Tecnical Traning Report Tata Indicom RAJKOT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our heartfelt gratitude to TATA TELESERVICES

LIMITED for equipping us with the platform to enhance our skills in the field
of Mobile Communication. The entire team proved to be very accommodating
and cooperative to us without whom the project would not have been
accomplished.
We would like to thank Ms. DHWANI SHAH, our project mentor, L.E.C.,
Institute of Technology, Nirma University for giving us invaluable guidelines
and moral support. She, being very enthusiastic and genial, gave us
orientation and motivation to gain more hands-on experience and hence get
an edge over.
We would also like to thank all our colleagues in Tata Teleservices Ltd. who
provided us their priceless time and companionship during the entire training
period.
Last but not the least, we are most thankful to our institute, Atmiya for
providing us this opportunity and platform to explore our horizons in the
practical field and gain professionalism and etiquettes along with technical
abilities in the corporate culture.
INDEX
1. INTRODUCTION OF TATA TELESERVICE LTD.
2. INTRODUCTION OF CDMA SERVICE.
3. BASIC STRUCTURE OF CDMA NETWORK.
4. MOTAROLA BTS STRUCTURE.
5. PATCHING OF E1 ON DDF BLOCK.
6. DRIVE TEST.
2
Atmiya institute of technology and science for diploma studies
TATA TELE SERVICES
COMPANY PROFILE :
Communications is the Tata Group’s largest investment and the

Group’s objective is to provide end-to-end telecommunications
solutions for business and residential customers across the nation, and
internationally. The Group’s communications activities are currently
spread primarily over four companies—Tata Teleservices Limited
(TTSL) and its associate Tata Teleservices (Maharashtra) Limited
(TTML), Tata Communication (erstwhile VSNL) and Tata Sky. Together,
these companies cover the full range of communications services,
including:
• Telephony Services: Fixed and Mobile

• Media and Entertainment Services: Satellite TV
• Data Services: Leased Lines, Managed Data Networks, IP/MPLS
VPN, Dial-up Internet, Wi-Fi and Broadband
• Value-Added Services: Mobile and Broadband
Content/Applications, Calling Cards, Net Telephony and Managed
Services
• Infrastructure Services: Submarine Cable Bandwidth, Terrestrial
Fiber Network and Satellite Earth Stations and VSAT Connectivity
3
Profile
Tata Teleservices is part of the INR Rs. 2, 51,543 Crore Tata Group
that has over 80 companies, over 3, 30,000 employees and more than
3.2 million shareholders. With a committed investment of INR 36,000
Crore (US$ 7.5 billion) in Telecom (FY 2006), the Group has a
formidable presence across the telecom value chain.
Tata Teleservices spearheads the Group’s presence in the telecom

sector. Incorporated in 1996, Tata Teleservices was the first to launch
CDMA mobile services in India with the Andhra Pradesh circle.
Beginning with its acquisition of Hughes Telecom (India) Limited in

December 2002 [now renamed Tata Teleservices (Maharashtra)
Limited], which provides services in the Mumbai and Rest of
Maharashtra telecom circles, the company has swung into expansion
mode and currently has a pan-India state-of-the-art network.
Having pioneered the CDMA 2000 technology platform in India, Tata

Teleservices has established a 3G-ready robust and reliable telecom
infrastructure in partnership with Motorola, Ericsson and Lucent. The
company has also received the license from the Department of
Telecommunications to launch GSM services as well. With this launch
set for early 2009, TTSL is on the threshold of emerging as a true-play
dual technology telecom operator.
In November 2008, Tata Teleservices entered into an agreement with

Japanese telecom major NTT DOCOMO, as part of which the Japanese
company acquired a 26% stake in TTSL for USD 2.7 billion. The
transaction marks a key step in the strategic evolution of Tata
Teleservices, as it moves towards a pan-India dual network presence.
On a broader level, the transaction is also expected to mark the
beginning of a relationship of broader co-operation between Tata
companies and the Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation
(NTT).
The potential benefits and synergies from the alliance with DOCOMO
cut across marketing, handset development and technical support, all
of which are expected to create new opportunities for both companies.
The alliance will also accelerate Tata Teleservices’ GSM plans and help
the company penetrate the market with advanced technology and new
VAS offerings.
Tata Teleservices’ bouquet of telephony services includes mobile

services, wireless desktop phones, public booth telephony and wireline
services. Other services include value-added services such as voice
4
portal, roaming, post-paid Internet services, 3-way conferencing,
group calling, Wi-Fi Internet, USB Modem, data cards, calling card
services and enterprise services.
Some of the other products launched by the company include prepaid

wireless desktop phones, public phone booths, new mobile handsets
and new voice and data services such as BREW games, voice portal,
picture messaging, facebook, M commerce applications, polyphonic
ring tones, interactive applications like news, cricket, astrology, etc.
5
INTRODUCTION OF CDMA
CDMA/WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
MULTIPLE ACCESS
Why there is requirement of multiple access schemes? The answer is

that the international authority for frequency management has
allocated 25 MHz band to the cellular telephony. As we know that
today there are many cellular users and to provide service to all of
them a large frequency band is required. But the band is limited to
25MHz. So different multiple access schemes are used. It means that
multiple access scheme allow number of users to use the same band.
The different multiple access schemes are mentioned below:
1. FDMA
2. TDMA
3. CDMA
6
1)FDMA
FDMA is the acronym of Frequency Division Multiple Access. FDMA

divides radio channels into a range of radio frequencies and is used in
the traditional analog cellular system. With FDMA, only one subscriber
is assigned to a channel at a time. Other conversations can access this
channel only after the subscriber's call has been terminated or after
the original call is handed off to a different channel by the system.
FDMA cellular standards include AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone
Service) and TACS (Total Access Communications System).
Fig. 26 FDMA
7
TDMA
TDMA is a common multiple access technique employed in digital

cellular systems. It divides conventional radio channels into time slots
to obtain higher capacity. Its standards include North American Digital
Cellular, Global System for Mobile Communications, and PDC (Personal
Digital Cellular). As with FDMA, no other conversations can access an
occupied TDMA channel until the channel is vacated.
Fig. 27TDMA
8
CDMA
CDMA uses a radically deferent approach. It assigns each subscriber

a unique "code" to put multiple users on the same wideband
channel at the same time.
Both the mobile station and the base station to distinguish between
conversations use the codes, called “pseudo-random code
sequences”.
Depending on the level of mobility of the system, it provides 10 to
20 times the capacity of AMPS, and 4 to 7 times the capacity of
TDMA.
Fig. 28 CDMA-A
FREQUENCY REUSE
Fig. 30 Freq. Reuse
9
INTRODUCTION OF CDMA
DEFINITION OF CDMA
Designers and planners of the communication systems are often

