Adkvf.

t"dy`g,f tppftrSef
Adkvf[laom a0g[m&rSm tpdk;&&Hk; toHk;tE_ef;wGif =unf;wyfrSAdkvf odk@r[kwf “vufzfwifheifh”
udkqdkvkd+cif; +zpfygonf? odk@aomfvnf; trsm;oHk;pum;wGif ppft&m&dSrsm;/ trdef@ay; olrsm;/
acgif;aqmifrsm;udk “Adkvf”[k ac:avh&dSygonf? wdkif;+ynf vGwfvyfa&; &awmhrnf [laom
ar#mfvifhcsuf+zifh wufºuaeaom xGef;opfp Arm‹vGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf 1942 ckESpfwGif +refrma+ray:
a+ccsvmonfESifh ‚wyfrSt&m&dSrsm;udk &mxl;ra&G; “Adkvf” wdkif;udkpGJrufbG,f&m pdwful;,Ofqefqef
roJuGJaom tawG;+zifh &_+rif=uygonf? ‚wdk‹teuf a&SqHk;rS xifay:aeolrSm atmifqef;+zpfygonf?
touf ¡27¢ESpfyif r+ynfhao;yJ pdwf"mwf tvGef+yif;xef+yD; a+zmifhrwfwnf=unfo+zifh rsKd;cspfvli,f
ppfaoemywd toGifaqmifae&m ‚ESifh ywfowfI oDcsif;uAsmrsm; a&;pyf&mY pdwful;
uGefhjrL;vm=uygonf?
igwdk@Arm+ynfr,f
rdbwdkif;uuG,f
Adkvfatmifqef;vdk tmZmenftppfawGudk
arG;=u&r,f
&mZ0if twWKy`KwWdvnf; &dS&r,f
armfuGef;vnf;xdk;avmufwJh
+rifh+rwfwJh Adkvfatmifqef;&,f

TuJhodk@ csD;a+rmuf+cif;a=umifh ydkItouftm;+zif@‚/ tawGtñuHtm;+zifh‚ ydkrdkolrsm;yifvsSif

,pfrl;oGm;Edlifaomfvnf; atmifqef;rSmrl rdrd.udk,fydkif pH owfrSwfcsufrsm;a=umifh wnf=unfcdkifjrJ
tjrif&Sif;vif; jywfom;pGmjzifh vHk;0 pdwfxm;rSefatmif xdef;odrf;cJhygonf? xdkpOfu usif;yavh&dSaom
tcrf;tem;wckwGif atmifqef;tm; urBmhordkif;wGif xif&Sm;rnf[k csD;rGrf;aom =obmpmudk
zwf=um;aomtcg urBmhordkif;wGif rqdkESifh/ Armhordkif;Yyif ae&mr&ao;yg[k atmifqef;u
ºuyfqwfqwf rSwfcsufcsoGm;cJhonf? awmfvSefa&; v_yf&Sm;r_ wavsmufwGif ppfwyfudk
OD;aqmifcJh+yD;onfh aemufydkif;wGif +yefvnfwnfaxmifvdkufaom +AdwdosStkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh appyfah qG;aEG;cJ+h y;D
bk&ifhcH. tkyfcsKyfa&;aumifpDwGif 'kOuUÏt+zpf cef@tyf+cif; cH&aomtcgYyif atmifqef;u “usKyfwdk@
tck rp&ao;/ rvkyf&ao;bl;/ 'ga=umifh csD;rGrf;p&m&dSvnf; tck csD;rGrf;rcHcsifao;bl;”[k a+ymaewkef;yif
+zpfygonf? xdkpOf tcsdefu ‚onf trsKd;om; vlpGrf;aumif;t+zpfodk@ a&muf&dSae+yD+zpf+yD;
EdlifiHw0Srf;vHk;wGif “AdkvfcsKyf”[k od&dS=uum +refrm+ynfol+ynfom;wdk@. acgif;aqmift+zpf todtrSwfðy
cHae&olyif +zpfygonf?

