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    Book of Vandana Shiva about the conflicts generated by the access to the water in the world.

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    Book of Vandana Shiva about the conflicts generated by the access to the water in the world.

    Авторское право:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Скачайте в формате PDF или читайте онлайн в Scribd
    Отметить как неприемлемый контент
    36 просмотров22 страницы

    Water Wars

    Загружено:

    MiguelPro
    Book of Vandana Shiva about the conflicts generated by the access to the water in the world.

    Авторское право:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Скачайте в формате PDF или читайте онлайн в Scribd
    Отметить как неприемлемый контент
    из 22
    Chapter 1 WATER RIGHTS: THE STATE, THE MARKET THE COMMUNITY ho does water belong to? Ieie private propery ofa com- mons? What kind of rights do oe should people have? ‘Whar are the sights of the state? What ace the rights of epo- ations and commercial inrerests?Theoughou history, soclet Jes have heen plagued with theve findameotal questions ‘Weare curently fing» global wae rss, which promises togeeworse overthenext few deeades. And asthe css deepens how efforts to redefine water aghts are undee vay. The global Jed economy it shiting the deiniion of water fem common propery t private good, 19 be extracted and waded fel). The loka economic onder cil for the removal of al line ot and fegulation of water vie andl dhe establishment of water mackes Proponens of fee water tide view priate propery sight asthe only alerative to state ownership aad free markets 2 che only ‘ubsttate to boreascranerepaion of water sesoutes Mote than anyother rsouter, wee aceds to remain 2 com moa good and cequites communi management la fac, a most focieis,prvice punership of water has been prokbited. An. ‘len tents sch athe Teri of Jatin sow that water and ‘ther aural sources ate public gonds “By the law oF ature 20 Water Wars ‘hese things ate common 19 mankind —the at, rnaing watee the seaand consequent the shore ofthe sea Ta counties ke Trai, spacey az, water, and cnergy have t=dionaly been viewed ss belng outlde the veaun of propery telatione. In Islamic tad ‘ons he Shes, which exginally comnoted dhe “path wo water” provides the ultimate bats for dhe aight to water Even the Uniced Sees as had anny advocates for water asa comsnon. gond. “Water isa moving wanting thing andmar of mecesiy Continue to be coma by the kw of nature” wrote Walia Blackstone, “so that 1 can only have s temporary, eandest ‘esutiscrary propery thers"? ‘Theemengence of modem ante extraction techeologies has Incessed the col ofthe state in weer manajementAs new tech ngs displace self-management ystems, people's democeatc ‘management structures detenorate apd thei Fle conservation, ‘hanks, With pobaliation nd privatization of water resources, fnew efforts ro completely erode people's sights and replace ca lective cunership wih comporste contra are under way. That ‘commutes of el people with tel neds exist beyond che state tnd the maske soften forgoren in the rush for pevasaation Water Rights as Natural Rights “Throughout history and across the world, water sights have ‘been shape oth by the lm of ecosystems so by the needs oF people Is fet, she oot ofthe Urdu ward aba or human see nen, ab of witer reflecting the Foreation of human se tents and eiilanion song water sources. The doctrine of tiparansight—the natural right afdweller supported bya water "stem, especlly a sires sytem, # use water—also ase fom thie concept of ab Water har tionally been ested a ate ‘al right sght acing out of human nature, storie cond ‘dons, base news, or notions of jutce. Water sights as natural fights do.not originate withthe site; they evolve ost oF a given ‘ceologel content of human existence As oar sighs, water sights ate vsufrocsary rights water an be used bot