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Tarnu o6paeou, npl oAH- TBepAOTO
reJra B nap, MLtHyflxnAKyro
Harosofi
reuneparype
BHyrpenHrfl Sasy, npx nocrosnsofi reuneparype
3HeprHs eat{Hr{IIbt Maccbr BeulecrBa Ha3brBaercfl gdenaxort
rennorort
B ra3oo6pa3HoM COCTOTHHIt
6Onrure cg6nuna4uu.Ona raueprercfl B Kr.tJroBHyrpeHHefi gHeprnl' gTOrO Xe KOJIn- Axoynflx Ha KrJtorpaMM (r.[x/xr).
qecTBa BeulecTBa B X(H.A,KOM
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cu. Ha AlrarpaMuesI noxasanbr roB xoJroAr.tJtbHofi
rexHnre repMo- pil3oHTanbHbre
Jlr{HHn
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uso6paxarb Ha AnarpaMMaxsI (eH- THKA'bHbIE JIIIHHII NOCTOflHHbIX 3HTPO.
rponnn - reMreparypa),dlgp (gH- nufi (s:const) -adua1arw. Jlor,laTarbnfiq* AaBJreHr.re,
prc. l.l, a, 6). HHMHJrr{Hl{ffrun
nso6paxenu uaodapbt
Ha AsarpauMaxHaHeceHbI
JreBafltto- (p-const), r. e. JInxr{H,KaxAafl Toq(x:0), oraeflf,ro- Ka KOTOpHX
rpaHHr{HaR
Kpr.rBaR
COOTBeTCTByeT
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H o r o n a p a , H n p a B a q( x : l ) ,
p a s - BCeOHI|npaKTHqecKn
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Horo fi neperperorc napoB. flepe- HaCbIIIIeHHOTO
napa npoxoAgTnapaJrrperuft nap o6paryercq npn HarpeBe reJrbHor.r3oTepMaM,
a s o6lacrn nepeHacbrltteHHoronapa B COCTOqHHH,
rperom napa KpyrlolrAyr BBepx.Kportle
xapaKrepr.r3yeMoM
npanoft norpa- sTHXKpLIBHX,
Ha AHarpaMMe
HaHeceHbr
HaqHofiKpHBori(cyxofi, sacuuesuuft iluunu nocrognnux 3HaqeHnfigr{TaJIbnap).
nnfi i:const
(usoenrannw) H nnToqxa (, n xoropofi cr'Ir{Batorrcfl HHH rrocronHnblxguar{ennft yAenrnux
IeBafl Ir npaBas norpaHr.rr{Hbre
Kpr.r- o6tenroe o:cottSt (usoxopw).
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ruuecQurtttu.flpu rcputuqecnort.Teilne- -const)
u, BeprnKaJtbHbrMtr
H3oparape pa3.nrqne MexAy napoM tl eHraJrbrraMH
(i:const).
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xH,{KOCTbtO
HCqe3aeT,
a TennoTanapo- r{To AaBJIeH}renpn 6olee BbIcoKHx
o6pasoeanur craaoBnrca paauofi ny- reMnepaTypaxyBenl{qHBaercf,c po.nn. flpu reMneparypaxBbrrueKpHrH- crou reMneparypril6uclpee, qeM npn
qecroft HeBo3MoxHa
KoHAeHcarIHfl
tla- Hn3KHx, c ueJlbn y,(o6crBa r.r3o6papa Hr,rnplr Kaxux ycnoBxfx.
xeHHff npoqeccoB Nrn ,4asrenlrfi
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pa, Ha KoTopyrc HaHeceHbrJtHHr.tH oopMy HMeK)THsorepMbt l:const,
flocroflHHononapocoAepxaHHff(.r:
xpyTo rroAHr{Mapqnecfl
BBepxno KpH:const).
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napa.
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il.ns
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ro o6RgarenbHoAorl)KHa3arpaquBarb6yAer nocrogHubrM,r. e. pa:cohst.
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25

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29

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BaJIa 3reKrpoABlifareJlfl
KoHcrpyI'IpoBaHI{I'I
(puc. 2. 1, s), ro nPI{ raKoM HcnoJl- AorycrltMbI. IIpn
yr{HrrJBarb
xeo6xoAltMo
K0Mnpeccopon
KOJIeHcaJIbHI'
IK
HaBJIHBaIOT
HeHLIHycra
qaToro BaJla B MeCTeBbIxoAa eFo lI3 xurvrwlecxlte u susnuecxne cBoficrBa
XOJIOKaprepa. CantsHx qBrflercff cJIa6bIM xJIaIaneHTa. Tar, n aMMHar{HbIX
HCIIO'b3OHEJTbSfl
MAIIIUNAX
BbIJIHJIbHbIX
no3ToMy
3BeHoM K0Mnpeccopa,
rrycKaror KoMnpeccopbl 6eccarbHHKo- BaTb MeAb I4 ero cnJIaBbI.
I( xounpeccopaM npeAbrBrqlorcfl
BbIe (pnc. 2.1, u) u rePMerHqHbIe
rpe6onauua: BhlcoKafl HacJIeAyIoIqHe
ca"rIbHI{Ka
(puc. 2.1, rc). Otcyrctrne
nnotopecypc
AocraroqHbIft
,[e)I{Hocrb,
xoupa6oru
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rroBbrrrlaer
BbIKoMnpeccopa'
y3JIOB
H
4eraneft
rpeccopa.
'
gHePrerl'IqecKafl
eQQexrnncoKar
Heo6tlpu pa6ore KoMIIPeccoPa
HOCTb.rIoJIHafl aBToMaTH3aqln paSoCJICAYK)lIlCC' L,,H
XOAI,IMO Y']HTbIBATb
CTeneHb
pa6otaer B IxItpoKoM aHaIIa3oHe H3- TbI KOMnpeCCOpa'Br,ICOKaf
y3JIoB
KoMll
yHnQr.rxauxn
Aeraneft
B KOHAeHCarope
MeHeHHq,ILaBJIeHI,IH
flporpecficnoJlb3oBaHI'Ie
IIpeccopa,
B3aI{MOxJIaAareHT,
u ncIIapHTeJIe;
npl{ I{3roroBJIeHI{H
,u,eftcreyn co cMa3oqHbIM Mac.IIoM' cueHofi TexHoJIolHI'I
peMoHre,
nusKuit
H
YPoBeHb IIIYMa u
sepeAKo HsMeHflerero csolictsa. Bcann6paquu.
cbrBaeMblftnap MoxeT I'IMeTbHI'I3Ky!O MexaHr4qeaKofi
32

