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Table of Contents
Title
Ivan Tagutmark
ENG4U
Ms. Erudite
16 November, 2011
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Begin numbering on the second page of the essay, and number all subsequent pages
Insert your last name and the page number in the top-right corner of the page
The title page is NOT numbered
The first page of the essay is NOT numbered
The title page should include:
o an appropriate and creative title for your paper
o your name, the course code, your teachers name, and the submission date
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Begin numbering on the second page of the essay, and number all subsequent pages
Insert your last name and the page number in the top-right corner of the page
The title page and first page of the essay are one in the same; this page is NOT numbered
The title page should include:
o an appropriate and creative title for your paper
o your name, the course code, your teachers name, and the submission date
Parenthetical Citations
Why cite your sources?
Plagiarism is
a form of stealing;
as with other offenses
against the law,
ignorance is no excuse.
(Northey 12)
Parenthetical citations (also known as in-text citations) involve placing relevant source information in
parentheses immediately following a direct quote or a paraphrase within your essay.
Parenthetical citations are brief because they refer readers to the list of Works Cited for additional
information on the source; thus all parenthetical citations MUST correspond to the Works Cited page.
MLA Style uses an author-page method of parenthetical citation.
The author's name may appear either in the sentence itself or in parentheses following the quotation or
paraphrase, but the page number(s) from which you are quoting or paraphrasing should always appear in
the parentheses, not in the text of your sentence.
Direct Quotations
A direct quotation means you are including someone
elses ideas word-for-word as they appear in the original
source.
Direct quotations should be used in moderation, chosen deliberately for their expressive value,
technical accuracy, or if you want to highlight a voice other than your own. Otherwise, paraphrase.
Choose quotations that clearly support your argument or illustrate your claim. Irrelevant quotations
actually weaken an essay because they confuse the reader.
Quotations should appear exactly as theyre written in the text (except where youve used ellipsis
marks or square bracketssee pages 7 and 8 for examples).
Floating Quotations are quotations that stand alone, between periods, and without any clear link to
your own paragraph. Always introduce your quotation (give the context, situation, or speaker) and
use appropriate punctuation to ensure proper flow and sentence structure.
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Longer Quotations
Five lines or more Indented
Example:
Example:
Using the Internet to access information on the
World Wide Web involves a number of items set up
to communicate:
The primary elements of the Internet are
host computer systems that are linked by a
backbone telecommunications network.
This network is like a special-purpose
telephone line that is always open and
talking to the host computers, which are
always on. (Shipley and Fish 8)
Systems vary in size and speed, resulting in differing
levels of accessibility
________________
Work Cited
Dickson, Paul, and Jonathan Ellison. Plugged into the
Internet. Canadian Social Trends Winter 1999.
Print.
____________________
Work Cited
Shipley, Chris and Matthew Fish. How the World Wide
Web Works. California: Macmillan Computer
Publishing USA, 1996. Print.
Always quote only the portion of text required to illustrate your point.
If you wish to condense a larger text into a shorter quotation, use ellipsis marks () to indicate
that unnecessary words or lines have been left out.
If only a fragment of a sentence is quoted, it will be obvious to the reader that the quotation is
taken from a longer passage of text, so there is no need to use ellipsis marks.
Ellipsis marks are not generally needed at the beginning or end of quotations (especially if they
are shorter, embedded quotations); include them at the end of a quotation only if the final words
of a sentence are being omitted.
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Original Source:
For a lyric poet like Margaret Atwood, a close relation between the poets life as lived and the poetry as
written is, with some justification and despite the poets disclaimers, often assumed. An interested reader
could piece together a minimal life story from evidence in the poems, but it would be intermittent, largely
geographical, and entirely devoid of the names of persons, even her own.
Student Work
--text omitted from MIDDLE of quotation--
Student Work
--text omitted from END of quotation--
Work Cited
Mallinson, Jean. Margaret Atwood and Her Works. Toronto: Methuen, 1985. Print.
