Вы находитесь на странице: 1из 60





34 5760'/ 8

 "!$#&%&'(#*),+'(.-'/0'12

9 :=<?>A@CBEDGFIHJBEKMLONPFQK"< S
;
: M
RT UVFQK?T">W<
NYX$Z [\][_^Q[\/`XbaXIc `,R deHfa4dhgi`kjl`m nCA
o p1^$\/q$qQrbX&stgi\/u

ALMER
CH

GSKOLA
HO

EKNISKA
T
S

GO

TEBORG

9;:=<?>f@vBEDGF5wGLONyxMBEDGFQNzH|{ T?o}HJB~9;:OL?T?>ATMUG{
 a*skd[_gaX[`,cfHenbadhgi`s,X$qop/^$\1q  rbX&stgi\1m4Z

=?~ "$$Ab J?AP ? viP


~ "$~A J"$AW

ef"&bP~

r
G

HenbaZ\1Zc`,d|[nbaMqba4da4aM`,c>\/m4aX[_\1sk[ha?`,cBXb\/Xbaa4dh\1Xb

U `tR [ha `,d&*@Csr



    !"!$#%%&!$!(') & !+*,%.- !$&0/10*,13245 1/ 65#87:9&')';%9/< =,')> -2
#5#/ 6 @?1- / BA+6 ')/19!C!% DE#F*, $ GIHKJ L'; 1!,*M&$L#%&!N#&OB#F*M52F / '; !%/ 6 @  
#%J %2FP/1')& !$/165 Q/1P - !$#%%/1 32R1/1S5&Q+#%&!N#,9& !%!&GTHKJ UV 1P!M!N#%!%!M'; & !TW&P&51 
W/3X'; %L 99&- %5#X%!%- 3#!K#J65Y&PPB/1!%9!%/3#FZ'; 1!&7   #%J - WJB#%J L / [\&$& 9&!]5%
/ '^5_;95!%&!K'; $W/1654G`A]&!%/ W>65 ')#%&%!M!%- 9aJO !,  W.5%+5DE#&B>P%&P/19#%&B>: % 
&b*J &Y;   !!$#%%&!$!+')P&c/1!K-P!%&@GCdT PB/1!$9&!$/ #FZ')P&1!5%L!%- $> %/ !%/  W 
 99&- %5#576 &b*JP&Z#J "!$/1'e- 15#f6g*h/  9& -  !K9&')> 1jiB> Jk!%/ 9&!76!%&XV ') Dl$!nmo
p q3rUsutv
w 7 sxtPyw G
V 1P!!$#%%!%!z')P&1!{ $,>: %&|#J  e&PP(/ !%9& !%/ #FX')P&1!|/ (#%')! D -P';N2
/ 9 \!$#a5} /1 / #FG~U6
#- % @ /3[@-P!%/1 !$# } /1 /1&/1!C> $&!$&k#V/1^#%J "'; ';_#%- '&_-65#%/1P!&7
 P^#J_- !M!%')U!$>\9&/1 :#%%&5#')&k#M'e- !$#M}:+/1')>:!%8GzdzB!% 7_#JP+!$# } / 1/ #Fe> %>:&N#/ &!
 D+!$!$#%&' DU&_-6
#/1  !&'; 65#%/1 WDl$'#%J B- !$O5D]   !!$#%%&!$!;') &K5%
*M%!$]#J65#J !$+#J 5#C';%WV*J &Z- !$/1 W5& ^/1!$9&!$/ #F)'; \/ !,- !$&8GIFB'; k
!$/ #- 5#/  !&7#J / !D59#1&  !K#. /3%W 9&L*J &b- !%/  W;)&P1 !!N#%!%!V'; 4GzHKJ / !/1!
!%>:&9&/1 13#$- n/  t Ae7 *J &$e!%&$e!$# } / 1/ #F^> % } 1';!J6n}\&Y 9& - k#&$&8GUcg*
   !I_- 'e}:&+Pb! %K/ ';>:!%!$/1}  M#%X-P!%/1'; knf6g*!%/ #%-65#%/1 !z  87k#J_- !7k#J 
- !% WX/1!K /1')/ #;#%.*,  32RDl-P 9#%/12R}6 !$&B') 1!KC#F*M52R<V') & !&G
!#%J *C  ]}:-  65$9  /3#/1  !BJ6}:&&> $ &#}\ &$/ ';>:N#a k#7V
$  /15} 1Z1g*  1 !)_- 'e}:&U J6 !^}:&> $>\ !%&/155#$#&')>P#.#!%3
>65$# D#J !N#a } / 1/3#Fn> $}  &')!&7k!%/  9&C#%J 9&$%!%>:  /  WLJ /1WJ)   !I_- 'e}:&T') 
}k| -P  &I5 .c/ su
w !$J g*,;!$'),>: #_#%/< GVPDlN#- 6
#&3(#%J /1!`'; P!$#%/1 !$-P[\&%!
Dl$'!$# } / 1/ #F;> $} 1';!G
HKJ  99&- % 9 9aJ / }_#JPV 1P!!$#%%&!$!B'; U/ 9&')>6 $/1!$*/ #%J 
 P/1!%9!%/3#F0'; &T/ !L  #(!%-P)9&/ &k#30< $We#bi9&- !$^#JP)#%%- }P1&!$'))_- ')&$/19& 
}:&J6/1 - T D#J K_-65#/  !GTU  &!$!M5_n *_- ';%/ 9 Dl5#%- %K/ !z> % >\!$&87_  1 !
!N#%!%!U'; & !,*/1 @> $}6 }P B 5#}\L- !$&Z*/1  B/ B/1  -P!$#NG

 
 

I 'W$5#$Dl- #T$ D GI| %!,A"g/  !%^  BA]GIY5#%!CV ') Dl$!Dl M#JP&/1!%-P>\$/1!$/1
 PY!%-P> >\ $#V#J $- WJ  -P#U#%J X9&- $!%( D#%J /1!!$#%- P GKK 1!$^5> > %9&/15#"#JP(9>:&%5#/ 
 DeA]&G Y W -P
! U 1 }   9aSDl%' #%J 0Vg LF !$#%/ #-# D(H`9aJ   W /1 #%9aS_J  1'OG
=, < }:%5#/ )*/3#J d =C?zAL\7 + N*,18| }:%5#$/1!M/ 
 UiDl % !$J /1$]J6 !C}:&$
Dl$- / #$Dl- c  @7P#J_- !7:i#%& b'nW$5#K#%J6  S_!K#)~V/1W /1 S &!7 1 /1
 ,- %P!&7\- &   
/ ';9i  5#J %!]*M%S_/1PWb
# d 78Dl +#J /1]W %
#"!%- >P>\N#GeY k#J   S_!L 1!$#
#%J n!N#a5[5##JP( >6 N#')&k#] DHKJ &$';^  Y?1- /  P6 ')/19!&7=,J  1')&$!+V /  &%!$/ #FZ D
H{&9aJ P1W57  #"#%J K!$#5[B !D I  LA"5#a  Dlz#J /1T5!%!%/ !$#  9&V P)W - /165 9&5G 
ji#%#J   S_!+##%J .=,J651')&%!+  ')/1 / !$#%5#%%!78b  /1S
P7\U <^5 "
 ,/1$W/ #$#a*J BJ6
}:&b*M  $Dl- G
HKJ /1!`!$#%- PX*C !`Dl-   }_n~+VH$d #  Pe/ #%&! %%V ')> % W ' 'D   `!N#(   '; /  W!N#&S_ / S_Q G
HKJ )9& ';> -#&"$&!$- %9&!L*,%.> $/  &0}k0=,J6  ';%!"V /  &%!$/ #F5D,H{&9aJ P1W5  
I3)A"5# +G


 
`g 6 
B  
 \
\ \
 :g {   
 "#|
 $ {% &  
G y C !$/19"$&<
#/1  !+GXG(GXGXG(GXG(GLGXG(GXGXG(GXG(GXGXG(GXGLG(GXG(GXGXG(GXG(GXGXG
G dT PB/1!$9&!$/ #FB') & ! GXG(GLGXG(GXGXG(GXG(GXGXG(GXGLG(GXG(GXGXG(GXG(GXGXG
 *_-2 ,e') 4GeGXGXG(GXG(GXGXG(GXGLG(GXG(GXGXG(GXG(GXGXG
G G y HKJ (!N#a P6 %+
G G |g* VP1 !_- 'e}:&. *_-2 ,e')P&4GBGXGXG(GXGLG(GXG(GXGXG(GXG(GXGXG
G G t HC*,;</ *k02 ,('; &GnGXG(GXGXG(GXG(GXGXG(GXGLG(GXG(GXGXG(GXG(GXGXG
G t    !!$#$&!$!U')P&1!GXG(GLGXG(GXGXG(GXG(GXGXG(GXGLG(GXG(GXGXG(GXG(GXGXG
G t G y HKJ (F!$ #$> / 5#%/1B D T% - 9#/1 O') &cGXGLG(GXG(GXGXG(GXG(GXGXG
G t G HKJ 2 1"/1}P!%O  O| - P &K*, 1c$f69#/  GLG(GXG(GXGXG(GXG(GXGXG
G t G t P2F /1 & KU G6HKJ ( 5 1 '; &OGXG(GXGLG(GXG(GXGXG(GXG(GXGXG
G t G 3  g*    !V+PG6HKJ  +') &(G(GXGLG(GXG(GXGXG(GXG(GXGXG
G t G 6 9- } / 9X$  /1& } 1++PG6HKJ ({c';  GLG(GXG(GXGXG(GXG(GXGXG
G t 7G ( 9- } / 9M5 ($  /1& } 11g*   1 !|_- 'e}:&{U G > % >\!$&
'; &GXG(GXGXG(GXG(GLGXG(GXGXG(GXG(GXGXG(GXGLG(GXG(GXGXG(GXG(GXGXG
 9: l P  ;=<K > +?
P@ $A  B D C kg@  E  C
t G y H{- %} -P1&P9&X'; & ! GXG(GXG(GLGXG(GXGXG(GXG(GXGXG(GXGLG(GXG(GXGXG(GXG(GXGXG
t G HKJ X';!%J GXG(GXG(GXGXG(GXG(GLGXG(GXGXG(GXG(GXGXG(GXGLG(GXG(GXGXG(GXG(GXGXG
t G t =,k9#%/1b!%9aJ '; GXG(GXG(GLGXG(GXGXG(GXG(GXGXG(GXGLG(GXG(GXGXG(GXG(GXGXG
t G 3 ,-P 6 NB9&P / #%/1 ! G(GXG(GLGXG(GXGXG(GXG(GXGXG(GXGLG(GXG(GXGXG(GXG(GXGXG
t G 6 &!%-P #!nGXGXGXG(GXG(GXGXG(GXG(GLGXG(GXGXG(GXG(GXGXG(GXGLG(GXG(GXGXG(GXG(GXGXG
t 7G ( =, 91- !$/1P! G(GXG(GXGXG(GXG(GLGXG(GXGXG(GXG(GXGXG(GXGLG(GXG(GXGXG(GXG(GXGXG
H I>{A $  KJK 

3 G y H{- %} -P1&P9&X'; & ! GXG(GXG(GLGXG(GXGXG(GXG(GXGXG(GXGLG(GXG(GXGXG(GXG(GXGXG


3 GG =,&!%k-P #9! #%/1A b9a!%J69aJ  P'; & cf6GXg* G(GXG(G(GLGLGXGXG(G(GXGXGXGXG(G(GXGXG(G(GXGXGXGXG(G(GXGXGLGLG(G(GXGXG(G(GXGXGXGXG(G(GXGXG(G(GXGXGXGXGG
3 t

! "I> +?
LM; { 6 N
e PO QPR<R 6S $4 T
6 G y H{- %} -P1&P9&X'; & ! GXG(GXG(GLGXG(GXGXG(GXG(GXGXG(GXGLG(GXG(GXGXG(GXG(GXGXG
6 G =,k9#%/1b!%9aJ '; GXG(GXG(GLGXG(GXGXG(GXG(GXGXG(GXGLG(GXG(GXGXG(GXG(GXGXG
t



!
'
(
)
)

ygv
ygv
yy
y
y43
y43

y6
y(

y8

F

y)
y)
y)

y G
yG
y

=





VU
%8
%8

6 GG t ?  &!%* -P # !n!%GX9&$GX/1>PGX#%/1G( GXG(GXGXGXGXG(G(GXGXG(G(GLGLGXGXG(G(GXGXGXGXG(G(GXGXG(G(GXGXGXGXG(G(GXGXGLGLG(G(GXGXG(G(GXGXGXGXG(G(GXGXG(G(GXGXGXGXGG % )8


63

'  >$  ?


;
=
P( G y ? *  !%9&$/1>P#%/1 GXGXG(GXG(GLGXG(GXGXG(GXG(GXGXG(GXGLG(GXG(GXGXG(GXG(GXGXG tk
P( G HKJ X';!%J GXG(GXG(GXGXG(GXG(GLGXG(GXGXG(GXG(GXGXG(GXGLG(GXG(GXGXG(GXG(GXGXG tk
P( G t H{- %} -P1&P9&X'; & ! GXG(GXG(GLGXG(GXGXG(GXG(GXGXG(GXGLG(GXG(GXGXG(GXG(GXGXG tt
P( G t G y HC*,52R&_-65#%/1O') 1!BGXG(GXGXG(GXG(GXGXG(GXGLG(GXG(GXGXG(GXG(GXGXG tt
P( G t G VP1 !U#%%!%!+bP&1!MG(GXGXG(GXG(GXGXG(GXGLG(GXG(GXGXG(GXG(GXGXG tt
P( G 3 =,k9#%/1b!%9aJ ';!^GXG(GXG(GLGXG(GXGXG(GXG(GXGXG(GXGLG(GXG(GXGXG(GXG(GXGXG tt
(PG 6 &!%-P #!7 A U/1 8? g*G(GXG(GLGXG(GXGXG(GXG(GXGXG(GXGLG(GXG(GXGXG(GXG(GXGXG tt
P( G 6 G y =,- $55#%- %X[\&9#! G(GLGXG(GXGXG(GXG(GXGXG(GXGLG(GXG(GXGXG(GXG(GXGXG t (
P( G7( =, 91- !$/1P!&7 A U / 18?`1g* GLGXG(GXGXG(GXG(GXGXG(GXGLG(GXG(GXGXG(GXG(GXGXG tS8
U  M T$:? 

 S{ M
  g A V$l  $` 
H'
8 G y A]&!$9&$/1>P#%/1Z D{#J "#%&!$#%9 !$ GLGXG(GXGXG(GXG(GXGXG(GXGLG(GXG(GXGXG(GXG(GXGXG 3 (
8 GG H{=,- %k} -P91&#%P/19&bX';!%9aJ  ';& ! !^GXGXG(G(GXGXG(G(GLGLGXGXG(G(GXGXGXGXG(G(GXGXG(G(GXGXGXGXG(G(GXGXGLGLG(G(GXGXG(G(GXGXGXGXG(G(GXGXG(G(GXGXGXGXGG 3 (
8 G t &!%-P #!K5D`#%J "!%/ 'e- <
#/1  !, D{#JP"  &1 > /1 Wf6g*h/1Z%9#a5 W- 1 C - 9#G 3 8
83
38
F (l P   `T 
 P ` S${ %
!
P) G y A]&!$9&$/1>P#%/1Z D{#J "#%&!$#V9& !%eGLGXG(GXGXG(GXG(GXGXG(GXGLG(GXG(GXGXG(GXG(GXGXG 6 y
P) G H{- %} -P1&P9&X'; & ! GXG(GXG(GLGXG(GXGXG(GXG(GXGXG(GXGLG(GXG(GXGXG(GXG(GXGXG 6 y
)PG t =,k9#%/1b!%9aJ ';!^GXG(GXG(GLGXG(GXGXG(GXG(GXGXG(GXGLG(GXG(GXGXG(GXG(GXGXG 6 y
P) G 3 &!%-P #!nGXGXGXG(GXG(GXGXG(GXG(GLGXG(GXGXG(GXG(GXGXG(GXGLG(GXG(GXGXG(GXG(GXGXG 6 y
{
   4>  {T TE_ 5

3 #JbdIK= " ?GXH GX =GX5GX G(UGX G(GX GXG(%S_GX!$J G(GL>YGX YG(GXGX6G(P&GXG(?`GX1gGX* G(OGXGL G(1GX /1 G(W GX7GXL# G( %GX !%%G(-PGXJ  GXG
yG%G%6
#6 J^dIK= " ?H =
+   $S_!%J >^B6 Z?1g*O 1 /1 W 7=,J 5#- yG%G ( %
\G L1 g$/1<5S/ ! mo p q3r &P!&G
P5  9&!b/1H`-P%} -  & 9 +a7 8%8 2 8 P) 7 9 yG G (
"# 1-k*M& 9&  &')/19 T - }P1/1!$J &$!&7~V#JP&%1   ! GXG(GXGLG(GXG(GXGXG(GXG(GXGXG %%
=+Gx2 PG=,J & mo p q3r & !G .?1g*bP&1/  W(  ^H{- $} - 1 9&]b5!%- $&')&k#! +a7
> >8G k3 v%8 2 3 y3 7 9 y4G%G ( G G C   S &';P76 #$#&$6 ' GXGLG(GXG(GXGXG(GXG(GXGXG

 
 
     

