ErnestoVazquezMartinez,ECERF

EE434POWERSYSTEMPROTECTION
LECTURE13:INSTRUMENTTRANSFORMERS

Powersystemprotection
functions
Themainpowersystemprotectionfunctionis

todetectanddisconnectthefaultedelement.
This prevents further damage inthe faulted
element andprotects the power system
against the fault.
Another important function ofprotection

systems is to provide an indication ofthe

fault inorder to facilitate restoration.

Protectivedevices
Fuses.
Automatic reclosers.
Sectionalizers.
Lowvoltage breakers.
Protective relays.

Protectiverelaysystem

Powersystemprotection
requirements
Reliability:
Dependability,security.

Selectivity.
Speed:
Systemstability,equipmentdamageandpower

quality.

Sensitivity.
Simplicity.
Economics.

Instrumenttransformers

VTequivalentcircuit
Rp

jXp

Rs
IE

+
Vp Np

Ideal

Ns

jXs
+

Non
Linear

Vs

VTtypical saturation curve

150%

Primary
Voltage
100%

Normal
operating
range

50%

0%

ExcitingCurrent

Voltagetransformer
+
Vp N p

Ideally:

+
Ns

LOAD

Vs

VTwye connection
A
B
C

a
b
c

Currenttransformer(CT)
IronCore

Ip

SecondaryWinding
withNs Turns

Is
h

TheCTIsolatestheRelay
fromtheHVSystemand
DrasticallyReducesthe
Current
Ideally:

Load(Burden)

Is = Ip / Ns

CTexample
(KuhlmanElectricCorp)

CTrepresentations
IP

IP

IS

P1

P2

S1

S2

IS
ANSI

IEC

ThreephaseCTconnections
Wye

Ia

Ia

Ib

Ib

Ic

Ic
Ics
Ires

Ibs

Ias

Delta

Ias-Ics
Ics-Ibs
Ibs-Ias

CTRatio
Examples: CTR=200/5=40
CTR=1200/5=240
CTR=400/1=400
Denominatoristhesecondaryratedcurrent,

typically1Aor5A.
Numeratorisnot always theprimaryrated
current

CTburden
IP

IS

ZLEADS
ZRELAY

Transformerequivalent
circuit
Rp
Ip

jXp

NpIp /Ns
Np

Ideal

Ns

Rs
IE

jXs

Is
Non
Linear

ZLOAD

CTequivalent

CTbehavior
Is

Ip

Saturation

100

10
Is

Load(Burden)

10

100

IsIp / Ns morenoticeable
forlargeprimarycurrents

Ip / Ns

Typical excitation curve

RulesforselectingCTs
C37.1101996IEEEGuidefortheApplication

ofCurrentTransformersforRelaying
Purposes.

Example
L

X/R

C800, 3000:5
ZB=2.5

C800, 2000:5
ZB=2.0

C400, 1500:5
ZB=2.0

75o
77o
80o
82o
83o
84o
85o
86o
87o
88o

3.7
4.3
5.7
7.1
8.1
9.5
11.4
14.3
19.1
28.6

40,547
36,012
28,780
23,689
20,997
18,261
15,446
12,548
9,561
6,478

33,812
30,010
23,983
19,715
17,479
15,217
12,872
10,457
7,968
5,399

12,680
11,254
8,994
7,393
6,561
5,707
4,827
3,921
2,988
2,025

CTperformance

AssumeaCTsecondaryoutputcurrentI.
ComputeE=(Z+ZB)I.
UsingE,findIe fromtheexcitationcurve.
ComputeI=n(I+Ie).
Repeatfordiferents valuesofI,thenplotI
versusI.

Example10.1

Example10.2
Anovercurrentrelaysettooperateat8Ais

connectedtothemultiratio CTwitha100:5
CTratio.Willtherelaydetecta200Aprimary
faultcurrentiftheburdenZB is(a)0.8ohms,
(b)3.0ohms?

Example10.2:ZB=0.8ohms

Example10.2:ZB=3.0ohms

ErnestoVazquezMartinez,ECERF

EE434POWERSYSTEMPROTECTION
LECTURE13:INSTRUMENTTRANSFORMERS