HbrM pacnoJloxeHfieM Il]t.lll,tHApos.Ha

KoJleHqarofo B,aila
Kalrqofi uefire
3aKpe[JIeHbI qerupe lxaryHa 12. KoIlopunrenoft KoMllpeceop B ocHoo- ,reg,{arblfi BaJI I0 pacIIoJIox(eH Ha
CKOJIbHoM cocronr ns Pa6ouero q[nI{HAPa AByX Onopax c IIoAIuHnHI'IKaMIl
E noplllHfl, HMeer BcacblBaK)uwftn ua- xeHHg, qro co3Aaer 6o.tlluyn romrHerareJlbnblfi x.nanauu, pacnoJloxeH- naKTHOCTbero no cpaBHel{uto c KoMHC[!OJIb3OBaHEd
Hbre o6uqso B KpbIIxKe qnJlI'tH.u,pa' npeccopoM, B KOTOpOM
,[,.nn coo6ueHxfl ltoplxHrc BosBparHo- IIOJIIIIHNHIi KI{ KAqEHUff .
Ha pucynxe nonuocrblo IIoKa3aHbI
nocryrlarenbHoro ABI{XeHHfl s 6orl[rHHCrBe nopIIIHeBbIX KOMnpeccopoB no oAHoMy uaryHy sa xaxAoft ruefiIIIaTyHHbII' I Ke, a raKx(e ceqeHl{g ocTailbHblx.
KpI'IBOIXl{nHOHCnOJIb3yeTCfi
Paccuotpllu y3Jlbil I{ AeraJI}l KoMMCXAHH3M C KOTEHqATHM SATOM. KAX
noKa3anoHa PI{c.2.1, noPurHenuenpeccopoB.
Kaprep (6aox-xaPreP). Ou flBKoMnpeccopu'6HBaIor c pasrnqnblM
pacnoJlo- Jrflercfl HenoABltxHoft Aetanln, o6sIqqr.rcJroM
H pa3Hoo6pa3HbIM
H HO XOpO6Uaroro cerleHufl, cnyxl' IT
)KCHI{EMqHJII{HAPOB,OPAHHAPHOTO
AeofiHoro AeftcrBuq, a raKxe oAHo- onopofi Anfl Pa6oq[x Aeraneft n 3aH AByxcTyneHqaToto unulaer KoMnpeccop or 3arpfl3neHHfl'
cryneHqaroro
noplxHeBoFo KoM- B HeM pacnonox{eH KPIlBoIuilnHoPa6ora
cx(arHs.
[raryHnufi MexaHH3M,3aKpe[neHbl ullflpeccopa 3aKJlloqaercfl B cneAynueM.
BpatqeHLItI Konenr{aroto Baila nxHAptil I{ BCnOMOrareflbHbIey3Jlbt
flps
coeAr{HeHHbIfi C HI'IM uaryH coo6- KoMnpeccopa. 3rn y3Jlbl BocnpnHHrqaer nopllrHto Bo3BpaTHO-nOCTyIIa-ManT cHJIti, Bo3III{KaIOIUHenpH cxareJlbHoe ABI{xeHI'Ie. flpn erou B IIH- Tr{H napoB xna,(areHTa, n nepeAalor
Bec KoMnPeccoPa'
Jrr{HApe, KOfAa nopueHb ABHXercfl Ha Qynaauenr
Kpyrquuft MoMeHT, HeypaBHoBeIxeHr snxsefi ueprroft ToqKe, cHuxaercg
,u,aBteHfieH xJIaAareHT qepe3 Bcacbl- HbIe cllnbl LI CHJIbI I{Hepq}{H I'BI'I)KyBarotrlfifr KJIanaH nocrynaer B IIH- xrnxcs Macc. Kaprep H trI'IJII'lHAphI
Jrr.rHAp.rlpu oopatHoM xoAe IIopIUHfl KoMnpeccopaMoryr HMerb BHAOTAeJIbnapbl xna.llareHTa cxl{MapTcfl, a 3a- Hblx y3JIOB, npnqeM IIHn[HApbl KpeIIapoB B II,HnI' IHA- fiqTcf K KapTepy c noMolqbn runl'lreK.
TeM, KOrJlaAaBJIeHI{e
pe 6yaer 6olsrue AaBfleHHqB HarHe- B atou cryqae, ecll 6lox ulIJlHIlApoB
Tare.tlbHoM narpy6xe, nap xoJloAuJlb- n KapTep cocTaBJIseTeAHHyIOAeTaJIb
HOrO areHTa orKpHBaer HarHeraTeJlb- (6.nox-xaprep), IIHJHHApoBHeBTyJIKH
HHfi KranaH H nocrynaer B HarHera- BcraBrflnr B rHe3Aa orJlI'IBKH'Brynra
rpy6onpoBoA. nPH cxarlln
rerlxuft
uHirfiHApa HMeer ABa nocaAoqHb[x
rloBbllllaercfl'
nof ca (nrepxy Il BHI'l3y Aeranl{)
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(prc. 2.3). .fluauerP (D") HHxHefo
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B oxJlaxAalo- nofca
I,
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(auuuauHue
(D")
Bepxuero noflca 2,
uryro py6aurKy uHJII{HApa
AuaMerpa
KoMnpeccopu), alu Bo3AYxoM.It no- qro6u suxunfi KoHeq BTYJIKHMoxuo
6urro ceo6oAHo BBecrIr qepe3 BepxcJreAHeMcJlyqae qunl{HApbl cHapyx}I
flpousno4upe6pncruun.
Hee orBepcrue 6noK-KaPrepa.
AeJIarorefl
rerbHocrb KoMnpeccopa perynHpynr
Ans ocl'lotpa Aeranefi r BbInoJI(H3MeHeHEeMHeHHfl peMoHrHux Pa6or B KaPrePe
pa3r[qHbIMH CnOCO6aMfr
r{acTorbl BpaqeHl'|fl KOJIeHqaroro Ba- npeAycMorpeHbl foxoeue npoeMbl 4.'
oTAenbHbI4 III'IJIHHA- aarpLrnaeuue KpbIIUKaMu. flepeauufi
JIa, oTKJIIO[IeHHeM
nyreM' orxl{Ma
npoeM cJIyxI'lT AJIS BbIeMKI'lKOJIeHI{apoB us Pa6oru
BCaCbIBaIOnleroKJra[aHa, MeHtR Bpe- TOro Bara.
Kaprepu N 6;tox-xaPrepbl HaxoatrMf, pa6oru KOMnpeccopa (nycxorucs B nepfloA pa6orbl noA AaBreHneM
ocraHosxoft) I ap.).
AaBJIeHI'le
Ha pHc. 2.2 noxa3aua cxeMa napoB xJIaAateHra. 3ro
npn pa6ore KoMnpeccopa' KaK npa8-ua.nuHApoBoroKoMnpeccopac 4-pnt
33
2- r343

2"2" ]i$ 6'rttu*eaeAe!{fis od Yrnax

re Ae"eilsx fi&p{tideaHx roMnpeccopoB

Pnc. 2.2. Ilopuneaoft KoMrrpeccop

(paspes):
/-uacassnft xacoc;?-BcacbrBah[lar noJlocrb;
J-ulJlnrAposa, mJrb3a;4_nopurenr;.i_xaasan
rarnerarearnufi; 6-uarserarerbfian rroJtocrb;7-6aox-xaprep; g_npeaoxpaslrre;lrngi rJranaH;
-nacassuft
9-catb'n(:
,10-xo.nesqatnfi",at; rr
i;i-y*u""r.o"
ypou""
surrp; ii-wari";Macra

BuJro,HenpeBbrmaer
0,35 MfIa. OanaKo npr Hepa6oranqeM KoM[peccope
BCNEACTBHC
HEruOTHOIO NPHJIEIAHITg
pa6ourx K,ranaHoB AaBreHHe B KapTepe Mox(eT cpaBHtTbcq c Aa&[eHHeM B KonAeHcarope. KaprepH n
6.nox-raprepH ornnBarorcr Eg cepoFo
rlyfyHa, oAHaxo ecrb npHMepH HX r{3roroBneHufl ns caapuoft cra.nrnoft
KoHcrpyKrIHr.r.
Ilxaxn4pooue BryflKr. flpn reprnKanbHoM Lt yHIOBOM paCIIO.IO}|(eHHH
s Hr.rxneft qacTn oHH coo6uranrcq
c KaprepoM KoMrrpeccopa, a cBepxy
3aKpHBanTCr AByMfl KpbrrxKaMl{-

Hapyxnofin BnyrpeHnefi.
Bo SpeoHoBbrxKoMflpeccopax
BHyrpeHsra
Kp6rrx-

Pnc. 2.3. baox-xaprep:

/ -._ nxxunfi norc ultJlnrApoaoft eryaxr; 2 - aepxnrfi nonc qnann4posof, nryaxu; 3 - soAguan noaocrs; 4 - 6orosof, npoex; 5 - Syn4auerr

34

Ka xecTKo 3aKpenneHa MexAy rlnflrHApoM n HapyxHoft

xpururofi.
t' aMMHaqHHX
KoMnpeccopaxBHyTpeHHflf
KpblrrrKa eIIy)KHT 3aTIIHTHHM
ycrpoficraou or t'HApaBnrqecKux yAapoB-

OKna n KaHaJIH' no KoTopbIM

B BepxHefi qacrl't ulrtx!{P-bl . I{MeK}TCR
I{3 BcacblBatolllero
xraAareHTa
rraphl
(nllq
R22)
auu*aqnui u SPeoxoaux
K BcacHKOMllDeccopoB HMercT BOASHyIOOXIa)|(-

pa'
larcuryn py6aruxy.KounpeccopH,

6orarcntne Ha Rl2, HMePTHa UHIHHApax pe6pa Anq oxraxAeHllfl Bo3Ay'

xoM.
Orcyrcrsne eoAquoftPY6auxu odlqcHgeris reM, sro Rl2 s KoHLlecxa'
rls. B KoMnpeccope HMeer 6o'ree
qeM
HH3KyIo reMneparypy neperpeBa'
A
--'MMHAK.

B xottnpeccopax 6lox-xaprepnofi

KOHcrpyKqIrH IIpHMeHRIOT cMeHHHe

qyBTVJIKH,ornl{THe H3 nepn[rHoro

rp!6onponoaa nocrynarcr
aa-rourel,ry KJIanaHy. BcacHgatolllas
.rroJIOCrboTAeJIfeTcR oT Kaprepa neperopoAKofi B noplrlHe. flopuenr coeAl{Hf,erctcuIaTyHoMcnoMolIlblo
nopulHeBoro IIaJIbtIa 4, ocenoe nepeMeI{eHHe Koroporo orpaH-nqeHo npyxTIHHbIMI{ xo.ltsqaun 5- Ha nonepxHocrn noPuIHs (onePxY n annsY)
nMeloTcf KaHaBKH Anfl ynnoTH[TeJIbHHx 3 vt MacJIocaeMHbIx 6 roleIl'
flopuun orJII{BaIor H3 qyryna ililn ng
A'K)MUHI{CBHX

CNJIABOB.

Vnaotnure.nunue KoJIbqa cnyxar

(cu. Pr{c.2.3).
ryira
ynnorHeH[q MexAy nopufieM n
Anfl
Kprnmunnneuarlmnu*'nexanrsu'
creHKaMH uI{nHHAPa (Pnc. 2'4, zl ,
Os cocronr H3 noPIIIHS c KotbqaMg'
- Anf yAaKOJIeHa MacJrocbeMHbleKonbua
nopulHeBoro naJIbIIa, IUaTyHaH
MACJIA CO CTCHOK
H36HTKA
JICHHfl
qaToro BaIa.
Konbqo
Mac.itocleuuoe
unnnHApa.
B neprnxanbnblx I'l yruIoBblxnpffMono.BePxHaPYxHofi
Ha
e'1
(pnc.
2.4,
ilpl{MeHflIOT
roqHblx KOMnpeccopax
o6PaaYrcutnn KoTpoHKOBbIenpoxoAHHe nopulHll' B He- ubcru xueer cKoc'
ycranbsuoroqsux - o6nerqeHHbIe Henpo- HycHyIo IIOBepxHocrb- Kutrqo
KOHycoM
[opIIIHb
Ha
TPoxronufi
HasnfisatoT
(pnc. 2.4,a\.

ibl"""

IIpoxoAHofi liopuleHb npflMoroqHofo

(puc' 2'4, 6)
auunaqsom KoMfipeccopa
flonyto
npeAcraBnflet co6oft '{yryH-Hyto.
x6Hcrpyrunn YAluuenuofi SoPuu'
B aepxnefiqacrn nopuHq 2 KPe[Hrce
"cacusanunft KtanaH /. B noPIuHe