concerned with the efficiency with which the systems utilize the signal
energy and bandwidth. In most communication systems these are the
most important issues. In some cases, it is necessary for the system to
resist external interference, to operate at low spectral energy, to
provide multiple access capability without external control and secure
channel not accessible to the outsiders. Thus, it is sometimes
unavoidable to sacrifice some of the efficiency in order to enhance
these features. Spread spectrum techniques allow accomplishing such
objectives.
Fig. 31 CDMA-C
The theoretical aspects of using spread spectrum in a strong

interference environment have been known for over forty years. It is
only recently that practical implementations became feasible. In the
beginning, the spread spectrum technology was developed and used
for military purposes and their implementations were too expensive for
the commercial applications. New technological advancements such as
VLSI, and advanced signal processing techniques made it possible to
develop less expensive spread spectrum equipment for civilian use.
Applications of this technology include cellular, wireless data
transmission and satellite communications.
10
ALL OF THE SPREAD-SPECTRUM SYSTEMS HAVE TO SATISFY
TWO CRITERIA:
The bandwidth of the transmitted signal must be greater then

the transmitted
Signal.
Transmitted bandwidth must be determined by some function

that is independent of the message and is known to the receiver.
Bandwidth expansion in spread spectrum systems is achieved by using

a function that is independent of the message, thus it is more
susceptible to white noise as opposed to other communication
techniques, such as FM and PCM. Spread spectrum techniques have
other applications that make it unique and useful.
THESE APPLICATIONS INCLUDE:
1. Anti-jam capability-particularly for narrow-band jamming.

2. Interference rejection.
3. Multiple-access capability.
4. Multi-path protection.
5. Convert operations or low probability of intercept (LPI).
6. Secure communications.
7. Improved spectral efficiency-in special circumstances.
8. Ranging.
CDMA is a wireless communications technology that uses the principle

of spread spectrum communication. The intent of CDMA technology is
to provide increased bandwidth in a limited frequency system, but has
also other advantages including extended range and more secure
communications. In a CDMA system, a narrowband message signal is
multiplied by a spreading signal, which is a pseudo-noise code
sequence that has a rate much greater than the data rate of the
message. CDMA uses these code sequences as a means of
distinguishing between individual conversations. All users in the CDMA
system use the same carrier frequency and may transmit
simultaneously. In this document I will be discussing about CDMA in
detail.
11
CDMA is a driving technology behind the rapidly advancing personal
communications industry. Because of its greater bandwidth, efficiency,
and multiple access capabilities, CDMA is becoming a leading
technology for relieving the spectrum congestion caused by the
explosion in popularity of cellular mobile phones, fixed wireless
telephones, and wireless data terminals. Since becoming an officially
recognized digital cellular protocol, CDMA is being rapidly implemented
in the wireless communications networks of many large
communications corporations.
CDMA stands for "Code Division Multiple Access." It is a form of

spread-spectrum, an advanced digital wireless transmission technique.
Instead of using frequencies or time slots, as do traditional
technologies, it uses mathematical codes to transmit and distinguish
between multiple wireless conversations. Its bandwidth is much wider
than that required for simple point-to-point communications at the
same data rate because it uses noise-like carrier waves to spread the
information contained in a signal of interest over a much greater
bandwidth. However, because the conversations taking place are
distinguished by digital codes, many users can share the same
bandwidth simultaneously. The advanced methods used in commercial
CDMA technology improve capacity, coverage and voice quality,
leading to a new generation of wireless networks.
Old-fashioned radio receivers separate stations and channels by

filtering in the frequency domain. CDMA receivers, conversely,
separate communication channels by a pseudo-random modulation
that is applied and removed in the digital domain. Multiple users can
therefore occupy the same frequency band. This universal frequency
reuse is crucial to CDMA's distinguishing high spectral efficiency. CDMA
has gained international acceptance by cellular radio system operators
as an upgrade because of its universal frequency reuse and noise-like
characteristics. CDMA systems provide operators and subscribers with
significant advantages over analog and conventional TDMA-based
systems.
12
THE 850MHZ CDMA BAND IS MOST POPULARLY USED ALL OVER
THE WORLD. THIS BAND AS MENTIONED IN THE PREVIOUS
SLIDE WORKS BETWEEN
824-849MHz Used for the Reverse link communication
869-894MHz Used for the Forward link communication
The CDMA band is divided into sub bands as shown above. The Total
Band of 25MHz is divided into small channels of 30KHz each. An actual
CDMA carrier will be using a multiple of the 30KHz channels. That
means for an actually utilized bandwidth of 1.23MHz we will need
41X30KHz channels.
THE FOLLOWING EQUATION GIVES THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN

THE CHANNEL NUMBERS AND THE ACTUAL FREQUENCY.
Reverse Link Frequency = (825 + N0.03) MHz

Forward Link Frequency = (870 + N0.03) MHz
Where N = CDMA channel number
13
CDMA SPREAD SPECTRUM TERMINOLOGY
Fig. 32 SPREAD SPECTRUM-A
Fig. 33 SPREAD SPETRUM-B
Spread spectrum multiple access transmits the entire signal over a

bandwidth that is much greater than that required for standard narrow
band transmissions in order to gain signal-to-noise (S/N) performance.
In channels with narrow-band noise, increasing the transmitted signal
bandwidth results in an increased probability that the received
information will be correct. Because each signal is an assembly of
many smaller signals at the fundamental frequency and its harmonics,
increasing the frequency results in a more accurate reconstruction of
the original signal. The effective drawback of narrow-band data
14
communications is the limitation of bandwidth; thus signals must be
transmitted with enough power so the corruption by gaussian noise is
not as effective and the probability that the data received is correct will
remain low. This means that the effective SNR must be high enough so
that the receiver should have no problem in recovering the transmitted
code without error.
From a system viewpoint, the performance increase for very wideband

systems is referred to as "process gain". This term is used to describe
the received signal fidelity gained at the cost of bandwidth. Errors
introduced by a noisy channel can be reduced to any desired level
without sacrificing the rate of information transfer using Claude
Shannon's equation describing channel capacity:
C=W log 2 (1+S/N )
Where,
C = Channel capacity in bits per second,

W = Bandwidth,
S/N = Energy per bit/Noise power.
The benefits of increasing bandwidth become clearer. The S/N ratio
may be decreased without decreasing the bit error rate. This means
that the signal may be spread over a large bandwidth with smaller
spectral power levels and still achieve the required data rate. If the
total signal power is interpreted as the area under the spectral density
curve, then signals with equivalent total power may have either a large
signal power concentrated in a small bandwidth or a small signal power
spread over a large bandwidth.
15
SPREAD SPECTRUM
CDMA is a spread spectrum modulation scheme. This implies that the

transmission bandwidth is much larger than the information
bandwidth.
DIRECT SEQUENCE SPREAD SPECTRUM
In direct sequence modulation the carrier frequency is fixed and the

bandwidth of the transmitted signal is larger and independent of the
bandwidth of the information signal. Some properties of direct
sequence spread spectrum systems are listed in table.
Fig. 35 DS CDMA
TABLE 10: SUMMARY OF DIRECT SEQUENCE SPREAD SPECTRUM QUALITIES
CDMA CODES
16
In discussing CDMA modulation, several different PN sequences or
“codes” are bantered about incessantly. In attempting to make sense
out of CDMA modulation, it is helpful to know the relative length (time
period) of these codes.
GENERATION OF PN CODES
PN code sets can be generated from linear feedback shift registers.