J !$/1'e- 15#/  W  '; !$#) k ji#%&$6 Kf6g*  DV#9aJ  /19& /1k#%!$#.#J %O/1!.9&- N

:} -    $ > %!%&k#&G HKJ B9- $55#%- %B/ !n/1')>:$# k#e/1#&$';!n DV}\-P 6 N 1g &eP32
>P';_#; P#%- %} -P1&P9& GY k DU#J B#%- %} -P1&P9&Z'; 1!.5 /11 } 1;/1=C?zA9& &!
#%6)>:$ n> % /19#M#%J &!$+9&-P$55#-P%+[@9#%!&GdT P ]/ !%9& !%/ #F;O 1!  d L > $& / 9#
9- $55#%- %O[\&9#!./1 9%$&9#  G&9 2R%P&.9& !%- $&!7, GuW G   !;#$&!$!b 1!
 + 7  .59&9& - k#KDlC!$#%%& '; /1 U9&- N55#- $L  B!$J -  B';/ ';/ 9V#%J +#-P%} -  & 9"'; %
 99&- %5#  -P  &e#%J &!$Z9&/1$9&- ')!$#  9&!&G Ug*,&7C&*/ #%J #J B- !$Z DU+ O!&7I#J 
 9&5#/ . D@#%J U!$&>655#%/1)>\ /1k# 5 /1 57 DlI/1P!$#a5 9&57/ !P #,!$-P)9&/ &k#3) 9&9- 5#% 7_*J /19aJ
/ #%- %!$/1W / 695_#% Y5[\&9#%!"#J ) 99&- % 95D,5G W Gn  WZ> $& / 9#%/1 !GeHKJ ) / '  D#JP/1!
> $  $&9#(*, !L#J_- !L#Z/1P9&%& !%.#JP)-P  &$!$#   /  Wb5DCJ g*   1 !L!$#%%!%!(#%- %}P- 1 9&
')P&1!+>\$Dl$' /  P5  9&0/1  -P!$#$/< |f6g*!L!%- 9aJ !]#%J !%e#%J65#"/  9& -  e!$&>655#%/1
 P!N#%& ')1/1Pe9&- N55#- $&!G   /3#/ 6 `'; & !" $/1')> 1';_#%&/ #%J 9& ';')&$9&/<5
=C?zA!$ DE#F*C5% 7=C?  3 7 sxt5w 7 Dl$';% (=C?AL_2 ?z   t A Dl% ' d H`9aJ   W 7 U $*M& 
| }:
#$/1&!7_ #G d J6 !I';  %15 k#>6 N#!I D\#J 9& U 5/1<5} 1DlT#J / !!N#- G
dz5 1- 5#/  !J6"}:&&^'^ P+/1;9&>:&
#/1 ;*/ #%J I3A"
#a +7_*J &$+#J +'; & !
J6 n  !%.}:&&Z#!$#%&Y/ O Z/1  -P!$#$/< @&k/1%  ';k#G

 

 
 



 

HKJ / !^9aJ65>P#^} $/1fP / k#% - 9&!.#J b%&  &)##J O#- $} -  & 9Y') 1!.- !$&/1#JP/1!
!N#- P GI')T#J  - WJk#/ !c#a S5&(Dl$' }6 !$/19I> Jk!%/ 9 _%<5#%/1P!`5 87#J_- !$&_- / %/1PWU} $/1D
/ _#%% - 9#/1 )#%(!$- 9aJ%<5#%/1P!&GHKJPU$&<
#/1  !T}\1g*9& ^}:KDl-  ;/1; 1P#%i#}:S_!,
#%J ]#>P/19 7!%-P9aJb5!CH`  S &!U  Zc- ')1 sut 35w 7*J W/  ]')%U%/1W - % - !Mji> <  5#/  !
 Pb %/3 
#/1  !&G

  

$A $P~"

# $#%/1 WDl$' #%J X~+/1&U#%S !U_-65#/  !KDl Z/  9&')> $&!%!$/1}  ]f6g*L7


y

4 G y

    
  !
4 G
 " v
PU9& ^- !$V#%J UVP1 ! 9&')>\ !%/ #%/1 / )*JP/19aJ;#%J & 9/ #F.5 ;>P%&!$!%- $" $V!$> 1/3#
/ _#%).#%/1')2  &5W&Z') Z>6 N#7$# &% 76  bef6- 9#%-65#%/1 W.>6 N#7 ' ' 7 #J65#/ !

 #  '
%  '
4 G t

{&$Dl %'e#/ ';" &5W(5D- 5#/   4 G y M#.} #a / Z#%J XV 1P!V_-65#/ 8G
  # *
 # y %
4 G 3

( )     
!
 #  
4 G 6
  v
HKJ  + 5%]#JP(5  / #%/  "-  S_ g*    !K!$#%%!%!%!U*J / 9aJb/ B#- $O'n- !$#V}:"!%3&
n'; &  &8GR#e/1!n>:!$!%/1}P1;#% &$/  BiP 9#e%&15#/  !XDl(#%J ZV 1P!e!$#%%&!$!%!&7,!$&
sxt 3 w 7
 - . # . #
 +
,   
 . 021    . 3
/
 45 6
 !

 .
/ 

 
/

 - . . .
  021       ! 3 /   .
56

 021   3  /  021.  . 3
  5 6 !
  5 6  

 
  .
0 51 6  ! 3
4

G7(

HKJ V#%')!M)#J U%/ WJk#$2FJ   )!%/1PU9& ^}:U/  &k#%/ 6 !M> % - 9#/1 87 % 7_#- $} - 1k#, /3D<2
Dl- !$/1@7
7/ !%9& - !T / [\- !$/187
 7k>P%&!$!%- $U!N#% /1/ _#%&% 9#%/187 7_   P/1!%!$/1>6
#/1 87 , G
HKJ >P%  - 9#%/1O#%'O7 % 7@  Y #%J n/1!$9&- !+ / [\- !%/ b#%&$'b7
  7@ %niP 9#&G Ug*M && 7
')%L- PSP*P!" %L/ _#%%  - 9&5 b') & /1 W/ !#%J_- !UP&&P&8GK H` S_/1 W.J65 D#%J "#% 9&
 D&_-65#%/1  G ( ,W/  &!V Z&_-65#%/1ZDlC#%J "#- $} - 1k#US_/  #%/19"&P&%W57 * +

 *

  + 
/

 1


y  #


 3 5/ 6


021 
4
 y + .
   
/  02 1 


0
#  
    /  021  3
 ! 3  
  *

   3 /  0 1  3
!    !


4

G8

KH J Z#%')!.#%J Z%/ WJk#$2FJ   !%/  O %Z/1k#%&%>P%#%&  !.> % - 9#/   %&. 7 /1!$!%/ >65#/ 
 , j7@#-P%} -  &k#L /3[@- !$/1 
. U  /1!%9- !" /3[@-P!%/1  
 G! /1!+#%J e') !N#5/1
#
#%& !$&G 1#%&$';!Ii9&>P##J C/ !%9& - !MP/ [\- !%/ e#%' - !$-6   (  &;#L}:K'; 1&@GHKJ 
> $P- 9#%/1B#%'/ !KiP 9#U*J   &
#J nV 1P!]!$#%%&!$!%!(5%e5 / < }   GHKJ e#%  !$>\ $#]_-65#/ YDlV#J ( /1!$!%/ >65#/ 
%5#57 ,7P9 O}\"*$/ #%#%&876!$& s y ( w 7
*J %

* )  ,
 ,   % $ 

" #
 " #
 " #
 &   
 
'
( '
 (' !
"      . '  .'
  

"     '.  '.
    

" +$    # . '  . '
  '   '  ' 

&     .  .
   '    '


   .  .
   
8

4

G7)

)   ' ' ' ' '


'      '      ' !
HKJ e#%&$';!]9& }:e/1 k#/  & !]>P% - 9#%/1Y%&15#Y##%J e') bf6g*  "   y t j7
> ) $P- 9#%/1B$&<
#&;#e#-P%} -  &  9  & 7/ !%9- !K !$#$- 9#%/1   7P#%- %}P- 1_#C / [\- !%/ 
, jGOb & !e $; &  DlX 1T#%&%')!X} -P#X#J 
 L  0/1!%9- !eP/ [\- !%/   
/1!$' 9&-P!U /3[@-P!%/1 #&$'bG
 K&_-65#%/1 !) !%9&$/1}:&5}\g Y (%'OiP 9#} -# *-  S_ g* !B $Y/  9&$>\ 5#%&
/ _#%(#%J U>P%}  &'O7k#J_- !,$&_- / %/1PW(')P&1!GF;& P./1!$9&!$/ #F)') 1!I') 1/  WL 1$ 
}:&W/  !e/ #JPBV 1P!e&_-65#%/1P!&7 4 G 3 2 G 6 j7}k Y'; DlX#J VP1 !(!$#%%&!$!%!
#%J65#L&'; 6
#&!] !L   /3#/3e- PSP*P!(/ #J - 5#/  !&G(?6+#%J /1!]';5#$#&7@#F*MO!$9 1 
- 5#/  !. $B- !%Dl e9&')> -P#%/1 W  &  /1!%9!%/3#F7T*J / 9aJ/  #- $ /1!e-P!%&/1#J 
')P&  D:#JPVP1 !I!N#%!%!$&!&GIHKJ !$9 1 %!I $K- !%-  13n#JP#%- %}P- 1_#IS_/  #%/19K&P&%W57
*\7 #%W#J */3#JB#JPX PZ / !%!$/1>65#%/1B%5#557 ,G
V 1P!b!N#%!%!') & !OP  #b&P9&- k#%& k') 1/  W  De#%J #%&%')!O/1#J 
   !&_-65#%/1P!&7 4 G 3 2 G 6 7!%/1P9&"#J X   !!$#%%&!$!%!] $X!$  &ZDl&GTHKJPX')2
1/1PWO/ !"/1 !N#& P/1%9#%&#g*C5%#%J .!$#%%&!$!(_-65#/   #J .9& ';>  &')&k#a5$!$9 1 
- 5#/ 8GIHKJ L'; !$#K*/1P& ^- !%Y!$9 1 K/1OU b!/1!C#%J L& PZP/1!%!$/1>6
#/1 B5#% 7 ,G

 

 "O

= b~b 

J?f

HKJ / !B!$#%- P/ !^Dl9- !%  + O!&7]5 d "b!O %-P!%&!% 1&3 Dl 9&')>6 $/1!$%&
2
!$ !&GuHKJ ;9&')';%9/< `9& ;=C?  3sxt5w *C5!X-P!%&0#J $- WJP-P#"#JP/1!L!$#%- PG; T#-PN2
} -P1&P9&') 1!+ %5 / < }  (/ Y#JP/1!]9 57|  #%J '; 1!U#%J65#"J g }\&- !$&Dl
9';>  %/ !%O $"!%- ')'^5%/1&O !KDl 1g*
!
HKJP,!$#  65% *_-2 ,K') k}kn| -P  &  e>6   /1 W su% 6
w GHKJ / !`/ !{UJ / WJn  1 !
_- 'n}\V') &c5 b-P!%&!*, 1@Dl-P 9#%/1 !V5#K*,  1!&G
HKJP *_02 ,V') _}_e| -   T  J6 $'^ suO 3 w GHKJP/1!z *  1 !`-P'e}\z') 
511g*! Z/ _#%&W%5#/ #JP%- W JO#%J L}\-P 6 NB< 1\#J "*,gB#%#J "*, 1G
HKJ C#F*M52R<I > > $k 9aJ}k.=,J )   
#& 7s 8gw *, !I 1!$]9& ;5 - !%./1n#%J /1!z!N#- G
   

 &$ "!$#&%S'A)(

HKJ ;!$#  6 $*k20,') &T/ !L#%J .'; !$#L*/1  Y- !% '; z/10/1 P- !$#%%/<5T > >  /19&5#/  !&G
HKJ Z'; /1%& !% Dl(/ #%!e>\ > - <5%/ #F0/ !n#J6
#/ #n/1!Y &$ _- ';%/ 9   0%}P- !$#') &G
R#U/1!  !%.!%-P%> $/1!%/  W3B 99&- %5#LDlK'; kB/1 P- !$#%%/<5c > >  /19&5#/  !&GTHKJP(')P&|  b  
 #%J &Vd LO!+ $L} - /13#K- >:B#J  , - !%!$/1 !% s ( w Jk>: #%J &!$/1!&7
 +     #   #   t *
4 G G


MZP/1')& !$/1658 65 !%/ !&7P#%J L& P^/ !%9 !% /3#FB9   O}:! LDl %'e- 15#Z 9&9%P/1 W#

+*-,
)

*
,

G ygv

KH J (#5 !%>:$#+&_-65#%/1P!UDl *\7\_-65#/   G 8 7\  +,7:&_-65#%/1  G7) 7\ %(!%/ ';>  / 6
#%
 *
 
 * %&. ,
 G yy
  .  

   

, &% .
,       ! ,
 ,
   
, +*  *  *  *  
*J %
 # #  !


#

%&.      
#  65%Z 51- !Dl C#J L') 89&  !$# k#!U  %  !  
.
*-,  v v%G *   y 3%3 *   y G   y v   y t
 A  < $` { <-: ;>$ * P ,   

G y

  1TDl- P9#/  !( %)- !$& 5#X#JP)*, 1 !&GZ=,  !%/  &nO9k#%  1- ')) 9&9%P/1 WO# 6 W52
P
y
W

? /1W-P% G y 
m p  p m6oIo
)o6m  p qEq3r
- $ G y G"-  k#/ #%/1!C5  -65#O5# %  $"!%- }P!%9&$/1>P#%&O}kZ %   Z_-6 k#%/ #/ &!K 51-65#%&
5#+#J e*, 1`}k G"HKJ e#-P%} -  &k#LS_/1 #/ 9n&P&%W5/1!U!%3&Dl+5#]#%J     %59&&k#
#%#J ^*,  47z5  #J ; 51- ; DK#J *,  M!$J  n!$#$&!$!'^}\5 1-6
#&Dl%' * 4 G
!$>\9&/<5C#%&5#')&k#. DV#JPO!$- $9&Z#&$' /1 #%J  *_-65#/ /1! & /  % .#%- !%
_-6 k#%/ #/ &!LDl%' #J ;/1k#%/1 " D,#%J )f * 5    %& P!$>\9&/  & }:-    $9  /3#/1  !
b#J n & 9/ #/ &!7\!$& sxt5w G]?6- $#%J &$'; % 7#JPe'; ';_#%- 'f6-ib#JP%- W JY#J (*C  |/1!+!$#
#%)&$)}k#%J "';5#$/3i;9&)9&/ &k#U5#C#%J "*C  47   v G O  #%&% 5#/3" >P> %k59aJb/ !,#
P+
i *B5##%J L PL  % 9&k##.#J "*, 1c59&9& % /  W#
* 4 +* , "!  #$#
 G ygt
*J % # # /1!C# S bDl$' #%J L1W1g*
# 4 y 1 "& ')(
 G 4y 3
##  %
%  v 73 y ) 8
&  G 8 Gt
 G y 6
HKJ 0&PP /1!$!%/ >65#/ 
# .7 ,7U/1! Pi&h5#B#JP0P 0  % 9&_#O# #%J *C  "/1}: #J
 >P> %k59aJ &!V}kB#J L%<5#%/1

, 4  * 4$ ! * ,$ !+*
 G y (
%,'

  



 f (% +"!$#&%S'A)(

KH J (| -  P&V  YJ6 $'^7 s @35w 761g*   1 !_- 'e}:&.*_2-,e') 8/1!K  L D`#%J L'; !$#
*/  &3 - !$&1g* VP1 !_- 'n}\ *k20,b'; & !&G0HKJ B&_-6
#/1  !Dl%' #J B!N#a P6 %
')P&8 !%9%/1}:&Y }: X %L') / 6&B/ Z% K#*, %S/ Z#%J L 5N2R*,  8%W/1@G

* ,
,

HKJ X6 ')> /  WeDl-  9#/1 87


, 76/1!Kji> %!%!% !

*
,

G y8

Gy )

G yG

  t 73



i
>

Ny
   6 v  !

HKJ L#%  !$>\N#&_-65#%/1ZDl */1!

   *
 * &% . ,
 . 

   
#%  !$>\N#V&_-65#%/1BDl,   ,     *   / !K!%3&ZDl! 
   ,
,  %&.
,   
 ,
   

 *  * * 
 *    

 !
*J %L#J L65';> /  WeDl-  9#/ Z/1!
 PO#%J X   /3#/  "!%-P%9&L#%'/ !

 y

v  t ji>  

   # 
  .
   !

A  ME$| C %$E{


/  9&O#J / !;') &  1g*!Dl.#J b/1k#W5#%/1 D+#J b}\-P 6 N<  C#J O*C#
#%J ;*, 17c#J ) 52R!%1/ >}\-P 6 N9& P/ #/ /1!"5 1/ 8G I&19&/3#/ &!L  0#J .#-P%} -  &k#(S/ 2
 #/ 9"& %W B/ !K!%#K#.&%)5#K#JP]*C  4GzHKJP/1!K/1!C 1!$e#%-PLDl ,#J 
 ,( *J /19aJ@769&k#% $;#
,7 */1 @W#%)&$)*J b#%J "*C  8/1!5> > % 9aJ &@G


   

  (  "!$#&% 'A (

#F*M52R<z'; !$&>655#%&!z#JP,f6g*/1k#V#F*,"$&W/  !&7  ,>  $#/1n#%J ,Dl-   ]#%- %} -P1&k#
$&W/ *JP&%0#J 0!$#  65% *k20, ') &"/ !Z5  /1  #JP!$&9&   >6 N#O/1#J 0 5N2
*, 1K$&W/  *J %b  2R&_-65#%/1') C}k    Dl!%Jk#%&/1 sxtS6
w / !- !%8GF#%J Z 5N2
*, 1M%W/1@7#J  * &_-65#%/1 / !n!$  & Dln-P!%/1PW'; / 6&& P/1!%9!%/3#F7I P #J 
 / !%!$/1>65#%/10
##%' /1!X') 10}k   1W} 5/19%<5#%/1@7c!%&=,J &    `5# s 8
w G
HKJ X&PPB/1!%9!%/3#FZ  B#%J L /1!$!%/1> 5#/ B5#%"#&$'  $

+*-,

 * 

,  * $ ! 

ygv

G v

HKJ X1 W #%JO!$9  &!V $X>P%&!$9&$/1}:&b 9&9% /  W#



 G y
 * '  y  i>   ' #-  ,  * '  y  ji>     ,
*J %
 * ' 

#'
 *  ,  8 v * % * , $ !+*

 P ' /1!]#JP %'; ` /1!N#a  9#B#J e*,  4GnHKJP;P2F_-65#/ ') z/1!L5> > 1/ & & 
#%J "*C  1!CDl ' # % 6 v G
 $|  C% $E {
 A  ME
HKJ / !'; &8 1!$. 1 *!MDlC#J L 
2F!% /1>}:- P6 $9& P/ #/ BB#JPL & 9/ #/ &!K5 B#J 
#%- %} -P1&k#"S_/  #%/19X& %W  G"~U^*,  `}:-    $O9&   / #%/1b/1!U & &DlV#J ( /1!$!%/ >65#/ 
%5#576!%/1P9&"#J LP2F_-65#/ Z'; 8/1!K- !$&b/1B#J / !K%W/1@G

=?~ ".b$Ab 

J?A

9&P2F')')&k#]91!$- %!" %(#J ('^ / b#%> /19( DT#JP/1!+!N#- 7c P!%&% z')P&1!VJ6
}:&/1')>  &')&k# 5 #%&!N#&/1 #J Y=C?zA 9&  7C=C?  3 GHKJ %5%Z'^5_ '; & !
5 /11 }  n/1b#J .1/3#5#%- %n  !%1&9#0') & !+*/1 `}:> %!%_#%&}\1g*LG(HKJP)jiP 9#
- 5#/ )Dl z#J V   !I!$#$&!$!%&!M/1!I D\9&-P%!%- !$&^ !X!N#a N#/1PW">\/ k#TDlI 1P'; & !
 Pb9& b}:L%*%/ #$#b!N'n}\ /19& 13) 9&9% /  W# 7

 * %

  ,
 G 

        
HKJ Lji 59##%')!K %"!$J g*b/ B&_-65#%/1   G7( ,   Z
 9& Z}\"/ _#%&$> %#&O !7 B#JP"1DE#N2

6J 5 Y!$/1 5769&k9#%/187\  @76O#%J L%/ WJk#$2FJ   Z!%/   7> $ -P9#/ 87P#%- %}P- 1_#U /3[@- !$/1@7
/1!$9&-P! / [\- !$/187,> %!%!%-P%!$#% / / _#%&% 9#%/1   / !%!$/1>65#%/1@G 1K#%')!^'e-P!$#}:
')P&1ji9&&>#eDl"#J ;9&k &9#%/1@7z> % - 9#/  5 /1!$9&-P!n /3[@- !$/1#%')!&7|*J /19aJ
 $.iP 9#&G.HKJ )#%- %}P- 1_#X /3[@-P!%/1 #&$' /1!"') & &- !%/  WB#J .W &% 1/ &0W   / &k#
Jk>\5#J !%/1!V}kOA"  ^  
 +5%1g* s ygw 7 #J65#/
!