BBepx.
flp*t ABI{xeHr[ nopflrHs BBePx
MexAy KOJIbIIOMll crenroft IIHJII'IHApa
co3ilaercfl naaclguuft KJIHH, oTxI'I'
Manulafi KoJIbIlo B KaHaBKY nop'
IIJHfl.

f)

Puc. 2.4. flopluenr n nopuueBHe Ko,bua:

a - nopuelrb Benpiltoroqroro xounpeccopa; 6
npoxoalofi nopueHb tlpcxoroqHoro
rpouxoiul
(onb{o:
erirunpeccopa; .t - uacroc'beuuoe
xoJlbllo
y nJIOTllHTenbHoe

35

Pnc. 2.9. .Ilenroqnuf, KJranau:

.:

o - o6utnfi BrA HarHerareJtbHoro- KJtanaHa; 6 - paspes HatHeraretbHoro

KJranaga; 6 KJranaH;/-ceano;2-poaetr<a;J-naacrxna;4'-ismRpeflnerrHfl;.1_uaupasJrrloqan

BcacbrBaroulntr

KOMnpeccopaxBMecro npyxr{HHoro nycKaer Macno B KapTep KOMnpecqpeAoxpaHHTeJIbHOrO

r(JranaHaycra- copa. .(an.neHaeMacna peryJrnpyercn
HaBnr{BarornoMarcrqyrccr qyryHHyto c[eql{aJrbHbrMnepenycKHHMKrIananracrHHy, Koropaf npH npeEHUJeHHHHoM, cdpacunanqnu MacJIo H3 Hapa3Hocrl,tAaMeHr.rflJroMaercn. Kax rnerareJrbnororpy6onpoBoaa B KapBr,rAHor.rs pxc. 2.10, perynnpoBKy rep. O6uqno AaBneHHeMacna no.&oTKpbrTr.tffnpeAoxpaHHreflbHomKJra_ Aepx(r{Baercrua 0,06-0,2 MfIa sHnaHa npor{3BoAflT,
r{3MeHffq
cHny npy- [re, qeM B Kaprepe. EcnH AaereHne
xHHr{. OrperynnpoeaHHbrftrlaridn
MacJra 6yaer cn[rIIKoM Berr{Ko, To
n.nou6npynr, a Aary perynHpoBKHyBenHqxTcsyHoc MacJraH3 KOMnpeC3anHcbrBaoTB Qopuynap KoMupec- copa. IIpn Hcnorb3oBaHnr.t
KopeHHbrx
copa.
Cracoqnas crcreila Kou[pecoopa.
CMasxa Moxer 6urr npnuyanTenbHan (noA AaBneHueM
nacoca) H pa36pusrunanueu. flepeyro ocyrue-crsJIfircr OT ruecrepeHHoroHJtu nnyH_
xepHoro Hacoca.Hah6o.rreeHarexeH
Hacoc,pa6oranulHftnoA aaannoMMacra. Ilpruoa Hacoca ocyqecrBnnKlr
or KoreHqaToroBaJIaHenocpeAcTBeHHo c noMouttn ay6uamfi nepeAaqr.r
l{JIH SKCUeHTpI{Ka.

Ha ncacilaanqefi nr.rHtrHHacoca
' ycraHaBJrHBanr
cerqarufi Snlurp rpy6oft orrncrKn (ceny pacnolara-ror
Ha Bbrcorel0-:-l5 MMor AHa Kaprepa;
rtncJr_o
flqeeKcerxJ.renlsrpa lb0_800
I
Ha I cu'). Ha' uaiueraiearuoft ;ruHr,rHHacoca B CpeAHHXH KpynHblx
KoMnpeccopaxycraHaBnHBanTuleneBHE

nJIACTHHTIATHC

H'I,I

CCTqATHC

Sxaurpu mnxsfi oql,tcrKu. llleregofi

Qu.irtrp cua6xeu npyxr.rHurilM rpeAoxpanureflbHbru. KnananoM. flpn 3a_
rpff3Hentru Qnltroa,
npHBoAf,uIeM K
pBKOMy noBHUeHr{p AaBJreHHflMaCil?, KJIanaH oTKpHBaeTCt H nepe_

Pr.rc. 2.10. flpeaoxpaxureluxnf,

ruranaH xorrlnpeccopa:
1 - ceA,ro; 2- xopnyc; J - ynaornnreabrtoe pesusoaoe Korbrloi 4 - sttnr xperreslrr xoalqai 5 perynxpynqar npo6xa; 6- npyxsHa; 7- n,rou6a; E-noJtocrb Haruerasflq: 9-unnau:
l0cronopxufi Rltti ll -noJrocrb BcacuBa*fit

39

Bnaro4apn 3roMy MacJrottpofiycxalllaryu (pxc. 2.5) nepeAaer yo.rercff BHH3. t{acro Mactoc.beMHbr(' JIITC OT KOJICHI{ATOTO BAJIA K NOPIXHIO
KO/'IbI{aAe,'IalOTC Bblpe3aMH.tIrO6U gt' H cJryxHT ocr{oBnbrMsBeHoMnpeo6pa6otno npenarcrBltfl Aflq clKarr.Iff Ko!'Ib- soBaHI.rg BparqaTeJrbHOro ABHX{eHUfl
r{4, B KaHaBKe nopr[Hfl cBepJ'rsTorKOIeHqaTOTO
BaJIa B BO3BpaTHO-nOCTyBepcrns &rrg coo6ueHr{g ee c BHyrpeH- nareJrbgoeABnxeHHe noprrrHfl. B aepxHefi qacrtn noprxHq. flpn aalrxeHr.rn Hron roJroBKy rxaryHa 2 ecraeJsercs
qacTb 6poHaonan BryJrKa, Koropafl flBJrqercfl
nopruHrrBHH3MaCJtO
CHHMaeTCg,
Mac,'ra co6Npaerca B KaHaBKe noa noAurHrrHHKoM
nop[rHenoro nalsua /.
KOrbrIoMH qepe3 oTBepcTr.tq
B nopuHe Crepxexl uaryHa 3 s 6ortuuHcrBe
cTeKaeT BHyTpb noprxHfl, a 3aTeM cfiyr{aeB H3roToBtreTcff tr3 cTan[ AByB Kaprep.
TaBpoBofo cer{eHnf,.,Hnxgsg pa3!eMEo,rnurnHcrso BeprnKa.nbHbrxKoM- Hafl ro.rroBKa uaryHa 5 clyxar
4.na
npeccopoB rMenr 2-3 ynlorHurerbCOENI|HCHI,Ifl C KOJICHqATbIM
BAJIOM.
H b r x K o J I b u a u 2 M a c , ' t o c . b e M H bBt xguxsnn roJroBKyBcraBJlrrorBKJraKOJIbUA,

flopuneaue KoJrbrrar.lsroroBJrfl
ror,
KaK rrpaBuJro,Hg qyryHa. Oru flBJlqlorcr oAHoftg3 orBercrBenHbilx
Aera.neftnopuruenoftMamr{Hbr.
Ilponycxu
napoB xnaAareHraqepe3 nopuHeBbre
KoJrbrlacHnxanr afQexrunuocrb pa6oru xounpeccopa.HaAeroe Ha noprrreHbKoJrbrloAon>KHoyTo[aTb B KaHABKE, A 3AMKH KOJICq CJIEAYET CMC-

Abrrrra6, 3anHrue aurnQptxrluouHbrM

cnJIaBoM.
Kpen;reHuennxuefi roJroBKtr
rxaryHa B Kpr.rBotxl{nsux
ureftxax KoTCHI{ATOTO

BAJIA

NPOI|3BOAHTCX

IIIA-

ryHHbrMH
donrauu 4.
Koleuqaruft ea.n (pnc. 2.6) yeraHaBJrHBanrKopeHHHMr{
wefircamwI, 4
Ha KOpeHHbre
no,u,ruHllHuxl{,
pacrroJrox(eHHbreo 6.nox-xaprepe.KopeHHue
ureftxnu,eKaMH
3 coe4aneHnc rrraryHHunanruefixaun 2. [;ra ypannoBerfiH-

ularb oAr,rH oTHocr{reJrbHo

Apyroro
rpnMepuo sa 90o. 3ro o6ecneqr.tBaer BAHUfl CHJrHHepqnu K xleKaM KoJIeHnyquyrc Hx pa6ory. 3auxn KoJrerl qaTbrx BaJIoB KpenflTcg npoTHBoBecbI.
e pa6o,reu cocroflHr.ta.[,oJIxHbrHMerb K KoJreHqaroMy Bany cHapyxlt Ha
3a3opbl Bo us6exaHr.re3aKJrr.{HHBaxBocroBrrK 5 aarpenlarct
MaxoBnK,
HHff KoJre( H sAAUpa sepKaJra TIHJIHH-

roropufi

oAHoBpeMeHHo Bbrnoruqer

apa.
ponb no.nyuy$mr uJrH lrrKr{Ba Anf,
H yMeHb- KnilHopeMeHuofinepe4aqn. Ha rxaryHfinx lyuruero yrrJrorHeHfifl
llreHHf I.l3HOCa UH"'Ir,tHApa flopuHeBbre
KO/'tbIIa HHOrna u3roToBJlflIoT c HeMeTaJrJrHqecKori Scraexofi.

