CMOS Operational

Amplifiers

Performance parameters
Gain :
The open-loop gain of an op-amp determines the precision
of the feedback system employing the op-amp. Trading
with such parameters as speed and output voltage
swings, the minimum required gain must therefore be
known. A high open-loop gain may also be necessary to
suppress non-linearity.
Small-signal Bandwidth :
The high frequency behaviour of op-amps plays a critical
role in many applications. The fall of open-loop gain with
frequency creates large errors in the feedback system.
The unity-gain frequency fu specifies the small-signal
bandwidth, which exceeds 1 GHz in todays CMOS opamps.

 Large-signal bandwidth :
When op-amps operate with large-signal conditions,
the non-linear phenomena make it difficult to
characterize the speed by merely small-signal
properties such as open-loop response.

Gain boosting

Power supply rejection

Supply rejection of differential pair with active

current mirror
Power Supply Rejection Ratio (PSRR) is defined as
the gain from the input to the output divided by the
gain from the supply to the output. At low frequencies,
PSRR gmN( roP roN)

Comparison