  .  * *, .  



G t

*J %#J 9 !$# k# *  v GzHKJ 6  ')/1PW"9&kk#/1  ;!  D:#JPU  1 !I!$#%%!%!'; & !
/ !e- !%-  13}  !%  #J >P%>:!%'; &IDlX#J B> $&!$!%- $&!.!$#% /  /1k# 9#/  #%'O7
 PO#%J L'; & !K- !%b/ B#J / !C*,$SB9 O}:"!%- ')'^5%/1&O !KDl 1g*!

9& 'e} /1 5#/   D+#%J O1/1P $#-P% #%/ !% #%%>k #%&$'}_ #$#a sutkgw   #J 
 /1 & eF!$ #$> /1&5#/   D T% - 9#/  #&$' }k~U  #Ymo p q3rs ) w GHKJ /1!') &M/1!
JP&%&5DE#U  ';Z /1B#JP/1!K!$#%- P G
HKJP.*,  z%f6&9#/1 #%&$';!"> $>:!%}k 1"/1} !$0  0| -  P& s y 6
w  $- !%#%52
W #JP&K*/ #%JO#%J L '; 47 5 B#J L9& 'e} /1 5#/ B/1!KJ %&5DE#V  ';&
 1LTG
 2R1/   I> $>:! :}k^>\&/1 157 P5%S
 M   1L5#!$S_/ sxtt5w /1!M- !%8GTHKJ / !,') 
*/ 18}:"%Dl&$%&O#) !K#JPnP 1 ') 4G
yy




  

HKJPB1/1P X'; 47z56 >P#%& Dl(1g* V 1P!n_- 'e}:&eP  2R*, 1%W/1P!&7z> $52
>:!$&Y}k
 U  %  / 9"5 O{5-    s y8w 76/1!K-P!%&@GMHKJ L')P&@*/ 1@}:L9  1UTG
9&- } / 9> % >\!% +}k=,5DE# s ygv
w J6 !B}:&- !%*/3#J9 !N#a k#!O 99&$ /1PW #
| -P  &V PYc/ suw  PO#%J-P!V/ !KJ &$5DE#%&V6 ')&O|caG
HKJPe< !N#+') &|- !$&/1!+;')/3iO}:#F*M&#%J e|cK') {  Y#%J  + ') &`  
/ !K%Dl&%$&O#) !K#J  T%!%_#U') 4G
    
=V'    %S A (

"! !$#a
#&0 }:g578#J / !+  ') &{/1!"9'e} / 65#%/1b DT#J $#%- %24#52R/1!$ #$>kO#%&$' }k
 #%# sxtkw 7*  7P5 ;#%J U/ !% #%%>P/1
#/1 )5D8> $ -P9#/ .#&$'}_;~U  #"mo p q3r@su ) w 7*  7


 ( *  *, -  t *   *  %  t %&. 
G
 O3
021
 /
 3/
 021  3

 56

 56

 

 

*J % %&.   %   b#%J X9& !N#a k#%!U#a5S (#%J L 51- !U> $>:!%Y/1b| -  P&mo p q3rsu t5w 7
#%J65#V/1!7
) *   v  (
*   y 
HKJ / !"'; `J65!] *, 1`%f &9#%/1#%&$';!"5 */1 {#%J-P!"  #"> $>:&%3Y')/1')/19"#%J n#-PN2
} -P1&P9&X9&1 !%]#;e*C514G
/1P9&(#%J /1!+/1!]JP/1WJ  1 !]_- 'n}\]'; 47#J eP/1!%!$/1>6
#/1 b# !% "/1!+') & &
- !$/1 W.#JP(5!%!%-P';>P#%/1B#%J65#K#JPX!$'^51@!$9  &!V $X/ !% #%%>P/19]/ O9aJ   9#U5 O#%J_- !
,  t ,
 G %6
HKJ X / !%!%/ >65#%/1B- 5#/ Z/1!K!%  ODl K /1B#J "Dl  1g*/1PWnDl%'

   * * - ,
,
,%.
 ,
 G (

+*  *  *  *    ,   
~V #]#%J L / [\&$& 9&!/1B9';>  %/ !%^*/3#JZ&_ -6
#/1  4 G y jGTHKJ ! L / [\ - ! !%/ ^#%&%' /1!CW2
  /1&876 P#J "> $P- 9#%/187 %&.   % 7/1!K')%+ 9&9- 5#%&3 !%9&$/1}:&O- !%/  W.U G
>  SC  V {  N E_  9  
 A  < $` {  <-:  > 

  15Dl-  9#%/1P!| %T- !$&n5#c#J T*, 1 }\-P 6 $/1&!7


  "#J    !|!$#%%&!$!%! $IJ6    &
 99&$ /1PWL#%X#%J K> $>\ ! 6 D@c/1;5 )|!%9aJ /1  su%
8 w 7_i#  ;#"#%J %U / '; !%/  !G
HKJ ) / !%!%/ >65#%/1
#/1!L!$#n ! ,  # # $  +%,' ]
#"#J )  )  % 9&k#L#Z#J *, 1G;?6-  2
#%J &$';$ 7P#%J "!$#%%!%!%!+5%]!$#V/1B 9& \!N#$ '  1/ W &^9&% / 65#%]!$!$#%&' */3#JB- P/ #
}65!%9#%%!         " ! n   #   $# % #   # ! 7T*J &$ #  /1!(#J -P / #e*,  , $'^5
 &9#%B P  / !)#%J b-P / #)*C51K#a PW&k#/1 C9#%;#%J65#;/1!; 1/ W &*/ #%J#%J bf *L7K!$&
6W - % G GHKJ .#J / %9& ';>: _#L/ #J / !"$#%J W  z!%#X DC}65!%9# %!X/1!]#a5S &  !
#%J ^9%!$!N2F>P% - 9#e D&   P #  GZHKJ ;!$#$&!$!%&!/ #%J /1!X19   Y!$';')#%%/ 9.f *  $;!$#
 99&$ /1PW.#%

n
t
t

?/ W- $ G   Eo 


 p qPp  "o p  m6o
 p q m  o
 r 6m,o   p m m  o
  qEq m      # 
 '  y v%G )S*\7   '  v O3 8 *O     '   v  %6 6 *\76*J &$ *  # #    *-, GU~U5#
#%J65#7M !.%!%- 3#) DV!$';')#%$ 7    '    '  v G # # / !9&')> -P#%& Dl% '#JPO W
1g*LG !$/1')> 1"9 % / 65#]#% P!$Dl$'^5#%/1B*/ 1@#%J &b> % - 9X#%J XDl 11g*/  W)=C $#%&!$/< 
!N#%!%!$&!]
#V#%J L  L  % 9&k#V##J "*, 1
 o    '      '  o     '
   ' o         ' o  `o       ' o    
  o    '       '  o     '
   ' o         ' !o  o       ' o    
  o    '       '  !o     '
   ' !o         ' o `o       ' o    
  o `!o   '  o     '  `!o    '       '
    '' oo `{!o!o       ' o    o      ' o    
  
  o `o   '  o     '  o    '      '
   '' !o!o  I`oo       ' o    o      ' o    
  
  !o o   '  !o     '  `o    '      '
    '' oo  ``oo     ' o         ' o    !o 
 G % 8
  
~V ##J 5#]#JP/1!"> $9& - $*/11  *,!"W/  e#J .> $>\"!%/ WDl  / B%&9/1$9&- 15#/  W
#F*M52FP/1')& !$/165@f6g*LG

ygt

 





 &

 AA   ( (~  

HKJ I1L0')P&8/ !.') / 69&5#/ ^5D`#%J " ') 4GzR#9 !$/1!$#%! D`#%J L  ')P&@#%&%')!
 P^i#%"#&$';!T#%J65#9&$%9##J &$%P&- !}:&J6/1-P5D@#JPV 2R'; &691!$K#L*C  1!G
HKJ X') 8/1!
          
 G )

 , " 
     * ' * #
#
 t + #
#
 t #
#

'
'  t 

 t 

 * 

'


 *  '
  # # '     # #   "  # #    6 , '  G G
*J %   5     $]#a S5&bDl$' #%J L 2F') c  Z#JPXP* 9 !N#a k#!U $
"

'
'
*   v  6
*   v  t
#
/ !n#JPB-  / #*,  , $'^5M9#%&G RDU')%^#%J6  *,  C $'^ Mi/1!N#!7MP 0#J 
91!$&!$#*, 1c/ !K/1 9%>:%5#87 !% 6W- $ G t G

? /1W - % G t 
p qPp o +

Lo6m  p qEq 
  p q Eo m  o
 r
HKJ  / !%!%/ >65#%/1#%& !$&7V#J P/1!%!$/1>6
#/1 5#%&_-65#%/15 #J *, 1U}\ -  6 N
9  /3#/1  ! %L')P&1Z !/1B#JPX  '; &@ &!$9&%/ }\b/ b&9#/1  G t G y G
  



f !( f $ 

 A

%S'A)(

KH J n'; &c5D>:&&/1 157\P %S


 U  &1X
#!%S_/ sut t
w /1!V)D / %3B%9&&k#+'; &c#%J65#U'; & !
#%J C> $&!%!$- %!N#5/1e/ _#%&% 9#%/1X#&$' }kn] 2R1/   |$&<
#/1 n D6#%J K  / !% #%%>kL# !% &7
 G

    *  ,  * # %&.   *  ,  .  .  ty  .  . 

*  * $  * $#     * * *  .  .   . .   t  . . 
 

 G tv
* *    . .   . .

y43

*J %

   6 5   65       6 5   65 


    5  6  .  . 5 6     
HKJ ( 51 ') \!$&'; !C#%e*,$S;D / %3*,1\*/3#J  -P#C*, 1 \ %f &9#%/1#%&$';!7P*J /19aJB/ !K 

/ ';>:$# k#]Dl
#- $eDl]#J .!$- 9&9&!%!X D, k') z/1k#%&  0#%B}\.- !$&0f6g*!(/ 
 $-  ^ P5  9&W &')#%%/1!I/1 91-  /  WL!%&% \*,  6 %';  !z*/ #JP/1.#J V '; /1@GHKJ 
9 !$# k#!U %
)
#
*   t 73 *   y  *   3 
) #
* $  v  * $  y  t * *  y  % 6 *  v 73
HKJ e  1 ') c/1!V  !%;)J / WJbVP1 !V_- 'e}:&U'; &76  O#J X / !%!%/ >65#%/1B# !% &7
#%J ;P/1!%!$/1>6
#/1 0%5#.- 5#/   P0#%J )*,  T}\-P 6 N9& P/ #/  !L $;') & &0 !X/1
#%J L '; &@ &!$9&%/ }\b/ b&9#/1  G t G y G
  

( 



 f (  



%S'A)(

HKJ )1g* V 1P!(_- 'e}:&L')P&z> $>:!%}k +5 % 1/9  0| - P & s y8w - !$&!L#J 
 /1 & C> $&!%!$- %(!$#% / O') &8>P%>:!%b}kZ| -P  &mo p q3r`su t
w 7
   *  *, -  t * 
025 61    3
 /

*  ) %
%&. ( v *   3 ) *   %&.
/  yy
  t     6%025 661     yy
  t  3
, - * v vPy6 % * $ ! 

v

g
y
%

6
*   t  

    ,'3
/
0 25 61  
 G tPy
*J % ' /1!C#%J L $'^ @ /1!N#a  9"##J "*, 18  

   + .  # . 

HKJ ('; {9 !N#a k#! *     *  #  S X#J L5 1 -P&!

.  # .

y G 6     v ! G 3 7%&!$>\9#%/   GVHKJPn / !%!%/ 2
>6
#/1 Z#%& !$/1!K')P&1O !
,  ,  Ny 
 * * 

 G tk
t


t


*J %C#%J C6 ')> /  WUDl- P9#/ e/ !9aJ !$&) !
  y    ygv !   7 !%& s y
8 w GTO / 69
#/1  !
 $X 1!$/1k#$ -P9&&O/1#%J L /1!$!%/ >65#/ B&_-6
#/1 87P*J / 9aJb/ Z#%J /1!K g*    !K_- 'e}:&

> $>:! cJ  !K#J "Dl$'

 ,
, 

,%.
* * 

 .


 #  #
, ,  *
*
 *  * % $ , . 
.

, * * . ,     !    !
 .   , 
!




y6



G tt

*J %

  y %8%6 *   y ) * %$   v


 ji>    ( 

  y  G
 

.
.

,  ,   
 
*



A  ME$| C %$E{


/  9&"#%J /1!') 8/1!V1g* VP1 !_- 'e}:&')P&47/ #/ _#%&W%5#!K#J L}:-  65$Z< &
#%n#J U*C  4G`HKJ-P!C#J U 52F!$1/ >^}:-  65$)9&P / #%/1;/1!M5  /18G J  ';W & - !CA]/ %/ 9aJ 1#
}:-     $.9  /3#/1 ;/ !/ ';>:!$&.; & 9/ #/ &!  )!$#%%!%!%!&GHKJ V /1!$!%/1> 5#/ .5#%U/ !!$#
#%   .   
#K#J "*, 1G


  

 
 



 (  ( 

 

%S'A)(

HKJ / !e') M/ !nP DKDl* $  /15} 1)> %!%!$- %B!N#5/1 ')P&1!(/10#J  / #%&
#- $ GR#n/1!
9- } /19>P%>:!5`Dl% ' +bNH #J65#&7c/1Y#%J eDl$' > $>:!%}_{5-   "  0c/ su
w 7
!$&&')!e#O*, %S _- /3#)*,1I*/ #JP-P#n*,  M$f69#/  #%&%')!&GbHKJ B> $&!%!$- %B!N#% /10#&$'
$  !
     
 G t 3

 "
*J %
    *  ,   * '   .  .  ty    ,   Ny 
 G tS6






    v  (  %  t % .  v (  % .

  .   # .  #
v 


.  - . # . #

*
   
   .  *


 t     ! %

 ! !




%




 *       '   ' ) ' 
8    % %&.
'

* y6  3    t 
y
y
 v      .  .   t     %&.  v  vS6    . % .
- %
% %
v  y
* ' '   * ' '   t  * ' ' 
#.
. y .  ( . ygt *  #
v  y
*   t

'*  ' 
 .  

   ! ! G (
.
v  *    .  % . 
 t
y(

*J %


 -   * $ * 

'
*   y 
*   v 6%6

    *   t3y 
$  '  .   . (   y  G  )    $
*  v  
 v


KH J ;|c+') z/1!XBJ / WJ0VP1 !L_- 'e}:&X') 47c5 0#%J . /1!$!%/ >65#/ # !% &7|#J 
 / !%!$/1>65#%/1Y5#%n&_-6
#/1   #JPn*C51}:- P6 $b9&   / #%/1P!] $e'; 1&Y 9&9%P/1 W
#%)#%J L '; 8 &!$9&$/1}:&O/1Z!%9#/  G t G y G
  

&  (   (+( 
f  
  % 'A
 (
 
 "

 

 f ( %  

KH J / !./1!.';/ i 5DU#F*M5#J '; & !e !%9&$/1}:&  }:  7,   #J_- !.#J B>P%&!$!%- $b!N#% /1
/ _#%&% 9#%/1Y#%&$' Dl$' #%J |c'; &{/1!U9&'n} /1 Y*/ #%J#J n /1!$!%/1> 5#/ b#%& !$+Dl% '
#%J +'; 4G0')')P/ 69&5#/  !X'e- !$#e}\B';  )#'; /1k#a5/1 $  /1& } /1 / #F GYHKJ 
!$1g*> %!%!$- %!N#% /10#&$' 'e- !$#n- !%^b65';> /  WZDl-  9#%/1@7 7_-6 I#Y#%J65#(- !% /1
#%J (P/1!%!$/1>6
#/1 ^# !%7!%/1P9&L L D{#J L$  /15} /1 / #F. '^ P
 !/1!C#J 5##J L!%-P' D{#J 
 / !%!$/1>65#%/1e#%&$'b7 , 7_  #%J K!% * > $&!%!$- %V!$#% / e#%'O7   7k!%J  - 1.W"#"&$(/3D6#J 
9%$&!%>: P/1 W"   1 !{!$#%%&!$!zW&!|#U&&$ GHKJP/1!{%&_- / %'; _#`*/1   #`}\Dl-   11L- 2
 &!%!|#JPM65';> /  WDl-  9#%/1X/1!{  !%- !$&eX#J !% g* > $&!%!$- %,!$#% /1L#%'OG`HKJPM65';> /  W
Dl- P9#/ Y/ !9aJ !% !
     O/1!V- !%/1Z- 5#/  ! 4 G tk K   4 G tS6 jGC?6- N#J N2
')%57@#JP9& !N#a k#%!X/ #J % > / >6 $#] DI#J > $&!$!%- $)!N#% /1#%&%'O78- 5#/  4 G t ( j7
/ !V') / 687 5!V!$- WW!$#%&Y}kO=,%5DE#U  O| -  P& s yyw 7 #%
';/  v  6%6      $ !  * '  ';/  v  (     $ ! 
* 

y8

 



  
   
 


  

  

     

h
 
i/ !$';')#%%/ 9}\P*/3#J !%')5#J%& B& *, !b9aJP!%  !Z 6%!N#Z#&!N#O9 !$ G
di>\%/ ';_# V65#a0i/1!N#!7 U-6 PW mo p q3r+s y ) w 7CDl#F*M    !^_- 'e}:&$!&7K65'; 
_yg*Cv   !( P5  /11
} 15 7@5)   ) 0k#%yJ v% G,.HK JP/ [\(&#$&!$k#U#"9# - !$$X} *,-   &!V 99&)')')> -P #%&& b!+*,}\Dl%)%X- !% k8ZG; D`/1P#J 9&
!$ 
- %9 ;96 7GPe
#%J &$]/1!'; %+ji>\%/1')&k# 65#ang5 / < }P15#
, 6 7Ggygv  7_#JP]9&')> -P#5#/  !T*M&%
Dl9&- !$&bB#J / !U  1 !K_- 'e}:&G



 """PA"


J?f

V! !N#a5#%&Y }\g  7 #JP%&"#%- %} -P1&P9&L'; 1!C*M&%L- !$&b/1B#J L9';>P-P#a5#%/1P!&7#%J L!$# 2
65% *_20,"') & -P!%/1PWX*, 1Dl-  9#%/1P!&7_!%]9#%/1 G G y 7#W#J */3#J)L1g*  1 !
_- 'e}:&+> %>:!% `}kY| -   "  J6 $'^ suO3
w 7\!%&)&9#%/1 G G G U *, !"  !%
- !$&876*J / 9aJb/ !K#J L ')P&8 !%9%/1}:&O/1b9#%/1 G t G y G
J

?



