Gees es ee tea eae € C cc Key Features of The Proposed Malaysian NA to MS EN1998 by Prof. Dr. Nelson Lam PROFESSOR NELSON LAM. Nelson Lam, Reader in Civil Engineering at The University of Melbourne, is an intemationally recognized expert in earthquake engineering and structural dynamics. in the past 20 years, he has been researching and consulting widely in this field. His achievement in research and knowledge transfer in earthquake engineering and structural dynamics was recognized by the award of the Chapman Medal (1999), Warren Medal (2006) and Chapman Medal (2010) by Engineers Australia and the Best Paper Award (2004-2007) by the ISET Journal of Earthquake Technology. He served as member of the sub-committee for developing the new standard for Earthquake Actions in Australia and was co-editor and co-author of the standard’s commentary. His early career was with ‘Scott Wilson International as structural engineer in their Hong Kong Office throughout the 1980°s and attained chartered engineer status in 1986. He was awarded the degree of Ph.D. in earthquake engineering at The University ‘of Melbourne in 1993, master degree-in conétete structures at Imperial College of Science & Technology, London in 1982 and bachelor degree in civil engineering with a first class honours at The University of Leeds, England in 1981.eS) eee See eec He t C co co aes ey € cS 2-DAY INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR AND WORKSHOP ‘on Presentation and Reviewing of the Draft Malaysian National Annex for Eurocode 8 9-10 February 2015 Key Features of the Proposed Malaysian NA to MS EN1998 Nelson Lam Paper in proceedings is jointly authored by members of the study group: Nelson Lam, Hing Ho Tsang, John Wilson, Daniel Looi and MC Hee Contents + - Introduction to Malaysian Seismic Hazard ¢ Hybrid model for Peninsular Malaysia * Modelling of local earthquakes + Performance objectives and Return Period considerations * Design Peak Ground Accelerations * q factor ¢ SummaryRegional Seismicity Summary of nature of seismicity * Sarawak — background (local) intraplate seismicity * Peninsular — A combir’§ and active faults from lo. city ct oo Pe eee eset = a fea hee oom) Ga ee) Ge Hoe). Se eee [9(eis Cc Distance of subduction sources from Sarawak / — + Since 1874 - 21 earthquakes, magnitude from 3.5 — 5.3 Mb Major Faults ed Remo ler el) ae ne BUC ULS CI Aes Md Smear aDesign Response Spectrum for Sarawak Design PGA = 0.1g for 2500 years RP * Sarawak — background (local) intraplate seismicity * Sabah — seismicity dominated by active faults * Peninsular — A con Pee eee J foo eee food ot tee ee cx co cy oo cyco rm co cm Peer C 2 ft € eee 1 a ca foe Design Response Spectrum for Sabah Design PGA = 0.18g for 2500 years RP to * Sarawak — background ( * Sabah — seismicity domin_ * Peninsular — A combination of background seismicity and active faults from long distances (to be handled by the Hybrid Modelling Approach)1. The Sunda Arc subduction source which generated the M9.3 Aceh earthquake in 2004 (more details on the next slide) 2. The sumatran (transform) fault - divided into 9 segments some of which can rupture up to 100km and generate up to M7.5 —M7.7 earthquakes 3. Background intraplate seismicity from within the Lumpur peninsular M9.3 Aceh event a Singapore £26 Dec 04 M8.7 Nias event (of 28 March 05 a MBevent weineo — aa and M84 of Sept 07 Jakarta km 500k 1000 ken fava ee ce SEE reece rere Part of Sunda Are subduction trench cy = “J 1 € cc HR ae eee ed ee ee Sr So ee creaee SEE Hee eee ee eee 3m Tm Key literature reference for distant earthquakes affecting the Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore * Pan T.C., Megawati K., Lim C.L. (2007). Seismic shaking in Singapore due to past Sumatran earthquakes. Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 1, 49-70. + Lam N.TK., BalendraT,, Wilson J. distant subduction earthquakes affect 1240. Venkatesan S. (2009). Seismic load estimates of ing Singapore. Engineering Structures 31, 1230- Pappin J.W., Yim PH.L., Koo C.ELR (2011). An approach for seismic design in Malaysia following the principles of Eurocode 8. JEM Jurutera Magazine, Oct edition: 22-28. + D.T.W. Looi, M.C. Hee, H.H. Tsang and N.T.K. Lam (2013) Earthquake loading model in the proposed National Annex to Eurocode 8 for Peninsular Malaysia” Keynote presentation in Annual Conference of the Institution of Structural Engineers, 28 ~ 20 Oct Beijing, PRC. + Also contributions from refereed published work by Peterson ef al. and from reports by universities within Malaysia, and UTM in particular. Simulation of Long Distance Earthquakes Based on Stochastic Simulations of the Seismological Model using Program GENQKE (first developed by Lam 1996) M9.3 Aceh Earthquake Dec 2004 __MB8.6 Nias. Earthquake March 1 2005 eesSemmiins.! sastsel M7.9 Bengkulu Earthquake June 2000cs Local earthquakes in Latest local earthquakel! Peninsular Malaysia 20/08/2013 - 8:26am n 2 M4.1 at Tasik Temenggor, Perak “5 (6.4°N, 101.4°E) a [> Source: un tata 2019 * tgitvewscmet.gov:myrindex php?option=com_conlenthiask=viewsid=48708itemid= 1635 mf a . ‘ | | Engganalis aS = | iigtaaed E me | te sae an local earthquake iS ed “Modified figure from Minerals and Geoscience far field earthquake Department (MMD) Malaysia (2011) “Mocified figure from Pan & Megawati (2002) f Contents qj * . Introduction to Malaysian Seismic Hazard n Hybrid model for Peninsular Malaysia q * Modelling of local earthquak, n ul * Performance objectives and } eet ] * Design Peak Ground Acceler. * q factor aa: * Summary 3 fotered terre sen Hence ee Cc c ae C Endorsement in Dec 2011 workshop 1. Hybrid method i = 2. Incorporate site natural period as an additional parameter for site classification . Endorsement in Apr 2013 workshop The use of 2500 years RP and displacement based approach One unified model for the whole Peninsula Iw ier site factor approachDesign Response Spectrum for Peninsular (Design PGA = 0. 12) t buildings Local Farthquake eg. M6 R30km [Bach taba obra a Long Distance Earthquake Loco toReqon- kok lou wie” 1 SEA REDD a a Contents + Introduction to Malaysian Seismic Hazard * Hybrid model for Peninsular Malaysia [- Modelling of local earthquakes * Performance objectives and Return Period considerations * Design Peak Ground Accelerations * q factor * Summary co ij Pee eee Cool Stoo cy ey J0 cc Modelling of Local Earthquakes t Uncertainties with Probabilistic Seismic Hazard. Analysis sta) | * What modelling approach and database to use ? * Global Modelling Approach — — aviable alternative to PSHA in regions of low to moderate seismicity SiteA @ Site B-Eee co C3 eee Ca C3 Mm err eee ele {eas Ca mc ae) co Site A Site B Site A Site BPree eet { ine SSeS e eer eee eee eee ca comet SEE Se Could the location of small earthquakes (not aftershocks) be able to predict the location of larger earthquakes ?Larger earthquakes ovet the:same period (Sep. a M>5 1913 - 1963 Could the location of earthquakes in the past be able to predict the location of earthquakes in the future ? ca ec mm co Eee ee eae el See ee ee eee eee eee eetca co Mm Ome soe (CoA Peltor Heo m2 Peete) eee ee First half of century 7 “= M>5 1913 - 1963 Second half.of.century M>5 1963 - 2013Tecan fai rouge Does seismicity delineate zones where future large earthquakes are likely to occur in intraplate environments? esac near: Beporne of Gvky ant i Relative to the Spatial Distribution of Past. Earthquakes, Future Large Earthquakes Occur: Whore Past Were Past Earthquakes Have Earthquakes Have Occurred? Not Occurred? Everywhere? (Unitorm Disteibution) See eee = Hee eee ca = eh cr PEELE Eee co -eee Modelling of Local Earthquakes Q Z * Uncertainties with Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA) u n + What modelling approach and database to use ? u 0 * Global Modelling Approach — — a viable alternative to PSHA in regions of low to moderate seismicity L e In an area o: eismic activity i Local Data