Ultrasound

A sound wave is typically produced by creating short, strong pulses of sound. The electrical wiring and
transducers are encased in a probe. The frequencies present in this sound wave can be anywhere between 2
and 13 MHz; well above the capabilities of the human ear. Any frequency above the capabilities of the
human ear is referred to as 'ultrasound'
The choice of frequency is a trade-off between the image spatial resolution and the penetration depth into the
patient. Higher frequencies give higher resolution images but dont penetrate as deeply into tissue.
To make sure the sound is transmitted efficiently into the body the transducer face has a rubber coating. In
addition, a water-based gel is placed between the probe and the patient's skin.
The sound wave is partially reflected from the interface between different tissues and returns to the
transducer. This return is an echo. Sound that is scattered by very small structures also produces echoes.

Receiving the echoes

The return of the sound wave to the transducer results in the same process that it took to send the sound
wave, just in reverse. The return sound wave vibrates the transducer's elements and turns that vibration into
electrical pulses that are sent from the probe to ultrasound scanner where they are processed and transformed
into a digital image.
Advantages

It is non-invasive, accurate and considered risk-free.

Does not result in damage to cells in the body.

Is updated continuously, real-time picture.

Image is available immediately

For pregnancies they are accurate at dating and give parents the opportunity to pick up any major physical
abnormalities

Disadvantages

Precise images are produced from near the surface of the body, but images from deeper into the body result
in progressively poorer resolution.

Relies on the expertise of the sonographer

For pregnancy ultrasound images, only after 18 weeks are scans likely to show anything but major problems
with the baby.

KEY POINTS THAT YOU ARE REQUIRED TO KNOW FOR YOUR EXAM:
HOW AN ULTRASOUND WORKS AND PRODUCES IMAGES
WHY AN ULTRASOUND IS POTENTIALLY BETTER THAN AN X-RAY
WHAT THE DISADVANTAGES OF AN ULTRASOUND ARE