TEMPLE IN SOCIETY edited by Michael V. Fox Eisenbrauns Winona Lake 1988The Meaning and Function of the Temple in. Classical Greece Wavren Bungee Greek civiization hus been called a “temple culture,” and this characterization will sound convincing to everyone who has come to Greece, Paestum, or Sicily. It is the temples that occupy the place of pride in ancient Greek cities, as in the madern tourist's routes. Iti in the temples that Greek art and architecture reached their peak, and classicistic style found its permanent model. By contrast, one could speak of a “palace culture” in Minoan Crete or in Europe of the 17th and Sth centuries; late antiquity became an amphitheater- and thermae-culture; ours would probably be characterized as a highway culture. Yet there are evident practical reasons for highways, as there are for public baths, It is less clear why man needs religion, But the very paradox of the Greek temple is that it seems to be most contingent where it most properly belongs, in Greek religion. Why did the Greeks, in the poor conditions of what would be a third-world economy today, concen- trate on elaborating the superfluous, that which at first and second glance and on their own reflection they did not really need? There are difficulties, though, not only with the answer but with the question itself. It is the problem of generalization both in a syn. chronic and a diachronic perspective. The genesis of the Greek temple is quite well documented by now; it is a complicated history with many strands.! To give just a few indications: no tradition of temple uilding was to survive the catastrophe that befell the Greek world about 1200 8.c. Greek language persisted, including a set of gods’ names and cult terms, 2 few sanctuaries remained in permanent use, but there is no continuity in architecture and hardly any in figurativ art from the Bronze Age to the Geometric period. A single sacre 1. Lowe this designttion to Karl Sehofold. He, however, disclaims having colnet ‘See cap, Dror 1968; Kalpais Coldstream 1995; aad Mazarais Ann 2085,Walter Burkert jaf late Mycenaean times (12th century 86.) 995 preserved at ie Semple” of Wanassa-Aphrodite of Paphos, but was sth Jaferent From a normal Greek temple.’ by eter eg ase onward “temples,” sine independent batt sec tes aned to the cult of 2 definite god or godess, ean De identified Soe vesse Formis of architecture: there are horseshoe forms and He Sforme, comparatively short or very Tong ones: tt Sere ceca yal forms of houses were tried until the ff Nees pee taied, the oblong rectangular form with ant from the aa eee pnimally from the cast—and often provided with a front ae ured measure of 100 feet, hekatompedan is found at the 2s jun of Samos. The perstass of wooden columns S70 waly eee at Lefkard, Eiboea (in the 10th century Be with a spec seed building where a prince and hs wife were Ml be called a heroan is controversial: at any oat not a temple of the normal kind Later 8 ‘wooden peristasis ate Hoa to the Sanna temple, It was a practical a ‘well as aesthetic See octngnvurick walls by the extension of the roof. rote tfar farm of the Greek temple developed during the 7th santury me, with the use of carefully worked stone blocks and the aaa Gi oot tiles that determined the form of the pediment. een impressions provided an incentive. for TOE colonnades.® cn nd te “Tonian’ order, with strict rales For the entabla- ortabliched by the 6th century wc, seth Ue development se argc tor the centres to come. Tes tis stand form which we ona ind, as did Vitruvius, when speaking of "the Greek temple.” Sat pnate Mediterranean architecture for neat) 1,000 years. 2 ee ds al functions are easier to see in the eer tentative eee Forins, whereas the persistence of style in ahr periods is we var ade baste ebunges that must have oceurred it such a long and sventfel history. Saried: whether it shoul 4, Petey eons by FG Maier in Arora 196-46 en [6 8) 498-31, idem, “Das Heim der Arcot a epechachen Heiigtomern (ed, UM Fantoen: Tubing Winckelmemsprogram wr Paphos.” New Fer Fan Mars) 219-38, "Al-Paphos auf Cypern” 6. Teter (Stain. 