One such example is shown in Figure. Binary bits are shifted through
the different stages of the register. The output of the last stage and
the output of one intermediate stage are combined and fed as input to
the first stage. The register starts with an initial sequence of bits, or
initial state,
Stored in its stages. Then the register is clocked, and bits are moved
through the stages. This way, the register continues to generate
output bits and feed input bits to its first stage. The output bits of the
last stage form the PN code. Let we demonstrate the code generation
using the register shown in Figure. Let initial state is [1, 0, 1] for
register. The output of stage 3 is the output of the register.
After clocking the bits through the register:
Fig. 36 PN CODE GENERATION THROUGH SHIFT REGISTER
TYPES OF PN CODES
17
1. PN LONG CODE
2. PN SHORT CODE
PN LONG CODE
The Long Code is a PN sequence that is 242 - 1 bits (chips) long. It is
generated at a rate of 1.2288 Mbps (or Mcps) giving it a period (time
before the sequence repeats) of approximately 41.4 days. The long
code is used to encrypt user information. Both the base station and the
mobile unit have knowledge of this sequence at any given instant in
time based on a specified private “long code mask” that is exchanged.
Long Code Mask governs the generation of a Long Code. A long code
mask is a 42-bit code which define the initial values used by the long
code generator. Knowledge of this long code mask allows the base
station or mobile user to generate the same PN Long Code.
Generating the same long code (synchronized in time) at both end of
the link allows information to be encrypted and decrypted.
A unique and private, long code mask (thus, PN long code) is assigned
to each CDMA user. This code is referred to as a “user mask”. The user
mask is exchanged between the mobile and the serving
cell(s)/sector(s), which allows user traffic data to be encrypted on both
the forward and reverse links. A different long code mask is used to
generate the long code for encryption and decryption of Access and
Paging information – more on this later.
PN SHORT CODES
The Short Code is a PN sequence that is 215 bits (chips) in length.

This code is generated at 1.2288 Mbps (or Mcps) giving a period of
26.67 ms. this code is used for final spreading of the signal and is
transmitted as a reference known as the “Pilot Sequence” by the
base station. All base stations use the same short code. Base stations
are differentiated from one another by transmitting the PN short code
at different “offsets” in absolute. This time offset is known as a “PN
Offset”. All base stations and mobiles have knowledge of this code,
however, mobile units do not have initial knowledge of absolute time.
Mobile units initially search (in time) until they synchronize with a pilot
code transmitted by a base station. The base station then conveys
timing information to the mobile – more on this stuff later.
WALSH CODES
CDMA defines a group of 64 orthogonal sequences, each 64 bits long,

known as Walsh Codes. These sequences are also referred to as
18
Wash Functions. These codes are generated at 1.2288 Mbps (Mcps)
giving them a period of approximately 52 µs. These are used to
identify users on the forward link. For this reason they are loosely
referred to as CDMA channels. All base stations and mobile users have
knowledge of all Walsh codes.
Orthogonal functions have zero correlation. Two binary sequences are
orthogonal if the process of “XORing” them results in an equal number
of 1’s and 0’s.
Example: 0000
(XOR) 0101
------
0101
• Generation Sequence: 0 0 1 1
- Seed
- Repeat right & below
- Invert: diagonally 0 1 1 0
ORTHOGONALITY OF WALSH CODES
CDMA CHANNELS
Just when one grasps an understanding of the CDMA carrier, which is

1.25 MHz wide, someone talks about "traffic channels" and confuses
the issue. The fact is that with CDMA, the path by which voice or data
passes is the entire carrier. CDMA traffic channels are different: they
19
are dependent on the equipment platform on which the CDMA is
implemented. Mostly channels are designated in three ways:
EFFECTIVE TRAFFIC CHANNELS
The number of "Effective" traffic channels includes the traffic carrying

channels less the soft handoff channels. The capacity of an effective
traffic channel is equivalent to the traffic carrying capacity of an analog
traffic channel.
ACTUAL TRAFFIC CHANNELS
The number of "Actual" traffic channels includes the effective traffic

channels, plus channels allocated for soft handoff.
PHYSICAL TRAFFIC CHANNELS
The number of "Physical" traffic channels includes the Pilot channels,

the Sync channels, the Paging channels, the Soft Handoff Overhead
channels and the Effective (voice and data) traffic channels.
CDMA uses the terms "forward" and "reverse" channels just like they
are used in analog systems. Base transmit equates to the forward
direction, and base receive is the reverse direction. ("Forward" is what
the subscriber hears and "reverse" is what the subscriber speaks.)
Fig. 39 CHANNELS
CDMA FORWARD CHANNELS
PILOT CHANNEL
20
The pilot channel is used by the mobile unit to obtain initial system
synchronization and to provide time, frequency, and phase tracking of
signals from the cell site.
SYNC CHANNEL
This channel provides cell site identification, pilot transmit power, and
the cell site pilot pseudo-random (PN) phase offset information. With
this information the mobile units can establish the System Time as well
as the proper transmit power level to use to initiate a call.
PAGING CHANNEL
The mobile unit will begin monitoring the paging channel after it has
set its timing to the System Time provided by the sync channel. Once
a mobile unit has been paged andacknowledges that page, call setup
and traffic channel assignment information is then passed on this
channel to the mobile unit.
FORWARD TRAFFIC CHANNEL
This channel carries the actual phone call and carries the voice and
mobile power control information from the base station to the mobile
unit.
CDMA REVERSE CHANNELS
ACCESS CHANNEL
When the mobile unit is not active on a traffic channel, it will

communicate to the base station over the access channel. This
communication includes registration requests, responses to pages, and
call origination. The access channels are paired with a corresponding
paging channel.
REVERSE TRAFFIC CHANNEL

This channel carries the other half of the actual phone call and carries
the voice and mobile power control information from the mobile unit to
the base station.
ADVANTAGES OF CDMA
21
CDMA technology has numerous advantages including:
• Coverage
• Capacity
• Clarity
• Cost
• Compatibility
• Customer satisfaction
 COVERAGE
CDMA's features result in coverage that is between 1.7 and 3

times that of TDMA:
• Power control helps the network dynamically expand the
coverage area.
• Coding and interleaving provide the ability to cover a larger area
for the same amount of available power used in other systems.
 CAPACITY
CDMA capacity is ten to twenty times that of analog systems,

and it's up to four times that of TDMA. Reasons for this include:
• CDMA's universal frequency reuse
• CDMA users are separated by codes, not frequencies.
• Power control minimizes interference, resulting in maximized
capacity.
CDMA's soft handoff also helps increase capacity. This is because a
soft handoff requires less power.