Prac.2.5. IIIaryn

Pnc. 2.6. KoreHqaruft sa,l

Hbrx uefixax
BaJroB KpeIrflT [ra ryHbr.
B 3aBHcxMocrn or KoHcrpyK[r.lH
KoMnpeccopaua oAsofi ruaryHuofi ureriKe Mory? 6url sarpenJreHbr oAuH HJ\H
HecKoJrbKo[IaryHoB. Ba,rH HsrcrosJrslor KoBKoit wtn [ITaMrroBKoli us yrJrepoAucTbrx cra,refi c nocle4ynqefi
Mexagr{qecxoftn repuuqecxoft o6pa6otxoft, c npnHyAurentnofi crtaasoqHofi
cucreuofi y KopeHHbrx H rlarynHbrx
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36

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37

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38
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39

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43

ropxofi AHarpaMMe(cu. puc. 2.12)

B BlrAe ng6uroqHux nlouraAefi Haa
.irxHueftpK tl rro4 nuuuefi po. BpeaHOe flpocrpaHcTBo rlr.rJrr.rHApa
cyIlIe-

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H fleperpeBanrcfl, B pe3yflbraTe'qero
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Ht,teAericrsure.nuofi 3arparbr pa6oru
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TeJIbHOTO UUKJTa KoMnpeccopa
percHeparBBrroro telloo6uenHuxa
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T
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44

:0,86 -0,0375=0,82.

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30
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33 - nopuxenof, nateIl;34 - xacaocleusoe
KoJrbuo;Jf - aryaxa qxtnnApa; 36 s 37 yKa3areJtbyporHt Macta; J8 - seurlrJrr aac
oTcoca Macna u3 Kaprepa

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c ABy-_
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OT KOICHTIATOTO
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u KpnBotrunHbIM no,u,u}lnHI{KaM' ot
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nepenycKaercs c noMolqbn peryJlHpynuero BeHTHJIfl/ B Kaprep KoM47

Pnc. 2.16. Kranauu KoMrpeccopa lY8/200-2:

/ - Harxerarearaufi tqanan; 2 - raxxunan 6ySepHaa npyxnna; 3 - acacusapursfi x,nanan

MuaKa n R22 raKxe paBHbr.Buecre

c reM KoMlrpeccopbr,pa6oranqre
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B Kaprepe.{nn anroBbrrxeAaBJeHHfl

no3roMy cKopocrb napa B rpy6onpoBOAax MeHbrrre,'qeM cKopocTb napa

B aMMuaqHbrxycraHoBxax. floororray
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MaTlrqecKoro KoHTpoJIfl [OAaqt{ MacAraMerpbI rpy6onposogon
$peoua
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KoHTpod'rfl cMa3Kr.r. Banr [noqru z 2 pasa. Yserfi'{Hsaercq
Hs raprepa MacJlo creKaer K oxraraKxe r.r nJroqaAb npoxoAHoro ceqeMacJra c napaMa HHfl KranaHoB B KoMnpeccopax,pa6oAHTeJrflM.9acrl
aMMpraKayHocHTcq B HarHeTaTeJrbHyro rarorunx ua Qpeoue.
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Xna,[arest Rl2 u MacJroB3ar.rMr{o
c noMoutbro rronraBKoBbrxperyJrHpyro- pacrBopr.rMbr,qro npaBoAur x seo6illux BeHrHJreftII.
xoAHMocTX nplrMeHflTb cIIeur{aJbHoe
tDpeoHonue KoMnpeccopbr HMercT MacJro. Koruqecrso
QpeoHa, Koropoe
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parax npn pa6ore Ha aMMHaKeI Ha IaBJreHHs H TeMnepaTypbr, npfiqeM
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Hbre xoJloAonpolr3BoAHTeJIbHoCTH
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6
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B Kaprepe KoMnpeccopa.
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JreHHe yBennqnBaeTcs, qTo npHBoAr{T
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sfi Hr;
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caJrbu{Ka: ,1, - npoxlaaKa;
l2 * npyxxna
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IJ - r(oJrb[o noaBfixuoe;
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14 - nepeasee
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48

Pxc. 2.18. becxpefturonQHufi nenpauoroqnuftW-o6pasunfi o4Hocrynenvatufi

6ecca.[rHHrosuft xounpeccop:
/ - 6,rorc-raprep; 2 * u.unrynxa;3- poroP
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KoMnpeccopa

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49

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t6
t5
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Pnc.2.19.Korr,rnpeccop
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50

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nepenycnrofi; 9 - caarnnr; 12 - xaanan gcacH'
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16 - ttoxsae KpHuKa; .17* xaruerarelbuHfl Kra'
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narc).
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cKa KoMnpeccopa c r{eJrbropa3rpy3KH HHe KOMnpeCCOpa.
Ha puc. 2.22 [oKa3aHa cxeMa
K o M n p e c c o p a .H a p n c . 2 . 2 1 n a 4 H o ,
r{To firouaba 2 na ,4taarpaMMe3Ha- H 3 M C H C H H f l X O J I O A O N P O H 3 B O A H T C f l b H O qHTeJtbHo Menbure ltJrouaAH I nu- crlr 6-uH.nHHAposoro KoMrrpeccopa
.luraropuofi
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o6paeou. flpa no4aue roKa B KaryuKy ./ ualsnrnoe noJre 3aMbrKaercf
qepe3nracrraHyJ xonlqeBoro KranaHa
u yAepxHBaeTee B BepxHeMOrxaroM
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lo
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A nJta-

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xo| nopuHf, S,Nn

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2-xonocrofi xoa (acacuJ - no"rnasHarpy3xa;
saousff KrasaHorxpbrr)

npeccopa. Macnssufi nacoc 2 no,qaer

MacJro B cr{cTeMy H oAHoBpeMeHHo
B K,'tanaH 6. Ecnu Macflo He rrocrynaer H3 KJIanaHa6 e orxHrr{Hofi rraJrlHAp 4, ro npyxHHy orBoAHr rlToK
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B rrpaBoe
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ocraHoBxl,t KoMIpeccopa MacJrrHHft
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[osToMy
Bce orx{uMuue ycrpoficrBa Bcex pflpa3CO3AalOrrror'rHyrO
AOB Ur,rJIr,tHApOB
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Puc. 2.22. Cxeua xgueneunfl llpot{3BoaxreJlbHocrn KoMflpeccopa:

q i l a t r H a p ; 5 - - perynflrop
xaanas;4-orxnuHofi
1
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9
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K0Mnpeccopa,H3MeHqflxoJloAollpoll3'
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r.rMeror IIpeHMyulecrBa nepeA nopuHeBblMH.B o'unqse or floplrHeBblx,
HeT BCay BHHTOBbIXKOMIIpeCCOpoB
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cop Mo)KHo I4crIoJIb3oBaTbArq c)KaxoJIoAH,'ibHbIx areHToB,

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flpanunn pa6oru BI'IHroBbIXKoMnpeceopoB t4gsecteH 6oree 100 .ner,
HO HAqAJIN

}1*}tnr-i: .'-ai ii

BNHrosHe KoMrlpeccopbl, KaK Lt

nopuIHeBble, oTHocsTcs K TI'Iny KOMnpbccopon o6reusoro npHHIrI{ra AeficrBlrt. floeHueHLte AaBreHHq napa
B HHX AOCTUraercq3a cqeT yMeHbr[eHHff 3aMKHyroro o6'beua, o6pa3yeMOIO

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KJIANA'

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KoMnpeccopoB Bblue, qeM y nopuHe-

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an,rrsofi TexHHKeJIHllIb B 40-x roAax

XX s. BoeMoxHocrb HcrIoJIb3oBaHI4fl
KoMrlpeccopoB B XoJIOAHJIbBHHTOBbIX
gofi rexHuxe Bo3HllKJIaB CBfl3Hc npnKOMnpeccopaMacJ03arloJIMeHeHr.IeM
Me)KAy
TI,I[a, KOrAa B nOJIOCTb
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(uac.no)
npeaMacJIa.Ouo
J'rr.rqecrBo
Ha3gaqeHo AJIfl CMa3bIBa'l,sf'H yTIJIOTHeHHfl3a3opoB MexAy pa6ovutvtuuacrfMH KOMnpeccopa.
Ha pnc. 2.23, a noKa3aH MoMeHr
rIapaMI'I
T. e. 3aIIOJIHeHHe
BCacbIBaHHg,
xJraAaleHranutocreft; Ha pnc. 2.23,6
ecanoJlocrefi
pa3'beAl'
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Iff
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cbrBaloqefi croponofi, r. e. nponcxoaHr orceqKa fioJlocrefi poropoB. lloaa53

Pac. 2.23. Cxerrlapa6mu BunroBoro Kounpeccopa:

