Second International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Technology, ICETET-09

STARTING ANALYSIS OF INDUCTION MOTOR.

A COMPUTER SIMULATION BY ETAP POWER STATION.
Mr. Piyush S. Patil, final year M. Tech (IPS), G. H. Raisoni College of Engineering, b4upiyush@yahoo.com.
Mr. K. B. Porate, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, G. H. Raisoni College of Engineering,
Nagpur, M.S., India. kporate@yahoo.com
Abstract The basic requirement for studying starting analysis
of Induction motor are the starting current of Induction motor and the
voltage flicker during start up. This paper will summarize several
common methods and provide application guidelines for proper
selection of starting devices. Starting method reviewed will include
different types of starters, comparative study of results obtained in
laboratory & results obtained by simulation in ETAP (Electrical
Transient Analyzer Program) for DOL starter & autotransformer
starter, simulation results are also obtained for different cable length,
with & without capacitor connected across motor itself. Finally it is
concluded that starting current is less in case of autotransformer
starter. Starting current & starting time can be further reduced and
voltage profile can be improved with the use of capacitor at the motor
terminal as a compensating device.
Keywords autotransformer start, DOL start, ETAP, Induction
motor, Starting methods, voltage dip.

I.

"lock-in" at that speed and fail to accelerate further. The motor

will continue to draw a large magnitude of current, overheat,
and either trips a protective devices or burn up 1. The
acceleration time can be calculated using a torque representing
the difference (positive) between motor torque and load
torque. This time must not exceed the time allowed for the
current drawn on the motor thermal limit curve 3.
In this paper focus is made on the need of starting analysis
of induction motor along with different types of starters that
can be used for starting of Induction motor. Here starting
analysis of induction motor is made with the help of DOL &
autotransformer starter. During the start of Induction motor
study is made for the recorded values results and results
obtained by simulation of induction motor in ETAP
environment. In ETAP environment a special case study is
done in which cable length is changed with and without
capacitor connected across the motor terminals, a comparative
study of results obtained for above case study is also done.

INTRODUCTION

nduction motors are widely used as an electric drives in

various Industrial applications like industrial motion control
systems & to drive various machines, such as pumps, fans,
compressors, conveyors, spindles, to name just a few, as well
as in main powered home appliances. Electric drives can be
classified basically as DC drives & AC drives. The rectifier
unit increases the cost of the unit used for DC drives. Simple
and rugged design, low-cost, low maintenance and direct
connection to an AC power source are the main advantages of
using AC induction motors. For variable speed the industries
use the asynchronous motor i.e. Induction motor. Induction
motors are the most common motors used in industrial motion
control systems & to drive various machines, such as pumps,
fans, compressors, conveyors, spindles, to name just a few, as
well as in main powered home appliances. Induction motors
are widely used in industry.
At start an induction motor draws heavy surge of current is
drawn from the power system that in turn causes a dip in
system voltage. The magnitude of this dip is proportional to
the magnitude of the surge and the impedance of the system.
Full voltage starting of large induction motors draws large
current & can cause serious voltage flicker problems on a
power system 1. Flicker can poses a problem to both the utility
and the customer. During motor starting, the voltage level at
the motor terminals should be maintained at approximately 80
percent of rated voltage 2. By industry standards, ac control
devices are not required to pick-up at voltages below 85
percent of rated nameplate voltage 2. A 35 percent reduction
in starting voltage results in a 57 percent reduction in starting
torque 1. During start motor accelerates for a short interval. If
the load torque requirements exceed the torque produced by
the motor for any speed less than rated speed, the motor will