“AdkvfcsKyf”[lonfrSm 'kAdkvfcsKyf=uD; atmufwGif&dSaom tqif@yif+zpfaomfvnf; atmifqef;u

&,lvdkufaomtcg ,if;&mxl;tqifhonfvnf; +refrm+ynfwGif twkr&dS/ xl;+cm; ta&;ygaom t"dy`K,f

1
oufa&mufr_ &dSvmygonf? AdkvfcsKyf [lonfrSmwyfrawmf. zcif/ tiftm;=uD;aom
udk,fusKd;r=unfhaom acgif;aqmifr_/ a0g[m& t"dy`g,ft& “Adkvfrsm;udk tkyfcsKyfol”[k oabm&ygonf?
“Adkvf”onf ygËdpmvHk; “Av”(cGeftm;)rSS vm+cif; +zpfygonf?odkaomfvnf; csKD;=uL;xdkufaom cGeftm;ESifh
rvdkvm;tyfaom tiftm;udk cGJ+cm;&onfrSm rvG,fulvSyg? “um,” ðyvkyf+cif;ESifh “Av”wdk‹
aygif;pyfvdkufygu AvuUm, t=urf;zuf+cif; +zpfvmygonf? wenf;qdk&aomf vufcHEdkifavmufaom
tuefhtowf twdkif;twmxuf ausmfvGefI cGeftm;udk toHk;ðyaomtcg zsufqD;+cif;t+zpfodk‹
a&muf&dSvmygonf? TtEW&m,fudk udk,fusifhw&m;+zifh xdef;csKyf+cif;rðyygu EdlifiHa&;(odk‹) vlr_a&;
ta+ymif;tvJrsm;a=umifh 0&kefokef;um;+zpfaeaom tcsdeftcgY t=uD;rm;qHk;aom tEW&m,f
+zpfvmEdlifrnfrSm txl;a+ymp&mrvdkyg? Todk‹aom tcsdefumvwGif atmifqef;onf
+refrmhvGwfvyfa&; ñud;yrf;r_ wdkufyGJudk OD;pD;OD;udkif vkyfcJh&onf? Ak'bmom bkef;=uD;ausmif;xGuf
+zpfo+zifh ‚onf pdwfESifh pdwf"wfwdk‹. pGrf;tm;ESifhqdkifaom oabmw&m;udk i,fpOfuyif
od&dSrnf+zpfI Avig;yg; (Áa+EN ig;yg; odk‹r[kwf pdwfudk xdef;odrf;Edlifaom w&m;rsm;) udkvnf;
avhvmqnf;yl;cJhrnf +zpfygonf? ‚wdk‹rSm o'Ng/ 0d&d,/ owd/ orm"dESifh ynmwdk@ jzpfygonf?
avmuDtvdkt& Avig;wefjApfaom um,/ Om%/ abm*/ rdwW/ pm&dwW Avwkd@onf avmukwW&m
tusKd;aqmif Avrsm;xuf edrfh=ujyD; *k%foduQm&dSpGm tusKd;ay;rnf tiftm;rsm; jzpfvmEdlif&ef ‚wdk@udk
pdwfESifhpdwf"mwf ðypk ysKd;axmifjcif;jzifh xdef;odrf;xm;&rnf jzpfygonf? odk@aomfvnf; cGeftm;.
aumif;usKd;/ qdk;usKd;udk todOm%fynmt& em;vnf oabmaygufonfh tcsufonf atmifqef;udk
rv$rf;rdk;yg? wm0ef&dSaom ppftzGJ@tpnf;wckESifh aygif;pyf&rnfh ay:xGef;p ppfwyf.
ppfaoemywdtjzpf‚/ rwnfjidrfaom yk*~Kdvfaygif;rsm;pGm yg0ifaeaom tiftm;. vufawG@
tEW&m,frsm;udk ‚u aumif;pGm od&dSxm;olyif jzpfygonf?