CLARITY
22
Often CDMA systems can achieve “wire line” clarity because of
CDMA’s strong digital processing. Specifically:
• The rake receiver reduces errors
• The variable rate vocoder reduces the amount of data
transmitted per person, reducing interference.
• The soft handoff also reduces power requirements and
interference.
• Power control reduces errors by keeping power at an optimal
level.
• CDMA’s wide band signal reduces fading.
• Encoding and interleaving reduce errors that result from fading.
 COST
CDMA’s better coverage and capacity result in cost benefits:

• Increased coverage per BTS means fewer are needed to cover a
given area. This reduces infrastructure costs for the providers.
• Increased capacity increases the service provider’s revenue
potential.
CDMA costs per subscriber have steadily declined since 1995 for both
cellular and PCS applications.
 COMPATIBILITY
CDMA phones are usually dual mode. This means they can work
in both CDMA systems and analog cellular systems.
Some CDMA phones are dual band as well as dual mode. They
can work in CDMA mode in the PCS band, CDMA mode in the
cellular band, or analog mode in an analog cellular network.
 CUSTOMER SATISFACTION
CDMA results in greater customer satisfaction because CDMA

provides better:
• Voice quality
• Longer battery life due to reduced power requirements
• No cross-talk because of CDMA's unique coding
• Privacy--again, because of coding.
23
TABLE 11: CDMA-GSM PARAMETERS
PARAMETERS CDMA GSM
824-849 MHz (US Cellular) 890-915 MHz (Europe)

Uplink Frequencies
1850-1910 MHz (US PCS) 1850-1910 MHz (US PCS)
869-894 MHz (US Cellular) 935-960 MHz (Europe)

Downlink Frequencies
1930-1990 MHz (US PCS) 1930-1990 MHz (US PCS)
Multiple Access Tech. CDMA TDMA
Carrier Separation 1.25 MHz 200 KHz
Channel Data Rate 1.2288 Mchips/sec 260.833 Kbps
Frequency Planning Not required Required
Mobile Handset Power 23mW max 2 W max
Handoff Soft/Softer Hard
CDMA HANDOFF
The act of transferring support of a mobile from one base station to

another is termed handoff. Handoff occurs when a call has to be
handed off from one cell to another as the user moves between cells. A
CDMA cellular network handles mobile unit call processing transitions
more subtly than the other technologies used for mobile
communications networks.
24
CDMA Handoffs require that the mobile unit maintain an ongoing list of
possible base station sites that it may use for Handoffs as it travels
through the system. CDMA offers the unique feature of allowing mobile
users to process signals from multiple (up to 3) base stations
simultaneously. The terminology and various types of Handoffs
associated with CDMA are described below.
Fig. 43 HANDOFF-1
Fig. 44 Handoff 2
TYPES OF HANDOFFS
There are basically two types of Handoff mechanism.
 Hard Handoff
 Soft Handoff
25
HARD HANDOFF
In a traditional "hard" handoff, the connection to the current cell is

broken, and then the connection to the new cell is made. This is known
as a "break-before-make" handoff. Since all cells in CDMA use the
same frequency, it is possible to make the connection to the new cell
before leaving the current cell. This is known as a "make-before-
break" or "soft" handoff. Soft handoffs require less power, which
reduces interference and increases capacity.
26
SOFT HANDOFF
The condition where two cells are in simultaneous communication with

the mobile is called Soft Handoff. Soft Handoff will continue until the
pilot signal from one of the contributing cells drops below a predefined
threshold (TDROP). As the mobile moves from its current cell (source
cell) to the next cell (target cell), a traffic channel connection is
simultaneously maintained with both cells. Figure (a) and Figure (b)
illustrate the simultaneous links during soft handoff. On the forward
link (see Figure (a)), the mobile uses the rake receiver to demodulate
two separate signals from two different base stations. The two signals
are combined to yield a composite signal of better quality. On the
reverse link (see Figure (b)), the mobile’s transmit signal is received
by both base stations. The two cells demodulate the signal separately
and send the demodulated frames back to the Mobile Switching Center
(MSC). The MSC contains a selector that selects the best frame out of
the two that are sent back.
On Forward Link, when the Soft Handoff is initiated, the two base
stations begin transmitting data to the mobile. The mobile receives
information from the two forward links and uses the RAKE receiver to
coherently combine the signals using the pilot sequence transmitted by
each cell/sector as its reference. This combination of multiple forward
link signals improves overall link performance.
ADVANTAGES OF CDMA HANDOFF
1. It is "soft", meaning that communication is not interrupted by the

handoff. This is sometimes called "make before break." This means
fewer dropped calls for users and higher customer satisfaction for
operators.
2. The handoff is not abrupt, but rather it is a prolonged call state

during which there is communication via two or more base stations.
The multi-way communication diversity improves the link performance
during the handoff. The diversity gain partially compensates for the
large path loss at the cell boundary.
3. The signal measurement that triggers the handoff is performed by

the mobile stations, not the base stations.
27
Need Of CDMA
Designers and planners of the communication systems are often

concerned with the efficiency with which the systems utilize the
signal energy and bandwidth. In most communication systems
these are the most important issues. In some cases, it is
necessary for the system to resist external interference, to
operate at low spectral energy, to provide multiple access
capability without external control and secure channel not
accessible to the outsiders. Thus, it is sometimes unavoidable to
sacrifice some of the efficiency in order to enhance these
features. Spread spectrum techniques allow accomplishing such
objectives.
Fig. 1.1 CDMA-C
The theoretical aspects of using spread spectrum in a strong

interference environment have been known for over forty years.
It is only recently that practical implementations became
feasible.
In the beginning, the spread spectrum technology was

developed and used for military purposes and their
implementations were too expensive for the commercial
applications. New technological advancements such as VLSI, and
advanced signal processing techniques made it possible to
develop less expensive spread spectrum equipment for civilian
use. Applications of this technology include cellular, wireless data
transmission and satellite communications.
28
Definition of CDMA
CDMA is a wireless communications technology that uses the

principle of spread spectrum communication. The intent of CDMA
technology is to provide increased bandwidth in a limited
frequency system, but has also other advantages including
extended range and more secure communications. In a CDMA
system, a narrowband message signal is multiplied by a
spreading signal, which is a pseudo-noise code sequence that
has a rate much greater than the data rate of the message.
CDMA uses these code sequences as a means of distinguishing
between individual conversations. All users in the CDMA system
use the same carrier frequency and may transmit
simultaneously.
CDMA stands for "Code Division Multiple Access." It is a form of

