Argument from Ignorance.

An argument is fallacious when it maintains that a proposition is true because it

has not been proved false or false because it has not been

proved

true.

One's

inability to disprove one's guilt cannot be taken to establish it. A person

mistakenly believes something to be true because he or she does not know enough
about the subject to know otherwise.
Example:

5. On the Senate floor in 1950, David Singzon said of a State

Department employee suspected to be a communist, "there is nothing in the

files to disprove his communist connections."
6. If the Republicans are elected, we will have women dying
from back alley abortions.

Begging the question.

Assuming as a premise the conclusion which you wish to reach. Instead of
offering real proof, we can just restate conclusion we are supposed to come to,
and home the listener doesn't notice.
Example:

7. Government ownership of public utilities is dangerous,

because it is socialistic.

Slippery slope.

Arguing that one change inevitably will lead to another.

Example:

8. If we legalize gay marriage, next people will want to legalize

polygamy.

Bifurcation.
Either black or white, all or nothing fallacy. Assumes that two categories are
mutually exclusive and exhaustive, that is, something is either a member of oner
or

the other, but not both or some third category.

Example:

9. Either you favor a strong national defense, or you favor

allowing other nations to dictate our foreign policy.

Ad Hominem.

Attempts to refute an argument by indicting the source of the

argument, rather that

the substance of the argument itself.

Example:

10. The American Trial Lawyers Association favors of this

piece of legislation, so you know it has to be bad for ordinary citizens.

Straw Man.

Stating an opponent's argument in an extreme exaggerated form, or

attacking

weaker irrelevant portion of an opponent's argument.

Example:

11. A mandatory seat belt law could never be enforced. You

can't issue citations to dead people.