SAMPLE ANSWERS 2 PAD 390

Question:
1.
a)
Explain the importance of political element in the field
of development administration
b)
Describe three (3) contemporary challenges faced by
developing nations in their continuous effort for development
Answer:
a) Political Element in the field of development
administration
i.
Political element is needed in order to bargain the
trust of people so that they will participate in
development effort
ii.
The political stability is an important element in
ensuring the substance of development
administration such as resources is not misuse or
abused
iii. Other relevant points will also be considered
b) Contemporary aspects of the developing nations that
need to be considered in the development process:
i.
Consideration for NGOs as they constitute the third
largest component of a nation apart from the
government, the people and the civil society
ii.
Emphasis on the issue of human capital as one of
the problems of developing nations is the lack of
skillful workers and expertise
iii. The enhancement of education system so that
developing nations may have equal capabilities
with their counterparts in the developed nations
iv. Other relevant points will also be considered

Question:
2.
Explain four (4) inpacts of urbanization in Malaysia during
the 1960s that led to the formation of the New Economic Policy
in 1970

Answer:
a) Students must start by giving introduction
b) Impact of urbanization in Malaysia that lead to the
formulation of the New Economic Policy during the 1970s:
i.
Population polarization became uneven since there
wereares which are more or over developed than
others
ii.
Obvious economic gap between races
iii. Political unrest (to a certaion extent due to racial
politics)
c) Student must conclude their answer

Question:
3.
a)
Differentiate with examples betweenduration of
change and magnitude of change in the social change process
b)

Explain any three (3) characteristics of change

Answer:
a) Duration of change refers to the question of how long a
particular change form endures after it has been
accepted. It may refer to the life span of long-term
(transitory) change phenomena
Example: The NEP was designed in a way to achieve its
objectives for twenty years
Magnitude of change is how much change has taken
place. It may be based on a three-part scheme of
incremental or marginal, comprehensive, and
revolutionary changes
Example: Hoe the education process in Malaysia
developed
b) Strategies of change:
i.
Change is natural
ii.
Change is a continuous process
iii. Change is needed
iv. Change is uniform

v.

Change takes place within a society

Question:
4.
People are rational and they follow their rational selfinterests once these are revealed to them Chin and Benne
Based on the above statement, discuss four (4) strategies of
planned social change.
Answer:
The statement is referring to the empirical-rational methods of
planned social change by Robert Chin and Kenneth D. Benne
The strategies include:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.

The basic research and dissemination of knowledge to

general education
Personal selection and replacement
The use of systems analysts as staffs and consultants
Applied research and the development of linkage
syatems for diffusing its finding
Utopian thinking as a strategy in the form of future
scenarios
Emphasis on more adequate communication in
interpersonal relations

Question:
5.
a)
Describe the concept of development as it was
propagated in the 1980s
b)
Elaborate on three (3) mechanisms of diffusion as
suggested by Kroeber
Answer:
a) Concept of development in 1980s

i.

ii.
iii.
iv.

During this period, development no longer

synonym with economic development, but equity
should be the parameter to measure development
Equity indicates:
a) The guarantee of provision of basic needs
b) The creation of employment
In this sense, development must be able to create
employment and avoid inequality
Any relevant points other than given above will
also be considered

a) Mechanisms of diffusion as coined by Kroeber:

i.
Religions
ii.
International immigration
iii. Trade and commerce
iv. Colonialization and imperialism
v.
Insinuation

Question:
6.
Discuss five (5) advantages of the Economic Corridors
launched by Prime Minister Dato Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi
in facilitating economic growth and development in Malaysia
Answer:
a) Student should start their answer by giving introduction
on Economic corridors
b) Advantages of those economic corridors in facilitating
economic growth and development in Malaysia:
i.
Those plans concentrating on very different but
complimentary sectors that may boost the economy.
NCER concentrating on agricultural and food
production as to prepare it to be regional logistic hub.
ECER on oil and gas production and WPI on
infrastructure development

ii.