1984) 19 a of Letham, soe Archaoloia! Reports RUNS) 1.tt aot Ae phn et aly The Her of Ulan Anta (agsa) ry e gkand und omer” WarchurgerJabrcher 10 tugs) 9-22, bic Ani 1985: 6-9, 5 See Wilh vicher Bins in der grehichen Archie Oeter seuche eerie 8 (1980) 1-15. On the development of persce Mallite ech Jah tcl min, Coatream 19857 Maes sane ite ft Sain empl by about ome century the esi The Temple in Classical Greece 20 But even if we concentrate on the three centuries from al ee eee uh na he portant Ciek temples were built, there is enormous diversity. Leaving aside - temples were butt Mmple af Dida, which i edly an oper a tities such a WM Hina colonade, ov the problem ofthe Segoe temple, which lacks a cella altogether Meath Paton of Nthens, a unique masterpiece of architecture and plastic art; or the Apollo temple of Delphi, light-Rooded columns in a ‘maggificent la 2 sebe: of the temple of Zeus in Olympia, with its prostrate Re superhuman column drums; or the temple of Hera at Samos, faetel weetidest among the major temple sites. Yet each of these four tremplars is an exception in one aspect or another. The Parthenon exe eth very tle cull. apy, and was not connected with ny of the old great festivals of the city or the traditional priesthoads SP Athens. Olympia, by contrust, had had the cult without a temple for centuries (the temple and statue of Zeus were a comparatively Ta Waitin to the games and 10 the altar). ‘The Sarnos shrine had i Movable statue to be brought out during a festival and back in again nuova tay had been jst plank The Delphic ompe never hada cit sae bat bad pel installations for the oracle at was the yod’s epiphany, In a similar way, most generalizations wi et ei en oe td he peel vy even appear to be more interesting than the common atid com- paratively banal features, ae oe ‘Tn spite of this, some basfe phenomena about the Greek te ann roan arch bu al eco ae et vats in mule excnplan-—vll be deserted ie es el be ton ee of ame pressed language, literature, and architecture then on the use made of tr \ a danas te plese Social system to which it belongs " The Idea of a Temple [A temple is no doubt considered the “house” of is See ee ee ee er tag, Suman AK Dit ete, meaning both house’ and ‘temple’. ‘The Greek term is nao, Be oe teed related to fen, to dwell The oly anomaly contrasting with the eastern parallel, is that the substantive aaa Clusively refers to temples and never to a private building, whereasWalter Burkert s+ cqynmnoniy ase sith all kinds of subjects This & ess 2 somnme’> Homeric language. The ease of Linear 8 is ye Me Lady {Poinia) occurs at Thebes, but whether oie ee "honse” in Tater Greek, designates a temples neon, 6M Mistiict sa problem of its own.” Later i revs OF 8 he cannnvon words for hous’ to refer to a temple eo dhmos, doma—besides the term nos w ich seems to mark ae erratum from mortals. Another way to desieyal= _seaaraon Mjyeenacan as in later Greek, is to use an ae Mea ean the god's raise: Posidaion, Apoltonion Heraions this “Teovives us 0) special term for ‘temple c sve Demeter has Zeus sitting in his temple to revcive splendid i A canes 28) and Demeter ttzeating to er temple 10 avoid the sings (ine or gods (lies SOO.) Vase paintings show (he god npans of owen colons, ie within a temple” OF covtse the sore pete move, but thes like to conte back to thelk Ow 2 ar ee ate woes 0 Paphos (Od. 8.69); Atbena to AtNeT® vss: as AnPereehthens which she isshuting (Od. 7 $9; Aneto te es ofl to his temple at Troy where his mother and his Priests and Artemis, are equally present to take re of him se et Homer and the other poets also imagine (he gots 6 grin pleasant company inthe housings of OVP oeetain or simply Heaven. The latter designations would eet permanent presence in any of thelr "houses oF earth; vo ng Known thatthe ‘much-venerated” gods have many dwell oo a ajaces tn poetic imagination the gods do a goed deal eee and their momentary absence adds. a convent a toi to many tales. In etal hymns, the eneion of whic Fea we pack to Indo-European heritage, the gods are invoked to een abode, to mount their eaniot and tu come e the sents 7 4%, Soaps a IC, The Tey Tel some ere of et ew mo am do, Daw erty: only possible trace uf the word aos in “Mycenacan Greek is the mentioning: ted nb ry a, ee Oe Snes mw ab on re tt ee 1) ‘ ; Si a ol ater a he losin “a Senos Oi Hamer, 1 oh angen cal esa ov) in his temple, ibid. {pls Taf Nossis, Anthologia Palatina 6.285,2, The Temple in Classical Greece aL place of sacrifice: itis there that they receive their worshipers, who bring offerings and all kinds of honors. In some cases there are seasonal festivals to celebrate the advent of a god, e-g., the festival of ‘Apollo at Delphi.?? Normally itis presumed that the ritual will attract the god even apart from a predetermined schedule. “The temple is the house of the god: in concrete terms, this means that the temple is a permanent building to house the statue of the respective divinity.) Temple building thus goes together with the development of plastic art, The Paphos temple did not contain an anthropomorphic image but a sacred stone, and the temple at Samos Griginally held @ plank, but during the Sth and 7th centuries a. plastic art made spectacular progress. Tt seems that most of the acted!’ cult images from this period were in fact wooden carvings, The older ones were smaller than life size, but Apollon at Delos got a colossal gilded statue already in archaic times. Classical art developed the big chryselephantine images to match the proportions of the temple of even to surpass them: if Zeus at Olympia were to rise from his seat, he would unroof the temple, Strabo wrote (8, p. 353). ‘The normal temple had one cult image set up in the inner room, ‘generally called the cella—in Greek this is the ndos proper—frontally Facing the entrance. The single cult image Is a marked contrast to Minoan and Mycenaean practice, where we find multiple statuettes, mostly small figurines, set up on a bench together with other para phemalia An intermediate case is presented by the temple of Dreros, Grete, from the Sth century B.c. it had a hearth, a deposit of goat hhoms, and a bench at the side on which there were bronze statues of Apollo, Leto, and Artemis, manufactured in sphyrelaton technique. They may possibly be called the carliest and only’ surviving cult statues." ‘Normally the cult images, made of wood, had no chance of being preserved through the ages. The usual term for the slatue was just 10, Burkert 1985: M6 idom, Homo Necans: The Anthropology of Ancient Greek Seerfcil Ritual and Myth (Berkeley: Univesity of California 1983) 123-30 11" See the comprehessve account of Funke 1981; Burkert 1985: 88-93; I. B. oman, "Early Cult Images” (Diss. Univ of Pnsylvani, 1980); H. Jung, Thronende ial ataende Gotter: Zum griechivhen Gotterbl ad Menschenideal in geometrischer it fraheschuischer Zeit (Bonn. Habe, 1982); B. Gladigow, “Zur Konkurrenz von Bid tind Namen im Aufbau theistscher Systeme” Wort und Bil (ed. H. Brunnes,R. Kis ‘cht an K.Selrwaaer, Muni: Fink, 1977) 100-28, See K. Haga and N. Marinats, ed, Sanctuaries and Cults in the Aegean Bronce Age (Stockholin: Svenska Institute, Athen, 1981); B. Rutkowski, The Culr Places ofthe Aczean (New Haven: Yale University, 196), 13S. Marinatos, "Le temple ycométigue de Drérs,” Bulletie de Corcespon dence otenigue £9 (658) 214-96, | Boardman, The Cretan Collection tn Osfortayes rected or rededicate Walter Burkert sort earving’s poets use the term bretas, a word without eee tellig is tie oficial designation as {ge mova again. The respeetive rit lerived from the same root ‘to si. We ai af hidrysis: f Thedos, ‘what is, {statue is made to ‘settle’ in a way that does not is expressed by the do not know all, sot up in pots and eaten ceremoniously OMI ONTE ms another place a temple of the same god was te fom the original sanctuary to be placed in einen offerings such as are common in the East cooacen tradition, Zeus Fonte building to, €.g., at Delos and at wos # compa forgotten that th certain objects, called aphidrymata, would the new abode occur in archaic Ephesus. oon ef temple building and cult statues of the type ind stively late phenomenon in Greek civilization. 1 major gods of Indo-European and Poseidon, did not need a temple, and ages weee man-made, Soon philosophy stepped i819 ve nhsopomorphisin and to idealize 2 past w Jhen men experi (ene divine in sroves and celestial phenomena without tate ve Je prtenanees.” Certain images were said to have fllen from een credited with a sort of magical power, but such a ore es hidden from the public and was not anormal cul statues Hea esas the ‘Trojan Palladion, a portable statuette of vom ene that was claimed to be in the possession of Athens, of fos: wad of Home.” By the time of St Paul the imma ‘of Ephesian eee was described as" fallen from heaven’ (Aets 19:95) oe ural that popular superstition would cling to the Images aa sins sich as change of color or ‘sweating! and S entwvely observed and interpreted as import sally Yrconted mythical craftsmen for the purpose. ving wo statues was Tike talking to houses ‘weeping’ should tant omens. But vejoo remembered the artist who had done the carvings 0 Heraclitus said (B5). Even less ee orshipers did sot simply