atmifqef;onf ‚wnfaxmifxm;aom wyfrawmfudk pnf;urf;}uD;I *k%foa&&dSaom

tzGJ@tpnf;tjzpf &nfrSef;xm;ygonf? tepfemcHjcif;/ udk,fhpnf;udk,fxdef;jcif;/
azmufjyefr_uif;jcif;paom ausmufom;yuwd cdkifrmonfh jrifhjrwfaom *k%ft*øgrsm;jzifh
wnfaqmufxm;aom wyfrawmf/ udk,fydkiftusKd;tjzpf rar#mfudk;yJ wdkif;jynfwm0ef xrf;aqmif&ef
rdrd.cGeftm;udk vHk;0ay;xm;aom wyfrawmfom jzpf&rnf[k atmifqef;u ,lqygonf?
vufeuftiftm;udk zdEdSyf csKyfcs,f&m ypPnf;ud&d,mtjzpf xifrSwfaprnfh oabmxm;rsm;/
&yfwnfcsufrsm;udk a&SmifusOfyg&ef ppfonfawmfrsm ;tm; atmifqef;u wdkufwGef; qHk;rcJhygonf?
tm;=uD;olu tm;enf;oludk tEdlifusifhvdkaom vl@obm0udk axmufjyI rw&m;ðyusifhaom
tm;=uD;olwdk@tm; ra=umufr&GH@ qef@usif&efESifh tm;enf;olwdk@tay:wGif ajzmifhrSef w&m;r#wpGm
ðyusifh&ef atmifqef;u wdkufwGef;cJhygonf? “'Dwyfrawmf[m 'DEdlifiH 'DvlrsKd;twGuf 'DvlrsKd;awG&J@
udk;uG,f&m/ vJavsmif;&m/ qnf;uyf&mqdkwJh taersKd;jzpf&r,f? 'Dvdkr[kwfyJ 'Dwyfrawmf[m
EdlifiHolEdlifiHom;awG&J@ pdwfxJrSm atmhESvHk;emp&m jzpfr,fqdkvdk@&dS&if 'Dwyfrawmfudk wnfaxmifxm;wJh
&nf&G,fcsuf[m tvum;yJjzpfr,f” [kvnf;owday;cJhonf?
¡31-1-44¢
2
 wdkif;jynfu udk;uG,fqnf;uyfxdkufaom xl;cGsefonfh wyfrawmfjzpfvmap&ef tqufrjywf
óu;yrf; tm;xkwfae&rnf jzpfygonf? odk@aomf xl;c|efojzifh acgif;aqmifr_ay;&ef
txl;tcGifhta&;&dSaom vufa&G;pifvlwpk jzpfvm&rnf r[kwfyg? jrefrmhwyfrawmfonf
vlwOD;wa,muftwGuf/ wzGJ@/ vlwpk wygwDtwGuf wnfaxmifxm;jcif; r[kwf[k atmifqef;u
&Sif;vif;jywfom;pGm ajymqdkxm;ygonf? ‚wdk@Yomv#if jynfcspfpdwf&dSEdkifonf[laom t,ltqudk
cH,lxm;=uonfh ppfr_xrf;rsm;. ao;odrf arSrdSefaom tjrifudkvnf; atmifqef;u y,fcsygonf?
“tjcm; ppfom;r[kwfayrJh EdlifiHtwGuf trsKd;rsKd; tepfemcH/ trsKd;rsKd; pGef@pm;vkyf=uwJh vlawGvnf;
&dSwmyJ/ tJ'ga=umifh ppfom;rSppfom;qdkwJh pdwf"mwf oabm;xm;udk ajymif;=u&r,f”(13-3-44)

atmifqef;u ppfom;rsm;udk wif;rmjyif;xefpGm owday; qHk;rae&onhf tcsufrSm wyfrawmfudk

EdSrfvdkaoma=umifh r[kwfbJ “igwdk@[m vufeufudkifvlawG jzpf=uaomfvnf; rw&m;rvkyf/ EdlifiH&J@
&efolawGr[kwf/ EdkifiH&J@ rdwfaqGawGjzpfw,fqdkwm tm;vHk; oabmaygufatmif ajymjyjcif;yJ”[k
udk,fwdkifrdef@=um;cJhygonf? (13-3-44)?

wdkif;jynf. *k%foduQm[lonfrSm jynfolwdk@. *k%foduQmjzpfonf/ jynfolwdk@. *k%foduQmonf

