpg' kg]{ xf] eGg]
ljifodf s'g} lg0f{o ePsf] gb]lvFbf ;f] ;DaGwdf
lg0f{o ug'{ egL tfl/vdf /x]sf kIfxnfO{ tfl/v
tf]sL ldl;n ljkIfL aLdf ;+:yfgdf k7fOlbg] 7x5{
eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] ldlt @)^^.&.@$
sf] km};nf .
aLdf n]v zt{ aGb]hsf] bkmf ! df pNn]v
ePsf] s'g} b'36{ gf jf xflg gf]S;fgL ePdf ;f]sf]
;"rgf ;+:yfgnfO{ t'?Gt lbg'kg]5
{ eGg] afWofTds
576
Joj:yfnfO{ cjlw gn]vs

] f] egL cfTdlgi7 tj/af6
km};nf ePsf] 5 . t'?Gt eGgfn] em} plQv]/,}
tTIf0f eGg] x'G5 . k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nfdf
;f] zAbsf] unt cy{ u/L hlxn];s
' } bfjL lnP klg
x'G5 eGg] JofVof ePsf] 5 . df]6/;fOsn rf]/L
ePsf] geO{ df]6/;fOsn n'6L nfg] dflg;xsf]
hfgsf/L aLldtnfO{ tTsfn} ePsf] d f ;f]
df]6/;fOsn k|fKt ug{ cGo sfg"gL af6f] cjnDag
ug'k{ g]{ x'G5, aLdf bfjL xf]Og . t;y{ k'g/fj]bg
cbfntsf] km};nf pN6L u/L aLdf ;ldltsf] ldlt
@)^$.(.# sf] lg0f{o ;b/ sfod ul/kfpFm eGg]
Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL /fli6o aLdf ;+:yfgsf] o;
cbfntdf k/]sf] k'g/fj]bgkq .
lgodadf]lhd k]zL ;"rLdf r9L k]z
x'gcfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] k'g/fj]bg;lxtsf] ;Dk"0f{
ldl;n cWoog ul/of] .
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLsf tkm{af6 pkl:yt
ljfg\ clwjQmf >L kbd lu/Ln] aLdf n]vsf]
zt{aGb]h ljk/Lt b'36{ gf jf xflg gf]S;fgLsf] ;"rgf
aLdf ;+:yfgnfO{ hlxn];s
' } lbP klg x'G5 eGg] cy{
u/L ePsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf aLdf;DaGwL
dfGo l;4fGtxsf] k|lts"n ePsf]n] ;f] km};nf
ab/ u/L aLdf ;ldltsf] lg0f{o ;b/ x'gk' b{5 egL
ax; ug'e
{ of] .
plNnlvt ax;;d]t ;'gL k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt kf6gsf] km};nf ldn]sf] 5 5}g eGg] ljifodf
lg0f{o lbg'k/]sf] 5 .
@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{, /fli6o aLdf
;+:yfg;Fu # ;]K6]Da/ @))@ df aLldt ;xsf/L
ljQLo ;+:yf ln= / C0fL cfkm" eO{ e]=!k= $*)( g+=
sf] df]6/;fOsnsf] aLdf u/fO{ x'nb+uf tyf gful/s
pkb|j Pj+ cftjfb aLdfafkt ;d]t yk lk|ldod
lt/L aLdf u/fO{ lgoldt ?kdf lk|ldod lt/L cfPsf]df
;f] df]6/;fOsn ldlt @)%(.!!.^ df n'l6Psf]n]
ldlt @)%(.!@.% df kmfOgfG; ug]{ ;xsf/L ljQLo
;+:yf ln= nfO{ hfgsf/L lbO{ ldlt @)^!.$.% / !)
df aLdf ;+:yfgnfO{ ;f] ljQLo ;+:yfn] aLdf bfjL
u/]sf] ;DaGwL hfgsf/L k7fPsf]df ljkIfL aLdf
**)% /fli6o aLdf ;+:yfg lj=OGb|hLt ltjf/L
;+:yfgn] ldlt @)^@.%.! df aLldtsf] uf8L b'36{ gf

jf xflg gf]S;fgL ePdf t'?Gt ;+:yfgdf va/
ug'k{ g]d{ f ! jif{ % dlxgfkl5 dfq va/ k|fKt ePsf]n]
bfjL gnfUg] egL lg0f{o u/]sf] / aLdf ;ldltn] klg
;+:yfgsf] pQm lg0f{onfO{ g} ;b/ u/]sf]df jfbLsf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gdf k/]sf] k'g/fj]bgdf ;f]
cbfntaf6 aLdf ;ldltsf] pQm lg0f{o ab/ u/L
k'g/fj]bs jfbLn] kfpg'kg]{ /sd ;DaGwdf lg0f{o
ug'{ egL ldl;n aLdf ;+:yfgdf k7fpg] u/L ldlt
@)^^.&.@$ df ePsf] km};nfpk/ k|ltjfbL /fli6o
aLdf ;+:yfgsf] k|:t't k'g/fj]bg k/]sf] b]lvof] .
#= ldl;n cWoog ubf{ jfbLn] k|ltjfbL
;+:yfgdf df]6/;fOsnsf] aLdf ubf{ x'nb+uf tyf
gful/s pkb|j Pj+ cftjfb ;d]tsf nflu yk
aLdf z'Ns lt/L aLdf u/fPsf] / ;f]sf] lk|ldod
!.(.@))% ;Ddsf nflu ltl/cfPsf] tYodf ljjfb
b]lvFbg} .
$= jfbLsf] aLdf bfjLsf ;DaGwdf /fli6o
aLdf ;+:yfg / aLdf ;ldltn] u/]sf] lg0f{o x]bf{
df]6/;fOsn aLdfn]vsf] zt{ g+= ! adf]lhd
df]6/;fOsn xflg gf]S;fgL ePsf] s'/fsf] lnlvt
;"rgf jfbLn] t'?Gt} /fli6o aLdf ;+:yfgnfO{ lbg'kg]d{ f
;f]adf]lhd ;"rgf glbO{ ! jif{ % dlxgfkl5 dfq
aLdfsf] bfjL u/]sf] x'bF f bfjL gnfUg] egL lg0f{o
ePsf] b]lvG5 .
%= jfbL OGb|hLt ltjf/L -aLldt ;xsf/L
ljQLo ljsf; ;+:yf ln= g]kfnu~h_ nfO{ /fli6o
aLdf ;+:yfgn] #.(.@))@ df k|bfg u/]sf]
df]6/;fOsn aLdf;DaGwL cGtl/d se/gf]6df of]
cGtl/d se/gf]6 aLdfn]v tof/ gx'Gh]n;Ddsf
nflu dfq hf/L ul/Psf] xf] . =====aLdf se/gf]6
k|fKt ePkl5 aLldtn] pQm zt{, cfwf/, aGb]hx
kfngf ug'{ lgtfGt cfjZos 5 ===== aLldtnfO{
;+:yfgn] hf/L u/]sf] aLdfn]vdfkm{t\ plNnlvt zt{,
cfwf/, aGb]hx kfngf ug'{ clgjfo{ x'g5
] eGg]
pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . cGtl/d se/gf]6df
plNnlvt pQm aLdfn]v jfbLnfO{ ;+:yfgn]
pknAw u/fPsf] lyof] egL ljkIfL ;+:yfgn] bfjL
577
ug{ ;s]sf] kfOFbg} . o;/L ;+:yfgn] jfbLnfO{ pknAw

g} gu/fPsf] aLdfn]vsf] zt{sf] jfbLn] kl/kfngf
gu/]sf] eGg] cfwf/df jfbLn] u/]sf] aLdfsf] bfjLtkm{
k|jz
] g} gu/]sf] ljkIfL aLdf ;+:yfg / aLdf ;ldltsf]
lg0f{o ljlw;Ddt\ b]lvg cfPg . jfbLnfO{ aLdfn]v
pknAw gu/fOPsf] eP klg jfbLn] df]6/;fOsn
n'l6Psf] s'/f ldlt @)^!.$.$ df C0f lbg] ;+:yf
-aLldt_ ;xsf/L ljQLo ljsf; ;+:yf ln= nfO{
hfgsf/L u/fO{ aLdf ;+:yfgaf6 Ifltk"lt{ lbnfO{
kfpg;d]t dfu u/L lgj]bg lbPsf] / ;f]adf]lhd
pQm ;+:yfn] ;d]t df]6/;fOsnsf] vf]hva/sf
nflu lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no / k|x/L sfof{noxdf
kqfrf/ u/]sf] eGg] ldl;naf6 b]lvg cfpF5 .
^= aLdf lgodfjnL @)$( df lghL{jg
aLdfsf] ;DaGwdf bfjL ubf{ To:tf] bfjL ul/;Sg'kg]{
egL s'g} lglZrt\ cjlw ls6fg ePsf];d]t b]lvFbg} .
ctM aLdf lgodfjnLn] aLdf bfjL ug]{ s'g} xbDofb
lgwf{/0f gu/]sf], ljkIfL aLdf ;+:yfgn] jfbLnfO{
aLdfn] v klg pknAw gu/fPsf] / jfbLn]
df]6/;fOsn n'l6Psf] tYo C0f lbg] ;+:yfdfkm{t\
ljkIfL ;+:yfgnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fPsf] b]lvPsf]
cj:yfdf df]6/;fOsn n'l6Psf] hfgsf/L aLdf
;+:yfgnfO{ t'?Gt} gu/fPsf] eGg] cfwf/df jfbLsf]
aLdf;DaGwL bfjL gnfUg] u/]sf] /fli6o aLdf
;+:yfgsf] ldlt @)^@.%.! / aLdf ;ldltsf] ldlt
@)^$.(.# sf] lg0f{o sfg"g;Ddt\ gb]lvFbf pQm
lg0f{o ab/ u/L jfbLsf] /sd bfjLsf ;DaGwdf
lg0f{o ug'{ egL kIfnfO{ tfl/v tf]sL ldl;n ljkIfL
/fli6o aLdf ;+:yfgdf k7fpg] u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt kf6gsf] OG;fkm ldn]s} b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g]
7x5{ . k|ltjfbL /fli6o aLdf ;+:yfgsf] k'g/fj]bg
lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sb}g . ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L
a'emfOlbg" .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
Gof=sdngf/fo0f bf;
Olt ;+jt\ @)^* ;fn df3 $ ut] /f]h $ z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[t M dft[sfk|;fb cfrfo{
&
lg0f{o g+= **)^

' m Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fds'df/k|;fb zfx
@)^& wo )%)(
cfb]z ldltM @)^*.!!.#.$
d'2f M pTk|i] f0f ldl>t k/dfb]z ;d]t .
lgj]bsM sf7df8f}+ lhNnf sf=d=g=kf=j8f g+ #@
l8NnLahf/ l:yt l8NnLahf/ sGof ax'dv
' L
SofDk; tyf ;f]sf] ;~rfns ;ldltsf
tkm{af6 / cfgf] xsdf ;d]t pQm
SofDk;sf SofDk; k|dv
' tyf ;~rfns
;ldltsf ;b:o ;lrj ef]nfgfy /]UdL
;d]t
lj?4
ljkIfLM >d cbfnt ;d]t
:yfoL kb eGgfn] lglZrt\ ljlw /
k|lqmof k"/f u/L lgj[lQe/0f kfpg]
jf gkfpg] cfwf/df k"0f{sfnLg ;]jf
ug]{ u/L lgo'lQm ePsf], lghsf] ;]jfsf]
zt{ / ;' l jwf ;f] ;+ : yfsf]
lgodadf] l hd Jojl:yt ePsf] ,
;]jfsf] cjlw gtf]lsPsf] tyf lglZrt\
pd] / k" / f u/] k l5 cjsfz kfpg] ,
k| l tikwf{ f/f lgo' l Qm jf 5gf} 6 e}
;f] x L lgodadf] l hd Jojl:yt
ljlwcg';f/ sf/jfxL, ;hfo / avf{:t
tyf cjsfz x'g] kbnfO{ ;Demg' kg]{ .
cf+lzs jf lkl/o8 a]l;; jf s/f/df
sfd ug]{ lzIfs jf k|fWofks eGgfn]
SofDk;df k" / f ;do sfd ug] {
k| s [ l tsf] ;] j f geO{ SofDk;n]
tf]lslbPsf] lglZrt\ ;do;Dd dfq
jf lglZrt\ lkl/o8 dfq cWofkg
u/fO{ ;dosf] jf lkl/o8sf] cfwf/df
578
kfl/>lds lng] k|s[ltsf] ;]jf eGg]

a'g' kg]{ .
cf+ l zs jf lkl/o8 a] l ;;df sfd
ug]{ lzIfs jf k|fWofksn] ;+:yf jf
SofDk;n] tf]sL lbPsf] lkl/o8 dfq
k9fpg] / ;f]xL cfwf/df SofDk;n]
tf]lslbPsf] kfl/>lds jf ;'ljwf dfq
kfpg] x' F b f pgLxsf] ;] j f :yfoL
k| s [ l tsf] kb h:tf] geO{ c:yfoL
k|s[ltsf] x'g] .
sfd nufpg] ;+:yfn] jf To:tf] ;+:yf
jf SofDk;;Fu s'g} 5'} ;Demf}tf u/]sf]
ePdf jf ljwfgdf 5'} Joj:yf ePdf
afx]s SofDk; Joj:yfkg jf ;+:yfsf]
cfjZostfcg' ; f/sf] cjlw;Dd jf
tf]]s]sf] ;do jf lkl/o8 dfq sfd
ug{ kfpg] jf k9fpg kfpg] k|sl[ tsf]
kb xf] eGg] a'g'kg]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=#_
cljl5Gg sfd u/] s } sf/0f s' g }
cf+ l zs - Part Time _ jf lkl/o8
a]l;;df sfd ug]{ JolQm :jtM :yfoL
kbdf sfd ug]{ JolQm ;/x xs jf
;'ljwf k|fKt ug]{ xsbf/ x'G5 egL
;Demg gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=$_
:yfoL sd{rf/L jf lzIfs ;/xsf] Jojxf/
jf ;'ljwf cf+lzs -Part Time _ jf lkl/o8
a]l;;df sfd ug]{ c:yfoL lzIfs sd{rf/L
jf sfdbf/n] klg kfpg' k5{ eGg' Gofo,
sfg"g / cGo s'g} b[li6n] klg dgfl;j
gx'g] .
:yfoL sfdbf/ jf sd{ r f/LnfO{
sf/jfxL jf avf{:tL u/]pk/ cfslif{t
x'g] >d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf ^)-u_
sf] Joj:yf cf+ l zs jf lkl/o8
a]l;;df sfd ug]{ lzIfs sd{rf/Lsf]
xsdf nfu" x'g ;Sb}g . SofDk; jf
**)^ sGof ax'd'vL SofDk; ;d]t lj=>d cbfnt ;d]t
s' g } z} l Ifs ;+ : yfdf cWofkg ug] {

u/fpg] lzIfs jf k| f WofksnfO{
sfdbf/ jf sd{rf/Lsf] sf]6Ldf /fVg
klg gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=^_
lgj]bssf tkm{af6M ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmfx xl/x/
bfxfn / zDe' yfkf tyf ljfg clwjQmfx
k|sfz /fpt, u'0flgwL Gof}kfg] afns[i0f
b]jsf]6f / k"0f{k;
| fb /fhj+zL
ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf /]jtL/fh
lqkf7L, ljfg clwjQmfx /d]z a8fn
/ ;fg'/fh kf]v/]n
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
>d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf ^)-u_
cfb]z
Gof=/fds' d f/k| ; fb zfxM g] k fnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ tyf !)&-@_
adf]lhd o; cbfntdf bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't
l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5M
l/6 lgj]bs sGof ax'd'vL SofDk;
lq=lj=lj=P]g, lgodadf]lhd ;DaGwg k|fKt u/L @)#&
;fndf :yflkt SofDk; xf] . ;DaGwg k|fKt SofDk;
ePsf]n] o;n] cfly{s tyf k7gkf7g ;DaGwdf
:jfoQtf k|fKt u/]sf] 5 . lq=lj=lj=P]g, lgod kfngf
ug'k{ g]{ / lq=lj=lj=P]g, lgod, ljlgodsf] alv{nfk
gx'g] u/L cfg} ljwfg, lgod, ljlgod ;d]t sfo{
;~rfngsf nflu ;~rfns ;ldlt4f/f kfl/t u/fO{
;f] cg';f/ z}lIfs tyf cfly{s sfo{qmd ug'k{ g]{
x'G5 . lgj]bs ;d'bfoaf6 ;~rflnt z}lIfs ;+:yf
ePsf] x'bF f of] s'g} sDkgL h:tf] d'gfkmf sdfpg]
;+:yf xf]Og . o;sf ;~rfnsxn] d'gfkmf afF8g\ ]
/ d'gfkmfdf lx:;]bf/ x'g] clwsf/ /fVb}gg\ .
lq=lj=lj=P]g, lgoddf ePsf] Joj:yfcg';f/ cf+lzs,
s/f/ tyf :yfoL ?kdf sd{ r f/L tyf
k|fWofksxsf] lgo'lQm ;~rfns ;ldlt4f/f
579
ul/G5 . cf+lzs ?kdf lgo'Qm k|fWofksxn] sIff

lnO{ k|fWofkg u/]sf] lbg xfhL/ ug{ kfpg] / ;f]
xfhL/ u/]afkt kfl/>lds kfpg] Joj:yf 5 .
s/f/df lgo'Qm k|fWofksn] s/f/ gjLs/0f eP;Dd
dfl;s ?kdf g} tnj kfpF 5 g\ . :yfoL
k|fWofksxsf] kb gjLs/0f u/L /xg' kb}g{ . ljifo
/ ljBfyL{sf] rfksf] cfwf/df k|fWofksxnfO{
cf+lzs tyf s/f/df lnO{ tTsfnLg cfjZostf
kl/k"lt{ ug]{ ul/G5 . o; sGof SofDk;n] 5'} lgod
agfO{ Joj:yf u/]sf] afx]s lq=lj=lj=P]g, lgod
tyf ;DaGwg lb+bf lq=lj=lj=n] ljleGg zt{x
tf]lslbPsf] 5 .
o:t}df cf+lzs k|fWofks kbdf lgo'Qm
ljkIfL ;ljtf ;fksf]6fn] @ cfO{=P=tyf cfO{=sd
pQL0f{ u/L o;} SofDk;df :gfts cWoog ug{
rfxg] ljBfyL{nfO{ l8NnLahf/ sGof SofDk; oxfFaf6
;b}5
{ . oxfF k9fO{ /fd|f] 5}g . oxfFsf k|fWofksx
SofDk; 5f]8/] cGoq hfFb} x'g' x' G' 5 eGg] h:tf e|fds
s'/fx u/L cfkm}n] hfuL/ vfg] SofDk;sf] lj?4
k|rf/ ug]{ u/]sf] s'/f a'lemg cfPsf]n] SofDk;sf]
ljwfg, @)^$ n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L ldlt
@)^$.%.!( ut] :ki6Ls/0f dfu ul/Psf]df cfkm"n]
hflu/ vfg] SofDk;sf] lj?4 cfkm"n] g/fd|f] k|rf/
ug]{ sfo{ d af6 ePsf] 5}g / eljiodf x'g] klg 5}g
eGg] ldlt @)^$.%.@) df ljkIfLn] :ki6Ls/0f
lbPsf] lyOg .
pQm :ki6Ls/0fdf lrQ ga'emL ldlt
@)^$.%.@@ ut] cfg} SofDk;sf] jflif{sf]T;j
sfo{qmddf pkl:yt geO{ cGo s'g} SofDk;sf]
sfo{qmddf ;Daf]wg ug],{ To;sf] k|rf/ k|;f/ ug]{
h:tf sfo{x u/]sf]n] tkfO{nfO{ lsg cjsfz
glbg] < # lbgleq ;kmfO;lxt :ki6Ls/0f k]z
ug'x{ f]nf eGg] ldlt @)^$.^.@ ut] bf];f| ] k6s
;f]lwPsf] :ki6Ls/0fdf Ps cg'ejL dlxnf lzlIfsf
ePsf] gftfn] d df]8g{ sGof dlN6kn sn]hsf]
pb\3f6g ;df/f]xdf dlxnf cfdlGqt pkk|fWofkssf]
?kdf cGo w]/} ljlzi6 dxfg'efjsf] pkl:ylt ePsf]
7fpFdf pkl:yt dfq ePsL x'F . cf/f]k em"7f xf]
eGg] ldlt @)^$.^.# ut]sf] bf];f| ] :ki6Ls/0f k|:t't

u/]sL lyOg\ .
pQm :ki6Ls/0fpk/ ;~rfns ;ldltdf
ldlt @)^$.^.@! ut] @! hgf ;~rfns tyf %
hgf cfdlGqt JolQmx ;d]t ePsf] a}7sdf
5nkmn x'bF f s/f/df sfo{/t\ k|fWofksxsf] Dofb
yk ug{] ljifodf 5nkmn ePsf] / !& hgf
k|fWofksxsf] Dofb ldlt @)^% ;fn c;f/
d;fGt;Ddsf] nflu yk ug]{, s/f/df sfo{/t\
k|fWofks ;ljtf ;fksf]6fsf] xsdf SofDk;sf]
lxt ljk/Ltsf] sfo{df ;+nUg /x]sf] b]lvg cfPsf]n]
a9Ldf @)^$ ;fn d+l;/ d;fGt;Ddsf] nflu
dfq Dofb yk ug]{ / k'if ! b]lv lghsf] ;]jf
cfjZos gePsf] hfgsf/L lbg] eGg] lg0f{o ePsf]
/ ;f]xL adf]lhd lghnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fOPsf]
xf] . pQm lg0f{opk/ ljkIfLn] >d cbfntdf
k'g/fj]bg u/]sf]df ldlt @)^$.(.! sf] kq /
ldlt @)^$.^.@! sf] lg0f{odf SofDk;sf] ljwfg,
@)^$ sf] bkmf !#=!+3 sf] cfwf/x k|dfl0ft
gePsf] / >d P]g,@)$* sf] bkmf $, &, !) /
kl/R5]b\ * ljk/Lt eO{ uDeL/ sfg"gL q'l6k"0f{
b]lvPsf]n] k'g/fj]bssf] k'gj{xfnL x'g] / ;]jf
cGTo ePsf] ldlt @)^$.(.! b]lv k'gj{ xfnL geP
;Ddsf] tnjnufotsf] cfly{s ;'ljwf ;d]t k|ToyL{
;+:yfaf6 e/L kfpg] 7x5{ egL >d cbfnt,
sf7df8f}+af6 lg0f{o ePsf] 5 .
lgj]bs ;fd'bflos SofDk; ePsf] s'/f
ljZjljBfno cg'bfg cfof]usf] juL{s/0fdf 5 .
lzIff If]qdf ;+nUg /xL d'gfkmf gsdfpg]
lq=lj=lj=af6 ;DaGwg k|fKt SofDk;x k|lti7fg
egL >d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf @ -v_ n] u/]sf]
kl/efiff cGtu{t kb}g{ g\ . lsgsL pQm bkmf @ sf]
b]xfo -v_ df k|lti7fg eGgfn] pBf]u, Joj;fo jf
;]jf ;~rfng ug]{ p2]Zon] k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd
:yflkt !) hgf jf ;f] eGbf a9L sd{rf/L sfo{/t\
/x]sf] s'g} sf/vfgf, sDkgL, ;+u7g, ;+:yf, kmd{ jf
ltgLxsf] ;d"x ;Demg' kb{5 egL pNn]v u/]sf]
/ pQm -v_ sf] b]xfo ! tyf @ n] cem ;f] ljifonfO{
k|i6 kfb}{ Jofkfl/s p2]Zon] sfg"gadf]lhd :yflkt

ePsf] lrof aufg / g]kfn ;/sf/4f/f :yflkt
cf}Bf]lus If]q leqsf] !) hgf eGbf sd sfdbf/
jf sd{rf/LnfO{ sfddf nufOPsf] k|lti7fgnfO{
;d]t hgfpFb5 eGg] pNn]v u/]af6 >d P]g nfu"
x'g] If]q pBf]u Joj;fo;Fu ;DalGwt k|lti7fg x'g'
kg]{ / To:tf] k|lti7fgn] j:t'sf] pTkfbg jf ;]jf
k|bfg ug]{ pBf]usf] ?kdf sfd u/]sf] x'gk' g]{ s'/fnfO{
;d]6s
] f] x'bF f ;fd'bflos ?kdf ;~rflnt z}lIfs
;+:yfxsf ;DaGwdf k|:t't P]g nfu" gx'g] / pQm
P]g nfu" gx'g] ljifosf ;DaGwdf >d cbfntsf]
clwsf/If]q gkg]{ s'/f k|i6 5 .
;fy} ljkIfL >d cbfntsf] lg0f{odf pNn]v
eP h:tf] @$) lbg sfd u/]sf k|To]s JolQm >d
P]g cg';f/ :yfoL x'g] / To:tf JolQmxnfO{ s;}n]
s]xL ug{ g;Sg] ePsf]n] ljkIfL ;ljtf ;fksf]6fnfO{
cjsfz lbOPsf] lg0f{o lje]bsf/L ePsf] eGg]
;DaGwdf o; SofDk;n] cfkm"n] lgod agfpFbf
lq=lj=lj=P]g, lgod ljk/Lt x'g] u/L lgod lgdf{0f
ug{ gkfpg] / ;f] lgod gag]sf] cj:yfdf
lq=lj=lj=P]g, lgod, ljlgod tyf lq=lj=lj=n] ;do
;dodf lbPsf cfb]z tyf lgb]{zg dfGg'kg]{
lgsfonfO{ lagf lgod xr'jfsf e/df ;~rfng
ePsf] egL lgisif{df k'Ug ldNb}g . lq=lj=lj=sf
cf+lus SofDk; tyf ;DaGwg k|fKt SofDk; u/L
b'O{ k|sl[ tsf SofDk;x 5g\ . h;cg';f/ k"0f{ ?kdf
sDkgL P]gcg';f/ btf{ eO{ d'gfkmf ljt/0f ug]{ /
lgj]bs h:tf ;fd'bflos k|sl[ tsf d'gfkmf ljt/0f
gug]{ SofDk;x b]zsf b'ud{ If]q tyf s'gfsGb/fdf
rnL /x]sf 5g\ . ;/sf/n] k"0f{ cfly{s ef/ Joxf]g{]
u/L cf+lus SofDk; :yfkgf ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . sDkgL
P]g cg';f/ btf{ ePsf SofDk;xn] sDkgL P]g,
@)^# n] Joj:yf u/]sf k|fjwfgx ;d]t kfngf
ug' { k g] { tyf k| j Gwkq tyf lgodfjnL /
cfjZostfcg';f/ cfly{s lgodfjnL, sd{rf/L
;]jfzt{ lgodfjnL ;d]t agfO{ nfu" ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 .
lgj]bs SofDk;n] lq=lj=lj=P]g, lgod, ljlgodsf
Joj:yfx adf]lhd ;a} ljifoxsf ;DaGwdf
580
lgod agfO{ ;s]sf] gePklg ;fdfGo ljwfg lgdf{0f

u/]sf] 5 .
s/f/df lgo'Qm JolQmxsf] slt Dofb
yKg] eGg] s'/f pgn] SofDk;df k9fpg] ljifo eP
gePsf] lghn] ljBfyL{xsf] cfsf+Iffcg';f/ k9fP
gk9fPsf], lghn] cGo cg'zf;g;DaGwL lgodx
kfngf u/] gu/]sf] h:tf ljifox ;fGble{s x'g]
ub{5g\ . s/f/df sfo{/t\ k|fWofksnfO{ ;do tf]sL
lgo'lQm ul/g] x'gfn] ;f] ;doleq s/f/ gjLs/0f
gePdf lghsf] kb :jtM ;dfKt x'G5 . s/f/sf]
pNn+3g ePsf] jf s/f/sf] kl/kfngf gePsf] egL
s/f/ P]g cg';f/ clwsf/k|fKt cbfntdf ph"/
ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 . ;f] ljkIfLaf6 s]xL ePsf] 5}g . l/6
lgj]bs SofDk;n] ;]jfsf] cfjZostf gePsf] egL
cjsfz kq lbPsf] 5 . To;sf/0f >d cbfntsf]
lg0f{odf pNn]v u/] h:tf] bkmf %) cfs{lift gx'g]
s'/f k|i6 5 .
lq=lj=lj=df sfo{/t\ lzIfs sd{rf/Lxsf]
lgo'lQm, ;?jf, a9'jf, ljefuLo sf/jfxL, cfr/0f,
cjsfz cflb ;]jfsf zt{ ;DaGwL s'/f lzIfs
sd{rf/LnfO{ nfu" x'g] xf] . oL lgodx ;DaGwg
k|fKt SofDk;sf] ;DaGwdf klg nfu" x'G5g\ / tL
SofDk;xn] kfngf ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 . log} lgodxsf]
JofVof ub}{ ;DdfgLt ;jf]R{ r cbfntaf6 lg0f{o
ePsf] kfOG5 .
ctM pk/f]Qm cfwf/af6 ljkIfL >d
cbfntsf] lg0f{on] lgj]bssf] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@ sf] :jtGqtfsf] xs,
wf/f !# sf] ;dfgtfsf] xs, wf/f !& sf] lzIff tyf
;+:s[lt ;DaGwL xs, wf/f @! sf] ;fdflhs Gofosf]
xs tyf lq=lj=lj P]g, @)$( tyf ;f] cGtu{t
ag]sf] lgoddf plNnlvt clwsf/df cf3ft kg's
{ f
;fy} pQm lg0f{o ab/ u/fpg cGo pkrf/sf] af6f]
;d]t gePsf] x'bF f pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]z hf/L u/L
pQm lg0f{o ab/ u/L k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] clGtd
6'f] gnfu];Dd pQm lg0f{o sfof{Gjog gug'{ gu/fpg'
eGg] cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg]
;d]t lgj]bg Joxf]/f .
581

adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L gx'g' kg]{ xf] < hf/L
x'g' gkg]{ s'g} sf/0f / cfwf/ eP v'nfO{ of] cfb]z
k|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf Dofb afx]s !% lbgleq
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no dfkm{t lnlvt hjfkm
k]z ug'{ egL ljkIfLdWo] >d cbfntsf gfpFdf
l/6 lgj]bgsf] ! k|lt gSsn ;fy} /fvL ;"rgf k7fO{
af]wfy{ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodf k7fOlbg' /
cfkm} jf sfg"gadf]lhdsf] k|ltlglwf/f lnlvt hjfkm
nufpg' egL ljkIfLdWo] ;ljtf ;fksf]6fsf gfpFdf
;DalGwt lhNnf cbfntdfkm{t\ ;"rgf k7fO{ lnlvt
hjfkm k]z ePkl5 jf Dofb gf3]kl5 lgodfg';f/
k]z ug'{ . ;fy} of] l/6 lgj]bgsf] clGtd lg0f{o
geP;Dd >d cbfntsf] ldlt @)^&.^.@) sf]
cfb]z sfof{Gjog gug'{ gu/fpg' egL ljkIfLxsf]
gfpFdf ;jf]R{ r cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod
$!-!_ adf]lhd cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ul/lbPsf] 5
eGg] ;d]t ldlt @)^&.*.!& sf] o; cbfntsf]
cfb]z .
d}n] >d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf ^)-u_
adf]lhd >d cbfntdf lbPsf] k'g/fj]bg kqnfO{
:jLsf/ u/L cbfntsf] ldlt @)^%.!.!% ut]sf]
cfb]z adf]lhd tfl/vdf a;L d'2fsf] k'kI{ f u/]sf]
ljkIfLnfO{ lqe'jg ljZjljBfno ;+u7g tyf z}lIfs
k|zf;g ;DaGwL lgod, @)%) adf]lhd ;DaGwg
k|fKt l8NnLahf/ sGof ax'dv
' L SofDk;df sfo{/t\
lzIfs sd{rf/Lxsf] xsdf >d P]g, @)$* nfu"
x'g] xf]Og egL dpk/ l/6 lgj]bg bfo/ ug{ c=a+
*@ g+= adf]lhd xsb}of k|fKt x'g ;Sb}g . ldlt
@)^&.%.^ ut] lq=lj=sd{rf/L k|zf;g dxfzfvfn]
>d cbfntnfO{ k7fPsf] kqdf lq=lj=sd{rf/L ;]jf
;DaGwL lgod, @)%), lq=lj=;]jfdf k"0f{sfnLg eO{
sfo{/t\ lzIfs, sd{rf/Lxsf] nflu dfq nfu" x'g]
xf] . ;DaGwg k|fKt sn]hxsf] nflu lqe'jg
ljZjljBfno lzIfs sd{ r f/L ;] j f;DaGwL
lgodfjnL nfu" x'bF g} . ldlt @)^$.%.!( ut] dnfO{
:ki6Ls/0f dfu ubf{ SofDk;sf] lj?4 k|rf/ ug]{
u/]sf] s'/f a'lemg cfPsf] eGg] cleof]udf :ki6Ls/0f
dfu ul/Psf] cj:yf 5 eg] ldlt @)^$.^.@ ut] d

;Fu k'gM :ki6Ls/0f dfu ubf{ cGo s'g} SofDk;sf]
sfo{qmddf To;sf] Joj:yfkgsf] tkm{af6 ;Daf]wg
ug],{ k|rf/ k|;f/ ug]{ h:tf sfo{ u/]sf] b]lvPsf]
eGg] cleof]u nufO{ :ki6Ls/0f dfu ug]{ sfo{
ePsf] 5 h'g cfkm}df lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ 5 .
pQm SofDk;sf] ;fljs lgodfjnL, @)$$
sf] lgod !*-v_-cf_ df Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] u/]sf]
lg0f{opk/ sfo{ ;Dkfbg ;ldlt ;dIf k'g/fj]bg
ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . ldlt @)^$.$.@^
ut] ljkIfL SofDk;sf] ;fwf/0f ;efn] ;fljs
ljwfgnfO{ ;+zf]wg gu/L gofF ljwfg, @)^$ nfO{
kfl/t uof] . pQm ljwfgsf] wf/f $)-!_ df
l8NnLahf/ sGof SofDk;sf] ljwfg, @)$@ vf/]h
ul/Psf] 5 / o; cGtu{t ag]sf] lgodfjnLx
;d]t vf/]h ul/Psf] 5 eGg] Joj:yf uof] h'g
Joj:yfn] ljkIfL Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] u}/sfg"gL
tj/n] dnfO{ lgisfzg ug]{ clek|foaf6 ePsf]
lg0f{opk/ d}n] s'g} klg sfg"gL pkrf/sf] dfu{
cjnDag ug{ g;Sg] cj:yf l;h{gf x'g k'Uof] .
lq=lj=af6 ;DaGwg k|fKt SofDk;xdf sfo{/t\
lzIfs tyf sd{ r f/Lxsf xsdf lqe' j g
ljZjljBfno lzIfs sd{rf/L ;]jf;DaGwL lgod,
@)%) nfu" x'Fb}g eGg] ;DaGwdf / SofDk;sf]
ljwfg sfg"g xf]Og / x'g ;Sb}g egL l;4fGt
k|ltkfbg ePsf] x'bF f ljefuLo sfo{jfxLsf] ljifodf
>d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf ^)-u_ adf]lhd >d
cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ul/Psf] xf] . z}lIfs hgzlQm
pTkfbg ug]{ z}lIfs k|lti7fgx >d P]g, @)$*
sf] bkmf @-v_ sf] kl/efiffleq kg]{ :jtM :ki6
5.
lq=lj=af6 ;DaGwg k|fKt SofDk;sf lzIfs
sd{rf/Lx lq=lj=sf] of] o; k/LIff pQL0f{ u/L of]
o; ldltdf lg0f{oadf]lhd lgo'Qm ePsf x'g egL
ljkIfLn] ha;Dd k|dfl0ft ug'{ x'Gg ta;Dd lghL
If]qaf6 :yfkgf eO{ SofDk;sf] ;fwf/0f ;efaf6
kfl/t ljwfgadf]lhd ;~rflnt SofDk;df sfo{/t\
lzIfs sd{rf/L pk/ ePsf] ;hfosf] xsdf >d
P]g, @)$* adf]lhd >d cbfnt;dIf Gofo dfu

ug]{ clwsf/ s'gk} lg JolQmnfO{ x'G5 . d]/f] ;]jf
s/f/df /x]sf] eGg] lg/fwf/ skf]n slNkt / em"7f
xf] . ljkIfL SofDk;df d ldlt @)%&.%.! af6
k|jz
] u/L cf+lzs k|fWofkssf ?kdf sfd u/L
cfPsL x'F . d]/f] ;]jfsf] k|sl[ t s/f/ ;]jfdf /xg]
l:yltsf] xf]Og . ljkIfL / d aLr s'g} s/f/ geO{
d}n] ldlt @)%&.%.! ut]af6 ldlt @)^$.*.@(
ut];Dd cljlR5Gg ?kdf cf+lzs pkk|fWofkssf]
x}l;otn] cfgf] e"ldsf lgjf{x u/L cfPsf] 5' .
ljkIfL lgj]bs lq=lj=af6 ;DaGwg k|fKt
SofDk; ePsf] / ;DaGwg k|fKt SofDk;df sfo{/t\
lzIfs tyf sd{ r f/Lsf] xsdf lqe' j g
ljZjljBfnosf] lzIfs sd{rf/L;DaGwL lgod,
@)%) nfu" x'g;Sg] Joj:yf gePsf], ljkIfL
SofDk;n] xfn;Dd Legal Person sf] x}l;ot wf/0f
u/L g;s]sf], SofDk;sf] ;fwf/0f ;efaf6 kfl/t
ljwfgsf] clwgdf /xL lgdf{0f x'g] lgodadf]lhd
;~rflnt SofDk; / P]=sf ;~rfns ;ldltn]
l/6 lgj]bg bfo/ ug]{ xsb}of k|fKt x'g ;Sg]
cj:yf gePsf], pQm SofDk;n] ljifo s6f}tL
ubf{ ;d]t d lgj]lbsf kmflhndf kg]{ tyf d]/f]
b/jGbL s6f}tL x'g] cj:yf gePsf], ljkIfL
SofDk;n] dnfO{ s/f/ ;]jfsf] egL :j3f]lift
u/]klg d @)%& ;fnb]lv lg/Gt/ cf+lzs
pkk|fWofkssf] x}l;otn] SofDk;df sfo{/t\ /x]sf]
eGg] s'/fsf] ;Dk"0f{ k|df0fsf] d"Nofg u/L >d
cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^&.^.@) ut] ePsf] km};nf
sfg"g;Ddt\ ePsf] x'Fbf xsb}ofljxLg JolQmaf6
bfo/ ePsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg kq vf/]h ul/kfpFm
eGg] ;ljtf ;fksf]6fsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
k'g/fj]lbsfsf] ;]jf cGTo ug]{ ldlt
@)^$.(.! sf] kq / ldlt @)^$.^.@! sf] lg0f{odf
SofDk;sf] ljwfg, @)^$ sf] bkmf !#=!3 sf]
cfwf/x k|dfl0ft gePsf] / >d P]g, @)$* sf]
bkmf $, &, !) / kl/R5]b * ljk/Lt e} uDeL/
sfg"gL q'l6k"0f{ b]lvPsfn] pQm lg0f{okq nufotsf]
lgj]lbsfsf] ;]jf cGTo ug]{ ;Dk"0f{ sfdsf/jfxL
582
k| f /Deb] l v g} ab/ ul/lbPsf] 5 egL

sfg"gadf]lhd g} ePsf] o; cbfntsf] ldlt
@)^&.^.@) sf] km};nf >d sfg"g tyf Gofosf
dfGo l;4fGt Pj+ ;+ljwfgsf] efjgfcg'k /x]sf]
/ ;f] km};nfaf6 l/6 lgj]bssf] sfg"gL Pj+
;+aw} flgs xsdf cf3ft k'us
] f] cj:yf ;d]t gx'bF f
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t >d
cbfntsf tkm{af6 k|:t't lnlvt hjfkm .
lgodadf]lhd b}lgs k]zL ;"rLdf r9L
lg0f{ofy{ Ohnf;;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6
lgj]bg ;d]tsf] ldl;n cWoog u/L lgj]bs
tkm{af6 ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf xl/x/ bfxfnn]
lgj]bs SofDk; k|lti7fgsf] kl/efiff leq kb}{g .
of] Public SofDk; xf] . ljkIfL k"0f{sfnLg :yfoL
lzIfs geO{ cf+lzs k|fWofks x'Fbf lghnfO{
SofDk;n] x6fpg ;Sg] x'Fbf >d cbfntsf]
If]qflwsf/ cfslif{t x'g ;Sb}g . k|ToyL{ ;ljtf
;fksf]6fnfO{ >d P]gadf]lhd sf/jfxL u/L gx6fO{
;]jf cfjZos gePsf] egL x6fPsf]n] >d
cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/ nfu" x'g ;Sb}g . >d
cbfntsf] km};nf ab/ x'g] u/L l/6 hf/L xf];\
egL tyf ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf zDe' yfkfn]
SofDk;df k9fpg] lzIfsnfO{ >d ug]{ dhb'/;Fu
t'ngf u/L k|lti7fgdf nfu" x'g] >d P]g nfu" x'g
;Sb}g . >d P]g nfUg slDtdf cf7 306f sfd
ug'k{ 5{ . t/ lzIfssf] To:tf] 306f tf]lsPsf] 5}g .
P]gsf] bkmf @-v_ cfslif{t x'g] k|lti7fgsf
sd{rf/Ldf dfq of] P]g nfu" x'G5 . k|lti7fg
/f]huf/bftfn] :yfkgf u/]sf] / /f]huf/ lbg] ;+:yfg
x'gk' b{5 . l8NnLahf/ SofDk; lghL If]qdf :yflkt
ePsf] d'gfkmf cfh{g gug]{ k|s[ltsf] ;+:yf xf] .
lzIf0f k]zf >ldssf] h:tf] xf]Og . of] Pp6f
ljlzi7 k|sl[ tsf] af}l4s k]zf xf] . To;}n] >ldsnfO{
nfu" x'g] >d P]g nfu" x'g ;Sb}g . l/6 hf/L u/L
>d cbfntsf] km};nf ab/ xf];\ egL, lgj]bs
tkm{af6} clwjQmf k|sfz /fptn] dhb'/ >ldssf
nflu dfq cfslif{t x'g] >d P]g SofDk;sf lzIfs
k|fWofkssf] xsdf nfu" x'Fb}g . >d P]g, @)$*
583
sf] bkmf ^)-u_ nfO{ 6]s]/ k'g/fj]bg k/L >d

cbfntaf6 km};nf ePsf] 5 . pQm P]gadf]lhd
ljkIfLnfO{ x6fOPsf] xf] O g . SofDk;sf]
ljwfgadf]lhd klg x6fPsf] xf]Og . ;]jfsf]
cfjZos gk/] s f] egL x6fOPsf] 5 . >d
P]gadf]lhd sf/jfxL u/L gx6fPsf]n] >d P]g,
@)$* lghsf] xsdf cfslif{t x'Gg . SofDk;n]
cf+lzs ;]jfdf /x]sf lzIfsnfO{ x6fpg gkfpg]
eGg ldNb}g . >d cbfntsf] km};nf ab/ u/L
l/6 hf/L xf]; egL / ljfg clwjQmf u'0flgwL
g]pkfg]n] lgj]bsnfO{ SofDk;af6 ;]jf cfjZos
gk/]sf] egL x6fOPsf] 5 . lgh :yfoL lzIfs
geO{ lghsf] kb sfd u/]sf] cjlwsf] dfq tnj
kfpg] k|s[ltsf] ePsf]n] SofDk;nfO{ hlxn];'s}
x6fpg] clwsf/ 5 . lq=lj=;DaGwL sfg"gadf]lhd
pkrf/ vf]Hg hfg' kg]{df >d P]gcGtu{t cfPsf]
ldn]sf] 5}g . >d cbfntsf] km};nf ab/ x'g] u/L
l/6 hf/L xf];\ egL, ljfg clwjQmf afns[i0f
b]jsf]6fn] lgj]bssf] kb >d P]g nfu" x'g] kb
xf]Og . ;]jf cfjZos gkg]{ egL x6fPsf] lg0f{o
ab/ u/]sf] >d cbfntsf] km};nf ab/ xf];\ egL
To:t} lgj]bs tkm{af6} ljfg clwjQmf k"0f{k|;fb
/fhj+zLn] of] SofDk; lqe'jg ljZjljBfnoaf6
;DaGwg k|fKt SofDk; ePsf]n] lq=lj=P]g lgod
nfu' x'G5 . k|lti7fg ;DaGwL >d P]g nfu" x'bF g} .
z}lIfs ;+:yfsf] sd{rf/LnfO{ k|lti7fgsf sd{rf/L
;/x dfGg gldNg] x'gfn] >d P]g cfslif{t x'g
;Sb}g . l/6 hf/L xf];\ egL ax; ug'e
{ of] . k|ToyL{
>d cbfntsf tkm{af6 dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]
sfof{nosf ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf /]jtL/fh
lqkf7Ln] of] SofDk; >d P]g nfu" x'g] k|s[ltsf]
xf] . >d cbfntsf] km};nfdf ;+jw} flgs jf sfg"gL
q'l6 gePsf]n] l/6 vf/]h xf];\ egL / k|ToyL{
;ljtf ;fksf]6fsf] tkm{af6 ljfg clwjQmf /d]z
a8fnn] l8NnLahf/ sGof SofDk; sfg"gadf]lhd
:yflkt ePsf] ;+:yf xf] . pBf]u, Joj;fo jf ;]jf
dWo] ;a} jf h'g;'s} p2]Zon] :yfkgf eP klg
k|lti7fg x'G5 . ;/sf/L / cw{ ;/sf/L ;+:yf
afx]s cGoq sfd ug]{pk/ >d P]g, @)$* nfu"

x'G5 . lq=lj=P]g, @)$( adf]lhd ;DaGwg k|fKt
SofDk; eP klg ;f] P]gadf]lhd oL k|ToyL{n] ;]jf
;'ljwf gkfpg] x'Fbf lq=lj=P]g nfu" x'g ;Sb}g .
>d P]g nfu" x'g s'g} klg ;+:yf Systemtic ?kdf
;~rfng ePsf], /f]huf/bftf / sfdbf/ aLrsf]
;x;DaGw ePsf] tyf dfgj cjZostf / OR5f
k"/f ug'k{ g]{ k|sl[ tsf] -Triple Test_ ePsf] k|lti7fg
x'g'k5{ . Profit making x'g x'Gg eGg] ef/tLo
;jf]{Rr cbfntn] ljleGg d'2fdf JofVof u/]sf]
5 . o; ;DaGwdf g]sfk @)^#, c *, k[i7
!)((, lg=g= &&%# df ;d]t JofVof e};s]sf]
5 . lq=lj=P]g, @)$( adf]lhdsf cGo ;'ljwf
glbPkl5 s]jn cjsfz lb+bfsf] k|of]hgnfO{ dfq
of] P]g nfu" x'g ;Sb}g . o;sf] cltl/Qm >d P]g,
@)$* sf] bkmf %@ adf]lhdsf] sf/jfxLdf >d
P]g, @)$* ljk/Lt uO{ ug{ ldNb}g . k"0f{ jf
cf+lzs ?kdf ;/sf/ ;+nUg eO{ ag]sf] ;+:yfg,
a}+s, ljQLo ;+:yf, :s"n, sn]h cflbdf afx]s
lghL JolQmx ldnL ;~rfng ePsf] ;+:yfdf
>d P]g nfu' x'g] egL ;DdfgLt cbfntaf6
lgj]bs ch'g{ kf08] ;d]t lj?4 zlxb :d[lt ax'dv
' L
SofDk; lrtjg ePsf], @)^) ;fnsf] l/6 g+
#$#* df JofVof eO;s]sf]n] k|:t't ljjfbdf
>d P]g, @)$* nfu' x'G5 eGg]df ljjfb 5}g .
>d cbfntn] d]/f] kIfnfO{ k'g:yf{lkt ug]{ u/L
u/]sf] lg0f{o ldn]sf] 5 . l/6 vf/]h eO{ >d
cbfntsf] lg0f{o ;b/ xf]; egL, ljfg clwjQmf
;fg'/fh kf]v/]nn] d]/f] kIfnfO{ @)^$.%.!( df
SofDk; lj?4 sfd u/]sf] egL :ki6Ls/0f ;f]lwof] .
bf];|f] k6s :ki6Ls/0f ;f]4f cnUu} Joxf]/fsf]
:ki6Ls/0f ;f]lwof] . sf/jfxLsf] k|lqmof g} q'l6k"0f{
5 . l8NnLahf/ SofDk; ljwfgn] cGoq sfd ug{
/f]ss
] f] 5}g . To:t} SofDk;sf] lgod ljlgodnfO{
P]gsf] ;+1f lbg ldNb}g egL lgj]bs k"0f{k|;fb
ld> lj?4 lqe'jg ljZjljBfno ePsf] @)^)
;fnsf] l/6 g+ #)#@ sf] d'2fdf JofVof eO;s]sf]
5 . lq=lj=af6 ;DaGwg k|fKt SofDk;df lq=lj=P]g
lgod nfu" gx'g] lq=lj=n] n]v]sf] kqaf6 k|i6

eO;s]sf] 5 . l/6 vf/]h xf]; egL ug'{ ePsf]
ax; ;d]t ;'lgof] .
b' a } kIf tkm{ a f6 ljfg sfg" g
Joj;foLxsf] ax; ;d]t ;'gL k|ToyL{ ;ljtf
;fksf]6fnfO{ cjsfz lbg] lgj]bs SofDk;sf]
lg0f{opk/ k'g/fj]bg ;'gL >d cbfntn] u/]sf]
lg0f{o lgj]bssf] dfu cg';f/ pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]z
hf/L u/L ab/ x'g] xf], xf]Og eGg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o
lbg' k/]sf] 5 .
ljkIfL ;ljtf ;fksf]6fnfO{ ;]jfsf]
cfjZos gePsf] egL l8NnL ahf/ sGof ax'dv
' L
SofDk;n] ldlt @)^$.^.@! sf] lg0f{o cg';f/ ldlt
@)^$.(.! ut] lbPsf] cjsfz kq ;d]tnfO{ q'l6k"0f{
lg0f{o eGb} lghsf] ;]jf k'gj{xfnL u/L ;]jf cGTo
ePsf] ldlt @)^$.(.! b]lv k'ga{ xfnL geP;Ddsf]
tnjnufotsf] ;'ljwf ;d]t lgj]bs SofDk;af6
e/L kfpg] 7xofPsf] >d cbfntsf] ldlt
@)^&.^.@) sf] lg0f{o pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]z4f/f ab/
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t lgj]bg bfjL ePsf]df k|df0fsf]
d"Nofg u/L >d cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^&.^.@) df
ePsf] km};nf sfg"g;Ddt\ x'bF f l/6 vf/]h u/L >d
cbfntsf] km};nf sfod ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
k|ToyL{xsf] lnlvt hjfkm /x]sf] kfOG5 .
@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ k|ToyL{ ;ljtf
;fksf]6f ldlt @)%&.%.! ut]af6 lgj]bs l8NnL
ahf/ sGof ax'dv
' L SofDk;df pkk|fWofks kbdf
sfo{/t\ /x]sf] eGg] s'/fnfO{ lgj]bs SofDk; tyf
lgh k|ToyL{ ;d]tn] :jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 . t/ lgh
k|ToyL{ pQm SofDk;sf] :yfoL ;]jfdf geO{ cf+lzs
k|fWofkssf] ?kdf ;]jf/t /x]sf] eGg] lgj]bs /
k|ToyL{ ;ljtf ;fksf]6f ;d]tsf] syg /x]sf] 5 .
lgh k|ToyL{ ;ljtf ;fksf]6f cf+lzs lzIfssf]
?kdf sfo{/t\ /x]sf] cj:yf ldlt @)^$.^.@!
ut]sf] lg0f{ocg';f/ ldlt @)^$.(.! ut]af6 ;]jfsf]
cfjZos gePsf] egL lghnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fPsf]
;f] SofDk;sf] ldlt @)^$.(.! ut]sf] ldl;n ;+nUg
kqaf6 b]lvG5 . cyf{t\ ;ljtf ;fksf]6fn] ldlt
584
@)%&.%.! ut]af6 ;]jf z'? u/L lghnfO{ ldlt

@)^$.(.! af6 ;]jf cfjZos gePsf] hfgsf/L
u/fPsf]n] lgh ldlt @)^$.(.! ut] ;Dd sfo{/t\
/x]sf] eGg] s'/fnfO{ lgj]bs l8NnLahf/ sGof
ax'd'vL SofDk;n] ;d]t :jLsf/ u/]sf] cj:yf
b]lvG5 . lgh k|ToyL{ ;ljtf ;fksf]6fn] >d
cbfntdf k|:t't u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg kqsf] k[i7
tLgsf] k|s/0f & df ljkIfL SofDk; ;~rfns
;ldltn] dnfO{ :yfoL ug]{ sfo{ gu/]sf] egL /
o; cbfntdf k|:t't u/]sf] lnlvt hjfkmsf] kfFrf}
k[i7sf] k|s/0f @-h_ df pQm SofDk;df :yfoL
/ lkl/o8 a]l;;df sfo{/t\ cf+lzs k|fWofksx
/x]sf] cj:yf xf] . ljkIfL SofDk;df d ldlt
@)%&.%.! af6 k|j]z u/L cf+lzs k|fWofkssf]
?kdf sfd u/L cfPsL x'F egL cfgf] ;]jf
:yfoL gePsf] s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
lghn] cfkm" :yfoL ?kdf ;f] SofDk;df sfo{/t\
/x]sf] x'F egL eGg / :yfoL lgo'lQm kq k]z bflvn
ug{ ;s]sf] ;d]t gb]lv+bf lgh ;f] SofDk;sf]
cf+lzs jf lkl/o8 a]l;;df sfd ug]{ c:yfoL
k|s[ltsf] lzIfs -k|fWofks _ /x]sf] s'/fdf s'g}
ljjfb /x]g .
#= ca :yfoL / cf+lzs jf lkl/o8 a]l;;df
sfd ug]{ lzIfssf] sfg"gL x}l;ot Pp6} x'G5 ls
x'bF g} < eGg] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ :yfoL eGgfn]
lglZrt\ ljlw / k|lqmof k"/f u/L lgj[lQe/0f kfpg]
jf gkfpg] cfwf/df k"0f{sfnLg ;]jf ug]{ u/L
lgo'lQm ePsf], lghsf] ;]jfsf] zt{ / ;'ljwf ;f]
;+:yfsf] lgodadf]lhd Jojl:yt ePsf], ;]jfsf]
cjlw gtf]lsPsf] tyf lglZrt\ pd]/ k"/f u/] kl5
cjsfz kfpg] kbnfO{ ;Demg' kg]{ x'G5 . ;fy}
;+:yfsf] :yfoL kbdf ;f] ;+:yfsf] lgodadf]lhd
k| l tikwf{ f/f lgo' l Qm jf 5gf} 6 eO{ ;f] x L
lgodadf]lhd Jojl:yt ljlw cg';f/ sf/jfxL,
;hfo / avf{:t tyf cjsfz x'g] k|sl[ tsf] kbnfO{
;d]t dfGg' kg]{ x'G5 . o:tf] kbdf axfn /xg
kfpg] / cjsfz x'g] cjlw, ;do, sfg"g jf
ljwfg4f/f lglZrt\ ul/Psf] x'G5 . o:tf] :yfoL
585
;]jfdf axfn /xg] JolQmn] ;+:yf;DaGwL k|rlnt

sfg" g sf] pNn+ 3 g u/] d f jf cGo s' g }
sfg"gadf]lhd sf/jfxL jf ;hfo ug'{ kbf{ k|rlnt
sfg"gadf]lhd sf/jfxL u/]/ dfq ;hfo ug{ jf
;]jfaf6 x6fpg ;lsg] x'G5 . t/ cf+lzs jf
lkl/o8 a]l;; jf s/f/df sfd ug]{ lzIfssf]
cj:yf o:tf] x'bF g} . cf+lzs jf lkl/o8 a]l;; jf
s/f/df sfd ug]{ lzIfs jf k|fWofks eGgfn]
SofDk;df k"/f ;do sfd ug]{ k|s[ltsf] ;]jf
geO{ SofDk;n] tf]lslbPsf] lglZrt\ ;do;Dd
dfq jf lglZrt\ lkl/o8 dfq cWofkg u/fO{
;dosf] jf lkl/o8sf] cfwf/df kfl/>lds lng]
k|s[ltsf] ;]jf eGg] a'g' kg]{ x'G5 . o:tf] cf+lzs
jf lkl/o8 a]l;;df sfd ug]{ lzIfs jf k|fWofksn]
;+:yf jf SofDk;n] tf]sL lbPsf] lkl/o8 dfq
k9fpg] / ;f]xL cfwf/df SofDk;n] tf]lslbPsf]
kfl/>lds jf ;'ljwf dfq kfpg] x'Fbf pgLxsf]
;]jf :yfoL k|s[ltsf] kb h:tf] geO{ c:yfoL
k|s[ltsf] x'G5 . sfd nufpg] ;+:yfn] jf To:tf]
;+:yf jf SofDk;;Fu s'g} 5'} ;Demf}tf u/]sf]
ePdf jf ljwfgdf 5'} Joj:yf ePdf afx]s
SofDk; Joj:yfkg jf ;+ : yfsf]
cfjZostfcg';f/sf] cjlw;Dd jf tf]s
] s
] f] ;do
jf lkl/o8 dfq sfd ug{ kfpg] jf k9fpg kfpg]
k|sl[ tsf] kb xf] eGg] a'g'kg]{ x'G5 . k|:t't d'2fdf
k|ToyL{ ;ljtf ;fksf]6fn] cfkm" cf+lzs / lkl/o8
a]l;;df sfd ug]{ k|fWofks egL lnlvt ?kdf g}
:jLsf/ u/]sf], :yfoL k|s[ltsf] kb jf ;]jf egL
eGg g;s]sf] / SofDk;sf] ljwfgsf] of] o;
Joj:yfadf]lhd cfkm"nfO{ :yfoL ;/xsf] Jojxf/
ug'{kg]{ egL bfjL ug{ ;d]t g;s]sf] cj:yfdf
lghsf] kb jf ;]jfnfO{ :yfoL k|fWofks ;/x
Jojxf/ ug'{ / :yfoL ;/x ;dfg xs / ;'ljwf
kfpg] k|s[ltsf] ;]jf jf kb eGg ldNg] x'Fb}g .
$= To:t} lgh ljkIfLn] cfkm"n] @)%&
;fndf lgo'lQm kfO{ cljl5Gg ?kdf jf lg/Gt/
;]jf ub}{ cfPsf] x'Fbf ;]jfaf6 x6fpg ldNb}g
egL lnlvt k|ltjfb u/]sf] 5, t/ cljl5Gg sfd
u/]s} sf/0f s'g} cf+lzs -Part Time _ jf lkl/o8

a]l;;df sfd ug]{ JolQm :jtM :yfoL kbdf sfd
ug]{ JolQm ;/x xs jf ;'ljwf k|fKt ug]{ xsbf/
x' G 5 egL ;Demg ldNb} g . k| T oyL{ ;ljtf
;fksf]6fn] cf+lzs jf lkl/o8 a]l;;df sfd
ug]{ cfkm"nfO{ SofDk;n] klxnf Pp6f cf/f]kdf
:ki6Ls/0f dfu u/L cs}{ cf/f]ksf] :ki6Ls/0f
;f]w]sf] / ;]jf cfjZos gePsf] egL x6fPsf]
sf/0f To:tf] lg0f{o ab/ u/]sf] >d cbfntsf]
lg0f{o dgf;Lj x'bF f ;b/ x'gk' 5{ egL csf]{ lhsL/
lnPsf] 5 t/ lgj]bs SofDk;n] lghnfO{ ;]jf
zt{;DaGwL lgod jf cGo s'g} sfg"gadf]lhd
sf/jfxL u/L ;hfo:j?k x6fPsf] gb]lvO{ ;]jf
cfjZos gePsf] egL SofDk;n] hfgsf/L lbO{
lghsf] cf+lzs -Part Time_ jf lkl/o8 a]l;;sf]
;]jfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg OGsf/ u/]sf] x'Fbf To:tf]
lg0f{onfO{ >d P]g, @)$* adf]lhdsf] sfo{ljlw
k'/f gu/L jf >d P]gljk/Lt x6fPsf] egL eGg
klg ldNg] b]lv+b}g .
%= s'g} SofDk;, ljBfno jf cGo s'g}
z}lIfs ;+:yfn] cf+lzs ?kdf jf lkl/o8 a]l;;df
sfd ug]{ u/L lzIfs lgo'lQm ubf{ ;+:yf jf
SofDk;nfO{ cfjZos k/]sf] avt, SofDk;sf]
z}lIfs ;q, ljBfyL{ ;+Vof, ljBfyL{ k|fWofkssf]
cg'kft, cWofkg u/fOg] ljifosf] cfjZostf
OToflbsf] cfwf/df ;]jf cfjZos eP hltsf]
;+Vofdf jf cfjZos cjlwsf] nflu s'g} JolQmnfO{
lzIfssf] ?kdf lgo' l Qm ug{ ; Sg] x' G 5 .
;f]xLadf]lhd k|ToyL{ ;ljtf ;fksf]6fnfO{ cf+lzs
lzIfssf] ?kdf lgj]bs ;~rfns ;ldltn]
SofDk;sf] ;f]xL cfjZostfsf] cfwf/df lgo'lQm
u/]sf] x'Fbf To:tf] cf+lzs lzIfssf] ?kdf lgo'Qm
JolQmsf] ;]jf sfod /fVg] jf g/fVg] egL
SofDk;sf] ;f]xL cfjZostfsf] cfwf/df lg0f{o
ug]{ clwsf/ klg lgj]bs SofDk;nfO{ /x]sf]
dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 . lgj]bs SofDk;n] lkl/o8 a]l;;df
sfd ug{] u/L lgo'lQm u/]sf k|ToyL{nfO{ s'g} vf;
;dofjlwkZrft\ lghsf] ;]jf cfjZos g/x]sf]
egL ;]jfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf glbg] egL lg0f{o ug{

;Sg] clwsf/lgxLt /x]sf] cj:yfdf k|ToyL{ ;ljtf
;fksf]6fsf] cf+lzs k|fWofkssf] ;]jf cfjZos
g/x]sf] egL lgj]bs SofDk;n] u/]sf] ldlt
@)^$.^.@! sf] lg0f{odf s'g} sfg"gL q'l6 /x]sf]
b]lv+bg} . lgj]bs SofDk;n] cfgf] ;+:yfsf] lzIfs
ljBfyL{sf] cg'kft / ljifout lzIfssf] cfjZostf
;d]t ljrf/ u/L cf+lzs / lkl/o8 a]l;;df lgo'Qm
lzIfsnfO{ tbg'sn
" lgodg ug{ ;Sg] g} b]lvG5 .
^= :yfoL sd{rf/L jf lzIfs ;/xsf]
Jojxf/ jf ;'ljwf cf+lzs -Part Time_ jf lkl/o8
a]l;;df sfd ug]{ c:yfoL lzIfs sd{rf/L jf
sfdbf/n] klg kfpg' k5{ eGg' Gofo, sfg"g /
cGo s'g} b[li6n] klg dgfl;j x'bF g} . To:t} :yfoL
sfdbf/ jf sd{rf/LnfO{ sf/jfxL jf avf{:tL u/]
pk/ cfslif{t x'g] >d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf ^)
-u_ sf] Joj:yf cf+lzs jf lkl/o8 a]l;;df sfd
ug]{ lzIfs sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf nfu" x'g ;Sb}g .
SofDk; jf s'g} z}lIfs ;+:yfdf cWofkg ug]{
u/fpg] lzIfs jf k|fWofksnfO{ sfdbf/ jf
sd{rf/Lsf] sf]6Ldf /fVg klg ldNg] x'Fb}g . >d
P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf ^) df o; kl/R5]bc
\ Gtu{t
lbPsf] s'g} ;hfo jf cfb]zpk/ lrQ ga'g]
kIfn] To:tf] ;hfo jf cfb]zsf] ;"rgf kfPsf]
ldltn] k}tL; lbgleq b]xfoadf]lhd k'g/fj]bg
ug{ ;Sg]5 eGg] Joj:yf eO;f]sf] b]xfo bkmf
-u_ df Joj:yfks jf cGo clwsf/L jf
sfof{non] u/]sf] ;hfo / cfb]zpk/ ;DalGwt
>d cbfntdf eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
;f] cg';f/ Joj:yfks jf cGo clwsf/L jf
sfof{non] u/]sf] ;hfo jf cGo cfb]zpk/ dfq
>d cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] b]lvG5 . k|ToyL{
;ljtf ;fksf] 6 fnfO{ Joj:yfks jf cGo
clwsf/Ln] ;hfo u/]sf] jf cGo s'g} cfb]z lbO{
x6fPsf] cj:yf b]lvFb}g . lkl/o8 a]l;;df sfd
ug]{ k|ToyL{ ;ljtf ;fksf]6fnfO{ s]jn ;]jf
cfjZos gePsf] egL hfgsf/L;Dd u/fPsf]
5 . SofDk;df lkl/o8 a]l;;df k9fpg] k|ToyL{
586
**)& g]kfn lghfdtL sd{rf/L ;+u7g, ljefuLo sfo{ ;ldlt, ;jf]R{ r cbfnt lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t
;ljtf ;fksf]6fnfO{ >d P]g, @)$* cg';f/

lg0f{o g+=**)&
k|lti7fgsf] sfdbf/;/x dfGg klg ldNb}g .
To;sf/0f :yfoL sfdbf/ jf sd{ r f/LnfO{
sf/jfxL u/L x6fPpk/ >d cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg
nfUg] Joj:yf ;/x cf+lzs jf lkl/o8 a]l;;df
' m Ohnf;
sfo{ ug]{ c:yfoL k|s[ltsf] lzIfs, k|fWofksnfO{
dfggLo GofofwLz >L sNof0f >]i7
x6fPsf] ;DaGwdf >d cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg]
/ >d cbfntn] klg k'g/fj]bg ;'gL lg0f{o ug{
@)^*WO!))&
;Sg] b]lv+b}g .
km};nf ldltM @)^(.#.!@.#
&= t;y{ lgj]bs SofDk;n] cf+lzs
ljifo M k/dfb]z ;d]t .
k|fWofkssf] ?kdf c:yfoL lzIfs ;/x cWofkg
ug]{ lgh k|ToyL{ ;ljtf ;fksf]6fnfO{ SofDk; lgj]bsM g]kfn lghfdtL sd{rf/L ;+u7g, ljefuLo
Joj:yfkgn] ;]jf zt{;DaGwL lgodadf]lhd
sfo{ ;ldlt ;jf]R{ r cbfntsf tkm{af6
sf/jfxL u/L ;]jfaf6 x6fPsf] gb]lvPsf], cf+lzs
;f] sfo{ ;ldltsf cWoIf zflGtk|;fb n'O6{ n]
jf lkl/o8 a]l;;df sfd u/L /x]sf] lzIfssf]
lj?4
;]jf cfjZos g/x]sf] egL hfgsf/L lbO{ ;]jf ljkIfLM dlGqkl/ifb\, k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifbsf]
d'Qm u/]sf] / To:tf] cj:yfdf >d P]g, @)$*
sfof{no ;d]t
sf] bkmf ^)-u_ cGtu{t >d cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg
nfUg g;Sg]df k|ToyL{ ;ljtf ;fksf]6fnfO{ ;]jf
sfo{kflnsfn] cfkm"cGtut{sf] sfof{nodf
cfjZos gePsf] egL hfgsf/L lbg] lgj]bs
sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lxsf] xsdf lglZrt\
l8NnLahf/ sGof ax'd'vL SofDk;sf] lg0f{opk/
cg';Gwfgsf] cefjdf klg dfkb08 agfO{
k| T oyL{ ;ljtf ;fksf] 6 fn] >d cbfntdf
k|fT] ;fxg eQf lbg] t/ Gofokflnsftkm{sf]
k'g/fj]bg ug{ / >d cbfntaf6 k|ToyL{ ;ljtf
sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf cWoog k|ltj]bg /
;fksf]6fsf] k'g/fj]bg ;'gL lg0f{o ug{ ;d]t
dfkb08 k|:tfljt ul/;s]kl5 klg cgb]vf
gldNg]df >d cbfntn] cfkm";dIf nfUb} gnfUg]
u/L lg/Gt/ e]befjk"0f{ Jojxf/ u/]sf]
k'g/fj]bg lnO{ k|ToyL{ ;ljtf ;fksf]6fnfO{ ;fljs
b]lvG5 . ;/sf/sf] dxTjk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L
kbdf ;]jfdf k'g:yf{kgf u/L ;f] cjlwsf]
tf] l sPsf] cy{ dGqfnosf x/] s
tnjnufotsf] cfly{s ;'ljwf ;d]t lbg' egL
sfdsf/jfxL sfg"g;Ddt\ Just and Fair
u/]sf] ldlt @)^&.^.@) sf] lg0f{o dfly ljj]lrt
x'g' kb{5 . cfkm"sf]df cfPsf] k|:tfjsf]
cfwf/ / sf/0faf6 sfg"g;+ut geO{ q'l6k"0f{
;DaGwdf Ps jif{;Dd klg s'g} lg0f{o
/x]sf] b]lv+bf pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]z4f/f ab/ x'g]
gu/L lje]bk"0f{ cfzon] azLe"t ePsf]
7x5{ . bfo/Lsf] nut sf6L ld;Ln lgodfg';f/
csd{0otfsf] cj:yf l/6 hf/L gx'g] cfwf/
u/L a'emfO{ lbg" .
x'g g;Sg] .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
sfg" g adf] l hd lhDd] j f/L tf] l sPsf]
lgsfon] ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf lsg of]
Olt ;+jt\ @)^* ;fn kmfu'g # ut] /f]h $ z'ed==
k| l tj] b g nfu" ug{ ;lsb} + g eGg]
Ohnf; clws[tM gf/fo0fk|;fb k/fh'nL
;DaGwdf s' g } hjfkm gk7fpg] /
tT;DaGwdf lg0f{o klg gug]{ sfo{zn
} L
&
587
k| h ftflGqs d' n ' s sf] lhDd] j f/

lgsfosf] nflu zf]efodfg gb]lvg] .
-k|s/0f g+=&_
JolQmxsf aLrdf lje]b ug]{ u/L
agfPsf] sfg"g tyf lnOPsf] lg0f{osf]
p2]Zo / juL{s/0f j}w (Lawful) /
af]wuDo x'gk' g]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=(_
/fHon] gful/s ;] j fdf vl6Psf
sd{ r f/Lx dWo] k| w fgdGqLsf]
sfof{ n o, /fhZj sfof{ n o cflbdf
sfo{ / t\ sd{ r f/LnfO{ sfg" g sf]
clVtof/L ljgf / s'g} pko'Qm cfwf/
a] u / lje] b k" 0 f{ tl/sfn] ljleGg
k| s [ l tsf yk k| f ] T ;fxg eQf k| b fg
ug]{ t/ hgtfnfO{ Gofo k|bfg ug]{
sfo{ d f
vl6g]
hgzlQmnfO{
sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rsf;lxt k|fT] ;fxg eQf
k|:tfj ul/Psf]df tT;DaGwdf s'g} lg0f{o
gug] { sfdsf/jfxL ;dfgtfsf]
l;4fGtljk/Lt x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=!)_
/fHosf] nlIft p2] Z o k" l t{ ug{
;/sf/sf x/] s lgsfodf sfo{ / t\
sd{rf/Lsf] plQs} e"ldsf x'g] x'Fbf
cfk;L ;dGjo / ;xof] u sf]
cfjZostf kg]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=!!_
/fHo ;~rfngdf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] lhDd]jf/L
lgefpg Pp6} P]g lgod cGtu{t lgo'lQm e}
;]jf zt{ ;d]t Pp6} /x]sf sd{rf/Ldf s'g}
ju{n] s]xL ;'ljwf kfpg] t/ ;f]xL ju{sf] csf]{
lgsfodf sfo{/t\ ju{n] /fHoaf6 ckx]lnt
jf alxis[t ePsf] dx;"; ug'{ zf]egLo
b]lvFbg} . o;nfO{ ;dfgtfsf] xssf] l;4fGtsf]
ljk/Lt dfGg'kg]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=!@_
cbfnt Joj:yfkgdf ;' w f/ ug{
k|f]T;fxg / pTk|]/0ffsf] 7"nf] dxTj
5 . of] ljz' 4 sfo{ k flnsfsf]

:jljj] s sf s' / f dfq geO{ ;dfg
Jojxf/ ug'{kg]{ ;+j}wflgs bfloTjsf]
cwLg ;d] t /x] s f] x' G 5 . o:tf]
s' / fnfO{ ljz' 4 k| z f;lgs :jljj] s
;Dem]/ e]befjk"0f{ cfwf/ jf dfkb08
agfO{ nfu" ug{ lbg gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!#_
h'g l;4fGt / dfkb08sf] cfwf/df
cy{ dGqfno jf cGo lgsfosf] xsdf
k|f]T;fxg eQf pknAw u/fPsf] 5,
;f] eQf ;dfgtfsf] l;2fGtcg' k
;dfg ?kn] Goflos hgzlQmsf] nflu
klg cfslif{t x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=!$_
lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmfx xl/k|;fb pk|t] L,
8f=/fds[i0f ltdN;]gf / xl/z+s/ s0f{
ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf ;"og{ fy
k|sfz clwsf/L
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
cfb]z
Gof=sNof0f >]i7M g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ / !)& sf] pkwf/f
-@_ cg';f/ bfo/ ePsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt
tYo Pj+ cfb]z o;k|sf/ 5 M
g]kfn lghfdtL sd{rf/L ;+u7g, ljefuLo
:sfo{ ;ldlt ;jf]R{ r cbfnt / dftxtsf cbfntx
;d]tdf sfo{/t\ Gofo ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lxsf]
k|ltlglwd"ns g]kfnsf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lxsf]
/fli6o:t/sf] 68] o'lgogcGtu{tsf] ;+u7g xf] .
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf %# tyf lghfdtL
;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) sf] lgod !!& adf]lhd 68]
o'lgog clwsf/k|fKt j}wflgs ;+:yf xf] . of] ;+u7g
@)$& ;fndf :yfkgf eO{ g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf]
;'wf/sf] nflu cgj/t\ ?kdf sfo{/t\ /x]sf] 5 .
588

!# df ;dfgtfsf] xssf] Joj:yf u/L ;a} gful/s
sfg"gsf] b[li6df ;dfg x'g]5g\ / sfg"gsf] ;dfg
;+/If0faf6 s;}nfO{ klg al~rt ul/g] 5}g eGg]
Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n] ljj]s;Ddt\
juL{ s /0fsf] dfWodaf6 ;dfgtfsf] xssf]
k|Tofe"lt k|bfg ug]{ qmddf ljleGg lsl;dsf
sfg"gx lgdf{0f ug{ ;Sb5 . ;dfgtfsf] xsn]
lg/k]If ;dfgtfsf] jsfnt ub}{g eGg] s'/fdf of]
;+u7g ljZj:t /x]sf] 5 . t/ juL{s/0f ubf{ To:tf]
juL{s/0f ljj]s;Ddt\ x'g'kb{5 eGg] s'/fdf ;d]t
b'O{ dt x'g ;Sb}g . ;dfgtfsf] xsn] ;dfg
cj:yfsf JolQmxaLr ;dfg Jojxf/ ug'{ kb{5
eGg] dfGotf /fVb5 . To;} u /L dfgj
clwsf/;DaGwL ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ff kq, !($* Universal Decalrationes of Human Rights, 1948_
sf] wf/f & n] sfg"gsf] b[li6df ;a} ;dfg 5g\ /
ljgf e]befj ;a}nfO{ sfg"gsf] ;dfg ;+/If0f
k|fKt x'g]5 . o; 3f]if0ffsf] pNn3+g x'g] u/L
ul/g] s'g} klg e]befj jf To:tf] e]befj ug{
ul/Psf] b'?T;fxg lj?4 ;a}nfO{ ;dfg ;+/If0f
k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/ x'g]5 egL Joj:yf ul/Psf]
5 . ;fy} ;f]xL 3f]if0ffkqsf] wf/f @#-@_ df k|To]s
JolQmn] ljgf e]befj ;dfg sfdsf] nflu ;dfg
tna kfpg] clwsf/ 5 eGg] pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 .
of] g} ;dfgtfsf] xssf] dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf] . ljut
s]xL ;do cl3b]lv ;/sf/n] u/]sf lqmofsnfkn]
/fHof/f lbOg] ;' l jwfdf sfg" g L zf;gsf]
Jofjxfl/s kIf cGof]ndf k/]sf] efg x'g yfn]sf]
5 . ;dfg kb / x}l;otsf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lk|lt
/fHon] lje]bsf/L lg0f{o u/L s;}nfO{ sfvf /
s;}nfO{ kfvfsf] gLlt clVtof/ u/L sfg"gL /fHosf]
pkxf; u/]sf] kfOG5 .
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf #
adf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn Gofo ;]jf, g]kfn
k|zf;g ;]jfnufotsf ljleGg !) j6f ;]jfxsf]
u7g u/L ;f] ;]jfx cGtu{t ljleGg >]0fL tyf
;d"xpk;d"x u7gsf] Joj:yf u/L ;fj{hlgs
;]jf k|jfx ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jfdf

sfo{ ; Dkfbg u/] a fkt /fHof/f lghfdtL
sd{rf/LnfO{ hLjg lgjf{xsf nflu tna eQfnufot
ljleGg lsl;dsf ;]jf ;'ljwfx pknAw u/fpFb}
cfPsf] ;d]t 5 .
xfdL lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx g]kfnsf]
sfg" g adf] l hd nf] s ;] j f cfof] u af6 v' n f
k|lt:kwf{af6 Gofo ;]jf, Gofo ;d"xdf cfPsf
sd{ r f/L xf} + . xfdL Gofo ;Dkfbg sfo{ d f
;]jfu|fxLnfO{ ;xof]u u/L ;]jf k|jfx ug]{ Gofosf
;xsdL{ xf}F . lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf
# n] !) j6f ljleGg lghfdtL ;]jf u7gsf]
Joj:yf u/L ;a} ;]jf ;d"xsf sd{rf/Lxsf]
;dfg ;]jf / zt{x sfg"gf/f Joj:yf ul/Psf]
5 . s;}nfO{ klg sdj];L x'g] u/L ;]jf ;'ljwfsf]
ljt/0f g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg tyf cGo s'g}
klg sfg"gn] u/]sf] 5}g . lghfdtL sd{rf/Lxsf
nflu Pp6} ;]jf zt{;DaGwL P]g, lgod nfu" x'g]
x'Fbf pgLx aLr ;dfg Jojxf/ ul/G5 eGg]
Gofof]lrt cg'dfg / ck]Iff ul/G5 . o; lsl;dsf]
;+j}wflgs k|Tofe"lt k|bfg ul/Psf] / lghfdtL
;]jf P]g, lgodn] :k:6 ?kdf ;dfg lsl;dn]
;]jf zt{sf] k|jGw u/]sf] cj:yfdf klg lghfdtL
;]jf cGtu{tsf k|zf;g ;d"x, /fhZj ;d"x,
n] v fk/LIf0f ;] j f h:tf s] x L ;d" x sf
sd{rf/LxnfO{ cGo ;]jf ;d"xsf lghfdtL
sd{rf/LnfO{ eGbf a9L eQf tyf ;'ljwf pknAw
u/fOPsf] kfOPsf] 5 . a9L eQf kfpg] ;]jf
;d"xxdf /fhZj ;d"xdf !)) k|ltzt, lghfdtL
lstfjvfgfdf !%) k| l tzt;Dd, dxfn] v f
k/LIfssf] sfof{no !)) k|ltzt;Dd, dxfn]vf
lgoGqssf] sfof{no / sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGqs
sfof{nodf !)) k|ltzt;Dd, k|wfgdGqL tyf
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nodf %) k|ltzt;Dd,
/fi6kltsf] sfof{no tyf clVtof/ b'?kof]u
cg';Gwfg cfof]udf ;d]t lglZrt k|ltzt cltl/Qm
eQf pknAw u/fOPsf] 5 . ;dfg ;]jf / zt{sf
cfwf/df ;]jf k|j]z u/]sf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx
589
dWo] cfgf] st{Jo kfngf ug]{ l;nl;nfdf s;}nfO{

cToflws ;'ljwf k|bfg ug]{ / s;}nfO{ ;f] ;'ljwfaf6
al~rt ug]{ h:tf] c;dfg Jojxf/ g]kfn sfg"gn]
sNkgf;Dd u/]sf] 5}g . /fhZj ;d"x / dfly
plNnlvt cGo s]xL ;]jf ;d"xsf sd{rf/LxnfO{
dfq g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !# df
;dfgtfsf] xsljk/Lt Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
Gofokflnsfdf sfo{ / t\ sd{ r f/Lxn]
sfg"gadf]lhd tf]lsPsf sfo{x ub}{ cfO/x]sf
5g\ . To;}u/L xfn cltl/Qm eQf k|bfg ul/Psf
lgsfodf sfo{/t\ sd{rf/Lxn] klg sfg"gadf]lhd
tf]lsPsf sfo{x ub}{ cfO{ /x]sf 5g\ . cbfntdf
sfo{/t\ / cGo lgsfodf sfo{/t\ sd{rf/Lxn]
g]kfn ;/sf/f/f tf]lsPsf] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx
ub{ 5 g\ . o;} ;Gbe{ d f Gofokflnsfaf6
sfo{;Dkfbg ;DaGwL ;"rsfsf] lgdf{0f u/L k]z
klg ul/Psf] cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . t/ o; ;DaGwdf
xfn;Dd s'g} sf/jfxL gu/L k"0f{?kdf j]jf:tf
ul/Psf] cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . Gofokflnsfdf sfo{/t\
sd{rf/Lxn] Gofo ;Dkfbg k|lqmofnfO{ l56f],
5l/tf] ;j{;'ne, hgd'vL tyf pQ/bfoL agfpg
sfof{no ;do eGbf a9L ;do klg sfo{ ug'{kg]{
cj:yf ljBdfg /x]sf] 5 .
cbfnt / cGo ;/sf/L lgsfof/f ;dfg
sfo{x ;Dkfbg ubf{ub}{ Gofokflnsfdf sfo{/t\
sd{rf/Lk|lt c;dfg Jojxf/ x'gu] /L ul/Psf] sfo{
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !#
-!_,!( / #) f/f k|bQ df}lns xssf] k|lts"n
x'gsf ;fy} Gofosf dfGo l;4fGtljk/Lt ePsfn]
Gofokflnsfdf sfo{/t\ sd{rf/LxnfO{ ;dfg ;]jf,
zt{ / ;'ljwfcg';f/ sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t
k|fT] ;fxg k|0ffnLsf] k|aGw u/L u/fO{ ;dfg Jojxf/
ug]t{ km{ cfjZos sfo{ ug'{ egL g]kfn ;/sf/,
dlGqkl/ifb\ cy{ dGqfno tyf ;fdfGo k|zf;g
dGqfnosf gfpFdf k/dfb]z nufot pko'Qm cf1f
cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] g]kfn
lghfdtL sd{rf/L ;+u7g ljefuLo sfo{ ;ldlt
;jf]R{ r cbfntsf tkm{af6 ;f] ;ldltsf cWoIf
zflGtk|;fb n'O6F{ n
] n] o; cbfntdf bfo/ u/]sf]
l/6 lgj]bg .
adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf] < of]
cfb]z k|fKt ePsf] ldltn] jf6fsf Dofbjfx]s !%
lbg leq ;DalGwt ldl;n ;fy /fvL
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfk{mt\ lnlvt hjfkm
k7fpg' eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] sf/0f b]vfp cfb]z .
sfof{nosf] sfddf ePsf] j[l4 ;d]tsf
sf/0f sd{rf/Lxdf sfof{nosf] sfd k|ltsf] ?rLdf
yk k|fT] ;fxg k|bfg u/L l56f], 5l/tf] pQ/bfoL,
glthf pGd"v k|lt:kwL{ ;]jf k|bfg ug{ ;lsof];
eGg] p2]Zon] sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t k|fT] ;fxg
k|0ffnL s]xL ;/sf/L lgsfxdf nfu" ePsf] / s]
s'g lgsfonfO{ s] sfdsf] nflu slt cltl/Qm eQf
k|bfg ug]{ xf] ;f] s'/f g]kfn ;/sf/af6 lg0f{o x'g]
ljifo xf] . ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf sfo{;Dkfbgdf
cfwfl/t k|fT] ;fxg k|0ffnL nfu" ug]{ ;xdlt k|bfg
ug]{ sfo{df o; dGqfnosf] k|ToIftM ;+nUgtf x'g]
ljifo gePsf]n] o; dGqfnonfO{ ljkIfL agfpg'
kg]{ s'g} sf/0f gePsf] x'bF f k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ;fdfGo k|zf;g
dGqfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm .
/fHo ;~rfngsf] k|d'v ;|f]tsf] ?kdf
/x]sf] /fhZj ;+sngnfO{ cem a9L k|efjsf/L
agfO{ o;df j[l4 ug{ ljleGg ;'wf/sf sfo{qmdx
;~rfng ul/b} cfPsf] / o;} qmddf /fhZj ;+sng
ug] { sfof{ n oxdf sfo{ ;Dkfbg:t/ /
sd{rf/LnfO{ lbg] tnj ;'ljwfaLr tfbfTDotf
sfod gu/L lglZrt tnjsf] cfwf/df dfq sfd
nufpFbf s/bftfsf] k|nf]egdf k/L cafl~5t
ljsNk vf]Hg ;Sg] ;Defjgf ePsf]n] To:tf]
;+efjgfnfO{ Go"g u/L /fhZj k|zf;gnfO{ :jR5
t'Nofpg ldlt @)^#.&.! b]lv o; k|0ffnLsf] z'?jft
s]xL ;Lldt sfof{noaf6 k/LIf0fsf ?kdf ePsf]
lyof] . tt\kZrft /fhZj ;+sngdf ;'wf/ eO{
eG;f/ ljefu / cfGtl/s /fhZj ljefucGtu{tsf
sfof{nodf ;d]t of] k|0ffnL nfu" ePkZrft\ /fhZj
590
;+sngdf pT;fxhgs ;'wf/ ePsf] kl5Nnf cf=j=

sf /fhZj;DaGwL tYofaf6 klg k|li6Ps} 5 .
g]kfn ;/sf/ -d=k=_ n] o; dGqfno cGtu{tsf
ljleGg sfof{nodf sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t
k|f]T;fxg k|0ffnLnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] sfo{ u/]sf]
x'Fbf o; ljifonfO{ lnP/ lbPsf] l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]hefuL 5 .
sfo{ ; Dkfbg ;" r sf sfof{ G jog
lgb]l{ zsfcg'k /fhZj ;+sngnufotsf cg]sf}
dfkb08x k"/f eP kl5 dfq tnj:s]nsf] Ps;o
k|ltzt eQf :jLs[t x'G5 cGoyf Ps;o k|ltzt
g} eQf pknAw x'bF g} . /fhZj ;+sng ug]{ sfd
hl6n / ;+jb] gzLn sfo{ ePsf] x'bF f sf/bftfsf]
;]jf / ;'ljwfnfO{ dWohg/ ub}{ pQm sfo{df o;
dGqfnocGtu{t sfof{nosf sd{rf/Lx sfof{nosf]
;dosf] cltl/Qm sfd ug'k{ g]{ / ;f] sfd ubf{
cg]sf}+ cf/f]x cj/f]wsf afjh'b klg sfo{/t\ /x]g]
u/]sf 5g\ . To;df klg eG;f/ /fhZj ;+sng
h:tf] hl6n sfo{df pRr dgf]jnsf ;fy sfo{/t\
sd{rf/LxnfO{ Ps;o k|ltzt;Dd eQf k|bfg
ul/Psf] ljifonfO{ lnP/ ljkIfLn] p7fPsf] lhsL/sf]
s'g} cf}lrTotf g} gePsf]n] ljkIfLn] lnPsf] lhsL/
vf/]hefuL 5 . vf/]h k|:ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] cy{ dGqfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm .
g] k fn ;/sf/ ;+ l jwfgk| b Q df} l ns
xsxsf] ;Ddfg ub}{ tL xsxsf] k|rngsf]
;'lglZrttf k|bfg ug]{ s'/fdf ;d]t ;w}+ k|ltj4
/x]sf] 5 . hxfF;Dd k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
sfof{nodf sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t k|fT] ;fxg k|0ffnL
nfu" ul/Psf] ;DaGwL k|Zg 5, tT;DaGwdf
k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no g]kfn
;/sf/sf] k|dv
' sfo{sf/L lgsfo ePsf]df ljjfb
5}g . o; ;Gbe{df g]kfn ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\ Pj+
ljleGg /fhgLlts k|sl[ tsf a}7s / jftf{xsf]
Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng ug{,' ljleGg /fhgLlts
k|s[ltsf a}7s / jftf{xsf] Joj:yfkg tyf
;~rfng ug'k{ g]{ ePsfn] tL a}7s / jftf{x k|fo;M
sfof{no ;doeGbf cufl8, k5fl8, ;fj{hlgs ljbf
591
/ /ftsf] ;dodf x'g] s'/f ;DdfgLt cbfntnfO{

