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18. Tensor Transforma2on of Stresses

I Main Topics
A Objec2ve
B Approach
C Deriva2on
D Example

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17. Mohr Circle for Trac2ons

From King et al., 1994
(Fig. 11)
Coulomb stress change
caused by the Landers
rupture. The leT-lateral
ML=6.5 Big Bear rupture
occurred along doYed
line 3 hr 26 min aTer the
Landers main shock. The
Coulomb stress increase
at the future Big Bear
epicenter is 2.2-2.9 bars.
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hYp://earthquake.usgs.gov/research/modeling/papers/landers.php
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18. Tensor Transforma2on of Stresses

II Objec2ve
Transforma2on

Lecture 16

Lecture 18

Stresses to trac2ons

Stresses to stresses

Number of arbitrary planes 1 plane

2 perpendicular planes

Stresses accounted for

Normal and shear stresses

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Normal stresses only

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18. Tensor Transforma2on of Stresses

III Approach
Vectors

Tensors

vi = ai j v j

i j = ai k a j l kl

Number of subscripts in
quan2ty being converted

Number of direc2on
cosines in equa2on

Equa2on

Key concept
Total value of each stress component in one reference frame
is the sum of the weighted contribu2ons
from all the components in another frame
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18. Tensor Transforma2on of Stresses

V Deriva2on
A Descrip2on of terms
Term

Meaning

Ax, Ax, Ay Sides of prism

xx/xy

Normal/shear stress on Ax

yy/yx

Normal/shear stress on Ay

xx /xy Normal/shear stress on Ax

xx

Angle from x to x axis

xy

Angle from x to y axis

yx

Angle from y to x axis

yy

Angle from y to y axis

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18. Tensor Transforma2on of Stresses

IV Deriva2on
B Contribu2on of xx to xx
w = dimensionless weigh2ng factor

x x = w(1) xx + w( 2 ) xy + w( 3) yx + w( 4 ) yy

A F (1) F (1) A F ( 2 ) Fy( 2 ) Ay Fx(3) Fx( 3) Ay Fx(4 ) Fy( 4 )

= x x(1) x + x x(2 )
+
+

Ax Ax Fx Ax Ax Fy Ax Ax Fx( 3) Ay Ax Fy( 4 ) Ay

2 F

3
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x x = ax x ax x xx + ax x ax y xy + ax y ax x yx + ax y ax y yy
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18. Tensor Transforma2on of Stresses

B Contribu2on of xx to xx
Start with the deni2on of a stress
vector:
1 xx(1) = Fx(1))/ Ax
First nd Fx(1) associated with xx
2 Fx(1) = xx Axx
Find Fx (1), the component of Fx(1) in
the x-direc2on
3 Fx (1) = Fx(1) cos xx
Now nd Ax in terms of Ax
Ax = Ax cos xx
4 Ax = Ax/cos xx
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18. Tensor Transforma2on of Stresses

B Contribu2on of xx to xx (cont.)
3 Fx (1) = Fx(1) cos xx
4 4 Ax = Ax/cos xx
Now subs2tute:
5a xx (1) = Fx (1) / Ax
5b xx (1) = Fx(1) cos xx/ (Ax/cos xx)
5c xx (1) = cos xx cos xx (Fx(1)/ Ax)
5d xx (1) = axx axx xx
Weigh2ng factor w(1)
6 w(1) = axx axx

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18. Tensor Transforma2on of Stresses

IV Deriva2on
C Contribu2on of xy to xx
w = dimensionless weigh2ng factor

x x = w(1) xx + w( 2 ) xy + w( 3) yx + w( 4 ) yy

A F (1) F (1) A F ( 2 ) Fy( 2 ) Ay Fx(3) Fx( 3) Ay Fx(4 ) Fy( 4 )

= x x(1) x + x x(2 )
+
+

Ax Ax Fx Ax Ax Fy Ax Ax Fx( 3) Ay Ax Fy( 4 ) Ay

2 F

3
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x x = ax x ax x xx + ax x ax y xy + ax y ax x yx + ax y ax y yy
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18. Tensor Transforma2on of Stresses

C Contribu2on of xy to xx
Start with the deni2on of a stress
vector:
1 xx(1) = Fx(2))/ Ax
First nd Fy(2) associated with xy
2 Fy(2) = xy Ax
Find Fx (2), the component of Fy(2) in
the x-direc2on
3 Fx (2) = Fy(2) cos xy
Now nd Ax in terms of Ax
Ax = Ax cos xx
4 Ax = Ax/cos xx
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18. Tensor Transforma2on of Stresses

C Contribu2on of xy to xx (cont.)
3 Fx (2) = Fy(2) cos xy
4 Ax = Ax/cos xx
Now subs2tute:
5a xx (2) = Fx (2) / Ax
5b xx (2) = Fy(2) cos xy/ (Ax/cos xx)
5c xx (2) = cos xx cos xy (Fy(2)/Ax)
5d xx (2) = axx axy xy
Weigh2ng factor w(2)
6 w(2) = axx axy

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18. Tensor Transforma2on of Stresses

IV Deriva2on
D Contribu2on of yx to xx
w = dimensionless weigh2ng factor

x x = w(1) xx + w( 2 ) xy + w( 3) yx + w( 4 ) yy

A F (1) F (1) A F ( 2 ) Fy( 2 ) Ay Fx(3) Fx( 3) Ay Fx(4 ) Fy( 4 )

= x x(1) x + x x(2 )
+
+

Ax Ax Fx Ax Ax Fy Ax Ax Fx( 3) Ay Ax Fy( 4 ) Ay

2 F

3
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x x = ax x ax x xx + ax x ax y xy + ax y ax x yx + ax y ax y yy
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18. Tensor Transforma2on of Stresses