identify statue and god. Vase TT wots 19% 8. Beyer. Die Tempet oom Dreros und Frings und die orton Kunst de 8 ud 7 [ho Ch. (reinre: Obert, 18) Te eee Corechache Weihegebiucke (Woraburg: tre, 19), ao ee nvort "Die orentalsterende Epoche in der griechischen Refs earns des deutschen archaolognken Institut, 5) 129-38. NH, Hh 1 unk I. 745-54; Gladigow, “Zur Konkurrene eee puakert Y8TE: Hand 9 above rier pnahte der Heidelberger Akademie der Whsenachoften Y tee et tig Teapel D it Heaion van Samos Tl: Ein archio 2, Sion eet palokratischen Zot Mi enean Exkus um greene ‘Athenische Abteiini labove, 11), with ‘The Temple in Classical Greece 33 paintings make a clear distinction and sometimes represent both statue Pad god side by side.!* The same occurs on stage in Aeschylus Fnmenides: "Lam coming to your image, O Goddess,” Orestes says t0 thena in Athens (242). There aro offering tables (trapezat) in the temples to display food offered to the gods, to be consumed by the priests in due course. But we know nothing about elaborate cere- pines to bring the statues to life, to feed them, to awaken them in the morning, and put them to bed at night, as is done in adjacent Guilizations, Gods are provided with gurments, it is true; these are sometimes brought in public procession at the festivals and ‘laid on the knees’ of the divinity (Jl. 6.92), along with all kinds of private tentile dedications. In a way this may look back to aboriginal customs SF hanging animal hides, filets, and garments from a sacred tree.” ‘Since a favorite offering to a god was an image of this very god, statuettes and statues would multiply within a sanctuary or even within a single temple. Nor would a god reject offerings of images of ther gods froun his family. These additional images usually were Votive offerings, anathemata. In fact, most of the famous archaie, ‘Musical, or Hellenistic statues preserved either in the original or in fater copies belong to this category. But there is mot even sharp separation between cult image and anathema. The ritual of hidrysis Spparently did not leave distinctive marks, and it even could be so rone by ‘pleasing’ cituals, aresteria, to win the god's consent for a Change. ‘Thus the image of Hera from Tiryns, counted among the rectancient and venerable divine statues of Greece, was mnoved to the Argive Heraion where Pausanias still saw it (217.5), « curiosity rather than a cult-object Tf we try to understand the design of a Greek temple as a “house of the god’, it is advisable to refrain from delving into elaborate svorlds of syinbolism. The Greek temple could hardly be called the Tuunb of the god or the goddess's bridal chamber. It is not normally cee dered the center of the universe or the axis of heaven and earth, pace Mircea Eliade’s phenomenology of the sacred." Delphi, called 18 Common in representations of Ajay, Cassandra, and the Trojan Paladin Lexicon feonograyhicum Myhologice Clasicae (utich: Aetemis, 1981), vol, bs + Ca eae 35" Apollo-statue and Apollo as god Lucanian bell-cratr of the Psi! are anake Kunstcerke dus der Sammiing Lutwig (ed. E Berger and BL pase obogjacher Verlag Basel 1979} 185 no, 7. Fe ricteg once f collected inthe ld stedy of C. Roeticher, Der Baumbui der Helienen (Berlin: Weidman, 1858) 3-45, se, e.g, Anthloyia Palatina, 635, 5 der Her eal Gesammelte Seriften (Base Schsvabe, 1979), 2 108-1118, St Bhade, The Myth of the Elrmal Return (New York: Pantheon, 1954 French ain ane de Tétene etour (Paris Gallimard, 1948): e850 T, BlokWalter Burkert cccth’, su singular case. For the rest there is no Greek Te that of the temple tower of Babylon, * foundation of Heaven and Earth’. resnioe ead so come in groups—splendid examples sur- aoe clinus, oF Agrigento. The rectangular structure is Fee per sith other departments of reality, in contrast (6 Saeed yter and widening circles, Nor is of much aval 2m thal svmbolie significance io the details of fluted col- Fee ches uialyphs, and pediments. The architects) ao ieeeees was also used for other buildings such o& ee Ai Treasuries Tt is dificult to say anything in sever eee of iconography in temple ornamentation, be it « fiments, 0° seroteria, General Greek mytholO8y and local eat ienagery and purely formal conventions are seen 10 See eR Sometimes the idea of liminality can be 1 SRERa Sy the foreign oF composite monsters the con sie ifn ana the auinals of prey. At the same time, (Bs is oe Sermon et, Tere i astange predilection for scenes of rere death