;d]t cjut g} 5 . o;sf ;fy} ;/sf/ kl/jt{gn]
sfof{bz
] ;d]t yk x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 .
k| w fgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifbsf]
sfof{nosf] sfdsf] k|s[ltsf lx;fjn] sfof{no
;doeGbf cufl8 k5fl8, ;fj{hlgs labf /
/ftsf] ;dodf klg sfo{ ug'{sf] ;fy} xfn}sf
lbgdf sfof{nosf] sfddf ePsf] cToflws j[l4
;d] t sf sf/0f sd{ r f/Lxdf sfof{ n osf]
sfdk|lt ?rLdf x|f; Pj+ sfof{no Pj+ cfgf]
hflu/] hLjgk| l t g} g} / fZotf gcfcf] ; \ /
sd{rf/LnfO{ sfd ug{ yk k|f]T;fxg k|bfg u/L
l56f], 5l/tf], pQ/bfoL glthf pGd"v, k|lt:kwL{{
;]jf k|bfg ug{ ;lsof];\ eGg] p2]Zon] o;
sfof{ n odf sfo{ / t\ sd{ r f/Lxsf nflu
sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t k|f]T;fxg k|0ffnL nfu"
ug]{ ;DaGwdf ;x;lrj >L a}s'07 cof{nosf]
;+of]hsTjdf % ;b:oLo cWoog sfo{bn u7g
ul/Psf] lyof] . sfo{bnn] tof/ u/]sf] k|ltj]bgsf
cfwf/df sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t k|f]T;fxg
k|0ffnL nfu" ug]{ ;DaGwdf ldlt @)^*.@.( sf]
lg0f{ofg';f/ cy{ dGqfnosf] /fo dfu ul/Psf]df
cy{ dGqfnoaf6 ldlt @)^*.(.@! df ;f]sf
nflu dlGqkl/ifb\df k|:tfj k]z ug{ ;xdlt k|fKt
ePadf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\df k|:tfj
k]z ePsf]df g]kfn ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ldlt
@)^*.!).!& sf] a}7saf6 k|wfgdGqL tyf
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nosf sd{rf/LnfO{ ;+nUg
k|ltj]bgcg';f/ sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rsfsf] cfwf/df
tnasf] z'? :s]nsf] clwstd\ %) k|ltzt eQf
k|bfg ug{ :jLs[lt lbg] lg0f{o ePsf] xf] . ;f]
adf] l hd sfo{ ; Dkfbg k| 0 ffnL nfu" ubf{
sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rsfsf] ef/nfO{ sfo{;Dkfbg:t/
-&) k| l tzt_ cg' z f;g tyf cfr/0f -!%
k|ltzt_, / cltl/Qm ;do -!% k|ltzt_ u/L
d"ntM tLg efudf juL{s/0f ul/Psf 5g\ .
k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nosf] sfdsf]
kl/df0f / k|s[ltsf] cfwf/df k|=d= tyf d=k= sf]
sfof{nodf sfo{/t\ sd{rf/Lxsf nflu yk

k|f]T;fxg k|bfg ug]{ g]kfn ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
ldlt @)^*.!).!& sf] lg0f{onfO{ pTk|]if0fsf]
cfb]zf/f ab/ 3f]lift ul/kfpFm egL lgj]bsn]
cfgf] l/6 lgj]bgdf dfu bfjL u/]sf] cj:yf
klg 5} g . pQm lg0f{ o k| w fgdGqL tyf
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nosf sd{rf/Lxsf] xsdf
dfq l;ldt /x]sf] b]lvG5 . s'g} vf; sfof{no
jf ;]jf ;d"xcGtu{tsf sd{rf/LxnfO{ dfq
sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t k|f]T;fxg eQf lbg] /
s'g} cd"s sfof{no jf ;]jf ;d"x cGtu{tsf
sd{rf/Lxsf] xsdf To:tf] k|f]T;fxg eQf glbg]
egL g]kfn ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\n] s'g} lg0f{o
u/]sf] cj:yf klg /x]sf] 5}g .
hxfF;Dd cy{ dGqfnon] ;jf]R{ r cbfntdf
sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t k|fT] ;fxg k|0ffnL nfu" ug]{
;xdlt glbPsf] eGg] k|Zg 5, tT;DaGwdf ;f]
ljifo o; sfof{noaf6 k|ToIftM lgoldt x'g] ljifo
gePsf]n] k|:t't lnlvt hjfkmdf pNn]v ug'k{ g]{
ePg . g]kfn Gofo ;]jf, Gofo ;d"xsf nflu
sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t k|fT] ;fxg k|0ffnL nfu" ug]{
;DaGwL k|:tfa g]kfn ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\df k]z
g} gePsf] cj:yfdf ;f] ljifonfO{ lnP/
dlGqkl/ifb\nfO{ ljkIfL agfpg' kg]{ klg xf]Og .
ctM pk/f]Qm cfwf/ / sf/0f ;d]taf6 o; sfof{no
Pj+ dlGqkl/ifb\sf gfddf dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z
hf/L x'gk' g]{ xf]Og . l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] d'Vo ;lrj dfwjk|;fb
l3ld/]sf] lnlvt hjfkm .
lgodadf]lhd b}lgs d'2f k]zL ;"rLdf
r9L lg0f{ofy{ o; Ohnf;;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf]
k|:t't lgj]bgdf lgj]bssf tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg
clwjQmf >L xl/k|;fb pk|]tL, 8f= >L /fds[i0f
ltdN;]gf / >L xl/z+s/ s0f{n] ;+ljwfgn]
;dfgtfsf] xsnfO{ pRr dxTj lbPsf] 5 .
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g / lgodn] sd{rf/Lx aLrdf
s'g} lae]b u/]sf] 5}g . cfd sd{rf/LaLr s'g}
lje]b ug'k{ of] eg] Tof] lje]b Reasonable x'gk' b{5 .
;/sf/n] s;}nfO{ eQf lbg] s;}nfO{ glbg] u/L

lg0f{o jf Jojxf/ ubf{ Reasanable classification
5, 5}g x]g'{kg]{ x'G5 . ;/sf/cGtu{tsf cGo
lgsfosf sd{rf/LnfO{ eQf k|bfg ubf{ klg s'g}
cWoog k|ltj]bg ljgf g} lbPsf] b]lvG5 . s'g}
lgsfonfO{ dfl;s lglZrt\ k|ltztsf cfwf/df
eQf lbPsf] b]lvG5 eg] s]xLdf sfo{;Dkfbg
;"rsfsf] cfwf/df lbPsf] b]lvG5 . Gofo ;d"xsf
sd{rf/Lsf] nflu sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rsf cfwf/df
lsg eQf glbg] eGg] ;DaGwdf ljkIfaf6 s'g}
cfwf/ ts{ k|:t't ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvb}g . sfds}
s'/f ug]{ xf] eg] Gofokflnsfdf sfo{/t\ sd{rf/Ln]
cGo ;]jfdf sfo{/t\ sd{rf/Lsf] t'ngfdf a9L
;do / kl/>d nufPsf] kfOG5 . /fi6 ;]jfdf
nfu]sf sd{rf/Lxsf] nflu ;dfg sfdsf] nflu
;dfg kfl/>lds lbOg' kb{ 5 . ;/sf/sf]
Gofokflnsfsf sd{rf/L k|ltsf] Jojxf/ Fair
b]lvb}g . xfd|f] ;+ljwfgn] klg Equal work Equal
pay k|Tofe"lt u/]sf] 5 . ;/sf/sf x/]s lgsfo
sfg"gsf] zf;gsf] dfGotfcg'k rNg'kb{5 .
;/sf/sf] lg0f{o ;b}j Accountable x'g'kb{5 .
;/sf/sf sfd sf/jfxL sfg"gsf] zf;g tyf
Fair Treatment dfGotfsf] ljk/Lt 5 .
z/L/ :j:y ?kdf rNgsf] nflu z/L/sf
x/]s csf] plQs} dxTj /xG5 . z/L/sf]
;~rfngdf ;j}sf] plQs} e"ldsf /xG5 . s'g} Ps
c+usf] cefjdf z/L/ g} ckf x'g k'Ub5 . s;}af6
s]xL ln+bf xftn] lnG5 To;}n] xftsf] dxTjnfO{
a9L dxTj lbO{ o;nfO{ dfq ;'ljwf lbg] t/ c?
csf] lhDd]jf/LnfO{ gh/cGbfh ug{ ldNb}g .
z/L/sf ;j} csf] ;fd"lxs cl:tTjdf dfq
hLjgsf] cl:tTj x'G5 . h;/L ljleGg c ldnL
z/L/sf] cl:tTj x'G5 To;}u/L /fHosf x/]s csf]
TolQs} lhDd]jf/L x'G5 . /fhZj p7fpg] lhDd]jf/L
/fhZj sfof{nosf] ePsfn] p;n] k|ToIf e"ldsf
v]ns
] f] x'G5 eg] cGo lgsfosf] lhDd]jf/L klg
TolQs} x'G5 . cbfntnfO{ aGb ug]{ xf] eg] s/bftfn]
s/ ltg{ 5f]8b\ 5 . Gofo kfOG5 eg]/ g} p s/ ltg{
592
Motivated ePsf]
x'G5 . Gofokflnsfsf] sd{rf/Lsf]

klg Gofo ;Dkfbgdf uxg lhDd]jf/L /xG5 . s'g}
sfd sd{rf/Ln] yk ;do nufP/ u'0f:t/o'Qm
tl/sfn] ub{5 eg] To;df ;/sf/sf] s'g} xflg
x'bg} . o;n] zf;g Joj:yfsf] pTkfbgzLntf a[l4
u/L ;dli6df b]zs} ljsf;df uxg e"ldsf v]ns
] f]
x'G5 . sfof{nodf xfhL/ ePjfkt eQf x}g yk
sfd ;dodf ;DkGg u/]sf cfwf/df eQf lbg'
eGg] k/dfb]zsf] cfjZostf 5 . Gofokflnsfdf
sfo{/t\ sd{rf/Lsf] Gofo ;Dkfbg h:tf] uDeL/
sfo{df dg, jrg, sd{n] nflu/xg'kg]{ x'Fbf
pgLxnfO{ sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rsfsf] cfwf/df eQf
glbO{ ljkIfLaf6 k|:t't ePsf] Aojxf/ lje]bsf/L
b]lvFbf dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'gk' b{5 eGg]
;d]t ax; k|:t't ug'e
{ of] .
k|ToyL{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt
ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf >L ;"og{ fy k|sfz clwsf/Ln]
cy{ dGqfnosf] hjfkm ck"0f{ 5, Gofo ;d"xsf
sd{rf/LnfO{ eQf lbg ldNb}g eg]sf] 5}g,
sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rsfsf] cfwf/df eQf lb+bf glthf
al9 lg:sG5, ;/sf/n] cfjZostf / cfkm\gf]
Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df lbb}+ hfg] xf] eGg] ;d]t ax;
k|:t't ug'e
{ of] .
b'jt} km{sf sfg"g Joj;foLxsf] ax; ;'gL
l/6 lgj]bg;lxtsf] ldl;n ;+nUg sfuhftxsf]
cWoog u/L OG;fkmtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ l/6 lgj]bssf]
dfu adf]lhd ljkIfLxsf] gfddf k/dfb]z hf/L
ug'k{ g]{ xf] xf]Og < eGg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o ug'k{ g]{
b]lvof] .
@= o;df lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf]
bkmf # adf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/n] ljleGg !) j6f
;]jfx u7g u/L ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx ub}{ cfPsf]
5 . tL ;]jfdf /xL sfo{;Dkfbg u/]afkt /fHon]
tna eQfnufot ljleGg ;]jf, ;'ljwfx pknAw
u/fpFb} cfPsf] 5 . P]g, lgodn] :ki6 ?kdf ;dfg
lsl;dsf] ;]jf zt{sf] k|aGw u/]sf] cj:yfdf klg
/fhZj ;d"x, lghfdtL lstfavfgf, dxfn]vf
k/LIfssf] sfof{no, dxfn]vf lgoGqssf] sfof{no,
593
sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGqs sfof{no, k|wfgdGqL tyf

dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no, /fi6kltsf] sfof{no,
clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]unufot
sfof{ n oxdf tnaeQf afx] s cltl/Qm
sfo{;Dkfbg eQf k|bfg ul/b} cfPsf] 5 . ;jf]R{ r
cbfntdf klg ;f]xL adf]lhdsf] sfo{;Dkfbgdf
cfwfl/t k|f]T;fxg k|0ffnLsf nflu sfo{;Dkfbg
;DaGwL ;"rsf lgdf{0f u/L Ps jif{ cufl8 g}
cy{ dGqfnodf k]z ul/;lsPsf] 5 . t/ klg
xfn;Dd To; ljifodf s'g} sf/jfxL gu/L a]jf:tf
ul/Psf] 5 . ljkIfLsf] k|:t't lqmofsnfkn] l/6
lgj]bs nufotsf] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^# sf] wf/f !#, !( / #) k|bQ df}lns xs Pj+
sfg"gL clwsf/df uDeL/ cf3ft ug{ uPsf]n]
g] k fn Gofo ;] j f, Gofo ;d" x sf lghfdtL
sd{rf/LxnfO{ ;dfg ;]jf zt{ / ;'ljwfcg';f/
sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t k|fT] ;fxg k|0ffnLsf] k|aGw
u/L u/fO{ ;dfg Jojxf/ ug]{tkm{ cfjZos sfo{
ug'{ egL ljkIfLxsf gfddf k/dfb]z hf/L
ul/kfpFm eGg] d'Vo l/6 lgj]bg bfjL /x]5 .
#= cy{ dGqfnoaf6 k]z ePsf] lnlvt
hjfkm x]bf{ /fHo ;~rfngsf] k|dv
' ;|ft] sf] ?kdf
/x]sf] /fhZj ;+sngnfO{ cem a9L k|efjsf/L
agfO{ o;df j[l4 ug{ ljleGg ;'wf/sf sfo{qmdx
;~rfng ul/b} cfPsf]df @)^#.&.! b]lv k/LIf0fsf
?kdf o; k|0ffnLsf] z'?jft ul/Psf] / o;sf]
sf/0faf6 /fhZj ;+sngdf pT;fxhgs ;'wf/
ePsf] 5 . /fhZj ;+sng ug]{ sfd hl6n /
;+j]bgzLn sfo{ ePsf], o; dGqfnocGtu{t
sfof{nosf sd{rf/Lx sfof{nosf] ;dosf]
cltl/Qm sfd ug'{kg]{ x'Fbf sd{rf/LxnfO{
sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rsf sfof{Gjog lgb]l{ zsf cg'k
/fhZj ;+sngnufotsf cg]sf} dfkb08x k"/f
eP kl5 dfq tnj:s]nsf] Ps;o k|ltzt eQf
:jLs[t x'G5 eGg] Joxf]/f pNn]v ePsf] kfOof] .
To:t} g]kfn ;/sf/, k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
sfof{noaf6 k|:t't lnlvt hjfkm x]bf{ oxfFaf6
g]kfn ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\ Pj+ ljleGg /fhgLlts
k|s[ltsf a}7s / jftf{xsf] Joj:yfkg tyf

;~rfng ug'{ k|dv
' Pj+ dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ x'bF f sfdsf]
k|sl[ tsf lx;fjn] sfof{no ;doeGbf cufl8, k5fl8,
;fj{hlgs labf / /ftsf] ;dodf klg sfo{ ug's
{ f]
;fy} xfn}sf lbgdf sfof{nosf] sfddf ePsf]
cToflws j[l4 ;d]tsf sf/0f sd{rf/Lxdf
sfof{nosf] sfdk|lt ?rLdf x|f; Pj+ sfof{no Pj+
cfgf] hflu/] hLjgk|lt g} g}/fZotf gcfcf];
\ /
sd{rf/LnfO{ sfd ug{ yk k|fT] ;fxg k|bfg u/L
l56f], 5l/tf], pQ/bfoL glthf pGd"v, k|lt:kwL{
;]jf k|bfg ug{ ;lsof];\ eGg] p2]Zon] ul7t cWoog
sfo{bnsf] k|ltj]bgsf cfwf/df sfo{;Dkfbgdf
cfwfl/t k|fT] ;fxg k|0ffnL nfu" ug]{ ;DaGwdf ldlt
@)^*.@.( sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ cy{ dGqfno;+u /fo
dfu e} TofxfFaf6 ldlt @)^*.(.@! df ;xdlt
k|fKt ePkZrft g]kfn ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ldlt
@)^*.!).!& sf] a}7saf6 k|wfgdGqL tyf
dlGqkl/ifbsf] sfof{nosf sd{rf/LnfO{ sfo{;Dkfbg
;"rsfsf] cfwf/df tnasf] z'? :s]nsf] clwstd\
%) k|ltzt eQf k|bfg ug{ :jLs[lt lbg] lg0f{o
ePsf] xf] . s'g} vf; sfof{no jf ;]jf ;d"x
cGtu{tsf sd{rf/LxnfO{ dfq sfo{;Dkfbgdf
cfwfl/t k|fT] ;fxg eQf lbg] / s'g} cd"s sfof{no
jf ;]jf ;d"x cGtu{tsf sd{rf/Lxsf] xsdf
To:tf] k|fT] ;fxg eQf glbg] egL g]kfn ;/sf/,
dlGqkl/ifb\n] s'g} lg0f{o u/]sf] cj:yf klg /x]sf]
5}g . Gofo ;d"xsf nflu sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t
k|fT] ;fxg k|0ffnL nfu" ug]{ ;DaGwL k|:tfj g]kfn
;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\df k]z g} ePsf] 5}g eGg] Joxf]/f
pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . oL lnlvt hjfkm x]bf{
lgj]bsn] p7fPsf ;d:t ljifodf :ki6 hjfkm
glbO{ cfcfkm\gf] lgsfodf lsg k|fT] ;fxg eQf
k|0ffnL nfu" ul/Psf] xf] eGg];Dd hjfkm lbPsf]
kfOof] . plNnlvt lgsfoxdf s'g} sfg"g agfO{
yk ;'ljwf lbPsf] ge} g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lg0f{of/f
lbg] u/]sf] b]lvof] . cbfntsf sd{rf/Lsf] ;DaGwdf
k|:tfj g} gcfPsf] eGg] ;Dd k|wfgdGqLsf]
sfof{nosf] lnlvt hjfkm b]lvG5 eg] cy{ dGqfno
o; ;DaGwdf df}g /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;dli6df

lgj]bssf] dfusf] tfls{s v08g u/L k|ToyL{xaf6
lnlvt hjfkm k]z ePsf] b]lvFbg} .
$= l/6 lgj]bsn] Gofokflnsfdf sfo{/t\
hgzlQmsf] sfo{ ljz]iftfsf] af/]df pNn]v ub}{
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !# sf]
;dfgtfsf] xsnfO{ cfwf/ lnb} cfkm"pk/ eQf
k|bfg ul/Psf lgsfosf sd{rf/LnfO{ eGbf leGg
c;dfg Jojxf/ ul/Psf] eGg] k|Zg p7fPsf]
b]lvG5 . cj lgj]bs dfly c;dfg Jojxf/ eP
gePsf] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o ug'{k"j{ ;dfgtfsf] xs
;DaGwdf ;+ l jwfg tyf sfg" g n] u/] s f]
Joj:yfljk/Lt lje]bk"0f{ tl/sfn] eQf pknJw
u/fOPsf] eGg] lgj]bssf] syg /x]sf] ;Gbe{df
s'g s'g lgsfosf s]s:tf] yk eQf Joj:yf
ul/Psf] /x]5 eGg] x]g{'kg]{ b]lvof] . l/6 lgj]bg
n]v tyf ;f] ;fy ;+nUg cbfntdf sfo{/t\
hgzlQmsf] sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t k|f]T;fxg
k|0ffnL;DaGwL k|ltj]bg Pj+ k|ToyL{xsf] lnlvt
hjfkm;d]taf6 g]kfndf ljleGg lgsfoxdf xfn
Psd' i 6 /sd - Flat rate _ / sfo{ ; Dkfbg
;" r sfdf cfwfl/t - Performance based _
k|f]T;fxg k|0ffnL u/L b'O{ tl/sfn] k|f]T;fxg eQf
k|bfg u/]sf] b]lvof] . k/Dk/fut ?kdf k|rlnt
Psd'i6 /sd -Flat rate_ k|0ffnL b]xfo adf]lhdsf]
sfof{nodf k|bfg u/]sf] b]lvof]M
k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{noM
Psd'i6 eQf M dfl;s sd{rf/Lsf] :t/cg';f/
clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]uM
Psd'i6 eQfM dfl;s sd{rf/Lsf] :t/cg';f/
cg';Gwfg eQfMph"/Ldf cg';Gwfg u/]df a9Ldf
lglZrt\ dlxgf;Dd dfl;s lglZrt /sdsf]
cfwf/df d'2fsf] ;+Vofcg';f/,
lgjf{rg cfof]uM lgjf{rg cfof]u ;DaGwL ljz]if
sfo{x u/]afkt k|ltztsf] cfwf/df eQf
594
lbg] ul/Psf], h:t} dtbftf kl/rokq tof/

ug],{ gfdfjnL ;+sng ug]{ h:tf sfo{x
sfg"gn] tf]ss
] f] ;dodf ubf{ ;f] cjlwdf
@% k|ltzt eQf pknAw u/fpg] ul/Psf] .
ljz]if cbfntM g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lg0f{ocg';f/
ToxfF sfo{/t\ GofofwLz sd{rf/LnfO{ @%
k|ltzt eQf pknAw u/fpg] ul/Psf] 5 .
xfn sltko sfof{noxn] sfo{;Dkfbg
d"Nofg ;"rsf tof/ u/L ;f]sf] cfwf/df b]xfo
adf]lhdsf sfof{nodf sd{rf/LxnfO{ k|fT] ;fxg
tyf yk k|fT] ;fxg eQf pknAw u/fpg] ul/Psf]
b]lvG5M
cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{noxM ;Dk"0f{ /fhZj
sfof{noxdf lglZrt\ k|ltztsf cfwf/df
dfl;s k|fT] ;fxg eQf / yk k|fT] ;fxg eQf,
eG;f/ sfof{noxM ;Dk"0f{ eG;f/ sfof{noxdf
dfl;s k|fT] xf;g eQf / yk k|fT] ;fxg eQf,
lghfdtL lstfj vfgf M lghfdtL lstfjvfgfsf
;Dk"0f{ sd{rf/Lxsf nflu dfl;s
k|fT] ;fxg eQf !)) k|ltzt;Dd / yk
k|fT] ;fxg eQf %) k|ltzt u/L hDdf !%)
k|ltzt;Dd,
dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfof{no M @% b]lv %)
k|ltzt;Dd .
%= plNnlvt eQfsf] b/ x]bf{ s]xL
lgsfodf dfl;s ?kdf tf]sj' f lglZrt\ k|ltztsf]
cfwf/df t s]xL lgsfodf sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rf+ssf]
cfwf/df k|bfg u/]sf] b]lvof] . pknJw u/fOPsf
eQf s] s;/L s]s'g cWoog k|ltj]bgsf] cfwf/df
s'g s'g lgsfonfO{ lbOPsf] xf], lbPkZrft\sf]
glthfdf s] s:tf] ;'wf/ ePsf] 5, o;sf] lg/Gt/tf
jf cGo lgsfodf o;nfO{ yk lj:t[tLs/0f ug{
cfjZos 5 5}g eGg] ;DaGwdf ;d]t s'g} cWoog
ePsf] tyf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] p2]Zo nIo s] 5
595
eGg] ;DaGwdf k|ToyL{xaf6 s'g} :ki6 hjfkm

k|fKt ePsf] b]lvb}g . k|ToyL{af6 lnlvt hjfkmdf
lgj]bgdf pNn]v ePadf]lhd plNnlvt lgsfodf
k|bfg ul/Psf] eQf k|bfg ul/Psf] xf] xf]Og, s]
s'g ldltsf] ;xdlt tyf lg0f{osf cfwf/df k|bfg
ul/Psf] eGg] tYosf] pNn]v gu/L ;f] ;DaGwdf
s'g} k|lt/Iff ;d]t gu/]sf] cj:yfdf ;f] tYodf
s'g} ljdlt b]vfpg' kg]{ klg b]lvPg . cyf{t\ g]kfn
;/sf/n] plNnlvt tYodf :jLsf/f]lQm hgfPsf]
a'lemof] . g]kfn ;/sf/n] eQf k|bfg ul/Psf
lgsfox x]bf{ s'g} ts{, sfg"g tyf cg';Gwfgdf
cfwfl/t ge} lgtfGt sfo{sf/L :jljj]ssf]
cfwf/df cfly{s tyf k|zf;lgs lx;fan] dxTjk"0f{
7flgPsf lgsfoxdf k|:t't k|0ffnLsf] nfu" u/]sf]
b]lvof] .
^= Gofokflnsfaf6 sfo{;Dkfbg;DaGwL
;"rsf lgdf{0f u/L ;xdltsf] nflu k]z ul/Psf]
cj:yf /x]klg tT;DaGwdf k|ToyL{xaf6 a]jf:tf
u/L s'g} sf/jfxL gul/Psf] eGg] lgj]bssf]
syg /x]sf] ;Gbe{df To;tkm{ x]bf{ ;jf]{Rr
cbfntaf6 o;n] ;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ sfdsf] k|s[lt,
lhDd]jf/LnfO{ dgg ub}{ oxfF sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf]
dgf]an pRr agfO{ sfdk|lt cem a9L pGd"v
u/fpg] p2]Zon] bf];|f] /0fgLlts of]hgfn] lglb{i6
u/]sf] lqmofsnfkadf]lhd of]hgf sfof{Gjog
;ldltsf] lg0f{ofg';f/ s] s:tf k|f]T;fxg k|0ffnL
cjnDjg ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] ;DaGwdf
;x/lhi6 f /sf] ;+ o f] h sTjdf Ps cWoog
sfo{bnsf] u7g u/L ;f] sfo{bnn] ljleGg
;"rsf k|:t't ub}{ tL ;"rsfsf] cfwf/df nIo
k"/f ug]{ Gofokflnsfdf sfo{/t\ sd{rf/LnfO{
sfdsf] cfwf/df yk k|f]T;fxg eQf lbg pko'Qm
x' g ] egL k] z u/] s f] k| l tj] b gnfO{ ;jf] { R r
cbfntsf] of]hgf sfof{Gjog ;ldltsf] cy{
dGqfnodf n]vL k7fpg] eGg] ldlt @)^*.!.!(
sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ sfof{Gjogfy{ ldlt @)^*.!.@)sf]]
kqaf6 sfg"g tyf Gofo dGqfnodf n]vL k7fPsf]
/ sfg"g tyf Gofo dGqfnon] klg ;f]xL lbgdf
cy{ dGqfnodf ;xdltsf] nflu n]vL k7fPsf]

eGg] ldl;n ;+ n Ug sfuhftaf6 b] l vG5 .
tTkZrft\ sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t Goflos
eQfsf] ljifon] of]hgfsf] nIo xfl;n ug{sf
nflu k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] x'gfn] pQm eQf
pknJw u/fpg] ;DaGwdf oyfzL3| lg0f{o eO{
cfpg sfg"g tyf Gofo dGqfnodfkm{t\ g]kfn
;/sf/df k'gM cg'/f]w ug]{ egL of]hgf sfof{Gjog
;ldltsf] @)^*.#.!@ sf] a}7saf6 lg0f{o e}
;f]xL ldltsf] kqf/f sfg"g dGqfnodf n]vL
sfg" g tyf Gofo dGqfnoaf6 klg ldlt
@)^*.#.!^ df cfjZos sf/fjfxLsf] nflu n]vL
uPsf] ldl;n ;+nUg kqxsf] k|ltlnlkaf6
b]lvG5 . o;/L Gofokflnsfsf] of]hgf sfof{Gjog
;ldltsf] a}7ssf] k6s k6ssf] lg0f{oadf]lhd
k6s k6s cfjZos sfuhft ;d]t ;fy} /fvL
g]kfn ;/sf/;dIf n]vL k7fPsf]df tT;DaGwdf
s] x L lg0f{ o ePsf] eGg] ldl;n tyf cy{
dGqfnosf] lnlvt hjfkmaf6 ;d]t b]lvb}+g .
&= To;}u/L cbfntn] k7fPsf] ;dosf]
;Fu;Fu} eQfsf] nflu k|wfgdGqLsf] sfof{noaf6
ldlt @)^*.@.( sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ cy{ dGqfnosf]
/fo dfu ul/Psf]df cy{ dGqfnoaf6 ldlt
@)^*.(.@! df ;f]sf nflu dlGqkl/ifb\df k|:tfj
k] z ug{ ;xdlt k| b fg e} g] k fn ;/sf/,
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ldlt @)^*.!).!& sf] a}7saf6
k| w fgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifbsf] sfof{ n osf
sd{rf/LnfO{ sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rsfsf] cfwf/df
tnasf] z'? :s]nsf] clwstd %) k|ltzt eQf
k|bfg ug{ :jLs[lt lbg] lg0f{o ePsf] k|wfgdGqLsf]
sfof{nosf] lnlvt hjfkmaf6 b]lvPsf] l:ylt
5 . o;/L k|wfgdGqLsf] sfof{nodf ;xdlt k|bfg
ug] { ;dodf cfkm" s f] d f ljrf/fwLg /x] s f]
Gofokflnsfsf] eQf;DaGwL ljifodf cy{
dGqfnon] s'g} lg0f{o gu/L cfkm"sf]df cfPsf
eQf;DaGwL k|:tfjdWo] cfkm\gf] dgf]ut cfwf/df
5fgL5fgL cfkm\ g f] tfn' s lgsfo cyf{ t \
k|wfgdGqLsf] sfof{nodf sfo{/t\ sd{rf/LnfO{
eQf pknJw u/fpg] ;xdlt lbg] lg0f{o u/]sf]

b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf Gofokflnsfsf] k|:tfjnfO{
gh/ cGbfh u/]sf] xf]Og eg]/ ljZj:t x'g
;Sg] l:ylt b] l vF b } g . o;/L sfo{ k flnsfn]
cfkm" c Gtut{ s f] sfof{ n odf sfd ug] {
sd{rf/Lxsf] xsdf lglZrt\ cg';Gwfgsf]
cefjdf klg dfkb08 agfO{ k|f]T;fxg eQf lbg]
t/ Gofokflnsftkm{sf] sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf cWoog
k|ltj]bg / dfkb08 k|:tfljt ul/;s]kl5 klg
cgb]vf u/L lg/Gt/ e]befjk"0f{ Jojxf/ u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . ;/sf/sf] dxTjk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L tf]lsPsf]
cy{ dGqfnosf x/]s sfdsf/jfxL sfg"g;Ddt
Just and fair x'g' kb{5 . cfkm"sf]df cfPsf]
k|:tfjsf] ;DaGwdf Ps jif{;Dd klg s'g} lg0f{o
gu/L csd{0otf k|:t't u/]sf] kfOof] . lje]bk"0f{
cfzon] azLe"t ePsf] o:tf] csd{0otf l/6
hf/L gx'g] cfwf/ x'g ;Qm}g . sfg"gadf]lhd
lhDd]jf/L tf]lsPsf] lgsfon] ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf
lsg of] k|ltj]bg nfu" ug{ ;lsb}g+ eGg] ;DaGwdf
s'g} hjfkm gk7fpg] / tT;DaGwdf lg0f{o klg
gug]{ sfo{z}nL k|hftflGqs d'n'ssf] lhDd]jf/
lgsfosf] nflu zf]efodfg b]lvg cfPg .
*= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
sf] wf/f !# n] ;a} gful/s sfg"gsf] b[li6df
;dfg x'g]5g\ . s;}nfO{ klg sfg"gsf] ;dfg
;+/If0faf6 jl~rt ul/g] 5}g eGg] Joj:yf u/
]af6 sfg"gsf] cufl8 ;a} ;dfg x'g] / s;}nfO{
klg sfg"gsf] ;dfg ;+/If0faf6 al~rt gul/g]
eGg] s'/fsf] k|Tofe"lt u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;dfgtfsf]
xsn] ;a} gful/sxnfO{ Ps} k|sf/sf] Jojxf/
ul/g' k 5{ egL lg/k] I f ;dfgtf - Absolute
Equality) nfO{ c+uLsf/ u/]sf] cy{ ug{ ldNb}g .
;dfg x} l ;ot - Similarly Situated ) df
/x]sfxsf aLr dfq e]befj ug{ gx'g] jf ;dfg
Jojxf/ ug'{kg]{ s'/fdf ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGt
cl8Psf] kfOG5 . ;+ljwfgk|bQ ;dfgtfsf]
xs ;dfg ju{, cj:yf / x}l;otdf /x]sf
gful/sxsf aLrdf e]befj ug{ x'Fb}g eGg]
596
dfGotfdf cfwfl/t 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !# df

/x]sf] sfg"gsf] cufl8 ;dfgtf eGg] s'/fn]
;dfgxsf] aLrdf ;dfg Jojxf/ ug]{ / To:tf
ju{sf JolQmnfO{ /fHon] ;dfg ;+/If0f k|bfg
ug'{kg]{ u/L /fHonfO{ clwsf/ k|of]u tyf ;]jf,
j:t' ljt/0fdf c;dfg gx'g] u/L ug'{kg]{ u/L
Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;dfgx aLr dfq
;dfgtf sfod x'g ;Sg] eGg] s'/fdf of] cbfnt
;hu x'gs
' f ;fy} cfgf sltko lg0f{ox dfkm{t\
o; cbfntn] ;f] ;Gbe{df lg0f{o klg ul/;s]sf]
5 . /fHoaf6 lgld{t sfg"g tyf lg0f{oaf6 To:t}
;dfg :t/ cj:yf / x}l;otsf JolQmx aLr
Pp6fsf] t'ngfdf csf]{nfO{ s'g} ljz]if ;'ljwf
jf ;+/If0f ug'{ / csf]{nfO{ To:tf] ljz]if ;'ljwf
jf ;+/If0faf6 al~rt ul/g' ;dfgtf;DaGwL
;+j}wflgs xssf] ljk/Lt x'G5 .
(= /fHon] plrt / ljj]s;Ddt\ cfwf/
df gful/sx aLr juL{s/0f ug{;Sg] ljifo
cfh ljZjJofkL dfGotf g} x'g k'u]sf] 5 .
juL{s/0f ug]{ sfg"gsf] p2]Zo / juL{s/0fn]
xfl;n ug{ vf]h]sf] nIo aLr ljj]sk/s ;DaGw
/xg' kg]{ x'G5 . juL{s/0f cf}lrTok"0f{ sfo{ sf/
0fdf cfwfl/t x' g kg] { tyf ljj] s k/stfsf]
k/LIf0f -Reasonability Test_ df v/f] /?kdf
pqg ;s]sf] x'g'kg]{ x'G5 . To;f] ePdf km/s
Jojxf/ ul/Psf] eGg] cfwf/df e]befj u/]sf]
eGg ldNb}g . /fHof/f gful/ssf ;DaGwdf
ul/g] Jojxf/, pknJw x'g] ;'ljwf, cj;/ cflbdf
;fdfGotM lje]b ul/g' x'Gg . olb ju{ ljefhg
ug}{kg]{ cj:yf ePdf ljefhg ug'{sf] jf]wuDo
cfwf/ ljj]sk/s ;DaGw 5 / ;f] s'/f Gofosf
dfGo l;4fGtxsf] ljk/Lt 5}g jf x'Fb}g eg]
dfq gful/snfO{ ;dfgxsf aLrdf ;dfg /
c;dfgxsf aLrdf c;dfg Jojxf/ ug'{
kb{5 . o; cy{df ljlw, ljj]s / j:t'k/s 9+un]
ju{ ljefhg u/L To:tf] ju{ / csf]{ ju{aLr
c;dfg t/ ;DalGwt ju{sf k|To]s JolQm jf
597
j:t'aLr ;dfg /?kdf nfu" x'g] u/L sfg"g aGg

tyf lg0f{o x'g ;Sb5 . t/ s'g} vf; cfjZostf
k"lt{sf] nflu jf s'g} vf; ;d:of ;dfwfgsf
nflu s'g} sfg"g agfOG5 jf lg0f{o ul/G5 / ;f]
sfg"g tyf lg0f{o To:t} cj:yf, x}l;ot / :t/
sf JolQmxnfO{ 5'6[} juL{s/0f u/L s;}n] a9L
;'ljwf / ;+/If0f kfpg] / tLdWo] s;}n] sd
;'ljwf jf ;+/If0f kfpg] jf To:tf] ;'ljwf jf ;+/
If0faf6 al~rt ug]{ ul/G5 eg] To:tf] sfg"g
tyf lg0f{o :jefj}n] ;dfgtfsf] xs lj?4sf]
dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 . JolQmxsf aLrdf lje]b ug]{
u/L agfPsf] sfg"g tyf lnOPsf] lg0f{osf] p2]Zo
/ juL{s/0f j}w -Lawful_ / jf]wuDo x'g' kb{5 .
To:tf] p2] Z o jf] w uDo 5} g eg] juL{ s /0f
cf}lrTok"0f{ dflgb}g . juL{s/0f clgjfo{ ?kdf
sfg"gsf l;4fGtx;Fu d]n vfg] x'g'kb{5 /
s'g} cd's ju{nfO{ To:tf] ;'ljwf k|fKt ug{af6
/f]Sg] cyjf s'g} csf]{ ju{nfO{ al~rt ug]{ vfnsf]
x'g' x'Fb}g .
!)= ;dfg x}l;ot ePsf / ;dfg
cj:yfdf /x]sfx aLr dfq ;dfgtf sfod x'g
;Sg] x'bF f /fHon] c;dfg Jojxf/ ubf{ s] sf/0fn]
cd"s au{ jf ;d"x c;dfg jf cs}{ au{leq /xg]
xf] egL /fHon] plrt ?kdf juL{s/0f u/L ;f]sf]
cf}lrTo ;d]t k'i6L ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . Ps} cj:yf /
x}l;ot ePsfx aLr km/s Jojxf/ ubf{ /fHon]
cg'lrt ?kdf juL{s/0f u/L c;dfg l:ylt /x]sf]
egL s'g} cfwf/ k|:t't ub}{df tL cfwf/x
cf} l rTok" 0 f{ x' g ;Sb} g g\ . o; cbfntaf6
;dfgtfsf] l;2fGt ;DaGwdf ljleGg d'2fdf olx
dfGotfnfO{ c+lusf/ u/L lg0f{o klg ul/;s]sf]
5 . k|:t't d'2fsf ;Gbe{df plNnlvt ljleGg
lgsfodf sfo{/t\ sd{rf/L / Gofokflnsfdf
vl6Psf sd{rf/LnfO{ s] s'g cfwf/df e]befjk"0f{
Jojxf/ u/]sf] xf] eGg] s'/f k|i6 x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
k|ToyL{n] dfly eQf pknJw u/fOPsf sd{rf/L /
Gofokflnsfdf sfo{/t\ sd{rf/L c;dfg ju{df
k5{g egL cfwf/ / sf/0f ;lxt eGg ;s]sf]

b]lvFb}g . ;/sf/n] logLx aLr plrt juL{s/0f
-Reasonable Classification_ u/]sf] / To:tf] km/s
auL{s/0f ug'{ k/]sf] cf}lrTok"0f{ ;DaGw -Rational
Nexus) ;d]t k'li6 ug{ ;s]sf] ;d]t b]lvFb}g .
/fHon] gful/s ;]jfdf vl6Psf sd{rf/Lx dWo]
k|wfgdGqLsf] sfof{no, /fhZj sfof{no cflbdf
sfo{/t\ sd{rf/LnfO{ sfg"gsf] clVtof/L ljgf /
s'g} pko'Qm cfwf/ a]u/ lje]bk"0f{ tl/sfn] ljleGg
k|sl[ tsf yk k|fT] ;fxg eQf k|bfg ug]{ t/ hgtfnfO{
Gofo k|bfg ug]{ sfo{df vl6g] hgzlQmnfO{
sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rsf ;lxt k|fT] ;fxg eQf k|:tfj
ul/Psf] d f tT;DaGwdf s' g } lg0f{ o gug] {
k| T oyL{ x sf] sfdsf/jfxL ;dfgtfsf]
l;2fGtljk/Lt b]lvg cfof] .
!!= cfw'lgs /fHo Joj:yf ;~rfngdf
sfo{kflnsf, Aoj:yflksf / Gofokflnsf d'Vo
tLg c+usf] ?kdf /x]sf x'G5g\ eg] /fHosf] sfo{
;~rfngdf lgjf{rg cfof]u, dxfn]vf k/LIfs,
nf]s;]jf cfof]u, clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg
cfof]u h:tf ;+j}wflgs lgsfox klg /x]sf
x'G5g\ . of] dfGotfnfO{ ljZjsf x/]s k|hftflGqs
d'n'sn] c+uLsf/ u/]sf] kfOG5 . /fHo Joj:yfsf]
;~rfngdf oL lgsfoxn] :jtGq ?kdf cfkm"nfO{
tf] l sPsf] lhDd] j f/L lgefPsf x' G 5g\ . oL
lgsfoaLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ Jojl:yt / lgoldt
ug{sf] nflu /fhgLlt zf:qdf zlQm k[ysLs/0f
l;2fGtnfO{ cfTd;ft ul/Psf] x'G5 . cfhsf] o'udf
zlQm k[ysLs/0fsf] l;2fGtn] dfq /fHo Joj:yf
/fd|f];+u ;~rfng x'g g;Sg] ePsfn] zlQm
lgoGq0f / ;Gt' n gsf ;fy;fy} Structural
Functionalism sf] dfGotfnfO{ klg cfTd;ft
ul/Psf] x'G5 . ofg]ls x/]s c+u k"0f{?kdf :jtGq
x'g,] csf]n
{ fO{ x:tIfk ug{ gx'g] / csf{sf] ;xof]u
g} grflxg] dfGotfn] /fHo ;~rfng /fd|f] / hLjGt
x'g g;Sg] x'Fbf oL ;j} c+unfO{ /fHo?kL z/L/sf
ljleGg c+usf] ?kdf :jLsf/L Ps c+un] csf]{
c+unfO{ ;dGjo / ;xof]u klg ug'{ kb{5 eGg]
dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft ul/Psf] kfOG5 . csf]{ cy{df

tL cx cfkm" cfkm"df :jtGq x'g'sf cltl/Qm
cGt/\ ; DalGwt klg x' G 5g\ . Ps cfk;df
;/;xof]u ug'{kg]{ / Psfsf] ;xof]usf] cefjdf
csf]{n] /fd|f];+u lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{ g;Sg] x'G5 .
o; cy{df /fHosf] nlIft p2]Zo k"lt{ ug{ ;/sf/sf
x/]s lgsfodf sfo{/t\ sd{rf/Lsf] plQs} e"ldsf
x'g] x'Fbf cfk;L ;dGjo / ;xof]usf] cfjZostf
kb{5 .
!@= /fHo Ps hLjGt ;+:yf xf] . of]
/fd|f];+u ;~rfng x'gsf] nflu /fHosf x/]s
c+un] cfcfkm\gf] :yfgdf :jtGq ?kdf sfd
ug'{ t 5Fb}5, kl/cfpFbf csf]{ c+usf] sfddf klg
;xof]u ug'{kg]{ cyf{t\ oL ;j} c+u g} ;fd"lxs
?kdf gx'g] xf] eg] s'g} klg c+usf] cl:tTj
gx'g] x'G5 . oxL dfGotfcg'k /fHodf x/]s
c+un] cfcfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/L lgefPsf x'G5g\ .
oL ;j} lgsfosf] /fHo ;~rfngdf cd"No of]ubfg
/x]sf] x'G5 . x'g ;S5 s'g} lgsfosf] s'g} ljifodf
k|ToIf e"ldsf b]lvPsf] x'G5 eg] csf]{ ljifodf
csf]{ lgsfosf] . o;sf] dtnj To; ljifodf
csf]{ lgsfosf] e"ldsf g} x'Fb}g eGg] x'Fb}g . c?
lgsfosf] k|ToIf geP klg ck|ToIf ?kdf
lgefOPsf] e"ldsfnfO{ cjd"Nog ug'{ x'Fb}g . ctM
/fHo ;~rfngdf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] lhDd]jf/L
lgefpg Pp6} P]g lgodcGtu{t lgo'lQm e} ;]jf
zt{ ;d]t Pp6} /x]sf sd{rf/Ldf s'g} ju{n]
s]xL ;'ljwf kfpg] t/ ;f]xL ju{sf] csf]{ lgsfodf
sfo{/t\ ju{n] /fHoaf6 ckx]lnt jf alxis[t
ePsf] dx;"; ug'{ zf]egLo b]lvFb}g . o;nfO{
;dfgtfsf] xssf] l;2fGtsf] ljk/Lt dfGg'kg]{
x'G5 .
!#= ;+:yfut Ifdtf / lgk"0f{tf a9fpg
/ To;df hgtfsf] nfe xfl;n ug]{ kx'Fr a9fpg
klg o:tf] k|f]T;fxg a9fpg h?/L x'G5 . To;sf]
;fGb{lestf Gofokflnsfsf xsdf klg /x]sf] 5 .
cbfntsf] ;'wf/ sfo{df ;/sf/n] sbflk pk]Iff
ug{ ldNb}g . cbfnt Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/ ug{
598
k|f]T;fxg / pTk|]/0ffsf] 7"nf] dxTj 5 . of] ljz'4

sfo{kflnsfsf] :jljj]ssf s'/f dfq geO{ ;dfg
Jojxf/ ug'{kg]{ ;+j}wflgs bfloTjsf] cwLg ;d]t
/x]sf] x'G5 . o:tf] s'/fnfO{ ljz'4 k|zf;lgs
:jljj]s ;Dem]/ e]befjk"0f{ cfwf/ jf dfkb08
agfO{ nfu" ug{ lbg ldNg] b]lvFb}g . ;/sf/ klg
sfg"gcGtu{t g} ;~rfng x'g'k5{ . k|ToyL{
lgsfox cfgf] cGtu{tsf] sd{rf/Lsf] nflu
pbf/ b]lvP em}+ /fHos} ;dfg lhDd]jf/L sfFwdf
lnPsf cGo sfof{no jf cGo lgsfok|lt emg\
pbf/ b]lvg'kg]{ xf] . of] g} pQ/bfloTjsf] l;2fGt
xf] . cbfntsf] sfd ug]{ jftfj/0fdf ;'wf/ ug'{,
a9L /x]sf] Goflos sfo{af]emnfO{ zL3|fltzL3|
;Dkfbg u/L lgj{xg ug{, sfo{;Dkfbgsf] :t/ /
Gofodf hgtfsf] kx'Frdf ;/ntf Nofpg tyf
Gofo l56f] 5l/tf] ug{, Goflos hgzlQmsf] pk]Iff
ug{ ldNb}g . Goflos sfo{ l56f] 5l/tf] ;DkGg
ug]{ sfdnfO{ cg'Tkfbs / cfly{s lx;fjn] klg
dxTjxLg ;lDemg' x'b}g .
!$= Goflos jftfj/0f wldlnof] jf oxfF
sfo{/t\ hgzlQmaf6 Go"gtd\ Ifdtf klg k|bz{g
ePg eg] Goflos jftfj/0f dfq} lju|g] geO{
cy{tGqdf klg cGoyf k|efj kb{5 . sltko cfly{s
ultljlwxdf Goflos sfo{sf] ;sf/fTds jf
gsf/fTds k|efj kg{ ;S5 eGg] s'/f cWoogn]
;d]t :ki6 ul/;s]sf] 5 . cfly{s ljsf;nfO{
Goflos ljsf;af6 cnu /fv]/ x]g{ s'g} xfntdf
;lsFb}g . cfly{s ljsf; / Goflos ljsf;jaLr
cGof] o fl>t ;DaGw /xG5 . cy{ dGqfno
cGtu{tsf sd{rf/Lxsf] pTkfbsTj a9fpg]
sf]l;; ug]{ t/ Goflos hgzlQmsf] pTkfbsTj
a9fpg] s'/fdf pbfl;gtf b]vfpg] xf] eg]
kl/0ffddf cy{tGqn] p:t} kl/0ffd Nofpg ;S5 .
To;}n] h'g l;4fGt / dfkb08sf] cfwf/df cy{
dGqfno jf cGo lgsfosf] xsdf k|f]T;fxg eQf
pknAw u/fPsf] 5, ;f] eQf ;dfgtfsf]
l;2fGtcg'k ;dfg ?kn] Goflos hgzlQmsf]
nflu klg cfslif{t x'g] g} b]lvof] .
599
!%= Gofokflnsfsf] /0fgLlts of]hgfn]

lgwf{/0f u/]sf] nIo xfl;n ug{ oxfF sfo{/t\
hgzlQmsf] dgf]jn pRr /fvL :jtGq / ;Ifd
Gofokflnsfsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ k|j4{g u/L o;k|lt
k|lta4 / bIf hgzlQmsf] Joj:yf ug{ cfjZos
5 . Goflos k|lqmofdf g}ltstf, ;bfrf/, lgi7f,
pQ/bfloTj, kf/blz{tf / Odfgbfl/tfnfO{ k|j4{g
ug{ tyf cbfntdf l56k'6 ?kdf b]lvg] clgoldttf
/ l9nf;':tLsf] cGTo u/L cbfnt, sfg"g /
Gofok|ltsf] hgcf:yf j[l4 ug{ Pj+ ;j{;fwf/0fsf]
Gofodf kx'FrnfO{ k|j4{g u/L Goflos ;'zf;g
sfod ug{ oxfF sfo{/t\ hgzlQmsf] dgf]an pRr
/xg'kg]{ s'/fdf s;}sf] klg b'Odt x'g ;Qm}g .
To;} u /L cbfntdf sfo{ / t\ hgzlQmdf
hjfkmb]lxtf jxg ug{ ;Sg] jftfj/0f jgfO{
pkof]ustf{xsf] nflu zL3| :jR5 / lgikIf ?kdf
:t/Lo ;]jf k|bfg ug{'{ cfhsf] csf]{ r'gf}tL /x]sf]
5 . Gofo ;]jf afx]s cGo ;]jfdf sfo{/t\
sd{rf/Lxn] kfpg] ;'ljwf / cj;/xaf6
Gofookflnsfdf sfo{/t\ hgzlQmn] al~rt
x'g'k/]sf] dx;"; u/]sf] sf/0f Gofo;]jfk|ltsf]
cfsif{ 0 f 3l6/x] s f] ljBdfg cj:yfdf
Gofokflnsfdf sfo{/t\ hgzlQmsf] dgf]jn pRr
/fvL pgLxdf /x]sf] g}/fZotf sd ug{ / Gofo
;] j fk| l t bIf hgzlQmsf] cfsif{ 0 f a9fpg
sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rsfdf cfwfl/t k|fT] ;fxg eQfn]
yk of]ubfg k'ofp5 eGg] s'/fdf of] Ohnf;
;xdt 5 .
!^= ljleGg lgsfonfO{ cWoog cg';Gwfg
/ dfkb08 ljgf g} ;/sf/n] dfl;s tf]s'jf
eQfx klg lbFb} cfPsf] eGg] ldl;n ;+nUg
sfuhftaf6 b]lvG5, h'g ts{ / sfg"gdf cfwfl/t
5}g . lglZrt\ tf]sj' f k|ltztsf] cfwf/df Goflos
eQfsf] ?kdf geO{ lglZrt nIo k"/f ug]{
hgzlQmnfO{ k| f ] T ;fxg eQfsf] ?kdf
pTkfbglzntfsf] cfwf/df yk Joj:yf ug'{k5{ .
o;af6 b]zsf] zf;g g} al9 pTkfbgzLn agL
o;sf] ;s/fTds 5fk b]zsf] ljsf;df ;d]t
kb{5 . cfwf/ / sf/0f lagf ;+:yfdf xfhL/ ePsf]

gftfn] g} yk k|f]T;fxg eQf lbg ldNb}g . of]
j}1flgs klg x'Fb}g . o:tf] tf]s'jf eQfaf6
jf:tjdf pTkfbglzntf a9\g] s'/fdf lglZrGt
x'g ;lsFb}g . c?sf] /fd|f] Joj:yf vf/]h ug]{
xf]Og cfgf] xsdf sfo{;Dkfbgsf] cfwf/df plrt
Joj:yf dfu ug{ kfpg] cbfntsf] sd{rf/Lsf]
klg xs xf] . o;nfO{ /fHon] gs/fTds ?kdf
lng' x'Fb}g . sfo{/t\ hgzlQmn] :jLs[t lglZrt\
dfkb08 k"/f u/]kZrft\ k|f]T;fxg lbg] s'/fnfO{
oyf;So Jofks agfpg kg]{ x'Fbf cbfntsf
sd{rf/Ldf klg Goflos k|fT] ;fxg eQf nfu" ug'k{ g]{
b]lvof] .
!&= Gofokflnsfsf] ;'wf/ ;+j}wflgs
ljifo xf] . o;nfO{ ljz'4 k|zf;lgs sfo{If]qsf]
?kdf x]l/g' x'Fb}g . of] sfof{kflnsfn] ;'ljwfsf]
cfwf/df Jojxf/ ul/g] s'/f xf]Og . ;jf]{Rr
cbfntn] rnfPsf] sf/jfxLnfO{ sfo{kflnsfsf]
cy{ dGqfnon] ;d]t ;sf/fTds ;Daf]wg u/L
cl3 a9fPsf] b]lvb}g . lgj]bsxn] lnPsf]
lhsL/nfO{ cy{ dGqfno ;d]tn] v08g u/]sf]
gx'Fbf cf}lrTodf k|Zg gp7fPsf] l:yltdf cy{
dGqfno jf ;f] cGtu{tsf sfof{nox tyf
cGo lgsfodf h'g l;4fGt / dfkb08sf] cfwf/df
cltl/Qm k|f]T;fxg eQf pknAw u/fOPsf] xf],
To;sf] ;Gbe{ cbfnttkm{sf sd{rf/Lxsf]
xsdf klg /x]sf] / pQm k|f]T;fxg eQf pknJw
u/fpg gkg] { s' g } cfwf/ / ts{ gb]l v+b f
Gofokflnsfsf] sfdsf] k|s[ltsf] cfwf/df lgld{t
sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rsfsf] cfwf/df Gofokflnsfdf
sfo{/t\ hgzlQmnfO{{ k|f]T;fxg eQfsf] Joj:yf
nfu" ug'{ ljkIfLsf] lhDd]jf/L tyf bfloTj x'g
cfpF5 . o; kl/l:yltdf Gofokflnsfdf a9\b}
uO/x]sf] sfo{af]emnfO{ ;Lldt ;|f]t ;fwgsf]
;d'lrt k|of]u u/L Gofo ;]jf cem l56f], 5l/tf],
:t/Lo, hgf]Gd"v / e/kbf]{ agfpg tyf Gofodf
hgtfsf] ;xh kx' F r a9fpg ;d] t dfu
adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ug'{ af~5gLo x'g

cfpF5 .
!*= t;y{ plNnlvt cfwf/ sf/0faf6
Gofokflnsfdf sfo{/t\ sd{rf/Lsf] lhDd]jf/L
tyf sfdsf k|s[ltnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL :jLs[t
sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rsfsf] cfwf/df Gofokflnsfdf
sfo{/t\ hgzlQmnfO{ yk k|f]T;fxg eQf k|bfg
ug]{ ;DaGwdf cufl8 a9fOPsf] sf/jfxLdf s'g}
lg0f{o gu/L sfo{kflnsf dftxtsf ljleGg lgsfo
tyf cGo ;+ j } w flgs lgsfodf sfo{ / t\
sd{rf/LnfO{ dfq k|f]T;fxg eQf k|bfg ul/Psf]
sfd sf/jfxLaf6 Gofokflnsfdf sfo{ / t\
hgzlQmk|lt c;dfg Aojxf/ ul/Psf] b]lvPsf]n]
dfly ljj] l rt cfwf/ sf/0f ;d] t af6
sfo{ k flnsfcGtu{ t sf ljleGg lgsfoxdf
sfo{ / t\ sd{ r f/LxnfO{ pknJw u/fOPsf]
k|f]T;fxg eQf;DaGwL ;dfg l;2fGtsf] cfwf/df
lgj]bg dfu adf]lhd Gofokflnsfdf sfo{/t\
hgzlQmnfO{{ sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t k|f]T;fxg
eQf pknJw ug]{ u/fpg]tkm{ hf] h] ug'{kg]{
cfjZos sfo{ ug'{ u/fpg" egL k|ToyL{ g]kfn
;/sf/, k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no
/ cy{ dGqfno ;d]tsf] gfpFdf k/dfb]z hf/L
x'g] 7x{5 . of] cfb]zsf] sfof{Gjogsf] nflu
cfb] z sf] k| l tlnlk;lxt dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]
sfof{nodfkm{t\ k|ToyL{xnfO{ n]vL k7fO ;f]sf]
hfgsf/L km};nf sfof{Gjog lgb]{zgfnonfO{ lbO{
bfo/Lsf] nut s6[f u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/
u/L a'emfO lbg" .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
Gof=k|sfz j:tL
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn c;f/ !@ ut] /f]h # z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[t M lji0f'k|;fb pkfWofo
&
600
**)* Pe/]i6 a}+s ln=k|=sf= lj=C0f c;"nL k'g/fj]bg Gofoflws/0f ;d]t
lg0f{o g+=**)*
;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ;+o'Qm Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L e/t/fh pk|]tL
@)^$ WO- )^*@
cfb]z ldltM @)^(.!.#.!
laifo M pTk|]if0f, k/dfb]z .
lgj]bsM sf lh=sf=d=g=kf=# nflhDkf6 l:yt Pe/]i6
a}+s lnld6]8, k|wfg sfof{nosf] tkm{af6
clVtof/k|fKt k|df]b/fh zdf{
lj?4
ljkIfLM C0f c;"nL k'g/fj]bg Gofoflws/0f ;d]t
k|tLtkqcg';f/sf] ;fdfgx laqmLstf{n]
v/Lbstf{nfO{ x:tfGt/0f ug]{ qmddf
9'jfgLstf{nfO{ a'emfPsf] lnvt (Bill of
Lading, Airway bill etc.) / k|tLtkqdf
lgwf{l/t cGo lnvtx laqmLstf{n]
k|tLtkq vf]Ng] a}s
+ nfO{ a'emfPkl5 ;f]sf]
;fdfGo k/LIf0fsf] cfwf/df k|tLtkq
vf] N g] a} + s n] pQm ;fdfgsf] d" N o
laqmLstf{nfO{ e'QmfgL ug]{ bfloTj z'?
x'G5 . of] bfloTj a}+sn] s;/L k"/f ug]{
eGg] s'/f k|tLtkq vf]Nbfsf] ;dodf a}s
+
/ C0fL cyf{t\ k|tLtkq vf]Ng lgj]bg
lbg] JolQm kmd{ jf sDkgLaLr lgwf{l/t
zt{df e/ kg]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=!)_
zt{ c g' k k| t Ltkqdf plNnlvt
;fdfgsf] d"No laqmLstf{nfO{ a'emfPsf]
k|df0f / pQm d"No a/fa/sf] /sd
C0fLsf] C0f vftfdf a's ul/Pkl5
C0fLsf] gfddf 6 i 6 l/l;K6 shf{
sfod ePsf] dflgG5 . k| t Ltkq
vf] N g] a} + s n] k| t Ltkqcg' ; f/sf]
601
;fdfgsf] d" N o laqmLstf{ n fO{

a'emfPsf] k|df0f / ;f] /sd C0fLsf]
C0f vftfdf a's ul/Psf] s'/f a}+sn]
lgoldt ?kdf /fv]sf] axL vftfaf6
b] l vPsf] cj:yfdf C0fLsf] gfdsf]
l6=cf/= -6 i 6 l/l;K6_ shf{ sfod
5 eGg] s' / fsf] k| d f0fsf] ?kdf
dfGotf lbg' k g] { .
k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf !$ cg';f/
clen]v jf a}+sn] lgoldt sf/f]jf/sf]
l;nl;nfdf C0fLsf] vftfdf C0f hgfPsf]
laj/0fnfO{ g} C0fLn] a}s
+ af6 C0f lnPsf]
s'/fsf] k|df0fsf] ?kdf u|x0f ug{k' g]{ x'G5 .
o;}n] l6=cf/= -6i6 l/l;K6_ shf{sf]
;DaGwdf cGo s'g} yk lnvt jf k|df0fsf]
cfjZostf gkg]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=!!_
k|tLtkqdf lgwf{l/t zt{cg'k C0fL
kmd{sf] tkm{af6 ;fdfgsf] laqmLstf{nfO{
a}+sn] ;fdfgsf] d"No e'QmfgL u/]sf]
k|dfl0ft ePkl5 ;f]xL cfwf/df ;fdfg
k|fKt ug]{ kmd{n] a}+saf6 l6=cf/ shf{
k|fKt u/]sf] lglj{jfb k|df0f dflgg] x'Fbf
;f]xL shf{sf] af/]df k'gM csf]{ gofF lnvt
x'gk' b{5 eGg] s'/f k|tLtkqsf] k|lqmofaf6
x'g] e'QmfgL k|lqmofsf] dfGo k|rng /
s/f/;DaGwL k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"gsf]
;d]t ljk/Lt x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=!$_
lgj]bssf tkm{af6M ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf zDe'
yfkf
k|ToyL{ tkm{af6M ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf xl/k|;fb
/]UdL
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]
wf/f #@ Pj+ !)&-@_
j}s
+ tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] C0f c;"nL P]g,
k|ToyL{ C0fL s]=lj=o"=h]lgy ljleGg
@)%* sf] bkmf !(
;]Gy]l6s ;fdfgx pTkfbg u/L cfkm\gf] Aofkf/
Aofj;fosf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ Industrial Raw
cfb]z
Materials tfO{jfgsf] YI CHUN TEXTILE LTD af6
Gof=e/t/fh pk|]tLM g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;g\ !( cui6 @))) sf] Proforma Invoice sales
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ / !)&-@_ adf]lhd confirmation g+= 00819 A ;lxtsf] kqdf pNn]v
o; cbfntsf] clwsf/If]qleq kg{ cfPsf] k|:t't ePadf]lhd k|tLtkqdfkm{t\ lemsfpgsf] nflu ;g\
lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5 M ! cS6'j/ @))) df n]6/ ckm qm]l86sf] kmf/d
3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u sfof{no df]/ o; a}s
+ df a'emfpg' ePsf]n] o; j}s
+ sf] la/f6gu/
lj/f6gu/df k|fO{e]6 kmd{ /lhi6]zg P]g, @)!$ zfvf sfof{nosf] l;kmfl/z;lxt k|wfg sfof{nodf
adf]lhd k|f=km=g+=$#!$.)%$.)%% df btf{ ;g\ ! cS6'j/ @))) df k|tLtkq vf]Ngsf] nflu
ePsf] k|ToyL{ s]=lj=o'=h]lgysf] k|f]=k|ToyL{ ntf k|:tfj kq k7fpg' e} pQm k|:tfj ;xfos
em'gem'gjfnfn] tTsfn axfn /x]sf] jfl0fHo dxfk|jGwsn] ;g\ @ cS6'j/ @))) df o'=o;
a} + s P] g , @)#! tyf a} + s sf] k| j Gwkq / 8n/ @!,#&% sf] tTsfn k|rngdf /x]sf] ?=&#=^)
lgodfjnLsf] clwgdf /xL k|ToyL{ pdfs'df/L b/n] g]=?= !% nfv &# xhf/ a/fa/sf] k|tLtkq
rf}w/Lsf] gfddf btf{ /x]sf] ;'g;/L lhNnf vf]Ng], ;f]df C0fLn] !) k|ltzt dflh{g /sd
b'xaL uf=lj=;=j8f g+=% -v_ ls=g++=!%)) sf] /fVg nufO{ ;f] /sddWo] *% k|ltzt d"No
If]qkmn )!#$ !@ sf] hUuf lwtf] /fvL / a/fa/sf] a}s
+ sf] l6=cf/=shf{df a's ug]{ zt{;lxt
k| T oyL{ x k| ] d s' d f/ rf} w /L / pdfs' d f/L :jLs[t ePsf] lyof] . a}ssf] zfvf sfof{non]
cu| j fnn] JolQmut hdfgLsf] sfuh u/L ;g\ # cS6' j / @))) df k| t Ltkq g+ =
a}+saf6 C0f shf{ tyf a}+ls ;'lawfx pkef]u EBL/BRT/FC/455 sf] k|tLtkq vf]nL C0f shf{
ug{' ePsf] lyof] . ;f] afkt k|ToyL{ C0fLxn] pkef]u ug'{ ePsf] 5 .
a}+snfO{ ltg'{ a'emfpg' kg]{ ;fjfF Aofhnufotsf
plNnlvt k|tLtkqdf plNnlvt /sd
/sdx lgwf{l/t ;dodf glt/] ga'emfPsf]n] e'QmfgL lbgsf] nflu sfuhftx k|fKt ePkZrft\\
lwtf] ;'/If0fsf] hUuf ;sf/ u/L lnbf ;d]t lgj]bs a}s
+ af6 k|tLtkqsf] /sd e'QmfgL ul/Psf]
?=!^,*!,@@).$* jfFsL /x]sf]n] pQm /sd tyf 5 . pQm e'QmfgLsf] cfwf/df k|ToyL{ C0fLn]
km} ; nf x' F b f ;Ddsf] ;fjfF Aofh ;d] t ;fdfgx cfoft u/]sf] tYo a}s
+ sf] !( gf]eD] a/,
k|ToyL{xaf6 lbnfO{ e/fO{ kfpFm egL j}+ssf] @))) sf] ef}r/, !( gf]e]Da/ @))) sf] C0fLsf]
tkm{af6 df]/ lhNnf cbfntdf lkm/fb kq bfo/ gfddf a}+sn] lbPsf] k|tLtkq vf]n]sf] /sd, ;f]
ul/Psf] lyof] . lkm/fb ljrf/fwLg /x]s} ca:yfdf ubf{ nfu]sf] cGo vr{x ;d]tsf] ljj/0f;lxtsf]
C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0fn] P]gsf] bkmf # cg';f/ Credit advice cflb sfuhftx ;d]tn] lglj{jfb
Gofoflws/0faf6 lg0f{o x'Fbf k|ltjfbL ntf ?kaf6 k'li6 ul//x]sf] 5 . ;f]xL /sdnfO{ g} a}l+ s
em'gem'gjfnfn] 6i6 l/l;K6 shf{ lnPsf] s'g} k|rngcg';f/ l6=cf/=shf{df ?kfGt/0f ul/Psf]
cflwsfl/s k|df0f k]z x'g gcfPsf] x'Fbf cf]e/ 5 .
8f6 shf{ pkef]u u/]afktsf] /sd dfq lbnfO{
o; a}ssf] la/f6gu/ zfvfn] C0fL s]=lj=o"
e/fO{ kfpg] 7x5{ egL lg0f{o eO{ C0f c;"nL h]lgynfO{ shf{ vftf g+=)))($) W df Loan
k'g/fj]bg Gofoflws/0faf6 @)^$.%.$ df ;f] Disbursed u/L ;g\ !( gf]e]Dj/, @))) df
lg0f{o ;b/ eof] .
k|tLtkq g+=LC/BFC/455 cGtu{t () lbg cjlwsf]
602
nflu g]=?=!#,#@))). l6=cf/ shf{ a's u/L kq

lbOPsf] :ki6 k|df0fsf] ljBdfgtf 5 . k|ToyL{
C0fLsf] shf{ vftfdf ?=!##@))) C0f hgfO{
(Loan Disbursed) u/L lgj]bs j}+ssf] lj/f6gu/
zfvfn] ;g\ @) gf]eD] j/ @))) sf] kqdfkm{t\ -YI
CHUN TEXTILE Ltd. TAIWAN) nfO{ o'=P;=8n/
@!,)^%.@% e'QmfgL ePsf] k|tLtkq;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{
sfuhftxn] k'li6 e}/x]sf] b]lvG5 .
/sd e'QmfgLkZrft\ k|ToyL{ C0fLn]
cfoftLt ;fdfgx k|fKt u/L ;s]sf] / wgL a}s
+ n]
ljkIfL C0fL s]=lj=o'= h]lgynfO{ l6=cf/= shf{sf]
e'QmfgL ;d]t lbO{ ;s]sf] / eG;f/ dx;"n lt/]sf]
sfuhft cflb kof{Kt k|df0f sfuhftxsf]
d"Nofg g} gu/L l6=cf/=shf{sf] cflwsfl/s
sfuhftx gePsf] egL lg0f{o ul/Psf] 5 .
cf]=l8=shf{sf] ;Ldf ?=!%,)),))).sf] lwtf]
;'/If0fdf k|ltjfbL pdfs'df/L rf}w/Lsf] gfpFdf
/x]sf] ls=g+=!%)) If]=km=)!#$!@ hUuf
lnPsf]df ljjfb 5}g . ;f] hUuf lwtf] aGwssf]
lnvt kf; u/L ln+bf pQm lnvtdf C0fLn]
eljiodf wgL a}s
+ af6 ;f]sf] cnfjf yk C0fshf{
tyf a}+ls ;'ljwfx k|fKt u/]df ;f] ;d]tsf]
;'/If0fafkt ;d]t sfod /x]df d~h"/ 5 egL
td;'s n]vfO{ lbPsf] x'bF f C0fLn] ;f]xL lwtf] sfod
/xg] u/L k|tLtkq vf]nL a's u/]sf] l6=cf/=shf{sf]
n]gf /sd wgL a}+sn] c;"npk/ lng gkfpg]
7x/ u/]sf] lg0f{o pQm lnvtxsf] ljk/Lt
b]lvG5 . ljkIfL C0fLnfO{ cnu zLif{ssf] n]gf
/sd ;d] t pNn] v u/L l6=cf/=shf{ tyf
cf]=l8=shf{ r'Qmf ug{ cfpg' egL lgj]bs a}+sn]
ljleGg ldltdf kqfrf/ ubf{ C0fL kmd{sf] tkm{af6
kqx a'lemlnPsf]af6 ;d]t lgj]bs wgL a}+s /
C0fL s]=lj=o"=h]lgyaLr l6=cf/=shf{ ;d]tsf] C0f
sf/f]jf/ ePsf] 5 eGg] tYo pQm kqx tyf
k|df0f sfuhftxaf6 k'li6 e}/x]sf] 5 .
a}+sn] C0fLnfO{ shf{ /sd e'QmfgL lb+bf
Computer Pumari System af6 C0fLsf] shf{
vftfdf e'QmfgL (Disburse) ul/G5 / shf{;DaGwL
603
ljleGg /sdx pQm vftfxdf Credit/debit

ul/G5 . ;f]sf] n]h/ ptf/ cyf{t\ Statement
;d]tn] ljkIfL C0fLn] l6=cf/=shf{sf] pkef]u u/]sf]
lyof] eGg] tYo k'li6 e} /x]sf] 5 . k|ToyL{ C0fLn]
k|f/Dedf ;lx5fk g} ljjfb ug'{ ePsf]df ;lx5fk
/ cflwsfl/stfsf] ljjfb vl08t ePsf] 5 . C0fL
kmd{n] lbPsf] clwsf/sf] cfwf/df sf/f]jf/ ePsf]
/ lgj]bs a}+saf6 a}+ls ;'ljwf pknAw u/fO{
C0fL sDkgLn] nfe xfl;n ul/;s]sf] oyfy{tfdf
ljjfb gePkl5 o:tf] /sd a}+sn] gkfpg] eGg
sbflk ldNb}g . lgj]bs j}sn] k|tLtkqsf] /sd
e'QmfgL u/]sf] / o;sf] nfe k|ToyL{ C0fLn] k|fKt
u/]sf] tYo lglj{jfb ?kaf6 k'li6 ePsf] 5 .
ctPj k| T oyL{ Gofoflws/0fxsf]
lg0f{oxn] lgj]bssf] pk/f]Qm xsxsf] cltl/Qm
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@-#_
-r_, !#,!( ;d]t f/f k|bQ xs cf3ftLt ePsf]
/ k|ToyL{xsf] lg0f{ox ab/ u/L xssf] ;+/If0f
/ k|rng u/L kfpg] k|efjsf/L a}slNks sfg"gL
pkrf/sf] dfu{ g/x]sf]n] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^# sf] wf/f #@ / !)& -@_ adf]lhd ;DdfgLt
cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]q k|of]u u/fO{ dfUg
cfPsf] 5' . k|ToyL{ C0fL ntf e'mgem'gfjfnfn]
6i6 l/l;K6 shf{{ pkef]u u/]sf] cflwsfl/s k|df0f
k]z gePsf] egL 6i6 l/l;K6 shf{tkm{sf] bfjL
gk'Ug] 7x/ u/L a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] C0f
c;"nL Gofoflws/0fsf] @)^#.^.!# df ePsf] lg0f{o,
pQm lg0f{onfO{ ;b/ ug]{ u/L k|ToyL{ C0f c;"nL
k' g /fj] b g Gofoflws/0fsf] @)^$.%.$ sf]
lg0f{onufot ;f];DaGwL sfd sf/jfxLx ab/
u/L lgj]bs a}+sn] bfjL u/]adf]lhd 6i6 l/l;K6
shf{afktsf] /sd ?=!#,#@,)))./ ;f]sf] Jofh
xhf{ g fnufotsf /sd k| T oyL{ C0fL tyf
hdfgLstf{xaf6 lgj]bs a}+snfO{ lbnfpg'
lbnfpg nufpg' eGg] k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L
ul/kfpFm .
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf]
dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf] <
of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf Dofb afx]s

!% lbgleq ;DalGwt ldl;n ;fy /fvL lnlvt
hjfkm k7fpg' egL ljkIfLxsf gfddf ;"rgf
k7fO{ lnlvt hjfkm k]z ePkl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5
lgodadf]lhd k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] cfb]z .
a}s
+ tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] C0f c;"nL P]g,
@)%* sf] bkmf !( tyf #@ adf]lhd C0f c;"nL
Gofoflws/0fdf bfo/ ePsf] C0f c;"nL d'2fsf]
clGtd k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] clwsf/ C0f c;"nL
k'g/fj]bg Gofoflws/0fnfO{ ePsf]n] clGtd lsgf/f
ePsf] cj:yfdf wf/f #@ / !)&-@_ adf]lhd
c;fwf/0f clwsf/ u'xf/L l/6 If]qaf6 k'g/fj]bg
;/x pkrf/ kfpg] cj:yf /xb}g . k'g/fj]bg
txaf6 ePsf] lg0f{o l/6sf] If]qaf6 ab/ jfltn
ug{ ;f] lg0f{odf uDeL/ sfg"gL q'l6 ePsf] x'gk' 5{ .
To:tf] q'l6 k'g/fj]bg Gofoflws/0faf6 gePsf]n]
l/6 vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] C0f
c;"nL k'g/fj]bg Gofoflws/0f, sf7df8f}s
+ f] lnlvt
hjfkm .
o; Gofoflws/0fsf] lg0f{oaf6 s] s'g
lsl;dsf] ;+j}wflgs xs s] s'g lsl;dn] xgg\
ePsf] xf] lgj]bsn] :ki6 v'nfpg ;s]sf] cj:yf
5}g . sfg"gf/f lgwf{l/t k|lqmofadf]lhd lg0f{o
eO{ ;f] lg0f{opk/ k|efjsf/L k'g/fj]bsLo
clwsf/sf] pkef]u ul/;s]sf] cj:yfdf l/6 If]q
cfslif{t x'g] cj:yf b]lvb}g . o; Gofoflws/0faf6
sfg"g;Ddt\ lg0f{o ePsf] cj:yf x'Fbf l/6 vf/]h
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] C0f c;"nL
Gofoflws/0fsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
Ohnf; ;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't lgj]bg
;lxtsf] ldl;n sfuhft cWoog u/L lgj]bssf
tkm{af6 ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf zDe' yfkfn] k|ToyL{n]
sf/f]jf/ u/]sf] 5}g eg] klg clVtof/gfdf lbP/
sf/f]jf/ ePsf] 5 . Psrf]6L clVtof/L lbPkl5
sfd}lkR5] k6s k6s clVtof/L lbO/xg' kb}{g .
kmd{sf] ug]{ ;a} sfd clVtof/jfnfn] ug{ kfOof] .
sfuh ;2] 7x/] s f] 5 . a} + s n] ;fdfgsf]
laqmLstf{nfO{ k};f k7fPsf] 5, ;fdfg cfPsf] 5 .