HKJ )W$/1 !"- !$&/1#J .9';>P-P#a5#%/1P!" %)B j2F}  9aSb!$#%%- 9#- $& ')&!$J9 !$/1!$#%/1 WZ D
9&1 !cDlc#J T#F*M+J / WJn  1 !|_- 'e}:&{'; 1!|  X9&1 !|Dl 8#J 1g*   1 !|_- 'e}:&
')P&47\!%  W- % t G y GLHKJ 9&k#%!X DI#J n/1  %')!$#]9&& 1!+*M&$195#%&5#] /1!N#a  9&!
 D ' (  tv    ' (  v  y 7P%&!$>\9#%/   G
J

~~AbP~



b ?

KH J .J / WJ +$ &]-P>_*/  !%9aJ ';57+  !$& sxt5w 7@/1!]- !$&*J 0P/1!%9%#/1/1 W;#J 92
 &9#%/1O#%')!U/ Z#%J X';')&k#%- '&_-6
#/1  !&GCHKJP 6$!$#N2F$ &U 9&9- 
#XJ_ $/1O!%9aJ ';
y)

100 x 40 cells

100 x 50 cells

3.0

3.0

2.5

2.5

2.0

2.0

1.5

1.5

1.0

1.0

0.5

0.5

0.0

0.0

100 x 40 cells
0.25

0.20

0.15

0.10

0.05

0.00

2.90

3.00

3.10

3.20

?/ W- $ t G y   H  ^m    p m 


  p qEq     o +
 ep  p ! ^m    p m 

m  $m  Eo^ o
6 m  q
 VmK*
, 
m q3r
(o6m  o p m q3p  m^m6o
Vo6m m  +

Uo 6m m p 
 
r
/ !V-P!%&ZDlK /3#%#%)/ O 1:#- $} - 1 9&L- 5#/  !&G

|"""lb

|""z$P~"

F  #O9&   / #%/1P!^*,%0}P# /1 - !%/  W #J %!%- 3#!B Dn > %/1- !Z9';>P-P#a5#%/15De
9/1%9- <5M9aJ65  &GTHKJ ]$ !$ /1PWn*C5!K !MDl 11g*!G U ';W & - !,>P% 6 &!*,%"!%#,#%
#
 99&$ /1PWL#%X#%J VV 1P!_- 'n}\/ e#J Vi>:&$/1')&k#!GzHKJ   & 9/ #Fn*, ! D\9&- $!%
!$#]#%^&% 7\  O#- $} -  &k#]_-6 k#%/ #/ &!*,%e!$#U#^ g* >\ !%/ #%/  X5  - &!7:ji9&&>#]Dl#J 
 2F!N#%!%!7M*J / 9aJ *, !.!%#)#&%PG HKJ b
i/1!N';')#%%/19^9aJ6   Kf6g**C5!)9')> -P#87
Dl$' *JP/19aJ> $ 61X*C5!]#}:!%1&9#8GLHKJ /1  #V*C5!"9aJ !%#B}:5#   v  (P7
*J %(  ^#J X!%S_/1ZDl%/ 9#%/1Z9&)9/1&k#V*C5!+5 /11 }  +Dl%' ';& !%- $&')&k#! G,HKJ_- !V#J 
/  1#M>P% 6 &! D|   5 %/1 } 1!I9&-  ;}:#a S5&^*J %+#%J V9aJ6   \f6g*$ 9aJP&#JP/1!!%S_/1
Dl$/19#%/1B9)9&/1k#G
]-P# #M9& P/ #/  !T*M&%+!%#K !MJP'; W& - !,~U&-P'^ ^9& P/ #/  !TDlM 165 $/< }  &!G


Ab" b

!%'; 1,!%&>  5#%/1} - }P} 1O/1!.> $&!%k#/1#JPbjiP>:&$/1')&k#!;5#   v7GPy )} -P#; 


!$&>6 %5#/ ^9&9- %/1.#JP+9& ';> -#a5#%/1 !GPU9- 1;- !%UHKJ +!$/1W ) D8#%J Dl%/19#/ .9&D<2
69/1_#&7 79 B}:]- !$&b !Kn9%/3#&$/1^ D{!%&>  5#%/1@7P Pb5!C9 B}:]!$&&Z/  6W- $ t G 7
#%J U *  ';  K/1!V9&1 !%&U#!$&>6 %5#/ Y#%J6 Y#%J  *_-2 ,;') &GUHKJ n> %!%!%-P%. /1! 2
#%%/1}P-P#/  !V 1  W)#%J X!%- ND 9&( D#%J n}:O %X!%J g*/   W- % t G t 7:  Y9')> -P#a
#/1  !
 W %&M*,1_Dl51_'; 1!{i9&>P#5#{*J65#T!$J -  n}:,#J M!%>6 
#&$&W/ 87
*J &$,#J M 
')P&c> $ &!#)}\L')%L59&9&-P5#%X#%J6 Z#J L!$#  65%+
 *_02 ,n'; &GTHKJ X1g*   1 !
_- 'e}:& *k02 ,V'; P /   #TW/3C$&!$-  #%!z!%/  9&K "9k%W 9&*C5!T%59aJ &8GTHKJP/1!z/ !z - 
#%^#J (D 9#U#J65#&7\P- %/  W^/3#&%5#/  !7:#%J n!$1-P#%/1b!%9/1 <5#%&!}\#F*,&#F*MB!$#& Pb!$#5#
!$1-P#%/1P!&7k!%>6 %5#;5 .  #I!%>6 %5#8GTF#J K9';>P-P#a5#%/1P!z- !%/  W"#J K g*  1 !
_- 'e}:& *_02 ,.') &{  
 )  ) ygv  7\;!N#a }  (!$1-#/1 Y/1!V%& 9aJ   Y!$&>655#%/1
9&9- %!(5#   v  GPyg 78!%  W- % t G 3 GHKJP)JP/1WJ0   !"_- 'e}:&L'; 1!] /   #
!$&>6 %5#LDl C#%J /1!   !_- 'e}:&&G
yG

0.006
k-epsilon
IP
exp

Cf

0.003

0.6

?/ W- % t G


*


, 6 G kygv  r

po

x/L

0.3

0
Cp

k-epsilon
IP
exp
-0.3

-0.6
0.6

?`/1W- $ t G t

*


po
v


, 6 7G kygv  r

x/L

0.006
low Re k-epsilon
exp

Cf

0.003

J

?/ W- % t G 3

~"W "bP~"

o
* p


, )  ) k ygvgr
x/L

R #9& B}\+9& 91- P&B#J6


#KU *,$S_!K}\#%#,#J  #J  *k20,X'; @ P#J65#,*C  \Dl- P92
#%/1 !V )  #V*, %S$Z*M&1c*J .!%&>  5#%/1O!%JP- 1b99&- G >P> %k59aJ /1 W.#JP(!$&>2
 %5#/ B>:/1k#7*C51@Dl- P9#/  !K5%" .1  W&M 51/1  B#J_- !W/3"%/ !%+#%. /1!$9&%>6  9/1!&G
HKJ +1g* *_-2 ,L'; 6!%&';!M#(*M$S)B}\#%##%J6 ^#%J ]U G_HKJ Uf6g*!%&>  5#%&!
5#
 )  )  yv  */ #%J#%J /1!X'; 47c*J /19aJ  !n 5#n9&9- (*J  #J ) #%J &('; & !
 $- !$&8G Ug*M&7#J / !n9& ';>65%/1!$ / !n  #n&N $&15 k#!%/  9&#%J BU *C5!e*C  
Dl- P9#/ 2R}6 !%8G ')%X/1k#%&%!$#%/1 W;9&')>6 $/1!% O*M-  }\L#)#!$#+#%J /1!V1g*   1 !
_- 'e}:&. *_-2 ,e')P&@ &%!$- !+!$')"1g*   1 !_- 'e}:&VU G
 51
%f &9#%/1"#%&%')!c/1]#%J T> $&!%!$- %j2F!N#5/1"#%'  $zi91-  (/ X=C?zAL_2F?z   t AeG
HKJ / !]/1!U}\9 -P!%/ #U/1!+ 1')!N#+/ ';>:!%!$/1}  "#/ ';>  &')&k#V#J !%n#%&%')!]/ W &% `*,G
HKJ / !CD 9#/ !K  !%.e!% - %9" DP/1!%9%>6  9/1&!K/ *C5132R}\ -   ^f6g*!V  B*/1 \}:"/1k!$#%/32
Wk
#&O}:&1g*LG

y

 

  





F# *M52R /1')& !$/1  |9aJ6   `f6g* *, !]9& ';> -#&9aJP/1fPbDlV } - WW/  W> -P%>:!%!L !]
!$/1')> 1(  = K2F[@9#/3n#%&!N#"9 !$ GUdiP>:&$/1')&k#!+}_b| -PDl suyw  $e5 /11 } 15GCHKJ 
   !I_- 'e}:&T}6 !$&)#J ';
i/1'e-P'  &19&/3#F P)J   D#JPKJ &/ WJk#I D\#%J K9aJ6 P &
/ !
 !   tv ) v v G
?

 """PA"

? 

~~AbP~

b ?

Ab" b

J?f

    !,!N#$&!%!K') & !I*M&$]- !$&Z  ;#J U'; & !,5% 7_#JP+  '; 47k#J  1X') &7
#%J .  1 ') 47#J e{cK')P&`  Y#%J  T%!%&k#L')P&4G  `') & !+ $(#%J % - WJ 3
 !%9%/1}:&b/1Z!%9#%/1 G t G



HKJ VJ / WJ &T % -P>_*/  ^!$9aJ &') 7 +  !$& sut5w 7_/1!T- !$&;/1#J ')')&k#- ' &_-65#%/1P!&7
 PO#%J LJ_ $/1O!%9aJ ';X/1!K-P!%&b/1O  \#-P%} -  & 9L&_-65#%/1 !G



""?AM

KH J 0  ') &]W / !Z &$% - !Z $'^5+!$#%%!%!O /1!N#%/ } -P#%/187K*J / 9aJ 9& }\!$&
 / %9#3^Dl$' #JPX>P%&!$!%- $(!N#% /1Z/1k#%&59#/ B#%'O7 &_-65#%/1  G @3 GTHKJ L> $P- 9#%/1
#%&%')!Dle#JP  !$#$&!$!^ P#%J    !N#%!%!; %B&$ 7C P#%J_- !;_-65#/  ! 4 G ( e5%
/  &k#/ 9 \DlK}\5#JO!$#$&!$!%&!+  B#J_- !
 

 

- !$/1 W)#J / !'; &G,HKJ   !$#%%&!$!+/ !Vg &%>P%&P/19#%&91!$X#%)#%J X*,  `5 b*/ 18W/3X%/ !%
#%)#%J L &$> % /19#&  !$#%%!%!&7!$& 6W- $ 3 G y G
 51 $f69#/ ^#%&%')!T*/1 6!%3#J / !M> $}  &' !/1.#J /1L'; &7k!% 6W-P%&! 3 G 2
3 G 3 GC/1 9"*C  c%f6&9#/1 b#%')!/1 91-  "*, 1cP%'; 8 / !$#  9&!] PO*, 1cP%'; 8- P/ #
 &9#%%!7,#JP&!%O $B  # &$-P!%Dl-PK/1 9& !)5D] k W &   / #FG b & !e#J65#.')/1')/19
#%J ]> $&!% 9&L D{X*C  :*/3#J  -P#,*, 1: / !$#a5 9&! %U/1 !N#5> %Dl&$%&@7 !%- 9aJO !M#J LP 1
')P&4GHKJ /1!C9& >P#%- %!,#J "!N#$&!%!KP/1!$#%%/ } -P#/ ^/ ^!%!% 9&57!%&  W- %! 3 G 2 3 G 3 GHKJ L||
')P&T*, %S_!e & }:#$#&n  !%J g*!e}:#$#&n 9&9- 590 #%J  A 9aJ6  P&Mf * #%J6 
 k #JP&n') &G #%-P 95#%& Dl$'  DC#JP/1!n') &T*, !  !%b#%&!N#& */3#J 9 !N#a k#!


!


0.5
0.4

0.3

0.2

0.2

0.1

0.1

!

ygv ' #


0.5

0
0

0.5

0.5

0.4

0.4

0.3

0.3

0.2

0.2

0.1

0.1

0
0

##
?/ W- % 3 G y 
0.5

comp
o exp

0.4

0.3

0
0

0.5

comp
o exp

0
0

comp
+ exp

yv  ' #U   ygv  '  #


0.5

ygv *   # 
5

10

15

20

   ^o6m

m q3r
 99&$ /1PWZ#%O=,5DE# s ygv
w 78#%J65#"/ ! *   v  (B P * '  v /1_-65#/  G t (PGXHKJ /1!"') &7
9& 1 &B#J n=KB'; &7 Wk( b 9&9- 59Z9& ';>65 }  ]##J 5#V}P#a5/1 b- !$/1 W#%J eP 1
  p  @m q 


)' P&47P!%& 6W - %! 3 G 2 3 G 3 G


~U!$/1WP/ 69& k#e}:&   #!. $^Wk5/1  }k - !$/1 Wb1g* V 1P!e_- 'e}:&e')P&47 !
*, 1Dl-  9#/  !C5%+P&!%/ W ^DlC5 ^*M%S$;*,1:^#JP/1!IDl- 13.  &1 >\}\ -  6 N
1g &GHKJ .9aJ6   Tf6g* *, !L- !%Dl+#%J .9&P!$#a5_#%!(/ #J  T%!%_#(') 47c5 #J 
$&!%-P #!KDl$' #J 5#'; c %L!$J g*Y/1  W- %! 3 G 6    3 7G (PG

!


0.9

0.9

0.8

0.8

0.7

0.7

0.6

0.6

0.5

0.5

0.4

0.4

0.3

0.3

0.2

0.2

0.1

0.1

0
0

0.2

?`/1W- $ 3 G

0.4

0.6

0.8

0
0

#  #

10

 # 

12

14

16

18

20

  
 q m   
o6m    p  @m q
       &r
m q
 Eo p  

0.9
0.14
0.8

!


GL

0.7

0.12

SSG
0.6

0.1
CS

0.5

0.08

LLI

0.4

exp
0.06

0.3
0.04
0.2
0.02

0.1
0
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

' #

?/ W- % 3 G t ' 


q m   
o6m




O3

0
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

   p  @ m q


0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

' #

   


  

0.8

0.9

0.9

0.8

0.8

0.7

0.7

0.6

0.6

0.5

0.5

0.4

0.4

0.3

0.3

0.2

0.2

0.1

0.1

0
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

0
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

 '  #
 '  #
?/ W- $ 3 G 3  ' p   '  
 q m   
 o 6m    p  @ m q 
      
  &r m m
p 
  ;o
    a m r

Reh/2=30800
30.0
Present
Exp. Laufer

20.0

!


0.9

10.0

0.0 1
10

10

10

10

10

10

?/ W- % 3 G 6

   p  @ m q


   ;o6m
%6

m  m6o 
m 3q r  m q
 Eo



 q m r

 

 

0.1

  

 

0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5
y/(d/2)

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5
y/(d/2)

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

0.2

 ygvv   

0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0

? / W- $
:q

oo m
p  '

3 XoG ( 6m 


   p@ m @m q   X
o 6 m  
  0o6m 
am  m 6(oo 6 m$
m q3r 6m o
am @ m     (o  o6
 m o 
+
 r  ' 
 
 q q p

q  '
p q p

q


 )o 6m p 6m 

ooFm q @m p  ^o6m      


3q r

 





 

         



 

HKJ (f6g* g &"^}  9aSk*C $2RD59&/1PW!$#%&>Y*, !]9';>P-P#- !%/  WB^ g* V 1P!+_- 'e}:&
U G6HKJ %( %XA"~+B 5#a}kOc b/  su ( w G
e

 """PA"

J?f

    !K!$#%%!%!'; 1!,*M&$"- !%b')P&1 /1 WL#JP]#- $} - 1 9&" Z#%J "}6 9aSk*, %2RD 9/1 W
!N#&>@GMHKJ L')P&1!K-P!%&Y %
HKJP( ') &8P&!%9%/ }\b/ O!$&9#/1  G t G y G
 1L')P&8 !%9%/1}:&O/1Z!$&9#%/1 G t G G
HKJP2
HKJPn|cM') &8P&!%9%/ }\Y/1Z!$&9#%/1 G t G 6 G
HKJP T%!%_#U') 8 !%9&$/1}:&b/1B!%9#%/1 G t G (G
e 

~~AbP~

e



b ?