Sometimes you may wish to add your own words to clarify part of a quotation, or change words
to preserve the grammar and flow of your writing (e.g. subject-verb agreement, verb tense, etc.).
In these situations, use square brackets [ ] around your additional words to indicate that youve
made an alteration to the original text.
Student Work
--square brackets used to indicate the students words within the quotation-Hindley returns to Wuthering Heights to act as master of the household, and begins to exact revenge
upon Heathcliff for having displaced him within the family. The ill will that Hindley feels for
Heathcliff is longstanding, as Nelly explains:
from the very beginning, [Heathcliff] bred bad feeling in the house; and at
Mrs. Earnshaws death, which happened less than two years after, the young
master [Hindley] had learnt to regard his father as an oppressor rather than a
friend, and Heathcliff as a usurper of his fathers affections and his privileges,
and he grew bitter with brooding over these injuries. (Bronte 42)
Thus, once Hindley is in a position of power over Heathcliff, he has the opportunity to inflict some
oppression of his own. In an effort to degrade Heathcliff
In the first set of brackets, the student has replaced he with Heathcliff so that the reader
knows which character is being referred to.
In the second set of brackets,Hindley is added to clarify who the young master is.
Work Cited
Bronte, Emily. Wuthering Heights. New York: Premier Classics, 2008. Print.
Indirect Quotations
An indirect quotation is the paraphrasing of another
persons ideas using your own words and voice.
When done well, paraphrasing is often preferable to direct quotations because it allows the writer to
maintain a consistent voice, writing style, and more coherent flow of ideas. (Direct quotations, as
mentioned earlier, should be used in moderation.)
Your in-text citation and Works Cited documentation is the same as it is for direct quotations.
Original Source
In the 1980s and 1990s, civil wars in countries
such as Somalia, Bosnia, Rwanda and Sudan
changed the face of aid again. More and more aid
was directed towards peacekeeping and
emergencies.
Student Work
Student Work
Work Cited
Work Cited
Quoting Shakespeare
Better three hours too soon,
than a minute too late.
William Shakespeare
Always reference Shakespeare plays by Act, Scene, and Line numbernever by page number.
References should look like this: (IV,iii,29-56)
Always ensure your quotations support your argument in a strong, clear, and even poignant manner. A
quotation that has no direct relevance to your argument seriously weakens your essay.
Avoid the floating quotation. Always introduce your quotation, or else it lends neither meaning nor
support.
Avoid quoting out of context. If extreme manipulation of quotations is the only way to support your
argument, then you need a new argument.
Quote only what is necessary to prove your point; if only five lines of a characters speech are needed to
support your argument, do not quote the entire speech.
There are two different ways of incorporating quotations into your essay, depending on the length of the
chosen quotation.
Shorter quotationsapproximately 4 lines or fewershould be embedded within your sentence, rather than
indented and set apart from your paragraph.
Embedded quotations must be enclosed by quotation marks.
A slash (/) should follow each line of verse, to indicate where each line ends in the actual text (these are not
needed for lines of prose).
Punctuation (periods, commas, semi-colons, etc.) follows the citation (Act, Scene, Line), in order to preserve
the flow of your own sentence, as opposed to that of the quotation.
Examples:
A)
Petruchio makes his intentions clear the first time he meets Katherine. During their very
first conversation, he explains to her, Thou must be married to no man but me. / For I am
he am born to tame you, Kate, / And bring you from a wild Kate to a Kate / Conformable
as other household Kates (II,i,268-271). As such, Katherine ought not to be surprised
when Petruchio
B)
When he awakes from his drunken slumber to find himself attended by servants, Sly
insists they call not [him] honor nor lordship (Induction,ii,5-6). Clearly Sly is not so
very drunk that he has forgotten who he is
C)
Having seen Bianca only once, and never having met nor spoken with her, Lucentio
nevertheless falls immediately in love with her. He tries to explain his feelings to Tranio,
insisting that he will burnpine[or] perish (I,i,155) if he cannot marry her.