978-0-7695-3884-6/09 $26.00 2009 IEEE

II. STARTING ANALYSIS OF INDUCTION MOTOR

During the motor starting period, Induction motors, is at rest,
& it appear just like a short circuited transformer and if
connected to the full supply voltage, draw a very high current
known as the Locked Rotor Current. the Locked Rotor
Current (LRC) is a function of the terminal voltage of the
motor and the motor design. The current is about six times the
motor rated current, which therefore results in voltage dip in
the system and poses disturbances to the normal operation of
other system loads. The magnitude of this dip is proportional
to the magnitude of the surge and the impedance of the
system. Because of the highly inductive nature of the motor
circuit at rest, the power factor of the surge is quite low,
usually on the order of 10 to 20 percent. As the motor
accelerates to rated speed, the surge decays and the system
voltage recovers. This dip is detrimental to a power system in
two ways. First, if the magnitude of the dip is large enough, it
can cause erratic operation of voltage sensitive devices such as
computers and relays. Even the contactor serving the motor
being started could drop back out due to low voltage. Second,
it creates an annoying flicker in the lighting facilities being
served by the power system. Both magnitude and frequency of
flicker affect the customers on the system, and too much of
either can cause complaints. In order to control such problems,
most utilities have limitations regarding the magnitude and
frequency of dips produced by the starting of large motors.
During motor starting, the voltage level at the motor
terminals should be maintained at approximately 80 percent of
rated voltage or above for a standard National Electrical
Manufacturers Association (NEMA) Type B motor. This
value results from examination of the speed-torque

494

characteristics of this type motor (150 percent starting torque

at full voltage), and the desire to be able to successfully
accelerate a fully loaded motor at the reduced voltage
(i.e., since torque varies with the square of the voltage,
T= 0.82 X 1 50 percent 100 percent).
Since the motor acceleration torque is dependent on motor
terminal voltage, in some cases the starting motor may not be
able to reach its rated speed due to extremely low terminal
voltage. The starting current of a motor with a fixed voltage
will drop very slowly as the motor accelerates and will only
begin to fall significantly when the motor has reached at least
80% of the full speed. The actual curves for the induction
motors can vary considerably between designs but the general
trend is for a high current until the motor has almost reached
full speed. The LRC of a motor can range from 500% of FullLoad Current (FLC) to as high as 1400% of FLC. Typically,
good motors fall in the range of 550% to 750% of FLC. This
makes it necessary to perform a motor starting analysis. Since
the voltage & current profile are improper the power quality is
not good & also the harmonics are introduced in the system.

The main purpose of performing a motor starting study is

twofold:
(i) to investigate whether the starting motor can be
successfully started under the operating conditions (i.e. motor
torque & thermal limits of motor etc.)
(ii) to see if starting the motor will seriously affect the
normal operation of other loads in the system.
A sample torque, current, voltage vs speed characteristic is
as shown in the fig. 1.

Depending on where lighting buses are located, with respect

to large starting motors, this may be a factor requiring a motor
starting study.
A. Weak Source Generation
A motor starting study may be of use in analyzing the
performance of small systems. Smaller power systems are
usually served by limited capacity sources that are subject to
severe voltage drop problems on motor starting, especially
when large motors are involved. Electric utilities will often
require that voltage dips on motor starting be held within
specified limits. A motor starting study can be employed
during the design phase of the power system when it is still
economically feasible to make design revisions to verify that
the system will perform within the limits imposed by the
utility.
Frequently, small systems are served by limited capacity onsite generation either exclusively or in parallel with a limited
capacity utility system. Whenever local generation is involved,
the relatively high transient impedances of the generators that
become evident during the motor starting interval can
aggravate the voltage drop that is ultimately realized. Also, the
type of voltage regulator system applied with the generators
can dramatically influence the effects of motor starting. Many
digital computer programs can accurately model generator
transient behavior and exciter/regulator response during motor
starting. Such programs are invaluable for studying systems
where an accurate representation of generator and
exciter/regulator action is necessary in order for study results
and conclusions to be meaningful.
B. Special Torque Requirements
High inertia loads may cause motor starting times to become
excessive, and the heating in the motor due to the high
currents drawn during starting may, therefore, be intolerable.
A computer-aided motor starting study can provide accurate
values of motor accelerating current and time. It also makes it
possible to determine if the thermal limits of standard motors
will be exceeded for longer than normal starting intervals.

