SURFACE WATER

Runoff

Surface runoffis the flow ofwaterthat occurs when

excessstorm water,melt water, or other sources
flows over theearth's surface.
Surface runoff can be generated either by rainfall,
snowfall or by the melting of snow, or glaciers.
This is a major component of the water cycle or the
hydrological cycle.

Effects of surface runoff

Erosion and deposition
4 types ofsoil erosion by water:
Splash erosion
Sheet erosion
Rill erosion
Gully erosion

Splash erosion
Is the result of mechanical collision of
raindrops with the soil surface: soil
particles which are dislodged by the
impact then move with the surface
runoff.

Sheet erosion

Is the overland transport ofsedimentby

runoff without a well defined channel.
Soil surface roughness causes may
cause runoff to become concentrated
into narrower flow paths

Rill erosion
Is the small but well-defined channels
which are formed. These channels
can be as small as one centimeter
wide or as large as several meters. If
runoff continue to incise and enlarge
rills, they may eventually grow to
becomegullies. Gully erosion can
transport large amounts of eroded
material in a small time period.

Mitigation and treatment

Land usedevelopment controls aimed at
minimizingimpervious surfacesin urban
areas
Erosioncontrols
forfarmsandconstructionsites
Flood control and retrofit programs, such
asgreen infrastructure
Chemical use and handling controls
inagriculture,landscape maintenance,
industrial use, etc.

Measurement and mathematical

modeling
The measurement of runoff, in the field, is
generally carried out using current meters and
calibrated or rated channel cross sections,
flumes or standardized weirs, together with
water level readings, often by automatic
recorders, to give a continuous height record
which can be correlated to flow.
Runoff was measured from small (1.0-6.1 m2 )
plots encompassing sections of terrace risers
and beds (Artificial Boundary Erosion Plots).

THANK YOU POH

PAUL JOHN C.
LULUmabad
BSCE 5-2