spread-spectrum, an advanced digital wireless transmission
technique. Instead of using frequencies or time slots, as do
traditional technologies, it uses mathematical codes to transmit
and distinguish between multiple wireless conversations. Its
bandwidth is much wider than that required for simple point-to-
point communications at the same data rate because it uses
noise-like carrier waves to spread the information contained in a
signal of interest over a much greater bandwidth. However,
because the conversations taking place are distinguished by
digital codes, many users can share the same bandwidth
simultaneously.
The advanced methods used in commercial CDMA technology
improve capacity, coverage and voice quality, leading to a new
generation of wireless networks.
The 850MHz CDMA band is most popularly used all over the
world. This band as mentioned in the previous slide works
between,
• 824-849MHz Used for the Reverse link communication.
• 869-894MHz Used for the Forward link communication.
The Following equation gives the relationship between the

channel numbers and the actual frequency.
Forward Link Frequency = (870 + N0.03) MHz
Reverse Link Frequency = (825 + N0.03) MHz
Where N = CDMA channel number
29
BASIC STRUCTURE OF CDMA NETWORK
The basic structure of the network is shows in the figure 1.

The components are describe below:
1) Microwave Antenna
2) ODU
3) IDU
4) MUX
5) DDF
6) BTS
7) Sector antenna
8) GPS antenna
1) Microwave Antenna:
MW antenna is used to transmit MW signal in air.this

antenna is directional antenna. It means it will transmit in one
direction only. This is used to connect E1 link between two sites.Two
MW antennas are there in each site to establish a ring network..It
sends traffic to BSC.The transmitting frequency is in terms of
GHz.Parabolic types of antenna are used in TTSL.
2) ODU:
ODU stands for out door unit. ODU is attached to the

MW antenna. Its function is modulates the incoming signal from IDU
with higher carrier frequency signal. Means frequency up convertion is
performed here.
3) IDU:
IDU stands for indoor unit.It convert RF signal in to

optical signal.To establish ring network more then one IDU can be
required.
4) MUX:
Here MUX are used to carry E1 from one site to

another site.BTS is connected to the MUX via DDF. Here MUX can
carry both data and voice traffic.MUX uses SDH(Synchronous Digital
Hierarchy)technology.Different types are:
30
Type capacity
a) STM-0 21E1
b) STM-1 63E1
c) STM-4 4*63E1
d) STM-16 16*63E1
e) STM-64 64*63E1
f) STM-256 256*63E1
Single E1 has a capacity of 2.048 Mbps.MSH11c(STM-1) and

MSH41c(STM-4) are used TTSL.
5) DDF:
DDF stands for DIGITAL DISTRIBUTION FRAME.DDF is a point

were E1 is terminated. It provides only connectivity between two point.
6) BTS:
BTS stands for BASE STATION TRANSCIEVER

SUBSYSTEM.BTS is connected with GPS antenna via RF cable. The
CDMA signal is processed by BTS.BTS include filter, amplifier and other
control module. BTS receive and transmit signal via sector antenna.
7) Sector antenna:
Sector antenna communicate with mobile.360 Degree is

divided in to three parts Alpha Beta and Gamma. Also known as intra,
metro and ultra. All three parts are separated by maximum up to 120
degree. Here because of sector the coverage is increase .Sector
antenna is a directional antenna.
8) GPS system:
A GPS stands for Globle positioning system. A GPS receiver

is located in the BTS and is connected to antenna via RF cable.This
provides synchronization signal and timing signal to CDMA network for
channel coding.This antenna communicate with satellite continuously.
31
MOTOROLA BTS STRUCTURE
2.1 List of BTS Cards
1. BBX (BROAD BAND TRANSCEIVER)

2. MCC-24/MCC-8E (MULTI CHANNEL CDMA)
3. GLI (GROUP LINE INTERFACE)
4. CIO (COMBINER INPUT/OUTPUT)
5. GPS (GLOBAL POSITION SYSTEM)
6. CSM (CLOCK SYCHRONIZATION
MANAGER)
7. HSO (HIGH STABILITY OSCILLATOR)-
optional
8. LFR (LOW FREQUENCY RECEVIE)-
Optional
9. C-CCP CDMA CHANNEL PROCESSOR
10. LPA SHELF LINEAR POWER AMPLIFIER
11. AMR ALARM MONITORING AND
REPORTING
12. DBPF DUAL BAND PASS
FILETR
COMBINER (4:1 and 2:1)
2.2 Overview of Cards functionality
• BBX:
The BBX provides the generation of the Pilot signal, the

conversion from digital base band to RF for the forward link and
RF to digital base band for the reverse link.
Controlled By: - Group Line Interface (GLI) card via

Concentration Highway
Interface (CHI)
The BBX receives clock and synchronization signals via the CCD
from the CSM.
• MCC-24/MCC-8E (MULTI CHANNEL CDMA)
The MCC card contain the circuitry necessary to implement like

sync channel, paging channel, access channel and traffic
channel. A single CDMA channel on an MCC card is referred to as
a channel element.MCC-8E supports up to eight channel
element, while MCC-24 supports up to 24 channel elements.
Each channel element contains circuitry to provide the CDMA
32
modulation and demodulation for a sync, paging, access or traffic
channel. The MCC card also performs the necessary CDMA
spreading and dispreading function.
The interface for the MCC-24 and MCC-8E include the GLI for
control and traffic data and the BBX2 for the forward base band
data, reverse base band and CCD for clocks.
• GLI(GROUP LINE INTERFACE)
The GLI card function as the BTS controller and provide routing
of traffic and control information and O&M function for all active
devices in the C-CCP cage. It is the controller of the C-CCP cage
and act as message router between the CBSC and the BTS
equipment. The GLI2 interfaces to the CBSC via LAPD control link
on a 64/56 kbps timeslot allocated on the digital span line
connecting the cell site to the CBSC.Each SC4812T or SC4812ET
has two GLI2 with on being Active and the other in standby
mode. In active mode, the GLI2 provides traffic information to
the MCCs, control information to the MCCs and BBXs,and control
information to the other GLI2 via an Ethernet LAN.
The GLI is 2N redundant one C-CCP cage support up to two