Fig. 1. Typical induction motor torquespeedcurrent curve.

The starting torque of an induction motor starting with a

fixed voltage will drop a little to the minimum torque, known
as the pull-up torque, as the motor accelerates and then rises to
a maximum torque, known as the breakdown or pull-out
torque, at almost full speed and then drop to zero at the
synchronous speed. The curve of the start torque against the
rotor speed is dependant on the terminal voltage and the rotor
design.
Finding the proper motor base speed and torque to meet the
running load requirements is the first necessity. A processdefined torque and speed should be used to determine the best
fitting motor base speed and torque (hp torque speed). In
addition, the breakaway torque and accelerating torque will
provide the total torque requirement from the motor. The
motor torque output at zero speed must be capable of breaking
away from a standstill and must then exceed the running load
torque at every speed up to full speed to avoid stalling the
motor. A stall condition will cause the motor to reach thermal
limits very quickly. Additionally, the motor torque must
exceed the load torque by a magnitude that allows acceleration
to full speed while staying within the thermal limits of the
motor and starting device.
Motor torque will further depend on the voltage applied and
the type of starting device. The motor speedtorque and
speedcurrent profiles will determine the level of current
drawn (affecting voltage drop on the system feeding the
motor) and the amount of torque produced. The amount of
voltage drop will, in turn, affect flux and motor torque levels.
To avoid oversizing motors for high starting torque or large
load inertias, motors with higher torque profiles may be
capable of the required torque in a lower motor horsepower
package.. The motor speedtorque profile and the motor

495

thermal limit curve (usually provided in an inverse time

current curve) is important information provided by the motor
manufacturer. Motor torque produced at reduced voltage
levels is approximately proportional to the square of the
voltage applied to the motor multiplied by the torque produced
at full voltage. The acceleration time can be calculated using a
torque representing the difference (positive) between motor
torque and load torque. This time must not exceed the time
allowed for the current drawn on the motor thermal limit curve
Many software packages exist that will calculate acceleration
time considering the total load torque, motor torque, and load
inertia, as well as applied voltage.
Acceleration time or torque required can be calculated using
the following formulas:
A. Starting methods of Induction motor
Since the Induction motor draws a large starting current.
The Induction motor has to be started by using certain starting
devices called as starters.
On the basis of voltage applied, starters can be classified as

are removed form the system & motor is allowed to run on full
voltage directly from supply.
Depending on the location & type of voltage limiting
element the different types of traditional starters are shown in
table. 1.

i) Full-Voltage Starting
Direct across the line starting can be used whenever the driven
load can withstand the shock of instantaneously applying full
voltage to the motor and where line disturbances can be
tolerated. Full-voltage starting uses a main contactor to apply
the motor stator windings directly across the main system
voltage. This type of starting method provides the lowest cost,
a basic and simple design of controller, resulting in low
maintenance, simple training requirements, and the highest
starting torque possible without the use of a drive.
ii) Reduced-Voltage Starting
Reduced-voltage starting may be considered if full-voltage
starting creates objectionable line disturbances on the
distribution system or where reduction of mechanical stress to
a gear box or belt drive system is required. It must be noted
that when the voltage is reduced from nominal, a decrease in
inrush current will occur. The motor torque will also decrease
at a rate roughly proportional to the square of the decrease in
voltage. This phenomenon also occurs in the opposite manner
when the voltage is increased. A common-sense rule of thumb
is that if the load cannot be accelerated to full speed using full
voltage, it cannot be accelerated to full speed using reduced
voltage. This type can be further classified on the basis of
devices used to reduce the voltage level.