C0f shf{ Pj+ a}ls ;'ljwf C0fL sDkgLn] pkef]u
u/]sf] 5 . j}sn] ;fdfg k}7f/L ug]{ sDkgLnfO{
e'QmfgL lbO{ ;s]sf] pQm ;fdfgsf] d"No e'QmfgL
kl5 k|tLtkqdf plNnlvt ;fdfg ljkIfL k|ToyL{
C0fLxn] eG;f/af6 5'6fO{ a'emL lnO{ ;f]df nfUg]
eG;f/ dx;"n lt/]sf] k|df0f 5 . Pp6} sf/f]jf/sf]
l;nl;nfdf l;h{gf ePsf] C0fdWo] s]xL C0fsf]
e'QmfgL lng kfpg] t/ afFsL C0f /sd c;"n
u/L lng] clwsf/ lgj]bs a}+snfO{ gx'g] jf pQm
afFsL C0f ltg{] a'emfpg] bfloTj ljkIfL C0fLxnfO{
gx'g] eGg ldNb}g . 6i6 l/l;K6 shf{afktsf] /sd
lgj]bsnfO{ lbnfpg' kg]d{ f ;f] gu/]sf]n] k/dfb]zsf]
cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm egL ax; ug'{eof] .
k|ToyL{ C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0fsf]
tkm{af6 ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf xl/k|;fb /]UdLn]
lgj]bssf] s] s'g sfg"gL / ;+j}wflgs xs xgg\
eof] ;f] v'nfpg ;Sg' ePsf] 5}g . ;+jw} flgs Pj+
sfg"gL xs xgg\ ePdf l/6 If]q cfslif{t x'g] xf] .
k'g/fj]bsLo xs eP h:tf] u/L clGtd ePsf]
km};nfpk/ l/6 hf/L x'g ;Sb}g egL ug'{ePsf]
ax; ;d]t ;'gL lgj]bssf] dfu bfjLadf]lhdsf]
cfb]z hf/L x'gk' g]{ xf], xf]Og < eGg] lg0f{o lbg'kg]{
b]lvof] .
lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ k|ToyL{ C0fLn] 6i6
l/l;K6 shf{ pkef]u u/]sf] cflwsfl/s k|df0f
k]z gePsf] egL 6i6 l/l;K6 shf{ tkm{sf] bfjL
gk'Ug] 7x/ u/]sf] C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0fsf]
lg0f{o ab/ u/L 6i6 l/l;K6 shf{afktsf] /sd /
;f]sf] Aofh ;d]t lbnfO{ kfpg k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z
hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] d'Vo lgj]bg lhsL/ /x]sf]
5 . a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] C0f c;"nL d'2fsf]
clGtd k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] clwsf/ Gofoflws/0fnfO{
ePsf]df clGtd cj:yfdf c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]q
cGtu{t cfpg ldNb}g . lgj]bssf] s] s'g
;+jw} flgs Pj+ sfg"gL xs xgg\ ePsf] xf] v'nfpg
g;s]af6 l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] d'Vo
lnlvt hjfkm stf{sf] lhsL/ /x]sf] b]lvof] . 6i6
604
l/l;K6 shf{ lnPsf] cflwsfl/s k|df0f gePsf]

eGg] cfwf/ lnO{ plNnlvt k|tLtkq vf]Nbf lgwf{/0f
ul/Psf] zt{cg'k ljkIfL C0fL pBf]un] pkef]u
u/]sf] l6= cf/ shf{cGtu{tsf] C0f ?=!#,#@,))).
lgj]bs a}+snfO{ ge/fpg] egL C0f c;"nL
Gofoflws/0fn] lg0f{o u/]sf] / ;f] lg0f{onfO{ ;b/
ug]{ u/L C0f c;"nL k'g/fj]bg Gofoflws/0faf6
ePsf] lg0f{o sfg"gcg';f/ ldn]sf] 5 jf 5}g eGg]
ljifodf lg0f{o ug'{kg]{ b]lvof] . o; af/]df lg0f{o
ug{' eGbf klxn] lgDg rf/ k|Zgx lg/fs/0f
ug{'kg]{ b]lvof]M
o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]q
cGtu{ t ljkIfLdWo] s f] C0f c;" n L
k'g/fj]bg Gofoflws/0fsf] km};nfsf]
j}wflgstfsf] k/LIf0f ug{ ;lsG5 jf
;lsFb}g <
2. Trust Receipt Loan -6i6 l/l;K6 shf{_
eg]sf] s] xf] < / of] shf{ s;/L sfod
x'G5 <
3. 6i6 l/l;K6 shf{ C0fLn] lnPsf] jf pkef]u
u/]sf] 5 eGg] s'/fsf] k|df0f s] x'G5 <
4. k|:t't lajfbdf ljkIfL C0fL pBf]un]
l6=cf/= shf{ -6i6 l/l;K6_ lnPsf] jf
pkef]u u/]sf] cj:yf jf k|df0f 5 jf
5}g <
1.
@= klxnf] k|Zgsf] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{

a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] C0f c;"nL P]g, @)%*
sf] bkmf !( n] Gofoflws/0fn] u/]sf] lg0f{opk/
lrQ ga' e m\ g ] kIfn] ;DalGwt k' g /fj] b g
Gofoflws/0f;dIf k'g/fj]bg lbg ;Sg] Aoj:yf
u/]sf] t/ ;f] cg';f/ k'g/fj]bg Gofoflws/0fn]
k'g/fj]bg ;'gL u/]sf] lg0f{opk/ cGoq k'g/fj]bg
nfUg] Joj:yf pQm P]g, tyf cGo k|rlnt g]kfn
P]g sfg"gn] u/]sf] b]lvb}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf pQm
k'g/fj]bg Gofoflws/0fsf] lg0f{oaf6 s'g} a}+s jf
ljQLo ;+:yfn] sfg"gsf] kl/lwleq /xL lbPsf] /
605
C0fLn] pkef]u u/]sf] C0f c;"npk/ ug{ g;lsg]

cj:yf ePdf o:tf] lg0f{oaf6 pQm C0f lbg] a}+s
jf ljQLo ;+ : yfsf] k] z f /f] h uf/nufot
;DklQ;DaGwL xs ckx/0f ePsf]g} dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 .
plNnlvt GofofwLs/0fxn] u/]sf] lg0f{odf lrQ
ga'g] kIfn] o; cbfnt;dIf lbPsf] lgj]bgpk/
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f #@ Pj+
!)&-@_ adf]lhd ;jf]{Rr cbfntnfO{ k|fKt
c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qsf] k|of]u u/L pko'Qm cfb]z
hf/L u/]sf k|z:t pbfx/0fx ePsf] x'Fbf k|:t't
lajfbsf] ;DaGwdf klg o; cbfntn] k|:t't
ljjfb x]g{ ;Sg] g} b]lvof] .
#= bf];|f] k|Zgsf] cyf{t 6i6 l/l;K6
-l6=cf/_ shf{ (Trust Receipt Loan) s] xf] eGg]
k|ZgnfO{ vf; u/L ljb]zaf6 s'g} ;fdfg cfoft
ubf{ jf v/Lb ubf{ pQm ;fdfg jf j:t'sf] d"No
e'QmfgL ug]{ k|lqmofdf k|of]u x'g] cfoft k|tLtkq
(Import Letter of Credit) sf] p2]Zo, k|of]u, l;h{gf
/ o;sf zt{xsf] lgwf{/0f s;/L x'G5 eGg]
cfwf/e"t k|Zgxsf] zGbe{df laj]rgf ug{'
cfjZos x'G5 .
$= k|tLtkq (Letter of Credit) sf] k|of]u
vf; u/L s'g} Ps b]zsf] pTkfbs jf Jofkf/Ln]
cfk"mn] pTkfbg u/]sf] jf laqmLsf] nflu /fv]sf]
;fdfg -h:tf] d]lzg, cf}hf/, ;jf/L ;fwfgx
sf/, a;, 6s, xjfO{hxfh, sk8f_ jf cGo
3/fo;L pkef]usf ;fdfgx jf cf}Bf]lus sRrf
kbfy{sf] ?kdf k|of]u x'g] s'g} j:t'x csf]{ b]zdf
/x]sf] s'g} JolQm, kmd{ jf sDkgLnfO{ laqmL ubf{
;a}eGbf 7"nf] ;d:of eg]sf] g} o;/L v/Lb laqmL
x'g] ;fdfg jf j:t'sf] d"Nosf] e'QmfgL s;/L ug]{
eGg] /x]sf] x'G5 . s'g} Pp6f b]zdf sf/f]jf/ ug]{
JolQm, kmd{ jf sDkgL / csf]{ b]zsf] JolQm, kmd{
jf sDkgLaLr ;fdfg v/Lb laqmLsf] sf/f]jf/
x'Fbf v/Lbstf{ / laqmLstf{aLr pTkGg x'g] Ps
lsl;dsf] ljZjf;sf] ;+s6sf] lgbfg ug'k{ g]{ cj:yf
cfPsf] x' G 5 . ;fdfgsf] laqmLstf{ cyf{ t \
lgof{tstf{nfO{ cfgf] b]z aflx/sf] v/Lbstf{nfO{
;fdfg laqmL u/L k7fPkl5 pQm ;fdfgsf] d"No

e'QmfgL x'G5 jf x'Fb}g eGg] ljZjf;sf] ;d:of
x'G5 eg] ;fdfg cfk"mn] k|fKt ug{' eGbf klxn] g}
pQm ;fdfgsf] d"No e'QmfgL u/]df ljb]zL
laqmLstf{n] ;fdfgsf] d"No a'em]/ lnO{ ;fdfg
gk7fpg] xf] ls eGg] cfz+sf v/Lbstf{df /x]sf]
x'G5 .
%= of] cfz+sfsf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{
s8Lsf] ?kdf !( cf}+ zbLsf] z'?b]lv g} cGt/f{li6o
:t/df x'g] v/Lb laqmLsf] sf/f]jf/df a}+sxsf]
;+nUgtfsf] ljsf; ePsf] b]lvG5 . b'O{ km/s
b]zsf v/Lbstf{ tyf laqmLstf{xsf] aLr v/Lb
laqmL x'g] ;fdfg jf j:t'sf] d"Nosf] e'QmfgL
k|lqmofdf a}s
+ xsf] ;+nUgtf tyf lhDd]jf/L lng]
k|lqmofaf6 laqmLstf{n] ;fdfgsf] d"No k|fKt ug]{
s'/fdf lglZrttf x'gs
' f] ;fy} laqmL ul/Psf] ;fdfg
v/Lbstf{sf] 7]ufgfdf k7fOPsf] (Dispatch) 5
eGg] s'/fsf] osLg ug]{ u/fpg] k|lqmofdf klg
cfk"mn] ljZjf; u/]sf a}+sxsf] ;+nUgtf x'Fbf
laqmLstf{nfO{ ;fdfgsf] d"Nosf] e'QmfgL x'g] /
v/Lb ul/Psf ;fdfg v/Lbstf{;dIf cfOk'Ug]
s'/fdf sf/f]jf/sf] b'a} kIf cf:j:t x'g] x'G5g\ .
^= ;fdfGotofM v/Lbstf{sf] cg'/f]wdf
a}+sxsf] ;+nUgtfsf] ;'?jft x'G5 / a}+l
sf/f]jf/df rngrNtLsf] efiffdf k|tLtkq (Letter
of Credit) elgg] s/f/sf] lnvt v8f ug]{ -cyf{t\
k|tLtkq vf]lnlbg]_ k|:tfjsf] ?kdf of] k|lqmof
z'? x'G5 . jf:tjdf k|tLtkq vf]nL dfUg] kIf
-vf; u/L v/Lbstf{_ n] a}+s;dIf /fVg] k|:tfj
jf lgj]bgsf] 9fFrf / o;sf zt{x ;DalGwt
a}+sn] tof/ u/]sf] kmd{df g} lgwf{/0f ul/Psf
x'G5g\ . v/Lbstf{ cyf{t\ k|tLtkq vf]Ng rfxg]
kIfn] pQm kmd{ e/L ;f] df lgwf{l/t k|tLtkq
(Letter of Credit) ;DaGwL ;a} zt{x :jLsf/
u/L pQm k|:tfjsf] kmd{ a}s
+ df a'emfPkl5 k|:tfjs
jf lgj] b s kIfsf] ljZj;gLotf tyf
k|tLtkqcGtu{t v/Lb laqmL x'g] ;dfgsf]
d"Noafkt ;fdfgsf] laqmLstf{nfO{ v/Lbstf{sf]
606
tkm{af6 a}+sn] e'QmfgL ug{'kg]{ bfloTj :jLsf/

u/]afkt sfod x'g cfpg] C0f shf{sf] ;'/If0f
s] x'g] eGg] ljifo ;d]t osLg u/L k|tLtkqsf]
;'lawf (Letter of Credit Facility) pknAw u/fpg]
jf gu/fpg] af/]df a}+sn] lg0f{o ub{5 . pQm
;'lawf pknAw u/fpg] eP k|tLtkq vf]nL kfpg
lgj]bg lbg] kIf -To:tf] lgj]bsnfO{ C0fL klg
elgG5_ / a}s
+ aLr ljleGg k|sf/sf ;Demf}tf klg
x'G5g\ .
&= pk/f]Qmadf]lhd s'g} JolQm kmd{ jf
sDkgLsf] tkm{af6 a}+sn] k|tLtkq vf]n]kl5
k|tLtkqdf lgwf{l/t zt{cg'k pQm k|tLtkqdf
plNnlvt j:t' jf ;]jfsf] d"No e'QmfgL ug]{ bfloTj
a}s
+ n] :jLsf/ u/]sf] dflgG5 . o;/L e'QmfgL ug{k' g]{
/sd slt x'g] eGg] s'/f k|tLtkq cGtu{t v/Lb
laqmL ul/g], x'g] j:t'sf] d"Nodf e/ kg]{ x'G5 / of]
s'/f k|tLtkq vf]Ng] af/]df a}+sn] :jLs[lt lbFbfsf]
;dodf osLg ePsf] x' G 5 . k| t Ltkqdf
;fdfGotof v/Lb laqmL x'g] j:t'sf] kl/df0f, o:tf]
j:t'sf] klxrfg ;lxtsf] laj/0f, u'0f:t/, pTkfbg
ePsf] 7fpF tyf b]z, j:t'sf] klxrfg tyf u'0f:t/
osLg ug{ cfjZos kg]{ lnvtnufot laqmL ePsf]
;fdfg v/Lbstf{sf] uf]bfd jf eG;f/ laGb";Dd
9'jfgL ug]{ dfWod -xjfOhxfh, kfgLhxfh jf
/]n jf cGo :yn 9'jfgL ;fwg_ ;d]t pNn]v
x'g'sf] ;fy} pQm d"NodWo] k|tLtkq vf]Nbfsf]
;dodf g} k|tLtkq vf]Ng] lgj]bs kIf cyf{t\
C0fLn] a}s
+ nfO{ tTsfn a'emfpg' kg]{ /sd -h;nfO{
k|tLtkq dflh{g (L.C Margin) klg elgG5_ klg
ls6fg ul/G5 . of] /sd ;fdfGotof
k|tLtkqcGtu{t v/Lb laqmL x'g] ;fdfg jf j:t'sf]
d"Nosf] !) k|ltzt x'G5 . o;}n] k|tLtkq cg';f/
v/Lb laqmL x'g] j:t'sf] hDdf d"Nosf] ()
k|ltzt;Dd /sdsf] bfloTj a}s
+ df l;h{gf x'g;Sg]
x'Fbf o:tf] bfloTjsf] ;'/If0fafkt a}+sn] C0fLaf6
cGo ;DklQ klg lwtf]df lnPsf] x'g ;Sb5 tfklg
pQm k|tLtkqcg';f/ v/Lbstf{sf] gfpFdf v/Lb
eO{ cfpg] ;fdfg jf j:t'nfO{ g} a}+sn] e'QmfgL
ug{'kg]{ bfloTj l;h{gf x'g ;Sg] pQm () k|ltzt

/sdsf] e/kbf]{ lwtf] jf ;'/If0f dflgG5 . o;}n]
k| t Ltkq vf] l nlbg] a} + s sf] klg lwtf] jf
;' / If0f;DaGwL xssf] ;+ / If0fsf] nflu g}
k|tLtkqcg';f/ laqmL ePsf] j:t' laqm]tfn]
v/Lbstf{;Dd k'ofpgsf nflu 9'jfgLstf{nfO{
pQm ;fdfg a'emfPkl5 9'jfgL p:stf{n] pQm
;fdfg lhDdf lnO{ lbOg] /l;b h:tf]M (Bill of
Lading or Airway bill) df v/Lbstf{nfO{ ;fdfg
kfpg] JolQm (Consignee) egL pNn]v ul/g]
ePtfklg o:tf] ;fdfg jf a:t'sf] dflns k|tLtkq
vf]Ng] a}+snfO{ g} dflgG5 / o:tf] j}+ssf] cfb]z
(Order of the Issuing Bank) cg';f/ pQm a}+ssf]
6:6Lsf] ?kdf dfq v/Lbstf{n] pQm ;fdfg jf
j:t' 9'jfgLstf{af6 a'emL lng kfpFb5 .
*= k|tLtkqdf lgwf{l/t zt{cg'k
laqmLstf{n] ;fdfgx 9'jfgLstf{nfO{ a'emfO{
k|tLtkq ;DaGwL ;a} 8s'd]G6x laqmLstf{n]
k|tLtkq vf]Ng] a}+snfO{ k7fPkl5 a}+sn] pQm
8s'd]G6x ;/;lt{ x]bf{ k|tLtkqdf lgwf{l/t zt{
cg' k ePsf] kfOPdf pQm j:t' s f] d" N o
laqmLstf{nfO{ e'QmfgL ug]{ bfloTj k|tLtkq vf]Ng]
a}+s ( Issuing Bank) sf] x'g] x'gfn] o:tf] /sdsf]
e'QmfgL ug{ k"j{ v/Lbstf{nfO{ pQm ;dfgsf]
d"No a}+s ;dIf bfv]n ug]{ ;"rgf lbOG5 . To:tf]
;" r gfcg' ; f/sf] /sd v/Lbstf{ n ] a} + s nfO{
a'emfPdf v/Lbstf{ / k|tLtkq vf]Ng] a}+saLrsf]
s/f/Lo ;DaGw klg ;dfKt x'G5 . t/ Jojxf/df
o:tf] x'bF g} . ;fdfGotofM v/Lbstf{n] tTsfn o:tf]
/sd ga'emfO{ o:tf] /sdnfO{ 5f]6f] cjlwsf]
C0fsf] ?kdf v/Lbstf{ cyjf C0fLsf] gfddf
a}+sdf vf]lnPsf] C0f vftfdf a's ub{5 /
v/Lbstf{n] ;fdfgsf] d"Noafkt laqmLstf{nfO{
a'emfpg kg]{ /sd k|tLtkq vf]Ng] a}+sn] g}
;fdfgsf] laqmLstf{nfO{ e'QmfgL ul/lbG5 . o;/L
a}s
+ n] laqmLstf{nfO{ ;fdfgsf] d"No e'QmfgL u/]kl5
pQm /sd k|tLtkq vf]Ng a}+s;dIf lgj]bg lbg]
JolQm, sDkgL jf kmd{ -cyf{t\ C0fL_ sf] gfddf
607
:jtM C0fsf] ?kdf sfod x'G5 . of] s'/f k|tLtkq

vf]Nbfsf] ;dodf a}+s tyf k|tLtkq vf]nL dfUg]
JolQm jf sDkgLaLr d~h"/ ul/Psf] x'G5 .
(= k|tLtkqdf lgwf{l/t zt{cg'k v/Lb
ul/Psf] jf cfoft ePsf ;fdfg / j:t'sf] d"No
a}+sn] e'QmfgL u/]sf] x'gfn] o:tf] j:t', ;fdfgsf]
:jfldTj klg :jtM a}+ssf] gfddf sfod x'G5 /
C0fLn] pQm /sd a}+snfO{ ga'emfP;Dd pQm
;fdfg jf j:t'df a}+ssf] :jfldTj sfod /xG5 .
k|tLtkq vf]Nbfsf ;dodf lgwf{l/t zt{cg'k
e+;f/ laGb"df jf kf]6{ aGb/ufxdf ;fdfg cfO{
k'u]kl5 a}+ssf] tkm{af6 C0fLn] pQm ;fdfg
a'lemlng] / a}+ssf] 6i6Lsf] ?kdf pQm ;fdfg
laqmL ug]{ jf ef]urng ug]{ clVtof/L C0fLnfO{
k|fKt x'G5 / 6i6Ls} ?kdf pQm ;fdfg laqmL
ug]{nufot ;f]sf] ;'/Iff ug]{ / laqmL ePsf] /sd
klg a}+ssf] 6:6Lsf] ?kdf /fvL ;f]sf] k"/f d"No
a}+snfO{ a'emfpg kg]{ bfloTj klg C0fLdf /x]sf]
x'G5 . o;/L k|tLtkqcGtu{t cfoft jf v/Lb
ePsf] ;fdfg cfoftstf{v/Lbstf{n] a}+ssf]
6i6Lsf] ?kdf kf]6{ jf e+;f/af6 a'emL lng] x'gfn]
k|tLtkqdfkm{t\ lemsfOPsf] j:t'xsf] d"Noafktsf]
/sd k|tLtkq vf]Ng] a}+sn] C0fLsf] tkm{af6
laqmLstf{nfO{ e'QmfgL ePkl5 C0fLsf] gfddf
sfod x'g] C0fnfO{ a}+ls sf/f]jf/df l6=cf/
-6i6 l/l;K6_ shf{ (Trust Receipt Loan) elgG5 .
o;}n] o:tf] C0fnfO{ k|tLtkq vf]Nbfsf] ;dodf
g} C0fL -k|tLtkq vf]Ng lgj]bg lbg] JolQm, kmd{
jf sDkgL_ / a}+saLr d~h"/ ul/Psf] zt{sf]
cfwf/df sfod x'g] C0f xf] eGg] dflgG5 .
k|tLtkqsf] ;'ljwf (Letter of Credit Facility)
:jLs[t x'Fbfsf avt ePsf ljleGg ;Demf}tfx
jf clwsf/ kqsf] cfwf/df of] C0f sfod x'g]
x'Fbf o;sf] nflu 5'} td;'s jf lnvt tof/
x'Fb}g . oxL g} skfnL td;'scGtu{t lnOg] C0f
jf cGo cfjlws C0f / k|tLtkqsf] ;'ljwf pkef]u
ug]{ qmddf sfod jf l;h{gf ePsf] C0fsf] aLrsf]
d"n leGgtf klg xf] . k|tLtkqnfO{ b'O{ km/s
b]zdf /x]sf v/Lbstf{ / laqmLstf{aLr x'g] v/Lb

laqmL;DaGwL sf/f] j f/df dfGo e' Q mfgLsf]
dfWodsf] ?kdf cGt/f{li6o :t/df dfGotf lbOg]
a}l+ s k|rng ePsf] x'gfn] o:tf] k|lqmofaf6 l;h{gf
x'g] jf sfod x'g] C0fnfO{ g]kfnsf] cbfntxn]
dfGotf lbO{ cfPsf 5g\ . olb o:tf] dfGotf glbg]
xf] eg] g]kfnsf cbfntk|lt a}+s tyf pBd
Joj;foLsf] cljZjf;, tyf cgf:yf pTkGg x'g]
dfq geO{ k|tLtkqsf] dfWodaf6 g]kfnLxn]
;fdfgxsf] v/Lb ug{ kfpg] ;'ljwfaf6 al~rt
eO{ g]kfn /fi6n] g} ck"/0fLo Iflt klg Joxf]g{;
kg]{ cj:yf x'G5 . a}+s tyf laQLo ;+:yfxsf]
C0f c;"nL;DaGwL d'2fx l56f] 5l/tf] 9+uaf6
sf/afxL / lsgf/f u/L C0fLaf6 lng'kg]{ ;fFjf
Aofh c;"npk/ ug]{ u/fpg] sfo{df dxTjk"0f{
tyf ljlzi6 sfg"gL bfloTj lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ C0f
c;"nL Gofoflws/0f tyf C0f c;"nL k'g/fj]bg
Gofoflws/0f h:tf Goflos lgsfoaf6 g} pk/f]Qm
dfGo l;4fGtljk/Lt lg0f{o x'Fbf plNnlvt
lgsfoaf6 ck]lIft e"ldsf / lhDd]jf/Lljk/Lt
sfd x' g ' s f] ;fy} o:tf lgsfodf /xg]
GofosdL{xsf] sfo{Ifdtfsf] k|Zg klg p7\g
;Qm5 .
!)= s'g} JolQmn] 6i6 l/l;K6 shf{ lnPsf]
5 eGg] s'/fsf] s] k|df0f x'G5 eGg] t];|f] k|ZgnfO{
bf];|f] k|Zgsf] ;DaGwdf pk/f]Qm k|s/0fxdf
ul/Psf] ljj]rgfsf] cfwf/df lg/fs/0f ug'{kg]{
x'G5 . k|tLtkq vf]Ng] a}s
+ n] k|tLtkqcGtu{t v/Lb
ul/Psf] jf cfoft ePsf] j:t' jf ;fdfgsf] d"No
pQm j:t' jf ;fdfgsf] laqmLstf{nfO{ e'QmfgL
ug]{ bfloTj :jLsf/ u/]kl5 g} k|tLtkqcGtu{t
cfoft jf v/Lb x' g ] j:t' laqmLstf{ n ]
v/Lbstf{;dIf k'ofpgsf] nflu 9'jfgL stf{sf]
lhDdf nufpg] / pQm ;fdfgsf] d"No laqmLstf{n]
k|fKt ug{] k|lqmof z'? x'G5 . k|tLtkqcg';f/sf]
;fdfgx laqmLstf{n] v/Lbstf{nfO{ x:tfGt/0f
ug]{ qmddf 9'jfgLstf{nfO{ a'emfPsf] lnvt (Bill
of Lading, Airway bill etc.) / k|tLtkqdf lgwf{l/t
cGo lnvtx laqmLstf{n] k|tLtkq vf]Ng] a}s

+ nfO{
a'emfPkl5 ;f]sf] ;fdfGo k/LIf0fsf] cfwf/df
k|tLtkq vf]Ng] a}+sn] pQm ;fdfgsf] d"No
laqmLstf{nfO{ e'QmfgL ug]{ bfloTj z'? x'G5 . of]
bfloTj a}+sn] s;/L k"/f ug]{ eGg] s'/f k|tLtkq
vf]Nbfsf] ;dodf a}+s / C0fL cyf{t\ k|tLtkq
vf]Ng lgj]bg lbg] JolQm -kmd{ jf sDkgL_ aLr
lgwf{l/t zt{df e/ kg]{ x'G5 .
!!= k| t Ltkq;DaGwL k" j { lgwf{ l /t
8s'dG] 6x k|fKt u/] kl5 pQm 8s'dG] 6df plNnlvt
;fdfgsf] d"No ;f]em} laqmLstf{nfO{ e'QmfgL u/L
k7fpg] / ;f] /sd C0fLsf] C0f vftfdf a's ug]{
zt{ k|tLtkq vf]Nbfs} cj:yfdf d~h"/ u/]sf]
ePdf ;f]cg'k k|tLtkqdf lgwf{l/t 8s'dG] 6 k|fKt
u/L o;sf] ;fdfGo k/LIf0faf6 k"j{ lgwf{l/t
zt{xcg'k eP u/]sf] kfOPdf pQm /sd
k|tLtkq vf]Ng] a}s
+ n] laqmLstf{nfO{ jf laqmLstf{sf]
a}s
+ nfO{ a'emfpg} kg]{ / o; kl5 pQm /sd k|tLtkq
vf]Ng lgj]bg lbg] JolQm -C0fL_ sf] gfddf
vf]lnPsf] C0f vftfdf a's ug{] ;fdfGo a}+ls
k| r ng xf] . o;/L k| t Ltkqsf] zt{ c g' k
k|tLtkqdf plNnlvt ;fdfgsf] d"No laqmLstf{nfO{
a'emfPsf] k|df0f / pQm d"No a/fa/sf] /sd
C0fLsf] C0f vftfdf a's ul/Pkl5 C0fLsf] gfddf
6 i 6 l/l;K6 shf{ sfod ePsf] dflgG5 .
pk/f] Q madf] l hd k| t Ltkq vf] N g] a} + s n]
k|tLtkqcg';f/sf] ;fdfgsf] d"No laqmLstf{nfO{
a'emfPsf] k|df0f / ;f] /sd C0fLsf] C0f vftfdf
a's ul/Psf] s'/f a}+sn] lgoldt ?kdf /fv]sf]
axL vftfaf6 b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf C0fLsf] gfdsf]
l6=cf/= -6i6 l/l;K6_ shf{ sfod ePsf] / lghn]
pQm C0f lnPsf] 5 eGg] s'/fsf] k|df0fsf] ?kdf
cbfntxn] dfGotf lbg'kg]{ s'/f dfGo k|rngsf]
?kdf ljsf; ePsf] 5 . k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf]
bkmf !$ cg';f/ klg o:tf clen]v jf a}+sn]
lgoldt sf/f]jf/sf] l;nl;nfdf C0fLsf] vftfdf
C0f hgfPsf] laj/0fnfO{ g} C0fLn] a}+saf6 C0f
lnPsf] s'/fsf] k|df0fsf] ?kdf u|x0f ug{k' g]{ x'G5 .
608
o;}n] l6=cf/= -6i6 l/l;K6_ shf{sf] ;DaGwdf

cGo s'g} yk lnvt jf k|df0fsf] cfjZostf
kb}{g .
!@= ca rf}yf] tyf clGtd k|Zgsf]
;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ k|ToyL{ ntf em'gem'gjfnfn]
sDkgLsf] tkm{af6 k|ToyL{ k|]ds'df/ rf}w/LnfO{
k|tLtkqsf] lgj]bg lng] nufot C0f;DaGwL
sf/f]jf/ ug{ clVtof/L lbPsf] b]lvG5 . pQm
clVtof/L cGoyf xf] eGg] lhsL/ k'Ug g;Sg] u/L
ljkIfL Gofoflws/0fxaf6 km};nf ePsf] kfOG5 .
C0f c;"nL k'g/fj]bg Gofoflws/0fn] cf]e/8f6
-cf]=8L=_ shf{ e/fO{ lbg] t/ 6i6 l/l;K6 shf{
lnPsf] cflwsfl/s k|df0f gePsf] eGg] cfwf/df
km};nf u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . cj k|:t't lajfbdf
ljkIfLdWo]sf s]=la=o'= h]lgy pBf]usf] nflu o;sf
k|f]k|fO6/n] lgj]bs a}+saf6 l6=cf/ -6i6 l/l;K6_
shf{ k|fKt u/]sf] oy]i6 k|df0f 5 jf 5}g eGg] s'/f
osLg ug{ l6=cf/= shf{ s;/L l;h{gf x'G5 /
o;sf] k|df0f s] x'G5 eGg] af/]df pk/f]Qm
k|s/0fxdf ul/Psf] ljj]rgfnfO{ klg cfwf/
dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 .
!#= k|ToyL{ C0fL pBf]u s]=lj=o"= h]lgy n]
01 oct0ber 2000 df Proposal for Opening Letter
of Credit ( AD-HOC) and TR 85 k|ltzt zLif{scGtu{t
kmf/fd e/L YI Chun Textile Ltd. Taiwan af6 ;fdfg
cfoft u/L Nofpg USD 21,373.00 sf] Rate 73.60
n] g]=? !% nfv &# xhf/sf] k|tLtkq vf]Ng] ;f]df
C0fL pBf]un] !) k|ltzt dflh{g /fVg] / ;f] /sddWo]
afFsL *% k|ltzt d"No a/fa/sf] /sd a}s
+ n] l6=
cf/ shf{df a's ug]{ zt{;lxt k|tLtkqsf] kmf/fdsf]
lnvtdf ;xL u/L a}s
+ df a'emfPsf]df lgj]bs a}s
+ n]
;f]xL lnvtnfO{ ljZjf; u/L ljkIfLsf] nflu k|tLtkq
vf]ns
] f] tYo ldl;n ;+nUg k|df0faf6 b]lvG5 . pQm
zt{cg'k k|tLtkq vf]ns
] f] s'/fdf k|ToyL{n] s'g}
lajfb u/]sf] kfOFbg} . k|tLtkqsf] pQm zt{ ;d]t
pNn]v u/L ljkIfL C0fL kmd{sf] tkm{af6 lgj]bs a}s
+
;dIf k|tLtkq vf]nL kfpg lgj]bg k]z u/]sf] /
pQm k| t Ltkq vf] N g] cg' / f] w kq
st
609
-lgj]bg_ sf] kmf/fdsf] lnvtdf eP ul/Psf] x:tfIf/

/ 5fk cfgf] xf]Og egL ljkIfL C0fLxn] lajfb
p7fPsf] cj:yf klg b]lvPg . To:t} 19-11-2000 sf]
Pe/]i6 a}s
+ lnld6]8sf] kqn] ljkIfL C0fL pBf]u
(KBU Zenith) sf] gfpFsf] vftfdf Rs.13,32,000/Credit u/L ljkIfL pBf]usf] gfpFdf l6=cf/= -6i6
l/l;K6_ nf]g -C0f_ sfod eP u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
!$= ljb]zL ljqmLstf{ YI CHUN TEXTILE
LTD, nfO{ k|tLtkqdf plNnlvt ;fdfgsf] d"No
lgj]bsn] a'emfO{ ;s]kl5 pQm laqmLstf{af6
;fdfg v/Lb ug]{ k|ToyL{ ljkIfL KBU Zenith
pBf]u eO{ ;fdfg k|fKt ePsf] tyf lj/f6gu/
eG;f/ sfof{nosf] eG;f/ k|1fkg kqaf6 pQm
;fdfgx ljkIfL C0fL pBf]u (KBU Zenith) sf]
k|ltlglwn] k|fKt ul/;s]sf] s'/fsf] lglj{jfb tYo
ldl;n ;+nUg sfuhftaf6 k|dfl0ft ePsf]
b]lvG5 . o;/L k|tLtkq vf]nL lgj]bs a}+sn]
pQm ;fdfgsf] d"No e'Qmfg u/]kl5 ;fdfg NofO{
hfFr kf; u/L k|tLtkqdf plNnlvt ;fdfgx
ljkIfL C0fLxn] a'em]/ lnO;s]sf] / pQm
;fdfgsf] d"No klg k|tLtkqdf lgwf{l/t zt{
cg';f/ lgj]bs a}+sn] ;fdfgsf] laqmLstf{ YI
CHUN TEXTILE LTD TAIWAN nfO{ ldlt 06Nov-2000 df @!,)^%.@% USD e'QmfgL lbPsf]
s'/fdf ljkIfLn] lajfb u/]sf] cj:yf b]lvPg .
o;/L k|tLtkqdf lgwf{l/t zt{cg'k ljkIfL
C0fL kmd{sf] tkm{af6 ;fdfgsf] laqmLstf{nfO{
lgj]bs a}+sn] ;fdfgsf] d"No e'QmfgL u/]sf]
k|dfl0ft eP kl5 ;f]xLsf] cfwf/df pQm ;fdfg
k|fKt ug]{ ljkIfL kmd{n] lgj]bs a}+saf6 pQm
l6=cf/ shf{ k|fKt u/]sf] lglj{jfb k|df0f dflgg]
x'Fbf ;f]xL shf{sf] af/]df k'gM csf]{ gofF lnvt
x'g'kb{5 eGg] s'/f k|tLtkqsf] k|lqmofaf6 x'g]
eQmfgL k|lqmofsf] dfGo k|rng / s/f/;DaGwL
k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"gsf] ;d]t ljk/Lt x'g hfG5 .
!%= lgj]bs a}s
+ n] ldlt @)%*.!).!& df
k|ToyL{sf gfddf shf{ e'QmfgL ;DaGwdf elg
clwljsif{ shf{sf] ;fFjf, clwljsif{ shf{sf] Jofh,
6i6 l/l;K6 shf{ / ;f]sf] Jofh ;d]t e'QmfgL ug'{

egL k7fPsf] kqnfO{ k|ToyL{n] cGoyf eGg ;s]sf]
;d]t gb]lvPsf] cj:yf ;d]taf6 ljkIfLn] 6i6
l/l;K6 shf{ k|fKt u/L ;f] shf{ pkef]u u/]sf]
b]lvof] .
!^= t;y{ k|tLtkq vf]nL ;fdfg k|fKt
ul/;s]sf] ca:yf / ljkIfL kmd{ -C0fL pBf]u_
sf] gfddf l6=cf/=shf{ (Trust Receipt Loan) C0f_ sfod eO{ ljkIfL C0fLn] pQm shf{ k|fKt
u/L pkof]u u/]sf] b]lvFbf ljkIfL kmd{ -C0fL_ n]
6i6 l/l;K6 shf{ lnPsf] cflwsfl/s k|df0f k]z
x'g gcfPsf] eGg] unt cfwf/ lnO{ l6=cf/=
shf{sf] ;DaGwdf lgj]bs a}s
+ sf] bfjL k'Ug g;Sg]
eGg] C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0fsf], ldlt @)^@.^.!#
sf] lg0f{o pN6L ug{'kg]{df ;f] nfO{ ;b/ u/]sf]
xb;Dd C0f c;"nL k'g/fj]bg Gofoflws/0fsf]
ldlt @)^$.%.$ sf] lg0f{o pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zf/f
ab/ x'G5 . ca pk/f]Qm k|s/0fxdf ljj]rgf
ul/Pcg';f/ ljkIfL C0fL pBf]u KBU Zenith n]
lgj]bs a}s
+ af6 ?=!#,#@,))). 6i6 l/l;K6 shf{
k|fKt u/]sf] eGg] ;DaGwdf lgj]bs a}+saf6
j:t'lgi7 k|df0f k]z ePsf] b]lvFbf ;f]nfO{ ;d]t
cfwf/ k|df0f dfgL k'gM lg0f{o ug'{ egL k|ToyL{
C0f c;"nL k'g/fj]bg Gofoflws/0fsf] gfddf
k/dfb] z sf] cfb] z ;d] t hf/L x' g ] 7x5{ .
cfb] z sf] hfgsf/L dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]
sfof{nodfkm{t\ ljkIfLnfO{ lbg' . o; cbfntsf]
bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/
a'emfOlbg" .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn a}zfv # ut] /f]h ! z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[t M gf/fo0fk|;fb kf}8n
]
&
610
lg0f{o g+=**)(
' m Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L e/t/fh pk|t] L
@)^&CR))(!
km};nf ldltM @)^(.!.!).!
d'2f M 7uL .
k'g/fj]bs jfbLM w|a' ltdlN;gf ;d]tsf] hfx]/Ln]
g]kfn ;/sf/
lj?4
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLM x' jO{ ;' 5' l;rfg rLg 3/ eO{
sf7df8f}+ lhNnf, sf=d=g=kf= afg]Zj/l:yt
ldng rf]sdf 8]/f u/L Jofkf/ ub}{ cfPsf
lrlgof gful/s j|;j' ' eGg] We yu jiang
z'? km};nf ug]{ M
df=Gof=>L ;To/fh u'?
k'g/fj]bg km};nf ug]M{
df=Gof=>L b]jG] b| uf]kfn >]i7
df=Gof=>L O{Zj/k|;fb vltj8f
s/f/sf] zt{ kfng u/], gu/]sf] ;DaGwdf
/ To;af6 x'g uPsf] Iflt jf gf]S;fgLsf]
;DaGwdf s/f/;DaGwL P]gn] b]jfgL
bfloTjsf] l;h{gf x'g] cj:yf x'G5 . z'4
?kn] s/f/Lo bfloTj ;DaGwdf k/]sf]
lajfbsf] lg/f]k0f klg s/f/ P]gcg'k
x'gk' g]{ x'G5 . b]jfgL k|sl[ tsf] lajfbnfO{
anhtL kmf}hbf/L k|s[ltsf] ljjfbsf]
l;h{gf ug]{ u/fpg] tkm{ nfUg' plrt
gx' g ] .
-k|s/0f g+=%_
b' a } kIf ldnL /fhLv' z Ln] u/] s f]
s/f/sf] ;DaGwdf, sk6k" j { s
(Fraudulently) s/f/ ePsf] jf s'g}
sfg"gsf] pNn+3g x'g] u/L s/f/ u/]sf]
**)( g]kfn ;/sf/ lj= j|;j' eGg]
jf Psn] csf]{ kIfnfO{ e'mSofO{ jf

hfn;fhLk"j{s s/f/ u/]sf] cj:yfdf
Psn] csf] { kIfnfO{ xflg k' ofpg]
lgotn] jf k| f /Deb] l v g} 7Ug]
clek|fon] s'g} s/f/ u/]sf]df afx]s
kmf} h bf/L bfloTjsf] l;h{ g f x' g
g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=^_
s/f/Lo ;Demf}tfsf] kl/kfngf;Fu ;DalGwt
b]jfgL bfloTj;DaGwL ljjfbnfO{ kmf}hbf/L
bfloTjsf] ?kdf k|:t't u/L 7uLsf] s;"/
sfod ug{' sfg"g / Gofosf] /f]xdf gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=&_
k'g/fj]bs jfbL tkm{af6M ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf
/]jtL/fh lqkf7L
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbL tkm{af6M
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @&
km};nf
Gof=tflx/ cnL cG;f/LM k' g /fj] b g
cbfnt, kf6gsf] ldlt @)^^.*.( sf] km};nfpk/
Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf (-!_-u_ adf]lhd
jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 o; cbfntdf
k'g/fj]bg k/L Ohnf;;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't
d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ 7x/ o; k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 M
d ;d]tsf hfx]/Ldf plNnlvt !) hgf
hfx]/jfnfx klZdgf Jofkf/L xf}+ . rfOgfdf Jofkf/
ug]{ l;nl;nfdf a|;j';uF lrghfg ePsf] xf] . lghn]
rLgaf6 klZdgf NofO{ lbg] ;DaGwdf lgh j|;a' /
d;d]tsf hfx]/jfnf;Fu laleGg ldltdf ;Demf}tf
eO{ xfdLxaf6 tk;Lnadf]lhd ?=$@,@$,^@%.
nuL klZdgf ;d]t gdufO{ xfdLaf6 lnPsf] k};f
;d]t lkmtf{ gu/L cfn6fn ub}{ 7uL u/]sf] x'bF f
sfg"gadf]lhd sf/jfxL ul/kfpFm eGg] hfx]/L
b/vf:t .
611
We yu jiang
tk;Ln
;'/h e/fO{
;g\ @*.)@.@))% df ;fFjf Jofh ;d]t

hDdf ?=!,$%,))).
w'|j{ ltldN;Lgf
;g\ &.)^.@))$, #!.!).@))% / @*.)@.@))% df

;fFjf Aofh ;d]tsf]
hDdf ?=$,^!,))).
wgklt e/fO{
)#.!).@))$ df ;fFjf Jofh ;d]t

hDdf
?=@,)%,))).
clht Gof}kfg]
!%.)#.@))% df
?=$,*),))).
/d]z lji6
)#.!).@))$ / )(.!).@))$ df u/L

hDdf ?=%,*%,))).
uf}/L zdf{
;g\ @*.)!.@))% df
?= *@,%)).
/fh]Gb| cfrfo{
;g\ @%.!).@))$, @*.!).@))$ df u/L

hDdf ?= #,%),%)).
ch'{g ;fksf]6f
;g\ @%.)(.@))$, )#.!).@))$ / @@.!@.@))$ df

;d]t
hDdf ?=&,$*,!@%.
lji0f' ;fksf]6f
#!.!).@))% df lnPsf]
?= @,(),))).
s]zj kf}8]n
!&.!@.@))$ df lnPsf]
hDdf
?= *,&&,%)).
?=$@,@$,^@%.
hfx]/L ;fy k]z ePsf ;Demf}tf kqx /

k|ltjfbLaf6 lhNnf k|x/L sfof{noaf6 lnPsf] gd"gf
x:tfIf/ k/LIf0fsf] nflu k7fOPsf] 5 . ;Demf}tf
kqdf k|ltjfbL j|;j'n] u/]sf] x:tfIf/ / gd"gf
x:tfIf/ ldN5, ldNb}g < v'nfO{ k7fO{ lbg s]Gb|Lo
k|x/L j}1flgs k|of]uzfnfnfO{ n]vs
] f] kq / ;f]
adf]lhd s]Gb|Lo k|x/L lj1fg k|of]uzfnfsf] k/LIf0f
k|ltj]bg ldl;n ;fd]n /x]sf] .
hfx]/jfnfxsf gfddf ePsf ;Demf}tf

kqx d}n] g} ul/lbPsf] x'F . pQm ;Demf}tf kqx
rLgaf6 klZdgf wfuf] dufO{ lbg lghxaf6
hDdf ?=$@,@$,^@%. a/fa/sf] /sd nuL
;Demf}tf kq u/L lbPsf] x'F . d}n] pQm /sd
hfx]/jfnfxnfO{ lbg'kg]{ g} xf] . d g]kfndf
)$.)&.@))# df cfPsf] 5' , d] / f] leiff
!@.)&.@))$ ;Ddsf] 5 . d Ps aif{ b]lv lagf
Ohfht g]kfndf a:b} cfPsf] 5' eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] a|;a' eGg] We yu Jiang n] cg';Gwfg
clwsf/L;dIf u/]sf] ;fljtL aofg .
k| l tjfbLn] hfx] / jfnfxaf6 ?=
$@,@$^@%. /sd lnO{ ;Demf}tf u/L klZdgf ;d]t
gdufO{ k};f ;d]t lkmtf{ gul/ 7uL u/]sf] xf] eGg]
;'gL yfxf kfPsf] x'F eGg] Joxf]/fsf] efg'eQm l;Ub]nsf]
sfuh .
ch'g{ ;fksf]6f ;d]t !) hgfsf] ls6fgL
hfx]/L b/vf:t / k|ltjfbL we yu Jiang sf] ;fljtL
aofg ;d] t af6 k| l tjfbL We yu jiang n]
hfx]/jfnfnfO{ lrgaf6 klZdgfsf] wfuf] dufO{ lbG5'
egL laleGg ldltdf /sd k};f a'emL lnO{ klZdgf
;d]t gdufO{ hDdf ?=$@,@$,^@%. 7uL u/]sf]
b]lvg cfPsf]n] d'ns
' L P]g, 7uLsf] dxnsf] $ g+=
cg';f/ ;hfo u/L ;f]xL $ g+= cg';f/ k|ltjfbLaf6
hfx]/jfnfxsf] /sd ;d]t e/fO{ kfpmF eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] cleof]u bfjL .
dfly plNnlvt ;a} ;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf]
/sd d}n] hfx]/jfnfxnfO{ lkmtf{ lbO;s]sf] 5' .
d}n] k};f lkmtf{ lbPsf] k|df0f kl5 k]z ug]{5' .
cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf lnOPsf] d]/f] x:tfIf/ gd"gf
b]vfp+bf b]v]+, ;f] d]/f] g} xf] . Jofkf/df 3f6f
ePsf]n] d}n] ltg{ ;lsg egL eg]sf] xf]Og d}n]
/sd ltl/;s]sf] 5' . d}n] g]kfndf lax] u/]sf] 5}g
s]6L ;fyL dfq agfPsf] 5' eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
k|ltjfbL We yu jiang n] cbfnt;dIf u/]sf]
aofg .
k|ltjfbLn] hfx]/jfnfsf] /sd lnO{ klZdgf
wfuf] NofO{ lbg] egL /sd lnPsf]df wfuf] gNofO{
612
lbO /sd ;d]t lkmtf{ gu/]sf]n] kl5 k|df0f a'b}

hfFbf 7x/]adf]lhd x'g] u/L xfnnfO{ lgh k|ltjfbLnfO{
k'kI{ fsf] nflu y'gfdf /fVg' eGg] cfb]z .
k|ltjfbL we yu Jiang n] hfx]/jfnfx
ch'g{ ;fksf]6fsf] ;fFjf Jofh;lxt ?=&,$*,!@%.
;'/h e/fO{sf] ?=!,$%,))). wgklt e/fO{sf]
?=@),%)). /d]z lji6sf] ?=%,$*,!@%. s]zj
kf} 8 ] n sf] ?=*,&&,%)). w' | j ltdlN;gfsf]
?=$,^!,))). 7uL u/]sf] b]lvPsf]n] lghnfO{ d'ns
' L
P]g, 7uLsf] dxnsf] $ g+= adf]lhd lauf]adf]lhd
h/Ljfgf / Ps aif{ s}b u/L hfx]/jfnfxsf]
lauf] e/fO{ lbg] 7x5{ . hfx]/jfnfx lai0f'k|;fb
;fksf]6f, /fh]Gb| cfrfo{, uf}/L zdf{ / clht
Gof}kfg]sf] lauf]sf] xsdf jfbL bfjL k'Ug g;Sg]
7x5{ eGg] sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt
@)^%.#.!^ sf] km};nf .
hfx]/L b/vf:t / cleof]usf] Joxf]/f
7uLsf] kl/efiffleq kb}{g . ;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf]
bfloTj k"/f gu/]sf] cj:yfdf ;Demf}tf kq cyf{t
s/f/adf]lhdsf] bfloTj k"/f u/fO{ kfpFm egL
s/f/ P]g, @)%^ cg';f/ lkm/fb bfo/ ug'{kg]{df
7uLdf d'2f bfo/ ug{ ldNb}g . hfx]/jfnfn] bfjL
u/]adf]lhdsf] ;Dk"0f{ /sd d}n] lnPsf] xf]Og .
;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf] ;a} /sd d}n] ltl/;s]sf] 5'
egL d}n] aofg klg ul/;s]sf] cj:yfdf ch'{g
;fksf]6f, ;'/h e/fO{, wgklt e/fO{, /d]z
lji6, s]zj kf}8n
] / w'j| { ltldlN;gf ;d]tsf] ljuf]
7uL u/]sf] 7x/ u/L dnfO{ s}b / h/Ljfgf x'g]
u/L ePsf] @)^%.#.!^ sf] z'? km};nf q'l6k"0f{ x'bF f
pN6L u/L ;kmfO{ kfpFm eGg] Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL
We yu jiang sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gdf k/]sf]
k'g/fj]bg kq .
cleof]u bfjLadf]lhdsf] lauf] sfod u/L
;Dk"0f{ ljuf] 7uL u/]sf] 7x/ ug'{ kg{]df wgklt
e/fO{ / /d]z lji6sf] bfjLeGbf sd ljuf] sfod
u/L / hfx]/jfnfx uf}/L zdf{, /fh]Gb| cfrfo{,
lji0f' ;fksf]6f tyf clht Gof}kfg]sf] ljuf]sf]
bfjL gk'Ug] 7x/ u/]sf] xb;Dd z'? km};nfdf
**)( g]kfn ;/sf/ lj= j|;j' ' eGg]
lrQ ga'em]sf]n] cleof]u bfjLadf]lhd ljuf] sfod

ul/kfpFm eGg] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt, kf6gdf k/]sf] k'g/fj]bgkq .
o;df jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf tkm{af6
k/]sf] k'g/fj]bg kq / k|ltjfbL lj=o"=lhsf]
k'g/fj]bg kq Ps csf{nfO{ k/:k/df ;'gfO{
lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
kf6gsf] ldlt @)^^.&.@$ sf] cfb]z .
o;df hfx]/jfnfx / k|ltjfbLaLr
ePsf] Jojxf/nfO{ 7uLsf] s;"/ sfod ug{ ldn]g .
7uLsf] s;"/ 7x/ u/L k|ltjfbL We yu jiang nfO{
;hfo ug]{ 7x/ u/]sf] z'? sf7df8f}+ lhNnf
cbfntsf] ldlt @)^%.#.!^ sf] km};nf ldn]sf]
gb]lvFbf pN6L e} k|ltjfbLn] 7uLsf] cleof]u
bfjLaf6 ;kmfO{ kfpg] 7x5{ . hfx]/jfnfx /
k|ltjfbLaLr ePsf] sf/f]jf/ jf Joxf]/fnfO{ b[li6ut
ubf{ k|:t't d'2f b'lgofjfbL eO{ rNg ;Sg] k|sl[ tsf]
b]lvPsf]n] ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf]
bkmf @& adf]lhd ;/f]sf/jfnf JolQmxnfO{
lemsfO{ lghxn] ;sf/ u/]df jfbL kIf sfod
u/L oxL d'2fsf] ldl;naf6 k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd
sf/jfxL / lsgf/f u/L lbg] ;d]t 7x5{ eGg]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gsf] @)^^.*.( sf] km};nf .
k|ltjfbL / hfx]/jfnfx aLr ePsf]
;Demf}tfcg';f/ k|ltjfbLn] hfx]/jfnfxnfO{ cfk"m
lrlgof gful/s ePsf] sf/0f cfjZos kg]{ klZdgfsf]
wfuf] pknAw u/fO{ lbg]5' egL ljZjf;df kf/L
;fdfg g} gNofO{ hfx] / Ldf plNnlvt
hfx]/jfnfxsf] hDdf ?=$@,@$,^@%. /sd lnO{
sfuh ;d]t u/]sf] 5 . k|ltjfbLn] df}sfdf aofg
ubf{ cfk"mn] hfx]/jfnfxnfO{ rLgaf6 klZdgfsf]
wfuf] dufO{ lbG5' egL laleGg ldltdf
hfx]/jfnfxaf6 /sd lnPsf] 5 . ;f] /sd lnPkl5
;fdfg klg NofO{ lbPsf] 5}g / /sd klg lkmtf{
u/]sf] 5}g egL s;"/df ;fljtL eO{ aofg u/]sf]
cj:yf 5 . o;/L s'g} sfd ul/lbG5' egL s;}nfO{
ljZjf;df kf/L /sd lng' vfg' ul/G5 / To:tf]
ljZjf; lbnfPsf] sfd ul/Fbg} eg] To:tf] sfo{nfO{
613
We yu jiang
d'ns
' L P]g, 7uLsf] ! g+= sf] kl/efiffleq kg]{ x'bF f
k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;kmfO{ lbg] u/L k'g/fj]bg cbfnt,
kf6gaf6 ePsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ ePsf]n] ab/ u/L
k|ltjfbLnfO{ cleof]u dfu bfjLadf]lhd ;hfo
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
tkm{af6 o; cbfntdf kg{ cfPsf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
lgodadf] l hd k] z L ;" r Ldf r9L
Ohnf;;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf
k'g/fj]bs jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt
pkGofoflwjQmf >L /]jtL/fh lqkf7Ln] k|ltjfbL
j|;j' eGg] We yu Jiang n] hfx]/jfnfxnfO{
ljZjf;df kf/L cfk"m;Fu gePsf] klZdgf wfuf] 5
egL ukmntdf kf/L /sd lnO{ ;fdfg gNofPsf]
egL cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf cf/f]lkt s;"/df ;fljt
ePsf] 5 . b'O{ kIfLaLr ePsf] ;Demf}tf pNn+3g
ePdf s/f/Lo bfloTj l;h{gf x'g] x'Fbf k|ltjfbLn]
cleof]u bfjLaf6 ;kmfO{ kfpg] u/L 7uLsf] dxnsf]
! g+= df plNnlvt sfg"gsf] unt JofVof u/L
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gaf6 ePsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{
/x]sf] 5 . ctM k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf ab/
u/L k|ltjfbLnfO{ cleof]u dfu bfjLadf]lhd
7uLsf] ;hfo s;"/df ;hfo ul/of];\ eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] ax; k|:t't ug'{eof] .
ljfg pkGofoflwjQmfn] ug'{ePsf] ax;
;'gL k'g/fj]bg;lxtsf] ;Dk"0f{ ldl;n ;d]t cWoog
u/L x]bf{, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gsf] km};nf ldn]sf]
5, 5}g < jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/
k'Ug ;S5, ;Sb}g < ;f] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{
b]lvg cfof] .
@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ k|ltjfbL lrlgof
gful/s a|';a' eGg] We yu jiang n] rLgaf6
kl:dgf dufO{ lbG5' egL hfx]/jfnfxaf6 hDdf
?=$@,@$^@%. lnO{ vfO{ sjf]n u/]cg';f/sf]
;fdfg gdufO{ 7uL u/]sf]n] d'n'sL P]g, 7uLsf]
dxnsf] ! g+= adf]lhdsf] s;"/df ;f]xL dxnsf]
$ g+= cg';f/ ;hfo u/L 7uL u/]sf] pQm /sd
k|ltjfbLaf6 hfx]/jfnfxnfO{ lbnfO{ e/fO{ kfpFm
eGg] cleof]u dfu bfjL /x]sf] kfOG5 .
#= k|ltjfbL j|';j' eGg] We yu Jiang /

hfx]/jfnfxaLr ePsf] ldl;n ;+nUg ;Demf}tf
kq x]bf{ oL k|ltjfbL we yu jiang n] ;g\ #.!).@))$
df wgklt e/fO{;Fu ?=*%,)))., # cS6f]j/
@))$ df /d]z lji6;Fu ?=@,)),))). / (
cS6f]j/ @))$ df ?=!,)),)))., s]zj kf}8n
] ;Fu
!& l8;]Da/ @))$ df ?=^,%),))). ch'{g
;fksf]6f;Fu @% ;]K6]Da/ @))$ df ?=!,)),))).,
w|'j ltldlN;gf;Fu @&.^.@))$ df ?=%),))).,
#!.!).@))$ df ?=!,)),)))., @*.@.@))% df
?=!,)),))). ch'{g ;fksf]6f;Fu @@.!@.@))$
df ?=!,!%,)))., *.!@.@))$ df ?=!,)),))).
/ # cS6f]a/ @))$ df ?=!,@%,))). ;'/h
e/fO{;Fu @*.@.@))% df ?=!,)),))). /sd
a'emL lnO{ ;xL5fk u/]sf] b]lvG5 . k|ltjfbL We
yu jiang n] cg';Gwfg clwsf/L;dIf u/]sf]
aofgdf hfx]/jfnf;Fu cfk"mn] klZdgfsf] wfuf]
lemsfO{ lbg] ;Demf}tf u/]sf] s'/f :jLsf/ u/]sf]
kfOG5 . k|ltjfbL / hfx]/jfnfx aLr ePsf]
pQm ;Demf}tfkqdf nfu]sf] k|ltjfbLsf] ;lx5fk
hfFr ug{ k7fPsf]df ;Demf}tf kqdf nfu]sf]
k|ltjfbLsf] ;lx5fk ;2] ePsf] Joxf]/f s]Gb|Lo
k|x/L ljlw lj1fg, k|of]uzfnfsf] ldlt @)^@.%.@@
sf] k|ltj]bgaf6 b]lvFbf k|ltjfbL / hfx]/jfnfx
aLr ePsf] ;Demf}tfkqdf lajfb ug'{kg]{ cj:yf
/x]g .
$= o;/L k| l tjfbL We yu jiang /
hfx]/jfnfxsf aLr klZdgf cfk"lt{ ug]{ ;DaGwdf
laleGg ldltdf ;Demf}tf (Agreement) eO{ k|ltjfbLn]
hfx]/jfnfxaf6 s]xL /sd lnPsf]df zt{adf]lhd
klZdgf pknAw u/fPsf] kfOFbg} . ;fdfg v/Lb
ug],{ cfk"lt{ ug],{ k}7f/L ug]{ / ;f]afkt /sd lng]
lbg] zt{ /fvL b'O{ kIfxaLr ePsf] pQm ;Demf}tf
j:t' laqmL;DaGwL ljz]if s/f/cGtu{t kb{5 . o;
k|sf/sf] Jofkfl/s s/f/ jf ;Demf}tfsf zt{x
s/f/ jf ;Demf}tfsf kIfxn] kfngf ug'{ kb{5 .
cfk"mn] sa"n u/]sf zt{x kfngf gu/]sf] cj:yfdf
zt{ kl/kfngf u/fpgsf] nflu dsf{ kg]{ kIfn]
s/f/ P]g, @)%^ adf]lhd s/f/ kl/kfngf ug{sf]

nflu / csf]k{ Ifn] ;Demf}tfsf] zt{ kfng gu/]af6
cyf{t\ cfk"mnfO{ kg{ uPsf] gf]S;fgLsf] ;DaGwdf
;d]t sfg"gadf]lhd Ifltk"lt{nufotsf] Goflos
pkrf/sf] cjnDag ug{ ;Sg' kg]{ x'G5 .
%= o;/L s/f/sf] zt{ kfng u/], gu/]sf]
;DaGwdf / To;af6 x'g uPsf] Iflt jf gf]S;fgLsf]
;DaGwdf s/f/ ;DaGwL P]gn] b]jfgL bfloTjsf]
l;h{gf x'g] cj:yf x'G5 . z'4 ?kn] s/f/Lo bfloTj
;DaGwdf k/]sf] lajfbsf] lg/f]k0f klg s/f/ P]g
cg'k x'g'kg]{ x'G5 . b]jfgL k|s[ltsf] lajfbdf
anhtL kmf}hbf/L k|sl[ tsf] lajfbsf] l;h{gf ug]{
u/fpg] tkm{ nfUg' plrt x'Fb}g . 7uL;DaGwL
sfg"gsf] p2]Zo klg Tof] xf]Og .
^= b'a} kIf ldnL /fhLv'zLn] u/]sf]
s/f/sf] ;DaGwdf, sk6k"js
{ (Fraudulently) s/f/
ePsf] jf s'g} sfg"gsf] pNn+3g x'g] u/L s/f/
u/] s f] jf Psn] csf] { kIfnfO{ e' m SofO{ jf
hfn;fhLk"j{s s/f/ u/]sf] cj:yfdf Psn] csf]{
kIfnfO{ xflg k'ofpg] lgotn] jf k|f/Deb]lvg}
7Ug] clek|fon] s'g} s/f/ u/]sf]df afx]s kmf}hbf/L
bfloTjsf] l;h{gf x'g ;Sb}g . k|:t't d'2fdf To:tf
tTjxsf] ljBdfgtf b]lvFb}g .
&= s/f/sf kIfxsf] lghL bfloTjsf]
;DaGwdf jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 k|:t't
7uL d'2f bfo/ x'g cfPsf] kfOG5 . o;/L k|ltjfbL
/ hfx]/jfnfxsf aLr ePsf] s/f/Lo ;Demf}tfsf]
kl/kfngf;Fu ;DalGwt b]jfgL bfloTj;DaGwL
lajfbnfO{ kmf}hbf/L bfloTjsf] ?kdf k|:t't u/L
k|ltjfbLpk/ 7uLsf] s;"/ sfod ug{' sfg"g /
Gofosf] /f]xdf ;d]t ldNg] b]lvFb}g .
*= ctM k|ltjfbL j|';j' eGg] we yu jiang
n] 7uLsf] s;"/ 7x/fO{ u/]sf] z'? sf7df8f}+ lhNnf
cbfntsf] km};nf pN6L e} k|ltjfbLn] 7uL tkm{sf]
cleof]u bfjLaf6 ;kmfO kfpg] 7xofO{ k|ltjfbL
/ hfx]/jfnfxaLr ePsf] s/f/Lo bfloTj;DaGwL
ljjfb b' l gofjfbL b] j fgL ljjfbsf] ?kdf
hfx]/jfnfx jfbL eO{ rNg;Sg] k|s[ltsf]
614
**!) k'0ok|;fb v/]n lj= ljBfno lzIfs lstfjvfgf ;d]t
b]lvPsf]n] ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf]

bkmf @& adf]lhd hfx]/jfnfxnfO{ lemsfO{
lghxn] ;sf/ u/]df jfbL kIf sfod u/L k|:t't
d'2fsf] ldl;naf6 k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd sf/jfxL
/ lsgf/f u/L lbg] 7xofO{ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt,
kf6gaf6 ePsf] ldlt @)^^.*.( sf] km};nf ldn]s}
b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sb}g . bfo/Lsf] nut
sf u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ a'emfOlbg" .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
Gof=e/t/fh pk|]tL
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn a}zfv !) ut] /f]h ! z'ed
Ohnf; clws[t M xl/ sf]O/fnf
&
lg0f{o g+=**!)
dfggLo GofofwLz k|f=8f=>L e/taxfb'/ sfsL{
@)^&WO!!*)
cfb]z ldltM @)^(.!.!@.#
ljifo M pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z .
lgj]bsM emfkf lhNnf, d]rLgu/ gu/kflnsf j8f
g+= !) 3/ eO{ sfFs/lef pRr dfWolds
ljBfno d]rLgu/ emfkfsf] dfWolds
lzIfs k|yd >]0fLsf] kbaf6 cjsfz k|fKt
k'0ok|;fb v/]n
lj?4
ljkIfLM ljBfno lzIfs lstfjvfgf, 5fpgLdfu{
sf7df8f}+ ;d]t
k]z u/]sf] lzIf0f ;+:yfsf] k|df0fkq,
gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq jf j}olQms
ljj/0fcg';f/ clen]vxdf km/s
km/s hGdldlt pNn] v ePsf]
615
kfOPdf h'gaf6 klxnf cjsfz kfpg]

xf], ;f]xL hGdldlt dfGg'kg]{ / ;f]xL
ldltaf6 cjsfz ldlt lgwf{ / 0f
ug' { k g] { .
-k|s/0f g+=%_
cflwsfl/s lgsfoaf6 cjsfz kq glbO{
;fljsadf]lhd g} lgoldt ?kdf sfd
u/]sf] cjlwsf] tnj, eQf gkfpg] eGg
gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=^_
cljl5Gg ?kdf cfk"m sfo{/t\ ljBfnodf
?h' xfhL/ e} cWofkg u/L cfPsf] cjlwsf]
lgodfg';f/ kfpg] tnj, eQfnufotsf]
cGo ;'ljwf ;d]t kfpg] g} x'Fbf sfd
u/]sf] cjlwsf] vfOkfO{ ;s]sf] tnj,
eQf Pj+ ;~rosf] i f sL /sd
lgj]bsnfO{ k|fKt x'g] cf}iflw pkrf/sf]
/sdaf6 sf u/L c;"n ug]{ sfo{
sfg"g;Ddt\ / Gofok"0f{ b]lvg gcfpg] .
-k|s/0f g+=&_
lgj]bssf tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmf xl/k|;fb pk|t] L
ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf s[i0fhLjL
l3ld/]
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%( sf] lgod
!#!, !#!-!_
cfb]z
Gof=tflx/ cnL cG;f/LM g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@!)&-@_ adf]lhd
o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qcGtu{t kg{
cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+
cfb]z o; k|sf/ 5 M
d lgj]bs ldlt @)@*.!.@ b]lv lg=df=lj=
lzIfssf] ?kdf lzIf0f k]zfdf ;]jf k|j]z u/L
xfn df=lj=k|yd txsf] lzIfs kbdf sfo{/t\ /xL
cWofkg ub}{ cfPsf] lyPF . d]/f] pd]/ ^) gk'u;

] Dd
lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%( sf] lgod #! n] sfo{/t\
/xg kfpg] xs k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . d]/f] hGdldlt
@))& ;fn r}q @% ut] ePsf] x'gfn] @)^& ;fn
r}q @$ ut];Dd sfo{/t\ /xg kfpg] ljZjf;sf
;fy cfgf] kbLo st{Jodf h'l6/x]sf]df lhNnf
lzIff sfof{non] dnfO{ ldlt @)^&.!!.!% df
a'emfPsf] kqdf tkfO{n] k]z ug'{ ePsf] z}lIfs
of]Uotfsf] k|df0fkqdf plNnlvt hGdldltsf]
cfwf/df tkfO{sf] pd]/ lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%(
sf] 5}7f}+ ;+zf]wg nfu" ePsf] ldlt @)^&.!).(
cufj} ^) jif{ k" / f eO;s] s f] x' F b f pQm
lgodfjnLsf] lgod !#! df ePsf] ;+zf]lwt
Joj:yf o; sfof{nosf] ldlt @)^&.!!.!% sf]
lg0f{ofg';f/ ;+zf]lwt lgodfjnL nfu" ePsf] ldlt
@)^&.!).( b]lv g} nfu" x'g] u/L dfWolds lzIfs
k|yd >]0fLsf] lzIfs kbaf6 clgjfo{ cjsfz
ul/Psf] Joxf]/f cg'/f]w 5 eGg] Joxf]/f pNn]v
ul/Psf]df lhNnf lzIff sfof{nosf] pQm kq k|fKt
ubf{;Dd klg d lgj]bs @)^& r}q @$ ut] ;Dd
sfo{/t\ /xg kfpg] ljZjf;sf ;fy ;]jf/t\ /xL
cfPsf] lyPF .
pQm kq k|fKt ePsf lbg;Dd d cfkm"
sfo{/t\ /x]sf] ljBfnodf ?h' xfhL/ /xL cfPsf]df
lstfjvfgfsf] ldlt @)^&.!@.@! sf] lhNnf lzIff
sfof{nonfO{ ;Daf]wg u/L dnfO{ jf]wfy{ lbOPsf]
kqaf6 ldlt @)^^.!@.@# b]lv ldlt @)^&.!).(
;Dd a9L cjlw sfo{ u/L a'em]sf] tnj /
;~rosf]if sL /sd ?=@,)*,#&).)^ cf}iflw
pkrf/af6 sf u/L lx;fj lstfj ldnfg ul/Psf]
eGg] Joxf]/f pNn]v ul/of] . pQm kq k|fKt ePkl5
d}n] lhNnf lzIff sfof{nosf] ldlt @)^&.!!.!%
sf] kqaf6 @)^&.!).( b]lv nfu' x'g] u/L cjsfz
kfPsf] cj:yfdf s] slt sf/0fn] /sd sf u/]sf]
xf] egL ;f]wvf]h ubf{ P;=Pn=;L= sf] k|df0fkqdf
hGdldlt % ck|Ln !(%) /x]sf] x'gfn] ;f] ldltaf6
pd]/ u0fgf ubf{ @)^^.!@.@@ df g} ^) jif{ pd]/
k"/f x'g] ePsf]n] a9L ;do sfd u/L vfPsf]
616
tnj eQf tyf ;~rosf]if sLafktsf] /sd

c;"npk/ ug'{kg]{ ePsfn] tkfO{n] kfpg] cf}iflw
pkrf/afktsf] /sd sf u/L lx;fj ldnfg
ul/Psf] xf] eGg] s'/f cgf}krfl/s ?kdf hfgsf/L
u/fOof] .
t;y{ , ljkIfL lstfjvfgfaf6 ldlt
@)^&.!@.@! sf] kq nufot ljkIfLxaf6 s'g}
lg0f{o u/]sf] eP ;f] ;d]t pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zf/f
ab/ u/L lgj]bsn] vfO{kfO{ cfPsf] s'g} klg ;'ljwf
sf gu/L lgodfg';f/ vfg kfpg] ;Dk"0f{ /sd
e'QmfgL lbg' egL ljkIfLxsf] gfpFdf k/dfb]zsf]
cfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] lgj]bg dfubfjL .
of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf] ldltn] af6fsf Dofb afx]s
!% lbgleq lnlvt hjfkm k7fpg' egL
ljkIfLxnfO{ ;"rgf k7fO{ lnlvt hjfkm cfPkl5
jf cjlw gf3]kl5 lgodadf]lhd k]z ug'{ eGg]
o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^*.#.!@ sf] cfb]z .
s' g } klg :yfoL lzIfs ^) jif{ s f]
pd]/;Dd ;]jfdf /xg kfpg] Joj:yfdf lljwf
gePklg pgLx s'g ldltdf ^) jif{ k'Ug] eGg]
tYo d'Vo x'g cfpF5 . lgj]bsn] lhNnf lzIff
sfof{no, emfkfdfkm{t\ k|dfl0ft u/fO{ k]z u/]sf]
JolQmut kmfOndf /x]sf sfuhftdWo] @)@$
;fnsf] P;=Pn=;L= k/LIfffsf] k| d f0fkqdf
hGdldlt % ck|Ln !(%) cyf{t lj=;+= @))^.!@.@#
/x]sf] 5 eg] lqe'jg ljZjljBfnoaf6 @)## df
pQL0f{ Diploma in Education sf] 6fG:qmLK6df
lgj]bssf] hGdldlt @))&.!@.@% pNn]v eO{
hGdldltdf km/s k/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L km/s
k/]sf] cj:yfdf klxn] cjsfz x'g] hGdldltsf]
cfwf/df pd]/sf] u0fgf ul/g] lzIff lgodfjnL,
@)%( -5}7f}+ ;+zf]wg;lxt_ sf] lgod !#! df
Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] k|df0fkqdWo]
klg P;=Pn=;L sf] k| d f0fkqdf plNnlvt
hGdldltnfO{ cfwf/ dfGg'kg]{ ;j{dfGo Joj:yfsf]
cfwf/df ;d] t o; lstfjvfgfsf] ldlt
@)^&.!@.@! sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ lghsf] P;=Pn=;L=

sf] k|df0fkqdf plNnlvt hGdldlt @))^.!@.@#
sf] sfod u/L ;f] adf]lhd ^) jif{sf] cjsfz
k'Ug] ldlt @)^^.!@.@# sfod ul/Psf] / To;kl5
ldlt @)^&.!).( ;Ddsf] kfPsf] tnjnufotsf
;'ljwf sf ul/Psf]n] a9L /sd lng kfpg] O{R5f
/fvL lbPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 .
jf:tljs eGbf cs}{ pd]/ 9fF6L jf cs}{ pd]/
b]vfO{ u/]sf] ;]jf u}/sfg"gL / To:tf] u}/sfg"gL
;]jfafkt kfPsf] tnj u|]8;d]t sfg"gljk/Lt
x'g] ePsf]n] sfd ug{ gkfpg] cjlwdf kfPsf]
tnj eQfnfO{ o; lstfjvfgfsf] ldlt
@)^&.!@.@! sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ sf ul/Psf]n]
u}/sfg"gL sfo{ eGg ldNb}g, l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ljBfno lzIfs,
lstfjvfgfsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
ljkIfL lgj]bsn] lhNnf lzIff sfof{no
eb|k'/, emfkfaf6 ldlt @)^&.!!.!% ut] clgjfo{
cjsfz kfPsf] s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/ u/L To;af6
kfpg] ;'ljwf pkef]usf] sf/jf{xLdf cufl8 a9]sf]
b]lvG5 . lgh ljkIfLsf] JolQmut ljj/0f eg]{
;Dk"0f{ bfloTj lghs} ePsf]df lghn] l;6/f]n
ebf{ hGdldlt @))& r}q @% ut] / ;f]xL
l;6/f]nsf] cfwf/df ^) jif{ pd]/ k'Ug] ldlt
@)^&.!@.@$ ut] pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 . lghn]
;f]xL l;6/f]ndf z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] dxndf
P;=Pn=;L= k/LIffsf] k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{no,
P;=Pn=;L= af]8{af6 lbPsf] b]lvG5 / :gfts
;Ddsf] z}lIfs of]Uotf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . lghn]
hGdldlt @))&.!@.@% n]v] klg lghs} lgj]bgdf
;g\ !(%), ck| L n % df hGdldlt ePsf]
lstfjvfgfdf P;=Pn=;L= sf] k|df0fkq k]z u/]sf]
5 . ;f] hGdldltdf s'g} ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ eP To;
ljifodf slxF st} s]xL pNn]v gu/L hGdldlt;Dd
;RofPsf] s'/f pNn]v u/]sf] kfOb}g . ;f] s'/fnfO{
lghn] :jLsf/ u/]sf] l/6 lgj]bgaf6} b]lvG5 .
lgj]bssf] lj=P8=sf] 6fG;lqmK6df plNnlvt
hGdldlt / gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqdf plNnlvt
617
pd]/sf cfwf/df @)^&.!@.@$ ut];Dd sfo{/t\

/xg kfpg] ljZjf;sf ;fy sfo{/t\ /x]sf] lyP
eGg'n] g} lghsf] hGdldlt lstfa vfgfsf] /]s8{df
;g\ !(%) ck|Ln % /x]sf] 5 . o;/L hGdldlt g}
osLg 5F b f5F b } ;] j f k| j ] z sf] d' V o cfwf/
P;=Pn=;L= jf]8{ / P;=Pn=;L= af]8{af6 g} cGo
k/LIffdf ;fd] n x' g ] lghsf] v' 8 \ l snf] s f]
cfwf/:tDe / lzIfs h:tf] dof{lbt k]zfdf a;]sf]
JolQmnfO{ clgjfo{ cjsfzsf] hfgsf/L lyPg
eGg' pko'Qm x'bF g} . o;/L lgj]bsn] cfgf] clgjfo{
cjsfzsf] ;do hfgsf/ x'Fbfx'Fb} @)^&.!@.@$
ut];Dd ;]jf ug{ kfpg] ljZjf;df lyP eGg'
pko'Qm b]lvb}g . ljkIfL lgj]bsn] z'? lgo'lQm
@)@*.!.@ df y]rDd' lg=df=lj= tfKn]h' df lgo'lQm
kfPsf] b]lvG5 . lghn] lhNnfGt/ ;?jf u/L o;
ljBfnodf @)%!.!@.@* df cfPsf] / @)%#.!.#
df l;6/f]n ebf{ cfkm" cg's"nsf] hGdldlt /fvL
cufl8sf] hGdldltnfO{ a]jf:tf u/]sf] eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] sfs/lef pRr dfWolds ljBfnosf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
ljkIfL lgj]bsn] cfkm"n] @)^&.!@.@$
;Dd ;]jfdf sfo{/t\ /xg kfpg' kg]{ bfjL u/]sf]
;Gbe{df lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%( sf] -5}7f}+
;+ z f] w gsf] _ lgod !#! sf] :ki6Ls/0fdf
lzIfssf] pd]/ u0fgf ubf{ lghn] ;]jf k|j]z
ubf{ k]z u/]sf] lzIf0f ;+:yfsf] k|df0fkqdf
lsl6Psf], gful/stfdf lsl6Psf] jf lghn] ;]jf
k|j]z ubf{ e/]sf] j}olQms tyf gf]s/L ljj/0f
-l;6/f]n_ df n]lvPsf] hGdldlt jf jif{df x'g
cfPsf] pd]/dWo] h'g pd]/af6 lgh klxnf
cjsfz x'G5 ;f]xL cfwf/df u0fgf ul/g]5, eGg]
pNn]v ePsf] 5 . lgj]bsnfO{ ;]jfaf6 cjsfz
lbg] ;DaGwdf ldlt @)^&.!).( df lzIff
lgodfjnL, @)%( sf] 5}7f}+ ;+zf]wg nfu" eP
kl5 ;+zf]lwt lgodadf]lhd lzIfsxsf] clgjfo{
cjsfzsf] nflu ;]jf cjlw u0fgf ubf{ lghsf]
k|j]lzsf k/LIffsf] k|df0fkqsf cfwf/df lghsf]
pd]/ ldlt @)^&.!).( k"j{ g} ^) jif{ k"/f ePsf]
kfOPsf] x'Fbf lghnfO{ ;f]xL lgodfjnL ;+zf]wg

nfu" ePsf] ldltb]lv nfu" x'g] u/L o; sfof{nosf]
ldlt @)^&.!!.!% sf] lg0f{on] clgjfo{ cjsfz
lbOPsf] xf] . ;+zf]lwt lgodadf]lhd lhNnfsf
;Dk"0f{ lzIfsxsf] pd]/ u0fgfsf] nflu cfjZos
sfuhft lemsfO{ osLg ug{ ;do nfu]sf] x'Fbf
lgodfjnL ;+zf]wg x'gf;fy lghnfO{ cjsfz
lbg g;lsPsf] xf] . lghsf] o; sfof{nodf /x]sf]
clen]vdf z}lIfs of]Uotfdf :gfts txsf]
k|df0fkqsf cfwf/df hGdldlt sfod ePsf],
lgh lzIfs :jo+n] lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%( sf]
lgod !!& sf] pklgod -!_ / -@_ adf]lhdsf]
kmf/fd e/L ljBfnodfkm{t\ o; sfof{nodf (
dlxgf cufj} a'emfpg' kg]{df ;f] gu/]sf] /
lghnfO{ cfgf] hGdldlt osLg x'Fbfx'Fb} klg
;dodf hfgsf/L gu/fO{ r'krfk a;]sf] x'Fbf
lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhd cfb]z hf/L u/L /xg'
kg]{ cj:yf ljBdfg gb]lvFbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h
ul/kfpFm eGg] lhNnf lzIff sfof{no, emfkfsf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
Ohnf;;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf
lgj]bssf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmf >L
xl/k|;fb pk|t] Ln] lgj]bssf] gful/stf cg';f/
hGdldlt @))&.!@.@% ut] ePsf] x'bF f @)^&.!@.@$
ut] ^) jif{ k'uL clgjfo{ cjsfz kfpg] xf] .
lhNnf lzIff sfof{no, emfkfaf6 lgj]bsnfO{ ldlt
@)^&.!!.!% df a'emfPsf] kqdf @)^&.!).( b]lv
nfu" x'g] u/L clgjfo{ cjsfz ul/Psf] Joxf]/f
pNn]v ul/Psf] /x]5 . ljkIfLdWo]sf] ljBfno lzIfs
lstfjvfgfn] @)^^.!@.@# b]lv @)^&.!).)+( ;Dd
a9L cjlw sfo{ u/L a'em]sf] tnj / ;~rosf]if
sL /sd ?=@,)*,#&).)^ lgj]bssf] cf}iflw pkrf/
vr{af6 sf u/L lx;fj ldnfg ul/Psf] eGg] s'/f
@)^&.!@.@! sf] kqf/f hfgsf/L u/fPsf]n]
lgj]bsn] sfd u/]afktsf] kfl/>ldsafktsf] tnj
eQf sf ug{ ' >d;DaGwL ljlwzf:qLo
dfGotfljk/Lt x' g ] ePsf] ] n ] ljkIfL lzIfs
lstfjvfgfsf] ldlt @)^&.!@.@! sf] kq pTk|i] f0fsf]

cfb]zf/f ab/ ul/of];
] \ eGg] Joxf]/fsf] ax; k|:t't
ug'e
{ of] .
ljkIfL ljBfno lzIfs lstfjvfgf
;d]tsf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf
>L s[ i 0fhLjL l3ld/] n ] ljkIfL lgj] b sn]
P;=Pn=;L=sf] k|df0fkqdf hGdldlt @))^.!@.@#
pNn]v u/]sf] x'Fbf @)^^.!@.@@ ut] ^) jif{ pd]/
k"/f eO{ clgjfo{ cjsfz kfpFg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L
x'bF f x'bF } u}/sfg"gL ?kdf ;]jf u/]afktsf] tnjeQf
Pj+ ;~rosf] i f sL /sd ;d] t lghsf]
cf}ifwf]krf/ /sdaf6 sf u/L lx;fj ldnfg ug]{
u/L ljBfno lzIfs lstfjvfgfsf] lg0f{ o
sfg"g;Ddt\ ePsf]n] ljkIfL lgj]bsn] lbPsf]
k|:t't lgj]bg vf/]h ul/of];\ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
ax; k|:t't ug'{eof] .
b'a} kIfsf ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLxn]
ug'e
{ Psf] ax; ;'gL lgj]bg ;lxtsf] ;Dk"0f{ ldl;n
cWoog u/L x]bf{ lgj]bg dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z
hf/L ug{' kg]{ xf], xf]Og < ;f] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o
lbg'kg]{ b]lvg cfof] .
@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ gful/stfsf]
k|df0fkqdf cfgf] hGdldlt @))&.!@.@% ePsf]
x'bF f @)^&.!@.@$ df ^) jif{ k'uL clgjfo{ cjsfz
kfpg' kg]{df lhNnf lzIff sfof{no, emfkfn]
@)^&.!).( b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L lgj]bsnfO{ clgjfo{
cjsfz lbOof] . ljkIfL ljBfno lzIfs
lstfjvfgfn] ldlt @)^^.!@.@# b]lv @)^&.!).(
ut];Dd a9L cjlw sfo{ u/L a'em]sf] tnj, eQf
/ ;~rosf]if sL /sd ;d]t ?=@,)*,#&).)^
d}n] lgodfg';f/ kfpg] cf}iflw pkrf/ /sdaf6
sf ug]{ hfgsf/L ldlt @)^&.!@.@! sf] kqf/f
u/fOof] . ljkIfL laBfno lzIfs lstfjvfgfsf]
ldlt @)^&.!@.@! sf] kq pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zf/f
ab/ u/L lgj]bsn] vfOkfO cfPsf] tnj, eQf
Pj+ cGo ;'ljwf sf gu/L e'QmfgL lbg' egL
ljkIfLxsf] gfpFdf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z ;d]t hf/L
ul/kfpFm eGg] lgj]bg dfu bfjL /x]sf] kfOG5 .
618
#= lgj]bs sfFs/lef pRr dfWolds

ljBfno d]rLgu/, emfkfdf @)^&.!).( ut];Dd
cljl5Gg ?kdf cWofkg u/]sf] egL lgh sfo{/t\
ljBfnosf] ldlt @)^&.!!.@^ sf] ldl;n ;+nUg
l;kmfl/z kqaf6 b]lvG5 . ljBfno lzIfs
lstfjvfgfn] lhNnf lzIff sfof{no, emfkfnfO{
;Daf]wg u/L lgj]bsnfO{ jf]wfy{ lbOPsf] r=g+=
#&^!, ldlt @)^&.!@.@! sf] ldl;n ;+nUg kq
x]bf{ sfFs/lef pRr df=lj=af6 ;]jf lgj[Q lzIfs
k' 0 ok| ; fb v/] n n] ldlt @)^^.!@.@# b] l v
@)^&.!).( ;Dd a9L cjlw sfo{ u/L a'em]sf]
tnj, eQf Pj+ ;~rosf] i f sL /sd
?=@,)*,#&).)^ lghn] kfpg] cf}iflw pkrf/
/sdaf6 sf u/L lx;fj ldnfg ul/Psf] eGg]
Joxf]/f pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 .
$= oL lgj]bs k'0ok|;fb v/]nn] ;]jf
k|j]z ubf{ k]z u/]sf] lzIf0f ;+:yfsf] k|df0fkqdf
plNnlvt hGdldltsf] cfwf/df lghsf] pd]/ lzIff
lgodfjnL, @)%( sf] 5}7f}+ ;+zf]wg nfu" ePsf]
ldlt @)^&.!).( cufj} ^) jif{ k"/f e};s]sf] x'bF f
pQm lgodfjnLsf] lgod !#! df ePsf] ;+zf]lwt
Joj:yfadf]lhd lhNnf lzIff sfof{no, eb|k'/,
emfkfsf] @)^&.!!.!% sf] lg0f{ocg';f/ @)^&.!).(
ut]bl] v nfu" x'g] u/L dfWolds txsf] k|yd >]0fLsf]
lzIfs kbaf6 clgjfo{ cjsfz ul/Psf] ldl;n
;+nUg ldlt @)^&.!!.!% sf] kqaf6 b]lvG5 .
%= lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%( nfu" x'g] oL
lgj]bsn] ;f] lgodfjnLsf] Joj:yf dfGg'kg]{ g}
x'G5 . lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%( sf] lgod !#!-!_
cg';f/ s'g} lzIfssf] pd]/ ^) jif{ k"/f ePkl5
lghnfO{ laBfnosf] ;]jfaf6 cjsfz lbg] sfg"gL
Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . ;f]xL lgodfjnLsf] :ki6Ls/0fdf
pNn]v ePcg';f/ lzIfssf] pd]/ u0fgf ubf{
lghn] ;]jf k||j]z ubf{ k]z u/]sf] lzIf0f ;+:yfsf]
k|df0fkqdf lsl6Psf] hGd lbg jf jif{af6 x'g
cfPsf] pd]/ jf gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqdf lsl6Psf]
hGd lbg jf jif{af6 x'g cfPsf] pd]/ jf lghn]
;]jf k|j]z ubf{ e/]sf] j}olQms gf]s/L ljj/0f
619
-l;6/f]n_ df n]lvPsf] hGdldlt jf jif{af6 x'g

cfPsf] pd]/dWo] h'g pd]/af6 lgh klxn] cjsfz
x'G5 ;f]xL cfwf/df u0fgf ul/g]5 eGg] sfg"gL
Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . lgj]bs k'0ok|;fb v/]nn]
;]jf k|j]z ubf{ k]z u/]sf] P;=Pn=;L= sf]
k|df0fkqdf lghsf] hGdldlt @))^.!@.@# pNn]v
ePsf] kfOG5 eg] lghsf] gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqdf
hGdldlt @))&.!@.@% pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 .
lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%( sf] lgod !#!-!_ sf]
:ki6Ls/0fcg';f/ lzIfsn] k]z u/]sf] lzIf0f
;+:yfsf] k|df0fkq, gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq jf
j}olQms ljj/0fcg';f/ clen]vxdf km/skm/s
hGdldlt pNn]v ePsf] kfOPdf h'gaf6 klxnf
cjsfz kfpg] xf], ;f]xL hGdldlt dfGg'kg]{ /
;f]xL ldltaf6 cjsfz ldlt lgwf{/0f ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 .
^= ;fj{ h lgs ljBfnodf sfo{ / t\
lzIfsxsf] clen]v b'?:t /fvL clgjfo{ cjsfz
x'g] lzIfs s'g ldltaf6 cjsfz x'g] xf] < ;f]
s'/fsf] cu|Ld hfgsf/L ;DalGwt lzIfs Pj+ lgh
sfo{/t\ ljBfnonfO{ lbg' ug]{ bfloTj /x]sf] ljkIfL
ljBfno lzIfs lstfjvfgfn] cfgf] bfloTj
;dod} k"/f u/]sf] b]lvPg . cfkm"n] k"/f ug'{kg]{
bfloTj k"/f gu/]sf] cj:yfdf ldlt @)^&.!).(
ut];Dd ljBfnodf ?h' xfhL/ e} ;]jf u/L cfPsf
oL lgj]bsn] @)^^.!@.@# b]lv @)^&.!).( ;Dd
sfd u/]sf] tnj jf kfl/>lds kfpg' kg]{ g}
x'G5 . cflwsfl/s lgsfoaf6 cjsfz kq glbO{
;fljsadf]lhd g} lgoldt ?kdf sfd u/]sf]
cjlwsf] tnj, eQf gkfpg] eGg ldNg] x'Fb}g .
o:tf] cj:yfdf a9L cjlw sfo{ u/L lghn] a'em]sf]
tnj, eQf Pj+ ;~rosf]if sL /sd lghn]
sfg"gadf]lhd k|fKt ug]{ cf}iflw pkrf/ /sdaf6
sf u/L lx;fj ldnfg ug]{ u/L ljBfno lzIfs
lstfjvfgfsf] ldlt @)^&.!@.@! sf] kq k|fs[lts
Gofo / >d;DaGwL ljlwzf:qLo dfGotfljk/Lt
/x]sf] 5 .
&= oL l/6 lgj]bs cfkm" sfo{/t\ laBfnodf
@)^&.!).( ;Dd xfhL/ /xL cWofkg u/]sf] /
ljBfnon] klg cWofkg u/fPsf] tYodf lajfb

b]lvPg . oL lgj]bs cfk"m sfo{/t\ ljBfnodf xfhL/
/xL ;]jf ub}{ /x]sf] cj:yfdf lgj]bsnfO{ lhNnf
lzIff sfof{no, emfkfsf] ldlt @)^&.!!.!% sf]
lg0f{on] @)^&.!).( ut]bl] v nfu" x'g] u/L dfWolds
txsf] k|yd >]0fLsf] lzIfs kbaf6 clgjfo{ cjsfz
;DaGwL kq a'emfPsf] b]lvG5 . lgj]bsn] ;]jf k|jz
]
ubf{ k]z u/]sf] lzIf0f ;+:yfsf] k|df0fkqdf plNnlvt
hGdldltcg';f/ lghsf] cjsfz ldlt @)^^.!@.@#
eP klg lgj]bs ldlt @)^&.!).( ;Dd cljl5Gg
?kdf cfk"m sfo{/t\ ljBfnodf ?h' xfhL/ e}
cWofkg u/L cfPsf]n] lghn] ;f] cjlwsf] lgodfg';f/
kfpg] tnj, eQf nufotsf] cGo ;'lawf ;d]t
kfpg] g} x'G5 . o;/L ljBfnodf sfo{/t\ lzIfsn]
sfd u/]sf] cjlwsf] vfO{ kfO{ ;s]sf] tnj, eQf
Pj+ ;~rosf]if sL /sd lgj]bsnfO{ k|fKt x'g]
cf}iflw pkrf/sf] /sdaf6 sf u/L c;"n ug]{
sfo{ sfg"g;Ddt\ / Gofok"0f{ b]lvg cfPg .
*= t;y{ , oL l/6 lgj] b sn] ldlt
@)^^.!@.@# b]lv @)^&.!).( ;Dd sfd u/]sf]
cjlwsf] vfO{ kfO{ ;s]sf] tnj, eQf / cGo
;'lawf lgj]bsn] lgodfg';f/ kfpg] cf}ifwf]krf/
/sdaf6 sf ug] { u/L ljBfno lzIfs
lstfjvfgfsf] ldlt @)^&.!@.@! sf] kq Pj+ ;f]
;DaGwL cGo sfdsf/jfxL ;d]t pTk|]if0fsf]
cfb]zf/f ab/ ul/lbPsf] 5 . lgj]bsn] sfFs/lef
pRr dfWolds ljBfnodf @)^&.!).( ;Dd ?h'
xfhL/ e} sfd u/]sf] cjlwsf] lghn] vfO{kfO{
cfPsf] tnj, eQf Pj+ cGo s'g} klg ;'ljwfsf]
/sd sf gu/L lgj]bsn] kfpg] cf}ifwf]krf/sf]
;Dk"0f{ /sd e'QmfgL lbg' egL ljkIfL ljBfno
lzIfs lstfavfgf ;d]tsf] gfpFdf k/dfb]zsf]
cfb]z ;d]t hf/L x'g] 7x5{ . bfo/Lsf] nut sf
u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ a'emfOlbg" .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn a}zfv !@ ut] /f]h # z'ed\=
Ohnf; clws[t M xl/ sf]O/fnf
lg0f{o g+=**!!
dfggLo GofofwLz >L cjw]zs'df/ ofbj
@)^%- CI )%@*
km};nf ldltM @)^*.&.@#.$
d'2f M lg0f{o ab/ Pj+ bflvn vf/]h btf{
sfod .
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLM sf7df8f}+ lhNnf, sf7df8f}+
dxfgu/kflnsf, j8f g+= @ nflhDkf6
a:g] k|]dbf; k|sfzsf] d'=;= ug]{ P]= P]=
a:g] zf]efb]jL k|sfz ;d]t
lj4
k|ToyL{ jfbLM a}t8L lhNnf, k'rf}8L306 ufpF ljsf;
;ldlt a;Gtk'/ 3/ eO{ xfn sf7df8f}+
lhNnf, sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsf j8f
g+= @ a:g] /ZdLb]jL ad
z' km};nf ug]{ M
df=lh=Gof=>L e/tk|;fb clwsf/L
k'g/fj]bg km};nf ug]{ M
df=Gof=>L b'uf{k|;fb pk|]tL
df=Gof=>L xl/k|;fb l3ld/]
&
620
bfOhf] k]jfaf6 k|fKt u/]sf] ;DklQ d'ns