GLI2s.In standby mode, the GLI2 stays in sync with the active
GLI2 so that it can be come the active GLI2 if necessary.
• CIO (COMBINER INPUT/OUTPUT)
Each C-CCP shelf has one CIO.The CIO is a passive RF interface

card that serves as an extension of the backplane.RX signals are
routed from the MPC or EMPC then split to several levels to
support up to 12 primary and one redundant BBX(via the switch
card).In the forward link, the CIO combines each of the 12
primary TX paths with their redundant path(via BBX2 switch
card),then routes the signals to the appropriate LPA cage. There
are two different versions of the CIO board.
1. 3 sector
2. 6 sector
• GPS (GOBAL POSITION SYSTEM)
A GPS stands for Global Positioning System. A GPS receiver is

located in the BTS and is connected to antenna via RF cable. This
33
provides synchronization signal and timing signal to CDMA
network for channel coding. This antenna communication with
satellite continuously.
• CSM(CLOCK SYNCHRONIZATION MANAGER)
The CSM maintain CDMA system time and generates the master
clock and reference signals for other CDMA system modules. To
provide the required synchronization for the CDMA frames, the
CSM can phase lock up to two types of sources, a GPS receiver,
or the LFR/HSO. The GPS receiver is the primary source and the
LFR or HSO is the redundant source.
• CCD (CDMA CLOCK DISTRIBUTION SUBSYSTEM)
The generation of the CDMA clock and synchronization signals is

provided by the CSM.The CSM generates the CDMA clock
(19.6608 MHz) ,even –second reference and the absolute time of
day information .The CDMA clock and sync is routed to the C-
CCP via the CCD.The CCD buffers the CDMA clock and sync and
directs these signals out to the MCCs,BBXs,and the GLIs.Each
CSM is linked to one and only one CCD card. The CCD card
reports internal alarms back to its respective CSM.In case of
failure, the active CSM then seamlessly switches to the
redundant CSM and CCD pair.
• HSO (HIGH STABILITY OSCILLATOR) – optional
The High Stability Oscillator (HSO) also is an optional card that

provides backup for the GPS.The HSO module is and alternate
source of the synchronization and absolute time information that
is required at a CDMA BTS.It provides a precise oscillator as the
backup source for timing reference where there is a loss of the
GPS signal, A GPS failure, or a Primary CSM failure. The output
of the HSO card is routed to the CSM cards, which derive the
appropriate time references for the frame. The HSO is
guaranteed to provide GPS timing for 24 hours, at minimum but
cannot be used to bring a site into service.
• LFR (LOW FREQUENCY RECEIVE) – optional
The LFR is an optional card that provides backup for the GPS.The
LFR module is an alternate source of the synchronization and
absolute time information that is required at a CDMA BTS. The
LFR is used to provide a stable time reference when there is a
loss of the GPS signal, a GPS failure, or a primary CSM failure.
34
The output of the LFR card is routed to the CSM B card, which
derives the appropriate time references for the frame. The LFR
requires a dedicated LFR antenna. The LFR is a LoranC receiver,
which uses the LoranC standard. This is not to be employed in
any of he TTL BTS.
• C-CCP POWER SUPPLY CONVERTER
The DC power supply converter cards installed in the C-CCP shelf

convert the input voltage to the necessary DC voltages required
to power the various modules in the C-CCP shelf. The primary
input voltage is -48 volts DC.
Power supply modules work on a load sharing basis. If one
fails, the others will deliver full power to the rest of the modules
in the shelves. They are hot swappable.
• LPA SHELF
The four linear power amplifiers(LPAs) per three sectors of one

carrier are combined in “soft fail” redundancy.In”soft fail”
redundancy, none of the sectors go out of service if an LPA
module fails. In the event of an ST-LPA failure, the LPA module
takes itself out of service sends an alarm to the GLI2, and the
three sectors supported by that LPA module operate at 2.5db
reduced power. Each trunked LPA set operates independently and is
monitored separately. Monitoring and control of the LPAs is via the
RS485 bus to the GLI2.The group line interface (GLI2) queries the
LPAs for: Alarm status, Parameters involving Intermodulation
Distortion (IM) suppression, Electronic ID, and the General state of
device.
• AMR (ALARM MONITORING AND REPORTING)
There will be a different type of problem in BTS like any of the

card fail, main supply fail, rectifier system fail, LPA fail. To
indicate this problem we use alarm system. By using this card
the different types of alarm are sending to the OMC trough E1 so
OMC can take necessary action. This card continuously
monitoring and sending report to OMC.There are two AMR cards
are available because if one of the AMR card fail then another
one can take place.
• DUAL BAND PASS FILTER
The TX dual Band pas filter is an option that can be employed if

the frame has one or two adjacent or non-adjacent carriers in a
35
3-sector system. It allows the carriers to operate anywhere in
the transmit band without tuning of the combiners. The TX DBPF
module supports 2 carriers and has the same dimension as the
2:1 cavity combiner. The DBPF module offers transmit filtering
but no combining of the CDMA signal. Maximum of 6 per -48 volt
SC 4812T frame.
• COMBINER (4:1 AND 2:1)
The LPA output are routed to either a 4:1 or 2:1 cavity combiner
that is used to combine four or two non adjacent CDMA carriers
onto a single TX antenna. A combiner can be used only when the
carriers that need to be combined are not adjacent
(alternate).Odd channels can be combined on one antenna and
even channels on another. These combiners are installed internal
to the frame with a maximum quantity of six 2:1 combiners and
three 4:1 combiners per -48 volts SC 4812T frame.
2.3 Function of BTS on the RF link.
• FORWARD LINK
The CBSC transmits a multiplexed digital data stream containing

control signals and forward link traffic data for all subscribers
communicating with the BTS over a high-speed Telco span line in
T1(1.544 Mbps) or E1(2.048 Mbps) format. In circuit data
system ,the digital signals are routed from the
punchblock,Channel service Unit(CSU ), and span I/o block to
the Group line interface(GLI) module via the digital signals are
routed from the punchblock to the BTS Router(BTSRTR) .The
BTSRTR converts the incoming span signals to digital LAN
signals and its output are cabled to front of the Group Line
Interface(GLI3) module by 100Base-T cables.
The GLI module routes the speech traffic and required control
information to the MCC modules for processing. Traffic data for
each subscriber in a sector is formatted and applied to a channel
element on the Multi Channel CDMA card. Each CE encodes the
traffic data and inserts power control information into a forward
link data stream. The traffic data stream is converted into a
CDMA baseband format, using a unique Walsh code assigned by
the control information for that subscriber. The output from all
CEs for a sector are summed together and routed to the
Broadband Transceiver (BBX).The composite signal is spread by
the assigned Interphase (I) and Quadrature (Q) Pseudo-random
Noise (PN) mask codes to reduce I&Q components.A pilot signal
is applied to Digital-to-Analog (D/A) converters to produce
36
analog I and Q baseband signals and then up-converted to RF on
the BBX.
The low-level RF drive signal is applied to the trunked Linear