/ - setoMuftporop; 2 - Belyuuft porop

qa qnpKyrHpyrouero MacJra npor,t3- JICHHbIC HA BAJIAX BEAYUICTOH BCAOBOAr.rTCfl

B TOfi qacTr,rKopnyca, KorAa MOrO BfiHTOB, CI.IHXpOHH3HpyrioT LlX
noJIocTH MexAy poropaMH yxe He Bpaurenue.V MacnosanoJrHeunux
BuHcoo6qaprcfl c BcacbrBanuefi cropo- roBbrx KoMrrpeccopoB
rilecTepHltcBfl3t{
nofi. flo Mepe BxoAa sy6a ae4ou6ro
MoryToTCyTCrBOBaTb.
poropa Bo BilaAHHy BeAyrr(eno 3aHHPoropu y BHHroBbtx
KoMnpeccopoB
uaeuufi xJraaareHToM o6aeM vMeHb- I{3IOTABJIHBAIOT CTAJIbHbIMI,I IEJIb}IOruaercs. flpoqecc
cxaruq
lrapoB KOBaHbTMH,3a3op MeXAy HTIMH MeHbe napuofi noJrocrn [poAonxaercfl Ao ue I uM, ToprloBblfi 3agop co crorex [op, noKa Bce yueuruanqafica
poHbr HarueraHafl cocraBJrser 0,1 uu,
o6beM se noAofiAer K KpoMKe oKHa co cropoubr BcacbtBanrfl - 0,5 MM, 3aHafneraHnr. Ha plrc. 2.23, a [oKa3aH 3Op Mexqy poropoM r{ UHJTHHApHnpouecc cxaruq. Ha puc. 2.23, e sun- r{ecKoft qacrbro Kopnyca 0,25 MM,
HO, r{TO nOJIOCTb
CXaTO|O napa noAo- ycraHoBorrHufi sa:op B noArrrnnn[Kax
IUJIa K KpOMKe OKHa HatHeTaHr,tfl, cKoJrbx(eHrrr- 0,07-0,095 uu. 6o.nlflpoqecc cx(aTHfl 3aKoHr{Hficq, HaqI{- uyrc onacHocrb AJrfl paAHaJrbHbtxIloAHaercfl npoqecc HarHeTaHr{t.
rrHlrHHKoBnpeAcraBrner pa6ora xouHa pac. 2.24 norazaHa r.rnAr.rKa- lpeccopa B pexr{Me TaK Ha3blBaeMoro
ropHaff Ar{arpaMMa pa6oqerc [poBJraxnoro xo4a. Ec.nn o6reM 3acacbruecca.
BaeMofo x(l{AKoro xJraAareHTa npH. BuHrogofi xounpeccop,pa6oran- 6;luxaercs K KoHeqHoMyo6beMy pauIHfi c r{r{pKynnt1nosuoft
cMasoqHofi doqefi noJrocrn, To pe3Koe yBeruqecucreMofi, noKa3au Ha pnc. 2.25. Hr.re paAr{anlHofi Harpy3KH npuBeAer
Kopnyc KoMnpeccopa.l nueer oAns K 3aAHpaM ttoAuHnHHKog.BnHrosue
BepruKaJrbnufipasreu. B qnnuuApu- KoMnpeccopril KoMnJleKrytoTcf c Mac-

rrecKHxpacTor{KaxKopnycaHaxoAgTct JIOOTICJIHTEJICM.
BHHrb[, seayu{fifi 2 n eeAoruHft 13.
Xoao4onpomBoA[rerbHocrb Br{HB raqecrne ofiopHr{x noAurllngnroe3 ToBoro Komnpeccopa.B ornsrrt.te or
npHMeHeHbI noAIUHnHr.rKHCKOJIbXeHr.tfl
nopruHeBHx KoMflpeccopoBc caMo.
Ocesoe ycr{Jrr{eporopa Bocnpr.ruuMae?AeficrByloqlrMH KnarraHaMIt[oKa3aynopuufi noArrJHnHr,tK
5. Ans yMenb- TeJrHnpouecca cxaTr,rfl napa xJraAueHHq 9roro ycuJrytfr Ha BeAyuIeM aneHTa 3aBHcffT oT pacfionoxeHHq
porope r.rMeercflpaarpysouuuft rop- r{ pa3MepoBoKHa Hafnerawna. !,aerueHr 4. [UecrepHn6 n 7, eaxpen- JIeHHe BHyTpeHHero C)KaTl,Ifl (Ctt.
puc. 2.24) Moxer H.e coBlaAarb

c AaBJTeHHeMHarHeTaI{Hfl, KOTOpOe
ycraHaBJruBaercr AJIR 4aHHoft MarufiPnc. 2.24. Hgtuxa.
Hbr B 3aBr.rcHMocTH
oT TeM[epaTypbr
ropHat .&{arpaMMa
pa6onero rtpoqecca BoAbtr, ox.naxAanul.efi KoHAeHcarop.
(a rouxe 3'), ro npoucEcnn pilpz
BTHTOBOTO KOMnpec.
co Da
XOAHTTAK HA3bIBACMOE
BHCTCOMCTPH-

P uc. 2.25. Ma caogauoanenHufisunmeoft rounpeccop:

a - o6unfi sx,(i 6 - flpoaonbHHft
Pa3Pe3

TeopernuecraR o6beMHaH nPoI'I3qecKoe AoxaTHe napa Ao AaBJIeHHR

BI{HTOBOTOKOMnpec3"),
(n
BoJILITeJIbHOCTb
pz
ro'rxe
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ro npoucxoAtT pacIIrHpeHI{ecxaToro
T. e.
noJlocreft,
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KoMnpeccopa
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noBbiluIennblfi pacxo.4 SHepruH. 3naBeAyqefo H BeAoMofopoqeHLIeoTHx [oTepb onpeAenflercfl nJIoropoB, luT';
[IaAbn oAHOTOI'I3 3a[rrpI{xoBaHHbIX
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u BeAoMo'
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napa B Bl{HroBoM
fo poropoB' M-;
H BbI?aJIKHBaHHS
BeAYtrr, ftz- qaCTOraBPauteHufl
KoMrpeccope nocJleAoBulT:lo_^"_:l^.;
poroH.
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avrorcq Anq KaxAoft orAeJlbHo
p
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TOpa, M.
cKopocTbn nepeMelIleHI'rg noJIOcTeH'
55

f l o c x o . n r x y m t n t : m 2 n 2 , r o l p a B - C nououllro 3oJrorHHKaMox{Ho r.r3MeueHne 6yAer l{Merb Br.tA

Hgrl Aet?crenTe,rbHyto
o6teuHyro xo,roV * : n r m z l ( ft , * l z , ) .
nonpousBoAure/'rbHocrb
or l0 ao l00o/,,.
o6beMuaff xo!,ericraurentHaR
Ha cxeue (pnc.2.26) "rcno n6aoAorrpor,r3BoAt{TeJtbHoCTb
. AaeTcfl I43 CMa3Or{HOfi cHCreult KoM_
Bt{HTOBOTO
KoMnpeccopa Vo HH>xe reoperr,rqe- rpeccopa. flocne nycKa KoMnpeccopa
cxoti, uro Bbr3BaHoraKr.rMI.InorepgMa, MacJio nocryrraer B pasrpy3oqHolli
KaK BHyrpeHHHenpoTeqKfi,r[IpaBJ]r.t- K,/lanaH 9 u rrJryuxep noaHr4Maer_
qecKHeconpoTHBJIeHHfl
BCaCbIBaIOUIeTOcfl
?feFx: nepeKpbrBaffrpy6oupoeoa
rpaKTa, rroAorpeBBcacblBaeMorcIIapa, 8, 10.
Mac,ro nocrynaer K HeBo3_
B,'rHrHr{e3auleMJreHHsrx
o6aerdos. O6tBparHbrM KJranaHaMT, 14 n K rDex_
eM rrapa, AeficrenrerlHo 3acacbrBaeMo- X O T O B b I M C O J I C H O H A H b I M B C H T I - { ' R M
5
ro KOMIIpeCCOpOM,
yr{HTbTBaIOT
C I]o- u 12, noc!'reAuuecoeAr{HeHbr
rpv6oMorqbroxog$$Hrt[egra rroAaqg. Kos6npoBoAaMHIl n 6 c norocrqnrn S
SuuneHr rroAaqn BHHToBoroKoMnpec- u 4 rugpo1unnugpa 2.
copa TaK xe, KaK y nopruHeBoro,ollpeflpu ocrauoox'erorunpeccopa
naBAeJrffercr orHoueHLreMAeftcrsHrerlHofi
fleHHe naAaer, rr"'ryHlxep KJranaHa
o6reuHoft flpor.rsBoAnTeJrbuocrr.r
K Teo- orrycKaercfino.[,AftcrsHeMcr.r"'rbl
npyperuuecrofi, onpeAeJrrreuofinpu oAHHx x(HHbI H COeAHHgeTnoJIOCTr.rrHApo_
H rex x{e ycJroBHfx.
uIIJILIHApa.flpyxNua fHApor{H,'rxHApa
I4 gueueriue Aeficrsfi rerlHofi o6teunepeMerqaer nopueHb H COorBeT_
sofi xonoAorrpolI3BoAr.tTerrbHocTH
Br{H- c r B e H H o 3 o J r o r H r . r KI e f l o J r o x e H n e
roBoro KoMnpeccopa MOxHo ocy_ ul.urumansuofi npoH3BoAHTeJlbHocrH.
il{ecrBJrqrb rrepenycKaHHeM CXaTofo Srnu o6ecneqr.rBaercn
pa3rpy3r{a KoMnapa co cTopoHbl HarHeTaHI.ttBo Bca- rpeccopa rrpH nycKe.
cbIBaIou{yro cropoHy, ApocceJr14poBa.(,.na yee.lN!reHr.rffAeftcrgnrerlHoft
HneM napa Bo BcacbrBaroureM
narpy6- o6re u sofi xoJtoAonpougBoaHTeJrbHocrr4
K, tI3MeHeHHeMr{acToTbr BpaIlleHIag KOMnpeccopa lroAaercg nHTaHHe Ha
H C noMorrlbroperyrHpoBoqHoro uH_ coJreHonAHbrfiseHrl,tnt 12, xoropufi
6epa. Ilepabre .fl,eacnoco6a [pHBoArr nponycKaer MacJro as nonocra J no
x 6ontuau 3arparaM 3HeprHH, TaK rpy6onpoeoay l3 Ha BcacbrBaHHe.
KaK cHfix(eHue7o xounpeccopa npoHc- flopueHr, fiepeMerqaflcb Br'reBo,nepexoAHT noqTH 6e3 cHfi)KeHHqpacxola
ABHraer uu6ep fi yBe,rruIr{HBaerxoaHeprurl. Vnpanneune r.r3MeHeHr4eM
JIOAONPOI,I3BOAHTCJIbHOCTb KOMIIPCECOr{acrorbr Bpau{euas rpe6yer ycJtorx_ pa.
xoJroAonpor.t3Bo!,nn ylreHbrueHun
HeHHqKoHcrpyKrIHHrrpaBoAa.Han6o_ AHreJrbHocrHKOMnpeccoparroAaeTcfl
flee qacro H3Meuflror AeficrnsrellHyro
geHrunl 5.
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o6reuHyro xoJroAonpoHs
so4urelruoirl
Cuasxa Br{HToBoroKoMnpeccopa
c floMor.rlbroperyJrripoBovnoro utn6epa
(pac. 2.27). Mac.lnsuft Hacoc lJ
(sonorHrxa) l2
(cr,r. pnc. 2.25). rrpr.rBoAuTcs
B AeficrBaeor BeAyrqero
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9.
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AaBr,rJrugneKTpr{r{ecxllfi
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na 0,25-0,3 Mfla:
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B KoMnpecr{To SKBHBaJIeHTHO
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pa- cop MacnaH3MeHseTCq
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or
6oqero o6reua KoMnpeccopa. Taiolt
5 ao 8,5 ;l sa I u3 oa6oqeioo6reua
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KOMrrpeccopa rcpa3ao
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c pa6ouuir,r
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MacJIa DaBeH
roro rlapa Hilil ApoccedlfipoBaHHeM. 6 uj/u. Oxoao 50ol vaura nair
ua
56