' L
P]g, :qL c+zwgsf] % g+= sf] sfg"gL
Joj:yf ;d]tn] cfkm"v'z ug{ kfpg] .
-k|s/0f g++=$_
cfkm" n ] as;kqaf6 k| f Kt u/] s f]
;DklQ as;kq kfpg] n ] ef] u rng
gu/]sf] cj:yfdf dfq d'n'sL P]g,
bfg as;sf] % g+ = sf] sfg" g L
Joj:yf cfslif{t x'g] .
hUufdf /x] s f] 3/sf] ;6/ ef8fdf
lbPsf] / ljB't dx;"n lt/]sf] ;+s]t
**!! d'=;=ug]{ zf]efb]jL k|sfz ;d]t lj=/ZdLb]jL ad
sf8{af6 b]lvPsf] x'Fbf ljjflbt 3/

hUufdf k|ToyL{sf] ef]u /x]sf] s]jn
bflvn vf/]h gfd;f/L x'g;Dd afFsL
/x] s f] cj:yfdf d' n ' s L P] g , hUuf
khgLsf] @ g+ = df ePsf] sfg" g L
k|fjwfgadf]lhd xbDofb gfl3;s]sf]
eGg gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=^_
k'g/fj]bs tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmfo ef]nfs'df/
e/fO{ / afns[i0f g]pkfg]
k|ToyL{ tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmf aRr'l;+x v8\sf
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
c=j+= !#( g+=
hUuf khgLsf] @ g+=
bfgas;sf] % g+=
km};nf
Gof=ts{/fh e6[M k'g/fj]bg cbfnt,
kf6gsf] km};nfpk/ jfbLsf] tkm{af6 k/]sf]
lgj]bgdf Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !@
adf]lhd d'2f bf]xf]ofO{ x]g]{ lg:;f k|bfg e} k]z
x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ 7x/
o; k|sf/ 5 M
:j= lktf /Tgbf; k|sfz / cfdf k|f0fdfof
v8\uLaf6 hfohGd ePsf tLg 5f]/f kfFr
5f]/Lxdf ;a}sf] ljjfx e};s]sf] 5 . d lkm/fbL
/ZdLb]jLsf] cGt/hftLo ljjfx e} d]/f klt
/0faxfb'/ ad;Fu j}dgZotf e} d lkm/fbL dfOtL
s} ;+/IfsTjdf /xL afnaRrf kfngkf]if0f u/L
a;L cfPsL lyPF . :juL{o cfdf hLljt} cj:yfdf
/xFbfv]/L cfdfn] ldlt @)%@.@.! df d lkm/fbLnfO{
sf7df8f}+ lhNnf, sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsf j8f
g+= @ sf] ls=g+= @^@ sf] If]qkmn )#!@ hUuf
/ ;f] hUufdf ag]sf] tLgtn] 3/dWo] hldg tNnf
/ klxnf] tNnfsf] hDdf $ efu u/L ;f]dWo] @
efu 3/ hUuf z]ifkl5sf] as;kq ul/lbPsf]df
621
d lkm/fbLsf] gfpF ;d]t ;dfj]z u/L bf=vf= btf{

ug'k{ g]d{ f ;f] gu/L ljkIfL k|ltjfbL k|d] bf; k|sfzn]
# efOsf] gfpFdf dfq bf=vf= ug]{ u/L u/]sf] ldlt
@)%&.!!.* sf] dfnkf]t sfof{no sf7df8f}+sf]
lg0f{o / ;f] lg0f{osf cfwf/df ljkIfL ;d]t #
hgfsf] gfddf dfq ePsf] gfd;f/L btf{ ab/
u/L pQm 3/ hUufdf d]/f] gfpFDff ePsf] z]ifkl5sf]
as;kq adf]lhd ef]urngsf] 3/ hUufsf]
xb;Ddsf] d]/f] ;d]t gfddf bf=vf=gfd;f/L
ul/lbg' eGg] dfnkf]t sfof{no sf7df8f}s
+ f] gfpFdf
k"hL{ ;d]t lbnfO{ kfpFm eGg] Joxf]/fsf] lkm/fb
bfjL .
sfg"gn] tf]lslbPsf] gftfsf] dflg;n]
;+/Ifs ga;L pgfpn] ;gfvt / ;+/Ifs eO{
kf; ul/Psf] z]ifkl5sf] as;kqn] sfg"gL dfGotf
k|fKt ug{ g;Sg] egL l;4fGt ;d]t k|ltkfbg
ePsf] 5 . ljkIfLn] z]ifkl5sf] as;kq kf;
ubf{ wf]sf 5nL sfo{ u/L sLt]{ hfn;fhL u/]sf]
x'Fbf z]ifkl5sf] as;kq ab/efuL 5 . ljkIfLn]
s'g 3/ kf; u/L lng' ePsf] xf] cfh;Dd b]vfpg
;Sg' ePsf] 5}g . cfdfn] u/L lbPsf] z]ifkl5sf]
as;kq lnvtsf] cfwf/df ljkIfLn] bfv]n vf/]h
gfd;f/L u/fpg g;Sg' ePsf] k|i6 5 . kl5 d
;d]t # efO{sf gfpFdf ls=g+= @^@ sf] 3/ hUuf
gfd;f/L e};s]kl5 ljkIfLn] dfnkf]t sfof{nodf
lgj]bg lbO{ lgd{n/Tgn] ls=g+= @^@ sf] 3/ hUuf
z]ifkl5sf] as;kq kfpg] /ZdLb]jLsf gfpFdf
bf=vf= gfd;f/L u/L lbO{ d ;d]tsf] gfpF sf
u/]df d]/f] d~h"/ 5 egL ;gfvt u/]sf 5g\ .
o;af6 of] b]lvG5 ls b'j} hgfn] c+z d'2fdf
tfobftLdf k]z u/]sf] ;DklQ hfgL hfgL bjfO{
l5kfO{ vfg] s'lgotn] ubf{ bkf]6 sfo{df b'j}
;+nUg ePsf x'g\ . cfdfsf] k/nf]s ePkl5 ldlt
@)%&.!!.* df tLg bfh'efOsf gfddf gfd;f/L
ePsf] xf] . cfdf k|f0fdfofn] hLljt} cj:yfdf
lbPsf] /=g+= !!!%^ sf] z]ifkl5sf] as;kq
lnvtadf] l hd gfd;f/L eO{ sfod ePsf
lgd{n/Tg k|sfzn] d~h"/L ;d]tsf] cfwf/df
z]ifkl5sf] as;kq lnvtadf]lhd xs lx:;f

ldlt @)%*.$.# sf] cg'k hlgPsf]df lghn]
pQm Joxf]/f sf ul/kfpFm egL dfu u/]sf] b]lvFbf
pQm ;|:] tf;Fu ;DalGwt ;a} hgfnfO{ a'emL cu|Ld
sf/jfxL x'g'kg]{ b]lvFbf k]z u/]sf] 5' . t;y{
xfn;Dd ljkIfL /ZdLb] j Ln] z] i fkl5sf]
as;kqaf6 xs sfod ug{ ;s]sf] cj:yf 5}g .
xfn;Dd bf=vf= gfd;f/L geO{ lgliqmo /x]sf]
z]ifkl5sf] as;kqaf6 xs sfod ug{ sfg"gtM
ldNg] xf]Og eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltpQ/
lhsL/ .
c=j+= !#( g+= adf]lhd a'lemPsf k|]dk'ik
k|sfzn] Dofb} u'hf/L a;]sf] .
c=j+= !#( g+= adf]lhd a'lemPsf lgd{n/Tg
k|sfzn] ls=g+= @^@ sf] If]qkmn )#!@ 3/
hUufsf] hldg tNnf / klxnf] tNnfsf] lx:;fdf
$ efusf] @ efu 3/ ;lxtsf] 3/ hUuf lbbL
/ZdLb]jLn] cfdf k|f0fdfofsf] v'zL/fhL / xfdL
c+lzof/sf] ;xdltn] z]ifkl5sf] as;kq kfO{
ef]urng u/L cfO{ /xg'ePsf] 5 . dfnkf]t
sfof{no sf7df8f}s
+ f] ldlt @)@&.!!.* sf] lg0f{o
ab/ u/L lbbL /ZdLb]jLsf gfpFdf bf=vf= btf{
ePdf d]/f] d~h"/ 5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] c=j+=
!#( g+= adf]lhd a'lemPsf lgd{n/Tg k|sfzsf]
aofg .
jfbL /ZdLb]jLn] z]ifkl5sf] as;kq u/L
lnPsf] s'/f pNn]v g} gu/L k|ltjfbLx k|]dbf;
k|sfz ;d]tsf gfpFdf ;+o'Qm btf{ x'g] u/L ePsf]
ldlt @)%&.!!.* sf] dfnkf] t sfof{ n o,
sf7df8f}+}sf] lg0f{odf jfbL /ZdLb]jLsf] gfpFdf
btf{ sfod x'g] ls=g+= @^@ sf] If]qkmn )#!@
dWo] rf/ v08sf] @ v08 sf u/L afFsL hUuf
dfq lghxsf] gfpFdf btf{ x'g'kg]{df k"/} hUuf
btf{ x'g] lg0f{o ePsf]n] pQm ls=g+= @^@ sf] hUufsf]
$ v08sf] @ v08 hUuf btf{ ab/ x'g] 7x5{ eGg]
sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf .
z]ifkl5sf] as;kqaf6 xs ePsf] egL
;|f]t b]vfPsf] t/ bfg as;sf] % g+= sf]
622
xbDofbleq k|:t't lkm/fb gk/]sf], lkm/fbdf hUuf

khgLsf] !& g+= tyf hUuf ldRg]sf] !* g+= egL
bfo/ u/]sf], d'2f kbf{kb}{ xs g} gk'us
] f] cj:yfdf
z]ifkl5sf] as;kq lnPsf] cyf{t\ jfbLsf] xs
:yfkgf ug]{ xbDofb gf3L lnvt g} lgliqmo
e};s]sf] cj:yfdf lkm/fb vf/]h ug'{kg]{df
sfg"gljk/Lt km};nf u/]sf] z'? km};nf ab/
ul/kfpF m eGg] ;d] t Joxf] / fsf] k| l tjfbLsf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gdf k/]sf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
jfbL /ZdLb]jL jdn] ldlt @)%@.@.!
df /=g+= !!!%^ af6 k|fKt u/]sf] z]ifkl5sf]
as;kqsf] lnvt ab/ ul/kfpFm egL s;}sf]
ph"/ gk/L ;f] lnvt oyfjt sfod /x]sf]
b]lvG5 . z]ifkl5sf] as;kq lnvt u/L lbg]
k|f0fdfofn] ls=g+= @^@ sf] 3/ hUuf @)!*
;fndf :j= /Tgbf; k|sfzn] lgh k|f0fdfofsf]
bfOhf] k]jfsf] /sd ?=%,))). df;]afkt lghn]
cfkm"v'zL ug{ kfpg] u/L lnvt u/L lbPsf] /
log} k'g/fj]bs k|]dbf; k|sfz pQm lnvtdf
cGt/ ;fIfL a;L sf7df8f}+ /lhi6]zg cfaf6
ldlt @)!*.$.!@ df lnvt kfl/t ePsf] b]lvG5 .
o;/L jfbLsf bftf k|f0fdfofn] bfOhf] k]jfaf6
k|fKt u/]sf] ljjflbt 3/ hUuf :qL c+zwgsf] %
g+= n] cfkm"v'z ug{ kfpg] ;DklQ b]lvg cfof] .
dfnkf]t sfof{noaf6 ldlt @)%&.!!.* sf]
lg0f{on] oL k'g/fj]bs tyf cGo k|ltjfbL k|]dk'ik
k|sfz / lgd{n/Tg k|sfz ;d]t # hgfsf gfpFdf
;+o'Qm gfd;f/L btf{ ePsf]df ;f]xL hUufsf
cGo ;+o'Qm btf{jfnf b'O{ hgf efOxn] pQm
hUuf z]ifkl5sf] as;kq adf]lhd /ZdLb]jLsf]
xf], lghsf] lkm/fb bfjLadf]lhd ePdf d~h"/ 5
egL aofg ;d]t u/]sf] b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf jfbL
bfjLadf]lhd z]ifkl5sf] as;kq adf]lhdsf]
ls=g+= @^@ sf] If]qkmn )#!@ sf] rf/ v08sf]
@ v08 ;Ddsf] ldlt @)%&.!!.* sf] dfnkf]t
sfof{nosf] lg0f{o ab/ e} jfbLsf gfpFdf btf{
x'g] 7xofPsf] z'? sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntsf]
km};nf ldn]s} b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gsf] ldlt

@)^#.%.@& sf] km};nf .
ls=g+= @^@ sf] 3/ hUuf d k'g/fj]bs
;d]tsf gfpFdf gfd;f/L eO{ uPsf] Joxf]/f ldlt
@)%*.#.@! df g} ljkIfLn] yfxf hfgsf/L kfO;Sg'
ePsf] lyof] . o;/L gfd;f/L btf{ eO{ uPsf] yfxf
kfPkl5 ljkIfLsf] cfgf] xs k'Ug] eP c=j+= *^
g+= adf]lhd ;f] lg0f{o ab/ u/fpg yfxf kfPsf]
ldltn] #% lbgleqdf gfln; ul/;Sg' kg]d{ f xbDofb
g3fO{ lkm/fb k/]sf] 5 . lkm/fbdf bfjL lnPsf]
;|f]t z]ifkl5sf] as;kq ePsf]n] pQm as;kq
bftf k|f0fdfofsf] d[To' ldlt @)%%.!!.@( df
ePkl5 ;f] ldltaf6 @ jif{leq bfg as;sf] % g+=
adf]lhd ljkIfLn] lnvtadf]lhdsf] 3/ hUuf
cfgf] gfpFdf u/fO{ lng'kg]{df pQm xbDofb leq
ljkIfLn] cfgf] gfpFdf u/fO{ lng ;Sg' ePsf]
5}g . k|df0fdf g} lng gx'g] z]ifkl5sf] as;kqsf]
lnvtnfO{ k|df0fdf lnO{ u/]sf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{
5 . z]ifkl5sf] as;kq lbg] bftfsf] d[To' ePsf]
@ jif{;Dd klg z]ifkl5sf] as;kq lng]n] bftfsf]
gfdaf6 bf=vf= u/L gnu]df z]ifkl5sf] as;kqsf]
kfl/t lnvtsf] cl:tTj :jtM lgliqmo x'G5 .
xbDofbsf] cfwf/df jfbL bfjL vf/]h ug'{kg]{df
c;fGble{s bkmf k|of]u u/L dnfO{ x/fpg ldNg]
xf]Og . k|:t't ljjfbdf hUuf khgLsf] !&, hUuf
ldRg]sf] !* g+= sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf cfslif{t x'g
;Sb}g . Dofbleq ph"/ gu/L :jtM lgliqmo
eO;s]sf] z]ifkl5sf] as;kqsf] lnvtnfO{ cfwf/
lnO{ cbfnt;dIf lkm/fb ug{ kfpg] xs g}
ljkIfLnfO{ 5}g . pQm z]ifkl5sf] as;kqsf]
lnvtnfO{ sfg"gadf]ldh u|x0f ug{ ;d]t gx'gd
] f
k|df0fdf u|x0f u/L km};nf ePsf]n] dnfO{ x/fO{
sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntaf6 ePsf] pQm km};nf
k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf %$ sf] k|ltaGwfTds
jfSof+z adf]lhd ab/efuL 5 . z]ifkl5sf]
as;kqsf] lnvt g} lgliqmo eO;s]sf] cj:yf
x'Fbf z'? lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nfnfO{ ;b/ u/]sf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6g nlntk'/sf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{
623
x'Fbf d'2f bf]xf]ofO{ x]/L Gofo kfpFm eGg] ;d]t

Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbLsf] lgj]bg kq .
o;df k| l tjfbLxsf] gfddf ldlt
@)%&.!!.* df ePsf] gfd;f/L lg0f{opk/ k|:t't
lkm/fb hUuf khgLsf] !& g+= / hUuf ldRg]sf]
!* g+= sf] xbDofb nufO{ ldlt @)^!.!.!% df
bfo/ ePsf]df bfjLadf]lhd lnvt ab/ x'g]
7x/L km};nf ePsf] b]lvG5 . oL jfbLn] ldlt
@)%@.@.! sf] z]ifkl5sf] as;kq kfPsf]df
as;kq lbg] k|f0fdfof ldlt @)%%.!!.@( df
k/nf]s ePsf] s'/f lkm/fbkqsf] k|s/0f g+= -@_
df pNn]v ePsf]n] ;f]xL ldltaf6 bfgas;sf]
% g+= sf] @ jif{ xbDofbleq lkm/fb bfo/ gu/]sf]n]
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nfdf bfgas;sf] %
g+= / hUuf khgLsf] @-s_ g+= tyf nfUg} g;Sg]
P]g nufPsf] hUuf ldRg]sf] !* g+= tyf hUuf
khgLsf] !& g+= ;d]tsf] JofVofTds q'l6 ljBdfg
/x]sf]n] Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf
!@-!_-s_ cg';f/ bf]xf]ofO{ x]g{ lg:;f k|bfg
ul/Psf] 5 . k'g/fj]bg btf{ u/L ljkIfL lemsfO{
lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt
@)^%.!!.!^ sf] cfb]z .
lgodadf]lhd k]z ePsf] k|:t't d'2fdf
k'g/fj]bs tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmfo
>L ef]nfs'df/ e/fO{ / >L afns[i0f g]pkfg]n]
ls=g+= @^@ sf] 3/ hUuf k'g/fj]bs ;d]tsf gfpFdf
gfd;f/L ePsf] Joxf]/f k|ToyL{n] ldlt @)%*.#.@!
df g} yfxf hfgsf/L kfPsf] xF'Fbf pQm lg0f{o ab/
u/fpg yfxf kfPsf] ldltn] #% lbgleq gfln;
ug'{kg]{df xbDofb g3fO{ lkm/fb bfo/ ePsf] 5 .
d'n'sL P]g, bfgas;sf] % g+= df as; lbg]sf]
d[To' ePsf] @ jif{ leq gfd;f/L ug'{kg]{ sfg"gL
k|fjwfg /x]sf]df z]ifkl5sf] as;kq lbg] k|f0fdfof
v8\uLsf] ldlt @)%%.!!.@( df d[To' ePkl5 sl/a
tLg jif{ kl5 k|ToyL{ bflvn vf/]hsf] nflu cfdf
cfPsf] cj:yf x'bF f xbDofb g3fO{ bflvn vf/]hsf]
dfu u/]sf] k|i6 x'G5 . z]ifkl5sf] as;kq lbg]
bftfsf] d[To' ePsf] b'O{ jif{;Dd klg z]ifkl5sf]
as;kq lng]n] bftfsf] gfdaf6 bflvn vf/]h

u/L gnu]df z]ifkl5sf] as;kqsf] lnvtsf]
cl:tTj ;dfKt x'g] x'Fbf z'? sf7df8f}+ lhNnf
cbfntsf] km};nf ;b/ ug]{ u/L ePsf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt kf6gsf] km};nf pN6L x'g' kb{5 eGg]
;d]t ax; k|:t't ug'{eof] .
k|ToyL{ tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmf
>L aRr'l;+x v8\sfn] dfnkf]t sfof{non] xs
a]xssf] nflu cbfnt hfg' egL ;'gfPsf cfwf/df
d]/f] kIf cbfnt k|j]z u/]sf] xf] . as;kq k|fKt
u/]sf] 3/ hUuf d]/f] kIfn] sa'lnot u/L axfndf
lbPsf] tyf ljB't / vfg]kfgL ;d]t d]/f] kIfsf]
gfpFdf h8fg ePsf] x'Fbf z]ifkl5sf] as;kq
k|fKt u/]sf] hUuf ef]urng ul//x]sf] eGg] tYo
k'li6 x'G5 . k'g/fj]bsn] nufpsf] c+z d'2fdf
k]z u/]sf] tfobftL kmfF6jf/Ldf ;d]t d]/f] kIfn]
z]ifkl5sf] as;kq kfPsf] e"O{tNnf / klxnf]
tNnf cfgf] gePsf] eGg] :jLsf/ u/]sf] cj:yf
5 . k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] ldlt @)^).*.!&
sf] km} ; nf sfof{ G jogsf] l;nl;nfdf dfq
dfnkf]t sfof{non] d]/f] kIfnfO{ xs a]xsdf
hfg ;'gfPsf] xf] . k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] pQm
km};nfaf6 g} xbDofb ;DaGwL ljifosf] lg/f]k0f
e};s]sf] 5 eg] ;f] km};nf clGtd e} /x]sf] 5 .
d'n'sL P]g bfgas;sf] % g+= df z]ifkl5sf]
as;kq kfPsf] hUuf b'O{ jif{leq ef]urng
u/]sf] x''g'kg]{ eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] / d]/f]
kIfsf] ef]urngnfO{ ljkIfLn] v08g ug{ g;s]sf]
x'Fbf sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf ;b/
ug]{ u/L ePsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] km};nf
ldn]sf] x'Fbf ;b/ sfod x'g' kb{5 eGg] ;d]t
k|:t't ug'{ePsf] ax; ;'lgof] .
b' j } kIfsf tkm{ a f6 k| : t' t ePsf]
pk/f]Qmfg';f/sf] ax; lhsL/ ;d]t ;'gL lg0f{o
tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] km};nf
ldn]sf] 5 5}g, k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/
k'Ug ;Sg] xf] xf]Og eGg] ;DaGwdf g} lg0f{o lbg'kg]{
b]lvg cfof] .
@= cfdf k| f 0fdfof v8\ u Ln] ldlt

@)%@.@.! df dnfO{ sf7df8f}+ lhNnf, sf7df8f}+
dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= @ l:yt ls=g+= @^@ sf]
If]qkmn )#!@ hUuf / ;f] hUufdf ag]sf]
tLgtn] 3/dWo] hldg tNnf / klxnf] tNnfsf]
hDdf $ efu u/L ;f]dWo] @ efu 3/ hUuf
z]ifkl5sf] as;kq u/L lbPsf]df cfdfsf] ldlt
@)%%.!!.@( df d[To' ePkl5 pQm 3/ hUufdf
d]/f] gfpF ;d]t ;dfj]z u/L bflvn vf/]h btf{
ug'{kg]{df ;f] gu/L k|]dbf; k|sfz, lgd{n/Tg
k|sfz / k|d
] k'ik k|sfz ;d]t tLg hgfsf] gfpFdf
dfq bflvn vf/]h ug]{ u/L u/]sf] dfnkf]t
sfof{no sf7df8f}s
+ f] ldlt @)%&.!!.* sf] lg0f{o
/ ;f] lg0f{osf cfwf/df ePsf] gfd;f/L btf{
ab/ u/L pQm 3/ hUufdf d]/f] gfpFdf ePsf]
z]ifkl5sf] as;kq adf]lhd ef]urngsf] 3/
hUufsf] xb;Dd d]/f] gfddf bflvn vf/]h
gfd;f/L ul/lbg' eGg] dfnkf] t sfof{ n o
sf7df8f}+sf] gfpFdf k"hL{ ;d]t lbnfO{ kfpFm eGg]
d'Vo lkm/fb bfjL tyf jfbLn] xfn;Dd z]ifkl5sf]
as;kqaf6 xs sfod ug{ g;sL z]ifkl5sf]
as;kq lgliqmo ePsf] x'Fbf lkm/fb bfjL vf/]h
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t k|ltpQ/ lhsL/ /x]sf]df
z' ? sf7df8f} + lhNnf cbfntaf6 bfjLsf]
ls=g=@^@ sf] hUufsf] $ v08sf] @ v08 hUuf
btf{ ab/ x'g] u/L ePsf] km};nf ;b/ x'g]
7xofPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] km};nfpk/
k| l tjfbLsf] d' 2 f bf] x f] ofO{ kfpF m egL o;
cbfntdf lgj]bg k/]sf]df d'2f bf]xf]ofO{ kfpg]
lg:;f k|bfg e} k'g/fj]bgsf] /f]xdf k]z x'g
cfPsf] kfOof] .
#= ls=g+= @^@ sf] If]qkmn )#!@ hUuf
/ ;f] hUufdf ag]sf] kSsL 3/ tLg tNn] dWo]af6
hldg -e"O+{_ tNnf / ;f] eGbf dflysf] klxnf]
tNnf ;d]t hDdf b'O{ tNnf 3/ / hUuf rf/
v08sf] b'O{ v08 cfdf k|f0fdfdf v8\uL -k|sfz_
n] k|ToyL{ jfbL /ZdLb]jL adnfO{ z]ifkl5sf]
as;kq u/L lbPsf] eGg] ldl;n ;+nUg dfnkf]t
624
sfof{no sf7df8f}+af6 kfl/t /=g+=!!!%^ ldlt

@)%@.@.! sf] z]ifkl5sf] as;kqsf] 5fofFkl| taf6
b]lvG5 . z]ifkl5sf] as;kq ul/lbg] k|f0fdf0f
v8\uL -k|sfz_ sf] ldlt @)%%.!!.@( df d[To'
ePkl5 k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL k|]dbf; k|sfzn]
dfnkf]t sfof{no, sf7df8f}+df lgj]bg lbO{
k|f0fdfofsf] xs vfg] tLghgf 5f]/fx dfq xf]
egL lbPsf] lgj]bgcg';f/ k|]dbf;, lgd{n/Tg /
k|]dk'iksf] gfddf ;+o'Qm btf{ gfd;f/L x'g] u/L
ldlt @)%&.!!.* df dfnkf] t sfof{ n o
sf7df8f} + a f6 lg0f{ o ePsf] d f k| T oyL{ jfbL
/ZdLb]jLn] pQm 3/ hUufdf z]if kl5sf] as;kq
cg';f/ cfgf] ;d]t xs /x]sf] egL bfjL u/]kl5
pQm z]if kl5sf] as;kqaf6 /ZdLb]jL ;d]tsf]
s] slt xs lx:;f /xg] xf] eGg] ;DaGwdf k|df0fsf]
d"Nofg u/L lg0f{o ug'{kg]{ cj:yf x'Fbf ;DalGwt
cbfntdf hfg ;'gfO{ lbg'kg]d{ f xsjfnf ;d]tnfO{
glemsfO{ cfkm}n] u/]sf] k"j{ lg0f{ok|lts"n x'g] u/L
dfnkf]t sfof{noaf6 ePsf] ldlt @)%*.$.# sf]
lg0f{o k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGtljk/Lt ;d]t x'bF f
ab/ u/L lbPsf] 5, xs a]xs ;DaGwdf cbfntdf
hfg ;'gfO{ lbg] egL ldlt @)^).*.!& df k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt kf6gaf6 km};nf e} ;f]xL km};nfsf] cfwf/df
sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntdf k|:t't d'2f bfo/ ePsf]
b]lvG5 . dfnkf]t sfof{no, sf7df8f}+sf] klxnf]
lg0f{oaf6 bfjLsf] 3/ hUuf k|]dbf; k|sfz,
lgd{n/Tg k|sfz / k|d] k'ik k|sfz u/L tLg hgfsf]
gfddf ;+o'Qm btf{ ug]{ lg0f{o ePsf]df k|ToyL{
/ZdLb]jL adsf] lgj]bg k/]kl5 # efO{ 5f]/fx /
5f]/L /ZdLb]jL ;d]tsf] gfddf bfjLsf] pQm hUuf
btf{ x'g uPsf] eGg] ldl;n ;+nUg hUufwgL
;|]:tfsf] k|ltlnlkaf6 b]lvG5 .
$= k|f0fdfof v8\uL -k|sfz_n] k|ToyL{
/ZdLb]jL adnfO{ bfjLsf] 3/ hUuf z]ifkl5sf]
as;kq u/L lbPsf] /=g+= !!!%^ ldlt @)%@.@.!
sf] lnvt ab/ geO{ pQm lnvt xfn;Dd sfod
g} /x]sf] b]lvG5 . pQm z]ifkl5sf] as;kqdf
plNnlvt ls=g+= @^@ sf] hUuf bftf k|f0fdfof s}
625
gfddf /x]sf] eGg] ldl;n ;+nUg btf{ ptf/af6

b]lvG5 . /Tgbf; k|sfzn] k|f0fdfofsf] bfOhf]
k]jfsf] /sd ?=%,))). df;]afkt pQm hUufdf
/x]sf] 3/ ;d]t cfkm"v'zL ug{ kfpg] u/L ldlt
@)!*.$.!@ df sf7df8f}+ /lhi6z
] g cfaf6 5f]8kq
lnvt kfl/t ul/lbPsf] / ;f] lnvtdf oL k'g/fj]bs
k|]dbf; k|sfz ;d]t cGt/ ;fIfL /x]sf] ldl;n
;+nUg lnvtsf] 5fofFkl| taf6 b]lvG5 . pQm ls=g+=
@^@ sf] If]qkmn )#!@ hUufdf ag]sf]
3/dWo]af6 g} 5f]/L /ZdLb]jL adnfO{ z]ifkl5sf]
as;kq ul/lbPsf] b]lvFbf To:tf] bfOhf] k]jfaf6
k|fKt u/]sf] ;DklQ d'n'sL P]g :qL c+zwgsf] %
g+= sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf ;d]tn] cfkm"vz
' ug{ kfpg]
cj:yfsf] b]lvg cfof] .
%= k'g/fj]bssf efO{ lgd{n/Tg k|sfznfO{
z'? sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntaf6 c=j+= !#( g+=
adf]lhd lemsfO{ a'bf cfdf k|f0fdfofaf6
z]ifkl5sf] as;kq u/L lng] lbbL /ZdLb]jLn]
z]ifkl5sf] as;kq lnvtdf pNn]v ePcg';f/
g} 3/ hUuf kfpg' k5{ egL aofg u/]sf] kfOG5
eg] log} k'g/fj]bsn] lbPsf] nufpsf] c+z rng
d'2fdf ldlt @)%(.(.@$ df sf7df8f}+ lhNnf
cbfntdf cfkm}n] k]z u/]sf] tfobftL kmfF6jf/Ldf
ls=g+= @^@ sf] If]qkmn )#!@ hUufdf ag]sf]
3/ hUuf bf];|f] / t];|f] tNnf eGg] pNn]v ePaf6
bf];|f] / t];|f] tNnfdf dfq a08f nfUg'kg]{ egL
dfu u/]sf] b]lvFbf k|ToyL{ jfbLn] z]ifkl5sf]
as;kqaf6 kfPsf] 3/ hUuf k|ToyL{ jfbLs} xf]
eGg] tYonfO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf] b]lvg cfof] .
^= ca, bftf k|f0fdfofsf] ldlt @)%%.!!.@(
df d[To' ePkl5 ;f] ldltaf6 @ jif{leq bfgas;sf]
% g+= adf]lhd lnvt adf]lhdsf] 3/hUUff cfgf]
gfpFdf u/fO{ lng' kg]d{ f ;f] cjlwleq bflvn vf/]h
u/L lng g;s]sf] x'bF f lnvtsf] cl:tTj g} ;dfKt
e};s]sf] 5 eGg] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ ;DaGwdf ljrf/
ubf{ cfkm"n] as;kqaf6 k|fKt u/]sf] ;DklQ as;kq
kfpg]n] ef]urng gu/]sf] cj:yfdf dfq d'ns
' L
P]g bfg as;sf] % g+= sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf cfslif{t
x'g] x'G5 . k|ToyL{ /ZdLb]jL adn] ls=g+= @^@ sf]

lg0f{o g+=**!@
hUufdf /x]sf] 3/sf] ;6/ ef8fdf lbPsf] eGg]
ldl;n ;+nUg 3/ ef8f ;Demf}tfaf6 b]lvg'sf] ;fy}
ljB't ;d]t lgh k|ToyL{s} gfddf h8fg ePsf]
eGg] ldl;n ;+nUg ljB't dx;"n lt/]sf] ;+st]
dfggLo GofofwLz >L lu/Lz rGb| nfn
sf8{sf] kmf]6f]skLaf6 b]lvPsf] x'bF f ljjflbt 3/ dfggLo GofofwLz k|f=8f=>L e/taxfb'/ sfsL{
hUufdf k|ToyL{ /ZdLb]jL jdsf] ef]u /x]sf] s]jn
)^^ WO-)$*^
bflvn vf/]h gfd;f/L x'g;Dd afFsL /x]sf] eGg]
cfb]z ldltM @)^*.!@.@#.%
b]lvg cfof] . d'ns
' L P]g, hUuf khgLsf] @ g+= df
cfgf xs x'g cfO{ bflvn vf/]h ug'k{ g]{ ePsf]
ljifoM pTk|]if0f .
/ btf{jfnf d/L xsjfnfsf] gfddf ;g]d
{ f ;d]t
k}tL; lbgleq bflvn btf{ gu/fO{ Dofb u'hf/L lgj]bsM :ofhf lh=, afg]yf]s b]p/fnL uf=lj=;=
a;]sf]df kl5 bflvn btf{ u/fpg b/vf:t lbPdf
j8f g+=^ 3/ eO{ xfn sf7df8f}+ lhNnf
hlt;'s} cjlw JotLt eP klg bz ?k}ofF b:t"/
sf=d=g=kf= j8f g+=+ ^ a:g] uf}axfb'/ cfn]
lnO{ gfd;f/L bflvn vf/]h ul/lbg' k5{ . of] P]g
lj?4
nfu" x'g' eGbf klxn] hUufsf] gfd;f/L bflvn ljkIfLM sf7df8f}F lhNnf, l;tfkfOnf uf=lj=;= %
vf/]h ug]{ Dofb u'hs
]| f sndxdf ;d]t ;f]
j:g] b]j]Gb|laqmd /f]Ssf ;d]t
adf]lhd b:t"/ lnO{ gfpF;f/L bflvn vf/]h ul/lbg'
k5{ eGg] sfg"gL k|fjwfg ePsf] x'bF f xbDofb
cf;fdLsf] hfohftaf6 lauf] e/fpg' kg]{
gfl3;s]sf] eGg] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ ;d]t sfg"g;+ut
/ hfohftaf6 e/fpFbf afFsL eP afFsL
b]lvPg .
hltdf dfq s}bdf /fVg kfpg] Joj:yf
&= ctM dfly ljj]rgf ul/Psf cfwf/
/x]sf]df ;f]cg';f/ s}bdf /flvkfpFm egL
sf/0f / k|df0faf6 jfbL bfjLadf]lhd z]ifkl5sf]
b/vf:t lbg' cl3 hfohftaf6 e/fpFbf
as;kq adf]lhdsf] ls=g+= @^@ sf] If]qkmn )
gk'u eP, gk'u hltdf dfq s}bdf /fVg
#!@ sf] rf/ v08sf] b'O{ v08;Ddsf] ldlt
kfpg] / To:tf]df s}bL jf y'g'jfn] kfP
@)%&.!!.* sf] dfnkf]t sfof{no, sf7df8f}+sf]
;/xsf] l;wf vr{ bflvn ug'{kg]{ .
lg0f{o ab/ e} jfbLsf gfpFdf btf{ x'g] u/L ePsf]
-k|s/0f g+=$_
z'? sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf ;b/ x'g]
d'2f k/L lauf]df b/vf:t kl/;s]kl5
7xofPsf]] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] ldlt
cbfnt aflx/ lauf] 3/;f/df g} a'emfO{
@)^#.%.@& sf] km};nf ldn]s} b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g]
;s] s f] eGg] ck| d fl0ft lhsL/
7x5{ . k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/
sfg"g;+ut gx'g] .
k'Ug ;Sb}g . k|:t't d'2fsf] bfo/Lsf] nut sf
-k|s/0f g+=%_
u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{ lbg" .
C0fLsf] gfpF d f /x] s f ;DklQsf]
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
hfohft tfobft;DaGwL k|lqmof g}
Gof=cjw]zs'df/ ofbj
gu/L, h]yf g} gb]vfO{ b08 ;hfosf]
Olt ;+jt\ @)^* ;fn sflQs @# ut] /f]h $ z'ed\
$@ g+= sf] Joj:yfljk/Lt x'g] u/L
Ohnf; clws[t M s[i0fk|;fb kf}8]n
C0fLnfO{ n]gb]g d'2fsf] km};nfcg';f/
n] g b] g Jojxf/sf] !( g+ = sf]
&
626
**!@ uf}axfb'/ cfn] lj=b]j]Gb|ljqmd /f]Ssf ;d]t
Joj:yfcg' ; f/ egL s} b df k7fpg] hf/L u/L km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] sfd ;DkGg

sfo{ sfg"g;Ddt\ eGg gldNg] .
ePsf] egL pQm lauf] d'2f sf7df8f}+ lhNnf
-k|s/0f g+=!!_ cbfntsf] ldlt @)^^.@.@^ sf] cfb]zfg';f/
tfd]nLdf uPsf] lyof] .
lgj]bssf tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmf dgaxfb'/
jfbLsf] lauf] c;"n x'g] h]yf 5Fbf5Fb} crn
cfn]
;DklQ vf]htnf; gu/L afFsL lauf]afktdf y'gfdf
ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf xl/k|;fb /fVg] u/L ePsf] sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntsf] cfb]z
/]UdL Pj+ ljfg clwjQmf cfgGb/fd bfxfn tyf tTkZrft\ ePsf sfd sf/jfxL ab/ ul/kfpFm
cjnlDat ghL/M
egL k|ltjfbLn] jfl/;dfkm{t\ sf7df8f}+ lhNnf
;Da4 sfg"gM
cbfntdf lgj]bg lbPsf]df sf7df8f}+ lhNnf
b08 ;hfosf] $@ g+=
cbfntaf6 c=a+=!& g+=adf]lhd lgj]bg glbO{ k'gM
n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] !( g+=
lgj]bg lbPsf] egL pQm lgj]bg b/kL7 ePsf]df
c=a+=!& g+=
b/kL7sf] cfb]zpk/ lgj]bg k/]sf]df sf7df8f}+
lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)%@ sf]
lhNnf cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^^.#.!( df b/kL7sf]
lgod &$-@_
cfb]z ;b/ ePsf] lyof] . pQm cfb]zpk/ lgh
k|ltjfbLn] jf/];dfkm{t\ c=a+=!& g+= cGtu{t
cfb]z
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gdf lgj]bg lbPsf]df ;f]
Gof=lu/Lz rGb| nfnM g]kfnsf] cGtl/d cbfntaf6 k|ltjfbL b]jG] b|ljqmd /f]Ssfsf] gfddf
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ / wf/f !)&-@_ cGtu{t bf lhNnf cbfntdf hUuf b]lvPsf] / ;f] hUufaf6
l/6 lgj]bg k/]sf] k|:t't lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo jfbLn] gk'u lauf] c;"n u/]df d~h"/ 5 egL
Pj+ cfb]z o;k|sf/ 5 M
sfuh ;d]t u/]sf] b]lvFbf jfbLsf] lauf] b08
d lgj]bs jfbL eO{ rn]sf] n]gb]g d'2fdf ;hfosf] $@ g+= adf]lhd k|ltjfbLsf] h]yfaf6
sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)^$.^.!$ sf] c;"n x'g] cj:yf ljBdfg ePsf] cj:yfdf
km};nf cg';f/ k|ltjfbL b]j]Gb|ljqmd /f]Ssfaf6 lghnfO{ y'gfdf /fVg] u/L ePsf] sf7df8f}+ lhNnf
e/fO{ lng kfpg] 7x/fPsf] lauf] e/fO{ kfpFm egL cbfntsf] ldlt @)^%.!@.@* / ldlt @)^^.#.!(
sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfnt;dIf @)^$.&.!$ df sf] cfb]z j]/Ltsf] b]lvFbf ab/ ul/lbPsf] 5 eGg]
b/vf:t lbPsf]df ;f] cbfntaf6 jfbLnfO{ lbg'kg]{ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gaf6 ldlt @)^^.%.@^ df
lauf] lnO{ pkl:yt x'g' eGg] Dofb k|ltjfbLsf] cfb]z ePsf] 5 . xfn;Dd k|ltjfbLn] km};nf
gfddf tfd]n ePsf]df lgh k|ltjfbL Dofbleq cg';f/ d lgj]bsn] kfpg] /sd bflvn gu/]sf]
xfhL/ geO{ c6]/ u/L lauf] bflvnf gu/L Dofb cj:yf 5 . ctM lgh k| l tjfbLnfO{ lauf]
u'hf/L a;]sf lyP . b/vf:tdf k|ltjfbLsf] a}+s ga'emfPafkt sfg"g;+ut tl/sfn] y'gfdf /fVg]
vftfdf /x]sf] /sdaf6 lauf] e/fO{ afFsL lauf]afkt u/L ePsf] ldlt @)^%.!@.@* sf] / ldlt
l;wf vr{ bflvnf u/L k|ltjfbLnfO{ n]gb]g @)^^.#.!( sf] cfb]z ab/ ug]{ u/L k'g/fj]bg
Aojxf/sf] !( g+= adf]lhd y'gfdf /flvkfpFm cbfnt kf6gaf6 ePsf] ldlt @)^^.%.@^ sf]
egL pNn]v u/]adf]lhd lgh k|ltjfbLnfO{ Ps cfb]z n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] !( g+=tyf b08 ;hfosf]
jif{ y'gfdf k7fO lbg' eGg] sf7df8f} lhNnf $@ g+= ljk/Lt x'Fbf pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zn] ab/ u/L
cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^%.!@.@* df cfb]z eO{ sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntaf6 y'gfdf /fVg] u/L
pQm cfb]zfg';f/ k|ltjfbLsf] gfddf kqmfp k"hL{ ePsf ldlt @)^%.!@.@* sf] cfb]z sfof{Gjog
627
ug'{ eGg] ljkIfLsf] gfddf cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm

eGg] lgj]bg lhsL/ .
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < ljkIfLaf6
lnlvt hjfkm dufpg' . ;fy} cGtl/d cfb]z
;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntsf]
ldlt @)^%.!@.@* df ePsf] cfb]z sfod /xg]
jf g/xg] ;DaGwdf k|:t't lgj]bg bfjL ;DaGwdf
lg0f{o x'Fbf lg/fs/0f x'g] g} x'Fbf k|:t't d'2fdf
tTsfn cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ul//xg' k/]g eGg]
o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^^.*.@*.! sf] cfb]z .
sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntaf6 ePsf]
a]/Ltsf] cfb]z ab/ ul/kfpFm egL lauf] d'2fdf
lgj]bs b]jG] b|laqmd /f]Ssf 5kfnLn] o; cbfntdf
c=a+=!& g+= adf]lhd lbPsf] lgj]bgsf] k|ltj]bg
g+=@!) df lgj]bs k|ltjfbLsf] gfddf a}s
+ df ePsf]
/sdaf6 lauf] e/fO{ gk'u /sdafkt lgj]bsnfO{
y'gfdf /flvkfpFm egL uf}axfb'/ cfn]n] ldlt
@)^$.&.@( df lgj]bg lbPsf] b]lvG5 . lgj]bs
;d]tsf] gfpFdf bf 3f]/fxL uf=lj=;= xfn lqe'jg
gu/kflnsf j8f g+=#-s_ df ls=g+=(% sf] h=lj=)
#* / j8f g=#-u_ df ls=g+=!* sf] h=lj=)#
!) hUuf btf{ /x]sf] kmf]6f]skLaf6 b]lvg cfPsf]
/ ;f]xL hUufaf6 jfbLsf] lauf] c;"npk/ ug{
d~h"/ 5' egL lgj]bsn] o; cbfntdf ldlt
@)^^.%.!% df sfuh ;d]t u/]sf 5g\ . b08
;hfosf] $@ g+= adf]lhd lgj]bssf] gfpFdf /x]sf]
hUufaf6 jfbLsf] lauf] hfohft ug{;Sg] cj:yf
ljBdfg /xFbf lghnfO{ gk'u lauf]df y'gfdf /fVg]
u/L sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntaf6 ePsf] ldlt
@)^%.!@.@* / @)^^.#.!( sf] cfb]zx a]/Ltsf]
b]lvFbf ab/ ul/lbPsf] 5 . lgj]bssf] pQm h]yfaf6
jfbLxsf] gk'u lauf] b08 ;hfosf] $@ g=adf]lhd
hfohft u/L lauf] c;"npk/tkm{ sf/jfxL
ug'{xf]nf . c?df sfg"gadf]lhd ug'{ egL ldlt
@)^^.%.@^ df cfb]z ePsf] / pQm cfb]z
sfg"g;Ddt\ ePsf]n] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm
eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] tkm{af6 k]z
ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
n]gb]g d'2fdf ePsf] km};nfcg';f/

jfbLnfO{ ltg'{ a'emfpg' kg]{ lauf] cfk;df ;xdlt
u/L ldlt @)^%.*.# df e/kfO{ u/L a'emfO{ ;s]sf]
5' . pQm e/kfO{nfO{ jfbLn] cgb]vf u/L gk'u
lauf] a fktdf y' g fdf /fVg] u/] s f] cfb] z
klxnf]bl[ i6df g} unt 5 . To;df klg d]/f] gfpFdf
jfbLsf] lauf] c;"n x'g] h]yf afFsL x'bF fx'bF } y'gfdf
/fVg] u/L sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntaf6 ePsf]
cfb]z ab/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf]
cfb]z sfg"g;+ut g} b]lvFbf l/6 hf/L x'g] cj:yf
5}g . ctM l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ljkIfL
b]jG] b|ljqmd /f]Ssf 5kfnLsf] tkm{af6 k/]sf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
lgodfg';f/ cfhsf] b}lgs k]zL ;"rLdf
r9L o; Ohnf;;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6
lgj]bsf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmf dgaxfb'/
cfn]n] ljkIfL b]jG] b|ljqmd /f]Ssfn] jfbLnfO{ n]gb]g
d'2fsf] ;fFjf Jofh / sf]6{kmL a'emfpg' kg]{df
ga'emfPsf]df ljjfb 5}g . jfbLn] k|ltjfbLsf] gfddf
a}s
+ df /x]sf /sdaf6 / cbfntdf w/f}6 /x]sf]
/sdaf6 s]xL lauf] e/fO{ lnPsf] / afFsL lauf]afkt
b08 ;hfosf] $@ g+= / n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] !(
adf]lhd l;wf bflvnf u/L k|ltjfbLnfO{ y'gfdf
/flvkfpFm egL dfu u/]cg';f/ Ps aif{ y'gfdf
/fVg] u/L ePsf] sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbftntsf] cfb]z
ab/ ug]{ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] cfb]z
sfg"gL q'l6k"0f{ x'bF f ab/ x'gk' 5{ egL tyf ljkIfL
b]j]Gb|ljqmd /f]Ssfsf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg
clwjQmf cfgGb/fd bfxfnn] jfbLn] lauf] e/fO{kfpFm
egL b08 ;hfosf] $@ g+=adf]lhd lbPsf] b/vf:tdf
k|ltjfblsf] gfdsf] crn ;DklQ b]vfO{ ;f] ;DklQ
hfohft ug'k{ g]d
{ f lauf] e/fO{kfpFm egL lbPsf]
b/vf:tdf k|ltjfbLsf] gfddf h]yf /x] g/x]sf]
eGg] ;DaGwdf s]xL pNn]v gu/L Ps}rf]6L
k|ltjfbLnfO{ y'gfdf /flvkfpFm egL pNn]v u/]sf] /
;f]sf] cfwf/df jfbLsf] lauf] c;"n x'g] h]yf
k|ltjfbLsf] gfddf 5 5}g egL z'? lhNnf
cbfntaf6 a'b} ga'emL k|ltjfbLnfO{ y'gfdf /fVg]
628
u/L ePsf] cfb]z ab/ ug]{ u/L ePsf] k'g/fj]bg

cbfntsf] cfb]z sfg"g;Ddt\ g} b]lvFbf l/6 vf/]h
x'gk' 5{ eGg] ax; k|:t't ug'e
{ of] . To:t} ljkIfL
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg
pkGofoflwjQmf xl/k|;fb /]UdLn] k|ltjfbLsf] gfddf
bf lhNnf cGtu{t hUuf /x]sf] b]lvPsf] / ;f]
h]yfaf6 jfbLsf] lauf] c;"nsf] sf/jfxL ePdf
d~h"/ /x]sf] egL k|ltjfbLn] sfuh ;d]t u/]sf]
cj:yfdf To:tf] hUufaf6 jfbLsf] lauf] e/fpg]
sfd afFsL g} /x]sf] cj:yfdf lauf]afkt y'gfdf
/fVg] u/]sf] sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntsf] cfb]z q'l6k"0f{
x'bF f ab/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] cfb]z
sfg"g;+ut g} x'bF f l/6 hf/L x'g] cj:yf 5}g eGg]
Joxf]/fsf] ax; ug'e
{ of] .
l/6 lgj] b g, lnlvt hjfkm Joxf] / f
cbfntsf] cfb]zfg';f/ k|df0fsf] lgldQ k|fKt ePsf]
lauf] e/L e/fpsf] ldl;n cWoog u/L b'a} kIfsf
ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLn] ug'{ ePsf] ax; ;'gL
lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhd
cfb]z hf/L x'g] xf] xf]Og eGg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o
lbg'kg]{ b]lvg cfof] .
@= o;df sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfnt /
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] km};nfcg';f/ ljkIfL
k|ltjfbL b]jG] b|ljqmd /f]Ssfaf6 d lgj]bsn] e/fO{
lng kfpg] 7x/fPsf] n]gb]g d'2fsf] ;fFjf Jofh /
sf]6{kmL e/fO{ lngkfpFm egL sf7df8f}+ lhNnf
cbfntdf b/vf:t lbPsf]df ljkIfL k|ltjfbLn]
km};nf cg';f/ ltg'{ a'emfpg' kg]{ lauf] ga'emfPsf]
Pj+ cbfntdf ;d]t bflvnf gu/]sf]n] k|ltjfbLsf]
gfddf a}s
+ df /x]sf] / sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntdf
w/f}6 /x]sf] /sdaf6 s]xL lauf] e/fO{ lnPsf] /
afFsL lauf]afktdf k|ltjfbLsf] gfddf h]yf ePsf]
gb]lvPsf]n] n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] !( g+= / b08
;hfosf] $@ g+=adf]lhd l;wf bflvnf u/L
k|ltjfbLnfO{ y'gfdf /flvkfpFm egL lgj]bg
lbPcg';f/ sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntaf6 ldlt
@)^%.!@.@* df k|ltjfbLnfO{ Ps aif{ y'gfdf
/fVg] cfb]z eO{ cfb]zfg';f/ kqmfp k"hL{ hf/L
629
eO{ pQm lauf] d'2f ldlt @)^^.@.@^ df tfd]nLdf

uPsf] lyof] . pQm cfb]zpk/ c=a+=!& g+= cg';f/
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6g ;dIf lgj]bg gu/L k'gM
sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntdf lgj]bg lbPsf]df pQm
lgj] b g ldlt @)^^.#.!! df b/kL7 eO;f]
cfb]zpk/ lgj]bg k/]sf]df ldlt @)^^.#.!( df
Ohnf;af6 ;d]t ;b/ ePsf] cj:yfdf pQm
cfb]zpk/ k|ltjfbLsf] tkm{af6 c=a+=!& g+=adf]lhd
lgj]bg k/]sf]df sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt
@)^%.!@.@* / @)^^.#.!( sf] cfb]z ab/ ug]{
u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] ldlt @)^^.%.@^
sf] cfb]z sfg"g q'l6k"0f{ ePsf]n] pQm cfb]z
ab/ u/L sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntaf6 k|ltjfbLnfO{
y'gfdf /fVg] u/L ePsf] cfb]z ;b/ sfod ul/kfpFm
eGg] lgj]bg bfjL b]lvof] . ljkIfL b]j]Gb|ljqmd
/f]Ssfsf] lnlvt hjfkm x]bf{ jfbLnfO{ km};nf
cg';f/ ltg'{ kg]{ lauf] ldlt @)^%.*.# df a'emfO{
e/kfO{ ul/lnPsf]df To;nfO{ cgb]vf u/L lauf]
e/fpg] sf/jfxL ePsf] k|ydb[li6df g} q'l6k"0f{
5 . To;df klg jfbLsf] lauf] c;"n x'g ;Sg]
h]yf d]/f] gfddf /xFbf/xFb} b]jfgL bfloTjcGtu{tsf]
n]gb]gsf] lauf]afktdf Ps}rf]6L y'gfdf /fVg] u/L
ePsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] cfb]z sfg"gL q'l6k"0f{
5 eGg] tyf ljkIfL k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf]
lnlvt hjfkmdf k|ltjfbL b]j]Gb|ljqmd /f]Ssf
;d]tsf] gfpFdf bf 3f]/fxL uf=lj=;= xfn lqe'jg
gu/kflnsfdf hUuf btf{ /x]sf] b]lvPsf] / pQm
hUufaf6 jfbLn] cfgf] lauf] c;"ntkm{ b08
;hfosf] $@ g+= adf]lhd sfo{jfxL u/]df d~h"/
/x]sf] egL k|ltjfbLn] sfuh u/]sf] cj:yf x'Fbf
pQm h]yfaf6 lauf] c;"nsf] sf/jfxL ug'{kg]{df
Ps}rf]6L gk'u lauf]afkt y'gfdf /fVg] u/]sf] cfb]z
sfg"gL q'l6k"0f{ x'bF f ab/ u/L ;f]xL h]yfaf6 jfbLn]
b08 ;hfosf] $@ g+=adf]lhd lauf] e/fO{ lng;Sg]
g} x'Fbf ;f] tkm{ cfjZos sfo{jfxL ug]{ u/L o;
cbfntaf6 ePsf] cfb]z sfg"g;+ut x'Fbf l/6
lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 eGg] Joxf]/f pNn]v ePsf]
kfOof] .
#= k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg ;lxtsf] lauf] d'2fsf]

ldl;n x]bf{ oL l/6 lgj]bs jfbL / ljkIfL b]jG] b|ljqmd
k|ltjfbL eO{ rn]sf] n]gb]g d'2fdf jfbLn] k|ltjfbLaf6
;fFjf Jofh e/fO{ lng kfpg] u/L sf7df8f}+ lhNnf
cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^#.#.!@ / k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
kf6gaf6 @)^$.^.!$ df km};nf ePsf] / pQm
km};nf clGtd eP/ a;]sf] eGg] b]lvG5 . k|ltjfbLsf]
gfpFdf /x]sf] a}s
+ vftfsf] /sdaf6 s]xL lauf]
e/fO{ gk'uafkt k|ltjfbLsf] gfpFdf h]yf afFsL
b]lvFbfb]lvFb} ;f] h]yfaf6 jfbLsf] lauf] c;"n ug{
hfohft gu/L gk'u lauf]afktdf Ps}rf]6L y'gfdf
/flvkfpFm egL jfbLn] b/vf:t lbPsf] / lgj]bssf]
dfu adf]lhd k|ltjfbLnfO{ gk'u lauf]afktdf Ps
aif{ y'gfdf /fVg] u/L sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntaf6
cfb]z ePsf] b]lvG5 . k|ltjfbLsf] gfpFdf crn
;DklQ /x]sf] cj:yfdf klg ;f] crn h]yfaf6
jfbLsf] lauf] c;"nsf] nflu sf/jfxL gu/L Ps}rf]6L
y'gfdf /fVg] u/L ePsf] sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntsf]
cfb]z a]/Ltsf] x'bF f ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] k|ltjfbLsf]
c=a+=!& g+= adf]lhd lgj]bg k/]sf]df k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt kf6gaf6 y'gfdf /fVg] u/L ePsf] cfb]z
ab/ ePsf] cj:yf b]lvG5 .
$= s] s:tf] cj:yfdf gk'u lauf]afktdf
cf;fdLnfO{ y'gfdf /fVg ;lsG5 eGg] ;DaGwdf
b08 ;hfosf] $@ g+= tyf n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] !(
g+= df Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . b08 ;hfosf] $@ g+=df
hfohftaf6 k"/f lauf] k'u]g eg] gk'u hltdf
n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] dxnsf] !( g+= adf]lhd s}b
u/fpg kfpg]df s}b u/fO{ kfpFm egL s}bdf
a;'GHofn vfgnfO{ s}bL y'g'jfn] kfpg] ;/xsf]
l;wf vr{ ;d]t bflvnf u/L cl3 hfohftaf6
e/L kfPsf] ;ft lbgleq b/vf:t lbg'k5{ . To:tf]
b/vf:t ug{ cfof] eg] xflsdn] To; s'/fsf] krf{
v8f u/L s}b u/L lbg'k5{ eGg] Joj:yf pNn]v
ePsf] kfOG5 . To:t} n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] dxnsf]
!( g+=df ;fx"sf] lauf]afkt cf;fdLsf] hfohft
u/L e/fpFbf pk/ x'g g;s]sf]df b]xfoadf]lhd
x'G5 eGb} b]xfo @ g+=df Jofkf/nfO{ afx]s c?
630
afktdf shf{ lnP lbPsf]df hfohft u/L e/fpFbf

gk'u eP hltdf s}bdf /flvkfpFm egL ;fx"n]
b08 ;hfosf] $@ g+=adf]lhd b/vf:t lbof] eg]
Pslbgsf] kRrL; ?k}ofFsf] b/n] a9Ldf Ps
aif{;Dd s}b u/L lbg' k5{ eGg] pNn]v ePsf]
kfOG5 . of] sfg"gL Joj:yfcg';f/ ;j{k|yd
cf;fdLsf] hfohftaf6 lauf] e/fpg' kg]{ /
hfohftaf6 e/fpFbf afFsL eP afFsL hltdf dfq
s}bdf /fVg kfpg] Joj:yf /x]sf] kfOof] / ;f]cg';f/
s}bdf /flvkfpFm egL b/vf:t lbg' cl3 k|ltjfbLsf]
gfpFsf] hfohftaf6 e/fO{ hfohftaf6 e/fpFbf
gk'u eP gk'u hltdf dfq s}bdf /fVg kfpg] /
To:tf]df s}bL jf y'g'jfn] kfP ;/xsf] l;wf vr{
bflvn ug'{kg]{ Pj+ s}bdf /fVbf klg Pslbgsf]
kRrL; ?k}ofFsf] b/n] a9Ldf Ps jif{;Dd s}bdf
/fVg ;lsg] x'G5 .
%= k| : t' t ljjfbdf ljkIfLdWo]
b]jG] b|laqmdaf6 oL lgj]bs uf}jxfb'/ cfn]n] n]gb]g
d'2fsf] lauf] e/fO{ lng kfpg] u/L cbfntaf6
km};nf ePsf]df ljjfb b]lvPg\ . cfkm"n] jfbLnfO{
a'emfpg' kg]{ lauf] 3/;f/df g} a'emfO{ ;s]sf]
egL ljkIfL b]j]Gb|laqmdn] lhsL/ lnP klg d'2f
k/L lauf]df b/vf:t k/L ;s]kl5 cbfnt aflx/
lauf] lt/] a'emfPsf] eGg] lgh ljkIfLsf] ck|dfl0ft
lhsL/ sfg"g;+ut b]lvFb}g . cfgf] gfddf crn
;DklQ /xFbf/xFb} ;f] h]yfaf6 lauf] c;"npk/sf]
nflu hfohft gu/L Ps}rf]6L s}bdf /fVg] u/]sf]
cfb]z ab/ ul/kfpFm egL ljkIfL b]j]Gb|laqmdsf]
c=a+=!& g+=adf]lhd k/]sf] lgj]bgdf k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt kf6gaf6 pQm cfb]z ab/ u/L k|ltjfbLsf]
gfddf b]lvPsf] h]yfaf6 b=;=sf] $@ g+=adf]lhd
jfbLsf lauf] e/fpg] sfo{ ug'{ egL cfb]z ePsf]df
;f] cfb]z ab/ u/L k|ltjfbLnfO{ y'gfdf /fVg] u/L
sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntaf6 ePsf] cfb]z sfod
ul/kfpFm eGg] k|:t't lgj]bgdf d'Vo ljjfb /x]sf
cj:yf 5 .
^= lauf] e/L e/fpsf] ldl;n x]bf{
cbfntsf] km};nfcg';f/ n]gb]g d'2fsf] lauf]
k|ltjfbLsf] gfddf a}+sdf /x]sf] /sd, cbfntdf

/x]sf] w/f}6Lsf] /sdaf6 e/fO{ gk'u eP gk'u
hltdf b08 ;hfosf] $@ g+=, n]gb]g Jojxf/sf]
!( g+= cg';f/ l;wf bflvnf u/L y'gfdf /flvkfpFm
egL jfbLn] sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntdf lauf] e/L
kfpFm eGg] b/vf:t lbPsf] / pQm b/vf:tdf
jfbLn] b08 ;hfosf] $@ g+= adf]lhd k|ltjfbLsf]
h]yf gb]vfO{ k|ltjfbLsf] gfddf a}s
+ vftfdf /x]sf]
/sdaf6 / cbfntdf w/f}6 /x]sf] /sdaf6 cfgf]
lauf] c;"n gePkl5 afFsL lauf] afktdf Ps}rf]6L
y'gfdf /fVg b/vf:t lbPsf] cj:yf b]lvPsf] 5 .
pQm b/vf:tdf jfbLn] k|ltjfbLsf] gfddf crn
;DklQ /x] g/x]sf] s]xL pNn]v gu/]sf] tyf
cbfntaf6 klg k|ltjfbLsf] gfddf h]yf /x] g/x]sf]
a'g] ;DaGwdf jfbLnfO{ s'g} sfuh u/fPsf
b]lvPg ;f] n]gb]g ;DaGwL km};nf ;d]t x]bf{
jfbLn] k|ltjfbLnfO{ skfnL td;'s u/L /sd
lbFbf pQm sfuhdf k|ltjfbLn] /sd glbP lghsf]
>L;DklQaf6 c;"n u/L lng] zt{ pNn]v ePsf]
tyf kl5 n]gb]gdf d'2f kbf{ ;d]t k|ltjfbLn]
km};nfadf]lhd jfbLnfO{ /sd ga'emfP k|ltjfbLsf]
o;} ;/xbsf] h]yf b]vfO{ b/vf:t lbP pQm h]yf
hfohft u/L e/fO{ lbg] Joxf]/f sf7df8f}+ lhNnf
cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nfsf] tk;Ln v08df
pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 .
&= tT;DaGwdf s] s;/L sf/jfxL ug'k{ 5{
;f] ;DaGwdf x]bf{ crn ;DklQ b]vfO{ ;f] ;DklQ
hfohft u/L jfbLsf] lauf] e/fO{ lbg] ;DaGwdf
b08 ;hfosf] $@ g+=df Joj:yf ePsf] tyf km};nf
sfof{Gjogsf] l;nl;nfdf k|ltjfbLsf] crn
;DklQ b]vfO{ lauf] e/fO{ kfpFm eGg] b/vf:t lbFbf
pNn]v ug]{ s'/fxsf] af/]df lhNnf cbfnt
lgodfjnL, @)%@ sf] lgod &$-@_ df tyf lauf]
e/L e/fpg] ;DaGwdf crn ;DklQ lnnfd ubf{
ckgfpg' kg]{ sfo{ljlwsf] af/]df P]= lgodfjnLsf]
lgod &% df pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 .
*= k|ltjfbLsf] crn h]yfaf6 jfbLsf]
lauf] e/fpg] ;DaGwdf plNnlvt sfg" g L
631
Joj:yfdf ljleGg sfo{ljlw / k|lqmof pNn]v

ePsf] b]lvPsfn] klg y'gfdf /fVg' eGbf klxn]
crn ;DklQaf6 lauf] e/fpg] Joj:yf /x]sf]df
ljjfb b]lvPg .
(= o;k|sf/ lgj]bs jfbLn] n]gb]g d'2fsf]
lauf] e/fO{ kfpFm egL plNnlvt km};nf /
sfg"gcg';f/ k|ltjfbLsf] h]yf vf]haLg u/L h]yf
b]vfO{ b/vf:t lbg'kg]{df ;f] adf]lhd b/vf:t
lbPsf] gb]lvPsf] tyf lhNnf cbfntaf6 klg
k|ltjfbLsf] gfddf cGo h]yf /x] g/x]sf] af/] s'g}
vf]haLg g} gu/L a}+s vftfaf6 /sd e/fO{ afFsL
/x]sf] /sd afktdf Ps}rf]6L k|ltjfbLnfO{ s}bdf
/flvkfpFm egL b/vf:tdf dfu u/L k|ltjfbLnfO{
y'gfdf /fVg] u/L cfb]z ePsf]df pQm cfb]z
ab/ u/L k|ltjfbLsf] h]yfaf6 b08 ;hfosf] $@
g+= sf] cfwf/df lauf] e/L e/fpsf] sfo{afxL u/L
afFsLdf sfg"gadf]lhd ug'{ egL k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
kf6gaf6 ldlt @)^^.%.@^ df ePsf] cfb]zdf
s'g} q'l6 b]lvg cfPg .
!)= hxfF;Dd y'gfdf /fVg] u/L sf7df8f}+
lhNnf cbfntaf6 ePsf] cfb]z ab/ ul/kfpFm egL
c=a+=!& g+=adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gdf
lgj]bg gu/L k'gM sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntdf lgj]bg
lbPsf]df ;f] cbfntaf6 lgj]bg b/kL7 ug]{ u/]sf]
cfb]z ;b/ ug]{ u/L ldlt @)^^.#.!( df cfb]z
eO;s]sf] cj:yfdf pQm ldlt @)^^.#.!( sf]
cfb]zn] n]gb]g d'2fsf] lauf] c;"npk/ ug]{ sfo{
;DaGwdf clGtd 6'f] nfuL ;s]sf]n] ;f] ;DaGwdf
k'gM c=a+=!& g+= adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf
lgj]bg nfUg g;Sg] eGg] lgj]bssf] egfO{ 5, ;f]
tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ n]gb]g d'2fsf] lauf] c;"n ug{
kfpg] egL sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfnt tyf k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt kf6gaf6 ePsf] n]gb]g d'2fsf] km};nfsf]
sfof{Gjogsf] l;nl;nfdf pQm cfb]z ePsf] / ;f]
km};nf sfof{Gjog sfo{sf] 6'f] nflu ;s]sf] cj:yf
gx'bF f c=a+=!& g+= cGtu{t k|ltjfbLn] k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt;dIf lgj]bg lbg kfpg] g} x'Fbf pQm
lgj]bgnfO{ clwsf/If]qlaxLg eGg ldn]g .
!!= To;sf/0f C0fLsf] gfpFdf /x]sf

;DklQsf] hfohft tfobftL;DaGwL k|lqmof g}
gu/L lghsf] h]yf g} gb]vfO{ b08 ;hfosf] $@
g+= sf] Joj:yf ljk/Lt x'g] u/L C0fLnfO{ n]gb]g
d'2fsf] km};nfcg';f/ n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] !( g+=
sf] Joj:yfcg';f/ egL s}bdf k7fpg] sfo{
sfg"g;Ddt\ ePsf] eGg ldn]g .
!@= ctM pk/f]Qm plNnlvt cfwf/ /
sf/0fxaf6 lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhd l/6 hf/L
x'g] cj:yfsf] ljBdfgtf gb]lvFbf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . od:bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L
ldl;n lgodfg';f/ clen]v zfvfdf a'emfOlbg" .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
Olt ;+jt\ @)^* ;fn r}t @# ut] /f]h % z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[t M sdn/fh lai6
&
lg0f{o g+=**!#
;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ;+o'tm Ohnf;
)^$WO))#(
cfb]z ldltM @)^*.(.!!.@
d'2f M pTk|]if0f .
lgj]bsM dsjfgk'/ lhNnf jf;fdf8L uf=lj=;=j8f
g+= % l:yt o'lglne/ g]kfn lnld6]8
-g]kfn lne/ ln=_ sf] tkm{af6 clwsf/
k|fKt eO{ cfkm\gf] xsdf ;d]t P]=sf=k|aGws
cDa/axfb'/ yfkf / P]=sf] k|aGw lgb]z
{ s
/fs]zdf]xgsf] ;6[fdf xfn ;f] kbdf lgo'Qm
eO{ sfo{/t\ sfd/fg jfs/
lj?4
ljkIfLM ;nf{xL lhNnf 5tf}gf uf=lj=;= j8f g+=
& a:g] j|hlszf]/ kl08t ;d]t
632
:ki6Ls/0fsf] cGt/\ j :t' ljifo jf

k| ; + u cg' k km/skm/s x' g
;Sb5g\ . k| l ti7fgsf] sfdbf/
sd{ r f/Ln] u/] s f] elgPsf] v/fa
cfr/0fafkt ul/g] ;hfosf]
;Gbe{ d f >d P] g , @)$* sf] bkmf
%@ adf] l hd ;f] l wg] :ki6Ls/0fdf
d" n tM lgDgfg' ; f/sf cGt/\ j :t'
clgjfo{ ?kdf ;dflji6 ePsf]
x' g ' k g] { M
-s_ s'g} sfdbf/ sd{rf/LnfO{ P]gsf]
bkmf %! df jl0f{t v/fa cfr/0fdWo]
s] s' g cfr/0f u/] s f] cf/f] k
nufOPsf] xf] ;f]sf] :ki6 tYo,
-v_ To:tf] sfdbf/ sd{rf/Ln] v/fa
cfr/0f u/]sf] tYo k|dfl0ft ePsf
P]gsf] bkmf %@ df pNn]v ul/Psf
ljleGg k|sf/sf ;hfodWo] s] s:tf]
;hfo x'g ;Sg] xf] ;f] s'/f, /
-u_ ;f] ljifodf :ki6Ls/0f k]z ug{
sDtLdf klg ;ft lbgsf] ;dofjlw .
-k|s/0f g+=#_
s' g } cd' s ljifodf s' g } k| l ti7fgn]
cfkm\gf sfdbf/ sd{rf/L;Fu tYosf]
hfgsf/L
lng'
/
sfdbf/
sd{ r f/LnfO{ v/fa cfr/0fdf
sf/jfxL ug] { k| o f] h gsf] nflu
P]gadf]lhd :ki6Ls/0f ;f]Wg' 5'f5'}
ljifo x' g fn] ltgnfO{ ;dfg cy{ d f
jf cGt/\kl/jt{gLo ?kdf u|x0f ug{
gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=^_
ls6fgL ;hfo s' g tYodf cfwfl/t
5 / ;f] tYo s;/L :yflkt eof]
eGg] ljj/0fsf cltl/Qm sf/jfxL
ul/g] ;'lglZrttfafxs kqnfO{ dfq
**!# g]kfn lne/ lnld6]8 lj=jh|lszf]/ kl08t ;d]t
s' g } klg sfdbf/ sd{ r f/LnfO{

sf/jfxLsf] k|of]hgsf nflu ;f]lwPsf]
:ki6Ls/0f dfGg' k g] { x' G 5 . sf/jfxL
ug'{ cl3 sf/jfxL ug]{ clwsf/jfnf
;' l glZrt x' g dfu ul/g] hfgsf/L
jf tYonfO{ :ki6Ls/0f ;f] l wPsf]
eGg gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=&_
cgfjZos l9nfO{ lj?4 sfdbf/
sd{rf/Lsf] lxt ;+/If0f ug]{ sfg"gnfO{
;sf/fTds :j?kdf u|x0f ug'{kg]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=!!_
Dofbleq :ki6Ls/0f k]z gu/]sf] jf k]z
u/]sf] :ki6Ls/0f ;Gtf]ifhgs gePsf]
sf/0f P]gsf] bkmf %@ adf]lhd ;hfo
ug'{ kbf{sf] cj:yf lg0f{osf] nflu b'O{
dlxgfsf] ;do lgwf{/0f u/]sf] cj:yf
x'Fbf ;f] adf]lhdsf] lgwf{l/t k|lqmof /
;do ;Ldf g3fO{ ePsf sfdsf/jfxL
Pj+ lg0f{o dfq u}/sfg"gL x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=!@_
dftxt cbfntn] ;a"b k|df0fsf] d"Nofg
;d] t gu/L d' 2 fsf kIfn] p7fPsf
k|Zgxdf k|jz
] g} gu/L k|fljlws k|Zgdf
;Lldt /xL u/]sf] lg0f{o ;f] k|fljlws k|Zg
sfg"g;Ddt gb]lvPdf k'gM lg0f{ofy{ d'2f
;f] x L lgsfodf k7fpg' Gofo;+ u t
x' g ] .
-k|s/0f g+=!#_
clt nfdf] ;do d'2f rn]sf], kIfsf] cem
a9L ;do d'2fdf ;+nUg /xg pd]/,
cfly{s, n+}lus / ;fdflhs cj:yfsf
sf/0f b' ? x /x] s f] Pj+ ;dos}
sf/0fn] lg0f{ o sf] k| l tkmn kfpg
g;Sg] cj:yf b]lvPdf eg] dflyNnf]
Goflos lgsfon] dftxt cbfntsf]
clwsf/If] q :jo+ u| x 0f ug{ ;Sb5,
cGoyf k| f ljlws k| Z gdf vf/] h
633
ul/Psf] jf ljifoj:t' d f k| j ] z
gu/]sf] lg0f{o sfg"g;Ddt gkfOPdf
k' g M ;f] x L lgsfodf lg0f{ o fy{
k7fpg' k g] { .
-k|s/0f g+=!^_
lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf zDe' yfkf
tyf clwjQmfx /d]z a8fn, ltnslaqmd
kf08], lzj l/hfn / cg"k/fh pk]t| L
ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf /]jtL/fh
lqkf7L / ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf xl/x/
bfxfn, ljfg clwjQmfx xl/k| ; fb
pk|]tL, ;tLz emf, k|zGgs[i0f bf; /
dxfb]j kl08t,
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
>d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf %@, %#, %#-!_
/ -@_
cfb]z
Gof=k| s fz j:tLMg] k fnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ tyf !)&-@_ adf]lhd
o; cbfntsf] If] q flwsf/leqsf] k| : t' t l/6
lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / cfb]z o; k|sf/ 5 M
lgj]bs o'lglne/ g]kfn lnld6]8 sDkgL
P]g, @)@! adf]lhd lghL If]qaf6 :yflkt ePsf]
sDkgL xf] . o;n] :yfkgf ePb]lv g} k|rlnt
g]kfn sfg"gn] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] sfo{ u/L
cfPsf] 5 . k| r lnt >d P] g tyf >d
lgodfjnLsf] cwLgdf /xL sDkgLn] sfdbf/
sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf zt{ ljlgodfjnL -:yfoL cfb]z
Standing order_ agfPsf] 5 . sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lsf]
lgo'lQm ug]{, ;]jfsf zt{ lgwf{/0f ug]{, ;'ljwf lbg]
tyf v/fa cfr/0f u/]sf] cj:yfdf sf/jfxL
ug]{;DaGwL Joj:yf sd{rf/L ljlgdosf] cwLgdf
/x]/ ul/Fb} cfPsf] 5 .
sDkgLsf sd{ r f/L b] j fl;; ;f] d
sDkgLaf6 ef/t ;?jf eO{ kms{Fbf a'emfPsf] lk|mh
cyf{t\ /]lkm|lh/]6/ x/fPsf]df Tof] vf]hL ubf{ ljkIfL

j|hlszf]/ kl08tsf] lghL lgjf;df km]nf k/]sf],
sDkgLsf] tflnd s]Gb|af6 k'/fgf] sfk]{6 ;d]t
clws[t sd{rf/Lsf] :jLs[lt / hfgsf/Lljgf rf]/L
u/L ljkIfLn] afF8]sf] tyf ljbfsf] k"j{cg'dlt glnO{
uon a:g] tyf ljbfsf] clen]v ;Rofpg] sfd
u/]sf] kfOof] . To;} u/L ljkIfLn] JolQmut sDKo'6/
vl/b ug{ sDkgL;Fu ;'ljwf dfUg' ePsf]df
sDkgLn] cGo sd{rf/LnfO{ h:t} ds]{G6fonaf6
sDKo'6/ lbgnfO{ cg'/f]w u/L ;f]em} ds]{G6fonnfO{
r]s k7fPsf]df ToxfFaf6 sDKo'6/ gnuL pN6}
sDkgLn] e' Q mfg u/] s f] ?=$) xhf/ ?k} o f
ds]{G6fonaf6 dfu ug'{ ePsf] /x]5 . t/, ;f]
/sd ltg{ c:jLsf/ u/]kl5 sDKo'6/ sDkgLsf
sdlz{on :6fkm g/]z k|wfgnfO{ lbOof] . kl5
l8;] D a/ !&,@))$ df ljkIfLn] ldn] l god
6]Sgf]nf]hL P08 ;Knfo;{af6 sDkgLsf] ofS6L
d]g]h/nfO{ lr7L n]vfO{ sDkgLsf] vftf gePsf]n]
P=;L=k]oL r]ssf] ;f j]o// r]saf6 /sd lbg
cg'/f]w u/fpg' eof] . o;af6 ljkIfLn] sDkgLsf]
lj?4 lghL cfly{s nfesf] nflu sf/f]jf/df
hfn;fhL ug'{ ePsf] / o;sf nflu ds]{G6fon /
ldn]lgod 6]Sgf]nf]hLnfO{ ;d]t b'?kof]u u/]sf]
b]lvof] . sDkgLsf k;{gn tyf j]nkm]o/ clws[t
h:tf] >d sfg"g tyf sDkgLsf] :yfoL cfb]z
kfngf u/fpg' kg]{ lhDd]jf/ kbdf sfo{/t\ /x]sf
ljkIfL jh|lszf]/ kl08tn] sDkgLsf] ;DklQ rf]/L
ug]{ / sf/f]jf/df hfn;fh u/L sDkgLnfO{ 3f6f
k'ofpg] b'ik|of; u/]sf] x'Fbf >d P]g, @)$* tyf
sDkgLsf] :yfoL cfb]zadf]lhd ljkIfLnfO{ v/fa
cfr/0fjfkt !! dfr{ @))% df ;]jfaf6 x6fpg]
sf/jfxL u/]sf] lyof] . ;f] lg0f{opk/ ljkIfLsf]
k'g/fj]bg kbf{ >d cbfntn] sDkgLsf] pQm !!
dfr{ @))% sf] lg0f{o ab/ u/L ljkIfLnfO{
lgisflzt cjlwsf] tna eQf tyf ;'ljwf;lxt
k'g/\jxfnL ug]{ km};nf u/]sf] 5 .
ljkIfLn] >d cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg kq
bfo/ u/]kZrft\ ePsf] ;'g'jfOsf] qmddf ljkIfLn]
634
rf]/L u/]sf] /]lk|mlh/]6/ sDkgLsf] /]s8{df pNn]v

ul/Psf] egL Pp6f sfuhft k]z ug'{ ePsf], t/
;f] sfuhft sDkgLsf] /]s8{df gePsf] / sDkgLsf]
clen]vaf6 ljkIfLn] g} ufoj agfO{ sLt]{ Joxf]/f
yk u/]sf] x'Fbf To;nfO{ sLt]{ 3f]lift u/L ;hfo
ug{ lhNnf cbfnt dsjfgk'/df sLt]{ d'2f bfo/
ul/Psfn]] k|:t't d'2f cbfntL aGbf]a:tsf] !@ g+=
adf]lhd d'NtjL /fVgsf nflu cg'/f]w ubf{ ;d]t
>d cbfntaf6 s'g} jf:t} ul/Pg . ljkIfLn] k]z
u/]sf] k|df0f ;2] jf sLt]{ s] xf] :ki6 g} geO{ >d
cbfntaf6 km} ; nf x' g ;Sb} g . o;df >d
cbfntn] d'n'sL P]g c=j+= &* g+= cg';f/ ;f]
sfuh sDkgLnfO{ b]vfO{ ;2] sLt]{ hfn;fhL s]
eG5 eGg nufO{ k|df0fdf lng' kg]{df To;tkm{
a'g' kg]{ k|df0f ga'emL km};nf u/]sf]n] ;f] km};nf
k|ydb[li6d} ab/efuL 5 .
ljkIfL j|hlszf]/ kl08tnfO{ sDkgLn]
hgj/L ^, @))% df :ki6Ls/0f dfu ubf{ :ki6
Joxf]/f pNn]v u/L & lbgleq hjfkm lbg' egL
:ki6Ls/0f ;f]lwPsf] :ki6Ls/0f kq ;hfo ug]{
cfzoaf6 ;f]lwPsf] geO{ tYo kQf nufpg]
p2]Zon] ;f]lwPsf]] xf] . ;f] :ki6Ls/0f kqnfO{
>d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf %#-!_ n] lgwf{/0f
u/]sf] sfg"gL k|lqmof k"/f gePsf] / uf]nd6f]n
?ksf] xr'jf cf/f]k nufOPsf] egL >d cbfntn]
u/]sf] lg0f{o tYosf] unt ljj]rgf ul/Psf] /
>d P]gsf] bkmf %#-!_ sf] JofVofdf uDeL/ q'l6
u/]sf] 5 .
j:t'tM ljkIfLn] sDkgLdf !@ hgj/L
@))% df :ki6Ls/0f lbPsf]df To;df plNnlvt
tYo / cGo ;+slnt tYox jLr leGgtf ePsf]
x'gfn] uDeL/tfsf ;fy 5fglag ug{sf nflu !
km]ac
'| /L, @))% sDkgLn] cg';Gwfg clwsf/L lgo'lQm
u/]sf] lyof] . o;;DaGwL hfgsf/L lbFbf g} ljkIfLnfO{
sDkgLsf] ljlgodsf] bkmf #@ sf] * j6f
pkbkmfxdf plNnlvt v/fa cfr/0f / >d P]g,
@)$* sf] bkmf %!-u_ df pNn]v ul/Psf] v/fa
cfr/0f u/]sf] x'bF f lsg ;hfo gug]{ egL 5fglag
k|lqmofdf ;xefuL x'gsf nflu kq a'emfOPsf] lyof] .