Power Amplifier (LPA)Assembly, which amplifies the signal to the
level required for transmission via the site antenna. Three
sectors share the resources of a composite power amplifier
assembly consisting of four single carriers feed forward amplifier,
LPA, modules.This trunking technique significantly increases the
efficiency of the RF chain.
• REVERSE LINK
Reverse link signals from subscriber mobile units enter the BTS
through the RX path. Each of the sector has two receive
branches, main and Diversity, with a dedicated antenna. The
received signal at the RX port is routed through the DRDC
(Duplexer, RX filter, Directional coupler)/TRDC (TX filter, RX
filter, and Directional coupler) to the Multicoupler Preselector
card (MPC), which provides low-noise amplification. Two MPC
modules are used, one for the Main branches and one for the
Diversity branches. The MPC output is routed to the combiner
Input/Output (CIO) card through the C-CCP backplan.The CIO
splits the signal and routes it to the BBX by the way of the C-CCP
backplane. The BBX module for each sector contains two
identical receiver strips, one each for the Main and Diversity
signals. The main and Diversity signal outputs are amplified,
down converted, demodulated and digitized.
37
Patching of E1 cable on DDF Block.
Introduction
The aim of communication system has been to get more and

more Information transmitted on a single cable. These involve
gathering a number of sources to gather, transmitting them to
gather and then send separating them and passing them to the
individual receivers.
E1 was introduced in the 1960s.E1 is the digital communication

link that enables the transmission of voice, data and video
signals at the rate of 2.048 Mbps.
Why E1 in demands?:
o Simplification of Network:
E1 simplifies the task of Networking different types of

communication equipment.E1 link carry both data and voice on a
single digital communication link.
o Quality of Services:
E1 also provides a signal, which is superior in quality, then the

analogue signal provides. In analogue signal, noise and distortion
is also amplified so it degrades the quality of signal. While in E1
system because of signal regeneration we got exact signal at the
receiver side.
Process of E1 Patching
Tools: Krone Tools, Wire cutter, LED, Loop Tester, DDF Block
Procedure:
o Pass E1 Cable Under Ground in Switch Room from DDF to MUX.
o Open the Insulation of Cable Cat5.
o Locate the Proper E1 slot on DDF Block. In TATA each DDF block
contain 4 E1 slot in One Row. DDF block has 12 rows.
o Mount the Cable end in E1 slot on DDF and Punch using Krone
tool.
o Use Proper side of Krone Tool & Tip.
38
39
E1 patching
40
Testing of E1
There are mainly two methods to check E1.
1) Using LED: Put external LED in E1 slot on DDF block. Note

down that It’s glow or not. If it’s glow then it’s E1 connection is
correct.
41
2) Using Loop Cable: Put Loop cable in Tx and Rx slot of E1
and check By Computer in O&M Room.
42
DRIVE TEST
INTRODUCTION
A basic objective of CDMA RF performance engineering is to drive test

the coverage area and investigate performance problems. CDMA is a
common frequency system.
CDMA system is an inflexible, which requires area-wide or cluster

testing of coverage. Adjustments made to coverage power, antenna
geometry or RF call processing algorithm parameters will impact all
sectors sharing the spectrum image. In addition, outside or distant
noise sources must be surveyed, controlled or removed if possible.
The tester must resist the localized changes but focus on changes that
improve the overall cluster of cells – area wide coverage quality.
CDMA drive testing is performed using a phone connected to a portable
computer. Cellular and PCS subscribers view the performance of their
service on the basis of the network coverage or the call quality. The
drive-test tool uses a phone to re-create the problems that a
subscriber is experiencing. For example, if a subscriber’s call is
dropped while operating in a moving vehicle in a particular location;
the drive-test should be able to duplicate this problem.
SET UP OF DRIVE TEST
TWO CDMA PHONE AND ONE RECEIVER:

1. Laptop Running E6474A Software, with Dongle attached
2. GSM Receiver x 1
3. Receiver Cable (from USB to Receiver & Receiver Input
Power) x1
4. RF Antenna + GPS Antenna x 1
5. Manifold Hub x 1
6. CDMA Kyocera QCP2235 phone x 2
7. CDMA Manifold Phone Cable (E6474-60139) x 2
8. USB Cable x 1
9. 9 pin - 9 pin Serial Cable x 1
10. Receiver power cable with 2 pin MOLEX power
connector x 1
43
GPS Antenna
Fig. 54 Setup for drive test
Dongle USB Cable CDMA Phone Cable CDMA Phone Receiver Cable
Fig. 55 Drive test-A

(GPS TRAKING FOR DRIVE TEST)
44
Fig. Drive test-B
(IMPORTANT FOR WONDOWS)
45
Fig. 57 Good call
Fig. 58 Dropped call and bad coverage
The drive-test system is placed in a vehicle and driven throughout the

wireless service provider’s network coverage area.
46
Fig. 59 Drive-test van in a CDMA wireless network
47
THE PROCESS OF DRIVE TESTING INCLUDES
TESTING COVERAGE THE UNLOADED
In unloaded coverage test we include only measurement of

CDMA parameters like sector coverage, neighbor list, proper channel
transmission and this process is usually done when traffic is very low
or in the night.
 TESTING THE LOADED COVERAGE

In loaded coverage test we included hand off parameter in max
traffic and received power level transmit power level and other
parameter. It is done in daytime when traffic is high CDMA is a
common frequency system; any RF configuration or feature parameter
changes must be tested in the surrounding cluster of cells.
 EQUIPMENT
 Data Collection Tool (Examples: Agilent-Nitro, Qualcomm-CAIT)

 1 or 2 Phones interconnected with the PC-Laptop
 GPS receiver interconnected with the PC-Laptop
 Attenuation Box to simulate penetration loss on the rev/fwd links
(RF)
 PC-Laptop with Data Collection and other software applications
 Power Supply to power up equipment
 Carrying case to fit every piece of equipment
 DATA PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS
 Data Processing Tool (Example: Agilent-Actics)

 PC to run the Data Processing software
 DATA COLLECTION
 Files logged using a data collection tool will have information on

the following:
 Mobile transmit power

 Mobile receive power
 Signal to noise ratio
 Frame error rate
 Handoff state
48
 Air interface Messaging
 Multi-paths
 Statistics
 Position and speed
Data Collection Laptops should be used as dedicated computers for

data collection in the field. No additional user software should be
installed on Data Collection Laptops.
 POSSIBLE CAUSES OF NETWORK PROBLEMS
There are a number of causes for blocked calls (failed originations),

dropped calls, and poor FER.
These causes can include the following:
 Poor RF coverage.
 Pilot pollution.
 Missing 49eighbour49.
 Search window setting problems.
 Timing errors.
Lack of RF coverage is often the cause of dropped calls and blocked

calls. This may occur due to a localized coverage hole such as a low
spot in the road), or it could be due to poor coverage at the extreme
edge of the coverage area. Pilot pollution is the presence of too many
CDMA pilot signals. The additional pilots act like interference to the
subscriber’s call. The missing 49eighbour condition occurs when the
phone receives a high-level pilot signal and it does not appear in the
phone’s 49eighbour list. Again, it acts as an interfering signal and can
cause dropped calls and high FER. Likewise, dropped calls can occur
when the search window is not set properly. In this case, the phone
cannot find pilots that are in its 49eighbour list. Finally, base station
timing errors can lead to dropped calls, since CDMA systems depend
on having synchronous timing between base stations.
 DATA PROCESSING/ANALYSIS TOOL
 The data processing tool processes and analyzes system data,

and provides information about cell-site performance, mobile
performance, and, RF coverage.
 An output of the processing tool provides information to evaluate
system performance and coverage, and to find faults.
 This tool allows the user to create performance metrics from
mobile data. The same should be able to read an RF Call Trace
(RFCT) file to be able to reproduce the RFER.
49
 PILOT ANALYSIS
 Pilot Ec/Io: Max Finger FCH