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Longer quotationsgenerally 5 lines or moreshould be set apart from your paragraph, and should be
indented on both sides.
Indented quotations are not enclosed by quotation marks.
Lines should appear exactly as they do in the text; slashes (/) are therefore not necessary with indented
quotations.
Punctuation (periods, commas, semi-colons, etc.) immediately follows the quotation, unlike in embedded
quotations. The citation (Act, Scene, Line) appears right after the quotation, without punctuation.
The sentence which follows your quotation and continues your paragraph must start at the margin. Do not
indent the next sentence of your paragraph, unless you actually mean to start a new paragraph.
It is generally not advisable to finish your paragraph with a quotation; for better flow, a concluding or
expository sentence of some sort is usually necessary.
Examples:
D)
Upon her arrival at Petruchios home, Katherine is denied a long-awaited meal, under the pretext that
her husband wants only the best for her. To her dismay, Petruchio insists that the food is not cooked
well enough for her fine palate, so he sends it away, and she is left with nothing to eat. Petruchio later
reveals his intention in his soliloquy:
Thus have I politicly begun my reign
She eat no meat today, nor none shall eat.
Last night she slept not, nor tonight she shall not.
As with the meat, some undeserved fault
Ill find about the making of the bed
Ay, and amid this hurly I intend
That all is done in reverent care of her
This is the way to kill a wife with kindness,
And thus Ill curb her mad and headstrong humor. (IV,i,182-203)
Petruchios, plan, then, is to tame Katherine by breaking down her will. If she is devoid of energy, and
is not permitted that which she needs or desires, she must eventually resign herself to her husbands
will, thus abandoning her own
E)
Katherine is not permitted to stay and enjoy her wedding feast at Baptistas house; rather, she is forced
to make the long journey to Petruchios country house, and he ensures that it is not a pleasant one.
Grumio, who accompanies them on this journey, relays the details to Curtis, another of Petruchios
servants:
thou shouldst have heard how [Kates]
horse fell and she under her horse. Thou shouldst
have heard in how miry a place, how she was bemoiled, how [Petruchio] left her with the horse upon her,
how he beat me because her horse stumbled, how
she waded through the dirt to pluck him off me;
how he swore (IV,i,69-75)
Clearly, Petruchio has begun the taming process well before they arrive at his home. By refusing to
help Katherine get out from under her horse or wade through the mud
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MLA is the citation style that we use for all essays and reports at Merivale High School.
MLA stands for The Modern Language Association of America, which publishes a handbook of
guidelines and conventions for citing sources and formatting research papers.
There are many ways to cite sources (e.g., MLA, APA, Chicago); MLA style is widely used for
English and Humanities courses in universities and colleges.
The key to citing sources is consistency, so at Merivale we use MLA citation style for all essays
and reports, regardless of subject area.
Centre the title (Works Cited) at the top of the page and leave a double space before your first
citation.
List citations in alphabetical order by authors last name.
For works without a given author, place in alphabetical order by title (use the first significant word
in the title; ignore a / an / the).
Citations are NOT numbered or bulleted.
Each citation begins at the left margin; the second and following lines are indented 5 spaces (1/2).
Double space between citations.
The Works Cited page is always the last page in the essay or report.
See page 21 for an example of what your Works Cited page should look like.
As a general rule, titles of books, magazines, newspapers, encyclopedias and Web Sites are
italicized.
If your citations are hand-written, use underlining in place of Italics. Never use both at the same
time.
Titles of poems, magazine articles, newspaper articles, and encyclopedia articles are in quotation
marks.
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Smith, Donna.
Smith, Donna and Naomi Wilson.
Smith, Donna, Naomi Wilson, and George Zatzou.
Smith, Donna et. al.
a) ONE Author:
Chong, Denise. The Girl in the Picture: The Kim Phuc Story. Toronto: The Penguin Group, 1999. Print.
b) TWO Authors:
Granatstein, J.L. and Norman Hillmer. For Better of For Worse: Canada and the United States to the
1990s Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman, 1991. Print.
c) THREE Authors:
Smith, Joe, Cathy McDonald, and Kim Danford. As the World Turns. Ottawa: ABC Group, 2011. Print.
