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DETERMINATION OF NUMBER AVERAGE MOLECULAR WEIGHT:

It can be determined by the following methods:


1. Cryoscopic method i.e. freezing point depression
2. Ebullioscopy i.e. elevation of boiling point
3. Osmometry :

Vapour phase osmometry


Membrane phase osmometry

4. End group analysis

DETERMINATION OF WEIGHT AVERAGE MOLECULAR WEIGHT:

Light scattering method

DETERMINATION OF Z AVERAGE MOLECULAR WEIGHT:

Ultracentrifugation
Sedimentation velocity method

Cryoscopy method:
When a non-volatile solute is dissolve in a solvent then the freezing point decrease i.e.
solutions freezes at a lower temp than a pure solvent. This process is called cryoscopy and it
can be expressed by this way- molecular wt up to 30000 can be determined accurately by this
method.

Tf : freezing-point depression,
C : the concentration in grams per cubic centimeter
R : gas constant
T : freezing point
Hf: the latent heats of fusion
A2 : second virial coefficient

Virial coefficients
appear as coefficients in the virial expansion of the pressure of a many-particle system in
powers of the density, providing systematic corrections to the ideal gas law. They are characteristic of the
interaction potential between the particles and in general depend on the temperature. The second virial coefficient
depends only on the pair interaction between the particles.

Ebulliometry:
The boiling point of a solution is higher than that of pure solvent. This phenomenon is used in
determining the molecular wt of polymers.

Tb: boiling point elevation


H v: the latent heats of vaporization
We use thermistor to measure temperature. (110-4)
Limitation of Mn: below 20,000

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