( ) ,

, . ,
x y,
y 2 x = 0,

,
( y = x y = x).
,
, .

1.
.

1. L f , .
, L f , . L , f .
.
.
p , p2 .
1. ,
y 2 = 2px,

p > 0,

(1)

( p2 , 0).

f =

, x = p2 , y = 0.
(1) .
1. , , ,
1, , .
2. f1 f2 . ,
f1 f2 2a, a > 0, .
f1 f2 . , , , , ,
.
2c
, c 1 ,

a b = a2 c2 .
2. ,

x2 y 2
+ 2 = 1,
a > b > 0,
(2)
a2
b

. a b, c = a2 b2 . a 6= b,
, a = b , .
1
.
1

(2) .
2. , a
(. 2). , a = c,
, 2, a < c, .
3. f1 f2 . , f1 f2
2a, a > 0, . f1 f2
. , , ,
, ( ),
, .
.
2c
, c ,

a b = c2 a2 .
, , tg = ab , .
3. ,
x2 y 2
2 = 1,
a > 0, b > 0,
(3)
a2
b
. , .

a, b.
(c, 0), c = a2 + b2 , (a, 0). y = ab x.
(3) .
3. a = 0, ,
, , .
, (, )
.
4. ,
a11 x2 + 2a12 xy + a22 y 2 + 2b1 x + 2b2 y + c = 0,

(4)

aij , bi c aij ,
.
, 13 .
. , (4),
, .
5.

a11 a12
A=
a12 a22
(4).

a11 a12 b1
B = a12 a22 b2
b1 b2 c


2 , .

(5)

(6)

A E, R,


a11
a12
= 2 (a11 + a22 ) + a11 a22 a212 .

kA Ek =
a12
a22

(7)

, .
6. P () = 2 (a11 + a22 ) + a11 a22 a212 (4).
tr A = a11 + a22 ,

A ,

B ,

(8)

A B A B ,
.
.
1. P () = 2 (a11 +a22 )+a11 a22 a212
. :
1) .
2) .
. 1) ,
D = (a11 + a22 )2 4(a11 a22 a212 ) = (a11 a22 )2 + 4a212 > 0.

, 1 2 .
2) ,
A = a11 a22 a212 = 1 2 = 0

tr A = a11 + a22 = 1 + 2 = 0,
, aij . 4
.


.


 

a11 b1  a22 b2 



,
KA = 
+
b1 c   b2 c 

(9)

1. , (4). :
1) A > 0,
) tr A B < 0 ( , 1 = 2
);
) tr AB > 0 (
);
) B = 0 ( ).
2) A < 0,
) B 6= 0 ;
) B = 0 .
3) A = 0,
) B 6= 0 ;
) B = 0 KA < 0 ;
) B = 0 KA > 0 (
);
) B = 0 KA = 0 .

2.
.
7. ( ) ,

F (x, y) = 0,

(10)

F , Fx Fy
.
, 7.
(x0 , y0 ) . ,
Fx (x0 , y0 )(x x0 ) + Fy (x0 , y0 )(y y0 ) = 0,

(11)

. ,
Fy (x0 , y0 )(x x0 ) Fx (x0 , y0 )(y y0 ) = 0,

(12)

(x0 , y0 ).
4.
y 2 = 2px,
(1). (11)
y0 (y y0 ) = p(x x0 ).
,
p(y y0 ) + y0 (x x0 ) = 0.
5.
x2 y 2
+ 2 = 1,
a2
b
(2).
x0
y0
(x x0 ) + 2 (y y0 ) = 0
2
a
b
. (x0 , y0 ) .

x0
y0
x + 2 y = 1.
2
a
b

y0
x0
1
1

x

y
=

x0 y0 .
b2
a2
b2 a2
6.
x2 y 2
2 = 1,
a2
b
(3),
x0
y0
x 2 y = 1,
2
a
b

y0
x0
1
1

x + 2 y = 2 + 2 x0 y0 .
2
b
a
a
b

. (, t , , ) , x y , t:
x = x(t),

y = y(t),

(13)

F (x(t), y(t)) = 0 t. , t .
7. (2),
x = a cos t,

y = b sin t.