@ dfr{, @))% df cg';Gwfg clws[t[ sf] k|ltj]bg
k|fKt ePkl5 To; ;DaGwdf ljkIfLsf] tkm{af6
cfgf] egfO{ /fVg # dfr{, @))% sf lbg k'gM
;'gj' fO{sf] df}sf lbOPsf] lyof] . ljkIfLnfO{ d"n
?kdf rf]/Lsf] cf/f]k nufO{ >d P]g, @)$* sf]
bkmf %!-u_ ;d]t pNn]v u/L cf/f]k kq ;d]t lbO{
:ki6Ls/0f dfluPsf] lyof] . >d P]g, @)$* sf]
bkmf %!-u_ sf] cleof]udf lgisfzg afx]s s'g}
;hfo x'g;Sg] Joj:yf 5}g . o;df :ki6 cf/f]k
tyf ;f] k|dfl0ft ePdf x'g;Sg] ;hfo ;d]t k|:tfj
ul/Psf] / o;df ljkIfLn] * dfr{, @))% df
hjfkm lbg' eof] . o;af6 z'? :ki6Ls/0f dfu]sf]
b'O{ dlxgf gf3L ;hfo u/]sf] egL >d cbfntn]
lnPsf] cfwf/ k"0f{tM tYoxLg /xg'sf ;fy} >d P]g,
@)$* sf] bkmf %#-@_ sf] k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+zsf]
JofVofdf ;d]t uDeL/ q'l6 u/]sf] 5 .
ljkIfL j|hlszf]/ kl08tn] sDkgLsf]
/]lk|mlh/]6/ tyf sfk]{6 rf]/L u/]sf], sf/f]jf/df
hfn;fhL u/]sf], ljgf:jLs[lt uon h:tf v/fa
cfr/0f u/]sf] cf/f]k nufO{ ;]jfaf6 x6fpg] egL
sDkgLn] !! dfr{ @))% df lg0f{o u/]sf] lyof] .
t/, >d cbfntn] lg0f{o ubf{ tYosf] ljj]rgf
u/L lghn] v/fa cfr/0f u/]sf] xf]Ogg\ eGg]
lgisif{df k'u]sf] xf]Og . k|fljlws sf/0f b]vfO{
sDkgLsf] lg0f{o ab/ u/]sf] xf] . o;af6 ljkIfL
rf] / L, hfn;fhL sLt] { h:tf cIoDo v/fa
cfr/0fdf ;+nUg /x]sf] :ki6 5 . >d Jo:yfkg
jLrsf] ;DaGwdf uDeL/ k|s[ltsf] v/fa cfr/0f
u/]sf] cj:yfdf ljZjf;sf] ;dflKt -Principle of
Loss of Confidence or Loss or Loss of Trust_
ePsf] dfgL k' g /\ j xfnL ug{ ldNb} g . olb
k'g/\jxfnLsf] lg0f{o ePdf o;af6 sDkgLsf]
Joj;fodf w/fzfoL x'g] 5 / o;af6 sDkgLsf]
Joj;fo;DaGwL xs tyf ;DklQsf] xsdf ;d]t
uDeL/ cf3ft kg]{ k|i6 5 .
ctM ljkIfL >d cbfnt ldlt @)^$.!.!^
sf] km};nfaf6 sDkgLsf] cf}Bf]lus jftfj/0fdf
635
k| l ts" n c;/ kg] { dfq geO{ lgj] b snfO{

;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@-#_-_, !#, !( n] k|Tofe"t
u/]sf] xsdf c;/ kg'{sf ;fy} >d P]gsf] bkmf
@-b_, @%, %), %!, %@, %#-!_-@_ / &* tyf
:yfoL cfb]zsf] #@ g+= ;d]tsf] JofVof unt
9+un] ug]{ sfo{ ePsf] x'Fbf sDkgLn] ljkIfL
j|hlszf]/ kl08tnfO{ ;]jfaf6 x6fpg] u/L !!
dfr{ @))% df u/]sf] lg0f{o sfod /xg] u/L
>d cbfntsf] @)^$.!.!^ sf] km};nf pTk|]if0fsf]
cfb]zf/f ab/ ul/kfpFm . ;fy}, k|:t't l/6
lgj]bgsf] clGtd 6'f] gnfu];Dd >d cbfntsf]
km};nf sfof{Gjog gug'{ gu/fpg' egL ljkIfLsf]
gfddf tTsfn cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] l/6 lgj]bg .
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf], lgj]bssf]
dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g' gkg]{ xf], of]
cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf Dofbafx]s !%
lbgleq ;DalGwt ldl;n ;fy /fvL
dxfGofoflwaQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t\ lnlvt hjfkm
k7fpg' egL l/6 lgj]bgsf] Psk|lt gSsn ;fy}
/fvL ljkIfL >d cbfnt;d]tnfO{ ;"rgf k7fO{
To;sf] af]wfy{ dxfGofoflwaQmfsf] sfof{nonfO{
k7fO{ lbg" . lgj]bg dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L
x'g' gkg]{ s'g} sf/0f eP of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf
ldltn] af6fsf Dofbafx]s !% lbgleq lnlvt
hjfkm lnO{ cfk"m jf cfgf] k|ltlglwdfkm{t\ pkl:yt
x'g' egL ljkIfL j|hlszf]/ kl08t ;d]tnfO{ ;"rgf
Dofb k7fO{ lnlvt hjfkm cfP jf cjlw gf3]kl5
lgodadf]lhd k]z ug"{ . ;fy} lnlvt hjfkm k/]kl5
k'g/\ljrf/ x'g] u/L xfnsf] nflu >d cbfntsf]
ldlt @)^$.!.!^ sf] km};nf sfof{Gjog gug'{
gu/fpg' egL ljkIfLxsf] gfddf cGtl/d cfb]z
;d]t hf/L u/L lbPsf] 5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
o; cbfntsf] cfb]z .
o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bgsf] /f]xdf btf{
x'g cfPsf] k'g/fj]bs j|hlszf]/ kl08t k|ToyL{
o'lglne/ g]kfn lnld6]8, -g]kfn lne/ ln=_ P]=
sf] k|aGw lgb]{zs /fs]z df]xg, o'lglne/ g]kfn
lnld6]8, P]= sf] k|aGws cDa/axfb'/ yfkf,

o'lglne/ g]kfn lnld6]8 ;d]t ePsf] ;]jfaf6
x6fPsf] lg0f{o ab/ d'2fdf ldl;n ;+nUg ;a"b
k|df0fsf] cWoog u/L sfg"gsf] JofVof u/L
sfg"gadf]lhd g} ePsf] o; cbfntsf] ldlt
@)^$.!.!^ sf] km};nf >d sfg"g tyf Gofosf
dfGo l;4fGt Pj+ ;+ljwfgsf] efjgfcg'k /x]sf]
/ ;f] km};nfaf6 l/6 lgj]bssf] sfg"gL Pj+
;+j}wflgs xsdf cf3ft k'u]sf] cj:yf ;d]t
gx'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hof]Uo 5, vf/]h ul/kfpFm
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] >d cbfnt sf7df8f}+sf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
>d sfof{non] cfgf] If]qflwsf/leq /x]sf
pBf] u k| l ti7fgdf sfdbf/ sd{ r f/L tyf
Joj:yfkgaLr x'g] s'g} lsl;dsf] >d ljjfb
a9\g glbO{ k|lti7fg ;'rf? ?kn] ;~rfng ug{
;xof]u x'g] vfnsf] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{'sf ;fy}
s'g} k|lti7fg jf k|lti7fgsf sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lpk/
s'g} klg cf cbfntaf6 s'g} lsl;dsf] cfb]z,
lg0f{o ePsf] v08df ;f] sfof{Gjog u/fpg]
;DaGwdf cfjZos e"ldsf klg v]Ng] x'Fbf ljkIfL
k| l ti7fgdf cjsflzt sd{ r f/L j| h lszf] /
kl08tn] cfgf] cjsfz >d cbfntaf6 ab/
u/fO{ pQm cbfntaf6 ePsf] km} ; nfsf]
hfgsf/L;lxt ljkIfL k|lti7fgdf xfhL/ x'g hfFbf
ljkIfLn] s'g} ;'g'jfO{ gu/]sf]n] >d cbfntsf]
km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] nflu o; sfof{nodf ldlt
@)^$.)#.#! df lgj]bg lbPsf]n] sfof{non]
cbfntsf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog lsg gul/Psf] xf]
eGg] hfgsf/L ;DalGwt k|lti7fg;Fu dfu u/]sf]
xf] . >d sfof{non] ljkIfL k|lti7fgnfO{ lghnfO{
xfhL/ u/fpg' xf]nf jf xfhL/ u/fpg gkg]{ eP
s] slt sf/0fn] gkg]{ xf] v'nfO{ k7fpg ljkIfL
k|lti7fgnfO{ sfof{nosf] ldlt @)^$.#.#@ r=g+=
^%) sf] kqaf6 hfgsf/L dfu u/]sf] xf], ljkIfLnfO{
>d sfof{non] cGo s'g} lsl;dsf] bjfj lbPsf]
5}g . >d cbfntsf] km};nf sfof{Gjog ug]{tkm{
sf/jfxL;Dd cl3 a9fPsf] cj:yfdf o;
636
sfof{noaf6 lghsf] xs clwsf/df cf3ft k'Ug]

u/L s'g} sfo{ u/] u/fPsf] gx'Fbf o; sfof{no
;d] t nfO{ ljkIfL agfO{ lbPsf] l/6 lgj] b g
vf/]hefuL 5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] >d sfof{no,
x]6fF}8fsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
lgj] b sn] k| : t' t lgj] b g kq >d
cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^$.!.!^ df km};nf ePsf]
rf/ dlxgfkl5 ldlt @)^$.$.!^.$ df bfo/ u/]sf
5g\ . d}n] :jod\ km};nf sfof{Gjogsf nflu ldlt
@)^$.#.@( df lgj]bg lbPkl5 >d cbfntsf]
km};nf sfof{Gjogaf6 aRgsf] nflu clt ljnDa
u/L bfo/ u/]sf] k|:t't lgj]bg kq cg'lrt
ljnDasf] l;4fGtcGtu{t vf/]h ul/kfpFm .
>d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf %# sf] pkbkmf
-@_ df pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] Dofbleq sfdbf/
jf sd{rf/Ln] :ki6Ls/0f k]z gu/]df jf k]z
u/]sf] :ki6Ls/0f ;Gtf]ifhgs gePdf lghnfO{
v/fa cfr/0f u/]afkt bkmf %@ adf]lhd ;hfo
ug{ ;lsg] egL sfg"gL Joj:yf ePsf] / P] pkbkmf
-@_ sf] k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+zdf t/ To:tf] ;hfo
ug]{ ;DaGwdf lg0f{o ubf{ :ki6Ls/0f dfu ul/Psf]
b'O{ dlxgfleq u/L ;Sg' kg]{ egL sfg"gL Joj:yf
ePsf] kfOG5 . dnfO{ ^.!.@))% O{ df ;f]lwPsf]
k| y d :ki6Ls/0f kqsf] bkmf @- a _ df g}
Dishonesty in connection with employers
buisness and property P] bkmf @-b_ df This
act is of serious nature amount to theft, fraud &
dishonesty / bkmf @-c_ df willfull falsification,
dishonesty of the record P] bkmf @-d_ df willful
theft fraud and dishonesty / bkmf # df willful
insubordination and / or disobedience/ or
Habitual breach of standing orders or any law
or rules made thereunder / or commission of
act subversive of discipline of good behavior on
the premises of the establishment egL cf/f]k
nufpFb} P] bkmf $ df You are required to submit
your explanation to the above charges in writing
within 7 days from the date of receipt of this

showcause, as to why appropriate disciplinary
action should not be taken against you as per
provisions of law terms of employment egL
pNn]v ul/Psf]af6 dfq cg';Gwfgsf] lgldQ kq

lbOPsf]n] ;f] ldltn] b'O{ dlxgfsf] u0fgf u/]sf]
>d cbfntsf] km};nf gldn]sf] eGg] lgj]bssf]
egfO{ / lhsL/ ;j{yf em"7f / jb\lgotk"0f{ /x]sf]
5 . cyf{t\ klxnf] k6s ^.!.@))% O{= df d]/f]
lj?4df sf/jfxL k|f/De ul/Psf] ldltn] b'O{ dlxgf
g3fO{ !!.#.@))% O{= df ;]jfaf6 avf{:t ug]{
egL lbOPsf] kq :ki6tM >d P]g, @)$* sf]
bkmf %#-@_ sf] k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+zsf] Dofb
g3fO{ ul/Psf] ;hfo x'Fbf >d cbfntn] u/]sf]
km};nf sfg"gcg'k 5 .
lk| m h rf] / Lsf] cf/f] k sf] ;Gbe{ d f
OlGhlgol/ clws[t b]jfl;; ;f]d lkmtf{ hfg]
;dodf lghn] k|of]u ub}{ cfPsf] uf]b/]hsf] lk|mh
dnfO{ ;'DkL uPsf] / ;f] s'/f lghn] cfgf]
k|of]usf] ;DklQ ;"rL -property list_ df This
item is in Mr B.k pandit residence egL
6fOkaf6} hgfPsf] Pj+ ;f]xL d'lg $.$.@))$ O{=
sf] ldltdf this has been informed to ABP
egL ;xL ;d]t ul/Psf] clen]v ePsf] / lgh
b]jfl;; ;f]d;Fu sDkgLn] ;f]wgL ubf{ lghn]
#.!.@))% O{ sf] kqf/f ld:6/ 8L= efrfo{sf]
e'hdf ;?jf ePkl5 lghn] k|of]u ub}{ cfPsf]
lgjf;df lk|mh /x]s} x'gfn] dnfO{ lghn] k|of]u
ub}{ cfPsf] lk|mh lbPsf] / d]/f] lgjf;:yfgdf
;f] lk|mh /x]sf] egL hfgsf/L lbFbflbFb} klg d}n]
lk|mh rf]/]sf] egL 3[l0ft cf/f]k nufOPsf] 5 .
>d P] g , @)$* sf] bkmf %!-u_ cGtu{ t
k|lti7fgsf] ;DklQ rf]/L u/]df v/fa cfr/0f
dflgg] ePtfklg P] P]gsf] bkmf (! df P]= P]gdf
n]lvP hlt To;} P]gadf]lhd / c?df k|rlnt
sfg" g adf] l hd x' g ] egL k| f jwfg ePsf] n ]
sfg"gadf]lhd cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ eO{ rf]/Lsf]
ck/fw 7x/ eO;s]kl5 dfq P] bkmf %!-u_ sf]
cf/f]kdf P]= bkmf %@-$_ cg';f/ ;hfo ug{
637
kfpg]df cfkm}Fn] :j]R5frf/L 9+uaf6 rf]/L egL

gfdfs/0f ub}{ P]= clwsf/sf] k|of]u u/]sf] ;j{yf
k|j[Q, b"lift / dgf]ut x'Fbf lgj]bg dfuadf]lhdsf]
cfb]z hf/L x'g] xf]Og, l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpmF
eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] ljkIfLdWo]sf j|hlszf]/
kl08tsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
;DdfgLt cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^$.$.@$
df sf/0f b]vfp cfb]z hf/L x'Fbf lnlvt hjfkm
k/]kl5 k'g/\ljrf/ x'g] u/L xfnsf] nflu >d
cbfntsf] ldlt @)^$.!.!^ sf] km} ; nf
sfof{Gjog gug'{ gu/fpg' egL cGtl/d cfb]z
hf/L ePsf] lyof] . >d P]g, @)$* -;+=;_ sf]
bkmf %# sf] pkbkmf -@_ df, pkbkmf -!_
adf] l hdsf] Dofbleq sfdbf/ jf sd{ r f/Ln]
:ki6Ls/0f k]z gu/]df jf k]z u/]sf] :ki6Ls/0f
;Gtf]ifhgs gePdf lghnfO{ v/fa cfr/0f
u/]afkt bkmf %@ adf]lhd ;hfo ug{ ;lsg]
egL sfg"gL Joj:yf ePsf] / P] pkbkmf -@_ sf]
k|ltjGwfTds jfSof+zdf, t/ To:tf] ;hfo ug]{
;DaGwdf lg0f{o ubf{ :ki6Ls/0f dfu ul/Psf]
@ dlxgfleq u/L ;Sg'kg]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf ePsf]
kfOG5 . klxnf] k6s tf ^=!=@))% O{ df d]/f]
lj?4df sf/jfxL k|f/De ul/Psf] ldltn] b'O{
dlxgf g3fO{ tfl/v !!=#=@))% O{ df ;]jfaf6
avf{:t ug]{ egL lbOPsf] kq :ki6tM >d P]g,
@)$* sf] bkmf %#-@_ sf] k| l tjGwfTds
jfSof+ z sf] Dofb gf3] s fn] ] ;hfo x' F b f >d
cbfntsf] km} ; nf sfof{ G jognfO{ /f] S g' kg] {
cf}lrTo g/x]sf]n] Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6
ePsf] cfb]z /2 ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
a|hlszf]/ kl08tsf] lgj]bg .
o;df ljkIfLxsf] lnlvt hjfkm
kl/;s]sf] b]lvFbf >d cbfntaf6 ePsf] lg0f{o
ldl;n lemsfO{ l/6 lgj]bg g} k"0f{ ;'gj' fO{sf] nflu
k]z ug'{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfntsf] cfb]z .
lgodadf]lhd k]zL ;"rLdf r9L k]z ePsf]
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bs tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg
jl/i7 clwjQmf >L zDe' yfkf tyf clwjQmfx
>L /d]z a8fn, >L ltnslaqmd kf08], >L lzj

l/hfn / >L cg"k/fh pk]t| Ln] ljkIfL j|hlszf]/
kl08tnfO{ k|lti7fgn] ;j{ky| d ^ hgj/L @))%df
;f]lwPsf] kq >d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf %#-!_sf]
k|of]hgsf] nflu ;hfo ug]{ cfzoaf6 ;f]lwPsf]
ge} k|lti7fgdf ePsf clgoldttfsf] af/]df tYo
kQf nufpg] p2]Zon] ;f]lwPsf]] xf] . o:tf] :ki6Ls/0f
k6sk6s ;f]Wg ;lsg] / km/s km/s cfwf/ klg
x'g;Sg] egL o; cbfntaf6 g]sfk @)^&, d+l;/,
lg=g+= *$#*, k[i7 !#%* df af]ln;s]sf] cj:yf
5 . k|ToyL{n] ;f] kqaf6 dfu ePsf] hjfkm;d]t
k|lti7fgdf k]z ul/;Sg' ePsf] 5 . lghsf] ;f]
hjfkm lrQ a'em\bf] gePkl5 k|lti7fgaf6 5fglag
;ldlt u7g ePsf] / ;f] ;ldltnfO{ lghn] :jLsf/
u/L ;ldlt;dIf pkl:yt ePsf] cj:yf 5 . lgj]bs
k|lti7fgn] ! km]ac
|' /L, @))% df dfq ljkIfL;Fu+
cf/f]k;lxtsf] :ki6Ls/0f ;f]lwPsf] cj:yf e} ;f]
ldltn] b'O{ dlxgfleq} ljkIfLpk/sf] sf/jfxL k|lqmof
;DkGg e};s]sf] x'gfn] k|lti7fgaf6 ePsf] sf/jfxL
>d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf %#-@_ sf] dfGotf /
Joj:yfx cg'k g} ePsf] 5 . ljkIfL :jo+n]
>d cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ubf{sf] cj:yfdf ;d]t
bkmf %#-@_ sf] k|ltjGwfTds Joj:yfljk/Lt ePsf]
s'/fsf] lhsL/ lng ;s]sf] cj:yf 5}g . ! km]ac
'| /L
@))% sf] kqdf ljkIfLpk/ nufOPsf] cf/f]k /
x'g;Sg] ;hfo ;d]t ls6fg ul/Psf]df lghnfO{
nufOPsf] cf/f]k ;DaGwdf >d cbfntn] cGoyf
eGg ;s]sf] 5}g . ljkIfLn] >d cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg
ubf{ Dofb gf3]sf] ;DaGwdf s'g} k|Zg g} p7fpg
g;s]sf] / k|lti7fgn] ! km]ac
| /L, @))% df ;f]lwPsf]
:ki6Ls/0f kqsf] ldltn] b'O{ dlxgfleq} ljkIfLnfO{
sf/jfxL u/]sf] cj:yfdf >d cbfntaf6 ePsf]
km};nfdf tYo / sfg"gsf] ckJofVof e} q'l6k"0f{
cfwf/ u|x0f u/]sf] x'bF f lgj]bg dfu adf]lhdsf]
cfb]z hf/L x'g' kb{5 egL ax; k|:t't ug'e
{ of] .
To;}u/L ljkIfL j|hlszf]/ kl08tsf]
tkm{af6 ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L xl/x/ bfxfn,
ljfg clwjQmfx >L xl/k|;fb pk|t] L, >L ;tLz
638
emf, >L k|zGgs[i0f bf; / >L dxfb]j kl08tn]

ljkIfLsf] sfdsf/jfxL ;Dk"0f{ ?kn] ^ hgj/L,
@))% sf] sf/0f b]vfp cfb]z (Showcause notice)
elgPsf] kqdf g} cfwfl/t /x]sf] / kIfnfO{ ;]jfaf6
x6fpg] ljkIfL k|lti7fgsf] cfb]zdf klg ;f]xL kqnfO{
p4/0f ul/Psf]df pQm ^ hgj/L, @))% sf] kqdf
tYo / ;hfo k|:tfljt ul/Psf] 5}g . ! km]ac
'| /L,
@))% sf] cf/f]k kqdf >d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf
%! -u_ sf] cf/f]k;Dd nufOPsf] kfOG5 . t/ x'g
;Sg] ;hfo k|:tfljt ul/Pg . >d P]gn] v/fa
cfr/0fdf ;hfo ubf{ k6sk6s :ki6Ls/0f ;f]Wg]
Joj:yf gu/]sf]n] To;f] ug'{ ljlwsf] zf;g / sfg"gsf]
plrt k|lqmofljk/Ltsf] sfo{ xf] . klxnf] :ki6Ls/0f
ldltaf6} bkmf %#-@_ df n]lvPsf] cjlw u0fgf
x'gk' g]{ egL o; cbfntaf6 uhfgGb cu|jfn lj?2
>d cbfnt ;d]t ePsf] @)%& ;fnsf] l/6 g+=
@*^( sf] pTk|i] f0f d'2fdf af]ln;s]sf] cj:yf 5 .
ljkIfLn] sf/0f b]vfpm egL jh|lszf]/ kl08t;Fu
k|yd k6s :ki6Ls/0f dfu ul/Psf] ldlt ^ hgj/L,
@))% b]lv b'O{ dlxgfsf] Dofb g3fO{ ;]jfaf6
x6fOPsf] ljkIfLsf] lg0f{o >d P]g, @)$*sf] bkmf
%#-@_sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf tyf af]6] n;{ g]kfn t/fO{_ lnld6]8 lj= >d cbfnt sf7df8fF;
+} d]t
ePsf] ;+jt\ @)^% ;fnsf] l/6 g+= )!%) sf]
pTk| ] i f0f d' 2 fdf o; cbfntaf6 k| l tkflbt
l;fGt;d]tsf] ljk/Lt e} q'l6k"0f{ x'bF f To:tf] lg0f{o
ab/ u/]sf] >d cbfntsf] km};nf sfg"g;Ddt\
5 . o;df lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L
x'gk' g]{ xf]Og egL ax; k|:t't ug'e
{ of] .
To;}u/L >d cbfntsf] tkm{af6 ljfg
pkGofoflwjQmf >L /]jtL/fh lqkf7Ln] ^ hgj/L,
@))% sf] kqdf k|lti7fgn] ;hfo k|:tfj gu/]sf]
/ ljkIfLsf] avf{:tsf] cfb]zdf ldlt ^ hgj/L,
@))% sf] kqnfO{ g} cfwf/ lnPsf] x'Fbf To:tf]
>d P]gljk/Ltsf] cfb]z ab/ u/]sf] >d cbfntsf]
km};nf sfg"g;Ddt /x]sf] x'Fbf lgj]bg dfu
adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g'kg]{ xf]Og egL ax;
k|:t't ug'{eof] .
ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLxn] k|:t't ug'{

ePsf] pk/f]Qm ax; lhsL/ ;d]t ;'gL l/6
lgj] b g;lxtsf ldl;n ;+ n Ug sfuhft
k|df0fxsf] cWoog u/L x]bf{ k|:t't ljifodf
lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g'kg]{ xf]
xf]Og eGg] ;DaGwdf g} lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvof] .
@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ o;df ljkIfL
j|hlszf]/ kl08tn] sDkgLsf] ;DklQ rf]/L ug]{ /
sf/f] j f/df hfn;fh u/L sDkgLnfO{ 3f6f
k'ofpg] b'ik|of; u/]sf] x'Fbf >d P]g, @)$* tyf
sDkgLsf] :yfoL cfb]zadf]lhd ljkIfLnfO{ v/fa
cfr/0fjfkt !! dfr{ @))% df ;]jfaf6 x6fpg]
;hfo u/]sf]df ljkIfLsf] k'g/fj]bg k/L >d
cbfntn] sDkgLsf] pQm !! dfr{ @))% sf]
lg0f{o ab/ u/L lgh ljkIfLnfO{ lgisflzt cjlwsf]
tna eQf tyf ;'ljwf;lxt k'g/\jxfnL ug]{ egL
ldlt @)^$.!.!^ df km};nf u/]sf] 5 . pQm
km};nfdf z'? :ki6Ls/0f dfu]sf] b'O{ dlxgf gf3L
;hfo u/]sf] egL >d cbfntn] lnPsf] cfwf/
k"0f{tM tYoxLg /xg'sf ;fy} >d P]g, @)$* sf]
bkmf %#-@_ sf] k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+zsf] JofVofdf
;d]t uDeL/ q'l6 /x]sf]n] pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zn]
ab/ u/L kfpmF eGg] g} lgj]bssf] dfubfjL /x]sf]
b]lvG5 . ;f] ;DaGwdf ljkIfLxsf] lnlvt hjfkm
x]bf{ ljkIfL k|lti7fgn] klxnf] k6s ^.!.@))% O{=
df a|hlszf]/ kl08tsf lj?4df sf/jfxL k|f/De
ul/Psf] ldltn] b'O{ dlxgf g3fO{ !!.#.@))% O{=
df ;]jfaf6 avf{:t ug]{ egL lbOPsf] kq :ki6tM
>d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf %#-@_ sf] k|ltaGwfTds
jfSof+zsf] Dofb gf3]sf]], ;hfo x'Fbf tT;DaGwdf
k|lti7fgsf] ldlt !! dfr{, @))% sf] lg0f{o ab/
u/]]sf] >d cbfntsf] km};nf sfg"g;Ddt 5
elgPsf] kfOG5 .
o;/L ldl;n ;+ n Ug sfuhft Pj+
cfb]zfg';f/ lemsfPsf] sf/jfxL;DaGwL kmfon
;d]t x]bf{ k|:t't ljifodf lgj]bg dfu adf]lhdsf]
cfb]z hf/L ug'{kg]{ xf] xf]Og eGg] ;DaGwdf d'VotM
b]xfosf k|Zgxsf] lg/fs/0f ug'{kg]{ b]lvof] M
639
s_
>d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf %# sf] k|of]hgsf]

nflu ;f]lwg] :ki6Ls/0fsf cGt/\j:t' s] s]
x'g'kg]{ xf]
-v_ >d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf %#-!_ / %#-@_
sf] k|of]u s;/L x'g] / b'O{ dlxgfsf] u0fgf
slxn]b]lv x'g] xf]
-u_ o; d'2fdf l/6 hf/L x'g] jf gx'g] s] xf] <
#= ;j{k|yd klxnf] k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{
:ki6Ls/0fsf] cGt/\j:t' ljifo jf k|;+ucg'k
km/skm/s x'g ;Sb5g\ . k|:t't k|lti7fgsf]
sfdbf/ sd{ r f/Ln] u/] s f] elgPsf] v/fa
cfr/0fafkt ul/g] ;hfosf] ;Gbe{df >d P]g,
@)$* sf] bkmf %# df Jojl:yt sfo{ljlwdf
s]lGb|t /xL x]g'{kg]{ x'G5 . pQm bkmf %# sf] pkbkmf
! df :yfoL sfdbf/ jf sd{rf/LnfO{ bkmf %@
cGtu{t ;hfo ug'{cl3 v/fa cfr/0f u/]sf] tYo
/ ;f] k|dfl0ft ePdf x'g;Sg] ;hfo ;d]t :ki6
pNn]v u/L To:tf] sfdbf/ jf sd{rf/LnfO{ cfgf]
:ki6Ls/0f k]z ug{ sDtLdf ;ft lbgsf] Dofb
lbg' kg]{5 egL :ki6 Joj:yf ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
o; kl/k| ] I odf ;f] bkmfadf] l hd ;f] l wg]
:ki6Ls/0fdf d"ntM lgDgfg';f/sf cGt/\j:t'
clgjfo{ ?kdf ;dflji6 ePsf] x'g'kg]{ x'G5 M
-s_ s'g} sfdbf/ sd{rf/LnfO{ P]gsf] bkmf %!
df jl0f{t v/fa cfr/0fdWo] s] s'g cfr/0f
u/]sf] cf/f]k nufOPsf] xf] ;f]sf] :ki6 tYo,
-v_ To:tf] sfdbf/ sd{rf/Ln] v/fa cfr/0f
u/]sf] tYo k|dfl0ft ePsf P]gsf] bkmf %@
df pNn] v ul/Psf ljleGg k| s f/sf
;hfodWo] s] s:tf] ;hfo x'g ;Sg] xf] ;f]
s'/f, /
-u_ ;f] ljifodf :ki6Ls/0f k]z ug{ sDtLdf
klg ;ft lbgsf] ;dofjlw .
$= lgj]bs k|lti7fgn] ^ hgj/L, @))%df
;f]w]sf] kqsf] cGt/\j:t' x]bf{ s / v df pNn]v
ePsf tTjxsf] :ki6 ?kn] cefj /x]sf] kfOG5 .

l/6 lgj]bs k|lti7fg :jo+n] P]gsf] bkmf %#
adf]lhdsf] :ki6Ls/0f ;f]w]sf] xf]Og, 5fglag
k|of]hgsf] nflu k|f/lDes k|ltlqmof lnPsf] dfq
xf] egL lhsL/ lnPsf] cj:yf klg 5 . ^ hgj/L,
@))% sf] kqnfO{ bkmf %@ sf cGt/\j:t'sf]
cefjsf sf/0fn] bkmf %@ sf] k|of]hgsf] nflu
;f]lwPsf] eGg / dfGg ldNg ;Sg] b]lvFb}g .
%= k|lti7fgn] pQm kqdf pNn]v ePsf
ljifosf ;DaGwdf ljkIfL;Fu tYosf] hfgsf/L
dfu] s f] ;Dd b] l vPsf] / ;f] c g' k ljkIfL
a|hlszf]/n] k|lti7fgdf lnlvt hjfkm;d]t k|:t't
u/L ;f] kq k|fKt hjfkm kl5 k|lti7fgaf6 !
km]a'|c/L, @))% df cf/f]k;lxtsf] :ki6Ls/0f
;f]lwPsf] / tT;DaGwdf ul7t 5fglag ;ldltdf
;d]t ljkIfL a|hlszf]/ pkl:yt /xL lghn]
cfkm"pk/sf] 5fglagnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]]sf] kfOPsf]
5 . ^ hgj/L @))% sf] kqnfO{ uf]ndfno'Qm
egL >d cbfntn] g} dfg]sf] cj:yf x'Fbf ;f] ^
hgj/L @))%sf] kqnfO{ >d P]gcg'k ;f]lwPsf]
:ki6Ls/0f;DaGwL kqsf] ?kdf cy{ u|x0f ug{'
sfg"g;Ddt x'g] b]lvPg .
^= s'g} cd's ljifodf s'g} k|lti7fgn]
cfkm\gf sfdbf/ sd{rf/L;Fu tYosf] hfgsf/L
lng' / sfdbf/ sd{rf/LnfO{ v/fa cfr/0fdf
sf/jfxL ug] { k| o f] h gsf] nflu P] g adf] l hd
:ki6Ls/0f ;f]Wg' 5'f5'} ljifo x'gfn] ltgnfO{
;dfg cy{df jf cGt/\kl/jt{gLo ?kdf u|x0f ug{
ldNb}g . >d P]g, @)$* sf] kl/R5]b\ * sf] ;du|
cWoog ubf{ lghfdtL ;]jf P]gdf /x]sf] sf/jfxL
/ ;hfo;DaGwL k|fjwfg eGbf oL k|fjwfgx
km/s /x]sf] tyf 5fglagsf] nflu Psk6s kq
sfl6;s]kl5 5fglag ;ldltsf] lgisif{cg'k
v/fa cfr/0f u/]sf] cf/f]kdf sf/jfxL ug]{
k|of]hgsf] nflu sfdbf/ sd{rf/L;Fu tT;DaGwdf
:ki6Ls/0f dfu ug{ aGb]h nufPsf] ;d]t b]lvFbg} .
&= ! km]a'|c/L, @))% sf] kqdf k|lti7fgn]
tYo / ;hfo ;d]t k|:tfljt u/]sf] 5 . of] kq /
^ hgj/L @))% sf] kqdf ;hfo k|:tfj / 5fglag

ePsf tYosf ;Gbe{ ;d] t sf] pNn] v gsf
sf/0faf6 cfwf/e"t cGt/ 5 . ls6fgL ;hfo
s'g tYodf cfwfl/t 5 / ;f] tYo s;/L :yflkt
eof] eGg] ljj/0fsf cltl/Qm sf/jfxL ul/g]
;'lglZrttfafxs kqnfO{ dfq s'g} klg sfdbf/
sd{rf/LnfO{ sf/jfxLsf] k|of]hgsf nflu ;f]lwPsf]
:ki6Ls/0f dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 . sf/jfxL ug'{ cl3
sf/jfxL ug]{ clwsf/jfnf ;'lglZrt x'g dfu
ul/g] hfgsf/L jf tYonfO{ :ki6Ls/0f ;f]lwPsf]
eGg ldNb}g . ljkIfLn] pQm ldlt;Dd >d P]g,
@)$* sf] bkmf %#-!_ sf] k|ltjGwfTds jfSof+;n]
sf/jfxL ug]{ ;do ;Ldf JotLt e};s]sf] egL
cfkm"n] k]z u/]sf] :ki6Ls/0fdf lhsL/ lng ;s]sf]
;d]t gkfOFbf k|lti7fgsf] ! km]a'|c/L @))%sf]
kq g} bkmf %# adf]lhd ;f]lwPsf] :ki6Ls/0f kq
b]lvof] . sf/jfxL / k'g/fj]bgsf] ;Gbe{df ;d]t
of] ;do ;Ldfsf] k|Zg gp7fPsf] gkfOPsf] s'/f
klg o; ;Gbe{df TolQs} dxTjk"0f{ 5 .
*= ljkIfLtkm{ s f ljfg sfg" g
Joj;foLxn] pNn]v ug''{ ePsf] uhfgGb cu|jfn
lj= >d cbfnt ;d]t ePsf] @)%& ;fnsf] l/6
g+= @*^( sf] pTk|]if0f d'2f tyf af]]6n;{ g]kfn
-t/fO{_ lnld6]8 lj= >d cbfnt, sf7df8f}+;d]t
ePsf] ;+jt\ @)^% ;fnsf] l/6 g+= )!%) sf]
pTk|]if0f d'2fdf k|ltkflbt l;4fGt k|:t't l/6
lgj]bgdf cfsli{ft x'g ;Sg] b]lvPg . l/6 g+=
@*^( sf] pTk|]if0f d'2fdf sfdbf/ sd{rf/LnfO{
b'O{ k6s :ki6Ls/0f ;f]w]sf], klxnf] :ki6Ls/0f
;f]lwPsf] ldltaf6 ;do ;Ldf gf3]sf] cj:yf
5 . klxnf] klg :ki6Ls/0f g} ;f]lwPsf] s'/fnfO{
;f] k|lti7fgn] l/6 lgj]bgdf :jLsf/ u/]sf] cj:yf
e} s'g} k|lti7fgn] >d P]gadf]lhd Pp6} cf/f]kdf
b'O{ k6s :ki6Ls/0f ;f]Wg ldNg] xf] xf]Og eGg]
;d]t k|Zgdf s]lGb|t /xL l;fGt k|ltkfbg ePsf]
cj:yf /x]5 . t/, k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf ^ hgj/L,
@))% sf] kqnfO{ >d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf %#
-!_ adf]lhdsf] cGt/\j:t'sf] cefjsf sf/0fn]
640
:ki6Ls/0f eGg / dfGg gldn]sf]n] b'O{k6s

:ki6Ls/0f ;f]lwPsf] cj:yfsf] ljBdfgtf b]lvFbg} .
(= To;} u/L af]6] n;{ g]kfn -t/fO{_ lnld6]8
;+nUg l/6 g+= )!%) sf] pTk|i] f0fsf] l/6 lgj]bgdf
;f] k| l ti7fgn] 5fglag ;ldltn] k| l tj] b g
@)^$.$.!$ df lbP klg ;g\ @))#, @))$,
@))%sf clgoldttf elgPsf sfo{xsf xsdf
;g\ @))^ df 5fglag ;ldlt u7g ul/Psf] 5 .
l9nf] 5fglag ;ldlt u7g ul/g'sf sf/0f vf]lnPsf]
5}g . 5fglag ;ldltn] @)^#.$.!$df k|ltj]bg
lbP kl5 klg b'O{ dlxgf g3fO{ @)^# sflt{sdf
:ki6Ls/0f ;f]lwPsf] 5 . o; cj:yfdf >d P]g,
@)$* sf] bkmf %#-!_ sf] k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+zdf
plNnlvt ;do ;Ldf g3fO{ :ki6Ls/0f ;f]lwPsf]
tYo :yflkt x'gcfO{ ;f]xL cfwf/df l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h ePsf] cj:yf /x]5 . t/, k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf
ljkIfL a|hlszf]/ kl08tn] v/fa cfr/0fhGo sfo{
u/]sf] ljifoj:t' !%.!@.@))$ O{= b]lv )#.)!.@))%
O{= sf] cjlwdf k|lti7fg Joj:yfkgsf] hfgsf/Ldf
cfPsf] egL lghpk/ ljleGg cf/f]k to u/L
)!.)@.@))% O{ = df :ki6Ls/0f ;f] l wPsf] d f
k|lti7fgsf] ;f] sfo{ >d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf %#
-!_ sf] k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+zdf plNnlvt ;do
;Ldf g3fO{ eP u/]sf] egL ;f] cf/f]k ;DaGwdf
lgh ljkIfL j|hlszf]/ kl08tn] k|lti7fgaf6 ul7t
5fglag ;ldlt;dIf pkl:yt x'bF f ;d]t k|ltjfb
ug{ g;s]sf] / k|lti7fgaf6 ul7t 5fglag ;ldltn]
lbPsf] lgisif{sf ;DaGwdf )*.)#.@))% O{=df
hjfkm lbFbf ;d]t pQm )!.)@.@))% O{ sf]
:ki6Ls/0f ;DaGwdf s'g} lhsL/ lng ;s]sf] gb]lvFbf
pk/f]Qm d'2fxsf] tYo / k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf]
tYodf tfbfDotf kfOPg . ctM ;f] d'2fxdf
k|ltkflbt l;fGt k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;Gbe{df
cfs[i7 x'g g;Sg] x'bF f ;f] ;DaGwdf ljkIfLtkm{sf
ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLxsf] lhsL/;Fu ;xdt
x'g ;lsPg .
!)= >d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf %#-!_ /
%#-@_ sf] k|of]u s;/L x'g] / pQm sfg"gL
641
Joj:yfxsf] k|ltjGwfTds jfSof+zdf plNnlvt

Dofbsf] u0fgf slxn]b]lv x'g] eGg] ;DaGwL bf];|f]
k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ >d P]gsf] bkmf %#-!_ df
d"ntM sfdbf/ sd{rf/LnfO{ ;hfo ug'{ cl3 k"/f
ug' { k g] { k| l qmofut Joj:yf ul/Psf] kfOG5,
h;cg';f/ bkmf %! df pNn]v ePadf]lhdsf
v/fa cfr/0f ug]{ :yfoL sfdbf/ jf sd{rf/LnfO{
bkmf %@ cGtu{t ;hfo ug'{ cl3 v/fa cfr/0f
u/]sf] tYo / ;f] k|dfl0ft ePdf x'g;Sg] ;hfo
;d] t :ki6 pNn] v u/L To:tf] sfdbf/ jf
sd{rf/LnfO{ cfgf] :ki6Ls/0f k]z ug{ sDtLdf
;ft lbgsf] Dofb lbg' kg] { 5 egL sfdbf/
sd{rf/LnfO{ ;hfo ug'{ cl3 ;'g'jfOsf] df}sfsf]
k|Tofe"lt u/]sf] kfOof] . To;}u/L bkmf %#-@_ sf]
Joj:yfn] bkmf %#-!_ adf]lhd lbOPsf] Dofbleq
sfdbf/ jf sd{rf/Ln] :ki6Ls/0f k]z gu/]sf]
jf k]z u/]sf] :ki6Ls/0f ;Gtf]ifhgs g/x]sf]
cj:yfdf To:tf] sd{rf/LnfO{ v/fa cfr/0f
u/]afkt bkmf %@ adf]lhd ;hfo ug{ ;lsg]5
egL k|lti7fg Joj:yfksnfO{ tT;DaGwdf clwsf/
k|bfg u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
!!= plNnlvt bkmf %#-!_ / %#-@_ sf]
Joj:yf s] s'g cj:yfdf k|of]u x'g;Sg] xf] eGg]
;DaGwdf x]bf{ bkmf %#-!_ sf] Joj:yf eg]sf]
k|lti7fgn] P]gsf] bkmf %! adf]lhdsf] v/fa cfr/0f
ug]{ :yfoL sfdbf/ jf sd{rf/LnfO{ bkmf %@ cGtu{t
;hfo ug'{ cl3 v/fa cfr/0f u/]sf] tYo / ;f]
k|dfl0ft ePdf x'g ;Sg] ;hfo ;d]t :ki6 pNn]v
u/L :ki6Ls/0f k]z ug{ sDtLdf ;ft lbgsf] Dofb
lbg' kg]5
{ egL To:tf] sfdbf/ jf sd{rf/LnfO{
k|lti7fgn] :ki6Ls/0f ;f]Wg] ;DaGwdf u/]sf] clgjfo{
sfo{ljlwut Joj:yf;Fu ;DalGwt /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
bkmf %#-@_ sf] k|ltjGwfTds jfSof+z x]bf{ v/fa
cfr/0f ug]{ sfdbf/ sd{rf/LnfO{ v/fa cfr/0f
u/]afkt bkmf %@ adf]lhd ;hfo ug]{ ;DaGwdf
lg0f{o ubf{ :ki6Ls/0f dfu ul/Psf] b'O{ dlxgfleq}
ul/;Sg' kg]5
{ egL ;do ;Ldf lgwf{/0f u/]sf]
kfOof] . of] Joj:yfn] b'O{ dlxgf gf3]kl5 v/fa
cfr/0f ug]{ sfdbf/ sd{rf/Ln] pGd'lQm kfpg]

Joj:yf u/]sf] geO{ nfdf] ;do sfdbf/ sd{rf/L
lj?4sf] cf/f]k clgl0f{t g/xf];\ eGg] clek|fo /fv]sf]
xf] . cgfjZos l9nfO{ lj?4 sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lsf]
lxt ;+/If0f ug]{ of] sfg"gnfO{ oxL ;sf/fTds
:j?kdf u|x0f ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 .
!@= o;/L P]gsf] bkmf %@ adf]lhd ;hfo
ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu :ki6Ls/0f ;f]Wg] ;DaGwdf
bkmf %#-!_ n] k|lqmofut s'/fsf] ;'lglZrttf u/L
;f]sf] k|ltjGwfTds jfSof+zn] ;f]sf] nflu clwstd\
b'O{ dlxgfsf] ;do lgwf{/0f u/]sf] tyf bkmf %#@_n] bkmf %#-!_ adf]lhd :ki6Ls/0f ;f]lwPsf
sfdbf/ sd{rf/Ln] Dofbleq :ki6Ls/0f k]z gu/]sf]
jf k]z u/]sf] :ki6Ls/0f ;Gtf]ifhgs gePsf]
sf/0f P]gsf] bkmf %@ adf]lhd ;hfo ug'{ kbf{sf]
cj:yf lg0f{osf] nflu b'O{ dlxgfsf] ;do lgwf{/0f
u/]sf] cj:yf x'bF f ;f] adf]lhdsf] lgwf{l/t k|lqmof
/ ;do ;Ldf g3fO{ ePsf sfdsf/jfxL Pj+ lg0f{o
dfq u}/sfg"gL x'g] k|i6 5 .
!#= ljkIfLnfO{ ePsf] sf/jfxLsf] ;Dk"0f{
k|lqmofnfO{ ljZn]if0f u/L x]bf{ ^ hgj/L @))%sf]
kq sfg"gadf]lhd :ki6Ls/0fsf] kq g} gePsf]df
To:tf] kqnfO{ :ki6Ls/0f ;f]lwPsf] kq dfgL ;f]sf]
ldltnfO{ bkmf %#-@_ sf] k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+zsf]
k|of]hgsf] nflu ;do u0fgfdf cfwf/ lng ldNg]
cj:yf b]lvFbg} . csf]t{ km{ k|lti7fgsf] Joj:yfksn]
ljkIfL a|hlszf]/pk/ nufOPsf] cf/f]k / ;f] cf/f]k
7x/]df x'g ;Sg] ;hfo ;d]t k|:tfljt u/L !
km]a'|c/L, @))% sf lbg cf/f]k kq lbOPsf] /
;f]cg'k lgh 5fglag ;ldlt;dIf pkl:yt eO{
sf/jfxLdf ;xefuL eO{ 5fglagsf] k|lqmofnfO{
:jLsf/ u/]sf] b]lvgfn] lghdfly k|f/De u/]sf] !
km]ac
|' /L, @))% sf] sf/jfxL k|lqmofnfO{ g} ljlwjt\
sf/jfxL cf/De ePsf] ldlt dfGg' kb{5 . o;af6
;f] sf/jfxL P]gsf] bkmf %#-!_ sf] Dofbleq} /x]sf]
/ ;f] ;DaGwdf ul7t 5fglag ;ldltn] @* km]ac
'| /L,
@))% df k]z u/]sf] k|ltj]bgsf cfwf/df k|lti7fg
Joj:yfkgaf6 dfr{ !!, @))% df ePsf] lg0f{o
;d]t bkmf %#-@_ Joj:yf u/]sf] b'O{ dlxgfsf]

;do ;Ldfleq} eP u/]sf] b]lvFbf k|:t't ljifodf
lgj]bs k|lti7fgn] u/]sf] sfd sf/jfxL / lg0f{onfO{
sfg"gf/f lgwf{l/t Dofb g3fO{ u/]sf] dfGg ldn]g .
!$= t;y{, o;df lgj]bs o'lglne/ g]kfn
lnld6]8n] v/fa cfr/0f u/]sf] ;DaGwdf !
km]a'|c/L @))% kqdfkm{t\ ljkIfL a|hlszf]/;+u
bkmf %# adf]lhdsf] :ki6Ls/0f ;f]lwPsf] b]lvg
cfPsf] cj:yfdf >d cbfntn] To;tkm{ k|j]z g}
gu/L] ^ hgj/L, @))% sf] kqnfO{ g} klxnf]
:ki6Ls/0f dfg]sf] / :ki6Ls/0f ;f]w]sf] ldltn]
bkmf %#-@_ sf] k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+zadf]lhd
b'O{ dlxgfleq} lg0f{o gu/]sfn] sf/jfxLsf] k|f/De
g} a]/Ltsf] / unt dfgL ljkIfL a|hlszf]/
kl08tnfO{ k|lti7fgsf] ;]jfaf6 x6fPsf] lgj]bs
o'lglne/ sDkgL lnld6]8sf] dfr{ !!, @))% sf]
lg0f{o ab/ u/L ljkIfL a|hlszf]/ kl08tnfO{ ;f]
k|lti7fgdf k'g/\axfnL ug]{ u/]sf] >d cbfntsf]
ldlt @)^$.!.!^ sf] km};nfdf lnOPsf cfwf/
;d]t sfg"gcg'k g/x]sfn]] To:tf] q'l6k"0f{ cfwf/
u|x0f u/L u/]sf] ;f] km};nf ;b/ sfod x'g g;Sg]
x'Fbf pTk]|if0fsf] cfb]zn] ab/ x'g] 7x5{ .
!%= lgj]bs o'lglne/ g]kfn ln=n] ljkIfL
a|hlszf]/ kl08tnfO{ pQm k|lti7fgsf] ;]jfaf6
x6fpg] ;DaGwdf dfr{ !!, @))% df u/]sf]
lg0f{opk/ a|hlszf]/ kl08tn]] u/]sf] k'g/fj]bgsf]
ljifoj:t'df k|j]z gu/L k|fljlws cfwf/df km};nf
u/]sf] kfOPsf] / ;f] km};nfdf >d cbfntn]
cjnDag u/]sf], sf/jfxL cf/De ePsf] b'O{ dlxgf
gf3]sf] eGg] cfwf/ sfg"g;Ddt gb]lvPaf6 ca
k'g/fj]bgdf p7fOPsf ljifoj:t'nfO{ ;DalGwt
ldl;n sfuhft ;d]tsf cfwf/df lg0f{o x'g'kg]{
cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 .
!^= dftxt cbfntn] ;a"b k|df0fsf]
d"Nofg ;d]t gu/L d'2fsf kIfn] p7fPsf
k|Zgxdf k|j]z g} gu/L k|fljlws k|Zgdf ;Lldt
/xL u/]sf] lg0f{o ;f] k|fljlws k|Zg sfg"g;Ddt
gb]lvPdf k'gM lg0f{ofy{ d'2f ;f]xL lgsfodf k7fpg'
642
**!$ o"lg6L nfO{km OG6/g]zgn ln=lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t
Gofo;+ut x'G5 . sf/0f k'g/fj]bsLo xs kIfxsf

nflu ;+/lIft sfg"gL xs xf] . lg0f{o km};nfdf
lrQ ga'em] dflyNnf] lgsfodf sfg"gsf] cwLgdf
/xL k' g /fj] b g u/L ;f] lg0f{ o jf km} ; nf
k'g/\k/LIf0f u/fO{ dfUg kfpg] kIfsf] xsnfO{
sfg"gL ;+/If0f k|fKt 5 . dflyNnf] cbfntn] tNnf]
cbfntsf] clwsf/If]q u|x0f u/L ljjfbsf] ljifodf
k|j]z u/L lg0f{o g} ug{ g;Sg] eg] xf]Og . t/,
o;f] ubf{ kIfxsf] k'g/fj]bg ug{ kfpg] xs
ckxl/t t x'Fb}g eGg] s'/fdf klg TolQs} ;hu
/xg' kb{5 . vf;u/L ;jf{]Rr cbfnt clGtd
Goflos lgsfo ePaf6 ;Lldt cfwf/df x]l/g]
k' g /fjnf] s gsf cfwf/df afx] s d' 2 fsf] ;f]
lg0f{okl5 cGTo x'g k'Ub5 . clt nfdf] ;do d'2f
rn]sf], kIfsf] cem a9L ;do d'2fdf ;+nUg /xg
pd]/, cfly{s, n+}lus / ;fdflhs cj:yfsf sf/0f
b'?x /x]sf] Pj+ ;dos} sf/0fn] lg0f{osf] k|ltkmn
kfpg g;Sg] cj:yf b]lvPdf eg] dflyNnf] Goflos
lgsfon] dftxt cbfntsf] clwsf/If]q :jod\
u|x0f ug{ ;Sb5 cGoyf k|fljlws k|Zgdf vf/]h
ul/Psf] jf ljifoj:t'df k|j]z gu/]sf] lg0f{o tL
cfwf/ lnOPsf k|Zgx sfg"g;Ddt gkfOPdf
k'gM ;f]xL lgsfodf lg0f{ofy{ k7fpg'kg]{ x'G5 .
o; ;Gbe{df x]bf{ k|:t't ljjfbdf o; cbfntn]
>d cbfntsf] clwsf/If]q u|x0f u/L ljjfbsf]
ljifo j:t'd} k|j]z ug{ plrt b]lvPg .
!&= ctM >d cbfntsf] pQm lg0f{o dfly
ljj]lrt cfwf/ / sf/0f;d]taf6 pTk]|if0fsf]
cfb]zf/f ab/ ePsf]n] ;f]] d'2fdf ljifoj:t'leq
k|j]z u/L sfg"gadf]lhd k'gM lg0f{o ug'{ egL
ljkIfL >d cbfntsf] gfddf k/dfb]z ;d]t
hf/L ul/lbPsf] 5 . of] cfb]zsf] hfgsf/L lgj]bs
/ ljkIfL ;d]tnfO{ lbO{ k|:t't d'2fsf] bfo/L nut
sf u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ a'emfOlbg" .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
Gof=;'zLnf sfsL{
Olt ;+jt\ @)^* ;fn k'; !! ut] /f]h @ z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[t M xl//fh sfsL{
643
lg0f{o g+=**!$
;+jt\ @)^& ;fnsf] l/6 g+= )^^WO!@(#
cfb]z ldltM @)^*.!@.!%
ljifo M pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z .
lgj] b sM nlntk' / lhNnf, nlntk' /
pkdxfgu/kflnsf, j8f g=+ !# l:yt o"lg6L
6fj/ hfjnfv]ndf d'Vo sfof{no /x]sf]
o"lg6L nfO{km OG6/g]zgn ln= sf] xsdf
clVtof/k|fKt cWoIf sfzL/fd u'?
lj?4
ljkIfLM k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no,
;d]t
s'g} JolQm, ;+:yf jf sDkgLxaf6
;~rflnt u}/sfg"gL sf/f]jf/ tyf cGo
clgoldt sfdsf/jfxLaf6 cfdhgtfsf]
;DklQ;DaGwL xsdf c;/ k/] s f] ,
hgtfx 7lug], e'mlSsg] sfdsf/jfxL
eP u/fOPsf 5g\ eGg] s'/f ;fj{hlgs
hfgsf/Ldf cfPkl5 o; ;DaGwdf
;To tYo kQf nufO{ bf]ifLx dfly
sfg"gL sf/jfxLsf] k|lqmof z'? ug]{
u/fpg] s' / f g] k fn ;/sf/df
cGt/\lgxLt ;+j}wflgs bfloTj tyf
st{Jo x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=$_
g] k fn ;/sf/n] clwsf/k| f Kt
lgsfosf] Wofgfsif{ 0 f u/fpg jf
k| l tj] b gdf pNn] v ul/Psf ;To
tYoxsf] ljZn] i f0f u/L bf] i fLdfly
sfg" g L sf/jfxL rnfpg] egL
kqfrf/ ub} { d f sfg" g cg' ; f/
-s_
clwsf/k| f Kt lgsfosf] clVtof/Ldf

x:tIf] k x' g ] jf lghxsf]
If]qflwsf/ ;Lldt x'G5 eGg] cg'dfg
ug{ g;lsg] .
-k|s/0f g+=%_
sDkgLsf ;~rfns jf sDkgL cfk}mF s'g}
ljsf; a}sf] ;~rfns ;ldltdf eP
/x] s f] sf/0fn] dfq sDkgLn]
;j{;fwf/0fxaf6 lgIf]k ;+sng ug]{ /
a}ls sf/f]jf/ ;~rfng ug]{ cg'dlt
k|fKt u/]sf] egL dfGg gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=*_
u} / sfg" g L ?kdf ;j{ ; fwf/0f 7lug]
jf e'mlSsg] jf lghxsf] lxtljk/Lt
x'g] sfd eP u/]sf] ljifodf g]kfn
;/sf/n] 5fglag u/] s f] sf/0fn]
sDkgLsf] Joj;fo ug]{ clwsf/dfly
cf3ft eof] egL dfGg gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!^_
sDkgLsf] :jtGq cl:tTj / ;Lldt
bfloTjsf] l;4fGt Jofj;flos ;'udtfsf]
nflu lbOPsf] ;'ljwf xf] / of] ;'ljwf
k|rlnt sfg"gcg'k sDkgLsf] k"j{
lgwf{l/t p2]Zocg'k eP u/]sf jf
;~rfng ePsf sf/f]jf/xsf] ;DaGwdf
dfq k|fKt x'g] .
d" n ?kdf lgDg cj:yf k| d fl0ft
ePdf sDkgLsf] cfj/0f x6fO{
u} / sfg" g L jf clgoldt sfddf
;+ n Ug b] l vPsf sDkgLsf ;+ : yfks,
;~rfns, sd{ r f/L jf sDkgLsf]
tkm{ a f6 sfd ug] { elgPsf cGo
JolQmxnfO{ JolQmut ?kdf
lhDd] j f/ agfOG5M
-v_
s' g } cg' l rt sfo{ , u} / sfg" g L sfo{ jf

hfn;fhL jf wf]s]jfhLk"0f{ sfd sf/jfxLsf]
nflu sDkgLsf] cfj/0f k|of]u ePsf] b]lvPdf,
644
-u_
-3_
sDkgLsf] kmfObfsf] nflu geO{ s'g} JolQm

jf cGo lgsfosf] lxtsf] nflu dfq sDkgLsf]
cfj/0f k|of]u ePsf] cj:yfdf,
/fhZj r'xfj6 jf s/ 5Ng] sfo{sf] nflu
sDkgLsf] cfj/0f k|of]u ePdf,
s'g} sDkgLsf] cfjf;Lo l:ylt (Residential
Status) kQf nufpgsf] nflu .
-k|s/0f g+=!(_
sDkgLsf] gfddf u}/sfg"gL sf/f]jf/
;~rfng u/] s f] b] l vPdf sDkgLsf
;+ : yfks, ;~rfns, sd{ r f/L tyf
o;sf] k|ltlglw dflgPsf] s'g} klg
JolQmpk/
k| r lnt
g] k fn
sfg"gcg';f/ clwsf/k|fKt lgsfon]
cfjZos sfg" g L sf/jfxL ug{ ; Sg]
g} b] l vF b f sDkgLsf] gfddf sfd
u/]sf] eGg] cfwf/df pGd'lQm kfpg
g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=@)_
sDkgLsf] ef}lts cl:tTj geO{ cd"t{
x'g] x'Fbf o;nfO{ s}b ug{ g;lsg], o;sf]
:jtGq dg, dl:t:s jf ;f]Rg ;Sg] lbdfu
tyf cfTdf gePsf] x'gfn] o;n] cfTdbfx
ug]{ cj:yf klg gx'g] x'Fbf s'g} kmf}hbf/L
cfk/flws dg;fo (Mens Rea) klg
/fVg jf af]Sg g;Sg] .
;+ : yfks jf z] o /wgLxsf] dg
dl:tisaf6 ;~rfng x'g] ;fwf/0f ;ef,
;~rfns ;ldlt, k|jGw ;~rfns jf
k| j Gws h:tf c+ u jf kb jf
;ldltdfk{mt\ g} sDkgLsf] sf/f]jf/
;~rfng x' g ] x' F b f ;fdfGotofM
dfgl;s tTjsf] ljBdfgtf x'g} kg]{
s'g} kmf}hbf/L ck/fwdf sDkgLnfO{
;hfo ug] { cj:yf gx' g ] .
s'g} P]gdf g} sDkgLsf] tk{maf6 sfd
ug]{ ;~rfns, sd{rf/L jf JolQm g}
JolQmut ?kdf ;hfosf efuL x'g]
eGg] :ki6 Joj:yf ul/Psf]

cj:yfdf o:tf] s;" / df o:tf]
sDkgLsf] gfddf sfd ug]{ ;~rfns,
sd{ r f/L jf JolQmpk/ sf/jfxL
rnfpg kfOg] .
-k|s/0f g+=@!_
sDkgLsf] sf/f] j f/ ;~rfng ug{ ]
k|lqmofdf l;h{gf ePsf] b]jfgL bfloTjaf6
sDkgL pDsg ;Qm}g . o;sf] gfddf
eP u/]sf s'g} sfd jf sf/jfxLaf6 s'g}
JolQmsf] ;DklQ gf]S;fg ePdf jf s;}sf]
Hofg uPdf o;af6 kLl8t kIfxnfO{
Ifltk"lt{ jf pko'Qm /fxt lbg] st{Jo
sDkgLsf] x' G 5 / o:tf] cj:yfdf
sDkgLsf] cd" t { cl:tTj jf
dg;fo/lxt cj:yfsf] bfjL jf
lhsL/ sDkgLn] lng g;Sg] .
sDkgLsf] tkm{af6 sfd ug]{ ;~rfns,
sd{rf/L jf cGo JolQmsf] x]nr]q] m\ofOsf]
sf/0fn] Iflt ePsf] jf lghnfO{ o:tf]
clwsf/ sDkgLn] lbPsf] lyPg eGg]
k|fljlws cfwf/ / sf/0f b]vfO{ pQm
Ifltk"lt{ jf /fxt lbg] lbnfpg] bfloTjaf6
sDkgL pDsg ;Sb}g . o;sf] nflu
sDkgLsf] sf]if tyf ;DklQ k|of]u u/L
cfjZos e'QmfgL x'g ;Sg] .
k|rlnt sfg"gn] g} s'g} lg/k]If kmf}hbf/L
bfloTjsf] kl/sNkgf (Strict Liablity
Offence) u/]sf] ePdf o:tf] ck/fwdf
sDkgLsf] ;+ n Ugtf b] l vPdf ;f]
cg';f/ h/Ljfgf;Dd x'g] s'/f xf] .
t/ sDkgLsf] ef}lts cl:tTj gx'g]
x' F b f o:tf] cd" t { tyf cef} l ts
JolQmnfO{ s}bsf] ;hfo x'g g;Sg] .
sDkgLsf] gfdaf6 sfd u/]sf] egL
cfk/flws sfo{df ;+nUg ;+:yfks,
z]o/wgL jf o;sf sd{rf/L jf cGo
JolQmnfO{ JolQmut ?kdf o:tf] cfk/flws
645
sfo{sf] ;hfo x'g] x'Fbf sDkgLxsf]

kmf} h bf/L bfloTjsf] ;Ldf clt
;Lldt /x]sf] dflgg' kg]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=@@_
l/6 lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf zDe'
yfkf Pj+ ljfg clwjQmfx uf]ljGb zdf{
kf}8\ofn, z]/axfb'/ s]= ;L=, /d0fs'df/
>]i7, hogf/fo0f kf}8]n
ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf s[i0fk|;fb
kf}8]n, ljfg clwjQmfx k|]dk|;fb
kf08\o,] /]zd/fh /]UdL, s[i0fk|;fb l3ld/]
/ /fhs'df/ cof{n
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
a}s
+ tyf ljQLo ;+:yf ;DaGwL P]g, @)^#
sf] bkmf &)-s_, (%-@_, -$_, !)!, !^)5_, -k_
lwtf]kq ;DaGwL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf %^!_ / -@_, ^#, (%-#_, (%-@_, -$_, !)!,
!^)-5_, -k_
cfb]z
Gof=e/t/fh pk|]tLM g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ tyf !)& -@_ adf]lhd
o; cbfntsf] clwsf/If]q leqsf] eO{ bfo/ x'g
cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / cfb]z
o; k|sf/ 5M
o"lg6L nfO{km OG6/g]zgn ln= sDkgL
cWofb]z, @)^@ adf]lhd @)^@.&.!& ut] g]kfn
;/sf/ pBf]u jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno sDkgL
/lhi6f/sf] sfof{nodf ljlwjt\ btf{ e} cfgf]
p2]Zocg'ksf sfo{ ug{ cg'dlt k|fKt sDkgL
xf] . o; sDkgLsf cnfjf P:o'/]G; o"lg6L nfO{km
OG6/g]zgn lnld6]8 ldlt @)^$.%.@ ut] ljlwjt
btf{ eO{ @)^$.*.@@ df /fhZj ljefuaf6 kfg
g+ #)@*!#)!) k|fKt u/L cfgf] p2]Zocg'k
:jLs[lt k|fKt u/L ;]jf ;'ljwf k|bfg u/L cfPsf]
5 . To:t} hg o"lg6L nfO{km xl:k6n P08 l/;r{

;]06/ k|f=ln, ldlt )^#.)^$ df btf{ eO{ :jf:Yo
;]jf ljefuaf6 :jLs[lt lnO{ ;s]sf] 5 . cGo
xl:k6nx ;t'n, sf7df8f}+, kf]v/f, Onfd,
O6x/L, x]6f}8f, gjnk/f;L, l;Gw'nL, afun',
:of\hf, bdf}nL / bf ;d]tdf ;~rfngdf 5g\ .
To:t} d]lrb]lv dxfsfnL;Dd !$ j6f l8df6{d0] 6n
:6f] ; { ljlwjt btf{ u/L u' 0 f:t/o' Q m
vfBj:t' n ufotsf] ;] j f lbF b } cfPsf] 5 .
ls;fgxnfO{ pBf]uk|lt cfslif{t ug{ g]kfndf
v]/ uO/x]sf] afF;sf] ;b'kof]u tyf JofDjf] KnfO{
p8 ofS6L ;d]tdf ^) k|ltzt z]o/ nufgL
u/]sf] 5 / @))) JolQmn] /f]huf/L k|fKt u/L
/x]sf 5g\ . ko6{g Joj;fonfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbg]
lx;fjn] Po/kf]6{ P/fOen Knfgnufotsf ljleGg
of]hgf ;~rfng ul/Psf] / o"lg6L Po/nfOG;,
xjfO{ ;]jfsf] lj:tf/sf] qmddf /x]sf] 5 . b]znfO{
OGwgdf cfTdlge{/ agfpg] p2]Zon] vf]h /
cg';Gwfgd"ns sfo{ u/L !),))) x]S6/ hldgdf
;hLjg (Jatropha) nufO;s]sf] / yk !,)),))).
lsnf] aLpm NofO{ nufpg] tof/Ldf /x]sf] 5 .
o:t} dfOqmf] kmfOgfG; ;]jfnfO{ u/Lj ls;fg
;d]tdf kx'r
F k'ofpg] p2]Zon] lkmgf jN8{ ;xsf/L
;+:yf ;~rfngdf 5 . o"lg6L nfO{km OG6/g]zgn
lnld6]8n] /fli6o:t/sf xfO8f] kfj/ sDkgL
nufotsf k|ltli7t sDkgL aLdf sDkgL tyf
ljleGg aLdf sDkgL;Fu ;xsfo{ u/L cfPsf] 5 .
To:t} @)^^ df P:o' / ] G ; o" l g6L nfO{ k m
OG6/g]zgnaf6 o"lg6L nfO{km OG6/g]zgn sfod
e} ljleGg vfnsf :jf:Yo, ko6{g, xfO8f]kfj/sf
;fy} ;j{;fwf/0f dflg;xsf] b}lgs hLjgsf]
hLljsf]kfh{gsf] lgldQ ;:tf] / ;'ne tl/sfn]
b}lgs pkef]Uo j:t' l8kf6{d]06n :6f]/_ dfkm{t\
laqmLljt/0f ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . plNnlvt If]qxdf
sl/j #,@$,@*% hgf ;b:oxaf6 ;fgf] nufgL
(Micro Finance) sf] Concept sf] cfwf/df k|To]s
;b:oxaf6 of]hgfcg'k :jf:Yo If]qdf !%&%)
sDkgLsf ;b:o / ;]jfu|fxL tyf sd{rf/Lxsf]
lxtnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL b'3{6gf aLdfafkt cyf{t\

x8tfn x'nb+uf tyf cft+sjfbaf6 x'g] hf]lvd
axg gug]{ u/L aLdf bfjL ;]jf zt{ ;'ljwf /
bfjL e'QmfgL lb cf]/G6n OG:of]/]G; sDkgL
lnld6]8af6} pQm sDkgLsf] lgodfg';f/ x'g] u/L
pQm b'O{ sDkgLaLr ;Demf}tf ePcg'k sDkgLsf]
tkm{af6 cf]l/oG6n OG:of]/]G; sDkgLaf6 aLdf
u/L cfPsf] 5 . /fHosf ;+j}wflgs c+usf k|d'v
JolQmTj tyf /fhgLlts bnsf k|d'vHo"xaf6
o; sDkgLn] u/]sf] sfo{xaf6 k|l] /t eO{ ;DDffg
tyf ;+:yfnfO{ k|z+;fkq ;d]t k|fKt x'g'sf] ;fy}
ISO 9001: 2008 k|fKt cGt/fli6o dfGotf k|fKt
sDkgL xf] / o; sDkgLn] :yfkgfsfnb]lv cfgf]
p2]Zocg'ksf] sfo{df lg/Gt/ lqmofzLn /xb}
cfPsf] 5 .
of] sDkgL sDkgL P]g, @)^# -tTsfnLg
sDkgL cWofb] z , @)^@_ adf] l hd klAns
sDkgLsf] ?kdf btf{ ePsf] ;+ul7t ;+:yf xf] .
o; sDkgLsf] d'Vo p2]Zo k|jGwkqsf] bkmf $ df
/x]sf] 5 h'g lgDgadf]lhd 5g\ M
-s_
-v_
-u_
-3_
646
ljleGg lsl;dsf lzIff, :jf:Yo;Fu

;DalGwt sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ .
ljleGg sDkgLx;F u ;dGjo u/L
:jf:Yo;Fu ;DalGwt cNksfnLg tyf
bL3{sfnLg sfo{qmdx ;~rfng ug]{ .
:jb]z tyf ljb]zdf /xL ljleGg k]zf
Joj;fodf ;+nUg /x]sf gful/sxn]
;~rfng u/] s f ljleGg lsl;dsf
Joj;fox -:jf:Yo, lzIff, cf}Bf]lus,
s[ l if ;~rf/_ ;F u ;DalGwt k] z f
Joj;fosf] k|a4{g / ljsf; ug{ cfjZos
sfdx ug]{ .
cfGtl/s tyf afx\o ko{6g ;]jf lj:tf/
u/L ljb]z tyf :jb]zdf /x]sf ljdfg
ofq'xnfO{ cfjZos z'Ns lnO{ xjfO{
dfu{b]lv af;:yfg;Dd cfpg] hfg]
Joj:yf ug]{ .
-_
;dfhdf ljBdfg /x]sf] ul/jL, clzIff,

a] / f] h uf/ / :jf:Yo;F u ;DalGwt
;d:ofxsf] klxrfg u/L ;f] ;d:of
;dfwfgsf nflu ljleGg lsl;dsf
sfo{qmdx ;~rfng ug]{ .
-r_
o; sDkgLn] cfkm} jf ljleGg ;/sf/L
tyf u}x ;/sf/L sDkgL ;3+, ;+:yf
tyf s'g} lgsfo;Fu ldnL :jf:Yo, lzIff
oftfoft, pBf]u ko6{g, v]ns'b cflb
;DaGwL sfo{qmdx ;~rfng ug]{ .
-5_
;DalGwt lgsfosf] :jLs[lt lnO{ ljleGg
k|sf/sf Jofkf/, Joj;fo, pBf]uwGbf
;~rfng tyf nufgL ug]{ .
-h_
sDkgLn] cfkm} jf ljleGg ;/sf/L tyf
u} /;/sf/L sDkgL ;+ 3 ;+ : yf s' g }
lgsfo;Fu ldnL :jf:Yo, lzIff, oftfoft,
pBf]u, ko6{g, v]ns'b cflb ;DaGwL
sfo{qmx ;~rfng ug]{ .
o; sDkgL;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg ;+:yfdf
sl/a @))) 8fS6/, g;{ OlGhlgo/, k|fljlws
JolQmTj ;d]tn] k|ToIf /f]huf/ k|fKt u/]sf 5g\
eg] #) xhf/ hlt g]kfnL gful/s ;b:o pkef]Qmf
;d]tn] cj}tlgs ?kdf sfo{/t\ /xL sldzg j];df
sfo{/t\ /x]sf 5g\ . olt w]/} gful/ssf] nufgL
ePsf] sDkgL tyf o;;Fu ;DalGwt cGo
sDkgLxsf] ef}lts ;DklQ dfly s]xL kq
klqsfxn] cgj/t\ ?kdf o; sDkgLnfO{ w/fo;L
agfpg] s'lT;t clek|fosf ;fy k|sflzt u/]sf]
;dfrf/nfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ b]zsf] ljsf;df ;xof]u
k'ofpb} cfPsf] Ps ;kmn sDkgLsf] ?kdf
cfkm"nfO{ :yflkt u/fpFb} c:ktfn 3/hUuf, z}lIfs
k|lti7fg, b"w 8]/L, KnfO{p8, pBf]u, Po/nfOG;,
ldl8of, jfof] l 8hn KnfG6sf of] h gf tyf
k|of;xnfO{ t'xfpg] b'ik|oTg u/L ljkIfLxaf6
ljgf s'g} 7f]; cWoog Pj+d cg';Gwfg g} gu/L
xr'jfsf] e/df 7f8f] x:tIf]k u/L ljgf ;"rgf
;'g'jfO{sf] df}sf ;d]t glbO{ ;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL
xs clwsf/ dfly x:tIf]k u/L o; sDkgLsf
647
;+:yfks, ;~rfns / sd{rf/L ;d]tnfO{ kqmfp

ug]{, sDkgLsf] ljleGg a}+sdf /x]sf vftf /f]Ssf
ug]{, sDkgLsf sfof{no / xl:k6nh:tf clt
;+j]bgzLn lgsfodf tfnfaGbL ug]{, dxTjk"0f{
sfuh kq ;d]t cfgf] lgoGq0fdf lnO{ lxgfldgf
ug]{ / sDkgLxnfO{ u}xsfg"gL If]qlwsf/ljxLg
tj/n] vf/]h ug]{ sfo{ u/L nfvf}+ hgtfsf] dg
hLTg ;kmn o; sDkgLn] ug{ kfpg] :jtGq
Joj;fo / o; sDkgLsf xhf/f} sd{rf/Lxsf]
/f]hL/f]6L g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n]
k|Tofe"t u/]sf df}lns xsx Pj+ sfg"gL
xsxaf6 al~rt x'g' k/]sf] x'bF f of] lgj]bg;lxt
;DdfgLt cbfntdf cfPsf] 5' .
o; ;+:yfsf tkm{af6 ;~rfng ePsf
sfo{qmdnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ egL g]kfn ;/sf/, u[x
dGqfno of]hgf tyf cg'udg zfvfaf6 ldlt
@)^$.!).!$ r= g+= @@& af6 ;a} lhNnf k|zf;g
sfof{nonfO{ ;+:yfsf] sfo{qmd ;DaGwdf cfjZos
;xof]u ul/lbg' egL kqfrf/ u/]sf], To:t} k//fi6
dGqfno, klZrd Pl;of tyf clk|msf dfxfzfvfaf6
ldlt )^^.!!.!@ df ljljw )^^.)^&.$@ sf]
kqdfkm{t\ vf8L d"ns
' df /x]sf g]kfnL gful/snfO{
pQm ;+:yfn] lbg] ;]jf af/] cfjZos hfgsf/L
lbg] sfo{df ;xof]u ul/lbg' egL k|]lzt kqaf6
o"lg6Lsf] sfo{qmd ;/sf/af6} ;xof]usf] k|ltj4tf
ePaf6 yk cfsif{0f ePsf] s'/fdf s'g} ljjfb
5}g . o"lg6L nfO{km OG6/g]zgnn] xfn;Dd
;b:oxaf6 ;+sng u/]sf] /sd sl/j tLg c/a
;f7L s/f]8 ljleGg If]qdf u/L hDdf tLg c/a
c7f/ s/f]8 rf}/f;L nfv 5kGg xhf/ nufgL
ul/;s]sf] / a}s
+ tyf ljQLo ;+:yfdf sl/a aQL;
s/f]8 ?k}of gub df}Hbft /x]sf] / xfn;Dd o;
;+:yfdf nufgL u/]sf ;fgf lgIf]kstf{ tyf
;b:oxn] cfgf] nufgL lkmtf{ dfUg cfPdf s/
tyf ;]jf b:t"/ s6fO{ h'g;'s} avt klg lkmtf{
e'QmfgL lbg] gLlt /x]cg'k xfn;Dd ljleGg
zfvfxaf6 $,@$& hgf ;b:oxn] tLg s/f]8
krf; nfv lkmtf{ nlu;s]sf / afFsL lkmtf{ dfu
u/]sf pkef]Qmf ;b:oxsf] /sd lkmtf{ lbg]

k|lqmofdf /x]sf]df ljkIfLxaf6 PSsf;L ljgf
;"rgf sDkgLsf] / ;Dk"0f{ sfof{noxdf sfuhkq
tyf ;Dk"0f{ rncrn ;DklQ /f]Ssf ug]{ ;fy} o;
sDkgLdf ;Dk"0f{ sfof{noxdf tfnfaGbL u/L
;~rfns tyf ;b:o Pj+ sd{rf/LxnfO{ kqmfp
ug]{ y'gfdf /fVg] u}/;+j}wflgs sfo{n] sfof{no
;~rfng x'g g;s]sf] x'Fbf ?k}ofF lkmtf{ dfUg]
;b:oxnfO{ lghxsf] nufgL ?k}ofF lkmtf{ ug]{
sfo{df ;d]t afwf pTkGg ePsf] 5 .
sDkgLsf] tkm{af6 s'g} u}/sfg"gL 9+uaf6
/sd ;+sng ePsf] 5}g . olb sDkgLn] u/]sf
sfd sf/jfxLx u}/sfg"gL ePsf] eP To;sf]
lgodgsf/L lgsfoxn] rf/ jif{;Dd lsg hfgsf/L
u/fPgg\ . /fHosf] lgod sfg"gadf]lhd tf]lsPsf]
;|ft] df nfUg] s/, d"No clej[l4 s/ -Eof6_ cfos/
;DklQ;DaGwL s/nufotsf ljleGg s/x
sDkgLsf] tkm{af6 ljkIfLxn] a'lemlnPsf 5g\ .
xfn;Dd sDkgLn] sl/a !% s/f]8 ?k}of g]kfn
;/sf/nfO{ /fhZj tyf sldzg s/ a'emfPsf]
cj:yf 5 . hxfF;Dd ljkIfLxn] o; o"lg6L nfO{km
OG6/g]zgn aLdf Joj;fo u/]sf] eGg] s'/f 5 .
o"lg6L nfO{km OG6/g]zgn ln=:jo+df aLdf sDkgL
xf]Og sDkgLsf] tkm{af6 sDkgLsf sd{rf/L / o;sf
;b:oxnfO{ b'36{ gf aLdf ul/lbg] sfo{df lb
cf]/G] 6n OG:of]/G] ; sDkgL;Fu ;Demf}tf u/L ;f]
aLdf sDkgLn] aLdf /sd lbg] Joj:yf 5 . o;
sDkgLn] o;sf s'g} ;b:o Pj+ sd{rf/Lsf] d[To'
ePdf sDkgLsf] tkm{af6 v8f ul/Psf] sNof0fsf/L
sf]ifdfkm{t\ ?=! nfv /fxt ;xof]u ug]{ ;Dd xf] /
b'36{ gfdf k/L d[To' ePdf lb cf]/G] 6n OG:of]/G] ;
sDkgLaf6 ?=% nfv a/fa/sf] b'36{ gf aLdf ul/lbg]
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . pkef]Qmf ;+/If0f P]g, @)%$
sf] k|:tfjgfdf g} xfd|f] xslxt / ;+/If0fsf] k|Tofe"t
ub}{ P]gsf] bkmf ^ n] k|lt:kwf{Tds d"Nodf pkef]Uo
j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] 5gf}6 ug{ kfpg] cj;/df ljZj:t
x'g] clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f tyf ;+j4{gsf] Uof/]06L u/]sf]
To:t} g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f
!@ n] ;dfgtfsf] xsaf6 s'l07t u/L sfg"gsf]

;dfg ;+/If0faf6 al~rt u/]sf] 5 . To:t} wf/f
!* n] k|Tofe"t u/]sf] ;fdflhs ;'/Iff;DaGwL
xsaf6 al~rt u/L xfd|f] k|ToIf nufgL /x]sf]
;DklQ ljgf sf/0f /f]Ssf u/L ;DklQ pkef]u ug]{
a]rljvfg ug]{ / ;DklQsf] cGo sf/f]jf/ ug]{ xsaf6
;d]t al~rt ul/Psf] 5 . :jtGq ?kdf Jofkf/
ub}{ cfO/x]sf] sDkgLnfO{ ljgf ;"rgf, ljgf sf/0f
tfnfaGbL u/L sDkgLsf ;~rfns tyf
sd{rf/LnfO{ w/ks8 ug]{ / u}/sfg"gL / u}/
;+jw} flgs 9+uaf6 y'gfdf /fVg] sfo{ ePsf] 5 .
To:t} P]=sf] wf/f @& n] k|Tofe"t u/]sf] ;"rgfsf]
xsljk/Lt xfdLnfO{ s'g} hfgsf/L glbO{ sDkgLnfO{
tfnfaGbL / xfd|f] sDkgLaf6 s] s:tf] u}/sfg"gL
sfo{ eof] ;f]sf] s'g} klg hfgsf/L ;"rgf lbg] sfo{
ljkIfLaf6 ePsf] 5}g .
o:t} sDkgLsf lj?4df u}/sfg"gL 9+uaf6
/sd ;+sng u/]sf] egL pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . o;
;DaGwdf sDkgL ;d]t ;b:o /x]sf] lkmgf jN8{
ax'p2]ZoLo ;xsf/L ;+:yf lnld6]8;Fu ;Demf}tf
u/L o"lg6Lsf ;b:oxaf6 hDdf x'g cfPsf]
/sd pQm ;xsf/Ldf g} hDdf ul/g] / ;f]sf]
ef}r/ lbFb} cfPsf] 5 . o;/L ;b:otfafkt ;+slnt
/sdnfO{ % jif{;Dd /fVg] / tt\kZrft\ lglZrt\
/sd yk u/L lkmtf{ ug]{ sfd klg pQm ;xsf/Laf6
x'bF } cfPsf] 5 ;f]afktsf] ;'ljwf:j?k o"lg6L nfO{km
xl:k6ndf pkrf/ 5"6 tyf dfly k|s/0f ( df
pNn]v ePadf]lhdsf] aLdf tyf ;xof]u k|bfg
ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . s'g} klg sDkgL vf/]h ug'{kbf{
lnlSj8]6/ tyf n]vfk/LIffssf] lgo'lQm u/L lghn]
lbPsf] k|ltj]bgsf] cfwf/df sDkgL vf/]h x'g;Sg]
Joj:yf eO/x]sf]df ljkIfLxn] plNnlvt sfg"gL
Joj:yfsf] cjnDag ul/Psf] kfOb}g .
ljkIfLxaf6 xfn;Dd klg sDkgLpk/
s'g} klg k|sf/sf] cleof]u bfjL / d'2f rnfOPsf]
l:ylt 5}g . sDkgL /lhi6f/sf] sfof{noaf6 ldlt
@)^&.@.@* ut]df :ki6 hjfkm k]z ug{ egL o;
sDkgLdf kq k7fOPsf] 5 . pQm kqdf 7uL,
648
aLdf Joj;fo, ljb]zL d'b|fsf] sf/f]jf/ ;d]tsf]

af/]df cg';Gwfg eO/x]sf] eGg];Dd pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5 . ljgf cleof]u, ljgf d'2f sDkgLsf]
;Dk"0f{ sf/f]jf/, a}s
+ vftf, ;DklQ / sfof{nox
ljkIfLxn] u}/sfg"gL ?kn] aGb ug]{ / sAhfdf
lng] sfd u/]sf] 5 . sDkgLpk/sf] u}xsfg"gL
lgoGq0f km's'jf u/L cfgf] sfo{ ;~rfng ug{
lbg' egL sDkgLsf] b}lgs sf/f]jf/ g/f]Sg'
g/f]sfpg' ;fy} sDkgLdf ljkIfLxf/f nufPsf]
cg'lrt /f]s, aGb]h lgoGq0fnfO{ ab/ ug{ cGo
tTsfn s'g} a}slNks pkrf/sf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yf
gx' F b f ljkIfLxf/f ul/Psf] u} / sfg" g L
sfdsf/jfxL pTk|]if0fnufotsf] cfb]zf/f ab/
u/L ljkIfLx pk/ hf] rflxg] cf1f cfb]z k"hL{
hf/L ul/kfpFm .
o;/L ljkIfLxsf] sfo{n] o; sDkgL
/ o;;Fu cfj4 ;b:oxsf] lxt tyf sd{rf/L,
:j/f] h uf/df ;+ n Ug JolQmxsf] /f] h L/f] 6 L,
Joj;fo / /f] h uf/Lsf] cj;/af6 al~rt
ul/Psf, aLdf sDkgLaf6 ePsf] aLdfsf]
gjLs/0f ;dfKt eO{ xfn;Dd lt/]sf] /sd ;d]t
e"; x'g] cj:Yffdf /x]sf], sDkgLpk/ cleof]u
nufO{ xfn;Dd sDkgLpk/ s'g} d'2f sf/jfxL
gu/L u}/sfg"gL ?kaf6 sDkgLdf tfnfaGbL ug]{
;d]tsf sfo{ ePsf] o; sDkgL;Fu cfj4 ePsf
xl:k6ndf /x]sf] pks/0f, cf}iflw gi6 x'g] lvof
nfUg], l8kf6{d]G6n :6f]/df /x]sf pkef]Uo vfB
;fdu|Lxsf] cjlw gf3]kl5 gi6 x'g] cj:yfdf
/x]sf], ;~rfns / sDkgL gfdsf] a}+s vftf
/f]Ssf u/L sDkgLsf ;~rfng tyf sd{rf/Lsf]
tnj ;d]t ljt/0f ug{ afwf pTkGg ePsf]df
ljkIfLsf] o:tf sfo{nfO{ tTsfn g/f]s]df o;
sDkgLsf] ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg"gL clwsf/sf]
xgg\ eO{ sDkgL tyf pkef]Qmf ;b:onfO{
ck"/0fLo Iflt Joxf]g'{ kg]{ l:yltsf] l;h{gf ePsf]
x'Fbf sDkgLn] u/L cfPsf] sfg"gadf]lhdsf] sfd
sf/jfxL / pkef]Qmfn] pkef]u ub}{ cfPsf] ;]jf
;'ljwfdf s'g} /f]s gnufpg', sDkgLsf ;~rfns
649
tyf sd{rf/Lx sDkgL s} ;fldKotfdf /xL

g]kfn /fi6sf] ljsf;df 6]jf k'ofpb} cfO/x]sf]
sDkgLsf] p2]Zo O{R5f / rfxgfcg'k sfg"gn]
lglb{i6 u/]sf sfo{ ug{ tTk/ /x]sf] x'bF f ;~rfns,
sd{ r f/L / pkef] Q mf ;b:o ;d] t nfO{
sfg"gadf]lhd jfx]s kqmfp w/ks8 gug'{
gu/fpg', j}wflgs 9+uaf6 ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg
ug{ pko'Qm sfg"gL af6f]sf] cg'z/0f ug'{ u/fpg',
/f]Ssf /x]sf] ;Dk"0f{ rn crn ;DklQ ;~rfns
tyf sDkgLsf gfddf /x]sf] a}+s vftfsf] /f]Ssf
km's'jf ug'{ u/fpg' / ljkIfLxsf lgoGq0fdf
/x]sf] ;Dk"0f{ sDkgL tyf xl:k6nsf] sfof{nosf
tfnf ;d]t vf]nL sf/f]jf/ oyfjt ;~rfng
ug{ lbg' tyf clwsf/ljxLg ldlt @)^&.!.( ut]sf]
slyt 5fglag ;ldlt u7g ug]{ lg0f{o / ;f]
5fglag ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg, @)^& ;d]t tTsfn
sfof{Gjog gug'{ gu/fpg' tyf If]qflwsf/ljxLg
pQm k|ltj]bgsf] cfwf/df sf/jfxL gug'{ gu/fpg'
egL ljkIfLxsf gfpF d f ;jf] { R r cbfnt
lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod $!-!_ adf]lhd
cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] l/6 lgj]bg kq .
of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf Dofb afx]s
!% lbgleq ;DalGwt ldl;n ;fy /fvL
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t\ lnlvt hjfkm
k7fpg' egL ;"rgf lbg' / cGtl/d cfb]z ;DaGwdf
5nkmn ug{ ldlt @)^&.#.@& sf] k]zL tf]sL
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{ n onfO{ / cGo
ljkIfLxnfO{ ;"rgf lbO{ k]z ug'{ eGg] o;
cbfntsf] Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;sf] ldlt
@)^&.#.@) sf] cfb]z .
cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ug]{ gug]{ ;DaGwdf
ljrf/ ubf{
lgj]bs sDkgLn] Ohfht kq
glnO{ a}+ls sf/f]jf/ u/]sf], ;xsf/L aLdf
Joj;fo ;~rfng u/]sf], sDkgLsf] ;DklQaf6
JolQmsf] gfpFdf hUuf v/Lb u/]sf] k|dfl0ft
x' g ' s f ;fy} hLjg aLdf ug] { sDkgL ;/x

dflg;x em'lSsg] u/L Assurance Unity Life
International Ltd. gfds sDkgL :yfkgf u/L
o; eGbf cufl8 ldlt @)^@.&.!& df Unity Life
International k| f =ln=ldlt @)^$.%.@ df
Assurance Unity Life International Ltd. gfdsf]
sDkgL / ldlt )^^.*.% df Unity Life
International Ltd. sDkgL :yfkgf u/L
;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ e|d kfg]{ u/L aLdf Joj;fosf]
;d]t sfd ug]{ u/L gfd k6sk6s kl/j{tg
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . lgj]bs sDkgLsf] ;~rfnsxsf
lj?4 ls6fgL hfx]/L k/L cg';Gwfg eO{ d'2f
;d] t rln/x] s f] / sDkgL /lhi6 f /sf]
sfof{noaf6 lgj]bs sDkgL ;dIf :ki6Ls/0f
;d]t dfu u/L sDkgL sfg"gadf]lhd sDkgLsf]
lj?4 sfg"gL sf/jfxL ;d]t cufl8 a9]sf]
b]lvPsf] / g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]
wf/f !)&-@_ sf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]q u}/sfg"gL
tl/sfn] df}lns xs jf sfg"gL xs ckx/0f
ePdf cfsif{0f x'g] xf], t/ lgj]bsn] u}/sfg"gL
sfd u/L ck/fw u/]sf] eGg] cf/f]kdf ;fwf/0f
clwsf/If]qcGtu{t ;Ifd cbfnt;dIf cleof]u
kq bfo/ ePsf] / lgj]bsaf6 sfg"gljk/Lt
cGo sfd ;d] t ePsf] b] l vPsf] x' F b f
sfg" g adf] l hd ePsf] sfg" g L sf/jfxLn]
lgj]bssf] xs xgg\ gx'g] / ck"/0fLo Iflt ;d]t
gx' g ] x' F b f ;' l jwf / ;Gt' n g (Balance of
Convenience) sf] l;4fGt ;d]tsf cfwf/df
cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ug{ ldn]g . lnlvt hjfkm
k|fKt ePkl5 jf Dofb gf3]kl5 k|:t't lgj]bgnfO{
cu|flwsf/ lbO{ nufpsf] l/6 lgj]bgx ;d]t
;fy} /fvL lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfnt
;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf] ldlt @)^&.$.^ sf] cfb]z .
aLdf ;ldlt aLdf P]g, @)$( adf]lhd
g]kfndf aLdf Joj;fonfO{ Jojl:yt, lgoldt,
ljsl;t / lgoGq0f ug]{ p2]Zon] :yfkgf ePsf]
lgodgsf/L lgsfo xf] / cfgf sfo{ aLdf P]g,
@)$( tyf cGo k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd ;Dkfbg
ug]{ ub{5 . l/6 lgj]bsn] ljkIfL agfpFbf aLdf

;ldltsf] s'g sfo{ -lg0f{o_ af6 o"lg6L nfO{km
OG6/g]zgn sDkgL ln= tyf lgj]bssf] s'g
s'g clwsf/ xgg\ ePsf x'g s]xL pNn]v ug'{
ePsf] 5}g . cd't{ ?kn] ;ldltnfO{ ljkIfL agfO{
lg0f{oaf6 clwsf/df cf3ft ePsf] egL bfjL
ug{ ldNg] xf]Og . l/6 lgj]bsn] lgj]bgsf] k|s/0f
& df o"lg6L nfO{km OG6/g]zgn ln=:jo+df aLdf
sDkgL gePsf] pNn]v u/L kfFr nfvsf] b'36{ gf
aLdf ul/lbg] / Psnfv /fxt:j?k k|bfg ug]{
pNn]v ug'{ ePsf] /x]5 . pQm sDkgLsf]
k|jGwkqsf] p2]Zodf aLdf af/] s'g} s'/f pNn]v
gu/L lgodfjnLsf] lgod $(-!_ df of] sDkgL
aLdf Joj;fo ;~rfng ug]{ sDkgL x'Fbf aLdf
sDkgLnfO{ nfu" x'g] P]g lgodfjnL tyf aLdf
;ldltaf6 hf/L lgb]{zgx o; lgodfjnL;+u
aflemPdf pko'Q
{ m P]g lgodfjnL tyf lgb]z
{ gdf
plNnlvt s'/fxsf ;DaGwdf ;f]xLadf]lhd
x'g]5 . o; lgodfjnLdf gn]lvPsf s'/fx
;DalGwt P]gadf]lhd nfu" ePsf] dflgg]5
eGg] pNn]v u/]sf]] x'bF f sDkgLn] aLdf Joj;fo
ug]{ sDkgL xf] egL cfkm}n] :jtM k'li6 u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . aLdf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !) adf]lhd
aLdssf] k|df0fkq k|fKt gu/L aLdf Joj;fo
ug]{ sDkgLnfO{ bkmf #^ adf]lhd aLdf ;ldltaf6
sfg"gL sf/jfxLsf] bfo/fdf Nofpg ;lsg]
clwsf/If]qsf] cefj ePsf] cj:yfdf To:tf]
u}/sfg"gL sf/f]jf/Joj;fonfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/
cy{ dGqfnoaf6 5fglag ;ldlt u7g u/L pQm
;ldltsf] k|ltj]bgcg'k sfg"gL sf/jfxLsf]
nflu ;DalGwt lgsfoxdf n]vL k7fPsf] sfo{
u}/sfg"gL xf] egL c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qcGtu{t
k|j]z ug{ ldNg] xf]Og eGg] Joxf]/fsf] aLdf
;ldltaf6 k]z ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
P:o'/]G; o"lg6L nfO{km sDkgLn] gfd
kl/jt{g u/L o"lg6L nfO{km OG6/g]zgn lnld6]8
agfO{ ljleGg :sLdx /fvL g]6j{ls Joj;fosf]
gfddf ;]jfnufot ljleGg lsl;dsf Joj;fo
650
ul//x]sf] ;DaGwdf ljljw kq klqsf tyf ;~rf/

dfWodaf6 a'lemg cfPsf]n] ;f] ;DaGwdf 5fglag
u/L k|ltj]bg k]z ug{ dfggLo cy{dGqL >L ;'/G] b|
kf08]Ho"sf] cWoIftfdf ldlt @)^&.!.( ut] a;]sf]
a} 7 sn] /fhZj cg' ; Gwfg ljefusf
pkdxflgb]{zssf] ;+of]hsTjdf g]kfn /fi6 a}+s
/ aLdf ;ldltsf k|ltlglwx ;b:o /x]sf] 5fglag
;ldlt u7g ug]{ lg0fo{ eO{ d k|ToyL{nfO{ ;+of]hs
tf]lsPsf] xf] . o;/L tf]lsPadf]lhdsf] sfo{ ;DkGg
ug]{ qmddf d ;+of]hs ePsf] 5fglag ;ldltn]
o"lg6L nfO{km OG6/g]zgn ln=n] g]kfn leq /
aflx/ g]6j{ls Joj;fodfkm{t\ u/]sf] sf/f]jf/
nufot pQm sDkgLsf cfDbfgLsf ;|f]tx,
sDkgLsf] gfkmf gf]S;fg,a}+s tyf gubL vftf,
lkmgf jN8{ ax'p2]ZoLo ;xsf/L ;+:yf;Fusf]
cfj4tf, aLdf Joj;fo;Fu sDkgLsf] cfj4tf /
sDkgLaf6 ePsf aLdf;DaGwL sfo{x, sDkgLsf]
s/ bfloTj ;DaGwdf cfos/,d"No clea[l4
s/nufot ljleGg ljifodf ;ldltn] cg';Gwfg
u/L ;f]sf] k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg ;DalGwt lgsfodf
k]z u/]sf] xf] . o;/L sfg"gadf]lhd ul/Psf] pQm
sfo{af6 ljkIfLn] lgj]bgdf p7fPsf] h:tf] s'g}
klg xs clwsf/sf] xgg\ ;ldltaf6 / o;
ljefusf] tkm{af6 ;d]t gePsf]n] l/6 lgj]bg
k|f/Deb]lv g} ab/efuL 5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
ljkIfL cy{dGqfnof/f ul7t 5fglag ;ldltsf
;+of]hs / /fhZj cg';Gwfg ljefu ;d]tsf
tkm{af6 k]z ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
lgj]bs sDkgLn] cfgf] sfo{qmd agfpFbf
;d]t k|jGwkqsf] plNnlvt p2]Zosf] kl/lwleq
/x]/ dfq agfpg' kb{5 . ljkIfL l/6 lgj]bsn] l/6
lgj]bgsf] k|s/0f -!_ df pNn]v ug'{ ePsf
:jf:Yo;Fu ;DalGwt, l8kf6{d]G6 :6f]/ jf ko6{g,
xfO8f]kfj/ ;d]tsf ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt pBf]u
:yfkgf h:tf sfo{sf] nflu k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd
:jLs[lt lng'kg]{ x'G5 . /fi6klt, k|wfgdGqL jf
/fhgLlts bnsf k|d'vxaf6 k|z+;fkq lbOPs}
cfwf/df s'g}klg sfo{n] j}wflgstf xfl;n ug{
651
;Sb} g . k| j Gwkqdf ;j{ ; fwf/0f jf cfgf

;b:oxaf6 /sd ;+ s ng u/L g] 6 j{ l s
Joj;fosf] ?kdf ;~rfng ug]{ eGg] sxLFst}
pNn]v gePsf] cj:yfdf p2]Zoljk/Lt g]6j{ls
Joj;fo ;~rfng u/L ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ ljleGg
cfZjf;g lbO{ /sd hDdf ug]{, slyt ;]jf /
;fj{hlgs lxt x'g] Joj;fosf] ?kdf ckJofVof
ub}{ p2]Zoljk/Lt g]6j{ls Joj;fo ;~rfng
ub}{ cfPsf] sfo{ u}/sfg"gL 5 . ljkIfLn] ;DdfgLt
cbfnt;dIf k]z u/]sf] l/6 lgj]bgsf] k|s/0f -#_
df pQm sDkgLn] u/]sf] slyt\ sfo{xsf] af/]df
avfg ub}{ lgh cfkm" nufotsf #,@$,@*% hgf
;b:o ;d]t cfj4 ePsf] @))) 8fS6/, g;{
O{lGhlgo/;{ sfo{/t\ /x]sf] / sl/a #) xhf/ hlt
gful/sn] cj}tlgs ?kdf sldZfg a];df sfo{/t\
/x]sf] Joxf]/f pNn]v ug'{ ePsf] 5 eg] k|s/0f ^
df 5 nfv ;b:osf] eljiosf] s'/f ug'{ ePsf]
5 . o; ;DaGwL cg';Gwfgaf6 pQm sDkgLn]
#,^^,#$# hgfnfO{ cfgf] ;b:o agfPsf] s'/f
v'Ng cfPsf] b]lvG5 . o;/L u}/sfg"gL sfo{
;~rfng ug{ To;sf] kl/df0fnfO{ km/s km/s
?kdf b]vfpb} u}/sfg"gL sfo{sf] j}wflgstf k'li6
ug{ vf]Hg' cfkm}df ljjfbf:kb b]lvG5 . h;af6
sDkgLn] ul/cfPsf]] u}/sfg"gL sfo{sf] j}wflgstf
k'li6 x'g ;Sb}g .
l/6 lgj]bgsf] k|s/0f $ df sDkgLn]
cfgf] :yfkgf sfnb]lv g} g]kfnL hgtf /
;b:onfO{ of]hgf th'd{ f / ;xeflutfd"ns sfo{df
h'6fO{ lk5l8Psf] ju{, hfthflt / If]lqotf ;d]tsf
cfwf/df ;j{;fwf/0fsf] kx'Fr k'Ug] u/L d'n'se/
!( j6f xl:k6n, @@ j6f vfB e08f/, ljleGg
sn sf/vfgf, pBf]u, xfO8f] kfj/, o"lg6L
Po/nfOG;, jfof]l8h]n of]hgf z'? ul/;s]sf] /
c/af}+ /sd ;+sng ul/Psf] ;d]t bfjL lng'
ePsf] 5 . t/ oyfy{df To;/L u}/sfg"gL ?kdf
;+ s ng ul/Psf] /sd pQm sDkgLsf
;~rfnsxn] cfkm"v'zL JolQmut ?kdf nufgL
u/]sf / dfly bfjL lnO{ b]vfO{Psf kl/of]hgfx
k|fOe]6 sDkgLsf] ?kdf /fvL cfgf] JolQmut