‚ESifh ‚ppfom;rsm;. *k%foduQmESifh cGJcGmI r&[k atmifqef;u ,Hk=unfxm;ygonf? olvdkvm;aom
pHjy vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@ qdkonfrSm ppfr_xrf;wkdif;wdk@. tðytrl tusifhwdk@onf 18 &mpk
eef;wGif;pmqdkawmf vuf0JokEN& (1723-99) a&;om;zGJ@qdk
xm;aom eENaoeysKd@yg oabmw&m;jzifh jynfh0aernfjzpfaom wyfzGJ@yif jzpf&ayrnf?

ppfenf;AsL[m/ b,fvdkomvnf;
pGJudkifvufeuf/ b,fvdkxufvnf;
jynfolESvHk;/ rodrf;ñuH;v#if
jynfolcGeftm;/ rudk;pm;v#if
"m;oGm;vnf;aºu/ vHSvnf;acGtHh ?
(vuf0JokEN&/ eENaoeysKd@rS)

vGwfvyfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ tjrifhqHk;tqifhodk@ a&muf&dSvmonfESifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf

jynfo@lpdwfESvHk;udk odrf;ñuH;I jynfoltiftm;udk udk;pm;a=umif; ydkI odomxif&Sm;vmygonf? “vlwOD;
wa,mufonf rnfr#avmuf pGrf;yum; &dSapumrl vlxk. tm;ay;,dkif;yif;r_r&SdyJvsuf
&mZ0ifwGifavmufaom vkyfief;rsKd;udk jzpfajrmufatmif raqmif&GufEdlif”[k ,Hk=unfonhftavsmuf
vGwfvyfa&;óu;yrf;r_wGif jynfolwdk@udk ‚aemufrS jrJjrHpGm =uH@=uH@cdkifcdkif &yfwnf=uyg&ef
yef=um;cJhygonf?

3
 ppfrSefaom tm;ay; axmufcHr_udk twif;t"rRenf;jzifh r&,lEdlifa=umif; ‚uod&dSxm;ygonf?
r[kwf rrSefaom uwdrsm;ay;I‚/ ajr‡mufyifhajymqdkI‚/ axmufcHr_ &,laomenf;udk ‚u roHk;yg?
ppfa=umifh t=uD;tus,f ysufpD;ae&onfh ajray:wGif vGwfvyfaom udk,fxludk,fx wdkif;EdlifiHudk
wnDwnGwfwnf; 0dkif;0ef; wnfaxmif&ef ‚ESifh jynfolvlxkt=um; tjyeftvSef ,Hk=unfr_ESifh
&dkaoav;pm;r_wdk@. wckwnf;aom tajccHrSm &dkom;ajzmifhrwf yGifhvif;r_yif jzpfonf[k
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u ,lqygonf? EdlifiHa&;wGif vdrfvnfvSnfjzSm;r_ aumufuspfpOf;vJrw
_ @kd ukd OD;pm;ay;
usifhoHk;aejcif;onf jynfolvlxkudk apmfum;&ma&mufonfh tjyif rdrd. oduQm orm"dudkvnf;
azmufzsuf&m a&mufygonf?

jrefrm jynfoljynfom; trsm;pkonf todw&m;jzifh trSm;xuf trSefudkom wefzdk;xm;jyD;

trSm;trSef a0zefydkif;jcm;EdlifpGrf;&dSonf[k ,lqI atmifqef;u vkyfudkifaqmif&Gufjcif;yif jzpfonf?
,if;,lqcsufonf rSm;,Gif;jcif;r&dSyg? ‚.óu;yrf;r_rsm;udk jynfolvlxku tjynhft0 em;vnf
oabmayguf=ujyD; pnf;vHk;nDnmpGm axmufcHtm;ay;I wkH@jyef=uojzifh 1947 ckESpf {jyDvY
usif;yaom a&G;aumufyGJwGif zufqpfqefusifa&; jynfolvGwfajrmufa&; (zqyv)tzGJ@rS
0ifa&muf,SOfòyifol trsm;pk tEdlif&&dScJ@ygonf?