Those plans will strengthen the international

industrial linkages due to the foreign investment
incentives
iii. Those plans may also optimize spatial distribution of
economic activities which will lead to lots of
employment creation that may reduce the incidence
of poverty
iv. Those plans may also strengthen the existing main
economic drivers and diversify into new economic
growth sectors
v.
Any relevant point other than given above will also be
considered
c) Students should conclude their answer

Question:
7.

a)

Define Administrative reform

b)
Explain four (4) factors trhat can help in the
implementation of admnistrative reform in Malaysia
Answer:
a) Any complete definition of administrative reform with
elaboration
i.
Administrative reform can be defined as a positive
efforts to bring about changes to the government
administrative system towards a more efficient and
effective public service (Abdullah Sanusi Ahmad)
ii.
You can also give definition of administrative
reform by other scholars that you have studied
b) Alternatives to overcome barriers to administrative
reformation:
i.
Consultation
ii.
Localization of technology
iii. Professionalism and motivation
iv. Public trust
v.
Service for society or society oriented
vi. Education and training in administration

Question:
8.
The primary obstacles to development are administrative
rather than economy
Elaborate on the contributions of development administartion
since 1950s.
Answer:
a) Student should begin their answer by giving introduction
b) Contributions:
i.
Reduce and lastly alleviate poverty
ii.
Reduce inequality and unemployment
iii. Improve and increase the efficiency of
administration
iv. Develop economic opportunities and society
through integration
v.
Other relevant answer will be considered
c) Student should conclude their answer
Question:
9.
Expansion of organizational capabilities is one of the
primary efforts in development since 1970s. Elaborate on four
(4) Malaysian achievements resulted from this efforts.
Answer:
a) Students should answer first by giving introduction
b) Four advantages that we have achieved through this
effort:
i.
Focus on implementation of development projects
and re-distribution throughout the nation
ii.
A more balanced development throughout nation
boundaries
iii. Provide an extensive administrative development
iv. Fight against poverty
v.
Provide a more accountable and efficient
organizations and government agensies
vi. Provide and cater to local problems more efficiently
c) Give conclusion to the answer
Question:
10. Discuss with examples how the biological variables have
brought changes in the society.

Answer:
a) Start answering by giving introduction
b) How biological variables have brought changes in the
society:
i.
Ecology: the relationship between mankind and
other living things
- Natural resources for food, medicine and other
needs
- Environment, clean air, water, etc.
- Ecological balance
- Pollution
c) Demography:
- Population density
- Physical and social illness
- Family planning
- Change of values and resistance
d) Conclusion of the answer
Question:
11. a)
Explain two (2) types of change agents
b)
Explain four (4) roles of change agents in guided or
planned change
Answer:
a) Two (2) types of change agents:
i. Bureaucracy
ii. Secondary change agents
According to Kotler (1972), the secondary change
agents are supporters to the leaders who he considered
as the formal change agents
b) Four (4) roles of change agents in guided /planned
change
i.
To identify the needs of change among target
groups
ii.
To establish change relationship with the target
groups
iii. To identify problems faced by the target groups
iv. To identify target groups goals and alternatives
v.
To establish the desire of change among target
groups

Question:
12. a)
Define development
b)
Explain four ($) demerits of conservative perspectives
of development
Answer:
a) Define development:
Definition of development,....A multidimensional
process, which includes changes to the fundamental
structure of society, attitude and institution... (Todaro,
1982)
i.
It requires change to the entire social system so
that ir is consistent with the fundamental needs of
the individuals and the various groups within the
siciety
ii.
Development should provide them avenues to
leave the condition of life that is marked with
inconveniences to a condition that is perceived to
be better spiritually and materialistically
b) Four (4) demerits of conservatve perspective of
development
i.
Those who are diligent will gain benefits, on the
other hands, those who are lazy would suffer the
consequences of their own free choice
ii.
Decision making is based on individual, family, or
company that is acting in respond to create an
equilibrium and harmonious market
iii. The effect from such an economic activity is the
elevation of desire and individual ego for the sake
of maximizing freedom and and wealth
iv. Social change will only happen as a response to
actions taken freely by individuals with limited
intervention from the government
v.
The effect of the economic activities will create
imbalances of society
vi. Creation of a monopolistic economy
Question:
13. a)
Distinguish hard core poverty from relative poverty