HKJ VJ / WJ &T % -P>_*/  ^!$9aJ &') 7 +  !$& sut5w 7_/1!T- !$&;/1#J ')')&k#- ' &_-65#%/1P!&7
 PO#%J LJ_ $/1O!%9aJ ';X/1!K-P!%&b/1O  \#-P%} -  & 9L&_-65#%/1 !G
?AbW& O$ |

KH J (9&')> -P#5#/ 6 @ '; /1Z/1!V!%JP*Y/1 6W- $ 6 G y 7:  Z#JPe   !U_- 'n}\U}65!%&
b#J (!$#>J &/ WJk#" PYDl%n!$#%%& '  & 9/ #FZ/1!
6Cygvv GF  #U> % 61!] $(#a5S &
Dl$'A"~]Z65#a7\5 b#%J (/  1#/1!V195#%& ygv !$# >
J  /1 WJk#!V- > !N#$ ' D`#J (!$#>8GKHKJ 
jiP>   !%/ %5#/ / ! y G 7C   #%J Y -P# #)/1!)> <59&& !%-P)9/1&k#% D ) g* !$#%%5' Dl ^
J  ';W & - !~V&- ';   }:- P6 $9&   / #%/1@7{#%J65#e/ ! tv !$#> J &/ WJk#!GHKJ ')&!$J &!
- !$&b9& !$/1!N#&b D{#F*,)} 19aS_!&GIHKJ L_- 'e}:& D`9&11!5%
yv 6 O 3 9&11!CDl C#J L1g*hV 1P!V_- 'n}\V')&!$J8G
tItv v 9& 1!,DlK#%J LJ /1WJZ  1 !_- 'e}:&')&!%J@G
%8

?/ W- $ 6 G y 6 m p  p  


 p    o m
e




Ab" b

1 _J /1W Jn   !{-P'e}\`') & !{$5#$#a 9aJX#U% > /    755 (#%J #*k20,K')P&_%&5#%# 9aJ &
')%( >P/1 3#J65 kY5Dz#J e+ O!&7@!$&n#%J e!N#%& ')1/1P&!/1  W- % 6 G GUHKJPe> %!%_#
')P&$5#$#a 9aJP&!%')*J 5#]#15#57@!% 6W- $ 6 G t 7@}:&9& - !$)5D -   %> $& / 9#%/1
 D`#J L!$J  !N#%!%!7  76/ Z#%J L!%J & %W/1@7 !% 6W - % 6 G 3 G

k-epsilon-model

y/h

IP-model

y/h

0
0

x/h 10

GL-model

y/h

x/h 10

LLI-model

y/h

0
0

x/h 10

Pr esent - model

y/h
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

0
0

10 x/h

?/1W-P% 6 G o m p  q  @m  


Lo6m  p  p  
 p     Fo m @r


x/h 10



3
o
2.5

( t

DNS
IP
GL
LLI
Present

2.5

y/h

y/h

1.5

1.5

0.5

0.5

0
0

##

0.5

0
0.5

1.5

1.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0
0

y/h

1.5

0.5

0.5

?/ W- $ 6 G t


q
%p
o +
 &r

0.4

##
0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

0
0

6m  p  p  
 p     o m  
 r

tv

0.3

##
 yG

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.5

0.3

0.2

2.5

0.2

0.1

 y6

2.5

0.1

1.5



0.5

ygv



##

##



2.5

 (



2.5

0
0.5

y/h

y/h

y/h

0
0

 3



0.1

0.2

0.3

m q
 Eo

##
0.4

0.5


 q m
 p o  ]mm6o 

( t



o
2.5

DNS
IP
GL
LLI
Present

2.5

y/h

y/h

1.5

0.5

0.5

 # 

0
0.01 0.008 0.006 0.004 0.002

0.002

0.004

0.006

0.008

0
0.02

0.01

y/h

2.5

1.5

0.5

0.5

 # 
0.005

0.005

2.5

2.5

1.5

0.5

0.5

 # 
0

0.002

0.004

0.006

0.008

?`/1W- $ 6 G 3 6 m  p  p  


 p    o m


0.01




tPy

0.005

0.01

 ygv

 # 
 yG

0

0.002

0.004

0.006

0.008

0.01

0.002

0.004

0.006

0.008

0.01

1.5

0
0.01 0.008 0.006 0.004 0.002

0.005

0
0.01 0.008 0.006 0.004 0.002

0.01

 y6





 # 

1.5

0.01

0.01

2.5

0.015

0.015

 (



y/h

y/h

y/h

1.5

0
0.02

 3



 # 

0
0.01 0.008 0.006 0.004 0.002

r 

q m (p o  ]mm6o 
q
%p o
+
 &r




 


  



HKJ . ji#X#%&!N#L9 !$9aJ !% / !+#J ef * g( AJP/117\!$& 6W-P% (PG y 7@*J / 9aJ/ !"^#!$#
9& !%L/1#%J LdIK= "?H = 5 U
  

  p o p  p m Xp  m  o  
 p q  q3p o +

0mo 
 
    q m 6o  q
  7 #L $1!$%- J  y4G%G 3 7 s y&w 7*JP&%T#%J &!$$&!$-  #%!8*,%I> %!%_#%&8G
HKJ / !,#!$#9& !%]J  !C}:&&Z') !$- %B}k 1')&/1 Zmo p q3rcs 6
w 7P  Z Bji#&P!%/  "_- 'e}:&C D
jiP>:&$/1')&k#a5c65#a/ !g5 / < }P1U#%J65#V/1P9&1-P &!C#%- %} -P1&k#V_-6 k#/3#/ &!&G


J

?AbW& O$ |

HKJ X '; / B/1!K!%JP*b/1 6W-P% (PG y 76  Z#JPXW &')#%%/19& @>   ')#%&$! %
=,J    {JP&/1W J_#&7  y8 v ')'
V/1 @J /1WJk#7  )')'
HKJ (#>b Dz#JPnJ / 1c!%JP- 1b}\(195#%& ygvv ';'5DE#%&V#J (/1  #U  O#J (-P# #U!%J  - 1
}:X5#V)!$-P)9&/ &k#V /1!N#a  9L g* !$#%%5'bGM?6- $#%J &$';$ 7Pf *h>6 % ';#%! $  *C
#& 7
A] !%/3#F7   ygvvv S_W 5' $

#"/  &';5#/ 9+/1!$9&!$/ #F7  y kygv   '  5!
O b9&&k#%&% /1 ] & 9/ #FZ5#K#%J L/1  #&7 #   y 3 8 ' 5!
HKJ / !W/  &!V;  1 !K_- 'e}:& D
J

?





)



#

 ( vIvvv

HKJ LW$/1 !K-P!%&Z*M&%X9&$5#%&Z- !$/1 W#JPXN=CdZ2 =C?zA ';!%JZW&P&


#GHKJPX')&!$JZ!%/1&!
Dl /3[@%_#P  2R*, 1@#%%&5#')&k#!V $
   @Dl-  9#/1 O') &
! = B ! 76!$& 6W- $ (PG
cg*   1 !_- 'e}:&') 1!  =F B  7 !% 6W - % (PG t
tk

Inlet

Outlet

Upper wall

Lower wall

?/1W - % P( G y 
 p  

J

 """PA"


   qEq


J?f

 

  !_  %S'A (

 f ( 5   

HKJ !N#a P6 % *_20,.')P&{ &!$9&%/ }\/1&9#/1  G G y *C5!]- !%#W#J U*/3#JY#%J n *
   !_- 'e}:&KDl%'n- <5#%/1^ D`#%J L'; 8 &!$9&$/1}:&O/1b&9#/  G G G

A ( 

HKJ "P/ [\&%k#/<5\!N#%!%!K')P&:/1!,P&!%9%/ }\O/ Z9#/  G t GTHKJ $&]JP/1WJB  1 !C_- '2
}:&')P&1!L*M&%Z- !$&   #%J &!$Z %;#J B  '; , !%9&$/1}:&/1 &9#/1  G t G y 7`#J 
1L ') &V &!$9&$/1}:&/1&9#/1  G t G 5 #J Y   /1 & P 1 ')P&V &!$9&%/ }\/1
9#%/1 G t G t G
 g* VP1 !(_- 'e}:&eU *, !n 1!$Y- !$&87z#%J 
 U') &I !%9&$/1}:& /  92
#%/1 G t G 3 G
J

A









HKJ  "UN= # !%9aJ ';./ !]- !%0Dl ]';& 19&/ #%/1!]  #%J Jk}P%/1!$9aJ &')./1!]- !$&Dl
*\7 ,e  Z#J X   !!$#%%&!$!%!+/1B#%J L / [\&$&k#/1 @!N#%!%!U'; & !&G









 !

"$#&%')(+*,.-0/)(213(245-6#&%76%89,2:0,.-0/)(21;8<(=/)1>-?/@7A% 7B-6/)C;,D-0%E3-0(!F5%,2F<(=GHCN,D4O-0%:
-0#&%

JI IHKML
#&/@')'P-6(=8/)1Q-0#H%!%SRT85%:6/)C% 1>-67 UV76%%XW 6.Y[Z]\ GH:B-0#H% :6C(=:B%2UH-6#&%^:6%,.-6-_,D*_#& C;%1>-`8<(=/)1>-$/@7')(+*,D-6% E
,D-a,2F<(=GH- 
CF5%ed=(=1HEf-0#H%^-6(=8(24g-6#&%^#&/)'@'hUji#&/)*_#k/)7 
nm Z
"$#&/)7A-6I % 7BKM-ob=*c ,27B%a%ep=%1Q/)1&*:6%,D76% E-0#&%1&%* % 7B76/q-rd;4s(=:?F<%-B-0% :]1&% 
,2:ulthiv,2L '@'9C;(+E&%')7?E&/)7B* G&7B76%E
/@1w76%*-6/)(=1 ZyxTZoz ,D')'{4sG&1&*e-0/@(=1TtrF&,276%EwC(TE&%')7* (2C;8&'@%-6% '@dX4|,2/)'}/@1f* ,28H-0GH:6/)1H~-6#&%7B% 89,2:6,.t
-6/)(=18<(=/)1>-b ,21&E-0#&%7B% 89,2:6,D-0/@(=1/)7
4|,2:A-0(+(^',D-6% Z "$#+GH7-0#H%7B% 89,D:0,D-6% EX:B% ~=/@(=1F5%* (=C% 7?-0(+(
7BCX,2'@'hUT76% %^9~=GH:6% xHZ Z
1w-0#&%(2-0#H% :#9l ,D1&E{U{,;C;(=:B%,DEHpD,21&* %E8&:6%767BG&:6%37u-0:0,D/)1/@1j-6% :6,2*-6/)(=1k-0% :BCfU<% Z ~ Z -0#&%
&H C(+E&% '[U=76%%a9~=GH:6% xHZ Uj76#&(Mi7-6#9,D-,21/)C8&:6(Mp2% C% 1>-]*,21;F5%C;,2E&%F>d76/)C8&'qdG&7B/)1&~
c
b=b

\ /@~=G&:B% Hx Z L 

     


   
     


\ /@~=G&:6% Hx Z b 

      
   
     


, F<%-6-6% :-6G&:6F&GH')% 1H* %C;(+E&%' Z (Mio%ep=%:-6#&%Q76%89,2:0,.-0% E :6%~=/)(21 /)77u-0/)'@'-6(T(7BCX,2'@' Z "$#&%



'@( i%d+1&(='@E&7$1jG&CF<% :jtC(+E&% '<76#&(Mi7F<%-6-6% :,2~2:6% %C;%1>-$i/@-0#Q%SRT85%:6/)C% 1>-67 U&/@1Q768&/q-0%
(24g-0#&%^4|,2*--0#&,D--0#&%76% 8&,2:0,D-6/)(=1f,2:B%,;/@7( p2% :B8&:6%E&/)*e-0% E/@1k-6#&%^9:67u-`89,D:B-a(24g-6#&%FHG&F&F&'@% Z
"$#&%wF&G&F&F&'@%f:B% *( p2% :B
7 +GH/) * j'@d ,21HE -0#&%k:6% ,D-6-0,2*_#&C% 1>- 8<(=/@1j-;/)7;,2** G&:6,D-0%'@d 8&:B% E&/@*-0%E Z
"$#&/@7C%,21&7-0#9,D--0#&%X#&% /@~=#>-(24$-6#&% 76%89,2:6,D-0/@(=1 :B% ~=/@(=1 /)7(Mp=% :B8&:6%E&/)*e-0%E ,.--0#H% 70,2C%
-6/)C%-6#9,D-/q-07!')%1&~2-0# /)
7 +GH/@-0%io%')']8&:6%E&/)*e-0%E{UA76%%X9~=G&:B% xHZnxHZ "$#&% 76%89,2:6,D-0/@(=1 (+* *G&:67
,D-,2F<(=GH IHKMI CfU}i#&/@*_# /)7-6(T(%,D:6'@d Z "$#&%  C(+E&% 'A8&:B(Mp=% 7!-0(k~=/@p2%3-0#&%F5%7B
I
,2~2:6% %C;%1>-a i/q-0#k%eRT85%:6/@C;%1j-67a/@1f8H:6% EH/)*-6/)1&~3-6#&%7B% 89,D:0,D-6/)(=1k85(2/)1>-,D -0#HI %  IH1K c :B% Cf* (MU9p27B% % :6%7
9~2G&:6% xHZyxTZ "$#jG&7 U<-0#&/@7C;(+E&% '}8H:6% EH/)*-67-6#&%!F&G&F&F&'@%#H% /)~2#j-a* (2:6:6%*-6'@d,2 1HEf
-6(T( jG&/) * j'@d2U :B% 1&EH% :6/@1&~f,k7B% 89,2:6,D-0/@(=1 F&G&F&F&'@%3-0#9,D-!/@7^-6(T(7B#&(=:B- Z "$#&%:6% ,D-6-0,2*_#&C% 1>-/)7
-6#&% :B%4s(=:B%a7B(=C;%ei#9,D-]%,D:6'@"d !j76%%&~=G&:6%7 xH$Z # ,21&E xHZ 4s(=:?,^* (=C89,2:B/)76(213(24P-6#&%C;% ,2&
1 %9(Mi
=
K
K
i/q-0#%eRT85%:6/@C;%1j-67 ZA\ G&:u-0#&%:6C(=:6%DUj,2')'T#&/)~2#'%d+1&(2')E&7?1jG&CF<% :AC(TEH% ')7
-6% 7u-0% E76#H( i ',2:B~=%
E&/@76*:6% 8&,21&* /@% 74s(=:$-0#&%^-0GH:6F&G&'@% 1>
- jG9,21>-0/q-0/)%7/)1-0#&%^76%89,2:6,D-0%Ew:6%~=/)(21 Z "$#H/)7/)7(24g* (=G&:B76%
E&GH%^-6(-0#&%a4|,2*-v-6#9,D-$-6#&%% :B:6(=:v-6#9,D-$(+* *G&:67vi#H% 1Q-0#&%'@(T* ,D-0/@(=1X(D4 -6#&%76%89,2:6,D-0/@(=1Q85(2/)1>/@78&:6%E&/)*e-0% E F<% * (2C;%7!7B/)~=1H/@9* ,21>-^E&(Mi1&7B-6:6%,DC Z "$#&/@7% :6:B(=:^/)7`-6#&% 1 * (21jp2% *e-0% E 4sG&:B-6#&% :
b2l

k- model

y/h
3.0
2.5

2.5

2.0

2.0

1.5

1.5

1.0

1.0

0.5

0.5

0.0

0.0
0

\ /@~=G&:B% Hx Z l


RSM

y/h
3.0

x/h

"

 

x/h


 
  
 

   

 +
     

 

 


 
 



SSG model

y/h
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0

\ /@~=G&:B% Hx Z c

"

 

x/h


 
   
   

   

 +
     

b>c

 





LS model

y/h
3.0

HL model

y/h
3.0

2.5

2.5

2.0

2.0

1.5

1.5

1.0

1.0

0.5

0.5

0.0

0.0
0

\ /@~=G&:B% xHZnx

"

 

x/h

x/h


 
   
  

   

 +
      



   




 

 


E&(Mi1&7u-0:B%,2CkU`7B% %9~=GH:6% 7 xHZ U xHZ ,21&E xTZ Z "$#H% '@(Mi %d+1&(2')E&7 1jG&CF5%:QC;(+E&% '@7
,2:B%CG&*_# C(=:B%,2* *G&:0,D-6%/)1 K L -0#&/@7KM:6b % ~2/)(=1 Z  K(Ml io%ep=% :Uv-0#&%  C;(+E&% 'o( p2% :B8&:6%E&/)*e-07-0#&%
-6G&:6F&GH')% 1>- j/@1&%-6/)*% 1&%:6~2dX,D-o-6#&%a-6(=8 (24P-0#&%#H/)')' Z "$#H/)7o/@7o,D')76(!-0:BG&%a4s(=:]-0#&%a7B-0,21&E9,2:BE jt 
C(TEH% 'hUV7B% %9~2G&:6% xHZ Z "$#H%:6% ,276(214s(=:-6#&/)7/)7-0#&,D-`-6#&%,2** %')% :6,D-0/@(=1w(D4
-0#&%%9(Mi ( p2% :
-6#&%-0(=8k(=:v-0#H%F&')(+ * .KM,2L ~=%(24 -0#&% %9(MiJ/)7 j1&(Mi1f-6(*:6% ,D-0%^8&:B(=F&')%C;7U&*,DG&76/@1&~3-0(+(3#&/)~=#k,
8&:B(TEHG&*-6/)(=13(2"4 j/)1H%-0/@*v% 1H% :6~Ddi#&% '
1 jt `C(+E&% '@7
,2:B%$G&76%E Z    7A76GH*_#X,27
-6#&%  C(TE&%'
E&(X,2* *(=G&1>-4s(=:$-0#&/@78H#&% 1&(2C;%1&(=1w7B/)1&*%!-6#&%!8&:6(+E&G&*e-0/)(21k-6% :6C7/)1Q-0#&%!7B-6:6%767% +G&,D-0/@(=1&7
,2:B%%eRH,2*e- Z!\ /@~=G&:6% xHZ ,2'@76(X7B#&(Mi7-0#9,D-a-0#&%:6%3/@7`F<%-6-6% :,D~=:6%% C% 1>-i/@-6#%eRT8<% :B/)C% 1>-07
i/q-0# -6#&%  C(TEH% 'vK -0L #&,21 -6#&%  C;(+E&%'$/)1 -0#&%9:B7B-;89,2:B-(24a-0#&%k76%89,2:6,D-0%E :6%~=/)(=1PU
i#&%:6% ,27-0#&%  C(+E&% ' /)7aC;(=:B%,2** G&:6,D-0%/)1w-6#&%:6% ,2:`8&,2:B-,21&E/)1f-0#&%4|,D:aio, 2% Z "$#H/)7
/@719,D-6G&:0,D'o76/@1&* %-0#&'
% %9(Mi ,.-6-_,D*_#&% E -6(T(% ,2:6'qd G&76/@1&~w-0#H%  C(TE&%'o,D1&E E&(Mi1&7u-0:6% ,2C
E&/@76*:6% 8&,21&* /@% 7-0#jG&7(T** G&:,27,* (=1H76% jG&%1&* % Z #&% ,2:7B-0:B% 7B7a8&:B(29'@% 7,2:6%^7B#&(Mi1w/)1Q9~2G&:6%
%    7,D1&E/)1&E&/@*,D-6%v:6% ,276(219,2F&'qd3~=(+(TE,2~2:6% %C;%1>-Ai/@-0#%SRH8<% :B/)C% 1>-07?%SRH*% 8HxHZ Kl 4s(=:
-6#&
4s(=:$-6#&%^',D-B-0% :o89,2:B-(D4g-0#H%!7B% 89,D:0,D-6% Ek:6% ~2/)(=1k,27$E&/@76*G&767B% E,2F<(Mp=% Z