--j_-_cMa3Ky noArxHnHHKoB, OCTaJTbHOe

BrIpblcKr.tBaeTcrB rIoJIocTI.tKOMrrpeccopa.
Bce Macr'to nocJle KoMlpeccopa
nocryflaer B MacJroorAeJrureJrb 18.
Macno, orAeneHnoe B MacJroorAeJrr4Te-ll
Jle, LIMeeTCpaBHHTeJIbHO
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OxnaxAeHne MacJra npougBoAqr 3a6oprHoft soAofi ,rJtu c noMourbro He6o.nluroro Hcrrapr{TeJtg xono4u.ltluofi
MarilHHbr. Oxnax4eHue soAofi [peanor{THTe,lbHee,
TaK KaK OHO3KOHOMHT{Hee H KOHCTpyKTLiBHO
BbrrroflHreTcfl
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BUnTOBOTO KOMnpeCCOpa C noAHTeIbHOCTU
ro nepeA nycKoM KoMnpeccopa MacJro
MOUIbTO sJteKrpofl pr.tBOIa
noAorpeBaror crreqHaJrbHbrMsJreKrpoHarpeBareJreM.
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58

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tIIeHHflXflOAaq[ pa6OUerOTefla H3-3a cocroxr H3 Kopnyca1, crex.na2, nop3aMep3aHr,rsBoAbr B peryJrHpyrouleM ueHbKa3, npyxnHu 4.
aenrare) . Ann orKJrroqeHr.rfiocyrxnBo tppeonoebrxycraHoBKaxB yKareJrfl npeAycMarpHBaercn o6no4Hufi 3aTeJrb
npoToKaBcTaBJrrroT
HHAHKaTOp
MocT. ocyuHTeJrb c BcTaBHbrMCra- BJraxHocru. Marepua.n HHAHKaropa
KaHoM (cra. puc. 3.16,a) rpr{MeHrror .BraxHocrr.rcoAepxnr coRl ro6altra.
B Kpynflblx ycraHoBKax, ocyrrJHreJrH Conn xo6ansra cnoco6nu H3Meuflrb
HepaS6eMHbrM naTpoHoM (cM. cBoro oKpacKy npH HaIr.tq[H BJrarH.
c
puc. 3. 16,6.) - s MaJrrilxycraHoBKax. llps He6blroqHoir{KoJtnqecrBe Bo,[H
flornornre.irbHafl crroco6Hocrt aAcop- nnt sbrcoxoftreMneparypeqyBcrBH6esra Ho Mepe norurouleHr{s BJraril renlHsrfi gJreMeHT
HnAr.{Karopa
BJraxyMeHblxaeTcfl, noSToMy ero HaAo ne- HOCTr.r
H3MeHteTrlBeT r.IJtHnoBpexpHoAr{qecKr.rpercHepr,rpoBarb, tIpoKa- Aaercfl. B etou cny'{aeero 3aMeuflror.
JtHBaflnpr{ reMneparype 200-220'C.
fopnunfi rpocyrxeuHbrfi a4cop6eur sa- 3.5, Aprrrarypa fi rpy6onpoBoAb!
cblflanT B ocyuJxTenb H 3aKpbrBaK]T xoJtoAH{bt|brx
maunfl
3arJryuKaMn so Hs6exaHr,renofJrorqeXo.noaa;lrHaflMauHHa fi cucreMa
Hr.rflBJrarHH3 OKpyxanu{ero Bo3Ayxa.

A cywnrennBbrno,'rnqror
Synxuno ocy- oxrarr4eflHfi o6paaynr xoJroAaJrbnylo

rrreHl{fl Qpeoua H ero oqncTKy or ycTaHoBKy, BaxHbilMH SJIeMeHTaMLtKOMexaHr{qecKHX

sarpasneHnfi. Kon- ropofi flBJrrrorcsapMarypa n rpy6ocTpyKqHnocyrrJHTeJrfl
aHaJorHqHaKoH- npoBoAbr.
llpegoxpa$ilrtlbnbrc KJranafln. flpn
crpyKrlr.rn Qrnrrpa
uexaHnqecxofi
ycTaHooqr{crKH;B oAHoMKopnycepa3MerqeHbrgKcnnyarallnH xoJroAHJrbHbrx
ocyurrrrenbnnftx $n;rrrpynu{Hft nar- BOK BO3MOXHO CO3AaHHe OrraCHbIX
ponu. HHorAa Anr npeAorBpaureHr.rflAasreHufi. .[I,.itslrx 3auluTbr or Bbrco3aMep3aHnsBJrarH Bo Qpeouonyn Kr{x Aa&rlennftycrauaa.nnBatorfipeAoB cyaonux
cr{creMyAo6asrqpr HeKoTopoeKoJrH- xpaunTerbHbreKJranaHbil.
qecrBo MernJroBorocnnpra. OH pac- npoH3BoAcrBeHHbrx
ycraxoJroAHJrbHbrx
rBopfier BoAy H o6pa3yer He3aMep- HOBKaX npeAOXpaHHTeJrbHbre KJranaHLil
3aroqnft pacrBop.OAHaxosror cnoco6 MOHTHpyK)THa BCeX anflapaTax, B KOKoppo3HroCr{gTeMhr
Bbl3bIBaeT
r{ yBe- TOprilX BOSMOX(HOCKarrJrr{BaHHe x(nAJIHr{nBaeT BO3MOXHOCTbee 3atpfl3HeHl{ff.

KOrO XJIa,{afeHTa.

flpeaoxpaHxre.nrnufi zurattaH noHa xr{AKocrnoM rpy6onpoao4e Ka3aHHa puc. 3.18,o. C nouou{lro

rrocJrer.nHefinoropecnBepaycraHaB- urroKa I0 perynHpynr HarflxeHHe
ttpyxlrHbl 6 u reu caMHM-Har{aJIo
JII{BapT yKa3aTeIb
IOTOKa x{fi,[,KOrO
xJraAareura(pnc. 3.17), xoropuft orKprlrr{fl Krra[aHa.flpeaoxpaH[TeJrb[o3BOJrfleT yCTa HOBI,ITb,AOCTaTOqHOJII{ HbreKranaubr npn pa6me ycranoBKx
H R22 Ha annaparax
xraAarenra B cxcreMe. Ec.nr xJraA- c aMMHaKoM
aleHTa B cI{cTeMe He,tIoCTaTOqHO, TO HarnerareJrbHofi
cropoHbr HacrpaflBaB CMOTpOBOMCTeKle Br.rAHbrny3brpbKH
or Ha HaqanoorKprJTr{nnpn ua6urourapa B floroKe xhAxocrn. flpn6op HOM AABJIEHUU2,I MIIA, A HA AN[Aparax acacuaanqefi cropogbr- Ha
1,6 MFIa.
Arq KoHTpoJrffsa HeucnpaBHocTbn IIpeAoxpaHI.{TeJrbHbIx
IilaIIaHoB
Ha orBoAsuteM rpy6onporo4e ycraHaBJrr.rBanrcMorpoBoe ycrpoficrno
(puc. 3.18,a). Cuorpoaoe creKro
HanoJroBr4f{y
3anoJrHeHo
MacJIoM,npH
HenJroTHocTH fipeAoxpaHr.rTerbHoro
Pnc. 3.17. Yxasarnt noroKa xr.ru(oro xnal.- KJranaHaaMMr.raK
6yaer B BHAe nyafeHTa |t HaJllttlt{t B.rlarfi
3brpbKoB
flpoxoAlrb'lepes c.lroliMac.la.
78

