Generator Protection

GENERATOR PROTECTION
GENERATOR MAIN-SYSTEMS
STATOR
ROTOR
TRANSFORMER
GENERATOR SUB-SYSTEMS
STATOR
ROTOR
PRIME MOVER
EXCITATION SYSTEM
VOLTAGE REGULATOR
GOVERNOR
COOLING SYSTEM
EXTERNAL
FAULTS
INTERNAL FAULTS
ROTOR EARTH FAULT
FAULTS RELATED TO SUB SYSTEMS
EXTERNAL FAULTS
OVER LOADING
UNBALANCE LOADING
SHORT CIRCUIT
EARTH FAULT
INTERNAL FAULTS
PHASE TO PHASE FAULTS IN

WINDINGS
PHASE TO EARTH FAULTS
UNDER VOLTAGE
OVER VOLTAGE
UNDER FREQUENCY
OVER FREQUENCY
REVERSE POWER
LOSS OF EXCITATION
LOW-FORWARD POWER
TYPES OF FAULTS (STATOR SIDE)
VOLTAGE RESTRAINED OVER CURRENT
THERMAL OVER LOAD
CURRENT UNBALANCE
OVER VOLTAGE
UNDER VOLTAGE
OVER FREQUENCY
UNDER FREQUENCY
LOSS OF FIELD
REVERSE POWER
UNDER POWER
OUT OF STEP
INADVERTANT ENERGISATION
EARTH FAULT (100%)
EARTH FAULT (95%)
GENERATOR DIFFERENTIAL
OVER EXCITATION (V/Hz)
TYPES OF FAULTS (ROTOR SIDE)

ROTOR EARTH FAULT
EXCITATION UNDER VOLTAGE
EXCITATION UNDER CURRENT
DIODE FAILURE
SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM
11 kV
11000/110v
27
49
400/5
51V 46
400/5
87G
6.6 MW
400/5
59
40
81
32
37
64
PROTECTION PHILOSOPHY
TYPE OF GENERATOR
GENERATOR SIZE
NATURE OF GROUNDING
ECONOMY
TYPE OF CONNECTION
TYPE OF LOADS
ANOTOMY OF FAULTS
STATOR FAULTS (EXTERNAL )

1.0
OVER CURRENT PROTECTION
PLAIN OVER CURRENT

( SMALL MACHINES)
VOLTAGE DEPENDANT OVER CURRENT
(LARGE MACHINES)

1.0
PLAIN OVER CURRENT PROTECTION
RELAY ON BREAKER SIDE

RELAY ON NEUTRAL SIDE

1.0
PLAIN OVER CURRENT PROTECTION
FAULT AWAY FROM TERMINALS

(PLAIN O/C PROTECTION)
FAULT CLOSE TO TERMINALS
(VOLTAGE DEPENDENT O/C)
STATOR FAULTS
VOLTAGE DEPENDENT OVER CURRENT
- WHEN O/C FAULT, TERMINAL VOLTAGE REDUCES.

- RELAY MAY NOT TRIP, SINCE FAULT CURRENT
THROUGH RELAY MAY BE LESS THAN SET POINT
NECESSARY TO VARY THE O/C PICK UP SETTING
WITH RESPECT TO VOLTAGE
STATOR FAULTS
VOLTAGE CONTROLLED OVER CURRENT
HAS TWO TRIP CHARACTERISTICS

THE TERMINAL VOLTAGE DECIDES
WHICH CHARCTERISTIC WILL BE
FOLLOWED BY THE RELAY WHEN
A FAULT OCCURS
STATOR FAULTS
VOLTAGE CONTROLLED OVER CURRENT
Pick up level
I>
kI >
Vs >
Voltage Level
VOLTAGE RESTRAINED OVER CURRENT
I*/ [I>]
1.0
0.2
0.2
0.8
V/Vs
STATOR FAULTS
EARTH FAULT
DEPENDS ON HOW
THE GENERATOR IS EARTHED
EARTHING OF GENERATORS
GENERATOR NEUTRAL IS EARTHED