 

 

  
   

?
- /@7g/)1>-6% :6%7B-6/)1&~-6(76% %$#H( i -0#H%$* G&:up2,.-0G&:B%$(249-0#&% %&( i ,5% *e-07
-0GH:6F&G&'@% 1&*%$/)1-6#&%$C(TE&%')7 Z
 G&:upD,D-0G&:B%* ,21kF5%C%,27BG&:6%EwF>d -6#&%^* G&:up2,.-0G&:B%!:6,2E&/@G&7

&&
 ' 
&&
K
 &
 K!  ' #"  %$ ! && '( *(=1&7u#&/)~2#Q* G&:up2,.-0G&:B%:6,2E&/)GH7*),+ ')(MiJ*G&:BpD,D-6G&:6%

z /@-6# . -  0/ '( * (21&7B2




.1 U&-0#&/@7$% jG9,D-6/)(=1kF<% * (2C;%7


1  436587 :9  1  4369;7   :5
1     " $=< 

b x

xHZ K "

1/R c
50
45.8333
41.6667
37.5
33.3333
29.1667
25
20.8333
16.6667
12.5
8.33333
4.16666
-1.907E-6
-4.16667
-8.33333
-12.5
-16.6667
-20.8333
-25
-29.1667
-33.3333
-37.5
-41.6667
-45.8333
-50

-2

\ /)~=GH:6% xHZ




 &









 










x/h

"!

"$#&/@7 jG9,21>-0/q-rdk*,21~=:6,28&#&/@*,2'@'@dXF5%!pT/@76G9,D')/ % E,D7`/)1k9~=G&:B% xHZ U<i#&% :B%-0#&%85% , j7#9,p=%


F<% %1k*GH-v(,D-  2
/@1X(=:BE&% :o-6(C;, 2%`*_#9,21&~=%7op+/)7B/)F&'@% Z "$#&/@7o*GH-Bt (%fpD,2'@G&%
K

2
c
I
/@7-rio( (=:BE&% :B73')(Mio%:3/) 1 C;,2~=1&/q-0G&EH%;-0#&,21 -0#&%Q#&/@~=#&%7B-,21HE '@(Mio%7B-8<%, j7 Z G&E&~=%e-073(24
-6#&%376#&% ,2:7B-6:6%767^% jG9,D-6/)(=1 ,.--0#&%3'@(T* ,D-0/@(=1wC;,2: 2% E /@19~=G&:B% xHZ 76#&(MiN:6,28&/@E:6%768<(=1&76%
-6( * GH:BpD,D-0GH:6%w*_#&,21&~=%7 Z "$#&/)7/)719,D-6G&:0,D'hUoFHGH-;-6#&% +GH% 7B-6/)(=1 /)73i#&%-6#&% :;-0#&%k:6%768<(=1&76%
/@7,2** G&:6,D-0% Z "$#&% 8H:6(+E&G&*-6/)(=1 -0%:6C /)7(24$* (2G&:67B% * (=:B:6%*-37B/)1&*%X/@-/)7!%eRH,2*e- Z  -/)7!-0#jG&7
/@1j-6% :B% 7B-6/)1&~Q-6(Q76% %#&(Mi -0#&%3C(+E&% '@')% Ek-0%:6C7:6% 7B85(21&E-0(,Q',2:B~=%7u-0:B%,2C')/@1&%*G&:BpD,D-6G&:6%
*_#9,D1&~=%2UV7B% %^9~=G&:B% xTZymHZ
-0:B%,2C')/@1&%* G&:up2,.-0G&:B%% 5% *-67,2:6%/@C;8<(=:B-0,21>-UT,21&EQ8&:B% 7B% 1>-C;(+E&% '@7vE&(31&(D-$4sG&')'qd;EH%et
7B* :6/@F5%^#&(Mi-0#&%76%, 5% *-$-6G&:6FHG&')%1&* % Z :B(=85(270,2'@7$#9,p=%!F5%% 1CX,DE&%4s(=:$* GH:BpD,D-0GH:6%^* (=:B:6%*et
-6/)(=1&7U27B% %W #DY ,21&E W #.Y[Z
\ (=: ,aE&/@76*G&767B/)(=1(249* GH:BpD,D-0GH:6%]% 5% *-67g7B% % ,p+/)E&7B(=1XW Y ,D1&EQW Y[Z
L
Kl
KMb
#

%'&)(

+*

-,

/.



 
 
0

21

  ^

"$#&%9:67u-* (=1H* ')GH76/)(21f-0#&,D-* ,21F<%E&:6,Mi14s:B(=C 0- #&%E&/)7B* G&7B76/@(=1 ,2F<( p2%/@7a-0#&,D-/q-a/@7`#9, et


,2:BE&(=G&7 -0(G&7B%oio,2')'>4sG&1&*e-0/@(=1&7A,2:B%o/@176%89,2:6,D-0%E %9(M
i 7 Z  -g76% %C;7
,27g-0#H(=G&~=#/q-g/@7 1H% * %7676,2:Bd
b

3#

x/h = 0.00

x/h = 1.79

x/h = 1.07
40

Prod
Dis
P.S.

Prod
Dis
P.S.

30

50

20

10

10

-10

-10

-20

-20

-30

-30

-40
1.0

1.5

0.5

2.0












 


-40
0.0

1.0

0.5

y/h

y/h

\ /@~=G&:B% xHZym 

Prod
Dis
P.S.

30

20

-50

40




   







!

 



1.0

y/h

 







   


"!



-6(:B% 76(2'@p=%$-6#&%F5(=GH1&E9,2:ud3',d=%: U>/@1&* '@G&E&/)1H~-0#&%$p+/)7B* (=G&7?7BG&F&',d2% : Z


z #H/)')%v-6#&/)7A/@7A(245* (=G&:B76%
*(=7B-6'@d=UP/@-a76% %C;7GH1&%p+/@-0,2F&'@%/)1,2EHpD,21&*% E %9(Mi7-0#&,D-/@1&* '@G&E&%7B% 89,D:0,D-6/)(=1 Z  -76#H(=G&')EF<%
1&(D-0% E -0#9,D-:6%76G&'q-07^io%:6% 8H:6% 7B% 1>-0%E F>d (D-0#&%::B% 76% ,2:6*_#H% :67,D--6#&
%  $ \ "
 z (=: =t
7B#&(=8 W Y i#&% :B%-0#&%7B-0,21&E9,2:BE jt C;(+E&% 'i/@-6#fio,2')'}4sG&1H*-0/@(=1&7a~>,p=%/@C;8&:B% 7B76/@p2%:B% 7BG&'@-67 Z
1&%:6%K ,D76(=1fCX,dF<%,E&/ 5% :B% 1>-,D8&8&:6(=,2*_#w4s(=:$io,2')'}4sG&1&*e-0/@(=1&7 Z / P%:6%1j-~=:B/)E&7UVF5(=GH1&ETt
,2:udk* (=1&EH/@-0/@(=1&7a,21&E*(=1>p=%*-0/@(=176*_#H% C% 7C/)~=#>-a,2')7B(X~=/qp=%:6/)7B%-6(XE&/@7B-0/@1&*-6/)(=1H7aF<%-ri% %1
7B(=')GH-6/)(=1H7 Z "$#&%:6%,2:B%-rio(.tr',d2% :8&:B(=85(270,2'@7`/)1f-0#&%'@/@-6% :0,.-0G&:B%-0#&,D-C/)~=#>-a76(='qp=%,D-`')%,D7B89,D:B-(24A-6#&%8&:B(=F&'@% C i/@-6#wiv,D')' 4sGH1&*-6/)(=1&7 Z  (Mi%p2% : UC(=7B-`(24A-0#H% 76%38H:6(=8<(=70,D')7:6% jG&/@:6%
,27$91H%,3:6%76(='@GH-0/@(=1,27/)7$1H% * %7676,2:Bd4s(=:$'@( i %d+1&(='@E&71+GHCF5%:C;(+E&% '@7 Z
(=C%o/@C;8&:B(Mp=% C% 1>-67
CX,d,2')7B(F<%vCX,DE&%vF>dG&7B/)1&~,C;(=:B%v,2ETp2,D1&* %E8H:6% 7B76G&:B%et 7B-0:6,2/)1
/@1j-6% :6,2*-6/)(=1 C(+E&% '[Ug% Z ~ Z -6#&% && C;(+E&%' Z "$#H/)7C(TEH% ']~>,p=%X-6#&%QF5%7B-3:B% 7BG&'@-673,2C(=1&~
-6#&%-0%7B-6% E #&/)~2# %d+1&(='@E&71jG&CF<% :C(+E&% '@7 Z a1&(2-6#&% :aF5%1&%&-^~=,2/)1&%Ef4s:B(=C -0#&/@7`C(TE&%'
/@7-6#9,D-/@-E&(+% 71&(2-7B% % C -6( 1&%% E iv,2'@'$* (=C8<% 1&76,D-0/@(=1 -0% :BC;7Ui#&/@*_# ,2:B%fEH / * G&'q-3-0(
/@C;8&'@% C% 1>-$/@1f,3~=%1&% :6,2'}C;,21&1&%: Z
"$#&%')(Mi %edT1H(=')E&7?1jG&CF<% :?C(TEH% ')7A8H:6(Mp=%E;-0(^F<%CG&*_#C;(=:B%,2* *G&:0,.-0%$4s(=:
-0#H/)7
-0%7B* ,276% Z "$#&%   C(+E&% ' 8&:6%E&/)*e-07-6#&%')(+*,.-0/)(21w(24A-6#&%376%89,2:0,.-0/)(2185(2/)1>-C(=:6%,2* *G&:0,D-6% 'qd
-6#9,21 -6#&%  C(TE&%' Z -0,2F&/)'@/@-rd 8&:6(2F&')%C;73i% :6%f8&:6%76%1j-;i/@-6# F<(2-0# C(TE&%')7,2'q-0#&(2G&~=#
-6#&%dQi% :B%% ,276/@'@d 7B(='@p2% Ek/)1Q-0#H%  C(TE&%'},2E BGH7B-0/@1&~G&1&E&%:6:B% ', R&,.-0/)(214|,D*-0(2:67 Z "$#H%  
C(TEH% ' io,27%SR+-0:6%C;%'@dw76% 1H76/@-6/@p2%3,21&EG&1H7B-_,DF&')%DU},21&EF<(2-0#-6#&%7u-0:6%767B% 7!,21&E-6#&%:0,.-0%(24
E&/@767B/)89,D-6/)(=1  #9,2E-6(F5%3#&% ,pT/@'@dfG&1&E&%:6:B% ', R&,.-0% E E&GH:6/)1H~ -0#&%3/q-0% :6,D-0/@(=18&:B(T*% 7B7 U}i#&/)*_#
/@1 -6G&:61 '@%,2E&7-6(CX,D1jd /@-6% :0,.-0/)(21&73,21&E '@(=1&~* (2C;8&GT-_,D-6/)(=19,D']-6/)C% 7 Z  -3io(2G&')E 1&(2-F<%
7BG&:68&:B/)7B/)1&~!4s(=:A-0#&%76%`*(=1>p=%:6~=%1&* %8H:6(=F&'@% C7A-0(!%p=%1Q/)1&*:6% ,276%i#&% 1X8&:6(=FH')% C7?/)1 J,D:6%
b
.

b m

*(=C;8HGH-0%E Z "$#H/)7!/)7(24o* (=G&:B76%;,QCX, B(2:E&:0,iF9,2*  /@1 -6#&%  C(+E&% '[U}76/)1H* %(=1&%(24]-0#&%
F9,D76/)*^E&%CX,D1&E&7(24 /)1&E&GH7B-0:udQ/)1G&7B/)1&~  \ /)7$:B(=F&G&7u-01&%767`,21&Ek* (=7u-Btr%4P%*-6/@p=%^*(TE&%7 Z
.

x= 0 mm (x/h = 0)

IP
SSG
HL
exp

0
-0.2

0.2

0.4

0.6 0.8
U/Uo

1.2

1.4

0
-0.2

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8


U/Uo

x= 50 mm (x/h = 1.786)

1.2 1.4 1.6

-0.2

y/h

0
0

0.2

0.4

0.6 0.8
U/Uo

\ /)~2G&:6% xTZ$#

1.2

1.4

 

0.6 0.8
U/Uo

1.2

1.4

1.2

1.4

0
-0.2



0.4

0.2

x= 300 mm (x/h = 10.714)

-0.2

x= 134 mm (x/h = 4.786)

y/h

y/h

x= 30 mm (x/h = 1.071)
6

y/h

y/h

y/h

x= -50 mm (x/h = -1.786)


6

0.2

0.4



l>I

0.6 0.8
U/Uo


1.2



1.4

 

-0.2




0.2


  


0.4

0.6 0.8
U/Uo

x= 0 mm (x/h = 0)

k-eps
LS
2L
exp

0
-0.2

0.2

0.4

0.6 0.8
U/Uo

1.2

1.4

0
-0.2

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8


U/Uo

x= 50 mm (x/h = 1.786)

1.2 1.4 1.6

-0.2

y/h

0
0.2

0.4

0.6 0.8
U/Uo

\ /@~=G&:6% Tx Z MK I

1.2

1.4


 

0.6 0.8
U/Uo

1.2

1.4

1.2

1.4

0
-0.2

0.4

0.2

x= 300 mm (x/h = 10.714)

-0.2

x= 134 mm (x/h = 4.786)

y/h

y/h

x= 30 mm (x/h = 1.071)
6

y/h

y/h

y/h

x= -50 mm (x/h = -1.786)


6

0.2

0.4



l&K

0.6 0.8
U/Uo


1.2



1.4

 

-0.2






0.2

0.4

0.6 0.8
U/Uo

x= -50 mm (x/h = -1.786)

x= 0 mm (x/h = 0)

6
k-eps
RSM
SSG
LS
HL
exp

y/h

0
0

0.05

0.1

0.15
V/Uo

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.05

x= 50 mm (x/h = 1.786)

0.1

0.15
V/Uo

0.2

0.25

0
-0.3

0.3

x= 134 mm (x/h = 4.786)


6

y/h

0
-0.2

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2


V/Uo

\ /@~=G&:B% Hx Z =K K





-0.15


 

-0.1

ljL

-0.05
V/Uo



-0.1

0
V/Uo

0.1

0.2

0.3

0
-0.2 -0.15 -0.1 -0.05

-0.2

x= 300 mm (x/h = 10.714)

y/h

y/h

x= 30 mm (x/h = 1.071)

y/h

y/h

0.05



0
-0.1

0.1





 

-0.05

0
V/Uo

0.05

0.1

x= 0 mm (x/h = 0)

IP
SSG
HL
exp

0
0

0.005

0.01
0.015
k/(UoUo)
x= 50 mm (x/h = 1.786)

0.02

0
0

0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04


k/(UoUo)
x= 134 mm (x/h = 4.786)

y/h

y/h

y/h

x= 30 mm (x/h = 1.071)
6

y/h

y/h

y/h

x= -50 mm (x/h = -1.786)


6

0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
k/(UoUo)

\ /)~2G&:6% Tx Z K L








0.01

0.02
0.03
0.04
k/(UoUo)
x= 300 mm (x/h = 10.714)

0.05

0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
k/(UoUo)

0.01







l>b


 








 

0.02
0.03
k/(UoUo)






 


0.04

0.05

x= 0 mm (x/h = 0)

k-eps
LS
2L
exp

0
0

0.005

0.01
0.015
k/(UoUo)
x= 50 mm (x/h = 1.786)

0.02

0
0

0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04


k/(UoUo)
x= 134 mm (x/h = 4.786)

y/h

y/h

y/h

x= 30 mm (x/h = 1.071)
6

y/h

y/h

y/h

x= -50 mm (x/h = -1.786)


6

0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
k/(UoUo)

\ /@~=G&:6% Hx Z K b











0.01

0.02
0.03
0.04
k/(UoUo)
x= 300 mm (x/h = 10.714)

0.05

0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
k/(UoUo)

0.01







l=l


 








 



0.02
0.03
k/(UoUo)








0.04

0.05

x= 30 mm (x/h = 1.071
6

0
-0.005

0
-0.005

0
0.005
uv/(UoUo)

x= 50 mm (x/h = 1.786)
6

x= 300 mm (x/h = 10.714


6

4
y/h

0
-0.05 -0.03 -0.01
uv/(UoUo)

0
-0.05 -0.03 -0.01
uv/(UoUo)

\ /)~=G&:B% Hx Z K l















ljc








GL
SSG
LL
HL
exp

0
-0.05 -0.03 -0.01
uv/(UoUo)

0
0.005
uv/(UoUo)

x= 134 mm (x/h = 4.786)


6

y/h

y/h

y/h

x= 0 mm (x/h = 0)

y/h

y/h

x= -50 mm (x/h = -1.786)


6

-0.01
uv/(UoUo)





 

   

          


  !"  #   $
"$#&%aE&%p2% '@(=8&/)1H~ %9(Mi/@1X,^* G&:up=%E{U&:6%*-0,21&~=G&'),2:?E&G&*e-io,27]76/)CG&',D-6% E Z r1&')%e-o8H:6(29'@% 7Ai% :6%
7B%-4s:6(2C %SRT85%:6/)C% 1>-67Fjd /)C ,21&E ,D-0%'$W #DY[Z "$#&% 7B%3%eRT8<% :6/@C;%1>-07^,2:B%3,2')7B( ,pD,2/)'),2F&'@%
K
,D-7B%p=%:0,2'*GH-8&',21H% 7,2')(21&~-0#&%^E&GH*- Z
"$#&%a-6% 7u-o* ,276%a*_#&(=76%1 iv,D7o(=1&%(24{-6#&%-0% 7u-v* ,276%7o/)1-0#&%   $ \ "    
   



U  #&,D-0(=G
  






U
W
&
U

i
&
#

%
B
:

%
B
7
=
(
;
C

%
D
(
4
6
&
#

%
B
7

%
B
:

%
6
7
H
G
@
'
0
$
7

i

%
B
:

%
&
8
B
:

%
B
7

%
>
1
0

%
E
Z
K # #=x L Y

&%

,- /.