BuxoA aMMr,raKanpu cpa6arHBaHHr

rrpeAoxpaHnTeJlbHoroKIanaHa npol{3BoAHrcr qepe3 aBapnftuuft KoJlfleK?op
B 3a6oprHyro soAy. Bo SpeoHoeux
ycTaHoBKax cMoTpoBblecTeKJIa3anonHffNTCA BOAOIT.
Cxeua BKMqeHnfl npeAoxpaHI,ITeJrbHbrxKJIanaHoBu rpy6onpoBoAoB
anapufiuoro BtrnycKa aMMLIaKafl3 cllcreMbr noKa3aHa Ha pI{C, 3.18, a.
K naposoft JruHHrlKa)KAoro annapara,
coAepxaqero xlAxuft ai,IMraK, npl,tcoeAr{Htnr npeAoxpaHHTerbHbleKrarraHbr. oiBoAH or HHx oLHHM rpy6o[poBo,{oM noABoAsrcq K aBapHfiHoMy
KonJreKropy, nosreAHnft coeAnneu 6eg
3aropHbrx ycrpoficrn c rpy6onporolioM, Bxoaflrqr{M B 3a6oprnyto BoAy.
O6parHufi KJIanaH Ha c6pacuBaloueu rpy6onpoBoAe cnyxfir ArIn npeAorBpauleHnfl noIaAaHLtfl 3a6oPrHofi
BoAbr B aeaplfiHuft KorneKrop.
flonruuo 3au{firbr afinaparoB or
noBbllxeHilfl AaB.[eHgfl
HeAOnycTI{MOrO
rpeAycMorpena Bo3Moxuocrl aeaptfi aneHTa
HoFO BblnycKa xoJloALtJIbHOrO
eroft ueJIfl xlrrH3 cr{creMbl. flln
KOCTHafl sacrb KaxAoro annapaTa
coeAnHeHa caMocTotreJIbHHM rpy6oIIpoBoaoM c aBapHftHt{M K0JIJIeKTOpOM.
Heo6xoAl.tMocru xonoAHJIbHbIfi
flpu
areHT H3 Kaxaoft qacra cncreMbl
Moxer 6ut aunyueH 3a 6opr.
Aeapr.rfiuufi KotreKrop ycraHaBnflBXOAa B KOMnpecBanT y TJIaBHOTO
copHoe oTAeneHHenoA SacreIileHHbIM
orpaxAeHHerrl. Kax.qHft BeHTHJIbaBapr{ftHoro BbrnycKa 3aKpbIT H 3a[JIOM-

AeaxonnaAxud

6nponau.
MaJIHxQpeouoB xonAescaropax
Bbrx ycraHoBoK ycraHaBJII{Banr npo6KH. (pnc. 3.18,6), Koropble AoJtxHbl
nraBl{rbcs npH rcr'rnepbryPe 651C.

3anopnner perynrqypqne ycrpoficrBa. K 3anopHofiapMarypeorHocrTcs B ocHoBHoM3anopHHe (npo(pnc. 3.19,a, 8, e)

xoArrbre) BeHrHJtIn
r{ 3aABI{xKu(pac. 3.19,6). PerynnOTJlItqaeTcgoT 3apyrotllnft BeHTLIJIb
nopHoro roJtbKoycrpoftc?BoMKflanaHa. Klanan Hueer xBocroBoeycrpoft-

nJIaBHOHSMeHflTb
CTBO.[O3BOnffIOIUee
npoxoAHoe ceqeHHe BeHTI,IJ|F.Kpor',re
rom, Ha rlrnHHAene perynHpylouero

Prc. 3.18. Vctpoficraa arapnftnoro BH[ycKa

XJIAAATEHTA:
a - npeaoxpaurre.,rbuufi Kratran; , - [eporoe HanpaBJrrpuee; 2 - pestroeoe yflrorH[TeJlbnoe Ko,Jlb'
qo; J- Manan; 4-uanpaalareunf, craxas; 5xopnyc; 6-npyxfiHa; 7 - aaxsusas raftxa; Eraiira; 9-xoJtnaqor; l0- utrox; 6-npeaoxpaH[TeJrbHarnJtaBKatnpo6xa; a - cuorpoBoeycrpoftcrBo; e - cHcrera aBap[f,Horo BHnycKa ailIdilaKa;
; -npeAoxpaxnrenbHHtr
/ -cocya c aMMBaxoM2
KJrarrai; 3 - cxotponoe ycrpof,crno; 4 - TpexxoAoaofi nexrx,rt; 5 - o6russxa cyaua; 6- ronteK?op
anapnftuoro BHnycKaaMM[aKa;.7- o6parHufi x,ranaH

79

Pnc. 3.19. 3auopnaR apmarypa:

4 - BeHrtlJlbnpoxo,tno* (aanopuuft); ,l - xo:lnax-uaxosnqox; 2.._ mJroBKa unsHAenr; 3- unnr4e.nl; 4 -cantHHr; 5-KpHUKa; 6-so.nornxr; 7-xopnyc; 6-oaA B H x ( a p a e r < r l b n a a tI - K o p n y c ; 2 - q e x l ;
3-rurrn;
4 - uttox; '-caarnrr;
6- naxoarr; a -,u.svxxoaorofi
a a n o p n u f i $ p e o a o o u f , B e n r f i J t b :/ - x o p n y c ;
J-urnxnaeJr6; J-na6naxa;
4-rafixa;
5-npilxaaaxa;
6fioJrnarfoK; 7 - narpy6ox; 8- rpofiunx; I -naxt,,nan
raftxa: a-uen6panuuft seHrlai: /-xaxoatx;
Zu n t l n A e n b ;3 - x p u u r r a ;
4 - r u e r 6 p a u a ;5 - u t o x ;
duryuep; / - Bop[yc

BeHrr.rJrtHape3aercfl MeJrKafl pe3b6a,

qro6u yMenbrxuTb xoA runHHAeJrs.
BeHTnrn, KaK ttpaBHJro, r{Memr Ha
KpblrrrKax yuoTHflrotqHe noflcKr{, rrTo
no3BoJlfleT, He OTKJroqat yqacToK
rpy6onpoaoaa or o6qefi cHcreMH,
saMenr.rrbcarbHHKoByn xa6nery. {lr
9TOnO BeHTH.rrbOTKpHBaeTCRAO OTKa3a r{ [epeKpHBaeT canbHHKoByto
Ha6HBKy. I(.nanan BeHrHJrfl BHnorHflercfl c KoJtbqeBofi 6a66firoaoft 3aJrHBKoft,Koropafl BMHHaercfl B KoJIbqesofi Bucryfl ceAJraKna[aHa H ynnorHfler ero. (cu. pnc. 3.19,a). Buecro
6a66grosofi 3aJrr{BKr{HepeAKo BbrRoJrHaercff t(oJrbueBar $roponnacroBafl
BcraBKa. Benru.nir ycJroBnrilM npoxo4ou 6o;ree 15 uu BbrnorHrK)r, KaK
npaBr{Jro,c 0nanqanan. <DlaHqu e xo80

ycTaHoBKaxnpflMeHflIo?cg
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u cMa3aHHbrfi
rpa$uroM. B KaqecrBe Ha6HBKfiycnerxuo
r.rcnoJlb3yroTcflKoJIbua fi3 MacJIocrofiKofi pe3HHbrfl H3 oroponJracra.
BeHrnnn H Apyryrc apMarypy B cyyC?aHOBKaX Nn
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AMMHAKA I.I3TOTOBJIqNTTOJIbKO CTAJtb-

HHe.Anff Speoxoaux ycraHoBoKAonycKanr dpoHaoaynapMarypy.

3anopnue I perynfipyadue BeHTr{nHycranaBJluBarcT
rax, uro6u HanpaBneHne aBHxeHr{fl xJraAareHra
coBIaJIO C HanpaBJeHfieMnOAbeMa
Kflanafia. flepea Ka)KAHM peryJrr-

Ha pnc. 3.19,a IIoKa3a[ QpeouopynulHM BeHTHJIeMO6UqHO MOHTHpyror sanopHuft BeHTHJrb,raK KaK aHft 6eccarrHnrosufi *leu6paHnufi
peryrnpynurufi
BeHrr{Jrb Hetb3fl Hc- BEHTI{JIb.
O6panrue KJranaHH. B xonoAtlanoJrb3oBarb B KaqecTBe 3arlopHoro.
Ha pxc. 3.19, a noKa3an BeHrHJrb HbrxycTaHoBKaxoHH cJlyxar Anq npeAHe6oJlbrrlom npoxoAHofo ceqeHHR. oTBpaqeHl{f, ABHX(eHI{HXJlaAareHTaB
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B OAHOM
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- or
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npeccopax qacro Hcnoflb3ytor BeHTHJIb KoHAeHcaropy.
B sxHronblx KoMnpeccopaxo6Parrarofi KoncrpyKrrnH.
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4-KpHlIIKa;
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4' Kanau6o.nruree?
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Kylo ponb r{rpaer Kosre}IcaroP a .pa6ore
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ycrauonxax? 7. Karoe 3HaqeHueHuerlr neperopo,(rcr B KphIIrIKaxHcnaPllTenfiAnt oxrax,qenlts paceona? 8. floqeuy 6atapeu nenocpeAcrBeHHoroxcnapeHt,ts AeJIapr ope6peuuurtls? 9. Kaxxe ocHosHHeqactH Bo3AyxooxJrarureJrfl Bu gsaere? 10. Kaxne ocsoBHHe
rpe6oaanna flpeAbflBnflpr K MacJIaM,npllMeHfleMHMAJrfl CMa3r[ XonoAHnbHblxKoMnpec'
copon? ll. Kaxoe s.lttlxulte oKa3blBaer MacJIo
sa. pa6ory auunaquofi xoaorn.rrnofi MauHfiH?
12. Kax o6ecneqfinaercs qflpKynsuils Macia
B cficreMe $peouorofi xonoAnnbsoi uauruHut?