ot owned. People havea sight to hfe and the re Source that suntini suchas water The necessity of water toile ie-why, under customary law, he righe to water has been ac ‘cepted as nator, oa face “The actos ver wate a ete in lacie in ‘modem pevod, ear eiainates water egw being psy tel iiath i igh graned by the ve bres Riparian Rights Riparian sights, based on eoncepes of usueuctary aight, comman propery, snd resonable te, have geided human set ‘demene al over the wodd. Ia Ind, spacan systems have long, existed slong the Hinaaja, The famous grand Amit (anal) oa ‘he Kaveri atthe Ular River dies back a thousand years andi believe to be the oldest hyde srucrare to contra the low fives i India Tis stil functioning, Inthe northeast ol par Jan systems known as dy gue the use of water. la Mahatashe, conservation stcrres were known as bondaric ‘The wbarand py systems of Bika, where an unlined und on canal (py) transfers water Eom a steam nto catchment [asin (tin, also evolve From «sparian docrine. Uke zo «em Sone canals bailey the Brith, which hare led to meet the need ofthe people, the hasan py stl provide water 1 peas nts. Ta the United States, passa systems wee ineodced by the Spanish, who had brought then fom the TbedianPeainsula* “These systcins were adopted ia Colorado, New Mesico, and Ax dona a2 well es the eastern setdement “Eady sparta principles were bared on the notion of saci an conserving common water soure. They were not tached to propetny sighs, As historian Donald Worser notes: a Water Ware Io ancieos tines, the pain dociine wat les method of ‘eer india propery rights and more che expe: Sion of an attade of soovneceence with eae, Under Theos foun of the papa ver ar 0 be regard at ino one's private propery. Those who lived log Danks ‘rere grated ngs tout the Bow for ar purpose ike dnking washing, or watering their soe, but ie wae Srey ng lp nebo conume vo long the Even Buropesn colorist: who fist seed in the eastern ‘Uoited States adhered to there basic tenes. Ba asthe western pre ofthe country began to be inited, usufuctasty rights ‘were na longes prevalent, The dipaian concepe was instead be: Tieved to have emerged from English common law and conse: quently centred around indvidedl property ownetship. “The [ncn and women who setded the American West did ot beloog tothatolder world. [They] ejected dhe wadiional ipaaaisn.” swcves Wortter “Instead, they chose eo et up over most af the resin the doctrine of por appropiaaen becuse ie offered them a greater feedom to explo nature.” Univeral water rights were thus severly cored Cowboy Economics: The Doctrine of Prior Appropriation and the Advent of Privatization Te wis in the mining cape of the American west thatthe cowboy notion of private property and the ele of approptie ‘ion -Duiprorenin nor poorer ej (He wh is rst inane fs fmt in right)—Snt emerged. The doctrine of prior appeopts tion established abeote sighs to propery, iclading dhe ght tell and rade water. New water rackets boesomed tnd soon te placed natural water ight and the vale of water was determined by the monopolistic fret seters. ior appeopsinon “gave no peefeence to sipaia landowners, lowing ll uses an oppor ly to compet fr water and vo develop fi rom steams ‘Vandana Shiva 23 “The cowboy setinent “might right” meane that the eco: rnomicily power could invert n espa intensive means 3 propriate water egies ofthe aced of cthets and te mits oF ‘water systems, Th frontier loge granted the fst appropriation Treacle ght to the water, Latecomers could appropiate ws trom the condition that per siphts were hoaoeed fist. Cowboy economics permitted che diversion of water fom steams to be ‘econ aonniparian inde Ifthe appropentr did not use the oa ter he was forced to force hie phe ‘The cowboy logs allowed the transfer and exchange of ter right atnong navidsal, who often dreaded water's cco- logjel Fenctions crits faneions beyond mining, Athough sights ‘were bated on fis setdement, the