atmifqef;onf tpdk;&tm%m. tqift,if ta,miftaqmifrsm;udk *±kpdkufvSol

r[kwfaomfvnf; jynfolwdk@u a&G;cs,fxm;aom acgif;aqmifqdkonhf *k%fudkrl &dk;om;pGm jrwfEdl;olyif
jzpfygonf? acgif;aqmifr_ wm0efrsm;udk atmifqef;u av;av;eufeuf cH,lxm;ygonf?
acgif;aqmifr_[lonfrSm ao&rnf odk@r[kwf uJ@&J@&_wfcsrnfudk a=umuf&HG@jcif;r&dSyJ rdrdrSefonf[k
,lqaomudpPudk owWd&Sd&Sdjzifh vkyfudkif&Jojzifh vlxku ,Hk=unfpGm ay;tyfxm;aom t&mjzpfonf[k
atmifqef;u jrifygonf? wdkif;jynftay:wGif xm;&dS&rnfh ‚.wm0ef 0wW&m;rsm; ysufuGufygu
ay;xm;aom acgif;aqmifr_udk jynfolu jyefvnf odrf;,l&rnf[kvnf; vufcHygonf? ‚ESifh ‚tpdk;&
tzGJ@udk wdkif;jynfu &dkaoav;pm;jcif; r&dSawmhaom tcgwGif ‚wdk@ &mxl;rS E_wfxGufrnf[k
atmifqef;u ajymaomtcg tajymoufoufom r[kwfbJ zsufrnfr[kwfaom uwdudk
ay;vdkufjcif;jzpfonf[k jynfolwdk@u od&dS=uygonf? tiftm;qdkonfrSm w&m;r#w rSefuefaom
Od;wnfcsuftwGuf toHk;ðyrSomv#if wefzdk;&dSonf[k ,Hk=unfaom EdlifiHacgif;aqmif ppfonfwOD;tzdk@
*k%foduQm r&SdbJ tkyfcsKyfjcif;onf ESpfvdkbG,f&mr[kwfyg?

jynfol@vlpGrf;aumif; [lonf jynfol@. ar#mfrSef; awmifhwcsufudk udk,fpm;ðyygonf?

vufawG@b0&Sd acgif;aqmifrsm;rSmrl jynfolwdk@. ar#mfrSef;csufrsm;tm; taumiftxnf az:ay;Edlifrnfh
twdkif;twmudkom a&mifjyef[yfae=uygonf? ñuHcJvSaom ordkif;tcsdeftcgrsm;wGif
ar#mfrSef;awmifhwcsufESifh wu,fhvufawG@b0wdk@ wxyfwnf; wdkufqdkifoGm;aom tcgY
jynfolvlxkonf udk,fa&mpdwfyg tifwdkuftm;wdkuf tpGrf;ukef vkyfaqmif=ujyD; tcsif;csif;
nDnGwf=uygonf? ,if;tcsdeftcgudk owd&aejcif;jzifh oduQmrJhI atmifjrifr_ajcmufcrf;aom
4
umvrsm;wGif tm;arG;/ *k%f,lEdlif ygonf? atmifqef;acgif;aqmifaom wdkawmif;vSonfh
umvtwGif;Y jrefrmjynfol jynfom;wdk@onf ‚wdk@udk,f‚wdk@ xdkufxdkufwefwef ,Hk=unf
tm;udk;cGifh &=uolrsm;wGif&dSaom ar#mfvifhfcsufrsm;/ vkyfcsifudkifcsifaom tiftm;rsm;jzifh
jynfðzd;ae=uygonf? ‚wdk@. AdkvfcsKyfu ‚wdk@udk pnf;urf;ESifh vHkv0d&, r&dS [lI ol@0oDtwdkif;
wHk;wHk;wdwd =udrf;armif; qlylonfh tcgYyif ‚wdk@onf pdwfysufjcif;r&dS=ubJ AdkvfcsKyfonf rdrd.
csKd@,Gif;csufrsm;udk jyifapvdkonf[k taotcsm od&dSxm;=uojzifh ydkIyif ñud;pm;csifpdwf
aygufvm=uygonf?