Table 1. Different types of IM traditional starters

Description
Type
None
No starting device
Auto-transformer
Auto-transformer
Stator Resistor
Series Resistor to the stator
Stator Reactor
Series Reactor to the stator
Shunt capacitor connected to the
Capacitor, Bus
motor bus
Capacitor,
Shunt capacitor connected to the
Terminal
motor terminal
Rotor Resistor
Series Resistor to the rotor
Rotor Reactor
Series Reactor to the rotor
Stator Terminals are first connected
Star Delta
in Y & then in Delta
However this traditional starters has got some disadvantages
such as
a. Torque pulsations.
b. High Inrush Current.
c. Heating of machine windings during starting period.
d. With low load, efficiency is less.
e. Drop in motor speed is more.
ii) Solid state or Soft Starter
The other type of starter is a soft starter; .as the name implies
these starters dont have any moving or rotating parts. This is
a very recently electronic method & it has been frequently
used in industry.. it consists of applying a voltage to the
motor, which is gradually increased in a ramp wise manner,
thus enabling the motor to start. In order to do this three
phase AC controller power electronic devices is used. This
equipment consists of two thyrister per phase in anitiparallel
connection, where the input is connected to the respective
phases of the mains supply and the output of each motor
phase. In case of soft starters the motor parameters such as
voltage, current & current are controlled by means of thyrister
valve which are connected anti-parallel in each arm as shown
in fig. 2

On the basis of technology used starters are basically

classified as
i) Conventional Starter or Traditional Starter
As these starters are used by industries from a long time,
they are called Conventional Starter or Traditional Starter.
Most of the industries prefer these starter only. These starters
allow a low voltage to appear across the motor. During
starting period some voltage is dropped across some devices
which are in series with the stator winding or rotor. Resistance
of reactance is inserted in series with the rotor winding (only
for slip ring induction motor). When the speed reaches upto
80% to 100% of rated speed the starting devices i.e. starters

Fig. 2. Soft Starter

The soft starters are classified on the basis of its working

principle. i.e. whether they control the current, voltage or
torque or they limit the current of the motor.
The different types of soft starters are shown in table. 2.

496

Table 2. Different types of Induction motor soft starters

Type
Description (controlling Parameter)
Current is not allowed to increase
Current Limit
beyond a certain limit
Current Control
Current is controlled
Voltage Control
Voltage is controlled
Torque Control
Torque is controlled

A single line diagram is created in ETAP which is

connected to the mains though a cable of negligible resistance
& length. In ETAP starting device is inbuilt. ETAP provides
thirteen types of starting devices, one can choose the required
one.
The simulation diagram is shown in fig. 3.

The advantages of using soft starters are

a. Starting current can be controlled.
b. Starting torque can be improved.
c. Energy Saving is possible.
d. Input power factor is increased.
e. Minimizes transient during running conditions.
Limitations of soft starters
a. Efficiency reduces with increase in loads.
b. Soft starters distorts the currents drawn from utility
grid,
c. Fifth harmonics are more pronounced.
Apart from these soft starters are costly for low power
applications & energy saving is very less as compared to
the investment. So industries preferred conventional
starters.
CASE STUDY
III.
For study purpose experimental setup was made in the
laboratory, for this a three phase 3 HP, 4 poles, 440 V, 4.5 A,
50 Hz induction motor was connected to the mains with the
help of various meters and appropriate starters. To determine
the motor parameters following test were carried out.
o No Load test
o S.C. test
o On Load test (Lamp Loading) (75 % & 100%
loading) {to determine Efficiency & slip of motor}
Values were recorded with the help of various meters &
results are obtained are shown in table 3.
Table 3. Induction motor parameters recorded & standard
values
Std. values Recorded values
IM Parameters
Rs (stator resistance)
4.37
10.5
power factor (75%L)
0.84
0.39
power factor (100%L)
0.84
0.71
Efficiency (75%L)
77.96%
55%
Efficiency (100%L)
80.91%
59%
SIMULATION
Simulation of the laboratory was carried out on computer.
Various softwares are available for simulation. Among which
simulation was carried out in ETAP (Electrical Transient
Analyzer Program) environment. Benefits of using ETAP
simulation software are
It is a fully graphical electrical transient analyzer
program & supported by Microsoft Windows.
It provides library for almost all components of the
power system.
More Accurate result with less simulation time.