 Provides information about the best multi-path
 Aggregate FCH
 Provides information about the best signal after soft-
handoff
 Dominant Pilot Ec/Io
 Provides information about the strength of the dominant (best)
pilot
 Number of Pilots above threshold
 Provides information about the amount of pilots above a certain
threshold (normally 15 dB)
 Ec/Io of Specific Pilot
 Provides information about the signal strength for a specific pilot
 Mobile transmit power
 Provides information about the amount of power the mobile is
transmitting to the base stations.
 Mobile receive power
 Provides information about the amount of power in band
received by the mobile.
 FWD/REV Frame Error Rate (FFER/RFER)
50
CONCLUSION
Telecom field does know no bounds as the technology is developing

and the customers are increasing manifold. After working in the
practical environment we found that CDMA technology is very viable. It
is reasonable at both the ends. It has proved its mettle till now and is
showing its abilities incessantly. This technology has the ability to
shape the future of mobile and Telecom Industry.
Purpose of Industrial Training:-

The main aim of Industrial training is to understand the technology
better on the practical basis. It tremendously helps an engineer to get
an overview of corporate culture before joining a job. We get technical
exposure to every old and new instrument and technical advances.
We also, after coming out of the modest environment of college,

plunged into the realistic world. We understood the corporate ethics,
culture and the working scenario of the company. Working day in and
day out, along with new faces, where all wanted to prove their mettle,
we learned a lot of things such as how to deal with people of various
levels starting from a worker till the zonal manager and satisfying
them excellently. We also found new friends aspiring the same dream
and flocked together for a life-long companionship. We also learned to
communicate efficiently, being particular, showing regularity and
above all taking responsibilities and proving ourselves. We acquired
team-spirit, leadership and soft skills working in such a splendid
environment. We enjoyed taking our training at TATA TELESERVICES
LIMITED, Gujarat.
51
BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1] Introduction to Wireless © 2001 Scott Baxter

[2] Technical Introduction to CDMA v4.0 © 2005 Scott
Baxter
[3] CDMA/CDMA2000 1X RF Planning Guide, Motorola
[4] SDH BASICS, NEC Guide
[5] Ring Architecture and Switching, NEC Guide
[6] CDMA TECHNOLOGY, Tata Teleservices Limited Guide
[7] 3G Network- An overview, BSNL Guide
[8] Wireless Communications, Theodore S. Rappaport, ©
2002, Prentice Hall, Inc.
52

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our heartfelt gratitude to TATA TELESERVICES

1. INTRODUCTION OF TATA TELESERVICE LTD.

2. INTRODUCTION OF CDMA SERVICE.

3. BASIC STRUCTURE OF CDMA NETWORK.

4. MOTAROLA BTS STRUCTURE.

5. PATCHING OF E1 ON DDF BLOCK.

Communications is the Tata Group’s largest investment and the

• Telephony Services: Fixed and Mobile

Tata Teleservices spearheads the Group’s presence in the telecom

Beginning with its acquisition of Hughes Telecom (India) Limited in

Having pioneered the CDMA 2000 technology platform in India, Tata

In November 2008, Tata Teleservices entered into an agreement with

Tata Teleservices’ bouquet of telephony services includes mobile

Some of the other products launched by the company include prepaid

Why there is requirement of multiple access schemes? The answer is

FDMA is the acronym of Frequency Division Multiple Access. FDMA

TDMA is a common multiple access technique employed in digital

CDMA uses a radically deferent approach. It assigns each subscriber

Fig. 30 Freq. Reuse

Designers and planners of the communication systems are often

The theoretical aspects of using spread spectrum in a strong

The bandwidth of the transmitted signal must be greater then

Transmitted bandwidth must be determined by some function

Bandwidth expansion in spread spectrum systems is achieved by using

THESE APPLICATIONS INCLUDE:

1. Anti-jam capability-particularly for narrow-band jamming.

CDMA is a wireless communications technology that uses the principle

CDMA stands for "Code Division Multiple Access." It is a form of

Old-fashioned radio receivers separate stations and channels by

824-849MHz Used for the Reverse link communication

869-894MHz Used for the Forward link communication

THE FOLLOWING EQUATION GIVES THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN

Reverse Link Frequency = (825 + N0.03) MHz

Where N = CDMA channel number

Fig. 32 SPREAD SPECTRUM-A

Fig. 33 SPREAD SPETRUM-B

Spread spectrum multiple access transmits the entire signal over a

From a system viewpoint, the performance increase for very wideband

C=W log 2 (1+S/N )

C = Channel capacity in bits per second,

CDMA is a spread spectrum modulation scheme. This implies that the

DIRECT SEQUENCE SPREAD SPECTRUM

In direct sequence modulation the carrier frequency is fixed and the

TABLE 10: SUMMARY OF DIRECT SEQUENCE SPREAD SPECTRUM QUALITIES

PN code sets can be generated from linear feedback shift registers.

Fig. 36 PN CODE GENERATION THROUGH SHIFT REGISTER

The Short Code is a PN sequence that is 215 bits (chips) in length.

CDMA defines a group of 64 orthogonal sequences, each 64 bits long,

ORTHOGONALITY OF WALSH CODES

Just when one grasps an understanding of the CDMA carrier, which is

EFFECTIVE TRAFFIC CHANNELS

The number of "Effective" traffic channels includes the traffic carrying

ACTUAL TRAFFIC CHANNELS

The number of "Actual" traffic channels includes the effective traffic

PHYSICAL TRAFFIC CHANNELS

The number of "Physical" traffic channels includes the Pilot channels,

CDMA FORWARD CHANNELS

CDMA REVERSE CHANNELS

When the mobile unit is not active on a traffic channel, it will

REVERSE TRAFFIC CHANNEL

CDMA's features result in coverage that is between 1.7 and 3

CDMA capacity is ten to twenty times that of analog systems,