m archaic and classical art, This cum be seen 0 fe 8 Ceactice of animal sacrifice and the contrasting exes ‘by the gods. But this is not to be pursued ne death possessed ner in this contest a eo art fron a. chuaraeteristic detail that sets the tempie {iron a normal house’ the huge door in the gos, turned towards ee dan nosinally the only source of light for the interior. ie a ae eaceess’ from the outside to the divinity, dwelling 2 8 peed ecented by the statwe—"holiest présodot of the “hrstophanes, are constitutive of Athenian piety Thnse oxy des monuments gee (Romie: tu aan oer deena seo sr. Foran ifeetousatempl at analy2g We 1 Fae reir ee ll G Eves "Dergrechishe Tempel Day York et 1 reek ea Hans Fegers: Stuttgart: Kobammer, 16D) 1 chm EF tne “navel Compas) complex are those of WF. It a etumzen de schuschenGesellichaft der Wisenschticn ee et laiontudien ibid, 31-1 (1915, “Der Omphaloe ane eee otter, besos den semicon Berths ler wt ee aematnien 702 (Lepr, 18) See alo HV. Hermann inter. Aschnndor 1959) ac xcnavely Grook: $68, €, the model of a Moabite OF me Mee sum Qi, Kut cus dem atten Agypten und, Vorlons 2 te acs Sehwelzerschen Orient Museu, Ee/Zire 1655 se anes neat a nod Ty seeking his dor W. G Lambe 0) eee sangloman Story of the Flood (Oxford: Oxford Unt et TSA) The Temple in Classical Greece 35 (Clas a. Wo means 1 eo “40 turn to! the gods (hiketia, repel, Access to the divine isnot fe and simple, but regulated ProsanAee oeaean be red an ene Sh Ths sepesente Dy the Hee cre niseee eer Gre easing constant attabute of temple iconography. A temple though “a unique kind of sculptural image fy the Tandseape ‘Sealy 1979. 46), docs not stand as an isolated biock but is surrounded by its premises, the tomenos. The limits of the femenos are marked bi Fone, Roroi, or by: a wall surrounding the whole place. There ea gate for access, and itis here that water basins, pevirhanteria, are Blaced for the purifica:ion of those who wish to enter, for only the pure should pass the boundary. Inside, certain prohibitions are to be observed especially no 0 make love, not to give birth, not to let one “The temple itself is raised above the ground by a basis which sor ee Pie stops steps for ods. a8 they have be “lsd ‘Ton there are the colurnns flanking the entrance hall, or in the more elaborate examples, the perse surrounding the whole of de build sue The columns ace the most characteristic feature of Greck archi: in are For the Greoks they would primarily mean dignity, semnotes, tee mony. rythmes: bot shat columns in fact do is to provide ormeable boundaries: you are invited, even attracted to passthrough The interstice, but there is an unmistakable distinction between outside ney insides especially as the columns come alive in Greek sunlight ‘Then there is the huge open door to the cella which is raised b oe more step, and from the dusk there emerges the image, fa the vitor ay lie comes near. The door remains open; the world of sun- fine and colors outside will not be forgotten; the boundaries remain Permeable from either side. Its inthis way that the temple provides eerime grad communication with the divine, through grades to be we wt cre, you ma gn ‘but be conscious of what you are foing. "People whn enter a temple and see the images ods Sa rer a sa yng wait os ga (Sen. ep. 942). “re degrees of sanctity—temenos, ndos, hedos—also play the role in the practice of asylum: te touch the image is the steeple Some temples had an additional inner room behind the cult image Some temps ta culy accesible, hence called adn, na 1 ap tars show Cassandra cnging 0 the image of Athen, Lex FN ei ps th 849th bs Fee yon see id S21 (Tic. 110830 bas thea) tore ses nut to the temple Du to some accessory Frain within th ea Fe he teinsWalter Burkert seo Tonvod to ecrtain priests, temple servants, of Viste satus phi the recess within the temple where the oes ee eaetee was also called adyton. For Potines the per Be eeplatonism, the adyton beyond the image B05 80 sepa clste Beyond (69,17), of the spiritual sr Phe vealty, “There is no evidence for such ideas earlier wks Wh tnre is no Uoiest of Hots’ as in Jerusaler) ‘This fret and mysterious is effective just Sastions! dimension of the se sar ot justified by explicit theology An adyton 28Y also ave served as a storeroom. mpiy Use of Temples in Cult necessary to a temple, by contrast, a altar within & ee, and amage—these are the theec characters Ar Tenet and hence of eligi praction There 6 