tue Get seers Native “Amercane-~were denied water appeopsation rights, Mines and colonise srumed to be dhe fer inhabit, were granted all Fighes co ute the water sources” isegaed forthe limit f nature's Bydrologicl cycle mest har svers eld be deained and pled by ming waste Dive fed forthe natural dies of othees meant that people were de- ied acces to water, and rpines of unequal and noasostinable ‘water use and waterastefulapiculrure began co spread across Contemporary Cowboy Economics “The current puth to private common water sources adits foundatonin cowboy economies. Champions of water pivaina- ‘Son, has Tery Andezson and Pamela Sain of de conseer- tire Cato Insite, not only acknowledge the link berwecn ‘treat privatization effors ae comboy water laws, but alo Took atthe eacberwesten apptopracion pilosaphy ae 2 model foe the Fut: From the weren ons, opel he mining camps, cme the detine of roe appenpeation and the funtion Of ter marketiog. Tun hem provided the nena ingredints ey Water Wars Fora fens ntkerin wer win propery ight weet swell ened enforced apd tasters? “The cusrent path to ceintroduce and globalize dhe Inwess- ness of the font isa teipe fr destosing on seatce water r= Souees and for excluding the poor fom cheie water share Pratingas the anonymous marker, the rich and powerful se the sate to appeoprive water Gor natute and people throvgh she brine appropsition doctrine. Pekate interest grosps systema Ely ignore the epton of community contol over water, Be ‘Cause water fils on earth in «dispersed mane, beesuse every Tving being needs water, decentralized management an demo- rae ownership ae she only efcens,zustaizabe, and equitable Stems for the sustenance ofl, Beyond de sate and the markes les the power of community purcpation. Beyond bureaverasies sd couporate power isthe promise of water democracy. Water asa Commons ‘Water isa commons case iis the eclogica! bass oC al fe and because iy sustainability and expitable allocation depend fo coopertion among community taembere AWbough water thas been managed asa commons theooghowt human Mistry and cross diverse culture, and akhough most communities manage Syater resources av conon propery orhave acess waters Commonly shared public good even today, privatization of watt resources is gaining momenta, Pret tye ata ofthe Brksh in south Indi, comamuniis managed water systems collectively through a system called (badimeramath elk sepa). Before the advent of corporate rule by the East Tia Company inthe 18th eetury, peasant paid 200 fur of 1,000 nas of prin he or she eamed toa bli find, and 2350 of those units stayed inthe vlage for raineenance of com ‘on and public wosks!” By 1430, peasane payments rose 0 650 (oir, ous aFwhich 590 unite wenestaight to che Eas India Com= pany, As a sult of ineteseed payments and lost maintenance ‘Vandana Shiva 25 revenue, the peatints and commons were dertyed. Same 300,000 water tank but overcentre in pre-Briish India were destroyed, affecting sprentaal prodaccvity and eacnings. “The Eat Inia Company was diven out by the fst move- sent for independence im 18ST. In 18S, the Briish passed the ‘Macias Compulsory Labor Aer of 1858, popularly known a the Kdinnrnnath Ace ardating peaane to provide labor fr the ‘maintenance of the water and legaton systems!” Because ‘Eedmeramath waa based om selEsanugentent and noe eercion, the at fled vo mobili commucieypatcpaton and to rebuld the commons ‘Self managed communities have nojust heen a stosial c- sli they ae contemporary face Ste nterfrence and pivot Jnation have nor wiped them out entizey. Ina nationwide srvey ‘covering drece in cry tropical regions ia seven sates, N.S, Jada ins thas the mot basic fel and foderneed ofthe poor throughout India connie to be steed fromm common prop- fey sexourees” Jodha’ stes of commons in te fail Thar leer alio eve hat village communicy council al ajodete tring dhs istinatonal rls ane repuasons determine pei ‘ode of