-
for stator protection

for operator safety
EARTHING OF GENERATORS DIRECT EARTHING
Stator Windings
RELAY
IMPEDANCE EARTHING
Stator Windings
TYPES OF IMPEDANCES
RESISTOR
(CURRENT BASED PROTECTION)
B) TRANSFORMER
(VOLTAGE BASED PROTECTION)
C) TRANSFORMER
D) (CURRENT BASED PROTECTION)
RESISTANCE EARTHING
Stator Windings
CURRENT
RELAY
TRANSFORMER EARTHING (VOLTAGE BASED)
Stator Windings
VOLTAGE
RELAY
TRANSFORMER EARTHING (CURENT BASED)
Stator Windings
CURRENT
RELAY
TRANSFORMER EARTHING (OPEN DELTA)
Stator Windings
OPEN
DELTA PT
VOLTAGE
RELAY
VOLTAGE
RELAY
STATOR FAULTS
EARTH FAULT
WHEN A FAULT OCCURES CLOSE TO NEUTRAL,

WITH IMPEDANCE GROUNDING, THE
E/F CURRENT MAY BE LESS THAN THE
PICK UP THRESHOLD OF THE NORMAL
E/F RELAY OR DIFFERENTIAL RELAY
STATOR EARTH FAULT
95% EARTH FAULT
NORMAL RELAY
100% EARTH FAULT
SPECIAL RELAY
SENSES ABSENCE
OF 3RD HARMONICS
STATOR EARTH FAULT
95 TO 100%
95%
0%
(Close to neutral faults)
Stator Windings
a
CURRENT
RELAY
If
If = aV / R
100% STATOR EARTH FAULT
Measurement of third harmonic voltage

across the earthing impedance
Use of low frequency voltage injection
between star point & earth
LOSS OF FIELD IN GENERATORS
GENERATOR WILL OVER SPEED &
OPERATE AS AN INDUCTION GENERATOR
(OVER SPEEDS OF THE ORDER OF 2 TO 5% )
GENERATOR WILL CONTINUE TO DELIVER POWER
WILL DERIVE EXCITATION FROM THE SYSTEM
STATOR CURRENT WILL BE 200%
THERE WILL BE HEAVY ROTOR CURRENT
RESULTS IN OVER HEATING
REVERSE POWER GENERATORS

GENERATOR WILL BECOME MOTOR
HARMFUL TO THE PRIME MOVER
( STEAM TURBINE WILL OVER HEAT)
(DIESEL ENGINE WILL EXPLODE DUE
TO UNBURNT FUEL)
(HYDRAULIC TUBINE WILL HAVE CAVITATION)
INADVERTANT ENERGISATION
- APPLICATION OF FULL VOLTAGE AT
STANDSTILL
COASTING TO STOP
BEFORE SYNCHRONISM
- PRESENCE OF UNBALANCE VOLTAGE DUE TO
FLASH OVER AT IONE OR TWO POLES OF BREAKER
GENERATOR FORCED TO START AS
INDUCTION MOTOR RESULTING IN MECHANICAL
DAMAGES TO PRIME MOVER AND EXCESSIVE
HEATING IN THE ROTOR
V/Hz PROTECTION
- INCORRECT VOLTAGE REGULATOR ACTION
- LOAD THROW - OFF
- SUDDEN OVER VOLTAGE / OVER FREQUENCY
RESULTS IN OVER FLUXING OF GENERATOR
AND OVER HEATING

Generator Protection

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Generator Protection

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GENERATOR PROTECTION

PHASE TO PHASE FAULTS IN

TYPES OF FAULTS (ROTOR SIDE)

STATOR FAULTS (EXTERNAL )

OVER CURRENT PROTECTION

PLAIN OVER CURRENT

STATOR FAULTS (EXTERNAL )

PLAIN OVER CURRENT PROTECTION

RELAY ON BREAKER SIDE

STATOR FAULTS (EXTERNAL )

PLAIN OVER CURRENT PROTECTION

FAULT AWAY FROM TERMINALS

VOLTAGE DEPENDENT OVER CURRENT

- WHEN O/C FAULT, TERMINAL VOLTAGE REDUCES.

HAS TWO TRIP CHARACTERISTICS

GENERATOR NEUTRAL IS EARTHED

for stator protection

WHEN A FAULT OCCURES CLOSE TO NEUTRAL,

STATOR EARTH FAULT

95% EARTH FAULT

100% EARTH FAULT

STATOR EARTH FAULT

100% STATOR EARTH FAULT

Measurement of third harmonic voltage

REVERSE POWER GENERATORS

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