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Biological Sciences
Autotrophs
Also called producers, autotrophs are
organisms that can make their own food
Most autotrophs are green plants
Green plants make their food by
photosynthesis
Photosynthesis occurs in cell organelles
known as chloroplasts
Photosynthesis
Light is used as a form of energy
Glucose and oxygen are formed from
carbon dioxide and water
Chlorophyll is used as a catalyst
Chlorophyll is a green pigment
The Sun
A source of energy
Many forms of Solar radiation
Infrared rays, ultraviolet rays and Light
rays
Energy
Energy to cells is best supplied by the
breakdown of ATP
Light energy makes ATP during
photosynthesis
Plants use ATP to make glucose
Adenosine Triphosphate
Plants use stored glucose to re-form ATP to
provide themselves with cellular energy
Animals consume glucose made by plants
and convert it to ATP for their own use
Solar energy is the basic source of energy for
all organisms
1. Light is absorbed
Sunlight strikes the plant and is trapped
by chlorophyll
This sunlight provides the energy
needed for the plant to make glucose
2. Water is split
The trapped energy from the sun is
used to split water molecules
When two water molecules are split
they form four protons, four electrons
and a molecule of oxygen gas.
5. Glucose is formed
These high energy electrons along with
protons and carbon dioxide combine to
form glucose
Glucose is a carbohydrate (C6H12O6)
Apparatus
Water bath(25C
Lamp
Test tube
Thermometer
Elodea (Canadian Pondweed)
Sodium bicarbonate
pH7 Buffer
Method
1. Set up experiment as shown in
diagram 11.4
2. Allow Elodea to stabilise for 5 minutes
3. Count the number of bubbles of
oxygen coming from the cut end of the
stem per minute for 3 minutes.
4. Increase the light intensity by moving
the lamp closer to the apparatus
5. Repeat steps at 80, 60, 40 and 20cm.
Recording Results
Convert from distance (cm) into light
intensity by using the following formula
Light Intensity =
10 000
(distance)
Find average number of bubbles per
minute
Record Results
Distance from
lamp (cm)
Light intensity
Average bubbles
per mim
100
80
1
1.56
9
13
60
40
2.78
6.25
17
17
20
25
17
Recording Results
Draw a graph of the rate of bubble
production(Photosynthesis vs. light intensity
Conclusion
Light Stage
Takes place in the chloroplast and
involves electrons flowing
This reaction is not controlled by
enzymes
Involves Four steps
1. Light Absorption
White light is made up of seven different
colours or wavelengths of light
Chloroplasts actually contain a number
of different pigments including
chlorophyll
Each pigment observes a different
colour of light
Green light is normally reflected by light
3. Pathway 1
Energised electrons are passed to a
series of other electron acceptors and
back to the chlorophyll molecule
As the electrons move through the
pathway they lose energy
The energy is trapped by ADP and a
phosphate and used to form ATP and
Water
Pathway 1
4. Pathway 2
2 excited electrons are again passed
through a series of electron acceptors
Energised electrons loose energy as
they pass from acceptor to acceptor
forming ATP
Electrons combine with NADP+ to form
NADP-
Pathway 2
Chlorophyll gains new electrons from
the splitting of water and protons are
produced and stored in the chloroplast
These protons are attracted to NADP and combine to reduce it to NADPH
Pathway 2