retired grasng, the stations pancans fo paving the numbers and pes of animals be grazed heights to dung and fuel wood collection, ad she tle for loping recs foe green odd, Villige councils ako appoint cher own watehenen fc suze that no community member ot ousiee bees the eal Similar rule exe for maintenance of well and ens ‘Tragedy of the Commons John Locke's ceatse on propeny effectively legtinized the thet ofthe commons in Esrope dosing the enclosure move sents ofthe 17th centay. Locke, son of wealthy patents, sooghe ‘o defend epieism atl bis family’s eoasive weald>—by tg tng that propery was ezested only when idle narra resources ‘were transformed from thei spt! form ehrough te aplice on of abo: "Whatrocver, hen, he emmoves outa these that [Navite hath provided and leftia ithe hath mined his bor with ‘and joined esomething that iis own, and therebymalkes it fis propery" Individoslfredom was dependent upon the ffeetom to own, though Ibo, the ld, forests, and ves Tock’ eeaes om propery contaue ro inform cheosies snd ‘racices that erode dhe eamenons and destoy the eth, Ta contemporary times, water pivaintion i bated oa Gastete Hardin's Trae) of he Commons, fest published in 1968. ‘To explkin his theory, Handi calls on ve imagine a scenario: Piste a paetine open 1 all I toe expec hat each ensman wi yoo keep 94 an exe an pose on te lnmons: Sach an eangeens may woe reasnsbiy 8+ factonly for eanuaes because nl ws, poaching an ‘her kep the umber both enan aad best wel below the ‘eving capaci ofthe land. Finally, Rowevee, comes the ay tachi, tithe dy when thelong dese gon O- ‘ati becomes ey Atti pe, theinbeeat ogc ‘tthe commons remorslsl peace ape Hardin assumes that commons wete socially unmanaged, ‘open-access systems with aa ownership, And Hardin sees hea Stace of pvt propery a3 reise For Livlessness “Alhough Hawdin's theory about ehe commons has gained teemendows populate has several holes. His assurption shout cammons ae unmanaged, open-access systems stems from the bee! thar management takes effect ony ia the Hands of pri wate individoals ‘Bor grows do manage ohemselves, and Commons are ceguated eather well by communities, Moreover, Commons ate not open-accete raoureer ax Harcia peoposes, they in fae apply he concept of rwership, aor on an indvidual buss bur atthe level ofthe gros. And groups do ee rules and restctons segurding se. Regolations of wily ace what protect ppsnues (sam overgrazing, forerts om dsappeaig, and water Tesources from vanishing Vandana Shien ar Harcats prediction about the doom of commons har at it center the idea tha competion the deving free in hamas 40 ‘eis. IFindividls do not eompete to oven propery, lw and onder wil be los. This aguiment has fale to hold ground when tested in lege sections of ral sciees in the Tried Word, where the peinciple of cooperation, ether than competition, Among individuals all dominates, In socal osganixation based ‘on cooperation among members nd need-bired production, the logic of gin x etirely ferent Eom thos in competitive soe jes, Gartee Fladi’s Trae) of the Cement isscs the eel polar that under cicumsrances i which common lands exanot ‘ven support she basic needs of the poplation swage eines table with or without competion Communities and Commons. In the upper teaches ofthe Rio Grande Valley in Colorado, water is sll managed as commons. Thad the opportunity © ‘ist San Lis, home of wactonalcnuiasyaneme (paity der ‘sigan dit cha nrere sails, plans, ad animals. was here to offer solidaricy wo the leat commmunisis engage in a major trugge to defend the commons and the oldest syste of water tights in Colorado, What the inigation dcchee podace ie mot merely a matketcommodirybuca denteness of if. “The diches rake a lot of plan fe posable in what tral a cold, barter dese” says Joseph Gallego, «fith enecation farmer working ‘onancestallnds in Sin Luis "Mot pants meas thatthe wel lite—birds and mammals—have a home, The ecologies cll