Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
IB PAPER 3
MIDDLE EAST REGIONAL OPTION
IN WHAT PLACE ? :
OTTOMAN EMPIRE:
Military reform
After a while more and more of the people who were trained in the
various aspects of the European state-like apparatus were Egyptian
and Ottomans.
3.
The big theme is what impact this had on the traditional Islamic
structures in Ottoman society and state apparatus. To undrst and this,
you need to know what that traditional structure was. Hence our quiz
on Power in an Islamic Society.
4.
PART1
CIVIL, EDUCATIONAL AND LEGAL REFORMS
1839-1869 :
Most of what follows was the work of three characters.
THE CHARACTERS:
The three names to remember are :
Rashid Pasha, Ali Pasha , Fuad Pasha
COMMENT
The driving force behind the transformation of the administrative
structure of the Ottoman Empire in these years was three men :
Rashid Pasha (1800-1858, ended up Minister of Foreign affairs under
Mahmud II and Grand Vizier).
Rashid Pasha promoted Ali Pasha (1815-1871), the son of an Istanbul
shopkeeper who became Grand Vizier in 1852.
He also promoted Ali Pashas associate Fuad Pasha (1815-1869),
who from 1852 served as Foreign Minister..
All three were Europeanised, worked in the new embassays abroad,
and could speak French and English.
These were the French Knowers. It was they, much more than the
Sultan, who were the inspiration behind the reforms that took place
between 1839 and 1876 though they did shape the institutions
established by Mahmud II (who died in 1839).
You should now know what a Grand Vizier is and how one becomes
one.
This meant that only the Ottoman state would collect taxes from
everyone. All could join the army. There would be less corruption
when it came to collecting taxes, spending the peoples money or
promoting people in the army or the government. It also meant that
there would be greater equality (a bit of a French idea form the French
Revolution). No religious group would be seen as better than another,
and no social group either. In other words, a society based on talent
and merit.
THE FACTORY (2) :
COMMENT : OTTOMANISM
1.
3rd Aim
LEGAL CODES
Using the French model, the Tanzimat introduced new legal, penal and
commercial codes. A dangerous thing becuase traditional Islamic
society was based on the elga codes of the shariah.
THE FACTORY :
10
4th Aim
DEMOCRACY
The Young Ottomans tried to reconcile old and new. They were
against bureaucratic absolutism of Ali and Fuad Pashas.
They felt democracy was there in the Islamic tradition of consultation
between the absolutist ruler and his ministers.
They elaborated the notion of Ottoman patriotism.
THE FACTORY
Namik Kenal wrote a play called Vatan (Fatherland)
This put territorial patriotism before loyalty to religious community.
This was his European-inspired solution for the problem of Ottoman
territorial disintegration.
11
THE FACTORY
1871 Ali Pasha died. Sultan Abdul Aziz reasserted his royal
authority.
1876 the Sultan was deposed, the new consitution proclaimed and
the new sultan Abdul Hamid II promised to uphold it.
COMMENT :
It provided for an elected chamber of deputies and an appointed
senate.
But it placed minimal restrictions on sultans powers. (he retained the
right to make war and peace, appoint ministers, approve legislation,
disband the assembly)
But it was evidence of European influence.
THE FACTORY :
1878 Sultan Abdul Hamid II dissolved the assembly and
suspended the consitution. Thus he begn 30 years of autocratic
rule.
5th Aim
MILITARY : FINANCIAL
Modern army and navy was expensive.
Income did not rise. Forced to take European loans.
THE FACTORY :
1854 : 1st loan of 3.3 million Ottoman lire.
12
13
6th aim:
TANZIMAT FOREIGN POLICY
The out and out failure of Tanzimat foreign policy explains why
they continued to spend so much on the military.
FACTS re its failure :
MAKE SURE YOU KNOW THE BASIC INS AND OUTS OF
WHAT WAS KNOWN IN BRITIAN AS THE EASTERN
QUESTION, PARTICULARLY THE CRIMEAN WAR.
Russian influence always via Greek Orthodox citizens ; emphasized
its Slavic aspect re the Balkans independence movements ;
Austria more cautious than Russia, but profited around the time of the
Crimean War (1854-56)
1853 Russian ultimatum : wanted to be guaranteed the right to
intervene on behalf of Orthodox Christians. Sultan rejected it.
Russia sends troops to Moldavia and Wallachia.
Britain and France rally to Ottomans.
They fought in Crimea, whilst Austria occupied the principalities.
THE FACTORY :
1856 : The Treaty of Paris.
Too late for the principalities which were becoming the independent
state of Romania.
Treaty demilitarized the Black Sea.
Russians withdrew from Danube.
14
GENERAL STUFF
Pattern of Ottoman rule in Arab lands has been called the politics of
the notables.
Tanzimat codes of adminstrative conduct took precedent over these
personal relations and so threatened the notables.
1858 Land Code : all must register and receive a written title
deed. It was supposed to limit the power of the notables (increase
tax-collecting efficieny by central state) , but they subverted it.
In Syria this created huge estates owned by notables.
15
16
PART II
TYPICAL IB QUESTIONS
IB Questions on the Tanzimat are always the same.
Guess what they are about ?
Ill give you a clue : Er, the main theme of the story weve just
read.
Yes, they talk about the reforms, the attemtpt to modernize. But at
the same time, the attempt to keep some traditional Islamic things.
In other words you need to show awareness of both change and
continuity.
(Do this with a Spot the Difference thing : Change the tie, etc
gradually end up looking like a PUNK ROCKER)
The big theme is the shariah (the traditional legal code) and the
state.
The relationship between the new European-type state apparatus
and the traditional Islamic society holy state apparatus.
The time period usually runs from 1839 to 1876.
QUESTION :
Assess the impact of the Tanzimat reforms on Ottoman society
between 1839 and 1876.
17
18
19
2.
1.
The reign of Abdul Hamid II is best understood if
seen as combining a desire for reform with
despotic methods. How far do you agree with
this view?
Reform: 1876 Constitution granted (briefly),
expansion of elementary education,
establishment of higher level colleges for Civil Service
(Malkiye) and Military (Harbiye),
Ottoman University in Istanbul.
Some improvement in the administration of justice.
Improved communications (railway, telegraph).
Despotism: suspension of Constitution when parliament
20
21
22