“b0[lonfrSm trSefw&m;ESifh tjypfuif;pifr_udk &SmazGaom rGefjrwffonfhc&D;pOf”[k

atmifqef;u ,lqygonf? Todk@ &SmyHkawmfzGifh&mwGif olESifhtwl wdkif;jynfudkyg o,faqmifoGm;&ef
ñud;pm;cJhygonf/ vufawG@rusavmufatmif jrifhrm;onf[k qdk&avmufaom &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk
taumiftxnfazmf&mY tHh=ozG,f&m atmifjrifr_rsm;onf jrefrmjynfol jynfom;rsm;.
t&nftcsif;udk‚/ ajymonfh twdkif;vkyfI oduQmorm"dESifh &dk;om;ajzmifhrwfr_onf
vufawG@EdlifiHa&;. xda&mufaom tajccHjzpfEdlifa=umif; jyocJhaom atmifqef;. pGrf;&nfudk‚
*k%fðy&ma&mufygonf?

atmifqef;onf ppfonfawmfwOD; jzpfonfhtavsmuf wdkufcdkuf&rnfqdkv#if taotcsm

wdkufol jzpfygonf? odkaomf wdkufyGJjyD;aomtcgwGif a=umuf&GH@jcif;r&dSyJ vufeufudk ab;z,fum
jidrf;csrf;a&;vrf;udk vdkufcJholkjzpfygonf? ‚. vufxJodk@ EdlifiHa&;tm%m a&muf&dSvmaom
tcgwGifvnf; “usKyfu arwWmeJ@ opPmudk a&S›xm;jyD; tkyfcsKyfr,f”[k [efrvkyfyJ &dk;om;pGm
ajymEdlifolyif jzpfygonf?

‚tm; axmufcHolrsm;u ‚onf rdrdwdk@. touf/ rdrdwdk@. csrf;omr_ESifh rdrw d @kd .

,Hk=unfr_wdk@udk rqifrjcif tusKd;rJhatmif vkyfrnfr[kwf[k pdwfcsEdlif=uygonf? ol. pum;twdkif;
qdk&v#if atmifqef;onf wdkif;jynfudk “t&rf;rJh ajAmif;qefatmif”vkyfrnfh “EdlifiHa&; pwef@rif;om;”
r[kwfyg? jynfolvlxk ‚. acgif;aqmifr_udk ,Hk=unfonf qdkygu wESpftwGif; vGwfvyfa&;udk
twufEdlifqHk; jidrf;csrf;pGm &,lrnf[k &J&J=uD; tmrcHygonf? “usKyf[m usKyfuwdudk rzsufcJhbl;qdkwm
cifAsm;wdk@ odw,fr[kwfvm;?” Tpum;udk 1948 ckESpf Zefe0g&D (4)&ufae@wGif jynfaxmifpk
jrefrmEdlifiHtm; vGwfvyfaom orRwEdlifiH[k ra=unmrD (11)vwdwd tvdkuajymcJh jcif;jzpfonf?

wdkif;jynf vGwfvGyfa&; &aomtcgwGif atmifqef; uG,fvGefoGm; jyDjzpfygonf? olwyg;tm;

qifjcifwHkw&m;udk vufcHI pdwfaumif; apwemaumif; tppftrSefudk wHk@jyefwwfaom
todOm%f&dSonf[k ,lqonfh tajccHoabmxm;&dSol atmifqef;onf tm%m&&dSa&;udk
udkf,fusifhw&m;xufydkI *&kðy=uaom EdlifiHa&;ðydifbufwdk@. OpPmw&m;uif;rJhjcif;. '%fudk
cHoGm;&ygonf? jrefrmjynf twGuf ‚xm;&dSaom &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk taumiftxnf azmf&mwGif
5
*&kwpdkuf pOf;pm;awG;ac: t=uHOm%frsm; xkwfouJhodk@ ‚.udk,fa&;udk,fwm vHkðcHr_twGuf
*&kwpdkuf&dScJhygu atmifqef;onf vkyf=uH owfjzwfcH&rnf r[kwf[k ajymolrsm;&dS=uygonf? odk@aomf
olomxdkuJhodk@ udk,fusKd;iJhol jzpfcJhygu “acgif;aqmifonf EdlifiH. tiftm;jzpffonf”[laom xHk;udk
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