this iodiveesiy Tell if, wry ide™ ‘When the wate ofthe Rio Grande i auctioned to the igh xt bidder, i¢ 6 taken away fom the age-pastorl comenuaty ‘whiove rights the witer axe de o the esponsibility of main Tening a "watershed commonywenlth "Markets fl to capmure diverse values, and hey flo refer the destruction of ecaloge 28 Water Wars cal vale Wave tha eplnihes econstms is considered water Sore Joseph Gaegos ers porn point when easks “Whose tf view shi The coonwood we that he ME Rane dant tank he seg ner aed: Now do {horse ter aro ee oe Te ches eve tebintnes foro watharegood ingr e SGtutand te rer it et ome ne of eoue ow Tein devper ety ing for more wef SE mel gore cede The ging mean we i» Stuney You tow fe tg “a Clopda wee Dow cola owed oe ‘When money determines vale and cours give on on testes stipped town fants ait pve com une, Anda Devos Peta poet ut ‘Theatackoncosmion propery ghesnvoles hell oS CG ofproderto has poses le bt lepally sc ‘Sned invtson, eau, and xpropeaons of uae The towel ines he igi Of ples a abit for xed ‘Soramasines of human end na furans “this icxacy what wansitein the Rito Seco Watershed in Colo ‘do, ehen cours allowed the Bude Mooatain Gold Mine to eeraer wer fom aglaw ‘Community Rights and Water Democracies Under eonsiions of sari, susaible systems of water management evolved Gon the idea of water as commons passed. tn fom generation t generation. Labor in conservation and com tunity building became the pay investment in Water se Touteen tn the absence of expt, people working collectively proved the msjon input or “invested” ip water wocks, AS "enopam Mists of the Gand Peace Foundation observes “The waofcollesiog the dope Pale oF anil ae Cine the nes of ln 9 ops The po ke the Vandana Shiva 20 ocean ied up dp by deop There beau nasa not to be found in sy textbook bat are actualy coud nthe Snerery of nok res hemor hat he ste tour aed fadidons have conn. The pope of Ratan {tao ent he epson of eh» bounds work ‘iter the conta eters goverment not even 9 whe it ‘aden palace istered asthe paterpbere Ins the peo” Ble themssives who in each howe, In eahilage gave [ono racuremaianoed a fare deroped “Pind” so ep ote tough one's efor, one labour, one's ard work The drops of swear sucaing down thebmw af he pepe of Rajrun come 10 05 5051 ‘tlle the dopo aia” ‘Tosdtional water systems based on local management were Insurance again water scuciy in deoaghe prone eegions of Gojarae Theve systems were matnged ney by wllage eormmi tect Inthe event of dood, famines, and other calamities, the ing alo helped the role ofa central authority wa, theefor, primal in disaster esiigation, Lael insttons in water man ysment included fumes’ aeocitions, loca inigntion fonction ‘is, local irgston techn, the vilage water ansocadons, tnd the commaniey bor sytem, rained by contsouions from each fami necks, fermen’ asociatons for the construction and maingenance of water systems were once widespecid In Karnatan and Maharashtra the asoeaions were kaown 36 pembayts, Ea Tacit Noda, they wete called matama, hana ‘monn nirmariam opp og, o trum (atk comnts. Tanks and pond often served more than one vile, andin such cases representatives fom each village or farmers” sociation ‘ensured democestie control. These committees could ls cllect tank dues and exes foun uses, Lande were alsa donated, expe lilly for Gnancig capt expendinuee on waterworks, ‘Village water systems eequced iigstion functions ho looked after te day to-day operation of irgation systems Inthe 20 Water wars Hioatayas where dr served community iigation ned ie ation managers were called Asis In Mabaresira, they were mown a pater, Anode, dala. Ex Karnataka and Tai [Nad hey were known a mira mga, ney, wiachans, of hamibat “To ennure neutral, wre weee chosen from the Ines caste—the Hatjane—who were ganted autonomy from lind- ‘ones and caste groups, Only Hasjns held the power 0 close find opca the tanks or Vent, Onee the farmers ad down the ‘les