Regional/Global O from Information u Seismological ste 5 Surveys The u ‘ Literature {} c Theories (onIn an area offLow seismic activity Local Data Global/Regional aeeeromnE Information Seismological a Surveys The Literature A Theories Modelling of Local Earthquakes * Uncertainties with Probabilistic Seismic Hazard. Analysis (PSHA) * What modelling approach and database to use ? * Global Modelling Approach — — aviable alternative to PSHA in regions of low to moderate seismicity Sree eee [coat co co co Cy a ieee cal & Poe ua eas a Eee ot c3 Cc cqHE Hee Hee eee eee pee ao | aaa eH EE Global Seismicity Model of Bird 2010 Peter Bird, Comé Kremer and William E, Holt A long-term forecast of shallow seismicity based on the local strain rate map Seismological Research Letiers Vol.81(2) Scientific Report Estimates: An average global activity rate of intraplate earthquakes of magnitude > 5.66 per square meter per second was estimated at 4.27 x 102, In Engineering Terms: This is translated into 2/3 number of events in an area of 1,000,000 km? over a 50-year period. Seo Hee Hea eet Global Seismicity Model of Bird 2010 (cont'd) log;y N(M>5) = 0.42 Number of M>S5 events is 10°47 = 2-3 in an area of 1,000,000 km? over a 50-year period. This rate applies to the gross average of the globe including land and sea combinedFrequency-size distributions for iniraplate earthquakes M>4 1963 - 2002 v Deformed (8614) Diffuse (124) aHotspot (257) 30°W 0° 30°E 60° 90° Global Seismicity Model of Bird 2010 (cont’d) In an area of 1,000,000 km2 over a 50-year period Number of M>5 events on average is 2 - 3 on land and oceans combined. Number of M>S5 events is only 1- 2 on average in oceans Bergman and Solomon (1980). Thus, the number of M>5 events on land must be higher than 3 Sse ae eed Deer Pere Cece Peete C oo J c coee eee ee BEE EEE Bee EO Hee EEO EEE eee Let us look at the facts country by country Eastern United States Land Area 2291043 sq. km No. of M>5 event: in past 50 years is 000,000 _ 2,291,043 5 to 6Australia Land Area 7692024 sq. km + No. of M>5 events in past 50 years is 45 1,000,000 & ——— =5 t06 7,692,024 Southern India Land Area 635780 sq. km No. of M>5 events in past 50 years is 3 | Bu 1,000,000 _ ———— =4 to 5 635,780 | IEE eee EEE eee ree eee Cy co co mow eee eee eee eee eeeco C3 Ero Coo HGam) (ecco) [sans] Eee Cees ca 1 sana pa Gea: Co) Goad ca Brazil Land Area 8515767 sq. km eee 7 No. of M>5 events in past 50 years is 33 3x 1,000,000 w4 8,515,767 Number of M>5 events in the past 50 years Lu me Etkori mR caeat eee ata) ace iu) ee Birds Model (2010) The Entire Globe* 2t03* Eastern United States 2,291,043, B 5 to6 Australia 7,692,024 45 5 to6 Southern India 635,780 3 4 to 5 Brazil 8,515,767 33 4 Central and Southern China 1,550,974 14 9 * Includes both land and ocean Gross Average ~ 5 events in 50 years per million sq.km (not including Southern China)5 Haw ts oo, Peninsular Malaya r Land Area 131598 sq.km Expected number of counts in 50 years: a 131598 ——— _ ~ 0.66 1,000,000 1-2 ina century is expected SINGAPQRE] Having none doesn’t mean the level of seismicity is zero or any lower than Eastern US or Australia on average If 10%"-5-77 x Area of circlex Return Period = One Event Only What is the radius of the circle (R) ? ~o(M-S)-1.7 2 1oses)-77 2(mr x Typ =1 For one event to occur only 50% ‘ chance ae that one Suenos: event that one eer coe outside occur inside Rate of activity within the circle is assumed uniform (ee eae eee (ana } cs co ao ono oD 1c Foe eee caeee oe Aster Be eee IEEE eee eee a5 N8uAR'T y)-77+0,} b What magnitude ? what distance ? ee ie , im A t \ It Ri A ‘i a fa 4 ee Le ‘¢ ‘ : : “Lo i 500 years i | R | SRE 0 \ 1 5 3 ‘ ‘ i v 55 55 SAL oe 6 90 TT 65 150At a pre-defined return period Trp What magnitude M? what distance R? M R 1,000 years [2,500 years [3,000 years | 10,000 years 5 25 15 10 5 55 40, 25 15 10 6 65 40 30, 20 65 105, 70. 