497

Fig. 3. Single line diagram used for simulation

ETAP provides two types of motor starting calculations:

Dynamic Motor Acceleration and Static Motor Starting. In the
Dynamic Motor Acceleration calculation, the starting motors
are represented by dynamic models and the Motor
Acceleration module simulates the entire process of motor
acceleration. This method is used to determine if a motor can
be started and how much time is needed for the motor to reach
its rated speed, as well as to determine the effect of voltage
dips on the system. In Static Motor Starting, the starting
motors are modeled by the locked-rotor impedance during
acceleration time, simulating the worst impact on normal
operating loads. This method is suitable for checking the
effect of motor starting on the system when the dynamic
model is not available for starting motors. For analysis
purpose Dynamic Motor Acceleration calculations is used.
Simulation of Induction motor is carried out in ETAP
environment for different conditions (cases).
A. CASE 1:
Induction motor is simulated with help of DOL & autotransformer starter for negligible cable length at three different
loading conditions i.e, 75% of full load and 100% of full load.
The results obtained are for simulation starting current is 6.6
times the full rated current i.e. 27.72 A for DOL starter, while
for auto-transformer starter starting current is 277% of full
rated current i.e. 12.47 A. however in case of auto-transformer
starter the peak current is 3.5 times the rated current i.e. 14.7
A. For DOL starter as per recorded values starting currents are
11.2 A &12 A for 75% and 100% loading respectively. In case
of auto-transformer starter the recorded values are 8 A & 8.8
A fro 75% and 100% loading respectively. Whereas settling
time or the starting time depends on the loading condition.
More the load more will be the settling time. In case of DOL
starter the starting time for 100% and 75% loading for
simulation are 1.1 sec, 1.2 sec while recoded values are 2 sec
& 2.2 sec respectively. While in case of Auto transformer
starter the starting time to reach up to 80% of rated speed for
100% & 75% loading for simulation are 2.26 sec & 2.92 sec
while recorded time are 2.7 sec & 2.1 sec respectively
However the voltage during starting, in case of simulation is
same irrespective of load, however it depends on the starter

700

used for DOL starter the voltage at the start is 98.25 % of

rated voltage i.e. 432.3 V for simulation & 428 V is the
recorded value. The results obtained in laboratory from the
experimental setup & results obtained by simulation for DOL
and auto-transformer starter are shown in Table 4. & Table 5.
respectively.

600

%Current

500
400

100% Load

300

75% Load

200
100

1401

1301

1201

1101

901

801

701

601

501

401

301

201

1001

Where
Ist - Starting current of induction motor
Vst Voltage at the start across induction motor
Tst Time to reach the rated speed
Ifl full rated current

101

Time in mSec

Fig. 4. Current in case of DOL starter for different loading conditions

450
400

4801

4401

4001

3601

3201

2801

2401

2001

99.95

B. CASE II
This case is applicable to induction motor used in mines
where cable length is considerable. The cable length is
increased to 1 km with standard parameters and the load is
kept constant to full load. Motor is started with the help of
DOL & auto transformer starter. Starting current is 6.5 times
& 2.74 times the rated current for DOL starter &autotransformer starter respectively .while the starting time is 4.32
sec 16.7sec for DOL & auto-transformer starter respectively.

RESULTS & CONCLUSSION

Simulation results for current are obtained for different
loading conditions and are shown in fig. 4. & fig. 5.

498

99.85
99.8

1401

1301

1201

1101

1001

901

801

701

99.75

Time in mSec

Fig. 6. Voltage in case of DOL starter for different loading conditions

110
100
% Voltage

100% Load

90

75% Load

80
70
60

4801

4401

4001

3601

3201

2801

2401

50
1

C. CASE III
Compensation is provided with the help of capacitor
connected across the motor terminal used in case II, for the
same cable length. Again Motor is started with the help of
DOL & auto transformer. . Starting current is 6.49 times &
2.75 times the rated current for DOL starter &auto-transformer
starter respectively .while the starting time is 4.3 sec 16.5sec
for DOL & auto-transformer starter respectively.