of distibuion, no ladiidual farmer could interfere snd ‘hose who di cou be faed This protection of de associations from the economically powerfl costed water democracy “Compensitions were based on investmene of 0208 O37 ax borand could not be subsite by capital or by othe labor. ta south Toca, cellecve labor investment was the pinay invest ‘meacin the constrection snd maintenance of vilage water stems len as dndivaronat Each able-bodied pion was tequitedt0 help mainein and cean channels Nitta also sussmoned farmers vo dean the supply and Seld changes. The ancient eco- nomic treatise, Arnett chided eeraia punishments for de- Fes fom any Kind of cooperative constuction Violators were Expected o send ther ervants and bullock eo eaty on thee work flo hate the cot, without ying any eign co the earn. ‘The seleimanagement aystems suffered when the govern sent wok contol over wate enuncesditing Bish mle Com- funity ownership was farther exoded with the emexpence of bore wels and tube wells, which made individual farmers de pendent on capital. Collective water sights were undezmined by Fae intervention, and resoure contol was tansfersed to exter fal agencies. Revenues were np longer reinvested in loca inf ‘ractre bur diverted to gaverament departeats ‘Commusity rights are necessary for both ecology and de rmocracy. Bureaucratic conto by distant and extemal agencies fd matket conteol by commercial interests und corporations crea: disincentives for conservation Local eatsnunites do aot conserve water of guint Water sstens if exteroal agen ‘e-—boresucrtc or commerchk—are the only beneicaes OF ‘hic efforts sed exources, Higher pies under Fce-markee conditions will nat ead to coneration, Giren the wemendons economic inequalities, there is «great possbilty chat the economically power will ‘waste wer while the poor wll pay the price. Comma ight te 3 democrie impentive—they hold sats and commer] Interests accounsble and defend people's water rights in the form of decenalined demoeracy ‘The Right to Clean Water Versus the Right to Pollute Pir to paseage ofthe Water Ac f India in 1974, almost all jdicial decisions wes in favor of pollsters In adi vo being, protected by law, polluters also had moze economic and political poster than ordinary cizens. They were even more succes ix sing che legal processes i thei Favor. When de pact of in ‘dustrial polion was aot severe or when industializadon wis deen uta syebal of peogeen, cours tended to uphold the sights ‘ofthe industialt to pollu witeras exernplifedin number of (ates: Dub Sar Ail Taps Raber, Eppes» Holaban Por mpi». Nona Rom, Inpeaic » Novape; Darga Quam Viniciahbon, Regs Partha and Inet la Bap. As water pollion intensified with the speead of induitalization, i cold ES handled only dhrough ciminal or penal sanctions Howeves, the court alone could not protec people's sight o clean Wate 1B the 1980 a the taea from pollution ineence, the ight so clean water hata be defended aca fundamental ight The premne Court of India inrodced anew principle of evironmen- {alight in the famous ease Rat Minipaty » Vandbichand “The musicipaly hac o cemove public nuisances, whether had the financial eapabiity 2 do so 08 not Ran estblshed a 9ew ‘ype of nitica right anc eecogaized curtomary sights ara cone 2 water Ware susonal guacutee, But oven ater Rat andthe Water Act, the big poliers were-nor heoughe under the aw In most eases, the Central WateePolltion Board was agaiast smal Faroe” Inthe indus wold, anepllaon zepulations were ico duced pamariyto cleanup evers- In 1969, dhe Cuyahoga River in Clevelind, Oho, which served aca dump site fr industries, wat ro contaminated by chericals that eaughe Bee. In. 1972, the ‘ie Seas pate the Clo Water Ae, which etalished that ro one hada ght to plate water and tha everyone hada sgh to clean water, Before the passage ofthe ne, wterpllaion Was hhinded ae a sater of common law involving trespassing and pulsance The st et the gos! of