;DklQ t'Nofpg] sfo{ ul/cfPsf] b]lvG5 . tL
kl/of]hgfsf] ;+:yfksdf pQm sDkgL /x]sf] geO{
To;sf ;~rfnsx /x]af6 klg ;f] s'/f k'li6
x'g cfpF5 . o;/L sfg"g / k|lqmofeGbf aflx/ uO{
;j{;fwf/0faf6 7"nf] wg/fzL ;+sng u/L ca}w
9+un] lqmofsnfk ub}{ cfPsfxnfO{ /fHo jf
;/sf/n] lgoGq0fdf lnO{ cfaZos 5fglag u/L
cfPsf] sfo{nfO{ ljkIfLn] bfjL lnPh:tf] u}/sfg"gL
gePsf] Joxf]/f cg'/f]w ub{5' . ljkIfLn] l/6
lgj]bgsf] k|s/0f ^ df pNn]v ug'{ ePsf] s'/f
cfkm}df u}/sfg"gL 5, lsgsL s'g} ;txL s'/f
b]vfP/ cfjZos ;xof]usf] dfu ub}{ c?nfO{
cg'/f]w ul/lbg cg'go ljgo ul/Psf] / /fd|} s'/f
eP ;xof]u ul/lbg' dgfl;j g} x'g] cfzoaf6
n]lvlbPsf] s'/fnfO{ g} j}wflgstfsf] vf]n agfO{
cfgf ;a} u}/sfg"gL sfdsf/jfxLxnfO{ 9fSg]
b'/fzoaf6 k|]l/t /x]sf] b]lvG5 . s]xL sfd u/]/
/fHonfO{ lgodfg';f/ s/ ltg]{ ;a}sf] bfloTj xf]
t/ To:tf] s/ lt/]s} cfwf/df cfgf] p2]Zoljk/Lt
u}/sfg"gL sfd ug]{ sDkgL jf JolQm hf] sf]xLnfO{
sfg"gL sf/jfxLaf6 pGd'lQm ldNb}g . To:tf
u}/sfg"gL sfd ug]n
{ fO{ /fHosf c+uxn] 5fglag
u/L sf/jfxL ug{ kfpg] sfg"gL xs ;b}j ;'/lIft
/xG5 . /fHosf] s'g} lgsfoaf6 cg'dlt k|fKt
u/]s} sfd sf/jfxLdf ;d]t /fHosf] csf]{
lgsfoaf6 5fglag x'g;Sg] s'/f ;fdfGo r]tgf
ePsf] dflg;n] ;d]t a'g] s'/f ePsf]n] ljkIfLsf]
bfjL c;To / cfwf/lxg b]lvG5 .
lgj]bsn] lgj]bgsf] k|s/0f *, ( df
;/sf/n] xfn u/L /x]sf] cg';Gwfg ;DaGwL
sfo{nfO{ u}/sfg"gL / u}/;+j}wflgs ePsf] eGg]
cf/f]k nufPsf] 5 . sDkgLn] sDkgLsf] k|jwGkqdf
pNn]v gePsf] :jLs[t p2]Zo eGbf aflx/sf] sfd
sf/jfxL u/]sf] lqmofsnfk dfly sfg"gadf]lhd
cg';Gwfg ug]{ sfo{;Dd ePsf x'g cg';Gwfgsf
sfo{ sfg"g;Ddt\ ul/Psf x'g\ . lgj]bssf]
lgj]bgsf] k|s/0f !), !! df pNn]v ePsf s'/fx
652
;/f;/ em"7f x'g\ ;To tYo / k|df0fsf cfwf/df

cg';Gwfg eO{ /x]sf] 5 . cg';Gwfg;DaGwL
ljifodf sDkgLn] kof{Kt hfgsf/L kfO/x]sf]n]
cglws[t ?kdf sfo{ ul/Psf] egL nufOPsf cf/f]k
lg/fwf/ 5g\ . ljkIfLn] pNn]v ug'{ ePsf] lgj]bgsf]
k|s/0f !#, !$, !% df pNn]v ePsf s'/fx
cfwf/xLg 5g\ . u}/sfg"gL sfd sf/jfxL ePsf]
ljifodf ul/Psf cg';Gwfg ljlw;+ut sfg"gL
/fHosf] cjwf/0ffdf cfwfl/t 5g . lgj]bs cfkm}+
/ sDkgLsf cGo ;~rfns ;d]t ldnL k|jGwkqd}
gePsf] sfo{ u/L ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ 7uL ul/Psf]
sfo{nfO{ k|df0f sfg"gsf] cfwf/df g]kfn ;/sf/,
;Da4 c+uxn] sfg"g;+ut ?kdf cg';Gwfg sfo{
cufl8 a9fpg kfpg] g} x'bF f cg';Gwfg eO{ /x]sf]
5 . o;/L cg';Gwfg cufl8 ga9fpbf sDkgL /
To;sf ;~rfnsxn] cfkm" lj?4sf] k|df0fx
nf]k ug{ u/fpg ;Sg], u}/sfg"gL ?kdf ;+sng
ul/Psf] ;j{;fwf/0fsf] c/af} /sd ufoj ug{
;Sg, cg';Gwfgsf] sfo{df k|lts"n cj:yf cfpg
;Sg] / u}/sfg"gL sfo{n] ;d]t lg/Gt/tf k|fKt
ug]{ ePsf]n] o; k|sf/sf] uDeL/ k|s[ltsf]
u}/sfg"gL sfo{sf] cg';Gwfg ubf{ pQm sDkgLsf]
;a} sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ /f]Sg' / ToxfFsf] cj:yfnfO{
lgoGq0fdf lng' clgjfo{ x'g] x'Fbf ljkIfLn] bfjL
lnPh:tf] x'g ;Sg] xf]Og . t;y{ pk/f]Qm tYo /
cfwf/df ljkIfLsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfpg
cg'/f]w ub{5' egL ljkIfL g]kfn ;/sf/ pBf]u
dGqfno sDkgL /lhi6f/sf] sfof{nosf] tkm{af6
k]z ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
ljkIfL lgj]bsxn] cfgf] lgj]bgdf o;
sfof{nosf] s], s'g sfd sf/jfxL jf lg0f{oaf6
lghxsf] s], s'g xsflwsf/ dfly x:tIf]k x'g
uPsf] xf] / ;+ljwfg k|bQ df}lns xssf] k|rngdf
o; sfof{nosf] s] s:tf] sfd sf/jfxL jf
lg0f{oaf6 c;/ k/]sf] xf] eGg] s'/f;Dd klg pNn]v
ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yfdf o; sfof{nonfO{ ljkIfL
agfO{ l/6 lgj]bg g} nfUg g;Sg]df ;f] ljk/Lt
o; sfof{no ;d]tnfO{ ljkIfL agfO{ l/6 lgj]bg
bfo/ ePsf] ljkIfLsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm .

o"lg6L OG6/g]zgnn] /fi6 a}+saf6 :jLs[lt glnO{
a}+ls sf/f]jf/ / ljb]zL ljlgdo sf/f]jf/ u/]sf]
aLdf ;ldltaf6 cg'dlt glnO{ aLdf Joj;fo
u/]sf] lwtf]kq jf]8a{ f6 cg'dlt glnO{ z]o/ laqmL
ljt/0f u/]sf], sDkgL P]gcg';f/ k|jGwkqdf
plNnlvt p2]Zoljk/Ltsf sfd u/]sf], pkef]Qmf
lxt ;+/If0f P]gsf] p2]Zo / efjgfljk/Lt u|fxs
/ ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ 7uL u/]sf] ,k|rlnt P]gn] cg'dlt
glbPsf] ;]jfsf] g]6j{ls Joj;fo ;~rfng u/]sf]
nufot u}/sfg"gL sfo{ u/]sf] egL kqklqsf Pj+
;j{;fwf/0f hgtfxaf6 u'gf;f / ph"/Lx
cfPsf]n] k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd clVtof/ k|fKt
;DalGwt lgsfoxaf6 To; ;DaGwdf cfjZos
cg';Gwfg;Dd ul/Psf] xf] . s;}sf lj?4 ph"/L
k/]kZrft\ ;f] ;DaGwdf cfjZos cg';Gwfg ug]{
u/fpg] sfo{sf nflu k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"gn] g]kfn
;/sf/nfO{ clwsf/ k|bfg u/]s} x'Fbf ;f] adf]lhd
eP u/]sf] sfo{nfO{ ljkIfL lgj]bsn] cGoyf eGg
ldNg] x'Fb}g . ctM lgj]bgdf pNn]v eP u/]sf]
h:tf] sfg"gljk/Ltsf sfo{x g]kfn ;/sf/sf
s'g} klg lgsfo jf kbflwsf/Lxaf6 eP u/]sf]
gx'Fbf dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g' kg]{ xf]Og,
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm egL ljkIfL g]kfn
;/sf/ k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\s
\ f] sfof{nosf
tkm{af6 k]z ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
o"lg6L nfO{km OG6/g]zgnn] gfd kl/jt{g
u/L ljleGg :sLdx agfO{ g]6j{ls Joj;fosf]
gfddf ;]jfnufot ljleGg lsl;dsf Joj;fo
;~rfng ul//x]sf] eGg] ;DaGwdf ljleGg
kqklqsfxdf ;dfrf/ k|sfzg ePsf] ljifonfO{
lnP/ ;f] ;DaGwdf 5fglag u/L k|ltj]bg k]z
ug{ o; dGqfnoaf6 ;ldlt u7g ePsf] xf] .
pQm ;ldltn] o"lg6L nfO{km OG6/g]zgn k|f=ln=n]=
g]kfn leq / aflx/ g]6j{ls Joj;fodfkm{t\ u/]sf]
sf/f]jf/sf] ;DaGwdf 5fglag u/L k]z u/]sf]
k|ltj]bg sfof{Gjog ug]{ jf gug]{ eGg] ljifo
;/sf/sf] If]qflwsf/leq kg]{ ljifo ePsf]n]
653
;/sf/sf] lgoldt sfd sf/jfxLsf] ;DaGwdf

ljkIfLn] ;jf]R{] r cbfntsf] c;fwf/0fIf]qleq k|jz
]
ug{ ldNg] gb]lvPsf] x'Fbf ljkIfLsf] l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]hefuL 5 vf/]h ul/kfpFm . sDkgL g} vf/]h
ug],{ tfnfaGbL ug,]{ a}s
+ vftf /f]Ssf ug]{ / sDkgLsf
;~rfns ;b:oxnfO{ kqmfp ug]{ cTofjZos
;]jf aGb u/fpg] ljkIfLxsf vftfkftf tyf
rn crn ;DklQ cfgf] lgoGq0fdf lng]
lghxnfO{ 8/, wfs, wDsL b]vfO{ w/ ks8 ug]{
h:tf sfo{ o; dGqfnoaf6 ePsf] egL ljkIfL
l/6 lgj]bsn] :ki6 ?kdf cfgf] l/6 lgj]bgdf
sxL s'g} pNn]v g} gu/L ljkIfL agfPsf] x'bF f l/6
lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5, vf/]h ul/kfpFm egL ljkIfL
cy{dGqfnosf] tkm{af6 k]z ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd :yflkt sDkgLsf]
:jtGq cl:tTj /xg] s'/f ljZjJofkL ?kdf dfGotf
k|fKt 5 . t/ sfg"gadf]lhd :yflkt sDkgLn]
sfg"g tyf cfgf] k|jGwkq tyf lgodfjnLdf
plN]nlvt p2]Zoljk/Lt x'g] u/L sfo{ u/]df,
cg'dlt k|fKt u/]/ sfo{ ug'{kg]{df cg'dlt k|fKt
gu/L ;~rfng u/]df, /fhZj 5Ng] cflb sfo{
u/]df, ;/sf/sf] cflwsfl/s lgsfon] sDkgLsf]
:jtGq cl:tTjsf] cfj/0f x6fO{ sDkgLaf6 eP
u/]sf clgoldt Pj+ u}/sfg"gL sfo{df /f]s nufpg]
/ lgoGq0f ug{ ;Sg] l;4fGt sDkgLsf] :jtGq
cl:tTjsf] cfj/0f x6fpg]_ cg';f/ ;/sf/n]
cfjZos sf/jfxL k|f/De ug{;Sg] x'Fbf g]kfn
;/sf/af6 rflnPsf] sbd ;j{;fwf/0fsf] lxtsf]
/Iffsf] nflu g} ePsf] :ki6 5 . o;/L lwtf]kq
ahf/sf] lgodg lgsfon] sfg"gsf] kfngfsf] nflu
lgj]bsnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fOPsf] sfo{af6 lgj]bssf]
s' g } xs xgg\ ePsf] 5} g . o" l g6L nfO{ k m
OG6/g]zgn ln=klAns lnld6]8 sDkgL ePsf]
x'bF f sDkgLnfO{ cfjZos kg]{] k"h
F L lwtf]kq;DaGwL
P] g lgodsf] clwgdf /xL ;j{ ; fwf/0fnfO{
5'ofPsf] z]o/ ;fj{hlgs ?kdf laqmL u/L z]o/
;b:o agfpg' kg]{df ;j{;fwf/0faf6 slyt
of]hgfsf] gfddf k|ltJolQm !%))). eGbf a9L
/sd c;"n u/L #@$@*% hgf JolQmnfO{ em'SofO{

c/af}+ /sd u}/sfg"gL ?kdf c;"n ;d]t u/]sf] /
JolQmut ?kdf nufgL ;d]t u/]sf] 5fglagaf6
b]lvPsf] k[i7e"lddf sDkgLpk/sf] sf/jfxL hfoh
/x]sf] b]lvG5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] g]kfn lwtf]kq
jf]8{ uf}zfnfsf tkm{af6 k]z u/]sf] lnlvt hjfkm .
;+ljwfg jf sfg"gk|bQ xs clwsf/sf]
pNn+3g ePsf] / ;f]sf] pkrf/sf] kof{Kt jf
k|efjsf/L dfu{sf] cefjdf dfq k|of]u ug{ kfOg]
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@,
!)& -@_ adf]lhdsf] k|lqmof cg'k pkrf/ dfu
ug{ cfpg] JolQmn] ;j{k|yd cfgf] ;+ljwfg jf
sfg"gk|bQ xs :yflkt ug{ ;Sg' kb{5 . xs :yflkt
eO ;s]kl5 dfq To:tf] xssf] pNn+3g s'g} pkrf/
geP ;DdfgLt cbfntdf cfpg ;lsG5 . k|:t't
l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bsn] k|i6 ?kdf cfgf] xs /x]
ePsf] / To:tf] xsdf gsf/fTds c;/ kg]{ u/L
sfo{ ePsf] s'/f ;d]t :yflkt ug{ ;s]sf] kfOb}g .
lgj]bs sDkgL o:tf] xf] hf] s]jn sDkgL
/lhi6f/sf] sfof{nodf btf{ 5 t/ p;n] ;~rfng
ug]{ a}+ls aLdf h:tf sf/f]jf/ ug'{ cl3 To:tf
If]qsf lgofds lgsfoaf6 cg'dlt k|fKt ug'k{ g]d
{ f
;f] u/]sf] 5}g . a}+ls sf/f]jf/ ug]{ g]kfn /fi6
a}s
+ af6 cg'dlt lnPsf] 5}g cyf{t u}/sfg"gL ?kdf
To:tf Joj;fo ;~rfng ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . o:tf]
sfo{sf nflu pQm sDkgLn] g s'g} lgodgsf/L
lgsfosf] cg'dlt cfjZos 7fGof] g t g]kfn
;/sf/sf] cg'dlt g} . o;/L sfg"gL bfo/nfO{
pNn+3g ub}{ ;~rfng eO/x]sf] sDkgLnfO{
;DalGwt lgsfon] sf/jfxL ubf{ gt To:tf]
sDkgLsf] xs clwsf/sf] pNn+3g x'G5 gt To:tf]
sDkgLsf z]o/ xf]N8/sf] jf u|fxssf] . To;}n]
ljkIfLn] bfjL u/] h:tf] lghsf] s'g} klg xs
clwsf/ sfg"gadf]lhd :yflkt g} 5}g . o;/L
xs clwsf/ :yflkt g} gePsf] cj:yfsf
7uLnufotsf ljleGg ck/fwdf ;+nUg ePsf]
egL cg';
' Gwfg eO/x]sf]df sDkgLsf] vftf /f]Ssf
/fVg dxfgu/Lo k|x/L k|efun] o; a}s
+ nfO{ cg'/f]w
u/]sf]df a}s
+ tyf ljQLo ;+:yf ;DaGwL P]g, @)^#
sf] bkmf *) n] lbPsf] clwsf/cg'k o; a}+sn]
u/]sf] o"lg6L nfO{km OG6/g]zgnsf] vftf /f]Ssf
/fVg]] sfo{n] lghsf] s'g} xs clwsf/nfO{ pNn+3g
gu/]sf] x'bF f pQm l/6 vf/]hefuL 5 eGg] Joxf]/fsf]
g]kfn /fi6 a}+ssf tkm{af6 k]z ePsf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
s'g} sDkgL sDkgL /lhi6f/sf] sfof{nodf
btf{ x'g' dfq} sf/f]jf/ ug]{ :jLs[lt k|fKt ug'{ xf]Og .
a}l+ s, aLdf ;]jf ;~rfng ug]{ sDkgLn] ;DalGwt
lgsfoaf6 cg'dlt k|fKt u/]kl5 dfq} ;]jf ;~rfng
ug{ kfpFb5g\ . sDkgL P]gadf]lhd s'g} vf;
sf/f]jf/ ug{ k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd cGo s'g}
;DalGwt lgsfoaf6 :jLs[lt lng' kg]d
{ f To;/L
:jLs[lt k|fKt u/]kl5 dfq} sf/f]jf/ ;~rfng ug{
kfOG5 . b]zsf] k|rlnt sfg"adf]lhd cg'dlt k|fKt
u/]s} x'g' kb{5 . u}/sfg"gL ?kdf ;~rflnt k]zf
tyf Joj;fonfO{ lgoldt ug',{ ca}w b]lvPdf vf/]h
ug'{ u/fpg' /fHosf] bfloTjleq kg]{ ePsf]n] l/6
lgj]bg cfwf/lxg / vf/]hefuL 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/,
cy{ dGqfnoaf6 ldlt @)^&.!.( df o"lg6L nfO{km
OG6/g]zgn lnld6]8sf] 5fglag ug{ ul7t ;ldltn]
a'emfPsf] k|ltj]bgsf] l;kmfl/z adf]lhd tyf g]6j{s
dfs]{l6 Joj;fosf ;DaGwdf Jofks ?kdf
hgu'gf;f] cfpg yfn]sf] x'bF f g]kfn ;/sf/af6
ldlt @)^^.!).!& df :jLs[lt ePsf] j:t' Jofkf/;Fu
;DalGwt g] 6 j{ s dfs] { l 6 Joj;fo;DaGwL
lgb]l{ zsf,@)^^ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ldlt @)^&.@.(
sf] lg0f{ocg';f/ vf/]h ul/Psf] xf] pQm lgb]l{ zsfsf]
vf/]hL ;Fu;Fu} s'g} klg k|sf/sf] g]6j{s Joj;fo
gug{ gu/fpg ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf ;d]t hf/L
e};s]sf] x'bF f l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg]
Joxf]/fsf] ljkIfL jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfnosf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
o; sfof{ n osf] s' g } klg sfd
sf/jfxLaf6 ljkIfL lgj]bssf] s'g} xs clwsf/
xgg\ ePsf] 5}g . ;f] s'/f lgj]bgdf klg st}
pNn]v gePsf] x'Fbf ;f] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h
654
ul/kfpFm . lgj]bsn] o; sfof{nodf kfg btf{

u/L s/ lt/]sf] eGg] pNn]v ug'{ ePsf]df o;/L
s/df btf{ u/L /fhZj a'emfpFb}df cGo k|rlnt
g]kfn sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] bfloTjaf6 pGd'lQm kfpg]
eGg] x'bF g} eGg] Joxf]/fsf] ljkIfL cfGtl/s /fhZj
sfof{no, sf7df8f}+ If]q g+= # nflhDkf6af6 k]z
ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
ljkIfLn] bfjL ug'{ ePsf] lhsL/sf]
;DaGwdf g] k fn ;/sf/ k| w fgdGqL tyf
dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{no ;d]tsf] lg0f{ocg';f/
ljkIfLsf gfddf /x]sf ;Dk"0f{ rn crn ;DklQ
tyf sfuhft /f]Ssf /fvL ;~rfns tyf ;b:o
sd{rf/LnfO{ kqmfp ug]{ cfb]zsf] ljifonfO{ lnP/
o; dGqfnonfO{ ljkIfL agfpg' Gofo tyf ts{;u+ t
5}g . l/6 lgj]bssf] xs clwsf/df c;/ kg]{
u/L o; dGqfnoaf6 s'g} sfd sf/jfxL tyf
lg0f{o gePsf] x'Fbf o; dGqfnosf] xsdf l/6
lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 egL ljkIfL e"ld;'wf/ tyf
Joj:yf dGqfnoaf6 k]z ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
sDkgL P]gadf]lhd s'g} vf; sf/f]jf/
ug{ k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd cGo s'g} ;DalGwt
lgsfoaf6 :jLs[lt lng'kg]d{ f To;/L :jLs[lt k|fKt
u/]kl5 dfq} sf/f]jf/ ;~rfng ug{ kfOG5 .
sDkgLdf btf{ x'g' dfq} sf/f]jf/ ug{] :jLs[lt
k|fKt ug'{ xf]Og . a}+ls, aLdf ;]jf ;~rfng ug]{
sDkgLn] ;DalGwt lgsfoaf6 cg'dlt k|fKt u/]kl5
dfq} ;]jf ;~rfng ug{ kfp5g\ . g]6js{ dfs]l{ 6,
Joj;fo cGtu{t ;~rfng x'g] ;]jf Joj;fodf
ljleGg k|sf/sf ;]jf h:t} a}+ls, aLdf, :jf:Yo
;]jf ;d]t kg]{ ePsf] / ;f] ljifodf yk cWoog
cg' ; Gwfg x' g ' k g] { dx;" ; ul/Psf] n ] ldlt
@)^^.!).!& df j:t' Jofkf/ ug] { g] 6 js{
Joj;fonfO{ dfq} cg'dlt k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] .
j:t' Jofkf/ ug]{ g]6j{s dfs]l{ 6 Joj;fo;DaGwL
lgb]{lzsf, @)^^ vf/]h eO;s]sf] ;Gbe{ ;]jf
Jofkf/ ug]{ g]6js{ Joj;fonfO{ cg'dlt k|bfg
ug{ ;fGb{les gb]lvPsf] ;fy} s'g} klg Joj;fo
ug{ To;nfO{ lgoldt / Jojl:Yft ug]{ sfg"gsf]
655
cfjZostf kb{5 . g]6js{ dfs]{l6 Joj;fosf

;DaGwdf Jofks hg u'gf;f]x cfpg yfn]sf] /
pkef]Qmf 7lug hfg] ;Defjgf /x]sf] x'Fbf g]6js{
dfs]{l6 Joj;fo ;DaGwL lgb]{lzsf, @)^^ nfO{
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ldlt @)^&.@.( sf] lg0f{on] vf/]h
ul/Psf] / s'g} klg k|sf/sf] g]6js{ Joj;fo
gug{ gu/fpg' ;"rgf hf/L e} ;s]sf] x'Fbf xfn
g]6js{ Joj;fonfO{ lgoldt / Jojl:yt ug{ s'g}
sfg"g gePsf] ;Gbe{df pQm Joj;fo ug{ kfpg'
kb{5 eGg] ljkIfL l/6 lgj]bssf] lhsL/ u}/sfg"gL
ePsf] x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg]
Joxf]/fsf] jfl0fHo ljefusf] lnlvt hjfkm .
o"lg6L nfO{km OG6/g]zgn ln=n] u}/sfg"gL
?kdf g]6js{ dfs]{l6, nufotsf] lqmofsnfk
;~rfng u/]sf] eGg] ph"/Lsf] cfwf/df cg';Gwfg
eO{ /x]sf]n] pQm ;+:yfsf] sf/f]jf/df /f]s
nufOPsf] xf] . cg';Gwfg k|lqmofdf /x]sf] s'g}
klg ;+:yfsf] sf/f]jf/ /f]Ssf /fVg] sfo{nfO{ cGoyf
dfGg'kg]{ xf]Og o; dGqfnon] ljkIfLsf] s] s'g
clwsf/df xgg\ x'g uof] / s:tf] cfb]z lbPsf]
xf] egL v'nfpg g;s]sf] sf/0f ;d]taf6 k|:t't
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] Joxf]/fsf] u[x
dGqfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm .
l/6 lgj]bsn] l/6 lgj]bsf] k|s/0f g++ !
b]lv !( ;Dd slx st} o; ljefusf] s] s'g sfd
sf/jfxL jf o; ljefusf] s'g ldltsf] s] s:tf]
lg0f{on] l/6 lgj]bssf] s] s:tf] ;+j}wflgs jf
sfg"gL xs clwsf/sf] xgg\ x'g uPsf] xf] . ;f]
sfd sf/jfxL / lg0f{o ldlt v'nfpg ;s]s
] f] 5}g .
s]jn uf]Zjf/fdf ljkIfL agfpg] qmddf o;
ljefunfO{ ;d]t ljkIfL agfPsf] kfOG5 . tyflk
/fhZj cg';Gwfg ljefusf] r=g+=#)$) ldlt
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International Limited tyf Unity Life International
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hfoh]yf /f]Ssf /fVg n]lvcfPcg';f/ ldlt
@)^&.@.$ sf] kq dfkm{t dfnkf]t sfof{nonfO{
kqfrf/;Dd ePsf] kfOG5 . cGo ljkIfL
sfof{noxaf6 P]gsf Dofbleq k|ltpQ/ k]z x'g]

g} x'Fbf tt\ ;DaGwdf s]xL pNn]v ul//xg' k/]g .
l/6 vf/]hefuL 5 egL e"ld;'wf/ tyf Joj:yfkg
ljefusf] tkm{af6 k]z ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
lgj]bs ;+:yfsf ;~rfns ;ldltsf cWoIf
tyf ;b:ox pk/ ;/Ltf yfkf e08f/L ;d]taf6
k/]sf] 7uL d'2fsf] hfx]/L b/vf:tpk/ k|x/Lf/f
cg';Gwfg u/L /fo;lxt lhNnf ;/sf/L jsLn
sfof{ n odfkm{ t \ ;DdfgLt nlntk' / lhNnf
cbfnt;dIf d'2f k]z x'bF f kqmfp k/]sf k|ltjfbLx
pk/ w/f}6L /sd tyf k'kIf{sf nflu y'gfdf /fVg]
cfb]zd'tfljs pko'Q
{ m /fd u'?sf] ;d]t ;+nUgtf
/x]sf] tYo v'Ng cfPsf]n] lghnfO{ kqmfp ug{
k|x/Ln] vf]htnf; ubf{ lgh km/f/ /x]sf] / lghnfO{
;d]t pQm d'2fdf ljkIfL agfO{ ;DdfgLt cbfntdf
k]z x'bF f;Dd lgh km/f/ ePsf]n] lghsf] xsdf
;d]t nlntk'/ lhNnf cbfntaf6} ;dfJxfg hf/L
ul/kfpFm eGg] Joxf]/fsf] dfubfjL lnO{ d'2f bfo/
ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;y{ cfkm"xnfO{ u}/sfg"gL
tj/af6 kmfObf k'ofpg] tyf ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ xflg
k'ofpg] p2]Zo /fvL u}/sfg"gL tl/sf ckgfO{
;j{;fwf/0fxaf6 /sd p7fO{ a}s
+ vftf ;~rfng
tyf cGo ljQLo sf/f]jf/ u/]sf] tYonfO{ 9fs5f]k
/ tf]8df]8 u/L xhf/f} sd{rf/Lxsf] /f]hL/f]6L /
df}lns xsx al~rt x'g' k/]sf], kqmfp ug]{
sDkgLsf] ljleGg a}s
+ df /x]sf vftf /f]Ssf ug],{]
sDkgLsf] sfof{no / xl:k6n h:tf ;+jb] gzLn
lgsfodf tfnfaGbL u/]sf] eGg] sfg"g c;+ut
cfwf/x agfO{ pQm ;+:yf tyf kbflwsf/Lsf lj?4
kLl8t ;j{;fwf/0fn] lbPsf] 7uL d'2fsf] hfx]/L
b/vf:tsf cfwf/df cg';Gwfg sf/jfxL cufl8
a9fO{ lhNnf cbfntdf d'2f ;d]t bfo/ u/]sf]
sfg"gL sfo{sf lj?4df o; sfof{no ;d]tnfO{
ljkIfL agfO{ pTk|i] f0f k/dfb]znufotsf cfb]z
hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] ljkIfL l/6 lgj]bg em"7f Pj+
km/]jk"0f{ ePsf]n] ab/efuL 5 eGg] Joxf]/fsf] k|x/L
k|wfg sfof{no gS;fnsf] tkm{af6 k]z ePsf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
656
lgj]bs o"lg6L nfO{km OG6/g]zgn lnld6]8

sDkgL P]g, @)^# tTsfnLg cWofb]z, @)^@
adf]lhd ldlt @)^@.&.!& ut] sDkgL /lhi6f/sf]
sfof{nodf ljlwjt\ btf{ eO{ cflwsfl/s lgsfoaf6
nfOG;]G; k|fKt ;+:yf xf] . o; ;+:yfn] hgtfsf]
;jf]{kl/ lxtnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL b]zsf ljleGg
efudf xl:k6n ;~rfng u/L hgtfnfO{ :Jff:Yo
;]jf lbb}F cfPsf] 5 . To:t} ljleGg :yfgdf
l8kf6{d]G6n :6f]/ vf]nL b}lgs pkef]Uo kbfy{sf]
;:tf] / ;'ne Jofkf/ ul/Psf] 5 . KnfO{ p8
km\ofS6L vf]n]/ ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfnfO{ /f]huf/Lsf]
cj;/ lbO/x]sf] 5 . ;xsf/L ;+:yf rnfO{ /f]huf/L
lbO/x]sf] 5 . ko{6g If]qdf xjfO{ ;]jf ;~rfngsf]
qmddf /x]sf] 5 . sfg"gadf]lhd :yflkt eO{
:jLs[lt lng' kg]{ lgsfoaf6 :jLs[lt lnO{ ;~rflnt
sDkgLsf] p2]Zocg'k cfgf] sf/f]jf/ u/L cfPsf
xl:k6n, l8kf]6d{ G] 6 :6f]/, b"w 8]/L, AofDaf] KnfOp8,
xfO8f] kfj/nufot ljleGg If]qdf nufgL u/]sf]
o; sDkgLsf] ;]jfb]lv k|efljt eO{ xhf/f} JolQm
o; sDkgLdf cfj4 eO;s]sf 5g\ . b]zsf 8fS6/,
OlGhlgo/ nufotsf jl/i7 JolQmx o;
sDkgLdf xfn;Dd ;]jf/t 5g\ . lgj]bs sDkgLn]
g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ s/f]8f}+ s/ lt/sf] 5 . o;
sDkgLn] hgtfnfO{ clxt x'g] s'g} klg sfo{ u/]sf]
5}g . o; sDkgLn] sfg"gljk/Ltsf] s'g} klg sfo{
u/]sf] 5}G. . o; sDkgLsf] nf]slk|otf pRr /x]sf]
5 . sDkgLsf] o;} nf]slk|otfaf6 ql;t eP/
sDkgLnfO{ w/f;foL agfpg kq klqsfxdf
sDkgLsf jf/]df cgu{n 7uLsf] cf/f]k nufO{
;dfr/ k|sflzt ePsf]n] ;f]xL cfwf/ agfP/
ljkIfL ;/sf/L lgsfoaf6 plrt cg';Gwfg /
cWoog g} gu/L xr'jfsf] e/df 7f8f] x:t5]k
u/L ;'g'jfO{sf] df}sf ;d]t glbO{ sDkgLsf
;+:yfks ;~rfns / sd{rf/L ;d]tnfO{ kqmfp
ug]{, sDkgLsf] ljleGg a}+sdf /x]sf] vftf /f]Ssf
/fVg], sDkgLsf sfof{no / xl:k6n h:tf clt
;+j]bgzLn lgsfodf tfnfjGbL ug]{, sfuhftx
lgoGq0fdf lng] OToflb hj/\h:tL / dgk/L
tj/af6 lqmofsnfk u/]sf] / gful/ssf] ;DklQsf]

xs, /f]huf/sf] xs ;d]tsf ;+j}wflgs xsx
s'l07t u/]sf] 5 .
ljkIfLxsf] sfo{n] o; sDkgL / o;;Fu
cfj4 #,@$,@*% ;b:oxsf] lxt tyf @)))
sd{rf/L #),))) :j/f]huf/df ;+nUg JolQmxsf]
/f]hL/f]6L Joj;fo / /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/af6 al~rt
ul/Psf, aLdf sDkgLaf6 ePsf] aLdfsf] gjLs/0f
;dfKt eO{ xfn;Dd lt/]sf] /sd ;d]t e"; x'g]
cj:Yffdf /x]sf], sDkgLpk/ cleof]u nufO{
xfn;Dd sDkgL pk/ s'g} d'2f sf/jfxL gu/L
u}xsfg"gL ?kaf6 sDkgLdf tfnfaGbL ug]{
;d]tsf sfo{ ePsf] o; sDkgL ;Fu cfj4 ePsf
xl:k6ndf /x]sf] pks/0f, cf}iflw gi6 x'g] lvof
nfUg], l8kf6{d]G6n :6f]/df /x]sf pkef]Uo vfB
;fdu|Lxsf] cjlw gf3]kl5 gi6 x'g] cj:yfdf
/x]sf], ;~rfns / sDkgL gfdsf] a}+s vftf
/f]Ssf u/L sDkgL ;~rfng tyf sd{rf/Lsf]
tnj ;d]t ljt/0f ug{ afwf pTkGg eO{ sDkgL
tyf pkef]Qmf ;b:onfO{ ck"/0fLo Iflt Joxf]g'{
kg]{ l:yltsf] l;h{gf ePsf] x'Fbf sDkgLn] u/L
cfPsf] sfg" g adf] l hdsf] sfd sf/jfxL /
pkef]Qmfn] pkef]u ub}{ cfPsf] ;]jf ;'ljwfdf
s'g} /f]s gnufpg', sDkgLsf ;~rfns tyf
sd{rf/Lx sDkgL s} ;fldKotfdf /xL g]kfn
/fi6sf] ljsf;df 6]jf k'ofpb} cfO/x]sf] sDkgLsf]
p2]Zo, O{R5f / rfxgfcg'k sfg"gn] lglb{i7
u/]sf sfo{ ug{ tTk/ /x]sf] x'bF f ;~rfns, sd{rf/L
/ pkef]Qmf ;b:o ;d]tnfO{ sfg"gadf]lhd afx]s
kqmfp w/ks8 gug'{ gu/fpg', j}wflgs 9+uaf6
;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug{ pko'Qm sfg"gL af6f]sf]
cg'z/0f ug'{ u/fpg', /f]Ssf /x]sf] ;Dk"0f{ rn
crn ;DklQ ;~rfns tyf sDkgLsf gfddf
/x]sf] a}+s vftfsf] /f]Ssf km's'jf ug'{ u/fpg' /
ljkIfLxsf lgoGq0fdf /x]sf] ;Dk"0f{ sDkgL tyf
xl:k6nsf] sfof{nosf tfnf ;d]t vf]nL sf/f]jf/
oyfjt ;~rfng ug{ lbg' tyf clwsf/ljxLg
ldlt @)^&.!.( ut]sf] 5fglag ;ldlt u7g ug]{
657
lg0f{o / ;f] 5fglag ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg, @)^&

;d]t tTsfn sfof{Gjog gug'{ gu/fpg' tyf
If]qflwsf/ ljxLg pQm k|ltj]bgsf] cfwf/df
sf/jfxL gug'{ gu/fpg' egL ljkIfLxsf gfpFdf
pTk|]if0fnufot hf] rflxg] cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm
eGg] Joxf]/\flsf] lgj]bs tkm{af6 k]z ePsf]
ax;gf]6 .
lgj]bs sDkgL o"lg6L nfO{km OG6/g]zgn
ln= sf] k|jGwkqsf] bkmf #-@_ tyf sDkgL P]g,
@)^# sf] bkmf $ pkbkmf ! v08 _ adf]lhd
a}ls sf/f]jf/, aLdf;DaGwL sfd cflb ug{ k|rlnt
g]kfn sfg"gadf]lhd lgodgsf/L lgsfoxaf6
Ohfht lng'kg]d{ f Ohfht lnPsf] b]lvFbg} . o"lg6L
nfO{km OG6/g]zgn ln= / To;sf ;~rfnsx
pk/ 7uL, Ohfht glnO{ a}ls sf/f]jf/ u/]sf]
;d]tsf ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf]
cg';r
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lhNnf cbfnt ;d]tsf g]kfnsf ljleGg cbfntdf
bfo/ e} k'k{If e}/x]sf] l:ylt 5 . k|rlnt g]kfn
sfg"gadf]lhd ;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qcGtu{t rn]sf
d'2fxdf tt\tt\ cbfntaf6 Goflos lg?k0f x'g]
x'Fbf l/6 If]qaf6 x:tIf]k ug{ ldNb}g . ;]jf ljqmL
ljt/0f ug] { ;DaGwdf g] 6 js{ dfs] { l 6
Joj;fo;DaGwL lgb]l{ zsf, @)^^ df s'g} k|fjwfg
b]lvb}g . sDkgL P]gsf bkmfxsf] k|lqmof k"/f
u/L sf/f]jf/ ug]{ cg'dlt k|fKt ePkl5 dfq ;f]
sDkgLn] ;DalGwt P] g adf] l hd tt\ t t\
sfg"gadf]lhd sf/f]jf/ ug{ kfpg] xf] . sDkgL
ePsf] gftfn] dfq ;a} k|sf/sf sf/f]jf/ ug]{ 5"6
x'g] xf]Og . o"lg6L nfO{km OG6/g]zgn ln= sDkgLsf]
btf{ vf/]h ePsf] xf]Og . ;f] sDkgLn] k|rlnt
g]kfn sfg"gljk/Lt sfd u/]sf] cfwf/df ;DalGwt
g]kfn sfg"gadf]lhd clwsf/ ljxLg sfd u/]afkt
sfg"gL sf/jfxL ul/Psf] xf] .
lgj] b s sDkgLsf sfdsf/jfxLsf
;DaGwdf 5fglag ;ldlt u7g eO{ 5fglag
k|ltj]bg ;d]t k|fKt eO;s]sf] 5 . pkef]Qmfsf]
lxt ;+/If0f ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] h'g;'s} ;dodf
lg0f{o u/L gLlt lgodx agfpg, nfu" ug{ /

vf/]h ug{;Sg] x'bF f lgj]bs sDkgLpk/ hgu'gf;f]
cfPkl5 g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ldlt @)^&.@.( sf]
lg0f{ofg';f/ j:t' Jofkf/;Fu ;DalGwt g]6js{
dfs]{l6 Joj;fo;DaGwL lgb]{lzsf, @)^^ vf/]h
ul/Psf] 5 . k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"g -pkef]Qmf
;+/If0f P]g, @)%$, sfnf] ahf/ tyf s]xL cGo
;fdflhs ck/fw tyf ;hfo P]g, @)#@, k|lt:kwf{
k|j{4g tyf ahf/ ;+/If0f P]g, @)^#, d'n'sL P]g,
7uLsf] dxn cflb_ adf] l hd lgodgsf/L
lgsfoxaf6 tt\ tt\ sfg"gn] lgif]w u/]sf] ck/fw
dfg]sf ljifodf ul/Psf sfg"gL sf/jfxLn]
;+jw} flgs xsdf cff3ft k'ofPsf] dfGg ldNb}g .
t;y{, k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg]
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]
sfof{noaf6 k]z ePsf] lnlvt ax;gf]6 .
o"lg6L nfO{km OG6/g];gnn] a}ls, aLdf,
:jf:Yo h:tf sf/f]jf/ ug'{ cl3 To:tf If]qsf
lgofds lgsfoaf6 cg'dlt k|fKt ug'{kg]{df ;f]
gu/L Joj;fo ;~rfng u/] s f] ;DaGwdf
cg';Gwfg u/L lhNnf cbfntdf 7uLnufotsf
ljleGg d' 2 f rln/x] s f] / ljb] z L d' b | f sf]
ckrngnufotsf ljleGg ck/fwdf ;+nUg ePsf]
egL cg';Gwfg eO{ /x]sf]df dxfgu/Lo k|x/L
k|efun] o; a}+snfO{ vftf /f]Ssf /fVg cg'/f]w
u/]sf]df a}s
+ tyf ljQLo ;+:yf;DaGwL P]g, @)^#
sf] bkmf *) n] lbPsf] clwsf/cg'k o; a}+sn]
u/]sf] o"lg6L nfO{km OG6/g]zgn tyf ;f]sf
;~rfnssf] vftf /f]Ssf /fVg] sfo{n] l/6
lgj]bssf] xs xgg\ gePsf] ca:yf x'Fbf l/6
vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] g]kfn /fi6 a}+ssf] tk{maf6
k]z ePsf] lnlvt ax; gf]6 .
k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd :yfkgf ePsf]
sDkgLsf] :jtGq cl:tTj /xg] s'/f ljZjJofkL kdf
dfGotf k|fKt 5 . t/, sfg"gadf]lhd :yflkt sDkgLn]
sfg"g tyf cfgf] k|jGwkq tyf lgodfjnLdf
plNnlvt p2]Zoljk/Lt x'g] u/L sfo{ u/]df, cg'dlt
k|fKt u/]/ sfo{ ug'k{ g]d{ f cg'dlt k|fKt gu/L sfo{
;~rfng u/]df, /fhZj 5Ng] cflb sfo{ u/]df

;/sf/sf] cflwsfl/s lgsfon] sDkgLsf] :jtGq
cl:tTjsf] l;4fGtsf] ckjfb sDkgLsf] :jtGq
cl:tTjsf] cfj/0f x6fpg] (Lifting the corporate
veil) l;4fGt cg';f/ sDkgLsf] cfj/0f x6fO{
sDkgLaf6 eP u/]sf clgoldt Pj+ u}/sfg"gL sfo{df
/f]s nufpg] / lgoGq0f ug{;Sg] l;4fGtcg';f/
sf/jfxL ug{;Sg] g} x'G5 . l/6 lgj]bsn] af]8s
{ f] s'g
sfo{af6 lghxsf] xs xgg\ ePsf] eGg] s'/f sxL
st} klg pNn]v ug'{ ePsf] 5}g . l/6 lgj]bgsf]
k|s/0f !! sf] v08 -9_ df jf]8n
{ ] ldlt @)^%.#.! df
sDkgLn] z]o/ ljt/0f ug]{ of]hgf /x]sf] jf]8s
{ f]
hfgsf/Ldf cfPsf] ;DaGwdf pQm z]o/ ljt/0f ug]{
ePdf lwtf]kq ;DaGwL P]g, @)^# tyf lgod, lgb]l{ zsf
/ af]8a{ f6 hf/L ePsf lgb]z
{ g ;d]tsf] ljk/Lt gx'g]
u/L ug'k{ g]{ cGoyf P]gsf] bkmf !)! adf]lhd sf/jfxL
x'g] hfgsf/L u/fOPsf] lyof] . o;/L lwtf]kq ahf/sf]
lgodg lgsfon] sfg"gsf] kfngfsf] nflu hfgsf/L
u/fOPsf] sfo{af6 lgj]bsxsf] s'g} xs xgg\
gePsf] x'bF f l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] g]kfn
lwtf]kq af]8s
{ f] tk{maf6 k]z ePsf] lnlvt ax;
gf]6 .
Ohnf;;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf]
ldl;n ;+nUg sfuhxsf] cWoog u/L ;'gj' fOsf]
qmddf l/6 lgj]bs tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg jl/i7
clwjQmf >L zDe' yfkf Pj+ ljfg clwjQmfx >L
uf]ljGb zdf{ kf}8o\ fn, >L z]/axfb'/ s]= ;L=, >L
/d0fs'df/ >]i7, >L hogf/fo0f kf}8n
] , ljkIfL
g]kfn ;/sf/ jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno ;d]tsf]
tkm{af6 ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L s[i0fk|;fb kf}8n
] ,
ljkIfL g]kfn /fi6 a}s
+ sf tkm{af6 pkl:yt x'g'
ePsf ljfg clwjQmfx >L k|d
] k|;fb kf08\o] /
>L /]zd/fh /]UdLn], ljkIfL g]kfn lwtf]kq af]8s
{ f]
tkm{af6 pkl:yt x'g' ePsf ljfg clwjQmf >L
s[i0fk|;fb l3ld/] / ljkIfL aLdf ;ldltsf] tkm{af6
ljfg clwjQmf >L /fhs'df/ cof{nn] k|:t't ug'{
ePsf] ax; ;d]t ;'lgof] .
658
lg0f{o ;'gfpgsf] nflu cfhsf] tfl/v

tf]lsPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf l/6 lgj]bs Pj++ ljkIfL
tkm{sf ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLxn] ug'{ ePsf]
ax; lhsL/ ;'gL k]z ul/Psf pko'{Qm lnlvt
ax; gf]6nfO{ b[li6ut u/L l/6 lgj]bgsf ;fy}
ljkIfLxaf6 k|:t't ul/Psf] lnlvt hjfkmdf
p7fOPsf sfg"gL k|Zgx / k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf]
ljifo j:t' tyf tYo;+u ;Da ;+j}wflgs Pj+
sfg"gL Joj:yfxsf] ;d]t ;du| cWoog u/L
x]bf{ ;j{ky| d lgDg k|Zgxsf] lg/fs/0f ug'k{ g]{
b]lvof]M
s_
v_
u_
3_
s'g} sDkgL jf cGo JolQmn] ;~rfng

u/]sf] elgPsf] Joj;fo ;~rfng ubf{
;j{;fwf/0fsf] clxt x'g], ;j{;fwf/0f
JolQm 7lug] jf em'lSsg] jf lghxsf]
lxt ljk/Lt x'g] sfd ePsf] 5 eGg] jf
s'g} cfwf/df o:tf] sDkgL jf JolQmn]
;~rfng u/]sf] elgPsf] Joj;fosf]
ljifodf 5fglag ug]
{ u/fpg] clwsf/
g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ 5 jf 5}g <
g]kfn ;/sf/af6 u7g ePsf] o:tf]
5fglag ;ldltsf] k| l tj] b gaf6
sfg"gljk/Lt sfd eP u/]sf] k|f/lDes
tYo k'li6 ePdf o:tf] sfo{ /f]Sg ;Da4
lgsfoaf6 Wofgfsif{0f u/fpg] jf
lgb]z
{ g lbg] clwsf/ g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{
5 jf 5}g <
lgj]bs sDkgLn] ;~rfng u/]sf]
elgPsf] Joj;fo ;~rfng ubf{ sDkgL
;DaGwL k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"g nufot
cGo ;Da4 sfg"gsf] kfngf u/]sf] 5
jf 5}g <
sDkgLsf] gfddf eP ul/Psf elgPsf
sfd sf/jfxLsf] ;DaGwdf o;sf
z]o/wgL, ;~rfns, ;+:yfks tyf
sd{rf/Lx JolQmut ?kdf lhDd]jf/
x'G5g\ jf x'b}gg\ / s'g} sDkgLsf]
659
r_
;+:yfut cfj/0f -Corporate Veil_ sf]

dfGotf lg/k]If jf ;fk]If s] xf] / of]
cfj/0fsf] ;'ljwf jf dfGotf slxn]
;dfKt x'G5 <
sDkgLsf] k| j Gwkqdf lgwf{ l /t
p2]Zoljk/Lt sfd u/]sf] cj:yfdf
sDkgLpk/ sfg"gL sf/jfxL ug'{ eGbf
klxn] o:tf ;~rfns tyf sd{rf/Lpk/
sfg"gL sf/jfxL x'g ;S5 jf ;Sb}g <
g] k fn ;/sf/af6 ul7t 5fglag
;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg ;d]tsf] cfwf/df
lgj]bs sDkgLsf ;~rfns, ;+:yfks
tyf sd{rf/L lj?4df z'? x'g] jf z'?
ul/Psf sfg"gL sf/jfxL jf k|lqmofaf6
lgj]bs sDkgLsf] k]zf, /f]huf/ jf
;DklQ;DaGwL xs xgg\ ePsf] 5 jf
5}g / lgj]bssf] dfucg';f/ cfb]z
hf/L x'g' kg]{ xf] jf xf]Og <
@= k|:t't ljjfbdf ;j{ky| d klxnf] k|Zgsf]

;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf]
k|:tfjgfsf] ;fy} wf/f #& df ul/Psf] Joj:yfnfO{
;d]t ljZn]if0f tyf dgg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . cGtl/d
;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgfsf] Joj:yf tyf wf/f #& df
ul/Psf] Joj:yf s]jn hgtfdfly /fh ug]{,
:j]R5frf/L tyf lg/+sz
' sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ k|of]u
ug]{ ;/sf/sf] kl/sNkgf gu/L hgtfsf] ;+jw} flgs
tyf sfg"gL xssf] ;+/If0f ug{] k/d st{Jo lgjf{x
ug'{kg]{, sfg"gsf] zf;gk|lt k|ltj4 hgpQ/bfoL
;/sf/sf] kl/sNkgf u/] s f] b] l vG5 . pQm
;+jw} flgs Joj:yfn] g]kfn ;/sf/n] nf]stflGqs
zf;g Joj:yf, df}lns clwsf/sf] tyf dfgj
clwsf/sf] /Iff tyf sfg"gL /fHosf] cjwf/0ffdf
k|ltj4 x'gk' g]{ s'/fdf ljz]if hf]8 lbOPsf] kfOG5 .
;+ljwfgsf] efu # cGtu{t k|Tofe"t ul/Psf] df}lns
xsleq k]zf / /f]huf/sf] :jtGqtfnufot ;DklQ
cfh{g ug]{ / ef]urng ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ klg
kg]{ / o:tf] df}lns clwsf/leq g]kfndf j;f]jf;
ug]{ s'g} klg JolQmn] cfgf] ;DklQ k|of]u tyf

ef]urng ug{ kfpg] xsnfO{ sfg"gL k|lqmofaf6
jfx]s g]kfn ;/sf/nufot s;}n] klg x:tIf]k
ug{ gkfpg] u/L k|Tofe"lt ul/Psf] / g]kfn ;/xb
leq /xg] j:g] k|To]s JolQmsf] ;DklQ / hLp
Hofgsf] /Iff ug{' kg]{ bfloTj g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #& cg';f/ b]zsf] zf;g Joj:yf
;~rfngsf] lhDd] j f/L;lxtsf] sfo{ s fl/0fL
clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug]{ clVtof/L dlGqkl/ifb\df
lgxLt /x]sf] s'/f lglj{jfb /x]sf] b]lvG5 . pQm
wf/f #& n] g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ s]jn sfo{sfl/0fL
clwsf/ dfq lbPsf] geO{ pQm clwsf/ ;+u;+u}
;j{;fwf/0fsf] hLp tyf wgsf] z'/Iff ug]{
;+j}wflgs st{Jo klg cGt/lgxLt /x]sf] 5 eGg]
s'/fsf] :jfefljs tyf Goflos cg'dfg klg
ul/G5 .
#= b]zsf] zf;g Joj:yfsf] ;fdfGo
lgb]{zg, lgoGq0f / ;~rfng ug]{ lhDd]jf/L klg
dlGqkl/ifb\pk/ x'g] / dlGqkl/ifb\af6 o:tf]
sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/sf] k|of]u;Fu ;DalGwt
sfdx g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gfddf ;~rfng x'g]
s'/f klg ;+ljwfgsf] pQm wf/f #&-#_ df :ki6
Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg g]kfnL
hgtfxsf] sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/sf] k|of]u g]kfn
;/sf/sf] gfddf ;~rfng x'g] x'Fbf oL ;fj{ef}d
hgtfxsf] ;DklQsf] /Iff ug'{ o:tf] ;/sf/sf]
st{Jo tyf lhDd]jf/L klg xf] eGg] s'/f lglj{jfb
5 . o;}n] s'g} JolQm, sDkgL jf JolQmxsf]
;d"xsf] u}/sfg"gL sfo{af6 ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ e'mSofO{
jf nnfO{ kmsfO{ jf cGo s'g} Joxf]/fn] em"7f]
cfZjf;g lbO{ s'g} JolQmsf] rn crn ;DklQ
ckrng u/]df, sfg"gsf] clVtof/L ljgf lghxsf]
;DklQaf6 gfhfohft kmfObf lnPdf, ;DklQsf]
jf:tljs dflnsnfO{ gf]S;fgL x'g] sfd u/] u/fPsf]
jf o:tf] kl/l:yltsf] l;h{gf ug]{ u/fpg] sfo{nfO{
/f]Sg', ;f] pk/ lgu/fgL /fVg' / o:tf k|sf/sf
lqmofsnfkaf6 hgtfx dsf{df k/]sf, 7luPsf
jf e'mSofOsf 5g\ eGg] u'gf;fsf ph"/Lx tyf
660
u'gf;fx s'g} ;|f]taf6 ;fj{hlgs hfgsf/Ldf

cfPkl5 o:tf sfo{x eP u/]sf 5g\ jf 5}g
eGg] ;DaGwdf jf:tljstf kQf nufpg] sfo{df
cfjZos 5fglag ug]{ u/fpg] st{Jo klg ;+ljwfg
cGtu{t lgwf{l/t sfo{sfl/0fL bfloTjleq :jtM
kg]{ x'Fbf o:tf u'gf;fx ;fj{hlgs ePkl5 o;
ljifodf g]kfn ;/sf/n] jf:tljs ;To tYo kQf
nufpg] sfo{ gug]{ xf] eg] g]kfn ;/sf/n] k"/f
ug'{kg]{ ;+j}wflgs bfloTjaf6 Ro"t x'g] dfq geO
;+ljwfgsf] efu # cGtu{t k|bQ xsx nufot
;DklQ ;DaGwL xssf] k|of]u / k|rng ug{
u/fpgaf6 ;fj{ef}d g]kfnL hgtf al~rt x'g]
cj:yf l;h{gf x'G5 .
$= ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] ;DklQ;DaGwL
o:tf clwsf/sf] /Iff ug{' g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
;+j}wflgs st{Jo x'g'sf] ;fy} ;/sf/n] hgtfsf
;DklQ ;DaGwL xssf] ;'/Iff ug{sf nflu cfjZos
5fglag gug]{ xf] eg] ;+ljwfgf/f k|bQ hgtfsf
df}lns xs dg]{ eO{ b]zdf c/fhstf, czflGt /
cfd n'6kf6sf] cj:yf l;h{gf eO{ cGttM ;dfhsf]
cdg rogdf vnn kg{ uO{ /fHoljxLgtfsf]
l:ylt (Statelessness) l;h{gf x'g ;St5 . o;}n]
s'g} JolQm, ;+:yf jf sDkgLxaf6 ;~rflnt
u} / sfg" g L sf/f] j f/ tyf cGo clgoldt
sfdsf/jfxLaf6 cfdhgtfsf] ;DklQ;DaGwL
xsdf c;/ k/]sf], hgtfx 7lug], e'mlSsg] sfd
sf/jfxL eP u/fOPsf 5g\ eGg] s'/f ;fj{hlgs
hfgsf/Ldf cfPkl5 o; ;DaGwdf ;To tYo
kQf nufO{ bf]ifLx dfly sfg"gL sf/jfxLsf] k|lqmof
z'? ug]{ u/fpg] s'/f g]kfn ;/sf/df cGt/\lgxLt
;+j}wflgs bfloTj tyf st{Ao ePsf]n] o:tf]
;+j}wflgs bfloTj k"/f ug]{ qmddf lgj]bs
sDkgLaf6 ePsf sfd sf/jfxLx tyf ;~rflnt
sf/f]jf/x sfg"gcg'k ;~rfng eP gePsf]
/ o;af6 ;j{;fwf/0f hgtf 7lug], e'mlSsg] jf
lghxsf] ;DklQ s;}n] cj}w ?kdf lnP vfPsf]
jf ;j{;fwf/0fsf] ;DklQaf6 s;}n] gfhfoh
kmfObf lnP glnPsf] ;DaGwdf 5fglag u/L
k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{ u/fpg] af/]df ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f

#& cGtu{t g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ clwsf/k|fKt x'gs
' f]
;fy} cGt/\lgxLt st{Jo ;d]t /x]sf] b]lvFbf lgj]bs
sDkgLsf] lj?4df k/]sf ph"/ tyf ;fj{hlgs
u'gf;fxsf] ;DaGwdf 5fglag u/L k|ltj]bg k]z
ug{ 5fglag ;ldlt u7g ug]{ af/]df dlGqkl/ifb\n]
u/]sf] ldlt @)^&.!.( sf] lg0f{o ;+ljwfgcg'sn
"
g} eP u/]sf] b]lvof] . o:tf] ;+jw} flgs st{Jo tyf
bfloTj lgjf{x ug]{ qmddf 5fglag ;ldlt u7g
u/]sf] sf/0fn] lgj]bs sDkgL jf o;sf ;~rfns
;+:yfksxsf] df}lns xs xgg\ x'g] cj:yf
b]lvPg .
%= cj g]kfn ;/sf/n] u7g u/]sf]
5fglag ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bgaf6 b]lvPsf] k|f/lDes
tYosf] cfwf/df s'g} clgoldt tyf u}/sfg"gL
sfo{ eP u/]sf] b]lvPdf ;f]pk/ k"0f{ 5fglag u/L
bf]ifLx pk/ sf/jfxL ug]{ af/]df clwsf/k|fKt
lgsfoxsf] Wofgfsif{0f u/fpg] clwsf/ g]kfn
;/sf/nfO{ 5 jf 5}g eGg] bf];|f] k|Zgsf] lg?k0f
klg g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgf /
wf/f #& cg';f/ g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf]
sfo{sf/L0fL clwsf/cGtu{t cGt/\lgxLt ;+jw} flgs
st{Aosf] ;Gbe{df g} x]g'{kg]{ x'G5 . s'g} JolQm,
;+:yf, sDkgL jf ;d"xn] hgtfnfO{ em'Sofpg],
7Ug] jf cGo s'g} Joxf]/fn] lghxsf] ;DklQ
gfhfoh tl/sfn] xTofpg] sfd sf/f]jf/ ;~rfng
u/]sf 5g\ eGg] u'gf;fx ;fj{hlgs ePkl5 ;f]
ljifodf 5fglag ;ldlt u7g u/L ;To tYo kQf
nufpg] af/]df g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{sfl/0fL
clwsf/;+u} cGt/lgxLt bfloTj klg /x]sf] 5
eGg] s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]kl5 g]kfn ;/sf/n]
u7g u/]sf] 5fglag ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bgaf6
b]lvPsf clgoldttf, ;fj{hlgs lxtljk/Lt eP
u/] s f u} / sfg" g L sf/f] j f/xsf] ;DaGwdf
clwsf/k|fKt lgsfosf] Wofgfsif{0f u/fpg] clwsf/
g]kfn ;/sf/df 5}g eGg] xf] eg] hgtfsf] ;DklQ
tyf wghgsf] /Iff ug]{ jf/]df ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f
#& cg';f/ g]kfn ;/sf/n] k"/f ug{k' g]{ cGt/lgxLt
661
;+j}wflgs bfloTj lg:k|of]lht x'G5 . o;sf] ;fy}

g]kfn ;/sf/n] clwsf/k|fKt lgsfosf] Wofgfsif{0f
u/fpg jf k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v ul/Psf ;To
tYoxsf] ljZn]if0f u/L bf]ifL dfly sfg"gL
sf/jfxL rnfpg] egL kqfrf/ ub}d{ f sfg"gcg';f/
clwsf/k|fKt lgsfosf] clVtof/Ldf x:tIf]k x'g]
jf lghxsf] If]qflwsf/ ;Lldt x'G5 eGg] cg'dfg
ug{ klg ;lsb}g . k|:t't ljjfbdf ;fGble{s ;j}
lgsfoxsf] If]qflwsf/ k|rlnt sfg"gdf lgwf{/0f
ul/Psf] / oL lgsfoxn] u/]sf] s'g} klg sfd
sf/jfxLpk/ Goflos pkrf/ ;d]t k|fKt x'g] x'Fbf
g]kfn ;/sf/af6 ul7t ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg
sfof{Gjog ug]{ k|lqmof z'? u/]sf] sf/0fn] g}
lgj]bs sDkgLnufot o;;+u ;/f]sf/jfnf
JolQmxnfO{ s'g} dsf{ kg]{ ePdf ;f]pk/
lghxn] lgoldt cbfntaf6 k|efjsf/L pkrf/
k|fKt ug{ kfpg] g} x'Fbf g]kfn ;/sf/af6 ul7t
5fglag ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bgsf] sfof{Gjogsf] k|lqmof
z'? ubf{ lgj]bs sDkgL jf o;sf ;~rfns jf
cGo ;/f]sf/jfnf JolQmsf] s'g} klg df}lns xs
xgg\ ePsf] eGg ;lsg] cj:yf b]lvPg .
^= lgj]bs sDkgLn] ;~rfng u/]sf]
sf/f]jf/x j}w jf cj}w s] /x]5g\ eGg] t];|f]
k|Zgsf] af/]df ljj]rgf ubf{ lgj]bs sDkgLn]
k|:t't u/]sf] d"n dfu bfjLnfO{ g{} x]g{'kg]{ x'G5 .
lgj]bssf] d'Vo dfu o"lg6L nfO{km OG6/g]zgn
lnld6]8 sDkgL k|rlnt sfg"gcg';f/ sDkgL
/lhi6 f /sf] sfof{ n odf ljlwjt\ btf{ eO{
cflwsfl/s ;+:yfaf6 nfO;]G; k|fKt ;+:yf xf] /
o;n] b]zsf ljleGg efudf c:ktfn ;~rfng
ug'{sf] ;fy} l8kf6{d]G6 :6f]/ vf]nL lzIff /
:jf:Yo;Fu ;DalGwt cNksfnLg tyf bL3{sfnLg
sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/L cfPsf], cfGtl/s tyf
afx\o ko6{g ;]jf lj:tf/ sfo{qmd ;~rfng,
ul/jL, clzIff, a]/f]huf/L ;d:of klxrfg,
oftfoft, v]ns'b sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ p2]Zon]
:yflkt ePsf]df ljkIfLxn] sDkgL ;~rfns
/ sd{rf/LxnfO{ w/ks8 ug]{ sDkgLdf tfnf
nufpg], sDkgLsf] rn, crn ;DklQ / a}+ssf]

vftf /f]Ssf ug]{ cflb u/]sf]n] sDkgLn] u/L
cfPsf] lgoldt sfd sf/jfxL / pkef]Qmfn]
pkef]u ub}{ cfPsf] ;]jf ;'ljwfdf s'g} /f]s
gnufpg', /f]Ssf /x]sf] ;Dk"0f{ rn, crn ;DklQ
km's'jf ug'{ / ljkIfLxsf] lgoGq0fdf /x]sf]
sDkgL tyf xl:k6nsf] tfnf ;d]t vf]nL oyfjt\
sfd ug{ lbg k/dfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm
eGg] d'Vo lgj]bg dfu b]lvg cfof] . lgj]bs
sDkgLsf] lj?4 k/] s f] ph" / Lsf ;DaGwdf
5fglag ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/f/f ul7t tLg ;b:oLo
5fglag ;ldltn] lj:t[t cg';Gwfg / cWoog
u/L lbPsf] k| l tj] b gdf lgj] b s sDkgLn]
u}/sfg"gL ?kdf a}+ls sf/f]jf/ ;~rfng u/]sf],
u}/sfg"gL ?kn] aLdf Joj;fo ;~rfng u/]sf],
lkmgf jN8{ g]kfn ax'p2]ZoLo ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf]
gfddf u}/sfg"gL sf/f]jf/ u/]sf], Ohfht glnO{
ljb]zL ljlgdo sf/f]jf/ u/]sf] eGg] ;d]t pNn]v
u/L sDkgLnfO{ sf/f]jf/ ug{ /f]s nufpg jf
vf/] h ug] { ;DaGwdf sDkgL /lhi6 f /sf]
sfof{nonfO{ cg'/f]w ug{'kg]{ egL k|ltj]bg lbPsf]
b]lvG5 .
&= tLg ;b:oLo 5fglag ;ldltn] lbPsf]
pQm k|ltj]bg / lgj]bs sDkgLn] cfgf] gfdaf6
k|sfzg u/]sf] o"lg6L :dfl/sf @)^^ gfd u/]sf]
Brochure ;/xsf] k|sfzgsf] k[i7 %$ df pNn]v
ePcg';f/ oL lgj]bs sDkgLn] a}+ls sf/f]jf/
u/]sf] eGg] s'/fnfO{ k|dfl0ft ub{5 . pQm k[i7
%$ df ljleGg lgIf]k vftfx ;~rfng u/L
sDkgLn] lbg] Jofhb/ / sDkgLn] nufgLdf lbg]
C0f / lng] Jofhb/ ;d]t pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 .
;'gj' fOsf] qmddf / l/6 lgj]bgdf sDkgLn] a}ls
sf/f]jf/ gu/]sf] eGg] lhsL/ u/]klg lgj]bs
sDkgL cfkm}n] 5fkL k|sfzg u/]sf] pQm :dfl/sfdf
plNnlvt Joxf]/faf6 a}+ls sf/f]jf/ u/]sf] :ki6
b]lvof] . g]kfnsf /fi6klt tyf k|wfgdGqLaf6
;Ddfg kq tyf k|z;
+ f kq lbOPsf] kmf]6f] / k|dv
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/fhglLts bnsf cWoIfx, ljefuLo dGqLxsf]
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kmf]6f];lxtsf] ;Gb]zx ;dfj]z u/L cfk"mnfO{

g]kfnsf] /fi6 k|d'v, ;/sf/ k|d'v, /fhgLlts
bnsf cWoIf ;d]tsf] ljZjf; k|fKt ePsf] eGg]
;Gb]z k}mnfpg] k|sl[ tsf] pQm :dfl/sfdf n]lvPsf]
Joxf]/f lgj]bs sDkgLaf6 / o;sf ;~rfnsaf6
v08g gePsf] cj:yfdf o;df n] l vPsf]
Joxf]/fnfO{ cGoyf dfGg'kg]{ cj:yf b]lvPg /
lgj]bsn] ;~rfng u/]sf] sf/f]jf/ j}w tyf
sfg"g;Ddt\ 5 egL hgtfdf ljZjf; km}nfpg]
p2] Z on] plNnlvt k| z + ; fkq, ;Ddfg tyf
;Gb]zxsf] k|of]u u/]sf]nfO{ cGoyf dfGg' kg]{
cf}lrTok"0f{ s'g} sf/0f klg b]lvPg .
*= plNnlvt 5fglag ;ldltsf]
k|ltj]bgdf lgj]bs sDkgLn] aLdf Joj;fo klg
;~rfng u/]sf] eGg] pNn]v ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
l/6 lgj]bgdf pQm Joxf]/f OGsf/ ub}{ lgj]bs
sDkgL cfkm}n] aLdf Joj;fo ;~rfng gu/L
lgj] b s sDkgL / b cf] l /oG6n OG;' / ] G ;
sDkgLaLr ;Demf}tf u/L b cf]l/oG6n OG;'/]G;
sDkgLn] aLdf ug{ lgj]bs sDkgLn] s]an /sd
dfq k7fpg] eGg] lhsL/ u/]klg Assurance
Unity life International Ltd. sf] ;+zf]wg;lxtsf]
lgodfjnLsf] lgod $(-!_ df of] sDkgLn] aLdf
Joj;fo klg ;~rfng ug]{ eGg] :ki6 n]lvPsf]
b]lvG5 . a}s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf ;DaGwL P]g,
@)^# cg';f/ s;}n] g]kfn /fi6 a}+saf6 cg'dlt
Ohfht glnO{ a}+ls sf/f]jf/ ug{ gx'g] / o;}
u/L aLdf P]g, @)$( cg';f/ aLdf ;ldltaf6
:jLs[lt glnO{, aLdf Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{ gx'g,]
lwtf]kq jf]8s
{ f] :jLs[lt glnO{ z]o/wgL of]hgfsf]
gfdaf6 ;j{;fwf/0faf6 lgIf]k ;+sng ug]{
u/fpg] sfo{ lwtf]kq P]g, @)^# sf] ljk/Lt x'g]
eP klg lgj]bs sDkgLn] ;Da4 lgsfosf]
Ohfht g} glnO{ a}ls sf/f]jf/ tyf aLdf
Joj;fo ;~rfng u/]sf] / ;j{;fwf/0faf6 lgIf]k
;+sng u/]sf] ;d]t b]lvof] . pQm Joxf]/f lgj]bs
sDkgLn] bfo/ u/]sf] k|:t't lgj]bg / g]kfn
;/sf/af6 ul7t 5fglag ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bgdf
pNn]v ePcg';f/ z]o/ of]hgf (Share Plan)

cGtu{ t of] h gfsf] ;b:o jGg rfxg] a f6
k|ltJolQm ?=!#,))). ;+sng u/]sf] b]lvG5 /
of] tYonfO{ lgj]bs sDkgLn] OGsf/ u/]sf] cj:yf
;d]t b]lvPg . o;} u/L g]kfn /fi6 a}+ssf] ldlt
@)^&.@.& tyf @)^&.@.!^ sf] kqaf6 lgj]bs
sDkgL / o;sf ;~rfnsxn] ;j{;fwf/0faf6
lgIf]k ;+sng ug]{nufotsf a}ls sf/f]jf/ ug{
:jLs[lt glnPsf] / o"lg6L u|fdL0f ljsf; a}
gfds ;+:yfn] /fi6 a}af6 k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd
:jLs[t glnO{ a}ls sf/f]jf/ ;~rfng ug]{ tyf
lwtf]kq jf]8{sf] :jLs[lt glnO{ ;j{;fwf/0f lgIf]k
;+sng ug]{ sfo{ u}/sfg"gL sfo{ x'g'sf ;fy}
a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf ;DaGwL P]g, @)^# sf]
bkmf &) s_ tyf lwtf]kq;DaGwL P]g, @)^#
sf] bkmf %^ -!_ / -@_ sf] ljk/Lt sfo{ eP
u/]sf] b]lvof] . a}+ls sf/f]jf/ ug{ :jLs[lt
glnPsf] t/ o"lg6L nfO{km OG6/g]zgn / o;sf
;~rfnsx dWodf~rn ljsf; a} sf]
;~rfns ;ldltdf /x]sf];Dd b]lvG5 . lgj]bs
sDkgLsf ;~rfns jf lgj]bs sDkgL cfk}m
s'g} ljsf; a}sf] ;~rfns ;ldltdf eP /x]sf]
sf/0fn] dfq lgj]bs sDkgLn] ;j{;fwf/0fxaf6
lgIf]k ;+sng ug]{ / a}ls sf/f]jf/ ;~rfng
ug]{ cg'ldt k|fKt u/]sf] egL dfGg ldn]g .
(= lgj]bs sDkgLsf] cg'/f]wdf g]kfn
;/sf/ k//fi6 dGqfnosf] n]6/ x]8df g]kfnL
/fhb"tfjf;xnfO{ kl/kqsf] Joxf]/fdf n]lvPsf]
ldlt @)^^.!!.!@ sf] kqaf6 lgj]bs sDkgLn]
ljb]zL /fi6df klg Joj;fo ;~rfng u/]sf] /
ToxfF sfo{/t\ g]kfnL gful/sxnfO{ lgj]bs
sDkgLsf] ;b:o agfPsf] eGg] s'/f lgj]bgdf g}
:jLsf/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ljb]zdf sf/f]jf/ ubf{
ljb]zL d'bf| df sf/f]jf/ ul/G5 . ljb]zaf6 lgj]bs
sDkgLn] ljb]zL d'b|f k|fKt ug]{ ePkl5 ljb]zdf
vftf vf]Ng kg]{ x'G5, t/ lgj]bsn] ljb]zdf vftf
vf]Ng g]kfn /fi6 a}s
+ af6 Ohfht kq Pj+ cg'dlt
kq klg glnPsf] / ljb]zdf hDdf ePsf] /sd
663
g]kfn NofPsf] k|df0f k]z ug{ g;s]sf] x'bF f lgj]bs

sDkgLaf6 ljb]zL ljlgdo lgoldt ug]{ P]g, @)!(
ljk/Ltsf] sfo{ u/]sf] klg b]lvof] .
!)= sDkgL btf{ u/]kl5 o;sf] sf]ifaf6
v/Lb ePsf] rn crn ;DklQ sDkgLs} gfpFdf
v/Lb x'g' kb{5, cyf{t\ sDkgLsf] ;DklQ sDkgLs}
gfpFdf eP /x]sf] x'g'k5{ . sDkgLsf] rn jf
crn ;DklQ o;sf ;~rfns, ;+:yfks jf cGo
JolQmsf] gfpFdf /xg ;Sb}g . t/ lgj]bssf
tkm{af6 Ohnf;;dIf k]z ePsf] /lhi6]zg
g+=!)#$% ldlt @)^%.!@.$ sf] /fhLgfdfsf]
lnvtaf6 sf7df8f} + lhNnf sf7df8f} F
dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= !% sf] lsQf gDa/ %)
If] q kmn ))!@&=*), P] = ls=g+ = %* If] q kmn
))##).)) P]= ls=g+= @) sf] If]qkmn ))!&*=**,
P]= ls=g+= %@ sf] If]qkmn )!@)#=$%, P]= ls=g+=
%# sf] If]qkmn )!$^*=@) / P]= ls=g+= !& sf]
If]qkmn )))&#=*) ju{ld6/ ;d]tsf] hUufx
o"lg6L nfO{km l/on :6]6 P08 xfplh k|f=ln=sf]
gfddf btf{ gu/L pQm sDkgLsf clVtof/ k|fKt
JolQm elgPsf sfzL/fd u'?sf] gfpFdf hUuf
v/Lb u/L /lhi6]zg kf; u/]sf] b]lvPsf] x'Fbf
sDkgLsf] gfddf ;j{;fwf/0faf6 /sd p7fpg]
t/ sDkgLsf gfddf hUuf v/Lb gu/L cGo
JolQmsf] gfpFdf hUuf v/Lb u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L
sDkgLsf] sf]if k|of]u u/L v/Lb ePsf] hUuf
sDkgLsf] gfddf v/Lb gu/L o;sf ;+:yfks
tyf ;~rfnssf] JolQmut gfddf v/Lb ug]{ sfo{
sDkgL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf (%-#_ sf] ljk/Lt
b]lvof] .
!!= lgj]bs sDkgLn] cfgf] l/6
lgj]bgdf k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd lng'kg]{ :jLs[lt
lnO{ sfg"gadf]lhd g} sDkgLn] ;j} sfo{x
;~rfng u/]sf] eGg] bfjL lnPsf] x'Fbf pQm
sDkgLn] ;~rfng u/]sf] elgPsf] sf/f]jf/ ;+u
;DalGwt k|lrlnt sfg"gx s'g s'g x'g\ /
o:tf sfg"gcg';f/ Joj;fo ;~rfng ug]{
k|lqmof s] xf] / pQm sDkgLn] Joj;fo ;~rfng
ug{ egL sDkgL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf ^# cg';f/

sDkgL /lhi6f/sf] sfof{noaf6 lnPsf] elgPsf]
sfo{ ;~rfng ug]{ :jLs[lt egL k|fKt u/]sf]
ldlt @)^%.!.!# sf] kqsf] j}wflgstf / ;f]sf]
cfwf/df eP u/]sf] sfd sf/jfxLx tyf
;~rfng u/]sf] sf/f]jf/x ;~rfng ubf{ pQm
Joj;fo;+u ;DalGwt P]g sfg"gsf] kfng u/]sf]
5 jf 5}g eGg] s'/f ;j{k|yd osLg ug{'kg]{
b]lvG5 .
!@= sDkgL P]g, @)^# df ul/Psf
jfWofTds Joj:yfxsf] pNn+3g ug'{sf] ;fy}
pQm P]gljk/Lt sf/f]jf/ ;~rfng u/]sf] eGg]
s'/f g]kfn ;/sf/af6 ul7t 5fglag ;ldltsf]
k|ltj]bg tyf lgj]bs sDkgLn] bfo/ u/]sf] l/6
lgj]bgsf] Joxf]/faf6 klg b]lvof] . lgj]bs
sDkgL klAns lnld6]8 sDkgLsf] ?kdf :yfkgf
ePsf] x'gfn] sDkgL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf ^#
cg';f/ sDkgL /lhi6f/sf] sfof{nosf] :jLs[lt
lnP/ dfq sDkgLn] Joj;flos sfo{ k|f/De jf
;~rfng ug'{kg]{df pQm sfof{noaf6 ldlt
@)^%.!.!# df k|fKt ePsf] elgPsf] :jLs[lt kq
lbFbf aLdf Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{, ;j{;fwf/0faf6
lgIf]k ;+sng ug{, z]o/ :sLd ;~rfng ug{ /
a}+ls sf/f]jf/ ug{ ;Dalwt lgsfox h:tf]
g]kfn /fi6 a}+s, aLdf ;ldlt tyf lwtf]kq jf]8{
h:tf ;Da4 lgodgsf/L lgsfoxsf] k"j{
:jLs[lt lnPsf] gb]lvPsf]n] z]o/ of]hgfcGtu{t
;j{ ; fwf/0faf6 lgIf] k ;+ s ng ug] { sfo{ ,
aLdf;DaGwL of]hgf (Scheme) ;~rfng ug]{
sfo{ / a}ls Joj;fo ;~rfng ug]{ k|of]hgsf]
nflu sDkgL /lhi6f/sf] sfof{noaf6 lgj]bs
sDkgLn] :jLs[lt lnO{ sfo{ k|f/De u/]sf] egL
dfGg g;lsg] x'Fbf lgj]bs sDkgLn] ;~rfng
u/]sf] plNnlvt sf/f]jf/x sDkgL P]g, @)^#
sf] bkmf ^# ;d]tsf] ljk/Lt ;~rfng u/]sf]
b]lvof] .
!#= sDkgL P]g, @)^# n] klJns lnld6]8
sDkgLsf] Joj:yfkg / ;~rfng t'ngfTds
?kaf6 a9L kf/bzL{ agfPg'sf] ;fy} o;sf

z] o /wgLnufot cGo ;/f] s f/jfnfx
(Stakeholder) k|lt a9L lhDd]jf/ agfPsf] 5 .
o:tf sDkgLnfO{ sfg"gsf] zf;gsf] bfo/f leq
Nofpgsf] nflu o:tf sDkgLsf ;~rfnsxn]
sDkgL P]g @)^# cg';f/ kfpg] kfl/>lds eQf
jf ;'ljwf jfx]s cGo ;'ljwf lng jGb]h nufPsf]
5 . o;}u/L o:tf sDkgLsf] ;~rfnsxn]
sDkgLsf] sf/f]jf/ ubf{ cfkm"nfO{ k|fKt clVtof/L
eGbf jflx/sf] sfd ug{ gx'g] / sDkgLsf]
k|jGwkqdf plNnlvt p2]Zo jf sDkgLnfO{
sfg"gcg';f/ k|fKt clVtof/L jflx/sf] sfd
sf/f]jf/ sDkgLsf] gfdaf6 ;~rfng ug{af6
/f]s nufPsf] 5 . o; ;DaGwdf pQm P]gsf]
bkmf (%-@_, bkmf (%-$_, bkmf !)!, !^)-5_
tyf bkmf !^)-k_ df ul/Psf] Joj:yfx k|:t't
ljjfbdf ;fGb{les tyf pNn]vgLo b]lvG5g\ .
pQm P]gsf] bkmf (%-@_ n] klAns sDkgLsf
;~rfnsn] sDkgLdfk{ m t\ jf sDkgLsf]
sf/f]jf/sf] l;nl;nfdf JolQmut nfe x'g] sfd
ug{af6 /f]s nufPsf] 5 eg] ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf
(%-$_ n] sDkgLsf ;~rfnsn] cfk" m nfO{
clVtof/ gePsf] sfd ug{af6 /f]s nufPsf]
5 . o;}u/L pQm P]gsf] bkmf !^)-5_ df ul/Psf]
Joj:yfcg';f/ sDkgLsf] sfo{If]q jflx/sf] sfo{
(Ultravires Transaction) ug]{ sfo{nfO{ b08gLo
agfO{ o:tf ;~rfnsnfO{ b'O{ aif{;Dd s}bsf]
;hfo x'g] Joj:yf 5 eg] pQm P]gsf] bkmf !)!
df sDkgLsf ;~rfnsxn] sDkgLaf6 C0f jf
cfly{s ;xfotf lbg jf lngaf6 /f]s nufpg'sf]
;fy} o:tf] sfo{ ug]{ u/fpg], C0f jf cfly{s
;'ljwf lng] lbg] ;~rfnsnfO{ pQm P]gsf bkmf
!^)-k_ cg';f/ %) xhf/;Dd h/Ljfgf jf @
aif{;Dd s}b jf b'j} ;hfo x'g] jfWofTds Joj:yf
u/]sf] 5 . t/ ldl;n ;+nUg sfuhft tyf g]kfn
;/sf/af6 ul7t 5fglag ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bgaf6
pQm sDkgLdf k|ltlglwTj ug]{ elgPsf sflz/fd
u'?nufotsf ;~rfnsxn] plNnlvt sfg"gL
664
Joj:yfxsf] ljk/Lt x'g] u/L sDkgLsf] sf/f]jf/

;~rfng ug{'sf] ;fy} sDkgLsf] sf]if vr{ u/L
cfgf] JolQmut gfddf 3/ hUuf v/Lb u/]sf]
b]lvof] . sDkgLsf] k|jGwkqdf a}ls jf aLdf
;DaGwL sfo{ ug]{ eGg] p2]Zo eP /x]sf] gb]lvPsf]
x'gfn] lgj]bs sDkgLn] cGo k|rlnt g]kfn
sfg"gsf] cltl/Qm sDkgL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf
!^)-5_ cg';f/ b08gLo sfo{ u/]sf] b]lvof] .
o;sf] ;fy} ;~rfnsxn] sDkgLaf6 cfly{s
;xfotf jf kmfObf lnPsf] klg b]lvof] . lgj]bs
sDkgLn] ldlt @)^^.$.#) df sDkgL /lhi6f/sf]
sfof{nodf k]z u/]sf] z]o/wgL btf{ lstfjdf
pQm sDkgLsf] r'Qmf k"FhL ?=!) -bz_ s/f]8
pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 eg] g]kfn ;/sf/af6 ul7t
5fglag ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v u/]cg';f/
pQm sDkgLsf] ;+:yfks tyf ;~rfnsaf6
?=&,*$,%)*^!.%$ c;"n ug{ afFsL /x]sf] eGg]
b]lvPsf] 5 . of] tYonfO{ lgj]bs sDkgLn] cGoyf
k|dfl0ft ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g . o;/L z]o/
k"FhLafkt j'emfPsf] /sdsf] clwsf+z cyf{t\
&*=$% k|ltzt /sd ;~rfns;+:yfksxn]
sDkgLsf] sf]ifaf6 lemSg] sfd u/L cfly{s ;'ljwf
lnPsf] b]lvG5 . of] tYonfO{ sDkgLn] v08g
ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yfdf o:tf] sfo{ sDkgL P]g,
@)^# sf] bkmf !)! sf] ljk/Lt x'g'sf] ;fy} pQm
P]gsf] bkmf !^)-k_ cg';f/ b08gLo ePsf] s'/fdf
ljjfb /x]g . o:tf] sfo{ ug{] ;~rfns tyf
;+:yfksxnfO{ pQm P]gcg';f/ b08 h/Ljfgf
ug]{ u/fpg] lhDd]jf/L kfPsf lgsfoxaf6
cfjZos sf/jfxL ug]{ u/fpg] x'bF f o; ;DaGwdf
yk ljZn]if0f / ljj]rgf ug{ k/]g .
!$= pk/f] Q m k| s /0fxdf ljj] r gf
ul/Pcg';f/ k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"gcg';f/ g} lgj]bs
sDkgLn] ljjflbt sf/f]jf/ ;~rfng u/]sf] eGg]
bfjL :yflkt x'g ;s]sf] b]lvPg . l/6 lgj]bs
sDkgLn] k|df0fsf] ?kdf k]z u/]sf] g]kfn ;/sf/
k//fi6 dGqfnosf] ldlt @)^^.!!.!@ tyf u[x
dGqfnosf] ldlt @)^$.!).!$ sf] kqdfkm{t\ lgj]bs
665
sDkgLn] ;~rfng ug]{ sfo{s|ddf cfjZos

;xof]u ul/lbg' eGg] Joxf]/fsf] g]kfnsf ;a} lhNnf
k|zf;g sfof{nox / ljb]zl:yt g]kfnsf
/fhb"tfjf;xnfO{ kl/kq u/]sf] b]lvof] .
!%= o;sf ;fy} l/6 lgj]bs sDkgLn]
k|sflzt u/]sf] o"lg6L :dfl/sf, @)^^ df ;d]t
jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfnosf jxfnjfnf dGqL
/ ;lrj, k//fi6 dGqL, /fhgLlts bnsf k|d'v
;d]tsf] z'esfdgf ;Gb]zxdf pgLxsf] /+lug
kmf]6f];lxt k|fyldstfsf ;fy k|rf/ k|;f/ u/]sf]
b]lvof] . u[xdGqfno tyf k//fi6 dGqfnoaf6
plNnlvt Joxf]/fsf] kl/kq ubf{ u/fpFbf /
g]kfnsf] zf;g ;Qf ;~rfng ug]{ u/fpg]
sfo{df k|ToIf jf k/f]If ?kdf cx+ e"ldsf /x]sf
JolQmxaf6 z'esfdgf k|fKt ubf{ o;afkt
lghxnfO{ jf lghx ;+nUg /fhgLlts bnnfO{
rGbf jf pkxf/sf] gfddf /sd lng] lbg] u/L
k|fKt ePsf] 5 jf l;Q}df k|fKt ePsf] 5 of] s'/f
cbfntdf k|fKt k|df0faf6 b]lvFb}g . t/ h'g
?kaf6 plNnlvt kq / z'esfdgfx k|fKt ePsf]
ePtfklg plNnlvt kl/kq / z'esfdgfxnfO{
lgj]bs sDkgLn] cfgf] Jofj;flos k|of]hgsf]
nflu k|of]u ug]{ sfo{ cfkm}df pBd Joj;fo
;~rfng;DaGwL dfGo l;4fGtsf] ljk/Lt x'g'sf]
;fy} k|lt:kwf{ k|j4{g tyf ahf/ ;+/If0f P]g,
@)^# tyf ;'zf;g -Jojf:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_
P]g, @)^$ sf] p2]Zo, dd{ / k|fjwfgxsf]
ljk/Lt sfo{ eP u/]sf] b]lvof] . ;'zf;gsf]
lgodcg';f/ /fHon] s'g} Ps JolQm jf ;d"xsf]
Jofj;fonfO{ dfq ;3fpg] sfd ug{ x'b}g .
;/sf/L lgsfoxaf6 s'g} Ps JolQm, sDkgL
jf Joj;flos 3/fgf jf ;d"xn] ;~rfng ug]{
a}w cj}w Joj;fo jf sf/f]jf/nfO{ ;xof]u
k'ofpg egL kl/kq ug]{ sfo{n] cGo JolQm,
Joj;foL jf sDkgLxsf] k] z f Joj;fo
;~rfng ug{ kfpg] df}lns xs pNn+3g x'g]
dfq geO{ o:tf] sfo{ k|lt:kwf{ lj/f]wL x'g uO{
s'g} Ps JolQm, ;d"x jf sDkgLn] /fHosf]
;+ / If0fdf u} / sfg" g L pBd Jofj;fo ug] {

