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Math 1040
Introduction: In this project, we will be using data collected from each class member on skittles.
We will be using different ways to represent data as well as different ways to break down data
through charts and distributions. We will also be calculating different types of confidence intervals
with our class data as well as calculating different hypothesis tests with the class data.
Proportion
Green
.300
Yellow
.200
Red
.117
Orange
.267
Purple
.167
Andrew Nguyen
Math 1040
0.23
0.22
0.21
0.2
0.19
0.18
0.17
Green
Yellow
Red
Skittle Color
Total
Mean
Median
Mode
Standard Deviation
Range
Minimum
Maximum
Sum
Count
Q1
Q3
IQR
59.9
60.0
59.0
2.28
8.0
55.0
63.0
1197.0
20.0
59
62
3
5- Number Summary
Orange
Purple
Andrew Nguyen
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Math 1040
Minimum= 55.0
Q1= 59.0
Q2= 60.0
Q3= 62.0
Maximum= 63.0
Observation:
Frequency
1
0
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
More
NUmber of Bags
Number of Skittles
Andrew Nguyen
Math 1040
Confidence Interval: The reason why we use confidence intervals is to give us a range of values
for an estimated population parameter instead of just a single value or a point estimate. The
confidence interval gives us a range where we believe that the true population value falls.
Discussion: We are 95% confident that the true proportion of orange candies are between .169
and .211.
Andrew Nguyen
Math 1040
Discussion: We are 99% confident that the true mean number of candies per bag are between
58.4 and 61.3.
Andrew Nguyen
Math 1040
Discussion: We are 98% confident that the standard deviation of the number of candies per bag
is between 1.7 and 3.6
Andrew Nguyen
Math 1040
Hypothesis Testing: An operation that is used for testing a claim about a property of a
population. The purpose of hypothesis testing is to help us decide the value of a population
parameter based on a given sample data.
Discussion: There is insufficient evidence to reject the claim that the true proportion of purple
skittles is 20%.
Andrew Nguyen
Math 1040
Discussion: There is sufficient evidence to reject the claim that mean number of candies in a bag
of Skittles is 58.
Reflection: There are several different conditions that must first be met before being able to do
to calculate confidence intervals and hypothesis tests correctly.
Conditions for a Confidence Interval for Estimating a Population Proportion and for Testing a
Claim about a Population Proportion:
1. The sample is a simple random sample.
2. The conditions for the binomial distribution are satisfied. There is a fixed number of trials
and each trial is independent. There must be two categories of outcomes and the
probability has to remain the same for each trial.
3. There must be at least 5 successes and at least 5 failures (np 5 and nq 5).
Conditions for Confidence Interval for Estimating a Population Mean with Not Known and for
Testing Claims about a Population Mean with Not Known:
1. The sample is a simple random sample.
Andrew Nguyen
Math 1040
2. The population is normally distributed or n > 30. (Either one can be satisfied or both can
be satisfied).
Conditions for Confidence Interval for Estimating a Population Standard Deviation or Variance:
1. The sample is a simple random sample.
2. The sample must be normally distributed no matter how big the sample size is.
Overall, the first condition that was met was that the sample must be a simple random sample,
however, there werent two categories of outcomes. There were actually 5: red, orange, yellow,
green, and purple. There is also the possibility of interpreting the data per color so that there are
actually two categories. For example, we could say the color red or not the color red. I think that
the population of skittles is normally distributed, because as more and more bags of skittles are
made the closer well get to a normal distribution. Our sample size was only 20 bags of skittles
instead of following the requirement of 30.
There are two possible errors that could have been made in my hypothesis tests. There is a type 1
or type 2 error. A type 1 error is when you reject a null hypothesis but it is actually a true. A type
2 error is when you fail to reject a null hypothesis but it is actually false. There are many
different ways in which this sampling method could be improved. In our sample we only had 20
bags of skittles which is pretty small amount. We could improve the method by increasing the
number of bags, so that we can meet the condition of a small being greater than 30. If we were to
increase the number of bags of skittles then our proportion of skittle colors would be the same or
maybe off by a couple of decimals. The class mean was 59.6 skittles per bag which seems
correct because in our interval, we were 99% confident that the true mean number of candies per
bag were between 58.1 and 61.1 which 59.6 is in the middle. Then we also tested a claim that
says the mean number of skittles per bag is 58 and we had to reject the hypothesis because it was
false.
Andrew Nguyen
Math 1040
Project Reflection
This project has been a learning process for me. Throughout this project I had a
lot of trouble figuring out how to do some items in this project. For example, I had
trouble trying to figure out which equation to use for the Confidence Intervals and
Hypothesis Testing because I missed that part of class, but once I started to figure out the
key terms each question that was given to use in the project packet. I began to start
understanding the questions more and more and I was able to figure out which equation
goes to which.
Usually, when I cant figure out how to solve something I sometimes give up or
just ask someone for help without even trying to solve the problem. After doing this
project, I decided to try figuring out problems that I didnt know how to do on my own.
As I started to find problems that I couldnt do, I tried my best to solve in on my own. I
started to get frustrated and decided to give up again. After a couple hours later, I decided
to come back and try the problems again. After reading the questions over again and
comparing the questions to the equations, I slowly began to understand what went with
what.
I think after doing this project, my problem solving skills have improved. I dont
think that they are at their best but I think that if I were to work on my problem solving
skills now and towards the future it will be improved. This project has helped me learn
many new things. For example, I learned how to create graphs for data and as well as
determine which equation goes with estimating a population parameter and hypothesis
testing goes to which question and ways to use the equation to try to solve for different
things.