50) 35, cy co cs a r eee Eo oes gee EaceeeHeeee eee = ea BEERS RESAerie eC) Cee) Hee ees pet ca BE ee ca ca Mean and Design Values SO years [1000 years 2.500 years [S000 years | 10,000 years] Mean | Design | Mean | Design | Mean | Design | Mean Design | Mean | Rpm t 6 f 2 | s a a | (mm) EE i RsVmax| 27 [ae [36 [| _—@ ae] 0 ums) I RSAmax | 0.05 0.10 0.075 Ons 0.125 | 025 0.20 0.40 0.30 0.60 | 4g) = ~ Pov | |_30 | 20 | a) a 300096 (mm/s) Hl ass as ot Pca |.o07 | 00s [00s [00s | O05 fe vos | Ie Os | os @ = a Results from PSHA analyses 2500 years RP © recommended 100 : 1000 10000 Distance to nearest tectonic plate boundary (km) AustraliaResults from PSHA analyses 1 2500 years RP ne Fecommended 100 1000 10000 Distance to nearest tectonic plate boundary (km) Central and Eastern North America Contents Introduction to Malaysian Seismic Hazard Hybrid model for Peninsular Malaysia Modelling of local earthquakes Performance objectives and Return Period considerations Design Peak Ground Accelerations q_ factor Summary J ae oe mt ne Ye Oe eA Se eee eee ca co cy(ca ooes cum foes Sus oes Sahai Bees Sas ca ] Ceres Table 2 Performance Criteria of Building Swuctures Eurocode S| Eurocode 8 | SEAOC Descriptions part 1 part3 | Pision 2000 T Filly | Components that are seasitive to Operational | clrifi and’or acceleration remains filly fusetional ina frequent event. 2 | Damage {~ Damage | Operational | No pernianent drift and no loss of Limitation | Limitation Or lateral strength or stiffness of the (BL) Immediate building. The built facility remains Occupation | to be fit for continous occupation No Collapse we) Significant Damage No part of the structure collapses and adequate residual lateral resistant capacity remains in the struenife afer a pare event to withstand strong ‘afiershocks in order that safety of the occupants can be secured but building may be inhabitable and repair too costly. Near Collapse Near Collapse Stuenwre is able to sustain Collapse | Prevention or | suficient vertical load eerrying capacity in a verv rare earthquake event when the strucnire is at the edge of wholesale collapse. Residual lateral resistant capacity of the building might have been lost. 1.5% aritt sic) _____ Near Collapse S= a Action = mass x RSA first yield — 100 |-—~ — 80 (Ese -aeeese nec taee 20 40 60 Displacement (mm) 80 100 120 140Lifeline built facilities (Importance Class IV) hospitals, emergency services, power plants and communication facilities os jt E Co SLIw_ Conventional ULS (DL) No Collapse (NC) Near Collapse ea Sosooyrs 15x S500 55 q S2s00ys = Full Design Seismic Action or Design Seismic Action Ordinary buildings (Importance Class ID Individual dwellings or shops in low rise buildings ; eee oe Conventional ULS (DL) No Collapse (NC) _ Near Collapse S500 yrs —2500yrs Ss S500 yrs —_—_s 15 reference 1.5xq : S ference = Reference Seismic Action S, In Ssooyes EOF S erence In low to moderate seismic countries Soe feo eee eee Poor fod ca ma See caaes fern eee ere eee eee ec fe 3 fe fee a Buildings of large occupancies (Importance Class Ti) condominiums, shopping centres, schools and public buildings (ome) cm HEE Ee Ne eo Ree NS eo Ree er mcm Conventional ULS (DL) No Collapse(NC)—~—Near Collapse Ss 12x Re 9 Sesto 1 ox L.2x1.5%S prone 1.5x q 1.5 a Contents + Introduction to Malaysian Seismic Hazard * Hybrid model for Peninsular Malaysia * Modelling of local earthquakes * Performance objectives and Return Period considerations | + Design Peak Ground Accelerations + q factor + SummaryTable 3a_Design PGA on rock sites for Peninsular Malaysia and Sarawak co ca ca Importance | Importance Descriptions Considered PGA Class Factor (2's) I 08 Minor constructions 0.06 Gg (0.8 x0.07) ey T 10 Ordinary buildings 0.07 Gndividual dwellings or shops in low Reference 0 rise buildings) Ga 7 ing 72 Buildings of large oceupancies 0.08 (condominiums. shopping centres. (1.20.07) q schools and public buildings) wv is Lifeline built facilities 010 (hospitals, emergency services. power | @esignPGA a plants and commumication facilities) | _ consistent with RP of 2500 years) n —7 Hy ff u u n U Table 3b Design PGA on rock sites for Sabai Tmportance | Importance Deseriptions Considered PGA Class Factor : (e's) 9 T 08 ‘Minor constructions 0.10 u @8x0.12) 1 10 Ordinary buildings 0.12 q (individual dwellings or shops in low Reference U tise buildings) EGA fig Tr Buildings of large occupancies O14 (condominiums. shopping centres. 