Psflwsf/ k|fKt ug'{sf] ;fy} o;n] u}/sfg"gL
Joj;fo ;~rfng ug]{ u/fpg] sfdn] ;d]t
j9fjf kfO{ o:tf] sfo{af6 ;j{;fwf/0f hgtf
7lug] jf em'lSsg] / lghxn] cfgf] ;DklQ
k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ?kdf u'dfpg' kg]{ cj:yf
l;h{gf x'G5 . oxL cj:yf g} k|:t't ljjfbdf
;d:ofsf] ?kdf b]lvPsf] 5 . o:tf] kl/l:ylt
sfod /fVg' eg]sf] ;'zf;g lj?4sf] sfd dfq
geO{ j:t' jf ;]jfsf] pTkfbg jf ljt/0f ug]{
JolQm jf k|lti7fgaLr :jR5 k|lt:kwf{ sfod
u/L /fli6o cy{tGqnfO{ cem a9L v'nf, pbf/,
ahf/d' v L tyf k| l t:kwL{ agfpg, :jR5
k|lt:kwf{sf] dfWodaf6 pTkfbs jf ljt/ssf]
Jofj;flos Ifdtf ljsf; u/L /fli6o pTkfbsTj
j[l4 ug{, ahf/nfO{ cjfl~5t ?kdf x:tIf]k
x'gaf6 ;+/If0f k|bfg ug{, Psflwsf/ tyf
lgolGqt Jofkfl/s cEof;nfO{ lgoGq0f u/L
pTkflbt j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ clej[l4 u/fO{
k|lt:kwL{ d"Nodf pkef]Qmf ;dIf k'ofpg] sfddf
k|f]T;fxg ug{ tyf Jofkfl/s cEof;df x'g ;Sg]
;Defljt c:jR5 k|lt:kwf{nfO{ lgjf/0f u/L
;j{;fwf/0fsf] cfly{s lxt tyf ;bfrf/ sfod
ug{ egL k|lt:kwf{ k|j4{g tyf ahf/ ;+/If0f
P]g, @)^# sf] k|:tfjgfdf pNn]v ePsf] g]kfn
;/sf/sf] gLltsf] ljk/Lt x'g'sf] ;fy} o;n]
;/sf/L lgsfodf x'g] e|i6frf/ tyf clgoldt
sfo{df yk pmhf{ yKg] sfddf ;d]t ;xof]u ug]{
u/fpg] b]lvof] .
!^= pk/f]Qm ljZn]if0faf6 lgj]bs o"lg6L
nfO{km OG6/g]zgn sDkgL sfg"gadf]lhd btf{
ePsf] b]lvP klg o;n] k|jGwkqdf pNn]v g}
gePsf] a}ls Joj;fo / aLdf Joj;fo ;~rfng
u/]sf] eGg] b]lvg cfof] . g]kfn ;/sf/f/f ul7t
dfly plNnlvt tLg ;b:oLo 5fglag ;ldtLsf]
k|ltj]bgdf lgj]bs sDkgLn] u}/sfg"gL ?kdf
a}ls sf/f]jf/ ;~rfng u/]sf], u}/sfg"gL ?kn]
aLdf Joj;fo ;~rfng u/]sf], lkmgf jN8{ g]kfn
666
jx'p2]ZoLo ;xsf/L ;+:yf vf]nL u}/sfg"gL

sf/f]jf/ u/]sf], Ohfht glnO{ ljb]zL ljlgdo
sf/f]jf/ u/]sf] eGg] ;d]t pNn]v u/L sf/f]jf/
ug{ sDkgLnfO{ /f]s nufpg l;kmfl/z ;d]t
u/]sf] cj:yf ljBdfg b]lv+bf o; k|sf/sf]
u}/sfg"gL ?kdf ;j{;fwf/0f 7lug] jf e'mlSsg]
jf lghxsf] lxtljk/Lt x'g] sfd eP u/]sf]
eGg] k|i6 x'Fbf, To:tf] ljifodf g]kfn ;/sf/n]
5fglag u/] s f] sf/0fn] lgj] b s sDkgLsf]
Joj;fo ug]{ clwsf/dfly cf3ft eof] egL dfGg
ldn]g .
!&= rf}yf] k|Zg cyf{t\ sDkgLsf] gfdaf6
eP u/]sf] elgPsf] s'g} sfd sf/jfxLdf sDkgL
pk/ sf/jfxL gu/L o;sf ;~rfns tyf
sd{rf/Lx pk/ sf/jfxLsf] cfz+sf ePsf] /
o:tf] sfo{ sDkgLsf] :jtGq cl:tTj tyf
JolQmTjsf] ;j{dfGo l;4fGtsf] ljk/Lt eof] eGg]
k|Zg klg k|:t't ljjfbdf k]lrnf] ?kdf k|:t't
ePsf] 5 . csf]{ cy{df eGg] xf] eg] sDkgL /
o;sf ;+:yfks, ;~rfns tyf z]o/wgLxsf]
5'f5'} :jtGq cl:tTj x'g] dfGo l;4fGtljk/Lt
sDkgLsf] gfddf eP u/]sf sfd sf/jfxLxsf]
;DaGwdf sDkgLpk/ sf/jfxL gu/L o;sf
;~rfns jf sd{rf/LnfO{ lhDd]jf/ 7fgL lghx
pk/ kmf}hbf/L sf/jfxL ug{ jf lghxnfO{ b08
h/Ljfgf ug{ ;lsG5 jf ;lsb}g / olb sf/jfxL
x'g ;S5 eg] s:tf] cj:yfdf sDkgLsf] gfddf
eP u/]sf] elgPsf] sfd sf/jfxLdf o;sf
;~rfns jf sd{rf/Lpk/ kmf}hbf/L sf/jfxL
rnfO{ lghxnfO{ b08 h/Ljfgf ug{ ;lsG5
eGg] k|Zg klg k|:t't d'2fdf lg/f]k0f ug'k{ g]{ k|Zgsf]
?kdf k|:t't ePsf] 5 . k|:t't ljjfbsf lgj]bs
sDkgLn] bfo/ u/]sf] l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;f/e"t dg;fo
/ vf; u/L k|ToyL{x dWo]sf] lwtf]kq jf]8{sf]
lnlvt hjfkmaf6 of] k|Zg k]lrnf] ?kdf k|:t't
ePsf] b]lvG5 .
!*= sDkgLsf] gfddf eP u/]sf] sf/f]jf/
tyf sfd sf/jfxLsf] ljifodf ;j{ky| d sDkgLsf
lj?4df sf/jfxL gu/L o;sf] nflu o;sf

;~rfns jf sd{rf/LnfO{ lhDd]jf/ 7fgL lghx
pk/ sf/jfxL ug{' eg]sf] Ps cy{df eGg] xf] eg]
sDkgL / o;sf ;+ : yfks, ;~rfns tyf
sd{rf/Lxsf] 5'f5'} tyf :jtGq cl:tTj x'G5
eGg] l;4fGtnfO{ dfGotf glbg' xf] . o;/L
sDkgLsf] :jtGq cl:tTjsf] l;4fGtnfO{ dfGotf
glbg] sfo{nfO{ sDkgLsf] cfj/0f x6fpg] sfo{
-Lifting the corporate veil_ elgG5 . sDkgLsf]
cfj/0f x6fPkl5 sDkgLsf] gfddf ;~rfng u/]sf]
clgoldt tyf u}/sfg"gL sf/f]jf/df jf:tljs
?kdf sf] JolQm ;+nUg lyP eGg] s'/f b]lvG5 /
logLxaf6 s'g} u}/sfg"gL jf clgoldt jf
b08gLo sfd sf/f]jf/ eP u/]sf] b]lvPdf ;f]sf]
nflu lghxnfO{ JolQmut ?kdf lhDd]jf/L
agfpg' kb{5 eGg] l;4fGtnfO{ sDkgLsf] cfj/0f
x6fpg] l;4fGt (Doctrine of lifting the corporate
veil) elgG5 / of] l;4fGtnfO{ sDkgLsf] :jtGq
cl:tTj (Seperate Corporate Personality)
;DaGwL d"n l;4fGtsf] ckjfbsf] ?kdf lnOG5 .
!(= s:tf] cj:yfdf sDkgLsf] :jtGq
cl:tTjsf] l;4fGtsf] ckjfbsf] ?kdf sDkgLsf]
cfj/0f x6fpg] of] l;4fGt nfu" x'G5 eGg] ;DaGwdf
ljrf/ ubf{ of] :jtGq cl:tTjsf] l;4fGt ljsf;
x'g'sf] cfwf/ / sf/0f tk{m ljrf/ ug{' kb{5 . of]
:jtGq cl:tTjsf] l;4fGt sDkgLsf] Joj:yfksLo
;'udtf tyf 7"nf] kl/of]hgf ;~rfng ug{sf]
nflu cfjZos kg]{ k"FhLsf] cfjZostf kl/k"lt{
ug{ k"h
F L jhf/df k|jz
] u/L ;j{;fwf/0faf6 /sd
;+sng ug{ kg]{ jfWotfsf] pkh xf] elgG5 . ;of}+
xhf/f} JolQmaf6 sDkgLsf] k"FhL ;+sng x'g] /
z]o/ k"FhLsf] ?kdf o:tf] /sd ;+sng ul/Psf]
cj:yfdf oL ;j}nfO{ sDkgLsf dflns jf z]o/wgL
dflgg] t/ b}lgs Joj:yfkg tyf sf/f]jf/
;~rfngdf sDkgLsf ;j} z]o/wgLx tyf
;~rfnsxnfO{ ;+nUg u/fpg Jofjxfl/s gx'g]
x'Fbf sDkgLsf] ;j} z]o/wgLxsf] ;fd"lxs
k|ltlglwTjsf] k|tLssf] ?kdf sf/f]jf/ ;~rfng
667
ug{ sfNklgs JolQmsf] ?kdf sDkgLsf] :yfkgf

jf btf{ ePsf] x'G5 . o;}n] sDkgLsf] sf/f]jf/
sDkgLsf] gfddf ul/g] / o;sf] b}lgs sfd
;~rfng ug{ ;~rfnssf] ] lgjf{ r g /
sd{rf/Lxsf] lgo'lQm ul/G5 . sDkgLsf] sf/f]jf/
;~rfngdf ;j} z]o/wgLxsf] JolQmut ;+nUgtf
gx'g] x'Fbf z]o/ k"FhLafkt cfkm"n] sDkgLnfO{ ltg{
d~h"/ u/]sf] /sd k"0f{ e'Qmfg ePkl5 sDkgLsf
;+ : yfks, ;~rfns tyf z] o /wgLxnfO{
sDkgLsf] sf/f]jf/af6 l;h{gf ePsf] C0f jf
bfloTj e'Qmfg ug{ jfWo u/fpg x'bF g} eGg] ;Lldt
bfloTj (Limited Liablity) sf] csf]{ l;4fGt klg
sDkgLsf] :jtGq cl:tTjsf] l;4fGtsf] ;fy;fy}
ljsf; ePsf] b]lvG5 . jf:tjdf sDkgLsf] :jtGq
cl:tTjsf] l;4fGt / ;Lldt bfloTj;DaGwL
l;4fGtx Ps csf{sf kl/k"/s x'g\ eGbf klg
x'G5 . t/ sDkgLsf] gfddf eP u/]sf] sf/f]jf/x
;bfzotf ;fy sDkgLsf] d"n p2]Zocg'k
k|rlnt sfg"gsf] bfo/fleq /xL ;~rfng ul/Psf]
cj:yfdf dfq oL b'j} l;4fGtsf] kmfObf k|fKt
x'G5 . pk/f]Qm k|s/0fxdf pNn]v ePcg';f/
sDkgLsf] :jtGq cl:tTj / ;Lldt bfloTjsf]
l;4fGt Jofj;flos ;'udtfsf] nflu lbOPsf]
;'ljwf xf] / of] ;'ljwf k|rlnt sfg"gcg'k
sDkgLsf] k"j{ lgwf{l/t p2]Zocg'k eP u/]sf
jf ;~rfng ePsf sf/f]jf/xsf] ;DaGwdf dfq
k|fKt x'G5 . sDkgL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf & / * n]
klg pQm P]gcg';f/ btf{ ePsf sDkgLx o;sf
;+:yfks, ;~rfns tyf z]o/wgLxnfO{ :jtGq
cl:tTj / ;Lldt bfloTj b'j}sf] ;'ljwf k|bfg
u/]sf] 5 . t/ oL ;'ljwf lg/k]If ;'ljwf xf]Ogg\ .
sltko cj:yfdf sDkgL sfg"gcg';f/ btf{ ePsf
sDkgL, o;sf ;~rfns, ;+:yfks, sd{rf/L jf
z]o/wgLnfO{ ;f] ;'ljwf k|fKt x'Fb}g . s]xL vf;
cj:yfdf sDkgLsf] :jtGq dfGotf jf cfj/0fnfO{
dfGotf glbO{ sDkgLsf] nflu eP ul/Psf] elgPsf]
sf/f]jf/df k|ToIf ?kdf ;+nUg JolQmx sf] lyP
eGg] s'/f x]l/G5 . oxL cj:yfnfO{ sDkgLsf]
cfj/0f (Corporate Veil) x6fPsf] dflgG5 . d"n

?kdf lgDg cj:yf k|dfl0ft ePdf sDkgLsf]
cfj/0f x6fO{ u}/sfg"gL jf clgoldt sfddf
;+nUg b]lvPsf sDkgLsf ;+:yfks, ;~rfns,
sd{rf/L jf sDkgLsf] tkm{af6 sfd ug]{ elgPsf
cGo JolQmxnfO{ JolQmut ?kdf lhDd]jf/
agfOG5M
-s_
-v_
-u_
-3_
s'g} cg'lrt sfo{, u}/sfg"gL sfo{ jf

hfn;fhL jf wf] s ] j fhLk" 0 f{ sfd
sf/jfxLsf] nflu sDkgLsf] cfj/0f k|of]u
ePsf] b]lvPdf,
sDkgLsf] kmfObfsf] nflu geO{ s'g} JolQm
jf cGo lgsfosf] lxtsf] nflu dfq
sDkgLsf] cfj/0f k|of]u ePsf] cj:yfdf,
/fhZj r'xfj6 jf s/ 5Ng] sfo{sf] nflu
sDkgLsf] cfj/0f k|of]u ePdf,
s' g } sDkgLsf] cfjf;Lo l:ylt
(Residential Status) kQf nufpgsf]
nflu .
@)= sDkgLsf] :jtGq cl:tTjnfO{ cdfGo

ug]{ pk/f]Qm cj:yfxnfO{ s]xL xb;Dd g]kfn
sfg"gn] klg dfGotf lbPsf] 5 . h:tf] sDkgL
P]g, @)^# sf] ljk/Lt sDkgLsf] sf/f]jf/ ;~rfng
u/]sf] cj:yfdf sDkgLnfO{ b08 h/Ljfgf gu/L
o;sf] ;~rfns sd{rf/LnfO{ JolQmut ?kdf
b08 h/Ljfgf x'g] s'/f pQm P]gsf] bkmf !^), !^!
tyf !^@ df u/]sf] Joj:yfaf6 :ki6 x'G5 . o:t}
Joj:yf a} tyf ljQLo ;+:yf P]g @)^# sf] bkmf
&)-s_ tyf bkmf &!-!_-s_ df ul/g'sf] ;fy} lwtf]kq
P]g @)^# sf] !)!-^_ df klg ;f]xLcg'k Joj:yf
ul/Psf] 5 . pQm P]gxsf] s;"/df sDkgLnfO{
b08 h/Ljfgf gu/L o:tf] sfo{df ;+nUg JolQmnfO{
g} h/Ljfgf x'g] x'bF f sfg"gljk/Lt ;~rfng ePsf
sf/f]jf/sf] ;DaGwdf sDkgLnfO{ lhDd]jf/ gjgfO{
o:tf] sfo{df ;+nUg JolQm jf ;~rfnsnfO{ g}
JolQmut ?kdf lhDd]jf/ jgfOg] x'Fbf sDkgLsf]
cfj/0f x6fpg] l;4fGt -Lifting the corporate

veil_ nfO{ g]kfnsf] sfg"gL Joj:yfn] klg dfGotf
lbPsf] b]lvof] . o;}n] sDkgLsf] gfddf u}/sfg"gL
sf/f] j f/ ;~rfng u/] s f] b] l vPdf lgj] b s
sDkgLsf ;+:yfks, ;~rfns, sd{rf/L tyf
o;sf] k|ltlglw dflgPsf] s'g} klg JolQmpk/
k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"gcg';f/ clwsf/k|fKt lgsfon]
cfjZos sfg"gL sf/jfxL ug{;Sg] g} b]lvFbf
sDkgLsf] gfddf sfd u/]sf] eGg] cfwf/df
lghxn] pGd'lQm kfpg] cj:yf b]lvPg .
@!= cj kfFrf} k|Zgsf] ;DaGwdf ljrf/
ubf{ sDkgL P]gcGtu{t btf{ ePsf sDkgLxsf]
k| s [ l t (Nature), cl:tTj (Status) / oL
sDkgLxsf] sf/f]jf/ ;~rfng ;+oGq tyf
;~rfng ug]{ c+ux (Operational Organs)
xsf] ljifodf s]xL ljj]rgf ug{k' g]{ x'G5 . sDkgL
sfg"gcg';f/ btf{ ePsf] sDkgLnfO{ JolQm ;/x
dflgg] eP klg of] JolQm -cyf{t sDkgL_ /
dflg; h:tf] k|fs[lts JolQmaLr w]/} 7"nf] leGgtf
5 . sDkgL Ps sfg"gL kl/sNkgf dfq xf] .
o;sf] ef}lts cl:tTj gx'g] x'Fbf of] cd"t{ x'G5 .
;DalGwt b]zsf] sfg"gcg';f/ btf{ ePkl5 o:tf]
b]zsf] sfg"gn] o:tf] sfNklgs JolQmsf] hGd
jf l;h{gf jf :yfkgf ePsf] egL sfg"gL dfGotf
k|bfg ub{5 . sDkgLsf] ef}lts cl:tTj geO{
cd"t{ x'g] x'bf o;nfO{ s}b ug{ klg ;lsb}g .
s}b ug{ ;Sg] jf ul/g] s'g} :j?k jf ef}lts
cl:tTj klg x'bg} . cd"t{ cl:tTj x'g] x'bF f o;sf]
cfg} :jtGq dg, dl:t:s jf ;f]Rg ;Sg] lbdfu
klg x'Fb}g / o;sf] s'g} cfTdf gePsf] x'gfn]
o;n] cfTdbfx ug]{ cj:yf klg x'b}g . o;sf]
s'g} dg, dl:tis jf lbdfu gx'g] x'Fbf o;n] s'g}
kmf}hbf/L cfk/flws dg;fo (Mens Rea) klg
/fVg jf af]Sg ;Sb}g . o;}n] o;sf] ;~rfngsf]
nflu dfgj dl:t:ssf] k|of]u x'G5 . oxL dfgj
dl:tis ePsf o;sf ljleGg c+ux dfk{mt\
o;n] sfd ub{ 5 . o;sf ;+ : yfks jf
z]o/wgLxsf] dg dl:tisaf6 ;~rfng x'g]
668
;fwf/0f ;ef, ;~rfns ;ldlt, k|jGw ;~rfns

jf k|jGws h:tf c+u jf kb jf ;ldltdfk{mt\ g}
sDkgLsf] sf/f]jf/ ;~rfng x'g] x'bF f ;fdfGotof
dfgl;s tTjsf] ljBdfgtf x'g} kg]{ s'g} kmf}hbf/L
ck/fwdf sDkgLnfO{ ;hfo ug]{ cj:yf x'b}g .
o;sf] cltl/Qm s'g} P]gdf g} sDkgLsf] tk{maf6
sfd ug]{ ;~rfns, sd{rf/L jf JolQm g}
JolQmut ?kdf ;hfosf efuL x'g] eGg] :ki6
Joj:yf ul/Psf] cj:yfdf o:tf] s;"/df o:tf]
sDkgLsf] gfddf sfd ug]{ ;~rfns, sd{rf/L
jf JolQmpk/ sf/jfxL rnfpg gkfOg] eGg]
k|Zg g} x'b}g .
@@= t/ sDkgLsf] sf/f]jf/ ;~rfng ug{]
k|lqmofdf l;h{gf ePsf] b]jfgL bfloTjaf6 sDkgL
pDsg ;Qm}g . o;sf] gfddf eP u/]sf s'g}
sfd jf sf/jfxLaf6 s'g} JolQmsf] ;DklQ gf]S;fg
ePdf jf s;}sf] Hofg uPdf o;af6 kLl8t
kIfxnfO{ Ifltk"lt{ jf pko'Qm /fxt lbg] st{Jo
sDkgLsf] x'G5 / o:tf] cj:yfdf sDkgLsf] cd"t{
cl:tTj jf dg;fo/lxt cj:yfsf] bfjL jf lhsL/
sDkgLn] lng ;Qm}g . sDkgLsf] tkm{af6 sfd
ug] { ;~rfns, sd{ r f/L jf cGo JolQmsf]
x]nr]]qm\ofOsf] sf/0fn] o:tf] Iflt ePsf] jf
lghnfO{ o:tf] clwsf/ sDkgLn] lbPsf] lyPg
eGg] k|fljlws cfwf/ / sf/0f b]vfO{ pQm Ifltk"lt{
jf /fxt lbg] lbnfpg] bfloTjaf6 sDkgL pDsg
;Sb}g . o;sf] nflu sDkgLsf] sf]if tyf ;DklQ
k|of]u u/L cfjZos e'QmfgL x'g ;Sb5 . of] b]jfgL
bfloTjsf] ljifo csf]{ s'/f xf] t/ k|rlnt sfg"gn]
g} s'g} lg/k]If kmf}hbf/L bfloTjsf] kl/sNkgf
(Strict Liablity offence) u/] s f] ePdf o:tf]
ck/fwdf sDkgLsf] ;+nUgtf b]lvPdf ;f] cg';f/
h/Ljfgf;Dd x'g] s'/f xf] . t/ sDkgLsf] ef}lts
cl:tTj gx'g] x'Fbf o:tf] cd"t{ tyf cef}lts
JolQmnfO{ s}bsf] ;hfo x'g ;Sb}g . sDkgLsf]
gfdaf6 sfd u/]sf] egL o:tf cfk/flws sfo{df
;+nUg ;+:yfks, z]o/wgL jf o;sf sd{rf/L jf
cGo JolQmnfO{ JolQmut ?kdf o:tf] cfk/flws
669
sfo{sf] ;hfo x'g] x'Fbf sDkgLxsf] kmf}hbf/L

bfloTjsf] ;Ldf clt ;Lldt /x]sf] dflgG5 .
@#= pk/f] Q m k| s /0fxdf u/] s f]
ljj] r gfsf cfwf/df lgj] b s sDkgLsf
;~rfnsxn] sDkgLsf] cfj/0f k|of]u u/L sDkgL
P]g, @)^#, lwtf]kq P]g, @)^#, a} tyf ljQLo
;+:yf P]g, @)^# tyf ljb]zL d'b|f lgoldt ug]{
P]g, @)!( nufot cGo k|rlnt sfg"gsf] ljk/Lt
sfo{ u/]sf] b]lvPdf lgj]bs sDkgLnfO{ sf/jfxL
ug{' k"j{ pQm P]gxdf eP u/]sf Joj:yfcg';f/
lghxnfO{ clwsf/k|fKt lgsfodf sf/jfxL
rnfpg kfpg] g} b]lvFbf / k|rlnt sfg"gcg';f/
clwsf/k|fKt lgsfox ;dIf lghx lj?4sf]
cleof]u bfo/ ePkl5 pknJw k|df0fxsf]
d"Nofg u/L lghxsf] s;"/sf] jf/]df lg0f{o
ug]{ / ;f]pk/ lrQ gj'g]n] lgoldt cbfntdf
k'g/fj]bg ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ ;'/lIft /x] ePsf]
b]lvPsf] x'Fbf o; af/]df yk ljj]rgf ul//xg
k/]g .
@$= ca clGtd k|Zg cyf{t\ g]kfn
;/sf/n] lgj]bs sDkgLsf] sf/f]jf/sf] ljifodf
5fglag ug{ 5fglag ;ldlt u7g ug]{ sfo{ /
pQm ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg sfof{Gjog ug{sf] nflu
;DalGwt lgodgsf/L lgsfo jf cGo
clwsf/k|fKt lgsfonfO{ lgb]{zg lbPsf] sf/0fn]
lgj]bs sDkgL / o;sf ;~rfns jf z]o/wgL
jf ;/f]sf/jfnfxsf] k]zf /f]huf/ ug]{ xs
xgg\ ePsf] 5 jf 5}g eGg] k|Zgsf] ;DaGwdf
ljrf/ ubf{ k]zf /f]huf/ ug]{ clwsf/ lg/k]If
clwsf/ xf]Og eGg] s'/f pk/f]Qm k|s/0fxdf
ul/Psf] ljj]rgf tyf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !# tyf
!( df ul/Psf] Joj:yfaf6 g} :ki6 x'G5 . s'g}
JolQmn] cfgf] k]zf Joj;fo ug]{ xs k|of]u ubf{
cGo JolQmsf] ;DklQ;DaGwL xsnufot cGo
df}lns xsnfO{ ;dfg ?kdf ;Ddfg ug{'kb{5
eGg] s'/fnfO{ ;j{dfGo l;4fGtsf] ?kdf lnOG5 .
k|To]s JolQmnfO{ k|fKt x'g] of] clwsf/ hGdsf]
cfwf/df k|fKt x'g] k|fs[lts clwsf/ ePsf]n]
o:tf] clwsf/ xgg\ x'g uPdf ;f]sf] /Iff ug'{

/fHosf] cGt/lgxLt clwsf/ tyf ;+j}wflgs
bfloTj x'g] x'Fbf /fHosf] zf;g Joj:yf ;~rfng
ug]{ lgsfoxsf] ;+j}wflgs lhDd]jf/L tyf
bfloTjsf] ?kdf lnOG5 . o;}n] s'g} JolQm, sDkgL
jf lgsfon] u}/sfg"gL ?kdf sf/f]jf/ ;~rfng
u/L ;j{;fwf/0fsf] ;DklQsf] xs d]6fpg], 7Ug]
jf e'mSofgdf kfg]{ h:tf sfo{af6 ;j{;fwf/0fsf]
;DklQdf gf]S;fg k'ofPsf] eGg] u'gf;fx
;fj{hlgs ePkl5 ;j{;fwf/0fsf] ;DklQ tyf
hLp Hofgsf] /Iff ug{sf] nflu o;;DaGwL
5fglag ug{ u/fpgsf] nflu 5fglag ;ldlt
u7g ug{' g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;+j}wflgs bfloTj
/x]sf] s'/f wf/f #& df eP u/]sf] Joj:yfaf6
b]lvof] . o:tf] ;fj{hlgs lxtsf] tyf ;/f]sf/sf]
ljifodf 5fglag ubf{ lgj]bs sDkgLsf] k]zf,
Joj;fo ug{] xs xgg\ x'g] cj:yf b]lvPg .
pQm ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg cfk}m sfof{Gjog x'g]
geO{ clwsf/k|fKt lgsfon] sfg"gL k|lqmof
ckgfO{, sfg"gL Joj:yfcg';f/ lgj]bs sDkgL
;d]tnfO{ ;'g'jfO{sf] df}sf lbO{ pknJw ;a"b
k|df0fsf] cfwf/df lg0f{o ug]{ / o:tf] lg0f{odf
lrQ ga'e]m lgj]bsnufot o;sf ;~rfns,
sd{rf/L jf o;sf] gfddf bfjL ug]{ cGo JolQm
;d]tn] lgoldt cbfntsf] ;dfGo pkrf/ kfpg]
k|efjsf/L Joj:yf ;d]t eP /x]sf] cj:yf
b]lvPsf]n] pQm k|ltj]bg sfof{Gjog ubf{ lgj]bs
sDkgLnufot lgj] b gdf plNnlvt cGo
JolQmxsf] k]zf /f]huf/ ;DaGwL xs xgg\ x'g]
cj:yf b]lvPg . dfu cg';f/ l/6 hf/L ug{
k/]g . l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ .
@%= k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] tYo / k|fKt
lnlvt hjfkmsf] Joxf]/fsf] cWoogaf6 sDkgL
btf{ u/L o:tf sDkgLaf6 g]6jls{sf] gfddf
x'g] jf ;~rfng ul/g] sf/f]jf/af6 s'g} JolQm,
;d"x jf sDkgLn] ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfaf6 ljleGg
of]hgfsf] gfddf /sd c;"n ug]{, u}/sfg"gL
lgIf]k ;+sng ug]{, hgtfnfO{ em'SofO{, 5nsk6
u/L em"7f cfZjf;g tyf nf]e b]vfO{ k|ToIf

ck|ToIf ?kdf hgtfsf] ;DklQ xTofpg], sJhf
ug]{ jf ;DklQ gf]S;fg k'ofpg] sfo{xsf]
k|efjsf/L cg'udg ug{ cfjZos kg]{ ;+oGqsf]
cefj ePsf] , xfn ljBdfg lgodgsf/L
lgsfoxn] klg lgj]bs sDkgLsf] gfdaf6
;~rfng u/] u/fOPsf] plNnlvt k|s[ltsf
u}/sfg"gL sf/f]jf/ / o:t} k|s[ltsf sf/f]jf/x
cGo s'g} JolQm jf lgsfoaf6 ;~rfng u/]
u/fOPdf o:tf sf/f] j f/sf] cg' u dg /
cg';Gwfgsf] nflu k|efjsf/L OsfO{ jf ;+oGqsf]
Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvPg . ljBdfg P]g sfg"gxsf]
ck"0f{tf tyf c:ki6tfsf sf/0fn] g} klg o;
;DaGwL sfo{ ug]{ lhDd]jf/L kfPsf sDkgL
/lhi6f/sf] sfof{no, aLdf ;ldlt h:tf ;/sf/L
lgsfoxsf] e"ldsf a9L ;Ifd k|efjsf/L x'g
g;s]sf] cj:yf s]xL xb;Dd k|:t't ljjfbsf]
tYoaf6 g} k|:t't ePsf] b]lvof] . o;}n] sDkgL
P]g, @)^# tyf aLdf P]g, @)$( nfO{ yk
kl/dfh{g ug'k{ g]{ b]lvof] . aLdf Joj;fo ;~rfng
ug{ aLdf P]g, @)$( cg';f/ Ohfhtkq lng'kg]{
t/ s;}n] o:tf] Ohfht glnO{ aLdf sf/f]jf/
;~rfng u/]df o:tf] Joj;fo jf o:t} k|s[ltsf]
Joj;fo ;~rfng ug]{ u/fpg]nfO{ ;hfo ug]{
Joj:yf pQm P]gdf eP u/]sf] b]lvPg . pk/f]Qm
k| s /0fxdf ljj] r gf ul/Pcg' ; f/ lgj] b s
sDkgLn] w]/} ;do;Dd sDkgL P]g, @)^#, lwtf]kq
P]g, @)^# tyf a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf;DaGwL
P]g, @)^# sf] ljk/Lt sf/f]jf/ ;~rfng u/]sf]
;DaGwdf hgu'gf;f] ;fj{hlgs eP kl5 klg
g]kfn /fi6 a}+s, sDkgL /lhi6f/sf] sfof{no
tyf lwtf] k q af] 8 { n ufotsf lgodgsf/L
lgsfoxaf6 k|efjsf/L ?kdf o:tf u}/sfg"gL
sfo{sf] cg'udg u/]sf] / sfg"gL sf/jfxL
rnfPsf] b]lvPg . s]jn g]kfn ;/sf/af6 ul7t
5fglag ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bgsf] sfof{Gjogsf
qmddf dfq plNnlvt lgsfoxn] lgj]bs sDkgL
/ o;sf ;Da4 ;~rfns pk/ sf/jfxLsf]
670
k|lqmof z'? u/]sf] b]lvof] . o;af6 g]kfn /fi6 dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nosf] gfddf lgDgadf]lhd
a}+s, lwtf]kq af]8{ tyf aLdf ;ldlt h:tf lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z hf/L ul/Psf] 5M
lgodgsf/L lgsfoxn] Ohfhtkq glnO{
;j{;fwf/0faf6 lgIf]k p7fpg], z]o/ of]hgf,
1. Ohfht glnO{ aLdf Joj;fo jf ;f];+u
aLdf of]hgf h:tf sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/L
ldNbf]h'Nbf] k|s[ltsf] Joj;fo ;~rfng
lgj] b s sDkgLn] #^^#$# eGbf a9L
ug]{ u/fpg] s'g} klg JolQm, kmd{, sDkgL
;b:oxaf6 ;f9] tLg cj{ eGbf a9L /sd
jf ;d"xnfO{ b08 ;hfonufot cGo
;+sng ubf{ klg oL lgodgsf/L lgsfoaf6 s'g}
sf/jfxL ug{sf] nflu sfg"gL Joj:yf ug{
cg'udgsf] sfo{ jf cfgf] If]qflwsf/leq kg]{
ljBdfg aLdf P]g, @)$( nfO{ cfjZos
ljifodf s'g} sf/jfxL u/]sf] gb]lvgfn] plNnlvt
;+zf]wg ug]{nufot aLdf;DaGwL P]g
lgodgsf/L lgsfoxn] sfg" g f/f k| b Q
sfg"gdf ;fdlos ;'wf/ ug{ cfjZos
lgodgsf/L lhDd]jf/L tbf?vtf ;fy k"/f u/]sf]
sfo{ ug"{ .
b]lvPg . oL lgsfoxsf] u7gsf] p2]Zo /
2. k| r lnt sfg" g cg' ; f/ lgodgsf/L
lghxnfO{ lbOPsf] lhDd] j f/Lsf] k| s [ l t,
lgsfoaf6 Ohfht glnO{ z]o/ of]hgf
logLxnfO{ k| f Kt sfg" g L clVtof/Lsf]
jf aLdf of]hgfnufot s'g} klg of]hgf
uDeL/tfnfO{ x]bf{ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 plNnlvt
jf sfo{qmdsf] gfddf ;j{;fwf/0faf6
5fglag ;ldlt u7g ug'{kg]{ kl/l:ylt l;h{gf
s'g} k|sf/sf] lgIf]k jf /sd ;+sng ug]{
x' g ' e Gbf klxn] g} plNnlvt lgodgsf/L
u/fpg] sfd sf/jfxLsf] cg'udg u/L
lgsfoxn] cfgf] If]qflwsf/ leq kg]{ ljifodf
bf]ifLpk/ sfg"gL sf/jfxL ug]{ k|efjsf/L
oyf]lrt 5fglag u/L ;DalGwt JolQmx pk/
Joj:yf ldnfpg g]kfn /fi6 a}+s, aLdf
cfjZos sf/jfxL ug'{kg]{ lyof] . t/ o:tf] sfo{
;ldlt tyf lwtf] k q af] 8 { h:tf
plNnlvt lgsfoxaf6 eP u/]sf] b]lvPg .
lgodgsf/L lgsfoxdf k|efjsf/L
@^= lgj]bs sDkgLsf] lgodfjnLsf] lgod
cg'udgsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg oL lgsfodf
$(-!_ df aLdf Joj;fo ug]{ eGg] ljifo pNn]v
5'} cg'udg OsfO{ v8f ug{ cfjZos
u/]sf] / of] s'/f sDkgL /lhi6f/ sfof{nosf]
kg]{ eP ;f] ;d]tsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg'
clen]vaf6 g} b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf aLdf ;ldltsf]
egL oL lgsfoxnfO{ cfjZos lgb]{zg
k"j{ :jLs[lt glnO{ lgj]bs sDkgLnfO{ sDkgL
hf/L u/L ;f] cg';f/sf] cg'udgsf]
P]gsf] bkmf ^# cg';f/ sfo{ k|f/De ug{ :jLs[lt
Joj:yf ldnfP gldnfPsf] sfo{ s f]
lbPsf] b]lvPsf] / lgj]bs sDkgLsf] r'Qmf k"FhL
cg'udg ug"{ .
!) s/f]8 dfq ePsf]df ;f]sf] &* k|ltzt eGbf
3. pBd Joj;fosf] ultljlw a9\b} hfFbf
a9L /sd cyf{t ?=&,*$,%)*^!.%$ lgj]bs
sDkgL P]gcg';f/ btf{ x'g] sDkgLsf]
sDkgLsf ;~rfnsxn] sDkgLaf6 lemsL cfkm"n]
;+Vofdf a[l4 x'Fb}hfg] x'Fbf sDkgL P]g,
lghL ?kdf k|of]u u/L sDkgL P]g, @)^# sf]
@)^# df ul/Psf] k| f jwfgxsf]
plNnlvt Joj:yfsf] ljk/Lt sfd u/] pk/ s'g}
sfof{Gjog tyf k|zf;gsf] sfd a9L
sf/jfxL jf ;f]wvf]h gu/]sf]af6 pQm sfof{nosf]
r':t, b'?:t / k|efjsf/L agfpg /
;+:yfut ;+/rgf / sfo{Ifdtfdf klg k|Zg p7]sf
;j{ ; fwf/0fsf] lxtljk/Lt x' g ] u/L
b]lvof] . plNnlvt ;d:ofx tTsfn ;dfwfg
sDkgLxsf] ;~rfng ug]{ k|al[ Q /f]Sgsf]
ug{sf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/ k|wfgdGqL tyf
nflu sDkgL P] g sf] k| z f;g /
671
sfof{ G jog a9L k| e fjsf/L agfpg

cfjZos x'g] x'Fbf sDkgL /lhi6f/sf]
sfof{nosf] sfo{Ifdtf a9fpg pQm
sfof{ n osf] ;~rfngdf cg' e jL
sfg" g ljb\ , n] v fljb / Joj;fo
lj1xsf] ;+nUgtf a9fpg' kg]{ / df}hb' f
sDkgL /lhi6f/sf] sfof{nosf] :t/ a[l4
u/L xfnnfO{ sDtLdf klg pQm
sfof{nosf] ;+:yfut 9fFrfnfO{ g]kfn
lwtf] k q af] 8 { tyf aLdf ;ldltsf]
;dsIfdf /fVg' pko'Qm b]lvPsf] / ;fy}
pQm sfof{non] ug]{ clwsf+z sfd
sDkgL P] g tyf ;Da4 sfg" g sf]
k| z f;g;+ u ;DalGwt x' g ] x' F b f of]
sfof{ n onfO{ pBf] u dGqfnosf]
dftxtdf /fVg' eGbf sfg"g tyf Gofo
dGqfno cGtu{t /fVbf o;sf] sfo{Ifdtf
a9\g'sf] ;fy} sfo{ut ;'ljwf ;d]t a9\g
;Sg] ;Defjgf /xG5 . g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
s'g} sfof{nonfO{ s'g dGqfno cGtu{t
/fVg] eGg] s'/f g]kfn ;/sf/ cfk}mn]
lg0f{o ug]{ ljifo x'g'sf] ;fy} Goflos
lg/f] k 0fsf] ljifo gx' g ] ePtfklg
;fljsdf s' g } pTkfbgd" n s pBf] u
;~rfng ug{sf] nflu sDkgL P]gcGtu{t
sDkgL btf{ ug]{ u/fpg] sfo{ x'g] u/]sf]
eP klg xfnsf] cj:yfdf pBd
Joj;fodf cfPsf] ljljlws/0f / pBd
Joj;fosf gofF If]qx lghL nufgLsf]
nflu v'nf ePsf] ;d]t zGbe{nfO{ ljrf/
ubf{ sDkgL /lhi6f/sf] sfof{nonfO{
pBf]]u dGqfno cGtu{t /fVg] sfo{
c;fGble{s tyf k|of]hgxLg x'g;Sg]
cj:yfnfO{ ;d]t Wofgdf /fvL o;
;DaGwdf cfjZos cWoog u/L ;'emfj
lbg ;DalGwt If]qsf lj1x /x]sf]
pRr:t/Lo ;ldlt u7g u/L pQm
;ldltsf] ;' e mfjcg' ; f/ sDkgL
672
/lhi6f/sf] sfof{nosf] sfd sf/jfxLdf

;j{ ; fwf/0fn] ef] u L /x] s f ljBdfg
;d:of / cK7\of/f] cGTo ug{ pQm
sfof{ n osf] sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ a9L
kf/bzL{, k|efjsf/L / r':t agfpg
g]kfn ;/sf/n] ljBdfg P]g sfg"gx
;+zf]wg ug{'k/] ;f] ;d]t ug{sf nflu /
pQm sfof{nosf] :t/j[l4 ug]{ tyf
o;nfO{ sfg"g tyf Gofo dGqfnosf]
dftxtdf /fVg] af/]df cfjZos Joj:yf
ldnfO{ nfu" ug"{ .
4. lgj] b s sDkgLn] ;~rfng u/] s f]
sf/f]jf/sf ;DaGwdf cfjZos ;xof]u
u/L lbg egL u[ x dGqfnosf] r=
g+=@)^$.^%.@@& sf] ldlt @)^$.!).!$
sf] kqdfkm{t\ g]kfnsf ;j} lhNnf k|zf;g
sfof{nosf] gfddf hf/L ul/Psf] kl/kq
/ lgj]bs sDkgLn] lbg] ;]jfsf] af/]df
hfgsf/L u/fO{ lbg' egL k//fi6
dGqfnosf] k=;+= ljljw )^^.^&.$@ ldlt
@)^^.!!.!@ sf] kqdfkm{t\ ljleGg b]zdf
/x]sf g]kfnL b"tfjf;xnfO{ kl/kq ug]{
u/fpg] sfo{ ;'zf;g Joj:yfkg tyf
;~rfng_ P]g, @)^$ tyf k|ltikwf{ k|j{g
tyf ahf/ ;+/If0f P]g, @)^# df u/LPsf]
;du| k|fjwfg, p2]Zo / pQm P]gdfkm{t\
g]kfn ;/sf/n] cjnDag u/]sf] gLltsf]
ljk/Lt b]lvg'sf ;fy} lgj]bs sDkgLn]
;~rfng u/]sf] plNnlvt u}/sfg"gL
sfo{nfO{ 9fs5f]k ug]{ lsl;dn] pQm b'j}
kqxnfO{ lgj]bs sDkgLn] k|:t't u/]sf]
Joxf]/f pQm b'j} kqxnfO{ l/6 lgj]bs
sDkgLn] cfgf] k|df0fsf] ?kdf l/6
lgj]bgsf] k|df0f v08df k|:t't u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . pQm b'j} dGqfnoaf6 hf/L eP
ul/Psf plNnlvt kq kl/kqx Hff/L
ug]{ u/fpg] / ;f]sf] nflu cfb]z lbg]
JolQmxnfO{ lghxsf] ;]jf;DaGwL P]g
**!% cfo'j]{bs ljefu lj=/fdafa' z/0f ho;jfn
cg';f/ sf/jfxL ug'{ / o:tf] sfo{

lg0f{o g+=**!%
eljiodf x'g glbgsf] nflu s'g} Ps JolQm,
sDkgL, kmd{ jf ;d"xaf6 ;~rfng u/]sf
u}/sfg"gL Jofj;foxdf ;d]t ;/sf/L
lgsfosf] ;+ n Ugtfsf] cfzo b] v fO{
hgtfnfO{ em'Sofpg, 7Ug / 7lug] sfo{
x'g lbg] pk/f]Qm k|s[ltsf kl/kq tyf
@)^^ CI )$@^
kqx hf/L Ufg]{ u/fpg], n]Vg] n]Vg
km};nf ldltM@)^*.!@.@#.%
nufpg] h:tf sfo{ /f] S gsf nflu
d'2f M k/dfb]z .
cfjZos kl/kq, lgb]{zg jf lgod h] k'g/fj]bsM g]kfn ;/sf/, :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof
agfpg jf hf/L ug{'kg]{ xf] ;f] sfo{ u/L
dGqfno, cfo'j]{b ljefusf] tkm{af6 P]=
o; ;DaGwdf pko'Qm sfg"gL ;+oGq jgfO{
sf dxflgb]{zs 8f=7fs'//fh clwsf/L
nfu" ug' { . of] cfb] z sf] hfgsf/L
lj?4
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nonfO{ k7fpFbf pQm k|ToyL{ lgj]bsM lhNnf wg'iff, ;f]gLufdf ufpF ljsf;
b'j} kqxsf] k|ltlnlk klg ;fy} /fvL
;ldlt j8f g+= # 3/ eO{ xfn hgsk'/
k7fpg" .
c~rn cfo'j]{b cf}ifwfno wg'iffdf ;ftf}+
5. of] cfb] z sf] k| l tlnlk ljkIfLdWo]sf
txdf sfo{/t\ /fdafa' z/0f ho;jfn
g]kfn ;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no
nufotsf cGo ljkIfL dGqfnoxsf z'? km};nf ug]{ M
;fy} g]kfn /fi6 a}+s, lwtf]kq af]8{ /
df=Gof=>L df]xgk|;fb l3ld/]
aLdf ;ldltnfO{ klg k7fpg' . of]
df=Gof=>L O{Zj/k|;fb vltj8f
lgb] { z gfTds cfb] z cg' ; f/ g] k fn
;/sf/af6 pk/f]Qm k|s/0fdf plNnlvt
a9' j f eg] s f] dflyNnf] kbn] k| f Kt
cfb]zx kfngf ug]{ u/fpg] sfo{ eP
ug]{ tnjnufotsf ;'ljwf k|fKt ug]{
gePsf] jf of] cfb]zsf] sfof{Gjogdf
ljifo dfq geO{ a9' j f ePsf]
eP ul/Psf] k|ultsf] ;DaGwdf o;
sd{rf/Lsf] lhDd]jf/Ldf ;d]t km/s
cbfntsf] cg'udg dxfvfzfn] cg'udg
kg] { x' G 5 eGg] s' / fnfO{ ;fj{ h lgs
ug{' . of] cfb]zsf] Psk|lt cg'udg
k| z f;gsf] Pp6f s8Lsf] ?kdf
dxfzfvfnfO{ k7fO{ lbg" .
lnOG5 . :t/j[l4sf] Joj:yf j:t'tM
w] / } lbg;Dd sfd ul//x] s f
@&= pk/f] Q m k| s /0fxdf ljj] r gf
sd{ r f/Lsf] kbdf j[ l 4 geO{ Pp6}
ul/Pcg';f/ l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x/]sf]n] k|:t't
kbdf jiff}{b]lv ;Lldt /xL sfd ubf{
l/6 lgj]bgsf] bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L ldl;n
sd{ r f/Lsf] dgf] e fjgfdf lg/f;f
lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{ lbg" .
gcfcf] ; \ eGg] b[ l i6sf] 0 faf6 ;do
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
;Ldfsf] cfwf/df ul/Psf] kbf]Gglt
Gof=;'zLnf sfsL{
xf] , h;n] kbf] G glt ePkl5 klg
Olt ;+jt\ @)^* ;fn r}t !% ut] /f]h $ z'ed\
;fljssf] kbn] ug'{kg]{ ;]jf ug'{kg]{ .
Ohnf; clws[t cfTdb]j hf]zL
-k|s/0f g+=%_
673
:t/j[l4af6 lghn] ug'{kg]{ ;fljssf]

sfdsf] k|s[ltadf]lhd g} xfn :t/j[l4
ePsf] kbcg' ; f/ g} sfo{ ug' { k g] {
jfWofTds sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] ;Gbe{df
dflyNnf] txsf] kbgfd glbPsf] sfo{n]
s' g } sfg" g L xs xgg\ ePsf] eGg
gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=^_
k' g /fj] b s tkm{ a f6M ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf
s[i0fhLjL l3ld/]
ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmf bLkgf/fo0f ;fx
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
:jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf *,
*-!_ -&3_, (-!_
;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf]
lgod !%-!_
:jf:Yo ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%% sf]
cg';"rL #
cfb]z
Gof=;'zLnf sfsL{MGofo k|zf;g P]g,
@)$* sf] bkmf (-!_ adf]lhd k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf]
tkm{af6 o; cbfntdf kg{ cfPsf] k|:t't k'g/fj]bg
kqsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5 M
d lgj] b s @)$#.!@.% ut] s f]
lg0f{ocg';f/ /f=k= cg+= k|yd >]0fL slj/fh
kbdf :yfoL lgo'lQm kfO{ ;]jf/t /x]sf]df g]kfn
:jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# nfu" eP kZrft\
@)%$.@.!$ b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L /f=k= cg+= k|yd
>]0fLsf sd{rf/LxnfO{ 5}7f}+ txdf tx ldnfg
ul/of] . tt\kZrft @)%(.!.@ sf] lg0f{ofg';f/
d lgj]bsnfO{ cfo'j]{b lg/LIfs kb, clws[t
5f}7f}+ txdf kbgfd / tx sfod ul/of] . g]kfn
:jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# -t];|f] ;+zf]wg @)^#_
nfu" ePkl5 d lgj]bsnfO{ :t/j[l4 ug]{ s|ddf
P]=P]gsf] bkmf ( -& v_ adf]lhd ljkIfLaf6 ldlt
@)^$.$.@) sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ clws[t 5}7f}+af6

;ftf}+ txdf :t/j[l4 ul/of] t/ kb eg] ;fljss}
cfo'j]{b lg/LIfs /flvof] . g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf bf];|f] ;+zf]wg @)^!_ lgodfjnL, @)%% sf]
cg';"rL # sf] cfo'j]{b ;d"x cGtu{t l;=g+= !(
df ;ftf}+ txsf nflu cfo'j]{b clws[t kbsf]
Joj:yf /x]sf]n] d lgj]bsnfO{ ;f]xLadf]lhd
;ftf}+ tx cg';f/sf] cfo'j]{b clws[t cyf{t\
?kfGtl/t zAb cfo'j]{b lrlsT;s kbdf kb
ldnfg gu/L d]/f] ;]jfsf] ;Ddfg gu/L gu/fO{
k]zf;DaGwL xsdfly uDeL/ cf3ft k'ofPsf]n]
sfg"gf/f k|bQ xssf] k|rngsf] nflu of] lgj]bg
ug{ cfPsf] 5' . g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf -bf]:f|f] ;+zf]wg
@)^!_ lgodfjnL, @)%% sf] lgod & adf]lhd
cg';"rL # sf] cfo'j]{b ;d"xcGtu{t l;=g+= !(
df ;ftf}+ txsf nflu cfo'j]{b clws[t ?kfGtl/t
zAb cfo'j]{b lrlsT;s kbsf] Joj:yf /x]sf]n]
d lgj]bsnfO{ ;f]xLadf]lhd ;ftf}+ txcg';f/sf]
cfo'jb{] clws[t ?kfGtl/t zAb cfo'jb{] lrlsT;s
kbdf kb ldnfg u/L kb:yfkg ug{ u/fpg
ljkIfLsf gfpFdf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] @)^%.!).@& sf] lgj]bg
kq .
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bg dfu
adf]lhd k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{
xf] < lgj]bg dfu adf]lhd k/dfb]z hf/L x'g
gkg]{ s'g} cfwf/ sf/0f eP ;f]sf] k|df0f ;d]t
;fy} /fvL jf6fsf Dofb afx]s !% lbgleq
k'g/fj]bg ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{no, kf6gdfkm{t\
lnlvt hjfkm k]z ug'{ egL of] cfb]z lgj]bgsf]
k|ltlnlk ;d]t ;fy} /flv ljkIfLxsf] gfddf
;"rgf Dofb hf/L u/L lnlvt hjfkm k/]kl5 jf
cjlw gf3]kl5 lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt kf6gaf6 ldlt @)^%.!).@* df ePsf]
cfb]z .
cfo'j]{b lrlsT;ssf nflu cfjZos kg]{
z}lIfs of]Uotf lgj]bs;Fu 5}g . dfGotf k|fKt
lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 cfo'jb{] lrlsT;fdf :gfts pkflw
674
**!% cfo'j]{b ljefu lj=/fdafa' z/0f ho;jfn
k|fKt ePsf] JolQm dfq g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g,

@)%# sf] bkmf * adf]lhd nf]s;]jf cfof]uf/f
tf]lsPsf] lgwf{l/t k|lqmof k"/f u/L v'Nnf
k|ltof]lutfdf pDd]bjf/ x'g ;Sg] Joj:yf ePsf]n]
;ftf}+ txdf :t/j[l4 ePsf] cfwf/df g} cfo'j]{b
lrlsT;s kb gfd sfod u/L kq lbg'kg]{ lhsL/
lg/fwf/ 5 . lgj]bssf] xfnsf] sfo{ljj/0f /
cfo'j]{b lrlsT;ssf] kbsf] sfo{ljj/0fdf km/s
/x]sf] 5 . cfo'j]{b lg/LIfsnfO{ :jtM cfo'j]{b
lrlsT;s k|bfg ug]{ sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] cefj
/x]sf] 5 . g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf
( -&3_ df :t/j[l4 ePsf] sd{rf/Ln] lgh h'g
txaf6 :t/j[l4 ePsf]] 5 ;f]xL txsf] sfd ug'k{ g]{
Joj:yf u/]sf] x'bF f lgj]bssf] lg/fwf/ l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] cfo'j]{b
ljefusf] ldlt @)^%.!@.!^ sf] lnvt hjfkm .
g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# sf]] bkmf
( sf] pkbkmf -&3_ df o; bkmf adf]lhd
dflyNnf] txdf :t/j[l4 ePsf] sd{rf/Ln] lgh
h'g txaf6 :t/j[l4 ePsf] xf] ;f]xL txsf] sfd
sfh ug'{kg]{5 eGg] Joj:yf ePsf] x'Fbf lgh
lgj]bs 5}7f}+ txaf6 ;ftf}+ txdf :t/j[l4 eP
klg h'g txaf6 :t/j[l4 ePsf] xf] ;f]xL txsf]
sfd ug'{kg]{ x'Fbf ;fljs adf]lhds} sfdsfh
ug]{ ePsf]n] kbgfd klg ;fljs adf]lhds}
lbOPsf] xf] . lgh a9'jf jf nf]s;]jf cfof]usf]
k/LIff pQL0f{ u/L ;ftf} + tx ePsf] geO{
:t/j[l4af6 ;ftf}+ tx ePsf] x'bF f ljkIfLsf] lgj]bg
vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] g]kfn
;/sf/, :jf:Yo tyf hg;++Vof dGqfnosf] ldlt
@)^^.!.& sf] lnlvt hjfkm .
lgj]bsnfO{ cfo'j]{b ;d"xcGtu{tsf]
clws[t ;ftf}+ txdf :t/j[l4 u/]sf] b]lvPsf]n]
lghnfO{ :jf:Yo ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%% sf]
cg';"rL # cfo'j]{b ;d"xsf] qmd;+Vof !( ;ftf}+
txdf pNn]v ePcg';f/sf] cfo'j]{b clws[t
?kfGtl/t zAb cfo'j]{b lrlsT;s kbdf ldnfg
u/L kb:yfkg ug'{ u/fpg' egL ljkIfLxsf] gfddf
675
k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] 7x5{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg

cbfnt kf6gsf] ldlt @)^^.@.^ sf] km};nf .
lgj]bs :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf
( sf] pkbkmf -&v_ -&u_ adf]lhd :t/j[l4 dfq
ePsf sd{rf/L x'g\ . k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] a9'jf
/ :t/j[l4nfO{ ;dfg ?kdf lnPsf] 5 . :t/ j[l4
/ a9'jf cnu cnu s'/f x'g\ . ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf
* df plNnlvt k|lqmofadf]lhd afx]s a9'jf x'g
;Sb}g . lgj]bg dfu cg';f/ kbgfd lbO;s]kl5
lghsf] a9'jf ;/x x'G5 . lgj]bssf] ;ftf}+ txsf
nflu cfjZos kg]{ Go"gtd\ z}lIfs of]Uotf klg
5}g . P]gsf] bkmf ( sf] -&3_ df :t/ j[l4 eP
klg ;fljssf] sfd ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf ePsf]n]
lgj]bsnfO{ :t/j[l4 ePsf] kbgfd lbg ldNb}g .
l/Qm g/x]sf] kbk"lt{ ug{ / kb:yfkg ug{ ;d]t
ldNb}g . t;y{ k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nf
q'l6k"0f{ x'Fbf pN6L u/L lgj]bssf] lgj]bg vf/]h
ul/kfpFm eGg] Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
>]0fLut k|0ffnLaf6 txut k|0ffnLdf
nluPsf] sf/0fn] dfq ;DalGwt txsf nflu lgwf{l/t
of]Uotf / tflnd k|fKt gu/]sf] cj:yfdf kbgfd
kfpg of]Uotf k'us
] f] dfGg gldNg] egL o; cbfnt
k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 @)^%WF)))! sf] k/dfb]z
d'2fdf ldlt @)^^.@.^ df k|ltkflbt l;4fGt
;d]taf6 k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] k|ToyL{nfO{
cfo'j]{b lrlsT;s kbgfd k|bfg ug]{ u/L ePsf]
OG;fkm km/s kg]{ b]lv+bf 5nkmnsf nflu
k|ToyL{nfO{ lemsfO{ lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] o;
cbfntsf] ldlt @)^^.#.#! sf] cfb]z .
k' g /fj] b s :jf:Yo ;] j f ljefun]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gaf6 ePsf] km};nfsf]
gSsn ldlt @)^^.@.@) df g} k|fKt u/]sf] 5 .
tt\ kZrft\ pQm km};nf :jf:Yo dGqfnon] ldlt
@)^^.@.@! df k|fKt u/L dGqL:t/Lo lg0f{oaf6
ldlt @)^^.^.$ df kbgfd lbg] egL l6Kk0fL
;b/ ePsf] cj:yfdf k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb ldlt
@)^^.%.@) df k|fKt u/]sf] eGg] cfwf/df lbPsf]
k'g/fj]bg kq xbDofb gf3L bfo/ ePsf] 5 .
To;df klg d}n] :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# tyf P]=

lgodfjnL, @)%% n] tf]s]sf] z}lIfs of]Uotf
k|fKt u/]sf] x'Fbf ljkIfL lemsfpFbf cfwf/ lnOPsf]
l/6 g+= )))! sf] d'2f ;fGble{s 5}g . t;y{
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf ;b/ ul/kfpFm eGg]
Joxf]/fsf] k|ToyL{sf] lnlvt k|ltjfb .
k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] k'g/fj]bg;lxtsf]
ldl;n cWoog u/L k'g/fj]bs :jf:Yo ;]jf
ljefusf tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf
>L s[i0fhLjL l3ld/]n] g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g,
@)%# sf] bkmf * df plNnlvt Joj:yfadf]lhd
afx]s :jf:Yo ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lsf] kbk"lt{ x'g
;Sb}g . :t/j[l4 / a9'jf cnucnu ljifo x'g\ .
lgj]bsn] clws[t ;ftf}+ txsf nflu lgwf{/0f
u/]sf] z}lIfs of]Uotf k|fKt u/]sf] b]lvb}g . t;y{
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf pN6L x'g'k5{ egL
ax; ug'{eof] . o:t} ljkIfL tkm{af6 pkl:yt
ljfg clwjQmf bLkgf/fo0f ;fxn] k'g/fj]bg
cbfntaf6 ePsf]] km};nfsf] hfgsf/L ljkIfL
:jf:Yo ;]jf ljefun] ldlt @)^^.@.@) df g}
kfO{ ;s]sf] x'bF f ldlt @)^^.%.!) df k'g/fj]bgsf]
Dofb k|fKt ePsf] egL lbPsf] k'g/fj]bg xbDofb
gf3L bfo/ ePsf]n] vf/]h x'g'k5{ . oL lgj]bsn]
:jf:Yo ;]jf lgodfjnLn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] z}lIfs
of]Uotf k|fKt u/L g]kfn :jf:Yo Joj;foL
k/LIff\bdf btf{ ;d]t eO;s]sf] 5 . t;y{
k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nf ldn]sf] 5
egL ax; ug'{eof] .
@= ca k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gaf6 ePsf]
km};nf ldn]sf] 5, 5}g eGg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{
eO{ OG;fkmtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ ldlt @)^$.$.@) sf]
lg0f{ofg';f/ k|ToyL{nfO{ clws[t 5}6f}+ txaf6
clws[t ;ftf}+ txdf :t/ j[l4 ul/Psf] eP klg
;fljs clws[t 5}6f}+sf nflu tf]lsPsf] cfo'j]{b
lg/LIfs kbgfd lbPsf] x' F b f :jf:Yo ;] j f
lgodfjnL, @)%% sf] cg';"rL # l;=g+= !(
plNnlvt cfo'j]{b lrlsT;s kbdf kb ldnfg
676
u/L kb:yfkg ;d]t ul/kfpFm eGg] lgj]bg dfu

bfjL /x]sf]df :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf *
adf]lhd :jf:Yo ;]jfsf sd{rf/L nf]s;]jf
cfof]uf/f lgwf{l/t k|lqmoff/f k"lt{ ul/g] Joj:yf
eO{ bkmf ( -&3_ df :t/ j[l4 ePsf] sd{rf/Ln]
lgh h'g txaf6 :t/j[l4 ePsf] 5 ;f]xL txsf]
sfd ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf ls6fgL ?kdf u/]sf] x'Fbf
lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] lnlvt hjfkm Joxf]/f
b]lvG5 .
#= k|ToyL{ /fdafa' z/0f hfo;jfnn]
o; cbfntdf k]z u/]sf] lnlvt k|ltjfb tyf
lghsf tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmf ;d]tn]
k|:t't k'g/fj]bg kq xbDofb g3fO{ k/]sf] x'Fbf
k'g/fj]bg vf/]h x'g' kg]{ lhsL/ lnPsf] ;Gbe{df
;j{k|yd k|:t't k'g/fj]bg kq xbDofb gf3L
bfo/ ePsf] xf] xf]Og eGg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o
lbg'kg]{ x'g cfof] . tt\ ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{
k'g/fj]bs :jf:Yo ;]jf ljefun] cfkm"n] ldlt
@)^^.%.!) df km};nfsf] gSsn k|fKt u/]sf]
eGg] cfwf/df @)^^.&.* df o; cbfntdf
k'g/fj]bg btf{ ug{ NofPsf]df o; cbfntsf
;x/lhi6f/af6 k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gn] #%
lbgleqdf >L ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ug{
hfg' egL Dofb ldlt @)^^.#.@( df k'g/fj]bg
;/sf/L jsLn sfof{no kf6gnfO{ k7fPsf]df
;f] Dofb @)^^.$.@) df pQm sfof{non] a'em]sf]
b]lv+bf xbDofbleq btf{ x'g gcfPsf] eGg]
cfwf/df b/kL7 u/] pk/ ;jf] { R r cbfnt
lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod !%-!_ adf]lhd
:jf:Yo ;]jf ljefusf tkm{af6 k/]sf] lgj]bgdf
o; cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^^.*.@@ df pQm b/kL7
cfb]z ab/ x'g] u/L cfb]z eO{ k|:t't k'g/fj]bg
kq btf{ x'g cfPsf] / k'g/fj]bg kq btf{ x'Fbfsf
cj:yfdf g} pQm xbDofbsf] ljjfbsf] lg/f]k0f
eO;s]sf] x'Fbf To;tkm{ yk ljj]rgf ul//xg
k/]g .
$= ca k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf
ldn]sf] 5, 5}g eGg] ;Gb{edf ljrf/ ubf{ :jf:Yo
**!% cfo'j]{b ljefu lj=/fdafa' z/0f ho;jfn
tyf hg;+Vof dGqfnosf] ldlt @)^$.$.@) sf]

lg0f{ofg';f/ lgj]bs k|ToyL{nfO{ clws[t 5}6f}+
txaf6 clws[t ;ftf}+ txdf :t/j[l4 ul/Psf]
tYodf ljjfb ePg . g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g,
@)%# sf] bkmf (-!_ df :jf:Yo ;]jfsf kbx
dWo] 5}6f}+ txaf6 ;ftf}+ txsf] kbsf] k"lt{
:t/j[l4sf] dfWodaf6 ul/g]5 eGg] sfg"gL
Joj:yf /x]sf] / ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf *-!_ df
:jf:Yo ;]jfsf kbx v'nf k|ltof]lutf /
a9'jff/f k"lt{ ul/g] 5 eGg] Joj:yf u/L ;f]xL
P]gsf] pkbkmf -@_ df pkbkmf ! adf]lhd k"lt{
x'g] kb afx]s cGo kb / txsf] k"lt{ bkmf (
adf]lhd :t/j[l4f/f ul/g]5 eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . o;/L :t/ j[l4 / a9'jfnfO{ cnu cnu
?kdf pQm P]gn] Joj:yf u/]sf] / ;f]xL P]gsf]
bkmf ( sf] pkbkmf -&3_ df dflyNnf] txdf
:t/ j[l4 ePsf] sd{rf/Ln] lgh h'g txaf6
:t/ j[l4 ePsf] xf] ;f]xL txsf] sfd ug'{kg]{5
eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf eO{ :t/ j[l4 ePtfklg
;fljs adf]lhdsf] txn] ug'{kg]{ sfd ug'{kg]{
u/L sfg"gn] afWofTds ?kdf tf]lslbPsf] kfOG5 .
%= a9'jf eg]sf] dflyNnf] kbn] k|fKt ug]{
tnj nufotsf ;'ljwf k|fKt ug]{ ljifo dfq geO{
a9'jf ePsf] sd{rf/Lsf] lhDd]jf/Ldf ;d]t km/s
kg]{ x'G5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] Pp6f
s8Lsf] ?kdf lnOG5 . :t/ j[l4sf] Joj:yf j:t'tM
w]/} lbg;Dd sfd u/L /x]sf sd{rf/Lsf] kbdf
j[l4 geO{ Pp6} kbdf jiff}{ b]lv ;Lldt /xL sfd
ubf{ sd{rf/Lsf] dgf]efjgfdf lg/f;f gcfcf];\
eGg] b[li6sf]0faf6 ;do ;Ldfsf] cfwf/df ul/Psf]
kbf]Gglt xf], h;n] kbf]Gglt ePkl5 klg ;fljssf]
kbn] ug'{kg]{ ;]jf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
^= g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# sf]
bkmf ( sf] pkbkmf -&3_ n] u/]sf] sfg"gL
Joj:yfcg';f/ k|ToyL{ /fdafa' z/0f hfo;jfnsf]
:t/j[l4 ePkl5 lghn] :t/j[l4 ePsf] ;ftf}+ txn]
ug'k{ g]{ egL tf]lsPsf] sfd ug{ gkfpg] eO{ ;fljs
5}6f}+ txsf nflu tf]lsPsf] sfd ug'{kg]{ sfg"gL
677
Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . lgj]bs P]gsf] bkmf *-!_

adf]lhdsf] k|lqmofcg';f/ 5}6f}+ txaf6 ;ftf}+ txdf
a9'jf ePsf] geO{ :t/ j[l4;Dd ePsf] s'/fdf
ljjfb 5}g . pQm :t/j[l4af6 lghn] ug'{kg]{
;fljssf] sfdsf] k|s[ltadf]lhd g} xfn :t/j[l4
ePsf] kbcg';f/ g} sfo{ ug'k{ g]{ jfWofTds sfg"gL
Joj:yf /x]sf] ;Gbe{df lgj]bsn] k|ToyL{nfO{ ;ftf}+
txsf] cyf{t\ dflyNnf] txsf] kbgfd glbPsf]
sfo{n] k|ToyL{sf] s'g} sfg"gL xs xgg\ ePsf]
eGg ldn]g .
&= o;} ;Gbe{df g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g,
@)%# sf] bkmf ( cGtu{t :t/j[l4 -cku|]8_ nfO{
g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf @$
cg';f/sf] a9'jf;Fu ;dk dfGg ldNb}g egL
k'g/fj]bs cfo'jb{] ljefusf tkm{af6 P]=sf lgb]z
{ s
7fs'//fh clwsf/L k|ToyL{ aneb| jfUn] ;d]t
ePsf] k/dfb]z d'2f -;+jt\ @)^^ ;fnsf] d'2f g+=
CI)@&* km};nf ldlt @)^*.@.@$_ df o;
cbfntsf] ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;af6 ul/Psf] JofVof o;
d'2fdf ;d]t ;fGble{s b]lvg cfPsf] 5 . ctM
:jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# cGtu{tsf] bkmf *-!_
tyf bkmf @$ adf]lhd x'g] a9'jf / ;f]xL P]gsf]
bkmf ( adf]lhd x'g] :t/ j[l4 Ps} k|s[ltsf] geO{
a9'jf / :t/j[l4nfO{ sfg"gL Joj:yfn] km/s
km/s Joj:yf u/L b'O{ a9'jfsf] sfdsf] k|s[lt
;d]t km/s tf]s]sf] l:ylt x'Fbf k|ToyL{ /fdafa'
z/0f ho;jfnsf] 5}7f}+ txaf6 ;ftf}+ txdf
:t/j[ l 4 ePsf] eP klg lghsf] sfdsf]
lhDd]jf/Ldf j[l4 gu/L ;fljss} kbgfd lbg]
k' g /fj] b s :jf:Yo ;] j f ljefuaf6 ePsf]
:t/j[l4;DaGwL sfo{af6 oL lgj]bsk|ToyL{sf]
s'g} sfg"gL xs xgg\ ePsf] gb]lvPsfn] :t/j[l4
ePsf sd{rf/LnfO{ dflyNnf] txsf] kbgfd lbg]
u/L k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gaf6 ePsf] cfb]z
sfg"g;Ddt\ b]lvg cfPg .
*= t;y{ lgj] b snfO{ :jf:Yo ;] j f
lgodfjnL, @)%% sf] cg';r
" L # sf] l;=g+= !( df
plNnlvt cfo'j]{b clws[t ?kfGtl/t cfo'j]{b
lrlsT;s kbgfd lbO{ ;f]xL kbdf kb:yfkg ;d]t

ug'{ egL k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] 7xofPsf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] ldlt @)^^.@.^ sf]
km};nf gldn]sf] x'Fbf pN6L eO{ lgj]bssf] lgj]bg
vf/] h x' g ] 7x5{ . km} ; nfsf] hfgsf/L
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nonfO{ lbO{ bfo/Lsf]
nut sf u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{ lbg" .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
Gof=e/t/fh pk|]tL
Olt ;+jt\ @)^* ;fn r}t @# ut] /f]h % z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[t M lszf]/ l3ld/]
&
lg0fo g+=**!^
dfggLo GofofwLz k|f=8f=>L e/taxfb'/ sfsL{
;+jt\ @)^& ;fnsf] l/6 g+= )^&wo!@%%
km};nf ldltM @)^(.@.!!.%
d'2f M pTk|]if0f ;d]t .
lgj]bsM ;'g;/L lhNnf, /fhu~h l;gjf/L uf=lj=;=

j8f g+= $ a:g] zs'Gtnfb]jL ofbj
lj?4
ljkIfLM ;'g;/L lhNnf cbfnt, Ogjf ;d]t
sltko hUuf If] q kmnsf lx;fjn]

ljefhgof]Uo x'bF g} g\ eg] sltko hUufsf]
e"agf]6 tyf lgsf;sf] l:yltaf6 vl08t
ug}{ gldNg] x'G5 . k|To]s lsQfaf6
ljefhg gx' F b f g/d s/d ldNb} g
eGg] wf/0ff g/d s/dsf] cfwf/e"t
dfGotf gx' g ] .
38]/Lsf] lgsf; af6f]sf] b'a} kIfnfO{
kg]{ c;'ljwfsf ;DaGwdf ;f]Rbf;Dd
g;f] r L Goflos dg k| o f] u gu/L
678
oflGqs kdf k|To]s lsQf lrg}{ k5{

cGoyf g/d s/d ldNb} g eGg]
dfGotf sfg" g ;+ u t gx' g ] .
;DalGwt ;DklQnfO{ cjnf]sg u/L
d'2fsf kIfx ;a}nfO{ ;'ljwf xf];\
/ ;DklQ ljefhg Gofof] l rt\ xf] ; \
eGg] g} g/d s/dsf] d"n clek|fo
xf] . g/d s/d ldnfpFbf s'g} lsQf
;;Ld g} Pp6f kIfnfO{ / csf]{ lsQf
csf] { kIfnfO{ kg' { / hUufsf]
cj:yfcg' ; f/ Pp6f lsQfdf Ps
kIfnfO{ s] x L If] q kmn a9L kg{ ' /
csf]{ kIfnfO{ klxnf] lsQfaf6 36L
k/]sf] v08 csf]{ lsQfaf6 ;f]wegf{
x'g ;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=$_
sfg" g n] a08f x' g ] ;" r gf kfO{ ;f]
;dodf cg'kl:yt /xg] t/ kl5af6
/f} F l r/f vf] 6 b] v fO{ ePsf] a08f
d' r ' N sf ab/ ul/kfpg dfu u/L
km} ; nf sfof{ G jogdf Jojwfg v8f
ug{ ;lsof];\ eGg] b08 ;hfosf] ^!
g+ = / c=j+ = !& ;d] t sf] dg;fo
xf]Og . Dofb ;"rgf a'emL cg'kl:yt
x'g' eg]sf] clwsf/ :j]R5fn] kl/Tofu
u/]sf] x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=%_
km};nf sfof{Gjog Gofosf] ;jf]{kl/
;f]kfg xf] . km};nf sfof{Gjog geO{
Gofosf] cg'e"lt s;}n] ug{ ;Sb}g .
t;y{ , uDeL/td\ sfg" g L q' l 6
gb] l vP;Dd To;nfO{ ab/ ug{
cbfnt tlD;g gx'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=^_
cbfntaf6
ePsf]
km} ; nf
sfof{ G jogdf s' g } kIf k| j ] z
ul/;s] k l5 cfn] To;kl5
ckgfpg'kg]{ sfg"gL k|lqmof k"/f u/L
**!^ zs'Gtnfb]jL ofbj lj=;'g;/L lhNnf cbfnt ;d]t
;Dk" 0 f{ sfo{ ;DkGg e} ; s] k l5sf]

cj:yfdf s' g } kIfn] To:tf
sfdsf/jfxLk| l t g} r' g f} t L lbg] /
To;nfO{ cbfntaf6 uDeL/td\
sfg" g L q' l 6 gb] l vP klg ab/ ub} {
hfg] xf] eg] To;af6 cbfntk|ltsf]
cf:yf / ljZjf;df cf3ft kg{ hfg] .
km} ; nf sfof{ G jog gx' F b f Gofo
k|0ffnLdf g} k|Zg v8f x'g hfG5 .
k|To]s sfo{df s'g} g s'g} vf]6 b]vfpg
;lsG5 . t/ ul/Psf] km} ; nf
sfof{ G jogsf] Gofof] l rt\ ljsNk s]
x' g ;SbYof] eGg] gv' n fO{ k| l qmof
k' u ] g d} n ] yfxf kfOg eGg] h:tf
cfwf/df km} ; nf sfof{ G jogsf]
;DkGg sfo{ ab/ ug{ gx'g] .
km} ; nf sfof{ G jog h:tf] ljifonfO{
sfg" g sf] 7f8f] pNn+ 3 g /
km} ; nfk| l ts" n eP u/] s f] kfOPdf
afx]s ab/ ug{ pko'Qm gx'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=*_
lgj]lbsfsf] tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmfo s[i0fk|:ffb
zdf{ / k|df]bs'df/ j}B
ljkIfL tkm{af6M
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
d'n'sL P]g, c=j+= !&,
b08 ;hfosf] ^! g+=
cfb]z
Gof=k| s fz j:tLM g] k fnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ / !)&-@_ adf]lhd
o;} cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/leq k/L bfo/ x'g cfPsf]
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ 7x/sf]
Joxf]/f o; k|sf/ 5 M
d lgj]bsn] ;'g;/L lhNnf cbfntdf
ljkIfL z+s/ ofbjpk/ @)^$ ;fnsf] b]=g+= !!&$
679
sf] c+z d'2f bfo/ u/L ldlt @)^^.$.@* df

km};nf eO;'g;/L lhNnf /fhu~h l;gjf/L
uf=lj=;= j8f g+= #-s_ ls=g+= @%$ sf] If]qkmn
)!!& dWo] k"jt{ km{af6 If]qkmn ))!* P]=P]=
j8f g+= #-v_ df kg]{ ls=g+= !*$ sf] If]qkmn )
&% dWo] blIf0ftkm{af6 If]qkmn )% hUufaf6
b'O{ v08sf] Ps v08 c+z 5'6o\ fO{ lbg] u/L ePsf]
km};nf clGtd eO{ c+z 5'6\ofO{ rng kfpg d}n]
;'g;/L lhNnf cbfntdf b/vf:t u/L ljkIfLnfO{
Dofb hf/L eO{ ljkIfL pkl:yt gePkl5 ldlt
@)^&.$.@& df 8f]/ vl6O{ a08f 5'6o\ fO{ lbO{ a08f
d'r'Nsfadf]lhd ldlt @)^&.%.!# df rngk"hL{
k|fKt u/L k"hL{adf]lhdsf] hUuf ;DalGwt dfnkf]t
sfof{noaf6 ldlt @)^&.%.@# df lg0f{o u/L bflvn
vf/]h btf{ eO{ hUuf wgL btf{ k|df0fk"hf{ ;d]t
k|fKt u/L ef]urng ;d]t ul/cfPsL lyPF .
o;/L d lgj]lbsfn] ef]urng ul/;s]sf]
hUufdf ljkIfL z+s/ ofbjn] ldlt @)^&.$.@&
df ePsf] a08f d'rN' sfsf] gSsn ldlt @)^&.*.#
df ;/fO{ j]l/tsf] a08f d'r'Nsf ab/ ul/kfpFm
egL ldlt @)^&.*.!% df tx;Lnbf/;dIf
lgj]bg k]z u/]sf]df tx;Lnbf/af6, o;df
d'ns
' L P]g, b08 ;hfosf] ^! g+= / lhNnf cbfnt
lgodfjnL, @)%@ sf] lgod !# sf] Dofb gf3L
cfPsf] lgj]bg btf{ u/L sf/jfxL ug{ ldn]g,
sfg"gadf]lhd ug"{ egL cfb]z eof] . ;f]
cfb]zpk/ ljkIfL z+s/ ofbjn] b08 ;hfosf]
^! g+= adf]lhd lhNnf GofofwLz;dIf lgj]bg
u/]sf]df lhNnf GofofwLzaf6 ldlt @)^&.!!.@&
sf] cfb]z ab/ u/L k'gM g/d s/d ldnfO{ jfbL
k|ltjfbLnfO{ /f]xa/df /fvL lgodfg';f/ a08f
5'6\ofO{ lbg' eGg] cfb]z eof] . ;f] cfb]zpk/
c=j+= sf] !& g+= adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
lj/f6gu/df lgj]bg k/]sf]df ldlt @)^*.@.@&
df lhNnf GofofwLzsf] cfb]z g} ;b/ sfod
ug]{ u/L cfb]z eof] . tx;Lnbf/af6 km};nf
sfof{ G jogsf] ;Dk" 0 f{ sfdsf/jfxL ;DkGg
e} ; s] s f] sfo{ ;d] t ab/ u/L lhNnf
GofofwLzaf6 ePsf] cfb]znfO{ g} ;b/ ug]{ u/L

k' g /fj] b g cbfntaf6 ePsf] cfb] z ;d] t
pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ u/L km};nf sfof{Gjog
;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ sfo{ ;b/ sfod /fVg hf] rflxg]
pko' Q m cfb] z ;d] t hf/L ul/kfpF m eGg]
lgj]bssf] o; cbfntdf k/]sf] lgj]bg dfu
bfjL .
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] lgj]bssf]
df+uadf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g' gkg]{ xf], of]
cfb]z k|fKt ePsf] ldltn] af6fsf Dofb jfx]s !%
lbgleq lnlvt hjfkm k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf]
cfb]z .
a08f 5'6o\ fO{ kfpFm egL b/vf:t k/L
sf/jfxL x'bF f a08f d'rN' sf ab/ ul/kfpFm egL k|ltjfbL
z+s/ ofbjn] d'ns
' L P]g b08 ;hfosf] ^! g+=
adf]lhd ph"/L u/]sf] / ;f] ph"/Ladf]lhd o;
cbfntsf] ldlt @)^&.!!.@& sf] cfb]zn] ldlt
@)^&.$.@& sf] a08f d'rN' sf / ;f]adf]lhd ePsf
;Dk"0f{ sfdsf/jfxL ab/ ePsf] 5 . k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
lj/f6gu/sf] ldlt @)^*.@.@& sf] cfb]zn] klg o;
cbfntsf] ldlt @)^&.!!.@& df ePsf] cfb]znfO{ g}
;b/ ug]{ u/L cfb]z ePsf] 5 . cbfntsf] km};nf /
cfb]zadf]lhd ul/Psf] sfdsf/jfxLaf6 ljkIfL l/6
lgj]bssf] df}lns xsdf s'g} cf3ft k'Ug] k'ofpg]
s'g} sfo{ geP gu/]sf] x'bF f lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf]
cfb]z hf/L x'gk' g]{ cj:yf gx'bF f k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ;'g;/L lhNnf
cbfntsf tkm{af6 o; cbfntdf k]z x'g cfPsf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
k|:t't d'2fdf ;'g;/L lhNnf cbfntaf6
a08f 5'6o\ fpFbf g/d u/d tyf c;n sd;n
ldnfO{ a08f 5'6o\ fOPsf] cj:yf 5}g . lsgeg] d]/f]
d~h"/L klg gePsf] / dnfO{ /f]xj/df ;d]t g/fvL
k|lqmof ;d]t gk'ofO{ a08f d'rN' sf ul/Psf] 5 .
j]/Ltk"js
{ ePsf] ldlt @)^&.$.@& sf] a08f d'rN' sf
ab/ ul/kfpg lbPsf] lgj]bgdf sf/jfxL x'bF f pQm
a08f d'rN' sf ab/ ug]{ u/L ldlt @)^&.!!.@& sf]
lhNnf cbfnt / ;f]nfO{ ;b/ ug]{ ldlt @)^*.@.@&
sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] cfb]z sfg"g;+ut g} ePsf]

x'bF f l/6 lgj]bssf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm
eGg] ;d] t Joxf] / fsf] ljkIfLdWo] s f z+ s /
ofbjsftkm{af6 o; cbfntdf k]z x'g cfPsf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
sfg"gadf]lhd eP u/]sf sfo{af6 oL
lgj]bs ljkIfLsf] xs lxtdf s'g} c;/ gk/]sf]
x'bF f lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'gk' g{]
cj:yf gePsf]n] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm
eGg] ;d] t Joxf] / fsf] k' g /fj] b g cbfnt
lj/f6gu/sf tkm{af6 o; cbfntdf k]z x'g
cfPsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
lgodadf]lhd b}lgs d'2f k]zL ;"rLdf
r9L k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] lgj]bg;lxtsf]
ldl;n ;+nUg sfuhftx ;d]t cWoog u/L
l/6 lgj] l bsfsf] tkm{ a f6 /xg' e Psf ljfg
clwjQmf >L s[i0fk|:ffb zdf{ / >L k|df]bs'df/
j}Bn] km};nf sfof{Gjog eO{ ldlt @)^&.%.@#
df hUufwgL k|df0fk"hf{ kfO{ rng ul/;s]sf]
cj:yfdf ljkIfLdWo]sf z+s/ ofbjn] ldlt
@)^&.*.# df gSsn ;f/L yfxf kfPsf egL ;f]
ldltn] !% lbgsf] Dofb sfod u/L ldlt
@)^&.*.!% df a08f d'r'Nsf ab/ u/L kfpg
lbPsf] lgj]bgaf6 ;f] /Ltk"j{s ;DkGg sf/jfxL
ab/ ug{ ldNg] xf]Og, tL cfb]zx ;d]t
pTk|]if0fsf cfb]zf/f ab/ ul/kfpFm egL ug'{
ePsf] ax; ;d]t ;'lgof] .
pk/f]Qmadf]lhd lgj]lbsfsf tkm{af6
/xg'ePsf ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLxn] ug'{ePsf]
ax; ;d]t ;'gL lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ lgj]bssf]
dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g'kg]{ xf] jf xf]Og
egL lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvg cfof] .
@= o;df lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ l/6
lgj]lbsf jfbL / ljkIfL z+s/ ofbj k|ltjfbL eO{
c+z d'2f rnL jfbLn] b'O{ v08sf] Ps v08 c+z
5'6\ofO{ lng kfpg] 7x/L clGtd km};nf ePsf]
5 . lgj]lbsfn] ;'g;/L lhNnf cbfntdf ;f] km};nf
sfof{Gjogsf nflu b/vf:t u/L ljkIfLnfO{
680
**!^ zs'Gtnfb]jL ofbj lj=;'g;/L lhNnf cbfnt ;d]t
pkl:yt x'gsf nflu Dofb hf/L eO{ pkl:yt

gePkl5 8f]/ vl6O{ @)^&.$.@& df a08f 5'6o\ fO{
ldlt @)^&.%.!# sf] rng k"hL{cg';f/ ldlt
@)^&.%.@# df hUufwgL k"hf{ ;d]t k|bfg ePsf]
5 . z+s/ ofbjsf] g/d s/d gldn]sf] eGg]
;d]tsf] @)^&.*.!% sf] lgj]bgsf cfwf/df lhNnf
cbfnt / k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ;f] a08f d'rN' sf
;d]tsf sf/jfxL ab/ ul/Psf] kfOG5 . ;f] ab/
ul/g] cfb]z lj4 bfo/ k|:t't lbO{ lgj]bgdf
a08f 5'6\ofpg pkl:yt x'g lbOPsf] hgfp k"hL{
a'emL xfhL/ gx'g] t/ kl5af6 g/d s/d ldn]g
egL r'gf}tL lbFb}df ;f] a08f 5'6\ofO{ lbOPsf
sfdsf/jfxL nfdf] ;dosf] cGt/fn kl5 ab/
x'g] xf] jf xf]Og eGg] k|Zgdf lg0f{o lbg' k/]sf]
5.
#= ;'g;/L lhNnf cbfntaf6 ldlt
@)^&.!!.@& df ePsf] cfb]z x]bf{ @)^&.$.@&
df eO{ cfPsf] a08f d'r'Nsf x]bf{ jfbLn] k|To]s
lsQfaf6 g/d s/d ldnfO{ a08f lng'kg]{df ;f]
geO{ k|ltjfbLsf] cg'kl:yltdf ;d]t ls=g+= @%^
sf] ))!* 38]/L hUuf ;;Ld} lbO{ k|ltjfbLnfO{
;f] hUufaf6 c+z efu g/fvL c+za08f u/]sf]
b]lvPaf6 eO{ cfPsf] a08f d'r'Nsf /Ltk"j{ssf]
eGg ldn]g eGg] s'/fnfO{ ;f] d'r'Nsf ab/sf] d"n
cfwf/ agfOPsf] 5 ;f] cfwf/nfO{ k'g/fj]bg
cbfntn] ;d]t plrt dfg]sf] 5 . ;'g;/L lhNnf
cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^&.$.@& df ePsf] a08f
d'r'Nsf cWoog u/L x]bf{ ls=g+= @%$ sf] h=la=
)%) dWo] pQ/ blIf0f lr/f] u/L k"jt{ km{af6 )
@) hUuf / ls=g+= @%^ sf] h=la= )!!&
hUufdWo] ldnfkqaf6 cfPsf] k"j{tkm{sf] ))
!* hUuf jfbL lgj]lbsfn] k|fKt u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
;fy} ls=g+= @%^ sf] hUuf oL lgj]bs jfbL
zs'Gtnfb]jLnfO{ / ls=g+= @%$ sf] afFsL hUuf
k|ltjfbL z+s/ ofbjsf] nflu 38]/L k/ ;fl/Psf]
kfOG5 . cGo hUuf g/d s/d u/L a08f 5'6\ofO{
lbPsf] egL pQm a08f d'r'Nsfdf pNn]v ePsf]
kfOG5 .
681
$= sltko hUuf If]qkmnsf lx;fjn]