endering the water fshable re ‘itnnable by 1983, and elinating dacharges of water pollae tes by #985, Since the passage ofthe Clean Water Actin 1972, {Us pluton from poine sources ha beea dramatically reduced, showing the power of reglason in pollution contol 1m 1977, asa eau presnare rom indus, che focus he ‘United States shifted from conteotpoie discharge regulation r9 ‘war guaiy sends. Tacit, this abe marked a move away rom pollution ata violson to polison 2 pemnssble. Com- panies atempoed to ediatoduce the right t polce though Deck-loor efforts such as tradable postion righes or adable discharge permits (IDPs) Abhough TDPs ave faced resistance frogs environmental, hey sl zai a popular make mes for solving pollution problems Suppostere ofthe fee matket promote TDPs at an aera tive tthe “command and-contal” of environmental gation However, tade in pollason is alsa goverament sancdoned. As free-market advocates Snyder and Anderson admit, “Tradable pollution rights are exendally an assgamene oy 2 governmental gency of argheto dteharg a specified level of pollaion into a truer bndy or watercourse! The government also sts pollu tion stindards, abe on the basis of a fcéious “bubble,” an innagined boundary covering »desigaated area Vondana Shiva 3 1 ie not supesing that pollion permits are ecologically bind. They merely conser “incentives for gains fom cade” IE pollution contol eowts are lw, an indy wil sell dncharge fights, and if costs are high n industry wil buy discharge sgh While sock cout benef anapis might appeas to create trade xd ‘vanages, his maske of plladon ir ecologically dangerous, “Train polluson permit volte ecologic democracy and people's right a clean water on several cout Itchanges hele ‘of governments Fem protector af perple's water rights to advo cae of pollu” rights. Governments assume reglitory roles ‘hut are an-envicoament, ant: people and peo polar induce ‘TDP exctude nonpolutts al acinar ctaens from an seve democratic ol ia poison conte, since the rade in polation is eesucted co pollrer industries. Big Polluters: Old and New ‘The strggle herween the right clean wer and the sight io police isthe seugele berwect the humm and environmental Fghe of ordinary idens and the Gnanclal interests of bust ‘estes, Polluion is a by-product of industia technologies and lobal wade. Handmade paper and vegetale des ease pole ‘ton indigenous lather eesement i also very prot ad water conservngs fesh vegetsbes and Frts do not reste wate, ex ‘ep fr culation "By contre, mode instil papermaking and leather ro. ‘essing create massive polio, Palp uses 600 t0 190,000 ga Ions of wet per toa of paper or rayon. Bleaching ses 48,000 co 72,000 gallons of water per on of etton Packaging green bene nd peaches for long-distance wade can use wp 10 17,000 and *4800 gallons per to, tespecively? "The overise and polation of varce water eerources ie not sestited wold induatl technologie: is ahidden component lof the new computer technologies. A study by South West Net ‘work for Ravironmental and Economie Jarice snd the Cat 3a Water Wars ptign for Responsible Technology reveal thet she proces of hip manufactring requires excestive amounts of Water. ‘On average, processing 2 tingle ri inch sllcon wafer wses 2,215 gallon of delonied water, 3200 eabi Feet of bulk gases 22 cubic fet of huzardoss eases, 20 pounds of cerca ane 285 kilowatt hours of eleeeseal powet.