ol ater etwees altar and temple that calls the states of the fer nig question "Fhe main acts sree categories: prayer (et votives (asatherta). Yet ‘pention se in the bexinning— Absoiutel cet within a sanctuary may also be divided into Hai), sacrifice (Ihysiai), and the setting uP a this brings us back to the paradox: ‘he temple is not really needed for any them original signs of a sanctuary are the tree, the SDE, and the vet Bauted action per se for the Grecks i animal sacrifice together Se eres, Least. ts center is the open-air altar Or ‘which fire is eae esa some chosen pieces are burnt for We z sa aeent go to heaven, and the rest is for the ee Thromh encounter with death, the comunty of men is oe reretminge interplay of togetherness with ancl separgi’t re Mais tne worshipers sand around the ae the texts con tha ors gpoxraphy indicates, often ima semicircle Perec eso came altar The altar commonly placed oppor the sarang, 2s is tue aso in West-Semitic sanctus Facing ee orshpers thus had the temple at their back This is the ve aM or the main prayer, pronounced Dy the priest or the at Mentone aly in the iad 48 B18 F Str, Dl elec wane pack, 100) Rt: SK, Thabane Ady Ae Cc yan Sey” Da Crivny of Caos og ra Ipkigences Adve in Three Mana Temes tape 9 {1855 519-40 Deis Pas, 10244 Us 224M 11082: Mate Be a tuet 196i U12- 14: on sacrifice in wee a a 0) a J, see Burkest 1985: 35-59, ‘The Temple in Classical Greece 37 lord of sacrifice immediately befoze the slaughter. Many festiv place in the morning; this makes people turn thei ‘nce vse ee nla inthe mor ete rigs he rays of which would reach the nage trong he ee door atthe same time, Thus the temple Bul aga revi a magnificent background for the ritual Te is true that older structures, [rom the Sth and 7th centuries B 1 ee engl bling Bring fet sell i ame Lo eortroversy as to whothe of nol 4 2 es Kd shone gertdered a special form of temp Dulin onda temple or rather a banqueting hal est orion, and what should make the decisive difference. This problem toed te solved ee. hn he case of Devos (, 13 above) the term Temple” seems to be justifed by the horn deposit and by the imau on the side bench. The temple of Delphi always had a sacred he: i, these ming ext sd, ng a arma Greek Gustom the naos would have been cleared of these installation reserved for the abode of the god. ce Special banqueting balls called leschai were added in the major eee es ponbly fs eomected with Heres fk, wich designates a similar building.” In this way the gods dwelling place sha the feast of the mortals remain connected but neatly separated. No man would dwell within the nos unless he was a stupid barbaros even iors nthe back hal was hybris characteristic of a Hellenistic Hinge ty mews 0 respect demarcations: “Know thyself,” you are Setting up permanent tokens of worship in a sanetuary is a Bene eee ih the be of eealomanship and weal at the Clase of the Dark Ages this practice underwent an unprecedented expan A sot of preg ject wore created to be accumu- cred areas: vessels, weapons, garments, statuettes, costly rey cs oF wd Hen te ee oe 28, See Drerup 1960: 123-2, forth forthe type of “Herdhaus-Tempel Benaguist, Herakler on Thoss (Ups ‘ ry ei Meta ha ‘Thosr (Uppsala: Univesity of Uppal, 19) 61 Mart {27 Thin was leads ponte oat by WR Smith see cd ond Ba He wn partapktes the Persian bad sexal Tntercourse inthe Adston of ret 19 ee feck Ge Fenner’ opniodonor TPA NE eater ene emee iar tee ea conducting Baws prope TB. Sec hurkert 185: 9 one Ovferings (Cat etureson the Religion of the 95; an ungurtased older sad iW. LD. ged older sey it W. LD, Rowse, Greek wo: Carabridge University, 190), Anathemate "this theWalter Burkert sict caiefy constituted the splendor of a sanctuary, Some ae be ataved within the temple itself, even within the ss anatyrallysvished their gilts to be close to the attention oN lds fram the booty of wars were hung on the temple Bee eee either possible nor necessary that all these objects SE Iie eenule, Bigger votives remained in the open ait co Aili eve constructed to protect the ordinary samples. At , Vesteninngand J. W. Mu 97 in Greek Religion and Cambridge: Cambridge ats “anpies aoe Gresk Worshippers. Bulletin of the Institute of ex sin jo Anike und Cheistentu Us 639-525. syed ser ciiecion. Sd ee, Muni: Hiemer, S cohungeie Saniast bx Criechentand und Kleinasen. Ades, ceciwnlands ten 8. und 7. Th, Archdotogischer cripteros. 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