ljefhgof]Uo x'Fb}gg\ eg] sltko hUufsf] e"
agf]6 tyf lgsf;sf] l:yltaf6 vl08t ug}{ gldNg]
x'G5 . k|To]s lsQfaf6 ljefhg gx'Fbf g/d s/d
ldNb}g\ eGg] wf/0ff g/d s/dsf] cfwf/e"t dfGotf
xf]Og . lhNnf / k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] oxL wf/0ffn]
a08fkq ab/ ug{ k'u]sf 5g\ . c7f/ w'/ b'O{ lr/f
u/L gf}gf} w'/ ljefhg ubf{ Tof] 38]/Ldf 3/
aGg ;S5 ;Sb}g / ag]df ;d]t s:tf] 3/ aGg]5
tyf tL b'O{ 38]/Lsf] lgsf; af6f]sf] b'a} kIfnfO{
kg]{ c;'ljwfsf ;DaGwdf ;f]Rbf;Dd g;f]rL
Goflos dg k|of]u gu/L oflGqs kdf k|To]s
lsQf lrg}{ k5{ cGoyf g/d s/d ldNb}g eGg]
dfGotf sfg"g;+ut xf]Og . 8f]/ ;DalGwt hUufdf
g} hfg', ufpF ;dfh tyf uf=lj=;= jf g=kf= k|ltlglw
/fvL ;DalGwt kIfsf /f]xa/df a08f d'r'Nsf
ug'{kg]{ ;d]tsf km};nf sfof{Gjogsf sfo{ljlw
tf]lsg'sf k5fl8 ;DalGwt ;DklQnfO{ cjnf]sg
u/L d'2fsf kIfx ;a}nfO{ ;'ljwf xf];\ / ;DklQ
ljefhg Gofof]lrt\ xf];\ eGg] g} g/d s/dsf]
d"n clek|fo xf] . g/d s/d ldnfpFbf s'g} lsQf
;;Ld g} Pp6f kIfnfO{ / csf]{ lsQf csf]{ kIfnfO{
kg'{ / hUufsf] cj:yfcg';f/ Pp6f lsQfdf Ps
kIfnfO{ s]xL If]qkmn a9L kg{' / csf]{ kIfnfO{
klxnf] lsQfaf6 36L k/]sf] v08 csf]{ lsQfaf6
;f]wegf{ x'g ;Sb5 . ;du|df x]bf{ oL lgj]lbsfn]
ls=g+= @%$ sf] hUufaf6 cfkm"n] kfpg'kg]{ efu
eGbf sd} hUuf lnPsf] cj:yf b]lvG5 . o:tf]
cj:yfdf ljkIfLsf] lnlvt hjfkmdf pNn]v
ePcg';f/ g/d s/d gldn]sf] egL eGg ;Sg]
cj:yf b]lvPg .
%= csf]t{ km{ oL lgj]lbsfn] ;'g;/L lhNnf
cbfntsf] ldlt @)^^.$.@* sf] km};nfadf]lhd
a08f 5'6\ofO{ kfpFm egL ldlt @)^&.!.@# df
b/vf:t lbPkl5 oL ljkIfL k|ltjfbLsf] gfpdf
ldlt @)^&.!.@# df Dofb hf/L eO{ pQm Dofb
ldlt @)^&.#.* df lghsf] 3/b}nfdf 6fF; ePsf]
s'/f ldl;naf6 b]lvg cfpF5 . o;/L Dofb tfd]n
eO;s]kl5 jf6fsf Dofbjfx]s kGw| lbgleq lgh

cfdf pkl:yt x'g'kg]{df pkl:yt x'g cfPsf]
b]lvFbg} . o; ;DaGwdf d'ns
' L P]g b08 ;hfosf]
$^-#_ g+= sf] Joj:yfnfO{ x]bf{, Ps hgfb]lv
a9LnfO{ c+za08f 5'6o\ fO{ lbg] u/L km};nf ePsf]df
tL ;a}sf] b/vf:t gk/L sf]xL sf]xLsf] dfq
Dofbleq b/vf:t kg{ cfP b/vf:t lbg] Dofb
u'lh|g;s]sf] hltnfO{ kmnfgfsf] b/vf:t kg{
cfPsf] 5 b/vf:t lbg] Dofb af6fsf Dofb afx]s
kGw| lbgeGbf a9L afFsL eP kGw|lbgleq /
To;eGbf 36L Dofb /x]sfnfO{ afFsL Dofbleq
b/vf:t lbg cfP ltdL ;d]t ;a} /fvL Ps} k6s
5'6\ofO{ a08f u/L e/fO{ lbOg]5 gcfP dnfO{
g/fvL a08f 5'6\ofO{ c;n sd;n kof] 36L
a9L eof] eGg] s'/fsf] ltd|f] ph"/ nfUg] 5}g eGg]
Joxf]/fsf] Dofb k"hL{ 6fF;L a08f g5'lFb} Dofbleq
xfhL/ eO{ b/vf:t lbg cfP b/vf:t lnO{ Dofbleq
b/vf:t lbg]x hlt ;a} Ps} k6s gcfP
gcfpg]sf] efu ;d]t 5'6\ofO{ k/ ;f/L a08f
5'6o\ fO{ lbg'k5{ . Dofbleq b/vf:t lbg cfpg]x
hltnfO{ dfq km};nfadf]lhd a08f 5'6o\ fO{ lbg'k5{ .
Dofbleq xfhL/ gx'gs
] f] dnfO{ g/fvL a08f 5'6o\ fO{
lbof] c;n sd;n eof] eGg] s'/fsf] ph"/ nfUg
;Sb}g egL pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . o; sfg"gn]
a08f x'g] ;"rgf kfO{ ;f] ;dodf cg'kl:yt /xg]
t/ kl5af6 /f}lF r/f vf]6 b]vfO{ ePsf] a08f d'rN' sf
ab/ ul/kfpg dfu u/L km};nf sfof{Gjogdf
Jojwfg v8f ug{ ;lsof];\ eGg] b08 ;hfosf]
^! g+= / c=j+= !& ;d]tsf] dg;fo xf]Og . Dofb
;"rgf a'emL cg'kl:yt x'g' eg]sf] clwsf/ :j]R5fn]
kl/Tofu ug'{ xf] .
^= t/, s'g} kIf cg'kl:yt eof] eGb}df
km};nfk|lts"n g/d s/d gldnfO{ km};nf sfof{Gjog
ul/P To;nfO{ klg cfvfF lrDnL ;b/ ug'k{ b{5 eGg]
xf]Og . k|:t't ljjfbdf g/d s/d gldn]sf] l:ylt
kfOPg . t/, Pp6f s'/f eg] cjZo xf] . km};nf
sfof{Gjog Gofosf] ;jf]k{ l/ ;f]kfg xf] . km};nf
sfof{Gjog geO{ Gofosf] cg'el" t s;}n] ug{ ;Sb}g .
t;y{, uDeL/td\ sfg"gL q'l6 gb]lvP;Dd To;nfO{

ab/ ug{ cbfnt tlD;g' x'bg} .
&= plNnlvt a08f d' 2 fsf] km} ; nf
sfof{Gjogsf nflu jfbLaf6 b/vf:t kl/;s]kl5
ljkIfLdWo]sf z+s/ ofbjn] cfaf6 3/ b}nfdf
Dofb 6fF; ePkl5 klg tf]lsPsf] Dofbleq pkl:yt
x'g cfPsf] kfOPg . o;/L sfg"gadf]lhd Dofb
tfd]n e};s]kl5 tf]lsPsf] ;dodf pkl:yt geO{
a08f d'rN' sf ;d]tsf sfo{ ;DkGg eO{ oL lgj]lbsf
zs' G tnfb] j Lsf gfddf ;DalGwt dfnkf] t
sfof{noaf6 bflvn vf/]h ;d]tsf] sfo{ e};s]kl5sf]
cj:yfdf pQm a08f d'rN' sfnufotsf ;Dk"0f{
sfdsf/jfxL ab/ ug] { u/L ePsf] lhNnf
GofofwLzsf] ldlt @)^&.$.@& sf] cfb]z / ;f]xL
cfb]znfO{ ;b/ ug]{ u/L k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
lj/f6gu/af6 ePsf] cfb]znfO{ plNnlvt sfg"gsf]
kl/k|I] fdf ;dy{g ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf b]lvb}g . a08f
d' r ' N sf tyf gS;f ;d] t cjnf] s g ubf{
tx;Lnbf/sf sfdsf/jfxL lgj]bsn] lhsL/ lnP
h:tf] cGoflos PskIfLo / j]/Ltsf] b]lvFbg} .
*= cbfntaf6 ePsf] km} ; nf
sfof{Gjogdf s'g} kIf k|j]z ul/;s]kl5 cfn]
To;kl5 ckgfpg'kg]{ sfg"gL k|lqmof k"/f u/L
;Dk"0f{ sfo{ ;DkGg e};s]kl5sf] cj:yfdf s'g}
kIfn] To:tf sfdsf/jfxLk|lt g} r'gf}tL lbg] /
To;nfO{ cbfntaf6 uDeL/td sfg"gL q'l6 gb]lvP
klg ab/ ub}{ hfg] xf] eg] To;af6 cbfntk|ltsf]
cf:yf / ljZjf;df cf3ft kg{ hfg] x'G5 . oltdfq
xf]Og km};nf sfof{Gjog gx'Fbf Gofo k|0ffnLdf g}
k|Zg v8f x'g hfG5 . k|To]s sfo{df s'g} g s'g}
vf]6 b]vfpg ;lsG5 . t/ ul/Psf] km};nf
sfof{Gjogsf] Gofof]lrt ljsNk s] x'g ;SbYof]
eGg] gv'nfO{ k|lqmof k'u]g d}n] yfxf kfOg eGg]
h:tf cfwf/df km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] ;DkGg sfo{
ab/ ug{ x'bF g} . k|:t't d'2fdf ljkIfL z+s/ ofbjn]
cfgf] gfdsf] Dofb 3/b}nfdf 6fF; e};s]kl5 ;f]
!% lbgleq cfdf pkl:yt eO{ jfbL ;d]tsf
;fydf /xL a08f 5'6o\ fpFbfsf cj:yfdf 8f]/;dIf
682
**!& gf/fo0fk|;fb g]Djf lj=/3'jL/ g]Djf ;d]t
cfgf s'/f /fVg / g/d s/d s] ubf{ ldNb5

lg0f{o g+=**!&
egL a08f d'r'Nsfsf /f]xj/df a;L cfgf] c+z
efu ;d]t 5'6\ofO{ lng'kg]{df ;f]tkm{ a]jf:tf u/L
cg'kl:yt /x]sf] b]lvG5 . km};nf sfof{Gjogdf
;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ;o'Qm Ohnf;
jfbLsf] dfq geO{ k|ltjfbLsf] klg st{Jo x'G5 .
o;/L Dofb ;"rgf k|fKt ePkl5 pkl:yt klg dfggLo GofofwLz k|f=8f=>L e/taxfb'/ sfsL{
gePsf] / Dofb gkfPsf] eGg] ;d]t s'g} lhsL/
;+jt\ @)^^ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= )^^wo)&!&
glnO{ vfnL a08f d'rN' sf ab/ ul/kfpFm egL d'ns
' L
cfb]z ldltM @)^(.@.!!.%
P]g b08 ;hfosf] ^! g+= df JoQm ljlwstf{sf]]
d'2f M pTk|]if0f .
;bfzotfnfO{ ;d]t jf:tf gu/L cfPsf] lgj]bgsf
cfwf/df tx;Lnbf/sf] cfb]znfO{ OGsf/ u/L km};nf lgj]bsM lhNnf kfFry/ ODj' uf=lj=;=j8f g+= !
sfof{ G jog ePsf] nfdf] ;dokl5 lhNnf
a:g] gf/fo0fk|;fb g]Djf
GofofwLzaf6 a08f d'r'Nsfnufotsf ;Dk"0f{
lj?4
sfdsf/jfxL ab/ u/L u/]sf] cfb]znfO{ g} ;b/ ljkIfLM /3'jL/ g]Djf ;d]t
ug]{ u/L k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/af6 ePsf]
cfb]zpk/f]Qmfg';f/ sfg"g;Ddt\ b]lvPg . km};nf
cbfntaf6 clGtd km};nf e};s]kl5
sfof{Gjog h:tf] ljifonfO{ sfg"gsf] 7f8f] pNn+3g
;DalGwt kIfn] sfg"gn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf]
/ km};nfk|lts"n g} ;f] eP u/]sf] kfOPdf afx]s
xbDofb / sfo{ljlwnfO{ c+uLsf/ u/L
ab/ ug{ pko'Qm x'bF g} .
b/vf:t lbPsf] cj:yfdf To;af6
(= ctM dfly plNnlvt cfwf/ /
km} ; nf sfof{ G jogtkm{ cfjZos
sf/0faf6 ;'g;/L lhNnf cbfnt;dIf ljkIfL
sfdsf/jfxL cufl8 a9fpg' kg] { .
z+s/ ofbjn] pQm cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^&.$.@&
-k|s/0f g+=$_
df u/] s f] a08f d' r ' N sfnufotsf ;Dk" 0 f{
c=j+= *% g+= km};nf sfof{Gjogsf
sfdsf/jfxL ab/ ul/kfpFm egL lbPsf] lgj]bg
b/vf:tsf xsdf cfslif{t x'g ;Sg]
dfu adf]lhd lhNnf GofofwLzaf6 pQm a08f
b]lvFbg} . sf/0f of] sfg"g km};nf x'g]
d'r'Nsfnufotsf ;Dk"0f{ sfdsf/jfxL ab/ ug]{
k| s [ l tsf d' 2 fsf xsdf dfq nfu"
u/L ldlt @)^&.!!.@& df ePsf] cfb]znfO{ g}
x' G 5 . cbfntaf6 lauf] e/Le/fp
;b/ ug]{ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/sf] ldlt
x' g ] 7x/L ePsf clGtd km} ; nfsf]
@)^*.@.@& sf] cfb]z sfg"g;Ddt\ gb]lvPsf]
sfof{Gjogdf cj4tf pTkGg ugsf
x'Fbf pQm cfb]z pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/
nflu{ sfg"gf/f k|i6 zAbdf aGb]h
ul/lbPsf] 5 . k| : t' t cfb] z sf] hfgsf/L
nufOPsf] cj:yf ljBdfg x'g'kg]{ .
ljkIfLxnfO{ lbO{ bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L ldl;n
-k|s/0f g+=%_
lgodfg';f/ clen]v zfvfdf a'emfO{ lbg" .
km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] ljifonfO{ cGo
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
lkm/fb ;/x x]g]{ cj:yf /xFb}g . c=j+=
&@ g+= lkm/fb bfjLnfO{ ;d]6\g] sfg"g
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn h]7 !! ut] /f]h % z'ed\
xf] . c=j+ = *% g+ = d' 2 fsf xsdf
Ohnf; clws[tM O{Zj/Lk|;fb uf}td
nfu" x' G 5 . km} ; nf sfof{ G jog
GofloseGbf klg k| z f;lgs sfo{
&
683
ePsfn] pxL jfbL, pxL k| l tjfbL

pxL k|s[ltsf pxL lbg km};nf ePsf
pxL k| s [ l tsf rf/ cnucnu
km} ; nf sfof{ G jogsf nflu z' df
Pp6} b/vf:t btf{ u/] klg e" n
dx;"; u/L klxnf] km};nfsf xsdf
;f]xL b/vf:t sfod u/L afFsL tLg
km};nfsf xsdf cGo b/vf:t lng'
/ tL kl5sf b/vf:t ;d] t b08
;hfosf] $@ g+ = n] tf] l slbPsf]
cjlwleq} bfo/ x'g' k|rlnt s'g} klg
sfg" g k| l ts" n gx' g ] .
e"n q'l6 ;RofOPsf]df s;}sf] xs uof]
eGg ldNb}g . xssf] l;h{gf jf ;dflKt
s]jn sfg"gaf6 dfq x'G5 . rf/j6f
d'2fsf] lauf] el/e/fpsf nflu Pp6}
b/vf:t
lbO;s] k l5
k' g M
tx;Lnbf/sf] cfb]zaf6 cnucnu
b/vf:t lnO{ lauf] el/e/fpsf]
sf/jfxL cufl8 a9fPs} sf/0faf6
km} ; nf sfof{ G jogsf] ;Dk" 0 f{
sfdsf/jfxL sfg" g ljk/Lt xf] eGg
g;lsg] .
-k|s/0f g+=^_
lgj]bssf tkm{af6M ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf xl/x/
bfxfn
ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf /fh]Gb|sd' f/
>]i7
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
d'n'sL P]g cbfntL jGbf]j:tsf] &@ g+=
c=j+= *% g+=
b08 ;hfosf] $@ g+=
cfb]z
Gof=k| s fz j:tLM g] k fnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ tyf !)&-@_ adf]lhd
o;} cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/leq k/L bfo/ x'g cfPsf]

k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5M
d lgj]bsnfO{ k|ltjfbL agfO{ ljkIfL
/3' j L/ g] D jfn] ldlt @)%*.!@.@! df
b]=g+=@^@,@^!,@^# / @^$ ;d]tsf rf/ yfg n]gb]g
d'2f bfo/ u/]sf]df kFfry/ lhNnf cbfntaf6
jfbL bfjLadf]lhd jfbLn] k|ltjfbLaf6 ;fFjf tyf
Jofh el/kfpg] 7xofO{ ldlt @)^!.!!.!@ df
kfFry/ lhNnf cbfntaf6 km};nf ePsf]df pQm
km};nf lrQ ga'emL] ;f]pk/ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
Onfddf d lgj]bsn] k'g/fj]bg u/]sf]df pQm
cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^#.!@.!* df z'? km};nf
;b/ x'g] u/L km};nf ePsf] lyof] .
pQm km} ; nfadf] l hd ljkIfL /3' + j L/
g]Djfn] b]=bf=g+=!).@^! f:sf] d'2fdf ljuf]
?=#,)),))). b]=bf=g+= @^@ sf] d'2fdf ljuf]
?=%,*),))). b]=bf= g+= @^# sf] d'2fdf ljuf]
?=#,)),))). / b]=bf=g+= @^$ sf] d'2fdf
^,)),))). ;d]t hDdf ?=!&,*,))). / td;'s
ePsf] ldltb]lv km};nf ePsf] ldlt;Dd rf/} yfg
d'2fsf] hDdf ;fFjf JofFh ?=@^,&%,#((.*) e/fO{
kfpg ldlt @)^$.#.^ df b08 ;hfosf] $@ g+=
adf]lhd ljuf] e/fO{ kfpg d]/f] c+lzof/x
;d]tsf] h]yf b]vfO{ ljkIfL /3'jL/ g]Djfn] b/vf:t
lbPsf lyP . jfbLn] k|ltjfbL;Fu b]=g+= @^$,@^#,@^@
/ @^! ;d]tsf d'2fxdf Onfd lhNnf cbfntaf6
@)^#.!@.!* sf] km};nfcg';f/sf] ljuf] e/L e/fO{
ul/kfpFm egL @)^$.#.^ df Pp6} b/vf:t btf{
u/fO{ sf/jfxL rn]sf]df 5'f 5'} d'2fsf] ljuf]
e/L e/fpdf 5'f 5'} b/vf:taf6 sf/jfxL ug'k{ g]{
x'Fbf b]=g+= @^$ sf] n]gb]g d'2fsf] ljuf] ;DaGwdf
k|:t't ldl;naf6 sf/jfxL x'g] / cGo d'2fsf]
ljuf] ;DaGwdf & lbgleq 5'f5'} b/vf:t btf{
ug'{ egL jfbLnfO{ ;'gfO{ sfuh u/fO{ lgodfg';f/
ug'{ egL ldlt @)^$.*.!$ df tx;Lnbf/af6
cfb]z eof] .
;f] j]/Ltsf] cfb]z ab/ ul/kfpFm egL
d}n] lhNnf GofofwLz;dIf lgj]bg u/]sf]df ;f]
684
lgj]bgpk/ ldlt @)^^.#.@( df cfb]z x'bF f, o;

cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^!.!!.!@ df ePsf]
km};nfpk/ k|ltjfbLsf] 5'f5'} k'g/fj]bg k/L
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt Onfdaf6 ;d]t @)^#.!@.!*
df 5'f5'} d'2fxsf] km};nfadf]lhd ljuf]
e/Le/fp kfpgsf nflu 5'f5'} b/vf:t lbO{
5'f5'} sf/jfxL u/L dfUg' kg]d{ f jfbLn] @)^$.#.^
df Pp6} lgj]bgaf6 rf/j6} d'2fsf] ljuf] e/fp
ul/kfpFm egL ljuf] g+= $.%! sf] b/vf:t bfo/
u/L sf/jfxL rln/x]sf] cj:yfdf s'g} kIfsf]
dfu bfjL ljgf tx;Lnbf/sf] ldlt @)^$.*.!$
sf] cfb]zn] b]=g==@^$ sf] n]gb]g d'2fsf] ljuf]sf]
;DaGwdf klxn]s} ldl;naf6 sf/jfxL x'g] / cGo
d'2fsf] ljuf]sf] ;+DaGwdf & lbgleq 5'f5'}
b/vf:t btf{ ug{ jfbLnfO{ df}sf lbg] u/L ePsf]
tx;Lnbf/sf] pQm ldlt @)^$.*.!$ sf] cfb]z
g} sfg"gljk/Lt b]lvPsf]n] pQm cfb]z Pj+ ;f]
cfb]zsf] cfwf/af6 Ps k6s ePsf] ljuf]
d'2fxsf sfdsf/jfxL ;d]t ab/ u/L lbPsf]
5 . jfbLn] btf{ g+=$.%! ldlt @)^$.#.^ df btf{
u/fPsf] ljuf] d'2faf6 ;a}eGbf a9L ljuf] ePsf]
@)%* ;fnsf] b]=g+= !#.@^$ sf] n]gb]g d'2fsf]
ljuf];Dd e/Le/fp u/L lbO{ lgodfg';f/ ug'{
egL cfb]z eof] . ldlt @)^^.#.@( sf] cfb]z
ab/ ul/kfpFm egL k|ToyL{dWo]sf /3'+jL/ g]Djfn]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt Onfd;dIf ldlt @)^^.$.@
df lgj]bg lbPsf]df pQm cbfntaf6 ldlt
@)^^.*.@% df kfFry/ lhNnf cbfntsf] cfb]znfO{
ab/ ul/of] . ;f] cfb]zaf6 Ps k6s sfg"gL q'l6
u/L lgj]bg btf{ eO{ sf/jfxL rln;s]kZrft\
k'gM ;f]xL ljifodf b08 ;hfosf] $@ g+= adf]lhd
b/vf:t lnO{ sf/jfxL ug]{ u/L ePsf] cfb]z
sfg"gL q'l6k"0f{ x'Fbf ;f] ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] k|:t't
l/6 lgj]bg .
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] lgj]bssf] dfu
adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf], of]
-kGw|_ lbgleq lnlvthjfkm k|:t't ug'{ eGg] o;
685
cbfntsf] sf/0f b]vfpm cfb]z . lgj]bsn]

cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]tsf] dfu u/]sf] b]lvP klg
km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] ljifonfO{ c;/ kfg]{ u/L
xfn dfu adf]lhdsf] cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ug{
ldn]g eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^^.!!.#.@ sf]
cfb]z .
ljkIfLn] rf/j6} d'2fsf] z'?df Pp6}
b/vf:t u/]sf] / tx;Lnbf/sf] cfb]zcg';f/ k'gM
5'f5'} d'2fsf] nflu 5'f5'} b/vf:t k/]sf] eP
klg pQm ;a} b/vf:tx sfg"gadf]lhdsf]
Dofbleq} btf{ ePsf 5g\ . b/vf:tadf]lhd
ljkIfLn] dnfO{ ljuf] ltg'{ a'emfpg' kg]{ s'/fdf
;d]t lljwf 5}g . k|:t't ljifo lkm/fb k|ltpQ/sf]
ljifo geP/ Ps} ldltdf ePsf km};nfadf]lhdsf]
n]gb]gsf] ljuf] c;"npk/ ug]{ s'/f ljkIfLsf]
hfohftaf6 g} x'g] x'gfn] rf/j6} d'2fsf] Pp6} jf
5'f5'} b/vf:t ubf{ tflTjs cGt/ kg]{ cj:yf
5}g . ljuf] c;"nLsf] qmddf 5'f5'} b/vf:t ug{
tx;Lnbf/af6 cfb]z ePsf] x'bF f cfb]zadf]lhdsf]
sfo{ ug'{ d]/f] st{Jo ePsf]n] d}n] ;f]cg';f/ u/]sf]
x'F . cf cbfntaf6 ePsf] sfdsf/jfxLaf6 d]/f]
xs lxtdf s'g} klg c;/ kg{ g;Sg] x'bF f k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt Onfdsf] ldlt @)^^.*.@% sf] cfb]z
;b/ ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ljkIfLdWo]sf
/3'+jL/ g]Djfsf tkm{af6 o; cbfntdf k]z x'g
cfPsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
tx;Lnbf/af6 ePsf] ldlt @)^$.*.!$
sf] cfb]zfg';f/ lgj]bsaf6 kg{ cfPsf] ljuf]
g+!).@%,!!.@^ / !@.@^ sf ljuf]sf b/vf:tx
;d]t ;DalGwt n]gb]g d'2f clGtd km};nf ePsf]
ldlt @)^#.!@.!* af6 b08 ;hfosf] $@ g+= sf]
xbDofbleq} kg{ cfPsf] b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf
tx;Lnbf/n] u/]sf] To:tf] cfb]zs} cefjdf ;d]t
jfbLn] pQm b08 ;hfosf] $@ g+= sf] Dofbleq
n]gb]gsf] ljuf]df b/vf:t lbO{ sf/jfxL rnfpg
kfpg] g} x'G5 . ;f] btf{ ePsf ljuf] d'2fxsf]
sf/jfxL ;d]t ab/ ug]{ u/L ToxfFaf6 ePsf]
ldlt @)^^.#.@( sf] cfb]z ldn]sf] gb]lvFbf ab/
ul/lbPsf] 5 . ca pQm !).@%,!!.@^ / !@.@&

sf] ljuf]sf] b/vf:txsf ;DaGwdf ;d]t
sfg"gadf]lhd sf/jfxL cufl8 a9fpg' xf]nf egL
o; cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^^.*.@% df cfb]z ePsf]
x'Fbf sfg"gadf]lhd bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|rlnt
;+ljwfg, sfg"g Pj+ ;jf]R{ r cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt
l;4fGt ;d]tsf] k|lts"n gx'Fbf ljkIfL l/6
lgj]bssf] lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt Onfdsf tkm{af6
o; cbfntdf k]z x'g cfPsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
l/6 lgj]bs /3'jL/ g]Djf:fn] ljkIfL
gf/fo0fk|;fb g]Djfpk/ bfo/ u/]sf] @)%*
;fnsf] b]= bf=g+= @^!,@^@,@^# / @^$ sf] n]gb]g
d' 2 fdf @)^!.!!.!@ df o; cbfntaf6 /
@)^#.!@.!* df k'g/fj]bg cbfnt Onfdaf6
ePsf km};nfcg';f/ ljuf] e/L e/fp ul/kfpFm
egL @)^$.#.^ df Pp6} b/vf:t lbO{ sf/jfxL
rnfPsf] kfOof] . b]=g+=@^$ sf] n]gb]g d'2fsf]
ljuf]sf] xsdf klxnfs} b/vf:taf6 sf/jfxL x'g]
/ cGo tLg b/vf:t tx;Lnbf/sf] @)^$.*.!$
sf] cfb]zfg';f/ @)^$.*.!^ df b]=g+= !^!,@^@,
@^# sf] n]gb]g d'2fsf] ljuf] ;DaGwdf k'gM bf]xf]/f]
b/vf:t btf{ ul/of] . ;f]pk/ ljkIfL gf/fo0fk|;fb
g] D jfn] lbPsf] lgj] b gpk/ 5nkmn x' F b f
tx;Lnbf/sf] @)^$.*.!$ sf] cfb]z / ;f]
cfb]zcg';f/ @)^$.*.!^ df btf{ ePsf ljuf]
d'2fxsf] sfdsf/jfxL ;d]t ab/ x'g] u/L
@)^^.#.@( df o; cbfntaf6 cfb]z ePsf] xf] .
;f]pk/ ljuf] d'2fsf jfbL /3'jL/ g]Djfn]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt Onfddf lgj]bg u/]sf] / pQm
cbfntaf6 @)^^.*.@% df ePsf cfb]zfg';f/
o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^^.#.@( sf] cfb]z ab/
ePsf] b]lvFbf o; cbfntaf6 ePsf] cfb]zn]
lgj]bs gf/fo0fk|;fb g]Djfsf] s'g} klg sfg"gL
xsxdf cf3ft k'u]sf] gx'Fbf o; cbfntsf]
xsdf lghsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] kfFry/ lhNnf cbfntsf tkm{af6
k]z x'g cfPsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
lgodadf]lhd d'2f k]zL ;"rLdf r9L

k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] lgj]bg;lxtsf]
ldl;n ;+ n Ug sfuhftx cWoog u/L
lgj]bstkm{af6 /xg' ePsf ljfg jl/i7 clwaQmf
>L xl/x/ bfxfnn] cbfntaf6 rf/j6f 5'f5'}
d'2fdf km};nf e};s]kl5 km};nf sfof{Gjogsf
nflu cbfnt k|j]z ubf{ klg cnucnu g}
b/vf:t lnO{ cfpg' kg]{df ljkIfLn] rf/j6}
d'2fdf Pp6} b/vf:t lnO{ k|j]z ul/;s]kl5
tx;Lnbf/sf] cfb]zaf6 k'gM cnu cnu b/vf:t
dfu u/L cnucnu ?kdf km};nf sfof{Gjogsf]
sfdsf/jfxL cufl8 a9fOPsf] 5 . Ps k6s
b/vf:t lbO{ ;f] b/vf:t ;d]t btf{ e};s]kl5
k'gM csf]{ b/vf:t lnO{ sf/jfxL ug{ kfpg] eGg]
xfd|f] sfg"gL Joj:yf 5}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf lhNnf
GofofwLzaf6 ePsf] cfb]z sfg"g;Ddt\ x'Fbfx'Fb}
klg ljgf sfg"gL cfwf/ lhNnf GofofwLzsf]
cfb]z ab/ ul/Psf] 5 t;y{ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
Onfdaf6 ldlt @)^*.*.@% df ePsf] cfb]z
pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] ax;
k|:t't ug'{eof] . ljkIfL k'g/fj]bg cbfnt Onfd
;d]tsf tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf
>L /fh]Gb|s'df/ >]i7n] ljuf] e/fp u/L lng] /
lbg] JolQm Ps} ePsf]n] lauf] el/e/fpsf
;Gbe{df Pp6} jf cnu cnu lgj]bg lbP lnPsf]
eGg] cfwf/df km};nf sfof{Gjogdf s'g} tflTjs
c;/ gkg]{ x'Fbf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, Onfdsf]
ldlt @)^^.*.@% sf] cfb]zdf cGoyf ul//xg'
kg]{ cj:yf gePsf]n] ljkIfL l/6 lgj]bssf]
lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm egL ug'{ ePsf] ax;
;d]t ;'lgof] .
pk/f]Qmadf]lhd l/6 lgj]bs tkm{af6 /xg'
ePsf ljfg clwjQmf tyf ljkIfL k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt Onfd ;d]tsf tkm{af6 pkl:yt x'g' ePsf]
ljfg pkGofoflwjQmfn] ug'{ ePsf] ax; ;d]t
;'gL lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ lgj]bssf] dfu
adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x''g' kg]{ xf] jf xf]Og egL
lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvg cfof] .
686
@= o;df k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, Onfdaf6

ldlt @)^^.*.@% d rf/j6f cnucnu d'2fdf
ePsf km};nf sfof{Gjogsf nflu Pp6} b/vf:t
k/]sf]df Pp6f d'2fsf] xsdf dfq ;f] b/vf:t
sfod u/L afFsL tLg b/vf:t btf{ ug]{ df}sf lbg]
cfb]z u}/sfg"gL ePaf6 ;f] ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg]
l/6 lgj]bssf] d'Vo lgj]bg dfu /x]sf] kfOG5 .
rf/j6f km};nfsf] Pp6} b/vf:t lbg s'g} sfg"gn]
afwf gu/]sf] / tx;Lnbf/sf] cfb]z g} gePsf]
cj:yfdf klg sfg"gsf] Dofbleq b/vf:t lbg
kfpg] g} cj:yf x'Fbf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt Onfdsf]
cfb]z sfg"gcg'k g} ePsf]n] lgj]bg vf/]h
ul/kfpFm eGg] ljkIfLxsf] lnlvt hjfkm /x]sf]
kfOG5 .
#= Ps k6s rf/j6f km};nfsf] ljuf]
e/Le/fpsf nflu Pp6f b/vf:; lbO{ ;s]kl5 ;f]
b/vf:tdWo]sf] Pp6f dfu sfod u/L cGo tLg
d'2fsf km};nfsf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu cGo b/vf:t
lbg' / lng' sfg"g;Ddt\ xf] xf]Og eGg] k|Zgdf
lg0f{o lbg' k/]sf] 5 . lgj]bsn] k'g/fj]bg
cbfntsf] tx;Lnbf/sf] cfb]znfO{ ;b/ ug]{ cfb]z
d"ntM c=j+= &@ sf] q'l6 cf}FNofpg' ePsf] 5 .
$= d'n'sL P]g cbfntL jGbf]j:tsf] &@
g+= x]bf{, lkm/fbkq lnFbf b]jfgL / kmf}hbf/L d'2fsf]
5'f 5'} lng' k5{ . ;f]afx]s Pp6} lkm/fb kqdf
Pp6} dflg;n] Pp6} dflg;pk/ hlt;'s} emu8fsf
ljifosf] s'/f n]vL NofPsf] eP klg lnO{ ;f]adf]lhd
;a} s'/fsf] ;f]xL lkm/fb kqaf6 OG;fkm ug'{k5{ .
n]lvPeGbf a9tf s'/f Pp6} lkm/fbkqdf n]vL
NofPsf] /x]5 eg] lkm/fbkq lkmtf{ ug{ eg] x'Fb}g .
a9L hlt n]vL NofPsf] s'/fsf] o; lkm/fbkqaf6
OG;fkm ug{ gkg]{ c cf jf o;} cfaf6 csf]{
lkm/fbkq lbP dfq OG;fkm ug'{kg]{ egL ;f]
lkm/fbkqaf6 hlt s'/fsf] OG;fkm ug'{ gkg]{ xf]
plt s'/f ;f]xL lkm/fbkqsf lz/df n]vL xfsLdn]
b:tvt u/L ;f] OG;fkm ug'{ gkg]{ ePsf] hlt
s'/f lkm/fbkqjfnfnfO{ yfxf x'gf lgldQ ;f]xL
lkm/fbkqsf] ekfO{df n]vL lbg' k5{ egL pNn]v
687
ePsf] kfOG5 . o; sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ x]bf{ Pp6}

lkm/fbkqdf Pp6} dflg;n] Pp6} dflg;pk/
hlt;'s} emu8fsf] ljifosf] s'/f n]vL NofPsf]
eP klg lnO{ ;f]xLadf]lhd ;a} s'/fsf] ;f]xL
lkm/fbkqaf6 OG;fkm ug'k{ g]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvG5
eg] k|:t't ljifo lkm/fbkq geO{ cbfnt cfkm}n]
u/]sf] km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] ;Gbe{;Fu hf]l8Psf]
ljifo xf] . o; ;DaGwdf cbfntaf6 clGtd
km};nf e};s]kl5 ;DalGwt kIfn] sfg"gn] lgwf{/0f
u/]sf] xbDofb / sfo{ljlwnfO{ c+uLsf/ u/L
b/vf:t lbPsf] cj:yfdf To;af6 km} ; nf
sfof{Gjogtkm{ cfjZos sfdsf/jfxL cufl8
a9fpg' kg]{ x'G5 .
%= k|:t't d'2fdf ljkIfL /3'aL/ g]Djfn]
cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nf sfof{Gjog ul/kfpFm
egL klxn] / kl5 u/L rf/j6} b/vf:t cbfntL
aGbf]j:tsf] $@ g+ n] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] cjlwleq}
bfo/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . sfg"gn] lgwf{/0f u/]]sf]
xbDofb / sfo{{ljlwsf] cg'z/0f u/L b/vf:t
ul/;s]kl5 rf/j6} d'2fsf km};nf sfof{Gjog x'g]
l:yltdf 5g\ . km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] b/vf:t
tf]lsPsf] cjlwleq} btf{ ePsf] l:yltdf ltgdf
sf/jfxL ug{ gldNg] g} eGg ;Sg] cj:yf c=j+=
&@ g+= sf] Joj:yf ;d]tn] b]lvFbg} . tx;Lnbf/n]
tLgj6f b/vf:t k'gM btf{ ug{ lbPsf] cfb]z
sfg"gk|lts"n /x]sf] kfOGg . c=j+= *% g+= km};nf
sfof{Gjogsf b/vf:tsf xsdf cfslif{t x'g ;Sg]
b]lvFb}g . sf/0f of] sfg"g km};nf x'g] k|s[ltsf
d'2fsf xsdf dfq nfu" x'G5 . cbfntaf6 lauf]
e/Le/fp x'g] 7x/L ePsf clGtd km};nfsf]
sfof{Gjogdf cj4tf pTkGg ug{ sfg"gf/f
k|i6 zAbdf aGb]h nufOPsf] cj:yf ljBdfg
x'g' kb{5 . lgj]bsn] cf}NofPsf] c=j+= &@ g+= k|:t't
;Gbe{df k|f;+lus b]lvFb}g . To;df klg kl5af6
lnOPsf tLgj6f b/vf:t klg b08 ;hfosf] $@
g+= n] tf]ss
] f] ;dofjlwleq} 5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf
rf/ cnu km};nf sfof{Gjogsf nflu rf/ cnu
b/vf:t bfo/ eO;s]sf 5g\ .
^= o; sf/0f km};nf sfof{Gjogsf]

lg0f{o g+=**!*
ljifonfO{ cGo lkm/fb ;/x x]g{] cj:yf /xFbg} .
c=j+= &@ g+= lkm/fb bfjLnfO{ ;d]6g\ ] sfg"g xf] .
c=j+= *% g+= klg d'2fsf xsdf nfu" x'G5 . km};nf
sfof{Gjog GofloseGbf klg k|zf;lgs sfo{ xf] .
cbfntn] klg rf/ cnu km};nf sfof{Gjogsf
dfggLo GofofwLz >L 1fg]Gb|axfb'/ sfsL{
nflu Pp6} b/vf:t lng gldNg] egL cf/Ded}
l/6 lgj]bg g+= M )^^-WO-)^@^
eGg' kb{Yof] . cbfntsf klg s]xL bfloTj x'G5g\ .
cfb]z ldltM @)^(.@.!$.!
btf{ ug{ gldNg] eP c=j+= @& adf]lhd b/kL7
ljifo M pTk|]if0f .
ul/lbg'kg]{ sfg"gL bfloTj csf/0f /flvPsf] xf]Og . l/6 lgj]bsM jftfj/0f tyf dfgj ;+zfwg ljsf;
/, cfsf] uNtLn] kIfsf] xs ghfg] l;4fGt
;dfh g]kfn, 8f]6L
cghfgdf k|ltkfbg ePsf] xf]Og . pxL jfbL, pxL
lj?4
k|ltjfbL pxL k|sl[ tsf pxL lbg km};nf ePsf pxL ljkIfLM lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, 8f]6L ;d]t
k|sl[ tsf rf/ cnu cnu km};nf sfof{Gjogsf
nflu z'df Pp6} b/vf:t btf{ u/] klg e"n dx;";
ljjfbsf] ;'g'jfO{ ug]{ clwsf/ k|d'v
u/L klxnf] km};nfsf xsdf ;f]xL b/vf:t sfod
lhNnf clwsf/LnfO{ gtf] s ] s f]
u/L afFsL tLg km};nfsf xsdf cGo b/vf:t lng'
cj:yfdf :yfgLo k| z f;g P] g ,
/ tL kl5sf b/vf:t ;d]t b08 ;hfosf] $@ g+=
@)@* sf] bkmf *-^_ adf]lhd k|d'v
n] tf]lslbPsf] cjlwleq} bfo/ x'g' k|rlnt s'g} klg
lhNnf clwsf/Ln] s'g P]g sfg"gsf]
sfg"g k|lts"n x'bF g} . e"n q'l6 ;RofOPsf]df s;}sf]
If] q flwsf/ k| o f] u u/L ljjfbsf]
xs uof] eGg ldNb}g\ . xssf] l;h{gf jf ;dflKt
sf/jfxL / lsgf/f u/] s f] xf] ;f]
s]jn sfg"gaf6 dfq x'G5 . k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf
v'nfpg' kg]{ .
rf/j6f d'2fsf] lauf] e/L e/fpsf nflu Pp6}
ljjfb x]g]{ If]qflwsf/ sfg"gtM :ki6
b/vf:t lbO{ ;s]kl5 k'gM tx;Lnbf/sf] cfb]zaf6
tf]lsPsf] cj:yfdf dfq To:tf] lgsfon]
cnu cnu b/vf:t lnO{ lauf] e/Le/fpsf] sf/jfxL
u| x 0f ug] { xf] / To:tf] ;flwsf/
cufl8 a9fPs} sf/0faf6 km};nf sfof{Gjogsf]
lgsfoaf6 ePsf cflwsfl/s lg0f{on]
;Dk"0f{ sfdsf/jfxL sfg"gljk/Lt xf] eGg ;lsg]
dfq sfg"gL dfGotf kfpg] .
cj:yf b]lv+bg} .
;+:yf btf{ P]g, @)#$ adf]lhd ul7t
&= ctM dfly plNnlvt cfwf/ / sf/0faf6
;+ u l7t ;+ : yfn] cfk\ m gf] ;+ : yfsf]
lgj]bssf] lgj]bg dfu adf]lhd pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]z
sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm ab/ ug]{ lg0f{opk/sf]
hf/L x'g ;Sg] cj:yfsf] ljBdfgtf gb]lv+bf k|:t't
ljjfb x]g]{ jf ph"/L ;'gL lg0f{o ug]{
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . bfo/Lsf] nut sf
ljz] i f If] q flwsf/ k| d ' v lhNnf
u/L k|:t't clen]v zfvfdf a'emfO{ lbg" .
clwsf/LnfO{ /x] ePsf] gb] l vg] .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
-k|s/0f g+=$_
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn h]7 !! ut] /f]h % z'ed lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmfx nId0f
Ohnf; clws[tM O{Zj/Lk|;fb uf}td
yklnof / bfdf]b/ v8\sf
ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf dbg wfdL
&
688
**!* jftfj/0f tyf dfgj ;+zfwg ljsf; ;dfh g]kfn lj=lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no 8f]6L
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
;+:yf btf{ P]g, @)#$ sf] bkmf $, %
!)&-@_
:yfgLo k|zf;g P]g, @)@* sf] bkmf *-^_
>d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf @-v_
cfb]z
Gof=e/t/fh pk|]tLM g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@, !)&-@_ adf]lhd
o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]q cGtu{t
bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt
tYo Pj+ o; cbfntsf] cfb]z o; k|sf/ 5 M
jftfj/0f tyf dfgj ;+zfwg ljsf;
;dfh g]kfn -;f];{g]kfn_ gfdsf] ;+:yf ldlt
@)%@.)&.!( df lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, 8f]6Ldf
btf{ g+= $*.)%@ df btf{ ePsf] ;+:yf xf] . of]
;+:yfn] Rural Access Programme (RAP) ;Fusf]
;Demf}tfdf u|fld0f kx'Fr sfo{qmd ;~rfng
ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
;f] sfo{qmd ;~rfngsf] nflu dfr{
!, @))( b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L ljkIfL k|df]bljqmd
adnfO{ sfo{qmd ;+of]hs lgo'Qm ul/Psf] lyof] .
jftfj/0f tyf dfgj ;+zfwg ljsf; ;dfh
g]kfnsf] sfo{ ;ldltsf] ldlt @)^^.)#.!! ut]sf]
a}7sn] u|fld0f kx'Fr sfo{qmd sf] a}s vftf
sfo{qmd ;+of]hs jf n]vf clws[tdWo] Ps hgf
/ cWoIf Ps hgf u/L b'O{ hgfsf] ;+o'Qm
b:tvtaf6 ;~rfng x'g] lg0f{o ePsf] lyof] .
;f] lg0f{osf] ljk/Lt ;+:yfsf] /sd ljkIfL
k|df]bljqmd adn] a}saf6 lgsfnL cfkm"vz
' vr{
u/] s f] n ] /sd lxgfldgfsf ;fy} ;+ : yfsf]
lxtljk/Lt sfo{ u/]sf] lyof] . jftfj/0f tyf
dfgj ;+zfwg ljsf; ;dfh g]kfnsf] sfo{sf/L
;ldltsf] ldlt @)^^.)%.@$ sf] lg0f{on] lgh
k|df]bljqmd adnfO{ :ki6Ls/0f ;f]Wg] egL u/]sf]
lg0f{oadf]lhd @)^^.)%.@* ut] # ah] lbpF;f]leq
689
:ki6Ls/0f k] z ug{ kmf] g dfkm{ t \ hfgsf/L

u/fPsf]df lgh pkl:yt eO{ s'g} klg hjfkm
lbPg . ;f] kZrft\ ;+:yfsf] k|lti7f / ;DklQnfO{
;+/If0f ug{ ldlt @)^^.)%.@) sf] sfo{ ;ldltsf]
a}7sn] ;+:yf btf{ P]g, @)#$ / jftfj/0f tyf
dfgj ;+zfwg ljsf; ;dfh g]kfn -;f];{ g]kfn_
sf] ljwfg ljlgodfjnL adf]lhd lgh k|df]bljqmd
adnfO{ ldlt @)^^.)%.@* b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L
lgo'lQm ab/ ug]{ lg0f{o ul/Psf] xf] . lghsf] lgo'lQm
ab/ u/]kl5 Rural Access Programme (RAP)
sf] cfu|xdf u|fld0f kx'r
F sfo{qmd sf] sfo{qmd
;+of]hsdf ldlt @)^^.)*.)@ df v8\uaxfb'/
laZjsdf{nfO{ lgo'lQm u/L sfo{/t\ /x]sf 5g\ .
ljkIfL k|df]blaqmd adnfO{ u/]sf]
sf/jfxLpk/ lghn] lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no,
8f]6Lsf] k|dv
' lhNnf clwsf/L;dIf ph"/ u/]sf]n]
ph"/Lsf ;DaGwdf o; ;+:yfn] dfu]sf] hjfkm
k7fPsf] lyof] . o:t}df lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no,
8f]6Lsf] k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Ln] u/]sf] ldlt
@)^^.)*.@( sf] lg0f{osf] k|ltlnlk;lxt lg0f{o
sfof{ G jog ug] { u/fpg] ;DalGwt ldlt
@)^^.)*.#) sf] kq k|fKt eof] .
ljkIfL lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, 8f]6Lsf]
k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Ln] o; ;+:yfsf] lg0f{onfO{
ab/ u/L ljkIfL k|df]blaqmd adnfO{ sfo{qmd
;+of]hssf] kbdf oyfjt\ /xg] u/L u/]sf] lg0f{o
If]qflwsf/ / clVtof/ljxLg /xL u}/sfg"gL /x]sf]
5 . t;y{ lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, 8f]6Lsf] k|dv
'
lhNnf clwsf/Ln] u/]sf] ldlt @)^^.)*.@( sf]
lg0f{o / ;f] adf]lhd n]lvPsf] ldlt @)^^.)*.#)
sf] kq ;d]t pTk]|if0fsf] cfb]zn] ab/ ul/kfpFm .
;fy} pQm lg0f{o sfof{Gjog gug'{ gu/fpg' egL
cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm .
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf], lgj]bssf]
dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g' gkg]{ xf],
of] cfb]z k|fKt ldltn] jf6fsf Dofbafx]s !% kGw|_ lbgleq dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t
;DalGwt ldl;n ;fy} /fvL lnlvt hjfkm k7fpg'
egL l/6 lgj]bgsf] Ps Ps k|lt gSsn ;fy} /fvL

;"rgf k7fO{ lnlvt hjfkm k/]kl5 jf cjlw
gf3]kl5 lgodfg';f/ k]z ug"{ . ;fy} lhNnf k|zf;g
sfof{no, 8f]6Lsf] k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Ln] u/]sf]
ldlt @)^^.)*.@( sf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog gug'{
gu/fpg' egL cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]t hf/L u/L
lbPsf] 5 .
l/6 lgj]bssf] ;+:yf vf]Ng kfpg]
clwsf/df s'g} x:tIf]k ePsf] 5}g . ;+:yfdf Ps
k6s s/f/adf]lhd sd{rf/L lgo'lQm u/]kl5 ljgf
sf/0f g} sd{rf/LnfO{ cjsfz lbg], ljleGg
nf~5gf nufpg] / JolQmut rl/q xTof ug]n
{ ufot
k|ltzf]wk"0f{ Jojxf/ u/L lgo'Qm sd{rf/LnfO{
x6fpg] clwsf/ lgj]bsnfO{ gePsf] x'Fbf lhNnf
k|zf;g sfof{non] u/]sf] lg0f{oadf]lhd x'g] u/L
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm .
lgj]bs jftfj/0f tyf dfgj ;+zfwg
ljsf; ;dfh g]kfn -;f];{g]kfn_ gfdsf] ;+:yf
;+:yf btf{ P]g, @)#$ adf]lhd btf{ ePsf] ;+:yf
xf] . ;f] ;+:yfsf] ljwfg sfg"gsf] clVtof/L k|of]u
u/L gag]sf] x'Fbf ;f] ljwfgsf] ljifonfO{ lnP/
lgj]bg ug]{ xsb}of ;jf]R{ r cbfntaf6 ;f]dk|;fb
k'8f;}gL lj? g]kfn kl/jf/ lgof]hg ;+3 -g]sfk
@)%@, ;fpg, lg=g+=%)&*, k[i7 @&&_ sf] ghL/sf]
cfwf/df oL l/6 lgj]bs ;+:yfnfO{ 5}g .
o; sfof{noaf6 ePsf] lg0f{o :yfgLo
k|zf;g P]g, @)@* n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u
u/L ePsf] xf] . lgj]bs ;+:yfn] k|df]blaqmd
adnfO{ :ki6Ls/0f / ;kmfO k]z ug]{ df}sf g}
glbO{ xr'jfsf] e/df ;+:yfsf] lgodfjnLnfO{
;d]t ldr]/ x6fPsf]n] ;+:yfsf] ;f] lg0f{o ab/
ul/Psf] xf] . t;y{ bfo/ u/]sf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h
ul/kfpFm .
l/6 lgj] b ssf] tkm{ a f6 ljfg
clwjQmfx nId0f yklnof / bfdf]b/ v8\sfn]
ljkIfL k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/LnfO{ ;+:yf btf{
P]g, @)#$ adf]lhd btf{ ePsf ;+:yfsf]
sd{rf/Lsf] ljifodf x]g]{ clwsf/ s'g} klg P]g
sfg"gn] lbPsf] 5}g . lgj]bs jftfj/0f tyf

dfgj ;+zfwg ljsf; ;dfh g]kfn -;f];{
g]kfn_ n] cfk\mgf] sd{rf/Lsf ;DaGwdf u/]sf]
lg0f{o sf/jfxLnfO{ clwsf/ g} gePsf] k|d'v
lhNnf clwsf/Ln] ab/ ug] { u/] s f] lg0f{ o
u}/sfg"gL 5 . pQm u}/sfg"gL lg0f{o ab/ ug]{
cGo pkrf/sf] Joj:yf gePsf]n] l/6 lgj]bg
dfu adf] l hd cfb] z ul/kfpF m egL ax;
ug'{eof] .
ljkIfL lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, 8f]6L
;d]tsf] tkm{af6 ljfg pkGofoflwaQmf dbg
wfdLn] ;+:yf btf{ P]g, #)#$ adf]lhd btf{ ePsf
;+:yfsf] lgl/If0f / lgb]{zg lbg ;Sg] clwsf/
k| d ' v lhNnf clwsf/LnfO{ 5 . ;f] x L
clwsf/adf] l hd lgj] b s ;+ : yfn] ;+ : yfsf]
sd{rf/LnfO{ lgodfjnLn] tf]ss
] f] k|lqmof gk'ofO{
x6fpg] u/L u/]sf] lg0f{o ab/ u/]sf] xf] . k|:t't
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 egL ax; ug'{eof] .
lgodadf]lhd ;fKtflxs tyf b}lgs
k]zL ;"rLdf k|sflzt eO{ lg0f{ofy{ k]z x'g cfPsf]
k| : t' t l/6 lgj] b gdf ldl;n ;+ n Ug l/6
lgj]bgnufot k]z ePsf sfuhft / ljfg sfg"g
Joj;foLxn] ug'{ ePsf] ax; lhsL/ ;d]t ;'gL
lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ o;df d'VotM b]xfosf]
k|Zgxsf] lg/f]k0f x'g'kg]{ b]lvof]M
s=
v=
u=
l/6 lgj]bs ;+:yfnfO{ l/6 lgj]bg ug]{

xsb}of 5 5}g <
l/6 lgj]bs ;+:yfn] lgo'Qm u/]sf] sd{rf/Lsf]
lgo'lQm ab/ ug]{ ;DaGwdf ePsf] lg0f{osf]
k/LIff0f u/L ;f] lg0f{o pN6fpg] clwsf/
k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/LnfO{ 5 5}g < /
lgj]bg dfu adf]lhd cfb]z hfl/ x'g' kg]{
xf] jf xfOg <
@= ;j{ky| d, k|yd k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{

ljkIfL lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, 8f]6Ln] l/6
lgj]bs jftfj/0f tyf dfgj ;+zfwg ljsf;
690
**!* jftfj/0f tyf dfgj ;+zfwg ljsf; ;dfh g]kfn lj=lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no 8f]6L
;dfh g]kfnsf] ljwfg sfg"gsf] clVtof/L k|of]u

u/L gag]sf] x'Fbf ;f] ljwfgsf] ljifonfO{ lnP/
lgj]bg ug]{ xsb}of 5}g eGg] lhsL/ /x]sf]
kfOG5 . l/6 lgj]bs jftfj/0f tyf dfgj
;+zfwg ljsf; ;dfh g]kfn -;f];{g]kfn_ ;+:yf
btf{ P]g, @)#$ sf] bkmf $ adf]lhd btf{ ePsf]df
s'g} ljjfb b]lvb}g . ;+:yf btf{ P]g, @)#$ sf]
bkmf $ adf]lhd btf{ ePsf] ;+:yfnfO{ ;f]lx
P]gsf] bkmf % n] ;+ul7t ;+:yf dflgg] eGg]
sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] / ;f] bkmfsf] pkbkmf # n]
To:tf] ;+:yfn] JolQm ;/x cfk\mgf] gfdaf6 gfln;
ph"/ ug{ ;Sg]5 / ;f]pk/ klg ;f]xL gfdaf6
gfln; ph"/ nfUg]5 eGg] :ki6 sfg"gL Joj:yf
u/]sf] 5 . pQm sfg"gL Aoj:yfn] l/6 lgj]bs
;+ul7t ;+:yf ePsf] / JolQm ;/x gfn]; ph"/
ug{;Sg] g} b]lvFbf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^# sf] wf/f !)&-@_ adf]lhdsf] l/6 lgj]bg
lbg] xsb}of g} 5}g eGg] ljkIfLsf] lhsL/;Fu
;xdt x'g ;lsPg .
#= l/6 lgj]bs ;+:yfsf] ljwfgcg';f/
k|fKt xs clwsf/df xgg\ eof] egL ;f] xs
k|rng u/fpg k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg k/]sf] geO{
l/6 lgj]bs ;+:yfn] lgo'Qm u/]sf] sd{rf/Lsf]
lgo'lQm ab/ ug]{ lg0f{osf] ljifoaf6 pTkGg ljjfb
x] g ] { If] q flwsf/ k| d ' v lhNnf clwsf/LnfO{
gePsf]n] lghsf] If]qflwsf/ljxLg lg0f{o tyf
sfdsf/jfxL ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] k|:t't l/6
lgj]bgsf] dfu bfjL eP /x]sf] b]lvPsf]n] ljkIfL
lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nosf] lnlvt hjfkmdf
plNnlvt ;f]dk|;fb k'8f;}gL lj?4 g]kfn kl/jf/
lgof]hg ;+3 -g]sfk @)%@, ;fpg, lg=g+=%)&*,
k[i7 @&&_ sf] ghL/ k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ljifo;Fu
;fGble{s b]lvPg .
$= bf];|f] k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{, ljkIfL
k| d f] b laqmd adnfO{ jftfj/0f tyf dfgj
;+zfwg ljsf; ;dfh g]kfn -;f];{g]kfn_ n]
u|fld0f kx'Fr sfo{qmd sf] sfo{qmd ;+of]hs
lgo'Qm u/]sf] / ;f] lgo'lQmnfO{ ;+:yfsf] s]Gb|Lo
691
sfo{ ;ldltsf] a}7sn] ab/ u/]sf]df k|df]bljqmd

adn] pQm lgo'lQm ab/sf lg0f{opk/ lhNnf
k| z f;g sfof{ n o, 8f] 6 Lsf k| d ' v lhNnf
clwsf/L;dIf lg0f{o ab/sf nflu lgj]bg lbPsf]
b]lvG5 . ;f]xL lgj]bgsf cfwf/df ;'g'jfO{ u/L
;+:yfsf] lg0f{o k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Ln] ab/
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;+:yfsf] sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm
ab/sf] lg0f{opk/ ;'g'jfO{ ug]{ clwsf/If]q k|d'v
lhNnf clwsf/LnfO{ 5 5}g eGg] k|Zg g} k|:t't
l/6 lgj]bgsf] d'Vo lg?k0f ug'{kg]{ ljifo /x]sf]
5 . o; ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ lgj]bs ;+:yf
btf{ P]g, @)#$ cGtu{t btf{ ePsf]] ;+:yf /x]sf]
/ o:tf] ;+:yfnfO{ >d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf @v_ cg';f/ k|lti7fgsf] kl/efiffn] ;d]6\g] s'/fdf
ljjfb ePg . o:tf] k| l ti7fgn] cfk\ m gf]
sd{rf/LnfO{ ;]jfaf6 x6fpg jf lgo'lQm ab/
ug]{ h:tf ;d]tsf] sfdsf/jfxLpk/ lrQ ga'em\ g]
kIfn] pQm P]gsf] bkmf ^) adf]lhd >d cbfntdf
k'g/fj]bg ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] x'Fbf >d cbfntsf]
sfo{If]q leqsf] ljifodf lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no
jf o;sf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Ln] x:tIf]k ug]{
ljifo b]lvPg . o;af6 klg lghsf] sfdsf/jfxL
tyf lg0f{o If]qflwsf/ljxLg b]lvof] . ;+:yf btf{
P]g, @)#$ / :yfgLo k|zf;g P]g, @)@* n]
k|Toly{ lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no jf k|d'v lhNnf
clwsf/LnfO{ s'g} ;+:yfdf sfo{/t\ sd{rf/Lsf]
lgo'lQm, cjsfz jf lgo'lQm ab/ h:tf] ljjfbdf
k'g/fj]bg jf ph"/ ;'Gg] ljz]if clwsf/ lbPsf]
5 ls egL x]bf{ o:tf] cj:yf klg b]lvPg .
;+:yf btf{ P]g, @)#$ n] :yfgLo clwsf/LnfO{
;+:yf btf{ ug]{, ;+:yfsf] lx;fa hfFr ug]{, ;DklQ
b'?kof]u x'g glbg] nufotsf clwsf/x tf]ss
] f]
b]lvG5 . ;+:yf btf{ P]g, @)#$ adf]lhd :yflkt
;+ul7t ;+:yfn] lgo'Qm u/]sf] sd{rf/LnfO{ ;f]
;+:yfn] cjsfz lbg] ;DaGwdf u/]sf] lg0f{o
tyf sfdsf/jfxLaf6 pTkGg ljjfb x] g ] {
clwsf/If]q :yfgLo clwsf/L cyf{t k|dv
' lhNnf
clwsf/LnfO{ /x] ePsf] ljkIfLxn] k|i6 v'nfpg
/ b]vfpg ;d]t ;s]sf] b]lvb}g . ljkIfLsf] lnlvt

lg0f{o g+= **!(
hjfkmdf k|dv
' lhNnf clwsf/Lsf] lg0f{o :yfgLo
k|zf;g P]g, @)@* n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u
u/L ePsf] xf] eGg];Dd pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5
t/ ;f] P]gn] ;d]t To:tf] ljjfbsf] ;'g'jfO{ ug]{
clwsf/ k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/LnfO{ tf]s]sf]
dfggLo GofofwLz >L j}Bgfy pkfWofo
b]lvb}g . :yfgLo k|zf;g P]g, @)@* sf] bkmf
dfggLo GofofwLz >L 1fg]Gb|axfb'/ sfsL{
*-^_ adf]lhd k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Ln] s'g P]g
;+jt\ @)^& ;fnsf] -CI- )@((
sfg"gsf] If]qflwsf/ k|of]u u/L ljafbsf] sf/jfxL
cfb]z ldltM @)^*.^.%.%
/ lsgf/f u/]sf] xf] ;f] ;d]t v'nfpg'kg]{ sfg"gL
d'2f M k/dfb]z .
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . t/ k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Ln]
ldlt @)^^.)*.@( df u/]sf] lg0f{odf ;d]t s'g k'g/fj]bsM lhNnf t]xy| d
' , ;'bfk uf=lj=;= j8f g+=
P]g sfg"gsf] If]qflwsf/ k|of]u u/L ljafbsf]
& a:g] eLdaxfb'/ dfb]g
sf/jfxL / lsgf/f u/]sf] xf] ;f] ;d]t v'nfPsf]
lj?4
b]lvb}g . ljjfb x]g]{ If]qflwsf/ sfg"gtM :ki6 ljkIfL k|ToyL{M dfnkf]t sfof{no, t]x|y'd / ;f]
tf]lsPsf] cj:yfdf dfq To:tf] lgsfon] u|x0f
sfof{nosf k|d'v
ug]{ xf] / To:tf] ;flwsf/ lgsfoaf6 ePsf
cflwsfl/s lg0f{on] dfq sfg"gL dfGotf kfpg] k'g/fj]bg k}m;nf ug]{M
xf] . ctM ;+:yf btf{ P]g, @)#$ adf]lhd ul7t
df=d'=Gof=>L xl/k|;fb l3ld/]
;+ul7t ;+:yfn] cfk\mgf] ;+:yfsf] sd{rf/Lsf]
df=Gof=>L Clif/fh ld>
lgo'lQm ab/ ug]{ lg0f{opk/sf] ljjfb x]g]{ jf
ph"/L ;'gL lg0f{o ug]{ ljz]if If]qflwsf/ k|d'v
clws[t jf/];gfdf sfod /xg] cjlw
lhNnf clwsf/LnfO{ /x] ePsf] b]lvg cfPg .
ls6fg gu/L lbPsf] cj:yfdf lbg]n] ab/
%= t;y{, dfly ljj]rgf ul/Psf cfwf/
gu/fP jf d'2f k/L ab/ geP;Dd
sf/0faf6 l/6 lgj]bg dfu adf]lhd lhNnf
To:tf] clws[ t jf/] ; gfdf :jtM
k|zf;g sfof{no, 8f]6Lsf k|dv
' lhNnf clwsf/Ln]
lgliqmo x'g g;Sg] .
ldlt @)^^.)*.@( df u/]sf] lg0f{o If]qflwsf/
jf/];gfdf ul/lbg] JolQm g} k/nf]s
ljxLg b]lvPsf]n] pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zaf6 ab/
ePsf] cj:yfdf To:tf] k/nf] s
ul/lbPsf] 5 . cfb] z sf] hfgsf/L
eO;s]sf] JolQmsf] jf/];gfdf hLljt
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t\ ljkIfLxnfO{
5 eGg gldNg] .
lbO{ k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] bfo/Lsf] nut sf
clws[ t jf/] ; gfdf ljz] i f k| s [ l tsf]
u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{ lbg" .
x'g] x'Fbf clws[t jf/]; lbg] JolQm
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
hLljt /x] s f] / paf6 jf/] ; gfdf
ab/ gePdf To:tf] clws[ t
Gof=1fg]Gb|axfb'/ sfsL{
jf/] ; gfdf tf] l sPsf] sfo{ ; Dkfbg
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn h]7 !$ ut] /f]h ! z'ed\ .
geP;Dd To;sf] cl:tTj sfod}
Ohnf; clws[t M lrqaxfb'/ u'?
/x]sf] dfGg' kg]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=@_
&
692
**!( eLdaxxfb'/ dfb]g lj=dfnkf]t sfof{no t]x|y'd ;d]t
s]jn clws[t jf/];gfdf k'/fgf] eof]

eGg] cfwf/df ljnDa eof] eGg
gldNg] .
b/kL7af6 dfsf{ kof] egL b/kL7
cfb]z lj?4 b/kL7 ePsf] ef]lnkN6
g} lgj]bg lnO{ cbfnt k|j]z u/]sf]
cj:yfdf ljnDasf] l;4fGt cfs[i6
gx' g ] .
s;}nfO{ s;}sf] sfdaf6 dfsf{ kof]
jf xs clwsf/df cf3ft eof] eg]
To:tf] dfsf{ k/]sf] ;doaf6 ;xh
cg'dfg ug{ ;lsg] cjlw jf slQsf]
ljnDa x'g ;S5 eGg] cjlw eGbf
klg cToflws ljnDa u/] s f]
cj:yfdf cfgf] clwsf/k|lt ;hu
gx' g ] ;' t ] / a:g] lj?4 of] l;4fGt
cfs[i6 x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=#_
k'g/fj]bs tkm{af6M
ljkIfL k|ToyL{ tkm{af6M
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
c=j++ &!-u_ g+=
cfb]z
Gof=j}Bgfy pkfWofoM Gofo k|zf;g
P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf (-!_ adf]lhd bfo/ x'g
cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ 7x/ o;
k|sf/ 5M
d lgj]bsnfO{ cfzaxfb'/ lnDa"n] lghsf]
gfd btf{ /x]sf] lhNnf t]x|y'd, ;'bfk uf=lj=;=
j8f g+= ( ls=g+= $&! If]qkmn !$() P]= sf]
ls=g+= $*) If]qkmn %&!, P]= sf] ls=g+= $*!
sf] If] q kmn %!@) hUuf a] r lavg xs
x:tfGt/0f ug{sf nflu ldlt @)$#.@.!( ut]
clws[t jf/];gfdf k|dfl0ft u/fO{ lnO{ ;f]
hUufxsf] rng rNtLn] ?k}ofF lbO{ pQm
693
hUufx ef] u rng u/L cfPsf] 5' . pQm

hUufx /fhLgfdf ul/lbg' kof] egL ldlt
@)^^.(.!( ut] dfnkf]t sfof{no t]x|y'ddf uO{
/fhLgfdf lnvt tof/ u/L ;s]kl5 pQm clws[t
jf/];gfdfaf6 hUuf kf; ug{ OGsf/ u/L ldlt
@)^^.(.@) ut] b/kL7 u/]sf]n] of] l/6 lgj]bg
lnO{ cfPsf] 5' . clws[t jf/];gfdf ldlt
@)$#.@.!( df hf/L ePsf], ;f] ;dodf clws[t
jf/]; lbg]sf] pd]/ $) aif{ pNn]v ePsf], lhNnf
cbfnt j8fkq, @)^^ df clws[t jf/];gfdfdf
kmf]6f] k|dfl0ft x'g'kg]{, lng] lbg]sf] # k':t] x'g'kg]{
clws[t jf/];gfdf w]/} ljnDa u/L @# aif{ kl5
cfPsf] c=jf= lbg] JolQm hLljt /x] g/x]sf]
yfxf x'g g;s]sf] / xfn;Dd c=jf= ;b/ ab/
s] 5 hfgsf/L g/x]sf] egL lnvt b/kL7 u/]sf]
x'Fbf lnvt kf; ug{ OGsf/ u/L u/]sf] b/kL7
cfb]z ab/ u/L cf;axfb'/ lnDa"sf] c=jf= d
l/6 lgj]bs hUuf lbg] / hUuf lng] ltndfof
lnDa" eO{ tof/ u/]sf] /fhLgfdfsf] lnvtaf6
hUuf kf; u/Llbg' egL ljkIfLsf gfddf
k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bg dfu bfjL .
hf/L x'g gkg]{ s'g} sf/0f eP af6fsf Dofb afx]s
!% lbgleq k'g/fj]bg ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{no,
wgs'6fdfk{mt\ lnlvt hjfkm k|:t't ug'{ egL
ljkIfLxsf] gfpF d f k' g /fj] b g cbfnt
wgs'6faf6 ldlt @)^^.(.@@.$ df hf/L ePsf]
sf/0f b]vfp cfb]z .
@# aif{;Dd lgliqmo eO{ clt g} ljnDa
u/L o; sfof{nodf /fhLgfdfsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu
cfwf/ lnPsf] k|:t't clws[t jf/];gfdf kqklqsf
;d]taf6 ab/ x'g ;Sg], ;f]sf] hfgsf/L o;
sfof{nonfO{ gePsf] x'Fbf kIfsf] xs lxt x'g
g;Sg] clws[t jf/];gfdfsf] cfwf/ lnO{ bfo/
ePsf] k|:t't l/6 vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
Joxf] / fsf] dfnkf] t sfof{ n o t] x | y ' d / P] =
sfof{nosf sfof{no k|d'vsf] ;+o'Qm lnlvt

hjfkm .
lgj]bsn] lgj]bgdf pNn]v ePsf ls=g+=
$&!, $*) / $*! sf hUuf a]rljvg xs
x:tfGt/0f u/L lbg kfpg] u/L ldlt @)$#.@.!(
df t]x|y'd lhNnf cbfntaf6 clws[t jf/];gfdf
k|dfl0ft u/]sf] s'/fdf ljjfb b]lvb}g . ;f] clws[t
jf/];gfdfsf cfwf/df lgj]bs hUuf kf; ug{
ljkIfL dfnkf]t sfof{nodf cfPsf] b]lvG5 . nfdf]
;dosf] ljnDa u/L lgj]bs lsg hUuf kf; ug{
cfPsf] xf] To;sf] plrt / kof{Kt sf/0f lgj]bsn]
lgj]bgdf pNn]v ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvb}g . b/kL7
h:tf] lg0f{o cfb]z pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zaf6 dfq
ab/ x'g]df o; cbfntnfO{ pTk|]if0f hf/L ug]{
If]qflwsf/ ;d]tsf] cefj ePsf] x'Fbf / lgj]bsn]
k]z u/]sf] clws[t jf/];gfdfsf] lnvtdf cjlw
ls6fg geP klg plrt ;dodf k|of]u x'g g;s]sf]
tyf ljkIfL dfnkf]t sfof{no, t]x|y'dn] ldlt
@)^^.(.@) df u/]sf] b/kL7 cfb]z ;d]t ab/
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]tsf] lgj]bg dfu bfjL ePsf]df
k/dfb]zsf] cfb]zaf6 pQm b/kL7 cfb]z ab/
ug{ gldNg] x'Fbf / ;f] lg0f{o cfb]z ab/ gePsf]
cj:yfdf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L ubf{ lgik|of]hg
x'g] x'bF f o:tf] l:yltdf lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf]
cfb]z hf/L ug{ ldn]g . k|:t't lgj]bg vf/]h x'g]
7x5{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, wgs'6faf6 ldtL
@)^^.!@.!* df ePsf] 7x/ cfb]z .
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, wgs'6faf6 dnfO{ x/fO{
k}m;nf x'Fbf lhNnf t]x|y'd, ;'bfk uf=lj=;= j8f
g+= ( ls=g+= $&!, $*), $*! sf hUuf a]r
ljvg xs x:tfGt/0f ul/lbg kfpg] u/L ldlt
@)$#.@.!( df t]xy| d
' lhNnf cbfntaf6 clws[t
jf/];gfdf k|dfl0ft u/]sf] s'/fdf ljjfb b]lvb}g
eGg] s'/f k}m;nfdf pNn]v ePs} 5 ;f] clws[t
jf/];gfdf d'n'sL P]g, c=j+= &!-u_ g+= adf]lhd
ab/ geP;Dd clws[t jf/];gfdf olt ;do;Dd
dfq a}w olt ;do kl5 ca}w x'g] egL sfg"gdf
xbDofb ls6fg ePsf] 5}g . sfg"gdf xbDofb
gn]lvPsf] cj:yfdf hlxn] klg c=jf af6 hUuf

kf; x'g] s'/fnfO{ OGsf/ ug{ gldNg] cj:yf
ljBdfg x'Fbfx'Fb} k'g/fj]bg cbfnt wgs'6faf6
ePsf] k}m;nfdf jf/];gfdfsf] lnvtdf cjlw
ls6fg geP klg plrt ;dodf k|of]u x'g g;s]sf]
egL slt lbg jf aif{nfO{ plrt ;do eGg
vf]lhPsf] xf] < ;f] s'/f k}m;nfdf :ki6 pNn]v
gu/L xr'jfsf] e/df dfnkf]t sfof{no t]x|y'dn]
ldlt @)^^.(.@) df u/]sf] b/kL7sf] cfb]z ab/
gu/L ;b/ ug]{ u/L ePsf] k}m;nf q'l6k"0f{ 5 .
cfzaxfb'/ lnDa"n] lghsf gfdsf] hUuf d}n] laqmL
ug{ kfpg] u/L clws[t jf/];gfdf u/L lbPsf] /
clws[t jf/]zgfdfaf6 hlxn] klg hUuf kf; x'G5
eg]sf]n] ;f]xL ljZjf;df k/L cfg} gfddf 5b} 5
egL daf6 lgh cfzaxfb'/ lnDa"n] tTsfnLg
rng rNtLsf] ?k}ofF ;d]t nlu;s]sf] x'Fbf clxn]
Jojxf/ ldnfpgsf] nflu dfnkf]t sfof{nodf u}
>LdtLsf gfddf hUuf kf; ug{ ldlt @)^^.(.!(
ut] hfFbf dfnkf]t sfof{no, t]x|y'daf6 ldlt
@)^^.(.@) ut] b/kL7 u/]sf]n] d ldlt @)^^.(.@!
ut] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt wgs'6fdf l/6 lgj]bg lnO{
ef]lnkN6} cfPsf] s'/f ldl;n ;+nUg tYo k|df0faf6
k'li6 x'Fbfx'Fb} sfg"gsf] unt JofVof ub}{ ljnDa
u/L cfPsf] egL k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, wgs'6faf6
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ug]{ egL u/]sf] k}m;nf uDeL/
q'l6k"0f{ ePsf]n] ;f] k}m;nf pN6L u/L pQm clws[t
jf/];gfdfaf6} hUuf kf; u/L lbg' egL ljkIfLsf
gfddf k/dfb]znufot hf] rflxg] cf1f cfb]z
hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] lgj]bs kIfsf] o; cbfnt;dIf
bfo/ ePsf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
lgodadf]lhd cfhsf] b}lgs d'2f k]zL
;"rLdf r9L k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf]
k'g/fj]bg kq;lxtsf] ldl;n sfuhft cWoog
u/L x]bf{ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt wgs'6fsf] k}m;nf
ldn]sf] 5, 5}g < ljkIfL lemsfpg] cfb]z x'g'k5{
kb}{g egL ljrf/ ug'{kg]{ b]lvg cfof] .
clws[t jf/];gfdfsf] sfg"gdf xbDofb
ls6fg ePsf] 5}g sfg"gdf xbDofb gn]lvPsf]
694
**!( eLdaxxfb'/ dfb]g lj=dfnkf]t sfof{no t]x|y'd ;d]t
cj:yfdf hlxn] klg clws[t jf/];af6 hUuf

kf; x'g] s'/fnfO{ OGsf/ ug{ gldNg] cj:yf
ljBdfg x'Fbfx'b}, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt wgs'6faf6
ePsf] k}m;nfdf clws[t jf/];gfdfsf] lnvtdf
cjlw ls6fg gePsf]n] plrt ;dodf k|of]u x'g
g;s]sf] egL slt lbg jf aif{nfO{ plrt ;do
eGg vf]lhPsf] xf] < k}m;nfdf :ki6 pNn]v gu/L
dfnkf]t sfof{no t]x|y'dn] ldlt @)^^.(.@) df
u/]sf] b/kL7sf] cfb]z ab/ gu/L l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h ug]{ u/]sf] k}m;nf q'l6k"0f{ x'Fbf pN6L u/L
pQm clws[t jf/];gfdfjf6} hUuf kf; u/Llbg'
eGg] ljkIfLsf gfddf k/dfb]z nufosf] cfb]z
hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] g} lgj]bssf] d'Vo k'g/fj]bg
lhsL/ /x]sf] b]lvof] .
o;df pQm k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ ;d]tnfO{
dWogh/ ubf{ lgDg rf/ ljifodf ljrf/ ug'{kg]{
b]lvg cfof]M
clws[t jf/];gfdf slxn];Dd sfod
/xg] xf] <
2. ljnDasf] l;4fGt cfs[ i 6 x' g ] xf] ,
xf]Og <
3. k/dfb]zaf6 b/kL7 cfb]z ab/ x'g] xf],
xf]Og <
4. l/6 lgj]bg hf/L x'g] xf], xf]Og <
1.
@= ;j{k|ydt Ps gDa/sf] k|Zgpk/

ljrf/ ubf{ oL lgj]bs ldlt @)$#.@.!( df t]xy| d'
lhNnf cbfntaf6 kfl/t ul/Psf] clws[ t
jf/];gfdfnfO{ cfwf/ jgfO{ ldlt @)^^.(.@( df
lgj]bs hUuf kf; ug{ cfPsf] b]lvG5 . clws[t
jf/];gfdf sfod /xg] cjlw ls6fg gu/L lbPsf]
cj:yfdf lbg]n] ab/ gu/fP jf d'2f k/L ab/
geP;Dd To:tf] clws[t jf/];gfdf :jtM lgliqmo
x'Fb}g . clws[t jf/];gfdf ab/ jf lgliqmo x'g
To:tf] clws[t jf/];gfdfsf] clVtof/L lbg] JolQm
:jo+n] g} s'g} b'O{ ;fj{hlgs klqsfdf ;"rgf
k|sflzt u/L ab/ jf vf/]h u/]sf] x'gk' g]{ Joj:yf
695
d'ns
' L P]g, c=j+= &! u g+= df /x]sf] kfOG5 . pQm
k|fjwfgsf] cltl/Qm jf/];gfdf ul/lbg] JolQm g}
k/nf]s ePsf] cj:yfdf klg sf/0fL g} k/nf]s
eO;s]kl5 p;sf] k|ltlglw:j?k jf/]; /xg ;Sg]
gx'bF f To:tf] cj:yfdf klg To:tf] k/nf]s eO;s]sf]
JolQmsf] jf/];gfdf hLljt 5 eGg ldNg] x'b}g .
clws[t jf/];gfdf ljz]if k|st[ Lsf] x'g] x'bF f clws[t
jf/]; lbg] JolQm hLljt /x]sf] / paf6 jf/];gfdf
ab/ gePdf To:tf] clws[t jf/];gfdf tf]lsPsf]
sfo{;Dkfbg geP;Dd To;sf] cl:tTj sfod}
/x]sf] dfGg' kg]{ ePtfklg hUuf;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{
sfo{ ug{ clVtof/ lbOPsf] To:tf] clws[t
jf/];gfdf lnO{ cToGt l9nf] u/L tf]lsPsf] sfo{
ug{ cfPsf] eGg] cfwf/df, lgj]bg ;fy k|:t't
/fhLgfdf lnvtnfO{ ;f] kfl/t ug]{ u/fpg]
lgsfoaf6 g} b/kL7 lg0f{o eO;s]sf] cj:yf x'bF f
;f] b/kL7 lg0f{o ab/ x'g g;s];Ddsf] cj:yfdf
;f] ljjflbt clws[t jf/];gfdfsf] x}l;ot z"Go
k|fo x'g hfg] x'Fbf ;f]af6 lgwf{l/t sfo{ x'g ;Sg]
cj:yf /xb}g .
#= cj bf];f| ] k|Zgtk{m ljrf/ ubf{, dfnkf]t
sfof{no t]xy| d' n] ljnDa u/L cfPsf] eGg] cfwf/df
b/kL7 u/]sf] b]lvG5 . clws[t jf/];gfdfaf6
lnvt kf; ug{ hfg sfg"gn] cjlw ls6fg gu/]sf]
cj:yfdf / To; ljifodf s'g} ljjfb ePsf]
cj:yfdf jfx]s To;nfO{ ljjflbt xf] ls egL
ljnDasf] l;4fGt ckgfpg] s'/f x'bF g} . @)^^.(.@)
df b/kL7 cfb]z ePsf] / ;f] b/kL7 cfb]z lj?4
lgj]bssf] l/6 lgj]bg ldlt @)^^.(.@! df
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt wgs'6fdf k/]sf] b]lvG5 .
ljnDasf] l;4fGt lgj]bsnfO{ cGofo k/]sf] s'/fsf]
lj/f]wdf slxn] ph"/ u5{ / cf}lrTok"0f{ ;dofjlw
leq k/]sf] 5, 5}g eGg] s'/f xf] . ldlt @)^^.(.@)
k'j{ lgj]bssf] k|lts"n s'g} sfd sf/jfxL g} gePsf]
cj:yfdf s]an clws[t jf/];gfdf k'/fgf] eof]
egL ljnDa eof] eGg ldNg] cj:yf x'Fb}g .
b/kL7af6 lgj]bsnfO{ dfsf{ kof] egL b/kL7
cfb]z lj?4 b/kL7 ePsf] ef]lnkN6 g} lgj]bsn]
l/6 lgj]bg lnO{ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt k|j]z u/]sf]

b]lvbf oxfF ljnDasf] l;4fGt cfs[i6 x'g] cj:yf
b]lvb}g . dfnkf]t sfof{nonfO{ clws[t jf/];gfdf
ljifodf s'g} z+sf nfu]sf] 5 eg] To;df jf/];gfdf
lbg] JolQm / ;f] geP xsjfnfnufot a'emL
jf/];gfdf lbg]n] ab/ u/fPsf] 5, 5}g lbg] JolQm
hLljt 5 jf k/nf]s eO;s]sf] 5 < ;f]wL h] hf]
a'g' kg]{ xf] a'emL cfkm"n] b]v]sf] s'/fsf] cfwf/df
oyf]lrt lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg] g} x'G5 . s;}nfO{ s;}sf]
sfdaf6 dfsf{ kof] jf xs clwsf/df cf3ft
eof] eg] To:tf] dfsf{ k/]sf] ;doaf6 ;xh
cg'dfg ug{ ;lsg] cjlw jf slQsf] ljnDa x'g
;S5 eGg] cjlw eGbf klg cToflws ljnDa
u/]sf] cj:yfdf cfgf] clwsf/ k|lt ;hu gx'g]
;'t]/ a:g] lj?4 of] l;4fGt cfs[i6 x'g] xf] .
h;n] ubf{ k|:t't ljjflbt clws[t jf/];gfdf
lnvtdf ;dofjlw ls6fg ePsf] gx'Fbf To;nfO{
ljnDasf] l;4fGt;Fu hf]8]/ x]l/g' kg]{ cj:yf
b] l vb} g . tyflk b/kL7 cfb] z ;b/ ab/
k/dfb]zsf] cfb]zaf6 ug{ gldNg] x'Fbf TolQs}
cfwf/af6 k/dfb]z hf/L x'g] cj:yf /xb}g .
$= cj t];|f] k|Zgtk{m ljrf/ ubf{ ;f]
ljjflbt clws[t jf/];gfdf lnvtsf] cfwf/df
k]z u/]sf] /fhLgfdf lnvt pk/ ldlt @)^^.(.@)
df b/kL7 cfb]z ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;f] b/kL7 cfb]z
ab/ geP ;Dd ;f] cfb]zaf6 /f]lsPsf] s'g}
sfdsf/jfxL x'g ;Sg] cj:yf x'Fb}g . k|:t't
ljjfbdf lgj]bsn] b/kL7 cfb]z ;d]t ab/ u/L

ljkIfLsf gfpdf k/dfb]z ;d]tsf] cfb]z hf/L
ul/kfpFm eGg] bfjL lnPsf] b]lvG5 . dfnkf]t
sfof{ n on] clws[ t jf/] ; gfdf adf] l hdsf]
sfdsf/jfxLdf b/kL7s} /f]xdf lg0f{o ul/lbO
;s] s f] cj:yfdf To:tf] lg0f{ o nfO{
sfg"gadf]lhdsf] k|lqmofaf6 ab/ geO{, ;f] lg0f{o
oyfl:lytdf /x];Dd dfu adf]lhd of] o:tf] sfo{
ug'{ u/fpg' egL k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z dfq hf/L
x'g;Sg] cj:yf /xFb}g .
%= t;y{ dfnkf]t sfof{no, t]xy| d' n] ldlt
@)^^.(.@) sf] b/kL7 cfb] z k/dfb] z sf]
lgj]bgaf6 ab/ x'g g;Sg] / b/kL7 cfb]z ab/
gePsf] cj:yfdf ;f]sf] k|lts"n c;/ kg]{ u/L
lnvt kf; u/L lbg' egL k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z dfq
hf/L ug{ gldNg] l:ylt /x]sf]df z'? lgj]bg vf/]h
x'g] 7xofPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt wgs'6fsf] ldlt
@)^^.!@.!* sf] cfb]z d'gfl;j x'Fbf ;b/ x'g]
7x5{ . lgj]bssf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sb}g .
bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L
a'emfO{ lbg" .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
Gof=1fg]Gb|axfb'/ sfsL{
Olt ;+jt\ @)^* ;fn c;f]h % ut] /f]h % z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[tM j;Gth yfkf
&
696

69 Saun

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69 Saun

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Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

lg0f{o g+=*&((

;jf]R{ r cbfnt, k"0f{ Ohnf;

sfof{non] ;DalGwt ljifodf cfkm}F clGtd

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ;fpg

lg0f{ofg';f/ cg'/f]w u/L k7fPsf]df e"ld;'wf/

*&(( dfnkf]t sfof{no rfjlxn lj=u'7L ;+:yfg, s]=sf= ;d]t

;fj{hlgs ;/sf/L hUuf egL dfnkf]t P]g, @)#$

l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] e"ld;'wf/ tyf

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ;fpg

l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/L o; sfof{nosf] ldlt

u/L pTk]|if0fsf] cfb]zf/f dfnkf]t sfof{nosf]

*&(( dfnkf]t sfof{no rfjlxn lj=u'7L ;+:yfg, s]=sf= ;d]t

7f]sk|;fb lzjfsf]6Ln] k|:t't ljjfb 5"6 hUuf btf{sf]

@= lg0f{ofy{ k|:t't klxnf] k|Zgsf] ;DaGwdf

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ;fpg

#= dfnkf]t sfof{nosf] pQm ldlt @)^).#.^

To:tf] JolQm ljz]ifsf gfdsf] btf{ nut sf u/L

*&(( dfnkf]t sfof{no rfjlxn lj=u'7L ;+:yfg, s]=sf= ;d]t

&= cfkm\gf] tfn's ljefu jf cGo s'g}

lgsfo jf kbflwsf/Laf6 ePsf] lg0f{on] j}wtf k|fKt

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ;fpg

b]lvG5 . o:tf] /fo dfu ePsf] ljifonfO{ JolQmsf]

ePsf] cfb]z kl/jt{g ug'{kg]{ xf], xf]Og eGg]

**)) bLksk|;fb Gof}kfg] lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

dfnkf]t sfof{nosf] gfddf k/dfb]z hf/L ug]{

lbPsf] clwsf/ k| o f] u u/L g] k fn

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ;fpg

sd{rf/Lsf] b/jGbL s6f}tL ul/Psf] ;f] b/jGbL

**)) bLksk|;fb Gof}kfg] lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

o;df lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z

)^%.!).( k|:tfjdf ldlt )^%.!@.$ df b'ud

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ;fpg

u7g cfb]z / lgodfjnLsf] x}l;ot ;dfg x'g]

;/sf/n] lgodfjnL agfpg] clwsf/ pQm

cfPsf] k|:tfjnfO{ dlGqkl/ifb\\ ljwfog ;ldltdf

**)! /flugL pkfWofo u]|nf ;d]t lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

c:jfefljs eGg ldNb}g . o;/L pQm lgodfjnLsf]

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ;fpg

sfo{ s ' z ntfdfly k| Z g p7fO/xg'

g]kfn nlntsnf k|1f k|lti7fg P]g, @)^$

**)! /flugL pkfWofo u]|nf ;d]t lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

ljlzi6 of]ubfg k'ofPsf dlxnfx ;d]tsf]

x'g] u/L lgo'lQmsf] nflu l;kmfl/z / dgf]gog

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ;fpg

pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ u/L nlntsnf k|1f

Joj:yf u/]sf] x'bF f bkmf & -@_ -3_ adf]lhd

**)! /flugL pkfWofo u]|nf ;d]t lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

k|lti7fg u7g ul/Psf] sfo{af6 lgj]bssf] s]

of]Uo JolQm ePsf] sf/0f l;kmfl/z ;ldltsf]

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ;fpg

x'g] ;b:ox pQm P]gsf] bkmf @! adf]lhd lgo'Qm

sfg"gadf]lhd eP u/]sf sfo{af6 ljkIfLxsf]

**)! /flugL pkfWofo u]|nf ;d]t lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

d]/f] lgo'lQmdf ;d]t k|Zg p7fpg ldNb}g . nlntsnf

/ dgf] g ogsf] sf/jfxL cl3 a9fpg' egL

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ;fpg

dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t\ k|fKt

**)! /flugL pkfWofo u]|nf ;d]t lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

If]qsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g] / ;a} hflt, ln, efiffefifL

ljfg clwjQmfqo >L k|sfzdl0f zdf{, >L

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ;fpg

If]qaf6 hfFr k/LIf0f u/L lgwf{/0f ug{ ldNg] ljifo

leGgtf cfpg' :jfefljs xf] . t;y{ l/6 vf/]h