6 8 7



 

;: =<




? wA 




10

 

?> @

(' *) ,+
32 54


 

"!



;A

  


 A  g

"$#&%Q*(=C8&GH-_,.-0/)(219,2'AE&(=C;,2/@1 /)776#&(Mi1 /@1 9~=G&:B% TZ UA,21HE -0#&%X~=% (=C%-6:6/@*,2'?E9,D-0,w/)7,27


K
4s(='@')(Mi7
"$#H%!i/@EH-0#(24 -0#&%^*_#9,D1&1&% '/@7
* C Z
L2I nb
"$#H%k#H% /)~2#j-(24-0#&%Q*_#9,D1&1&% '$/@7  
xHZ 7B/)1&~-6#&%Q7Bd+CC;%e-0:Bd * (=1HE&/@-6/)(=1{U -0#&%
#H% /)~2#j-(24 -0#H%!*(=C8&GH-_,.-0/)(219,2'PEH(=CX,D/)1Q F<% * (2C;%7 
b Z

"$#H%7u-0:0,D/)~=#>-% 1>-6:0,21&*%7B% *e-0/)(21k/@7 
l yc Z

"$#H%/@1&1&% :vio,2'@'{:0,2EH/)G&7/)7 
Zb
"$#H%E&GH*-F5%* (=C% 77u-0:0,D/)~=#>-,2~> ,D/)1,D4O-6% :$-0#&% # trE&%~=:6%%F5%1&E Z
I
"$#H%7u-0:0,D/)~=#>-%eRT/q-76% *e-0/@(=1f/@7 
L=c c Z

~=%(=C;%e-0:B/)*QE&%76* :B/)8H-6/)(=1 (24-0#H%kF<% 1HE /@77B#&(Mi1 /@1 &~=G&:6% TZ Z "$#&%k%eRT8<% :B/)C% 1>-07F>d
K
/)C ,21&E ,D-0%'^W #.Y i% :B%kC;,2E&% ,D-  
7 l c UA-6#&%Q/)1&'@%- U
/)CC;%E&/,.-0% 'qd F5%e4s(=:6%;-0#&%
K
F<% 1&E ,21&E ,DU
,21&E
/@1>-0(-0#&%F5 %1&E Z gRT8<% :6/@C;%1>-07^io%:6% ,D')76(kC;,2E&%,D-^-rio(
*GH-^8&',D1&% 7E&(MKMic 1&7u-0lj:B%c ,2C (D4]-6#&c %3F<% 1&E{U}7B% %39~=GH:6% TZ Z "$#&%3~=:6/@EG&76%Eiv,27!, (=1H%etrFH')(+ * 
K
C% 7B#ki/q-0# # x *% '@')7 UH76% %^9~=GH:6% TZ Z
K lc I
L

;C ED
GF C H
JI C
;K C LD
(M C

B
B
B
B
B

ON C

1

RQ RQ

RQ

PD

ED

S T :VUXWZY OW [ \^]_W

"$#&/@7-6% 7B-*,27B% 2, '@')(Mi% E 2( 1&'@d4s(=:!#&/@~=# %d+1&(2')E&71+GHCF5%:C(TEH% ')7-6(wF<%XG&7B% E F<% * ,2G&76%


(24!-0#H% 7B%p2% :6% 7B0- ,2F&/@')/@-rd &8 :B(=F&'@% C7Q% 1&*(=G&1>-0%:6% E G&76/@1&~ ')(Mi %ed+1&(=')EH7Q1+GHCF5%:   7 Z
l x

75
45

X
X

15

-0.5h
Experimental location

3h

-4.5h

\ /@~=G&:B% TZ K




 

 

!




a7kEH/)76*G&767B% E 8&:6%epT/@(=G&7B'@d /)1 76%*-0/@(=1 xHZnx -0#&%



  





!)



54 


  C(TE&%'`io,27Q%eR+-0:B% C% 'qd 76%1&76/q-0/qp=%-0(

G&1HE&% :B:6% '),.RH,D-0/@(=189,2:6,2C;%e-0%:67 Uj,D1&ECX,21>d/@-0%:0,D-6/)(=1H7gio%:6%1&%% E&%E;-0(^(=FT-_,2/@1,^*(=1>p=%:6~=%E


7B(=')GH-6/)(=1 Z "$#&/@7F5%#9,pT/@(=G&:F<% *,DC;%!%p2% 1wC(=:B%!8H:6(=1&(2G&1&* %Ew/@1k-6#&/)7
-0%7B-a*,27B% Z  ,2:6E
G&1HE&% :B:6% '),.RH,D-0/@(=1 7B% % C% EQ-6(#9,p=%^,21X% 5% *-(21&'@d(=1 EH/@p=%:6~=%1&* %7B85%% b EQi/@-6#X-0#H/)7oC(+E&% ' Z
"$#&%a85(276/@-6/@p2%7u-_,2FH/)')/q-rd4% P%*-67o~>,2/@1&% E4s:6(2CNG&76/@1&~^-0#&%:6% ,2')/ ,2F&'@%    C;(+E&%'&io%:6%a-6% 7u-0% E
,21HE :B% 7BG&'@-6% E /)1, C/qRf(24]C(TEH% ')7a:6%e4s% :6:B% E-0(,D7-0#&% :B% 76%1>-C(+E&% ' Z "$#&/)7C(TEH% ' E&/)E
7B#&(Mi 76(2C;%$/@C;8&:B(Mp=% C% 1>-A(211jG&C% :B/)* ,2'H7u-_,2F&/@')/q-rd=U2FHGH-?7B-6/)')'T1&(* (21jp2% :B~=% E;76(='@GH-0/@(=1* (2G&')E
F<%^(=FH-_,D/)1&%Ek(21k-6#&/)7v-6% 7B-* ,276% Z "$#jG&7-0#&%^C(TEH% ')7oG&76%E,2:B%
.

"$#H% j tC(TEH% ' Z

"$#H% 

B


C(+E&% ' Z
,

 C(TEH% ' Z

"$#H%

   C(+E&% ' Z

"$#H%

\?Y?W
X\?Y
0

@_WZ[ W

"$#&%#&/@~=#&%:(=:6E&%:G&8>i/)1&E 7B*_#&% C%;/@7G&7B% E 4s(=:C;% ,21p=%')(+* /q-0/)%7 UP-6#&%#>dTFH:6/)E 7B*_#&% C%/)7


G&7B% Ek4s(=
:  U ,21&EQ-0#H% %d+1&(2')E&77B-6:6%7676%7`/@1-6#&%^E&/ 5% :B% 1>-0/),2'{7u-0:6%767C;(+E&%')7 Z



\
> @_W X[ XA  \ Y \ > @_W ]_W?WX\?< =Y
XY A :W A Y;XA :*] a

 


 !

"$#&%%d+1&(='@E&7v7u-0:6%767C(TE&%')7$,D:6%CGH*_#kC(=:B%,2* *G&:0,.-0%`-6#9,21Q-0#&%>t !C;(+E&%'5i#&%1k7B/)C3t


G&'),D-0/@1&~-6#&%E&%ep=% '@(=8&C% 1>-$(24-6#&%76%* (=1HE9,2:BdXC;(D-0/)(21{Uj76% %&~=G&:6% +Z Z `C(=1&~-0#&%7u-0:B% 767
b /)C/)*7{-0#&%76% *(=1&E9,D:Bd
C(TEH% ')7UD-6#&%o*G&F&/)*o,21&E:B%,2'@/ ,2F&')%   {C(TE&%'T8<% :u4s(=:6C7 F5%7B-U=,21&EC
#

Uin

\ /)~=GH:6% TZ L







!





  





!



C (2-0/@(=1,21HE -6#&%3-0G&:BF&G&'@% 1&*%EH%p=%')(=8HC;%1j-^F<%-B-0%:-0#9,21-6#&%  C;(+E&%'hU{7B% %39~=G&:B% TZ U



i#&/@*_# /@1 -6G&:61 85%:B4s(=:BC;7^F<%-B-0% :^-0#&,21 -6#&%  C;(+E&% '[U}%p2% 1 -6&# (=G&~=# -0#H%io,2')'A:B% %9%*-6/)(=c 1
-6% :6C7,2:6%!,2*e-0/qp=%(=1&'qdX-6( io,2:BE&7-6#&%^* '@(=76%7B-iv,D')' Z
,

l m

IP

GL

Exp

\ /)~=G&:B% TZ b 








 

 

 l>c







LLI

 







 

k-epsilon

Exp

\ /)~=G&:B% TZ l 

 l>c







uv/(UoUo)

uv/(UoUo)
A
9
8

0.005
0.00422222
0.00344444

7
6
5
4
3

0.00266667
0.00188889
0.00111111
0.000333333
-0.000444445

2
1

-0.00122222
-0.002

Exp
75

0.005

9
8
7
6
5

0.00422222
0.00344444
0.00266667
0.00188889
0.00111111

4
3
2
1

65

uv/(UoUo)

IP

4
5

0.000333333
-0.000444445
-0.00122222
-0.002

0.005

9
8
7
6
5

0.00422222
0.00344444
0.00266667
0.00188889
0.00111111

4
3
2
1

2
7

uv/(UoUo)

GL

4
5
4
5
6

0.000333333 3
-0.000444445
-0.00122222
-0.002
2

0.005

9
8
7
6
5

0.00422222
0.00344444
0.00266667
0.00188889
0.00111111

4
3
2
1

LLI

0.000333333
-0.000444445
2
-0.00122222
-0.002

1
4
56

4
5

7
8

32
3
2

7
5
666
6 87
6
9
5
7 3
44
7 78
5 56 5
8
5 6 9
4 4
4 4

\ /@~=G&:B% TZ c










23



c2I





77
6

7
6
5
8
85 4 6 5
3

2 4
1
3 45
32 3 7

 ljc

5
5 6

2
3




 

5
4





   
#  #  
          


"$#&%%9(Mi ,2:B(=G&1&Ef, x t -0(.t 8&:6(2',D-6%!7B8&#&%:6(=/@Ew,D-/@1&* /@E&% 1&*%!io,27* (=1H76/)EH% :6%E Z "$#&/@7a/@7$(=1&%


(24-6#&% F<% 7B--0% 7u-*,27B% 7,pDK ,2/)'),2F&'@%/@1 i#&/@*_# ,w-0#&:B% %et E&/)C% 1H76/)(219,2'?76%89,2:0,.-0/)(21 (T** G&:B73,D,* G&:up=%E F<(=G&1&E9,D:Bd Z "$#&% %9(MiN8&,D-6-6% :61 /)7p2% :ud * (=C8&')%SR5U,21&E /@-^/)7^,QE&%')/@*,D-6%-_,27 w-0(
-6:Bd-0(!C;/@C;/@*o-0#H%-6G&:6F&GH')% 1>-7B-6:6G&*e-0G&:B% 7v8&:B% 7B% 1>-vi/@-6#-6G&:6FHG&')%1&* %aC;(+E&% '@7 Z "$#&%`* ,276%#9,27
F<% %1w%eRT8<% :B/)C% 1>-_,2'@'@d;E&(+* G&C% 1>-0%EwF>d76%ep=%:0,2' ,2GH-6#&(=:B7 U<,21&E8&:B% 76%1>-* (2C;8&GT-_,D-6/)(=1&7,D:6%
*(=C;8&,2:6%Efi/@-6#f%SRT85%:6/)C% 1>-67aF>d  #&%7619, .,27`,21&E /)C8&76(21 W mDY U `#&1 W Y ,D1&E :6%8&')/@
1 
l
- ,2 ~=%:W Y[Z
L2I

_%

87




9 W ;: =<  X\?Y \?>  @_W W J A # W

"$#&%f* (=C8&GH-0,D-0/@(=19,2'oE&(=C;,2/)1 ,21&E C;%76# ,2:6%k76#&(Mi1 /@1 &~=G&:6% mHZ Uv,D1&E -6#&%%d+1&(2')E&7
1jG&CF<% :F9,D76% E (=1 -0#&%Q4s:B% %et 7B-6:6%,DC p=% '@(T*/@-rd ,21&E -0#&%')%1&~2-6# (D4aK -6#&%C;(+E&% 'o/)7 2 

"$#&%`C% 7B# /)7o, t F&')(+ *  t -rd+8<%`C% 76#X% CF<% E&EH% EQ/)1-ri(3F&')(+* j7oG&8&7u-0:B%,2C,21& E
lE&y(ML i 1&KM7uI-0 :BZ %,2C "$#H%1jG&CF<b % :(24g* %')')7$/@7
Z
x I=I=I Z :B/)E/)1HE&% 8<% 1&EH% 1&*%!io,27*_#&% * D% EG&7B/)1&~
>
b
L
,76(=C%i#&,D-91&% :C% 7B#{UV,21&E1&(CX, B(=:vE&/ P%:6% 1H* %!* (=G&'@EF5%^E&%e-0% *e-0%E Z

LD


1

S T :VUXWZYOW [ \^]_W

"$#&/@7 -6% 7B-


*,27B%v,2'@76(,D')')(Mi% E(=1&'@d^4s(=:-0#H%oG&7B%v(249#&/@~=# %d+1&(2')E&7 1+GHCF5%:gC(TEH% ')7 M( i/)1&~-0(
7B%p=%:6%37u-_,2F&/@')/q-rd 8&:B(=F&')%C;7$-6#9,D-a,2:6/@76%^i#&% 1wG&76/@1&~;'@(Mi %ed+1&(=')EH7a1jG&CF<% :   7 Z "$#jG&7
-6#&%aC(+E&% '@7AG&76%EQ,2:6%$-6#&% >t C(+E&% '[U=-0#&%  C(TE&%'hU=-6#&%  C(+E&% 'V,21HE-6#&%   g
C (+E&% ' Z
,


0

\?Y?W
X\?Y

@_WZ[ W

"$#&%#&/)~2#&% :(=:BE&% :G&8>i/)1&Ef76*_#&%C;%/)7G&7B% Ef4s(2:C%,D1fp=%')(+* /q-0/)%7 Z "$#&%#>d+F&:B/)Ek76*_#&%C;%/)7


G&7B% Ek4s(=
:  U ,21&EQ-0#H% %d+1&(2')E&77B-6:6%7676%7`/@1-6#&%^E&/ 5% :B% 1>-0/),2'{7u-0:6%767C;(+E&%')7 Z



 


-0#H:6% %^E&/@C;%1&76/@(=19,2'576%89,2:0,.-0/)(21Q/)7$8&:B% 76%1>-`/@1-6#&% %9(Mi (Mp2% :a, x t -0(.t 8&:B(=',.-0%768H#&% :B(=/)E


,21HE -0#&% %9(Mi 7B-6:6G&*e-0G&:B% 73,D:6%p=% :ud * (=C8&')%SR Z 
8&:B/)C;,2:Bd,21&E ,k67 %* (=K 1&E&,2:Bd p=(2:B-0%SR ,D:6%

4s(=:BC;%EQi#&% 1k-0#&%^76%89,2:6,D-0/@(=1(T** G&:B7 Z

cTK

\ /@~=G&:B% Hm Z K






!

.









!'


  


 



!