2x02) schools and public buildings) WV Ts Lifeline built facilities ois q (hospitals. emergency services, power Wesign, bent a 7 i consistent wit Plants and communication freiities) | consistent La ——— U q uepee eee Cc Hoe Cc eo Step 17 of20 Seismic Hazard Map of Southeast Asia Contents + Introduction to Malaysian Seismic Hazard + Hybrid model for Peninsular Malaysia * Modelling of local earthquakes * Performance objectives and Return Period considerations * Design Peak Ground Accelerations + q factor + SummaryTable 4 Detault values of behaviour factor 4 for limited ductile structures. Region/Country | StandardsiCodes | Over-streagth | Ductility Behaviow factor factor factor Ewope Enrocode 5 15 10 Ls Singapore NA 10 SS Canada NBCG [13 1s Australia ASTI7O.5 [13 20 man 1S con be hig wer as long lan be at fied DOM wn wed lige value, Contents Introduction to Malaysian Seismic Hazard Hybrid model for Peninsular Malaysia Modelling of local earthquakes Performance objectives and Return Period considerations Design Peak Ground Accelerations q factor Summary eee eee eee eee Cat tee Ree Ree ee EEE EEE EEE Eee eee ee: ot oeRS ee ae oe ca | aaa | cc oe ead eee eee ee Summary Separate response spectrum models have been recommended for (i) Peninsular Malaysia (ii) Sarawak and (iii) Sabah. A hybrid model has been adopted for Peninsular Malaysia to model contributions from both local and distant seismic hazard. The low (short) period part of the response spectrum is controlled by local earthquakes whereas the high (long) period part by distant earthquakes. Summary (continued) In regions of low to moderate seismicity a global modelling approach is recommended as opposed to PSHA which is based upon analysing the disposition of a few local events. Consequently, a uniform level of hazard is specified within the Peninsular, Sarawak and. Sabah (without involving contouring nor zonation). A design PGA value of 0.1g has been estimated by the Global Model for The Peninsular and Sarawak for RP of 2500 years.Summary (continued) * Performance criterion of No Collapse (NC) is used as the basis of design as per Eurocode 8 modelling principles. + No Collapse performance criterion is not to be confused with Near Collapse performance criterion. * Thus we have ULS - NC — Near Collapse Summary (continued) - The term: Full Design Seismic Action or Design Seismic Action (or Design PGA) is based on a return period of 2500 years, and is used for the design of Importance Class IV buildings such as hospitals. * The term: Reference ‘Seismic Action (or Reference PGA) is Design Seismic Action divided by 1.5. and is used for the design of Ordinary (Importance Class IZ) buildings. oe [om] co Sree eee eee eee Lane eee 3 moomoo c«. co co) Cates caoo eo eo ina co i u a Summary (continued) Table 3a_Design PGA on rock: sites for Peninsular Malaysia and Sarawak Importance | Importance Deseriptions Considered PGA Class Factor (@s) I as Minor constructions 0.06 (8 x0.07) 7 10 Ordinary buildings 0.07 individual dwellings or shops in low Reference sise buildings) 2c Tr 12 ‘Buildings of large occupancies 0.08 (condominiums. shopping centres. .2x0.07) schools and public buildings) Ww 1s Lifeline built facilities 0.10 (hospitals, emergency services. power | DesiguPGA plants and communication facilities) } _ consistent with RP of 2500 years) a A separate table is recommended for use in Sabah * q=1.5 is recommended but much higher values have been adopted in Canada and Australia End of Session Key Features of the Proposed Malaysian NA to MS EN1998 rap Poe ISG cis pela,