b)
Explain three (3) alternatives suggested by The
Human Development Report 1997 to overcome economics
problems faced by developing countries
Answer:
a) Distinguish hardcore poverty from relative poverty
Poverty line is a level of personal or family income falls
below which one is classified as poor according to
government standards it is also called poverty level
and absolute poverty
Hard core poverty a condition of absolute poverty
Relative poverty Levels of poverty determined by
comparing income in quartiles normally the lowest
quartile
b) Three (3) alternatives suggested by The Human
Development Report to overcome economic problems
faced by developing countries:
i.
Initiate people-centered policies that give
individuals, households and communities
sexpanded access to economic, social, political and
personal assets
ii.
Work towards gender equality, both as an ends and
means to eradication of poverty
iii. A minimum target should be 3 % per capita income
growth per year
iv. Improve the management of globalization,
including better trade policies and fairer rules and
fairs terms and conditions for poor country to enter
markets
v.
Create a political environment so that the poor
people and the poor communitiescan be heard
rather than be suppressed or opressed
Question:
14. Besides ensuring sustainable provision of basic facilities
to the society, rural development is also concerned with
changing mindsets among the rural folks
Elaborate on four ($) emphasis given by the Malaysian
government in rural development since independence.

Answer:
a) Start your answer by giving introducting
b) Emphasis given to rural development by Malaysian
Givernment since independence:
i.
Emphasis on wide area integration
ii.
Emphasis on rural folks who are poor
iii. Emphasis to encourage rural folks to move on their
own collectively for common purposes
iv. Emphasis to improve productivity of rural folks
v.
Encourage target groups to use basic needs
c) Conclusion of your answer
Question:
15. Explain the following:
a. Two (2) rationales of administrative
reforms
i. Introduction of the answer
ii. Two rationales:
- To rationalize the overall structure and processes of
the machinery of government in developing
countries
- According to Caiden (1990)...the major thrusts of
the new administrative reform agenda are
privatization and corporatization, debureaucratization, re-organization, more effective
public management to achieve the value for money
approach
- Efforts to overcome the law and order of
administrations which are lacked of experience,
resources and trained personnel
iii. Conclusion of the answer
b. Post take-off stage of Rostows theory of
economic growth
i.
Introduction of answer
ii.
Discussion:
- Excellent economic scenario
- High public participation in economic activities

- Government focus on new industries and

urbanization
- Lesser people live in shanties and underdeveloped
areas
- Distribution of income is more equitable
iii. Conclusion of your answer
c.
i.
ii.
iv.

Marxs conflict theory of social change

Introduction to the answer
Discussion:
Society will not flourish without conflict
History of mankind is the history of social struggle
Capitalism socialism - Communism
Changes occurred due to conflict
Conclusion of the discussion

d.

Political Modernization
i.
Introduction of your answer
ii.
Political modernization: increasing political
culture and affordability of political institution to maintain
and sustain the stability of politics
iii. Is needed in order to:
- Have more political participation of the masses
- Have nore accountability of the government
- Have more respect of human rights and freedom
- Encourage nationalism and democracy
iv. Conclusion of the discussion
e.

Self-esteem as core value of development

i.
Introduction of answer
ii.
Discussion:
- It is related to a sense of worth and self-respect, of
not being used as a tool by others for their own
needs
- However, because of the significance attached to
material values in developed nations, worthiness
and esteems nowadays increasingly conferred only
on those countries who possess economic wealth
and technological power those that have
developed
- iii.Conclusion of discussion

f.

Relative poverty and its measurement

i.
introduction of your answer
ii.
Discussion:
- Household income level below a given proportion of
average national income. The relative poor in highincome countries lack access to natural goods,
entertainment, recreation, quality health care,
education and other pre-requisites for upward
social mobolity
- Measure of poverty is in-term of:
...land possession
...properties
...children contribution
...share
iv. Conclusion of discussion