D Contribu2on of yx to xx
Start with the deni2on of a stress
vector:
1 xx(3) = Fx(3))/ Ax
First nd Fx(3) associated with yx
2 Fx(3) = yx Ay
Find Fx(3), the component of Fx(3) in
the x-direc2on
3 Fx(3) = Fx(3) cos xx
Find Ay in terms of Ax
Ay = Ax cos xy
4 Ax = Ay/cos xy
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18. Tensor Transforma2on of Stresses

D Contribu2on of yx to xx (cont.)
3 Fx (3) = Fx(3) cos xx
4 Ax = Ay/cos xy
Now subs2tute:
5a xx(3 ) = Fx (3) / Ax
5b xx(3 ) = Fx(3) cos xx/ (Ay/cos xy)
5c xx(3) = cos xy cos xx (Fx(3)/Ay)
5d xx(3) = axy axx yx
Weigh2ng factor w(3)
6 w(3) = axy axx

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18. Tensor Transforma2on of Stresses

IV Deriva2on
E Contribu2on of yy to xx
w = dimensionless weigh2ng factor

x x = w(1) xx + w( 2 ) xy + w( 3) yx + w( 4 ) yy

A F (1) F (1) A F ( 2 ) Fy( 2 ) Ay Fx(3) Fx( 3) Ay Fx(4 ) Fy( 4 )

= x x(1) x + x x(2 )
+
+

Ax Ax Fx Ax Ax Fy Ax Ax Fx( 3) Ay Ax Fy( 4 ) Ay

2 F

3
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x x = ax x ax x xx + ax x ax y xy + ax y ax x yx + ax y ax y yy
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18. Tensor Transforma2on of Stresses

E Contribu2on of yy to xx
Start with the deni2on of a stress
vector:
1 xx(4) = Fx(4) /Ax
First nd Fy(4) associated with yy
2 Fy(4) = yy Ay
Find Fx(4), the component of Fx(4) in
the x-direc2on
3 Fx(4) = Fy(4) cos xy
Find Ay in terms of Ax
Ay = Ax cos xy
4 Ax = Ay/cos xy
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18. Tensor Transforma2on of Stresses

E Contribu2on of yy to xx
3 Fx (4) = Fy(4) cos xy
4 Ax = Ay /cos xy
Now subs2tute:
5a xx(4) = Fx(4)/ Ax
5b xx(4) = Fy(4) cos xy/ (Ay/cos xy)
5c xx(4) = cos xy cos xy (Fy(4)/Ay)
5d xx(4) = axy axy yy
Weigh2ng factor w(4)
6 w(4) = axy axy

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18. Tensor Transforma2on of Stresses

IV Deriva2on
F Formulas for xx, xy, yx, and yy
1 x x = ax x ax x xx + ax x ax y xy + ax y ax x yx + ax y ax y yy
2 x y = ax x ay x xx + ax x ay y xy + ax y ay x yx + ax y ay y yy
3 y x = ay x ax x xx + ay x ax y xy + ay y ax x yx + ay y ax y yy
4 y y = ay x ay x xx + ay x ay y xy + ay y ay x yx + ay y ay y yy
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18. Tensor Transforma2on of Stresses

V Example
Find =
i j

given

ij

x x x y

y x y y

xx = 4MPa xy = 4MPa
=
yx = 4MPa yy = 4MPa

x x = 45 , x y = 45 , y x = 135 , y y = 45

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18. Tensor Transforma2on of Stresses

V Example (cont.)

x x = ax x ax x xx + ax x ax y xy + ax y ax x yx + ax y ax y yy

x x = ( 2MPa ) + ( 2MPa ) + ( 2MPa ) + ( 2MPa ) = 8MPa

x y = ax x ay x xx + ax x ay y xy + ax y ay x yx + ax y ay y yy
x y = ( 2MPa ) + ( 2MPa ) + ( 2MPa ) + ( 2MPa ) = 0MPa
y x = ay x ax x xx + ay x ax y xy + ay y ax x yx + ay y ax y yy

y x = ( 2MPa ) + ( 2MPa ) + ( 2MPa ) + ( 2MPa ) = 0MPa

y y = ay x ay x xx + ay x ay y xy + ay y ay x yx + ay y ay y yy
y x = ( 2MPa ) + ( 2MPa ) + ( 2MPa ) + ( 2MPa ) = 0MPa
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18. Tensor Transforma2on of Stresses

V Example (values in MPa)
xx = - 4

xn = - 4

xx = - 8

xn = - 8

xy = - 4

xs = - 4

xy = 0

xs = 0

yx = - 4

yn = + 4

yx = -0

ys = +0

yy = - 4

ys = -4

yy = 0

yn = 0

n
s

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18. Tensor Transforma2on of Stresses

V Example
Matrix form
x x

y x

x y ax x
=
y y a y x

T
i j = [ a ] i j [ a ]

ax y xx

ay y yx

xy ax x

yy ay x

ax y

a y y

This expression is valid in 2D and 3D!

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18. Tensor Transforma2on of Stresses

V Example
Matrix form/Matlab

i j = [ a ] i j [ a ]

>> sij = [-4 -4;-4 -4]

sij =
-4 -4
-4 -4
>> a=[sqrt(2)/2 sqrt(2)/2; -sqrt(2)/2 sqrt(2)/2]
a =
0.7071 0.7071
-0.7071 0.7071
>> sipjp = a*sij*a
sipjp =
-8.0000 0
0 0
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12