* In eer words, ‘fa everge plant proces 2000 wafers per week (he nee [eof at sl sin Rip Resto, New Meio, oe ‘ral sun pare 5000 wes per wees) i woul ned “735100 gallons of water por eck and 236 00,00 gallons pec ye fete production sone™ “The smdy Gn chat out ofthe 29 Soperfad sves in Senin Clara County, California, 20 wese crested by the computer industry ‘The Principles of Water Democracy ‘Atthe core ofthe masket solution to pollaion isthe asap tion that wates exists in ukmited suppl. The idea that mskets ‘an mitigate pllasoa by fing increased allocation falls 10 ecognze that water version o one area comes athe ost of wie tereatchy chewhere Thcontasto the conporate decree who promote market so Iusons to pollution, gasirootsaranizatons eal fe plc and ccologal wohtions. Commanides Oghing high-tech indwstia pollaion have proposed the Commusity Environmental Bil of FRighs, which incladesdghts to clean iodastry, co safety tor -fulesposue to prevention; © keowledgeto paripation; co protection av enforement o compensa: and ro deanup.” A of these sights ae hase elements of = water democe3y in “hich the sigh to clean water is proteced focal ezens, Mathes (in gusrntee none of these nibs “These are nine principles underpinning water democracy attest We receive wate ee from nature. We owe to tre t0 ‘we this gift in accondance wih our surtenance needs 0 Keep it ‘lean ad in adequate quant. Diversions that reste sd oF Wie ‘edogged regions volte the principle of ecological democracy. 2. Water ie ese toe ‘Water sche soure of ife forall species All species and eso systems have sigh other share of water onthe place 2 Lf teronnected thou water Warecconnectall beings and all pars of the plane theo the water cycle, Weal havea dy to ensure that Our ations do foc cause harm to othe specie and orher people Since name gives water tous fie of cost, buying a selling JeorproSevoltes our nce ight to nator’ it and denice the poor af their homan rights, ‘Water is Umited and exhausble if used aonsuitainably. Nonsusrinable we includes enticing more water Goan cosy rere than nature can techarge ecological ronustsnabiy and ‘contuming mote thea ones legtinare share, given the rights of others to fae share Gora nonsurtsinabii). . Everyone hat 4 diay to conserve water and use water sursinably within ecologial and jes ii. 36 Water Wars Waters nots human inveron. Teeannot be bownd and bas no boundate, eis by miter a cemmons Tecannot be boned as pevate propeny and sold as «commodity 2. Noone note aint to aestoy [Noone bas aight to ovenase, abuse, waste, plate water systeans Tradable polation permit violate the principe of ss tnable sn jar use Water i foinscally affeene feom other resources and product, I canpot be weated 382 commodity Vandana Shiva ee aia offen 23.3 ‘ne Bina, uct a Water Petes Web, Ty Gr Plan (sew Yr Groen Das, 139, (ray Soh era a) Devs Berm ey Chow Cua bp at Pais Macon, AZ: ata Ass ry 190, p. 298 Domi Warn Rr of Em Pew Ad nde Cth of car iw Yr Pe Bk, Prag Wasagise, DC Cat Insite 1} Sense ap “Cis Reno haul Respect” per Fomg Nore 180, 9 “ae [i Seg Mani Coamee Pp Fr nian Te Noch “Canon Roper eters an Run! oo Es Pao gat No? aly 1985, ibe Lou on PrseCad Coan Ble, Promos oaks, 8p ESC En, tng of fe Commons” Si 168 rp. Devor Pew, ef, Cant Cte Emig anf Ptr Toon, AZ ater Aen Pa 1 p28 Dever Pena, "A Gold Min, As Oxiwed, end_an Eleventh Cmmantnnt.” in Pens dy new Cn ly nd Rae on, om Bote, “Toe Radu Randi of Rain" ode by J ee De Ranh Fen ree (Garp Sigh We “any denon sa ale Spe, ae Mary. 36. Pear Rogers, ae Pl Ran ep Cabs, ‘Som Wert Nenwoc fr Envincmenl sit Peon ee an Gump for Repose Techy, Sedan 99, 9 ‘ys nigating ee fet. Chapter 2 CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE WATER CRISIS “tab rain, ja ie ti” Proce ee ser crone ete ter pc of he fate af Orieea in eastern IndiThe eylone, one af the most devastating human disasters ever experienced, damaged 1.83 milion hourer and 1.8 milion scres of paddy ecops ia 12 Coastal dirtier. Eighty percent of the coconut tees were up ‘rooted or broken half, endl the banana and papays plane tions were wiped out. More dha 300,000 exe perished, mare than 1.300 fishermen and fitherwomen lst thei entire source bflivelihood, 2nd more chan 15,000 ponds wore contaminated or saliaated. While there sno offical number ofthe haan ‘casualties, independene observers and local workers estimate the cll be about 20,000, In dhe summer of 2001, Ocisia wa hit by one ofthe wore,

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