(14)

, a = b a
.
8. cos t sin t,
, .
ch t =

ex + ex
2

(15)

sh t =

ex ex
.
2

(16)

x = a ch t,
y = b sh t
(17)
. (15) (16)
.
4 ( ).
th t =

ex ex
sh t
= x
ch t
e + ex

(18)

ch t
ex + ex
= x
(19)
sh t
e ex
.
, :
cth =

ch2 x sh2 x = 1,
th x cth x = 1,

sh(x y) = sh x ch y ch x sh y,

ch(x y) = ch x ch y sh x sh y,
th x th y
,
th(x y) =
1 th x th y
xy
xy
sh x sh y = 2 sh
ch
,
2
2
x+y
xy
ch
,
ch x + ch y = 2 ch
2
2
x+y
xy
ch x ch y = 2 sh
sh
,
2
2

(ch x sh x)n = ch nx sh nx,

(20)
(21)
(22)
(23)
(24)
(25)
(26)
(27)

(28)

n = 0, 1, 2, . . .

p
Arsh x = ln(x + x2 + 1),
< x < +,
(29)
p
Arch x = , ln(x + x2 1),
1 6 x,
(30)
1 1+x
Arth x = ln
,
|x| < 1,
(31)
2 1x
1 x+1
Arcth x = ln
,
1 < |x|.
(32)
2 x1
,
. ,
sin x = i sh ix,
tg x = i th ix,

cos x = ch ix,
ctg x = i cth ix.

, :
sh(x + 2i) = sh x,

ch(x + 2i) = ch x,

th(x + i) = th x,

cth(x + i) = cth x.

,
. ,
x = a cos 2t,

y = b sin 2t

, 7.
. (13) t,
, : t = ( ).

x( ) = x(( )),

y( ) = y(( )).

(33)

. (13)
, . (x0 , y0 ), x0 = x(t0 ) y0 = y(t0 ), .
v = (x t , yt ) t = t0 ,

(34)

dx
dy
,
yt =
,
dt
dt
(x0 , y0 ), .
.
( ),
x t =

x 2t + yt2 6= 0,

.. .
5. , x y, x y x t y t .

a = (
xt , yt ) t = t0 ,

d2 x
d2 y
,
y

=
,
t
dt2
dt2
(x0 , y0 ), .
x
t =

(35)

(x0 , y0 ) .
 x y 
 y x 
ve =
,
,
ne =
,
,
|v| |v|
|v| |v|
p
|v| = x 2 + y 2 . , ,
(.. ). , , ve + ne . ,
:
a=

x
y y x

x
x + y y
ve +
ne .
|v|
|v|

(36)

(36) ( ) , ( ). ,

x
x + y y
|av | = p
,
(37)
x 2 + y 2

x
y y x

|an | = p
.
(38)
2
x + y 2
9. , (14).
t
x = a sin t,

y = b cos t,

x
= a cos t,

y = b sin t

(, ). ,
(37) (38),

|av | = p

a2 b2

a2 sin2 t + b2 cos2 t

|an | = p

sin t cos t

ab
2

a2 sin t + b2 cos2 t
. , R
|av | = 0,

|an | = R,

.. ,
.
6. ( ), . ,
x = a cos 2t,
y = b sin 2t,
, , (14), , ,
,
9.

. ? , .

x = x(t),
y = y(t).
y x
y
= arctg .
x
, t
x
y y x

d
y 
x
y y x

2
arctg
= x y 2 = 2
=
.
(39)
2
dt
x
x

+
y

1 + x 2
(39) , .
, : , .. t:
(40)

d = dt.
3

,
p
p
ds = (dx)2 + (dy)2 = x 2 + y 2 dt.