100% Load
75% Load

99.9

601

2.7

2001

1.96IFL

100

2.1

501

2.92

97.27
Vrtd

1601

1.7IFL

401

100%

12.47
2.77 IFL

Recorded
2.26

301

432.3 v
98.25
Vrtd

1201

Simulation

Simulation results for voltage obtained for different loading

conditions and are shown in fig. 6. & fig. 7.

%Voltage

Load

1601

Time in mSec

Fig. 5. Current in case of Auto-transformer starter for different loading

conditions

Table 5 Summary for Auto-transformer starter

tst
Para
Ist
Vst
Ist
Vst
tst
sec
meter
(A)
sec
75 %

1201

2.5

801

2.67 IFL

201

1.20

50

801

98.25%

97.27%

100

101

6.6 IFL

432.3 v

200

401

27..72 A

2.48 IFL

250

150

Recorded
1.10

75% Load

401

Simulation

tst
sec

300

Load
75 %
100%

100% Load

350
%Current

Para
meter

Table 4 Summary for DOL starter

Tst
Ist
Vst
Ist
Vst
sec

Time in mSec

Fig. 7. Voltage in case of Auto-transformer starter for different loading

conditions

Comparison of the results obtained by simulation for

different case studies (case I, case II & case III) for 100%
loading

studies & 2 times the rated current is the observed values. In

case of DOL starter starting time varies from 1.1sec to 1.2 sec
from case 3 to case 1 & the observed value is 2.5 sec. For auto
transformer starter the starting time varies from 2.9 sec to
3.03 sec fro case 3 to case 1 & the observed value is 2.7 sec so
that the motor reaches its 80% speed. In case of voltage
profile, capacitor has improved the voltage at the load bus up
to 99% for both the starters.

700
600
% Current

500
400
Case 3

300

Case 2

200

Case 1

100

1351

1201

1051

901

751

601

451

301

151

T im e in m S ec

Fig. 8. Current in case of DOL starter for different case

studies
Case 3

415
365

It is seen in the result that the observed & simulated values

are not same; this may be because the machine parameters
measured which are measured are very much deviated from
the standard values. Auto transformer requires more time to
settle. This is due to the fact that as less voltage is applied,
more time is required to reach the rated speed. However the
starting current is reduced to a very large extent by the use of
auto-transformer starter. Using capacitor not only reduces the
current but also improves the voltage profile. DOL starter can
be used for a low power application. In case of autotransformer starter if the tap setting is made at 57%, it can be
used as a star delta starter. From simulation the parameter scan
also be studied. ETAP provides the scope for measurement of
other parameters such as power factor, torque etc. Also the
software provides the scope for calculation for protective
devices

Case

Case 1

315
% Current

DISCUSSION & FUTURE SCOPE

265
215
165
115

3301

3001

2701

2401

2101

1801

1501

1201

901

601

301

65

T ime in m S ec

Fig. 9. Current in case of Autotransformer starter for

different case studies
101
100.5
C as e 1

% Voltage

100
99.5
99

C as e 3
C as e 2

98.5

REFERENCES

98
97.5

[1]

1351

1201

1051

901

751

601

451

301

151

97

T im e in mS ec

Fig.10. Voltage in case of DOL starter for different case

[2]

105

[3]

C as e 1

% Voltage

96

C as e 3
C as e 2

87
78

[4]

69

3601

3301

3001

2701

2401

2101

1801

1501

901

1201

601

[5]
301

60

[6]

T ime in mS ec

Fig.11. Voltage in case of Autotransformer starter for different

case studies

[7]
[8]

Results of simulation illustrates that the starting current of

Induction motor is some what same for all the case studies,
irrespective of the starter used, for DOL starter the starting
time or settling time has changed for different case studies.
Starting current is 6.6, 6.54 & 6.5 times the rated current for
case 1, case 2 & case 3 respectively & the observed value is
2.7 times the rated current . For auto-transformer starter the
starting current is almost same 2.7 times for different case

499

[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]

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