 





\ :6/)*e-0/@(=1 7u-0:6% ,2C -6:0,2*% 7,2:B%76#H( i1/)1 9~=G&:B% mHZ L Z  (2C;89,D:6/)7B(=1&7Q,D:6%C;,2E&%wi/q-0#


%SRH8<% :B/)C% 1>-073F>d :B% 8&'@/)1  - ,D ~=% :W Y i#&% :B%Q-0#&%%d+1&(2')E&731jG&CF<% :3/@7',D:6~=%: Ug-6#9,DL2I
/@7 2 

Z a')'?C;(+E&%')7^76%89,2:0,.-0%;-6(T(k',.-0%/)1 * (=C89,2:B/)76(21 i/q-0# %SRT85%:6/)C% 1>-67 U


&

M
K
I

%SRH*% 8H-a4s (=:v-0#H%   ]C;(+E&% ' Z
:6% 7B76G&:B% E&/)7u-0:6/@F&GH-6/)(=1&7 ,D- io,2')'@7Q,2:6% ,pD,2/@',2F&'@%k4s:B(=C a#&1  7 W Y %eRT8<% :6/@C;%1>-07k,21&E
*(=C;8&,2:6/@76(=1&7i/@-6#76/@CG&',.-0/)(21&7,2:6%76#&(Mi1/)1f9~=G&:B% mHZ Z G&:68&:B/)7B/)1&l ~='qd% 1&(2G&~=#-0#H% jt 
b
C(TEH% '{8<% :u4s(=:6C7
F5%7B-%p2% 1k-0#&(=GH~=#k-6#&%^76%89,2:0,.-0/)(21k/@7$85(+(=:B'@d;8&:6%E&/)*e-0% EkF>d -0#H/)7C;(+E&%' Z
?% '@(T*/@-rd8&:B(29'@% 7!* (=C89,2:B% E i/q-0# -6#&%X%SRT85%:6/)C% 1>-67(24  #H% 761&, .,27  /@C;8&7B(=1 ,D:6%
7B#&(Mi1/)19~=G&:B% mTZ ,21&E,D:6%^%eR+-0:6,2*-6% E,.-  
2x L2L /@1-6#&%:6,2E&/),2'{E&/@:6% *e-0/@(=1f(D4A,21
l
I
(
,21H~=')
% 
4s:B(=C -0#H%^i/@1&EHio,2:6Ef* %1j-6% ::0,2EH /)G&7 Z r1-0#H%!%SRT85%:6/)C% 1>-67a7B% 89,2:6,D-0/@(=1k,DK
=
L
c
( Z\ (2:-6#&%
-6#&/)7  ')(+ *,D-6/)(=1Q(+* *G&:67`,D-`,28&8&:B(MRT/@CX,D-6% 'qd 

p=%')(+* /q-rd=U9-0#&%* G&FH/)*
M
K
2
L
b
`


C
T
(
H
E

%

'
;
C
D
,
0
_
*
H
#

%
^
7
e
%
T
R
<
8

%
6
:
@
/
;
C

%
>
1
0
^
7
5
F

%
B
7

U
.
,
^
)
'

%
D
,
B
7
^
)
/
1
B
7
9
#
2
,
<
8
%
$
"
&
#
%
'
j

t
X

C;(+E&%'A,2')7B(Q~=/@p2% 7

 
Z
4|,2/@:6'qd ,D* * GH:0,D-6%Q:6% 7BG&'@-674s(=: 1Z \ (=:-0#&% p2% :B-6/)* ,2'v,21HE 7B89,21>i/)7B%Qp=% '@(T*/@-rd * (=C8<(=1&% 1>-67 U
,2'@'$C;(+E&%')74|,2/@'v/)1 8&:6%E&/)*e-0/@1&~-0#&%k8&:6(285%:'@%p2% 'hUo,2'@-6#&(=G&~2# -6#&%k76#9,28<%k/)7C;(2:6%Q(=:')%767
*(=:6:B% *-4s(2:,2'@' C(+E&% '@7 Z /@1&* %!-0#&%CX,2/@1 %9(Mi /)7a85(+(=:6'qd8&:6%E&/)*e-0%EFjd,2')'C(TEH% ')7G&7B% E{U
-6#&%w-0GH:6F&G&'@% 1&*%w/@7X19,D-6G&:0,D')'@d 1&(2-;% /@-6#&% :io%')'8&:6%E&/)*e-0%E{U76% %k9~=G&:B% mHZ Z `C(=1&~ -0#&%
C(TEH% ')73GH76% EPU-0#H%   !C;(+E&% 'o~=/@p2% 73-0#&%F<% 7u-;(Mp2% :0,D')'v8<% :u4s(=:6C;,21&*% Z "$c #&%C(TE&%'$,2'@76(
7B#&(Mio%E76(=C%^85(D-0% 1>-6/,2'}1jG&C% :B/)*,D')'@dX,21&Ek8&:B( p2% Ek-0(F5%-0#H%!C(=7u-a7u-_,2FH')%^C;(+E&%'},2C(=1&~
-6#&%    7 Z "$#H/)7^/)7^C(=7B-^'@/ 2%'@dwE&G&%-0(Q-0#&%:6% ,2')/ ,2FH/)')/q-rd* (=1H7B-0:6,2/)1>-67!/@C;8<(=7B% E (=1 -0#&%
C(TEH% ' Z

N ED

c=L

jt

gRT85%:6/@C;%1j-67

\ /)~=GH:6% Hm Z L


2


 


 


  





 

c2b





 
 

"!



Exp
k
IP
GL
LLI

cp

0.7

0.2

0.3
0.1

\ /@~=G&:B% Hm Z b 





 

0.4
x/L

4  

 
   



 

0.9




!





  "- 



)

 

1.0
U

Exp U
Exp V
Exp W
k
IP
GL
LLI

Vel/U0

0.5

0.0
W

0.5
0.000

\ /@~=G&:B% Hm Z l "

 


0.005

     
  
 +
   


 






0.010
/L

  



K L2c

cDl



0.015



! 





 


0.020

 

4 R4

!





!


?4 

 


!



! 

 7u-0:B% 767

  7u-0:6%767

6.0

6.0
IP
LLI
Exp

IP
LLI
Exp

4.0

vv x 1000 / U0

uu x 1000 / U0

4.0

2.0

0.0
0.000

0.005

0.010

0.015

0.020

2.0

0.0
0.000

0.025

0.005

0.010

y/L

0.015

0.020

y/L

 7u-0:B% 767

7   7B-0:B% 7B7
3.0

6.0
IP
LLI
Exp

IP
LLI
Exp
2.0
2

uv * 1000 /U0

ww x 1000 / U0

4.0

2.0

1.0

0.0

0.0
0.000

0.005

0.010

0.015

0.020

1.0
0.000

0.025

0.010

y/L

7B-6:6%767

7 

0.020
y/L

3.0

 7B-6:6%767

3.0
IP
LLI
Exp

IP
LLI
Exp
2.0
wu * 1000 /U0

vw * 1000 /U0

2.0

1.0

0.0

1.0

0.0

1.0
0.000

0.010

\ /@~=G&:6% Tm Z c


1.0
0.000

0.020
y/L




!



(-






c=c

0.020
y/L






0.010

  
     


KML=c

0.025

    


 2 
 2 

) + ,) + ,-

2 540
H
54
H % 2 . 2 ) .
54
H



  
W 




 U 1&/@p2% :B76/@-rd (24
K Y ^,2:6'@:6G& #H%2U % :BX
C ,21>d2U # # Z
K c

 
W Y 





 U A')%*-0:B/)*/@-  %E&%
L :0,21H* %   #9,D-6(=G{U :0,21H* %2 U
\
\
K# # c Z

    

U
W Y  N" % *_#H1&(=')(2~2d=U  ,2:Bi% '@'  ,2F<(=:0,D-6(=:Bd2U
Z
b
K# #l Z
W Y Z Z


    

    

 
l

#
0
&
#

%
6
7
@
/

7
U
`

)
/
B
:
=
~
)
/
&
1
)
/
,
=
(
q
'
+
d
6

%
_
*
&
#
H
1
)
/

*
r

&
1
u
7
0
q
/
0
H
G
6

%
2
,
&
1
E
_
D
,
6
%
&
1
@
/
p
U
)
'
2
,

*
j

76F&G&:B~&U


eZ
Z
/@:6~=/@1&/,TU K # # L Z

W Y  Z Z   0
 U
 U?,21&E  Z  Z 0r"  Z z , 2% %9(Mi7;F<% #H/)1&E
c -ri(DtrE&/@C;%1&76/@(=19,2'5#&/)'@')7 Zn\oZ  Z 
Z

 



U nm U K # # b Z
 U b :BEk%E{U *    _U Z l x U K m +Z
W xDY " Z  Z H    Z 
 
 
W .Y Z  Z    !  Z  Z #"$ #%&'( ) thi +*,*.-0/)01 /*,'23('54768!'2*,9:;6 )3(6<4  *,'>= % 6 i 9
F
?  3(*,/ ! ?  ~ 9@'  +)A+- ? 6<B% C ED ,FHG x yx
lIKJ x l m I #2m=m %
L m+M  %ON %    +!  $% #%   & P%g\/*,*-0Q)0'2' t ! ? 47'(9 ? 6<+*H47'R+90/)@'(47'(S-A9
6 :-0Q'3()@6<909 t % 6 i 90'   )AT- ? 6 U)0' ~ ? 6<V6 :Cx I  )06 *W+-0'X9  Q'()@6 ? !B% 


F I nx=m J l F I # # l %
L #+M  % %    YF % z%  F  ! %  %   %  / ) p +-A/ )0'7'  '(32-P6<Z-AQ ? )0! t 6<)0!'2)
  F b<a nx G x J x G m F
p '2*,6[3 ? - d 326<)0)@'(*WT- ? 6 9\+! ? -09]4^6[!'2*_)@'  )@'(90'2S-`+- ? 6<B%
I #=m 8%
L M " %ON %   \ " %

 % #Q -0Q'(9 ? 9 F ! '  -c6 :


    
Iba 
'23`Q  ~ F  ? p %6 :   3`Q'29@-0'() F \d 3(/ *e- d 6+: " '(3`Q 6<*,6 ~Dd #F  +3`Q'(9f-A'2) F  ~ *W  ! F
F ## %
I I
L M " %ON %   \ "  ! % %   g  %  4  )06 p '24^'2S-A9 ? ^ 'R ) i +*,*  ' d 6<*e!9_9f-A)@'(909
I<I


4768!'2*,* ?  ~ :;6<)C3(6 4  *e'K= % 6 i ~ '26<47'2-A) ? '29(%       

 F
" Q' h'29 d * p + ?  -A+-A'  ? p '2)09 ? - d F F / ~ /9f- # # %
I c
L G M %ON % 
ij ! \% P%    z% " )A 9  6 )@-'  /T- ? 6  ? k-0/)01/ *,'( 3(' %
 
I
F
G
G
F

IMb x bDlTJ x l # I # a %
L M #%  H % #)@'(! ? 32- ? 6<Y6 :H-AQ' % 6 i  )@6</!^ 7 ? )@:;6 ? *8/9 ?  ~   ' d 6<*,! 9&9f-A)@'(909
IMb
,F I<I c amJTc F I # # c %
D 
-A)0 9  6<)f-$4^6[!'2*l%

 



(0





!

2"!



H H



).

"!




!

 








!

!



 

!



% JH

J%

H%

 



"!






 )

!

!

L0

32

!

-



cx



 

2 54




L M #
 H %  ' d 6<*e!9 9@-A)@'(9@9 -0)A 9  6 )@- 4^6[!'2*,* ?  ~ 6+: 9@Q683 =t ? !/ 3('(!P90'   )AT-A'(!
Il % % i

 FdG l G c2bbJ G x=m F I # # c %
6 %
L M  %  %  H   ! % %   g  % )@6</! '  '(32-096<  )0'2909@/)0' % / 32-A/+- ? 6<9
Ic ?
 -0Q'+-A476<9  Q'() ? 3g1H6</!+) d *, d '()2% D 

,F m=x l # I>JHc8I<I F I # 2m8%


L x+M  %      F %+N   &&  F % %     !&  F  ! P% h% \ C t
I &



  
P%

 % *,/ i '() 3R !'24 ? 3 #/1* ? 9@Q'()@9 F 6<) t
!)@'(3`QS- _6<9@-06<  6<! 6< F I # # c %
L TM %  N      ! % %   g  %  6<S-A) ? 1/ - ? 6< -06 i  )@!9  ' d 6<*,! 9 t 9f-A)@'(909
I
3(*e6<90/ )0':;6<)c*,6 ivt  ' d 6 *,!9 t 
/4]1H'() -0/)01/ *,'( 3(' % D  
,F l c # bmJ x IRa F I # 2x8%
L m+M " % " 
 F % " %z  YF P%  "$    F   ! P%  %   % c)@6 t
I  % 
'(*,*e'() 9@-0'()0 1.6 /! ) d *, d '() ? 
-0'()0 32- ? 6< 6  m= ? 9 d 474^'K-A) ? 3 1H68! ? '(92%_-AQ '(6<) d  !
'K=  '() ? 47'(S-R%  '290'( )03`Q  ! !' p '2*,6  47'(S- )0'  -R% F  p ? ! z% "  d *,6 )  p  * Q ? 
 '(90'( )03`Q  ! ' p '(*,6  4^'2S-  '(S-A'2) FP Q ?  '()f:;6<)04^ 32'g!'  -(% F I # 2x %
L #+M^z%ON %    !  %  % #"$ c% ) ? ~ ?   ! !'(3( d 6+:]*,6  ~ ? -0/! ?  * p 6<)@- ? 32'(9 ? 
I
,F I<I x ljc F I # # l %
~ % 6 i ? Y3(/) p '2! )0'232-A  ~ /*, )!/3K-R% D 
!' p '(*e6  ?  &
L G M P% t % C     !  % "   %  '( 90/ )0'(47'(S-096 :B-AQ ')0' d 6<*,! 9 t 9f-A)@'(909_-A'( 906<)
a ?



5-AQ '_-AQ )0'(' t ! ? 4^'29 ? 6< *+-A/)@1/*,'2S- 1H6</!+) d *W d '()(%    

F d 6 -06 F N<    F # # %
I b
L G M\N %  a\  %   p '29@- ? ~ +- ? 6< 6 :-0/)01 /*,'2
- % 6 i ? Y- i 6 t ! ? 47'( 9 ? 6  *[3`Q '2*l%+)0'  -R%
I
"
 F  ?
"
~Dd F # G %
?
?  ?
Iba>cDb % '(3`Q 3R * )@' 6<)@-  * :;6<)0  9f- -A/ -0'6+: '(3`Q 6<*,6
I c
L G<G M % %   g  +! % t h%   %  -AQ 'g'(* ? 4 ? +- ? 6<76 : i +*,* t -A6  6 ~ )0  Q d7  )0 4^' t
F x G " $# # #
F
-A'2)09:;)06 4 90'23(6<! t 476<4^'2S-$3(*,6 90/)@' %  
JHIba<a x I # # l %
L G M % %   g  FH %ON %  c  F   !;z%   % #)06 ~ )@'(9@9 ? Y-AQ'!' p '(*e6  47'(S- 6 :
b
  ' d 6<*,! 9 t 9f-A)@'(909$-A/ )01/*e'(32'P32*,6<9@/)0'+% D 

[F x=m [b " c2b JHc x=x F I # c %


L G M % %   g  +! % " %    %   * ? 3R+- ? 6<U6+:C-0Q''('2) ~2d ! ? 9@9 ?  +- ? 6<
l
4768!'2* 6 :-0/)01 /*,'23('-A6Y-AQ'3R *e3(/*,+- ? 6<6 : % 6 i 'R )^9  ?   ?  ~ ! ? 903 %

  
 


 
>F I IMb I>JHIMb m F I # l %
L G M % %   g   ! % %    % " Q 'P
/47'() ? 3R+*B3(6<4  / -A+- ? 6< 6 :h-A/)@1/ t
c



,F b G x # J G m # F I # l %
" 

 
*,'2S- % 6 i 9(%
L G x+M P%  +! h%   P% ? )0'232-^[/ 4^'2) ? 3( *C9 ? 4\/*W+- ? 6< 6 :g-0/)01 /*,'2
- % 6 i 6 p '() 
1 3 >i  )0! :  3 ?  ~ 9f-A'  %  '  6<)f-Y % " \ t c m F? -`+ :;6<)0! C ? p '()@9 ? - d F '  -R%  '(3`QB%
 ~ %F # # %
I l
L G TM\% %     !  % %        % '23(6<! t 476<4^'2S-4768! '(*,* ?  ~ 6+:d)0'(3 ? )@3(/*,+- ?  ~
% 6 i i ? -0QU  6< t 6 )@-AQ 6 ~ 6<+*#3(6<*e*,6[3R+-0'(!  ? -0' p 6<*,/ 4^'^ * ~ 6<) ? -AQ4 %      



 F " '23`Q ? 3( *  ? p '2)09 ? - d 6 :  / ? 3`Q F '()04^  d F '  -0'(4]1H'()


I## I%

 -



!

'

'

32 ?0
%

!





 
'

"!




!

32

!

-


54 %
H

32 ?0
!

H 


"!

--

2 54




!



' H '

VH

%  " F %   " F  !  % z \  "$  %  S-A'2)A 3K- ? 6 9 1.'K- i '2'( 3(6<4 t
 <6 '(S-0976+:-0Q' -A/)@1/*,'2S- p '(*e683 ? - d 3(6<)@)0'(*,+- ? 6<V-0'(9@6<)(% 
D 
,F m G # F
c
I# a %
L G #+M % %  F  % %    F  ! %$%    %  ' d 6<*e!9 t 9@-A)@'(9@9P4768! '(* + * d 9 ? 9
6 :_-A/)@1/*,'2S- % 6 i 6 p '()P 32/) p '(!VT= ? 9 d 474^'K-A) ? 3 1H68! d % C D ,FG # sl " c # I>JHc # l F
I## I%
L M  %    \  .F %     F  %   i F   ! %   % 323(/ t
b<a
)A+3 d 6 :h!)A ~^ )@'(! ? 32- ? 6<9$6< 3R+)09$/9 ?  ~  \ at_  '232-6 : ~ ) ? !)0' '24^'2
- !-A/ ) t
1/*e'(32'^476[!'(*e9(%   
  

   F '2-0)06 ? - F F
I # #2x %
L M  %    \  .F+ % 
   F   ! #%  H % 3(3(/ )A 3 d ? Y!)A ~ )@'(! ? 3 t
b I ?
F  6</ ~ Q
1H6<)06</ ~ Q  ? p %6 : " '23`QB%

?
- 6<9 6  +/ -A6<476<1 *,'29(%  "


 
F ## %
t
d F
I m I #YN /*
I l
L G M\N %  %  "
" % -A+- ? 9@- ? 903`Q 'X-AQ'26<) ? ' ? 3`Q
-0Q6<476 ~ '2'()]-0/)01/ *,'( 
  
%

b
 TF I G # cDl JTc G8F I # c8I %
L M  % %    F %   F +! " % % #"  %  6[!'(*e* ?  ~ -AQ '  )0'29090/ )0' t
b=b
9@-0)A ?  326<)0)@'(*,+- ? 6< 6 :-0/)01/ *,'( 3(' \  ?  p  ) ?  S-5! d  4 ? 3R+*#9 d 9@-0'(4   )@6S 3`QB% D 

,FHG<G G ljcbJ G G8F I # # I %


L M P% "$  5  ! N % c%    i %  

 

K% " Q'   "
b2l
#)0'2909 #F   4\1) ? ! ~ ' F   9090 3`Q
/90'K-0-09 F I # G %
L M  %z \  "$0
 P% " Q ' p '2*,6[3 ? - d   !-A'24  '()0+-A/)@' ! ? 9@-0) ? 1 / - ? 6< ? 6< ' t
b>c ?
%

i
?
! 4^'29 6< * 6 i ? -AQ -0/)01/ *,'( 3('  / ~ 4^'2
-A+- ? 6<   !  )0'(9@90/)@' ~ )A ! ? '(S-(%  
F
D   
   
>F G
I b<a I>JTb I m I #=x #8%
L G m+M

J%





"!






)

^H



 

 

J%







*



V%



 

!

,

H%





cm

Вам также может понравиться