(41)

8.

d
ds
x = x(t), y = y(t).
1
= ,
k
, .
k=

(42) (43) (39) (41) ,

x
y y x

k=
3 ,
2
2
(x + y ) 2

(42)

(43)

(44)

(x 2 + y 2 ) 2
=
.
x
y y
x
10. R

(45)
1
R,

= R.

7. , ( ,
). .
8. y = f (x), ,
x = t,
y = f (t).

dn y
dn y
dx
d2 x
d3 x
=
,
=
1,
=
0,
= 0, . . .
dtn
dxn
dt
dt2
dt3

v = (1, f (x)),

a = (0, f (x)),

3 , , .

(46)

(37), (38), (44) (45)

|av | = p
k=

y y
1 + (y )2
y
3

(1 + (y )2 ) 2

|an | = p

y
1 + (y )2

(1 + (y )2 ) 2
=
.
y

(47)
(48)

9 ( ). . :
x = x(t),

y = y(t),

z = z(t).

,
x = cos t, y = sin t, z = t
, Z , XY .
, , ,
, .

3.
,
. , .

. , r , ,
, ,
4. .

p
y
= arctg ,
r = x2 + y 2 ,
(49)
x

x = r cos ,
y = r sin .
(50)
10. , , (x0 , y0 ). (50)
x = x0 + r cos ,
y = y0 + r sin .
(51)
11.
, .
. , ..
p
x = + r cos ,
y = r sin .
2

y 2 = 2px,

sin2 r 2 2p cos r p2 = 0.
. , r > 0,
p
r=
.
(52)
1 cos
4 r , .

10

.
, , ..
x = c + r cos ,
y = r sin ,

2
2
c = a b .
x2 y 2
+ 2 = 1,
a2
b

r=
p =

b2
a,

e=

c
a

< 1.

a > b > 0,

p
,
1 e cos

(53)

. ,
:
p
r=
.
(54)
1 e cos
p =

b2
a,

e=

c
a

> 1.

,
2. (.. ,
)
p
,
(55)
r=
1 e cos

< 1 ,
0 6 e = 1 ,

> 1 .
(, , ) . (
).
. x y .
9. (x, y) (
x, y)
x = f (
x, y),
y = g(
x, y),
(56)



 f f
 x y 
(57)
 g g 
 x y 

. .

11. f
x

f x
y.
. f
y f y.
2f
 f 
2f
 f 
2f
 f 
=
,
=
,
=
.
x
2
x
x

x
y
x
y
y2
y y
.

11

12. x
= y = r.
x = r cos ,

y = r sin ,



r sin cos 


 r cos sin  = r.
, , .
1. y = F (x) . ,
(56) y = F (
x).

y =
y =

dy
dx

y =

g
y
f
y

y +
y +

g
x

f
x

(58)

d
y
d
x.

13.

sin r + r cos
y =
,
(59)
cos r r sin
r = r .

h(
x, y, y ) =

g
y
f
y

(58).

y +
y +

g
x

f
x

(60)

2. y = F (x) . ,
(56) y = F (
x).

y =
y =

d2 y
dx2

y =

h
y

h
+ h
y y
x

f
+ f

y
x

y +

(61)

d2 y
d
x2 .

12. (60),
h, (61). ,
, h,
.
14.
sin r + r cos
h=
.
cos r r sin

h
r
=
,
r
(cos r r sin )2
h
r
=
,
r
(cos r r sin )2
h
r 2 + r 2
=

(cos r r sin )2
, ,
r
r + 2r 2 + r 2
y =
.
(cos r r sin )3

(62)

12

(59) (62), ,
. ,
k=

r
r 2 + 2r 2 r
3

(r 2 + r 2 ) 2

(63)

15. , (55),
sin
r = pe
(1 e cos )2

2e cos e cos2
r = pe
.
(1 e cos )3
,
k=

(1 e cos )3
1

.
p (1 + e2 2e cos ) 32

(64)