6*

13. Ha xaxou nplHuune ocHoBaHapa6ora

14. Kax pa6oraet 6ap6oMacJrooraerrHreJefi?
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nfleren BbI[ycK uacJla r{3 [cnaplrreJtrsofl cnycranoerr? 16. Kax o6xapycreMu aMMrlaqnofi
xoJlotrt|nbxHTb HaJrHqHeBO3,4yXaB CtrCTeMe
uofi ycrauoars? 17. Kax pa6oraer 3MeeBrKonufi noagyxomAelure.nt? 18. Kar BJr{ter Bo3xo.noAu.lsuofi ycraHoaxn?
ayx Ha pafury
AB-4?
19. Kax pa6oraer Bo3,4yxoor.(eJtHre.nl
qero ycraHa&ruBaerct npe.uoxpa20. Im
gsre.nrxufi Knanau Ha annapare xonoau;rruofi
ycrauonxr?
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22. Karuu o6pasou lt Ao xaxofi reMneparypril
oxJraxaapT napbl xna,{arenTa B rIpOMexyTOqnou cocyae? 23. Als rarsx uelefi B cucreuy
xo.noan.nrxoiycraHoDKHBK.nloqapr,nuueftuufi
pecnaep?24. Kaxnrrl o6pa3ou pereHepilpyerca
nofJtorlrreJlbHagcnoco6noirb ocyuIHTJIbHoro
eeqecrsa?

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npn6opoa Ann oxnaxAeHus H orBoAa KOHAlrr{}roHr{poBaHr.tff
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Ha pnc. 4.1 npnBoAxrcr cxeMa Ha3brBaroT npoH3BoAcTBeHHbrM
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pur6onoenorurpayB easlrcruocrr.r or Mecra pagMexepa. fIpofiesoAcrBeHHaflxoJroAunb- ueHufl xonoAHJtbHbrxMaurnH pa3JrHHar ycTaHoBKaCJIyX!.|T
u AeqeHTpaAns npe,{Ba- qaloT I{eHTpaJIn3oBaHi{oe
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e pu6oo6pa6a- HagblBaercfl
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uauxsoft. Ha c"nyOTCeKe
6, nnanuueABHraTeJr.t
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Prc. 4.1. Pu6oaouuf, xoposurruf, rpayneprlna <Araasrrxr:

/ - pn6nui_ 6yrxep; 2- ptt6o-uyrHoe orlellrre; 3 - pe$ptxeparopnuf, rpnu Jrfg 3t 4 1- rtturHlro
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84

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3 + lToueueruerutoilu,wtor* r4oautr
I

tlaott\ut npono|

J I
Pnc. 4.2. Bapnauru pa3ueuexst na cy.&HecHcreMHoxJraxren[s:
/-sxsroaoft
4.._AeqeHTPanH3oBaHHoe; 6-qeHtpalnro-nannoe:
4 - lunef, uxfi pecnBep; 5 - aorayxooxla.l.Hre{b
J - xoHAeniarop;

K O M n p e C C O p ;2 - u n r
rpbxa

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cTBOBaTbnO npHHUrInyueHrpaJlH3oBaHHOTO H AeqeHTpann3oBaHHOrO

oxJraxAeHHff.npn HenocpeAcrBeHHOM
oxJraxAeHltn (pnc. 4.3, a) renJlora
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npHMep,6arapen HenocpeAcTBeHHOro
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cnoco6 nenacpedcraeHHoeo axnasc' a xnAKltfi xraAareHT flocrynaer B
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oxraxAenre.
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Jrn3oBaHHbIM.
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pvccKlrfiD. B sasncltuocrt'l or oxJlax-

85

Pnc. 4.3. Cnoco6u oxJraxtregus

Oxrax4enne c npouexyroqHHM oTHfiMas TerrJloTy y oxnaxAaeMoxraAoHoclTe,neu.Taxoe oxJlax(neHue ro noMeureHne/. TerraneparypaKHqacTo Ha3brBaDT

paccoJtbHbrM
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no poAy Hax6oneepacnpo- noAAepxnBaercflHa 5 "C urxe cpe4AeHr.reM
- soA- seft reMfleparypt{ paccoJra za cr{er
crpaHenHbrx xJraAouocr.tre.[efi
Hhrx pacrBopon coJrefi (pacconoe). pa6oru KoMnpeccopa
3. Teuneparypa
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eAHH- paccoJla6o.neeHr,lsxafl,r.remTeM[epaH xJraAoHocureJrff
crBeHHbrM
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Mep, ecrl,I xJIaAoHoc[TeJIb
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To reMrrepaType oxJraxAaeMoro noMeAaer [oMe[IeHr.rsnpll -2"C,
MoxHo npr{MeHr.rrb
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reMrreparypHapfAy c pacco- pacco.nrHofi cr{creMe oxJrax{AeHufl
Hr.r3KHx
JraMr.rIIpHMeHslorBoAr{brepacTBopbr AorrxHa 6url ga 5 oC xuxe, r{eMnpu
opraH[r{ecKLIxcoer,HHeHnfi,
Hueloulltx HenocpeAcTBeHHOM OXJlaIKAeHHH.
6o;Iee Ht,t3Kyn reMneparypy saMepB 3aBr{cr{Mocrr or roro, nepe3aHnfl.
AaeTcfl JIH TelJroTa oT ox.naxAaeMbrx
Tennora H3 oxJra)KAaeMofo noMe- (aanaopaxnnaeuux)
re.r HerrocpeArqeHnr (pnc. 4.3, 6) oocnpunaMaercq crBeHHo pa6oueuy BerrlecrBy rrltv yg.;ttarIPOMEXYTOqHbIM XJIAAOHOCHTCJICM,
Hnu xe 9ToT npoqecc
AOHOCT.TTeJTIO,
c noMoulbro Koroporo n ucnapnre.ne 2 IIpOHCXOAI.IT
C nOMOUIbTO
npoMexyTorrTenJrora [oABoAHTcfl r paSoveuy ne- Horo BeurecrBa (r.naenuu o6paeorr,t
urecrBy xoJroAr.rJrbHoft
uarunsu. LIcnaBo3Ayxa), pa3.[Hr{anr cnoco6u rcoruplrre,'Ib 2 pacnoloxeu Ha HeKoTopoM TAKTHO^Og 6eCrcOuragTHoeooxnagrcpaccToqHHu or oxJraxAaeMoro noMe- denurt.
lqeHufl, Ho B Mecre, yAo6HoM AJrft
B caorc oqepeAbxaxAuft It3 grr{x
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HJrr{c noMou{bronpoqHq ropqqux napoB xnaAafeHTa, 3aTeM MexyToqHorc xJraAoHocr.rreJlff
.
xJraAareHr nocrynaer B perynupyrcKonrarrsoe
HenocpeAcrBennoe
uafi Kranau 5, rAe oH Apoccenfi- oxJlaxAeHne(pnc. 4.4,a)- flpu raxou

pyercs. Cneuuantsufiuacoc6 o6ec- cnocoSe ox,!ax,4,aeMoeTeJIo MOXeT

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neqHBaeT
nepeAaBarbrerrJroryKr{nrx{eMyxraAqepe3 acnaparelr 2 n paccoJrbHHe areHry nyreM npflMoroxonraxra (uaoxJraxAaroqHeycrpoftcrea 1. B Hcna- npHMep, 3aMopaxr{BaHr{enpoAyKToB
pnrene 2 x.na4ouocr.rreJrb
oxJraxAaer- B xHAKoMSpeoHe,B x(H.{KoMasore)
cs Ha 2-3oC, [epeAaBas Terurory HJrr.{nyTeM HenpflMoroKoHTaKTanoKs[qqemy xnaAareHry. B rprouHtrx cpeAcrBoM reflno[poBoAHoCrHqepe3
oxJlaxAalou{ux npx6opax xJraAoHo- MeraJrJlnqecKyro
creHrry rpy6u, rrJtrrcr{TeJrb HarpeBaercs Ha 2-3 "C, TbI I,I T. N.
86

Cxeua rosrartsoft

tvtoposnnlnoft r,,loro6naroAapfl ABuxeHsn Bo3Ayxa.

nJlH- Eecxosrarrsufi cnoco6 6o.neeyHI{BepycTaHoBKLi C TOpLI3OHTaJIbHbIMI'I

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hcnapeHHgaMMHa- parax Anf, 3aMopaxnBaHHsPu6u,
HenocpeAcrBeHHoto
noKa- raK u npH oxJlax,[eH]'In rpy3oBblx
xJIaAarcHTa,
liJrtt
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Apyrorc
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C nOMOlIlbIo xJIaAo- cioenuort 4upnglnqueil eosdgxa H
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nPoAYKr aosdAwHoe c nPuugdurenanortquP'
oxnaxAaeuuft
s 6ar c xJIaAo- KAnnquertEosdAxa (Prc. 4.4,d,e)MoxHo norpyxarb
HocureJreM(pnc. 4.4, a). Taxofi cno- fIpr unpxy.ltflIl]iHBo3AyxaH3MeHqercfl
co6 npnHflr AJrfr npeABaplreJlbnoro He roJIbKOero TeMfieparypa, Ho ,l
oxJraxAeHHfl pbr6bl MopcKofi eoAofi BJIA)|(HOCTb.
Becxonraxruoe oxJIaxaeHI'le MoHa cyAax rHna <Tponnr>, <At.nan6utr KaK HenocpeAcrBeuHbtM'
xer
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a HarpeBaffcb y noBepxHocTl'lorpax{Eecxonrartnoe oxJtax4enue. flPu
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nepeAaqa TenJIoTL[ I{AeT KaK nyTeM Aaercfl nepeAaqefi BJIarn or npoAyxryqHcrom o6uesa (6es yuactufl npo- ToB K noBepxHocTH oxJlaxAaIoilIHx
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Bnary
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87

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y oxJraxAaroquxnpu6opoBH y oxJrax- urne 6araper
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