7.
8.
ENCYCLOPEDIA ARTICLE
Article authors last name, first name (if given). Article title in quotation marks. Encyclopedia
Title in Italics. Edition and/or year of publication. Medium.
a) Author given:
Stults, Taylor. Propaganda. World Book Encyclopedia. 2001 ed. Print.
b) No author given:
Journalism. Encyclopedia Britannica. 2003 ed. Print.
9.
GOVERNMENT PUBLICATION
Political jurisdiction (country/province/state) if not in issuing bodys name. Name of government
department or agency. Title of Publication in Italics. Authors first and last name if given. Place of
publication: Publisher, copyright date. Medium.
Canada. Department of External Affairs. The Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement. Ottawa: Department of
External Affairs, 1988. Print.
Ontario Ministry of Education. Think Literacy Success, Grades 7-12: The Report of the Expert Panel on
Students at Risk in Ontario. Ontario: Queens Printer for Ontario, 2003. Print.
a) Author given:
Greer, George. The Italians of Thunder Bay. Globe and Mail 20 Apr. 2010: C3. Print.
b) No author given:
Travel Tech: James Bond Meets Marco Polo. Equinox Jan. 2000: 71-75. Print.
15
a) Author given:
Marsh, James. National Hockey League. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Foundation, 2001.
Web. 02 Dec. 2011.
b) No author given:
Kootenay National Park. Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. Grolier Online, 2004. Web. 23 Sept. 2011.
a) Author given:
Kent, Arthur. Whats gone wrong in the war on terror? MacLeans 16 Sept. 2002: n.pag. Web. 18 Sept.
2003.
b) No author given:
The RCMP Under Fire. Macleans 4 Dec. 1995: n.pag. Web. 18 Sept. 2003.
*Note: n.pag. is an abbreviation for no page. This abbreviation is used ONLY for
online magazine, newspaper, or journal articles, when no page numbers are provided.
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*Note: use the abbreviation n.pag. if there are no page numbers provided
a) Author given:
Green, Joshua. The Rove Presidency. The Atlantic.com. Atlantic Monthly Group, Sept. 2007. Web. 15
May 2008.
b) No author given:
Utah Mine Rescue Funeral. CNN.com. Cable News Network, 21 Aug. 2007. Web. 21 Aug. 2007.
a) Author given:
Nicholson, Judy, et al. Teacher-LibrariansSupporting Student Learning. Saskatchewan Learning,
2005. Web. 4 Apr. 2012.
b) Author unknown
The Victorian Web. George P. Landow, 2012. Web. 4 Apr. 2012.
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16. EMAIL
Authors last name, first name. Title of the message / subject line (if any) in quotation marks.
Message to recipients first and last name. Date of the message. Medium.
Gibbons, Deborah. Important information regarding your account. Message to Rita Jones. 22
Mar. 2011. E-mail.
Cook, Claire. Writing Workshop 1: Read Everything. Youtube. Youtube, 27 Apr. 2008. Web. 1
May 2012.
21. IMAGES
a) Work of art or photograph that exits in a museum or collection viewed in person or in print:
Artists last name, first name. Title of the artwork in Italics. Date of composition. Medium of
composition. Gallery or museum and city in which the artwork is physically located.
Van Gogh, Vincent. The Starry Night. June 1889. The Museum of Modern Art, New York.
b) Work of art or photograph that exits in a museum or collection viewed online:
Creators last name, first name. Description or title of image in Italics. Date of composition. Gallery or
museum and city in which the image is physically located. Title of the web site or database in
Italics. Medium. Date when you accessed the information.
Van Gogh, Vincent. The Starry Night. June 1889. The Museum of Modern Art, New York. Wikipedia.
Web. 3 May 2012.
c) Photograph or digital image that exists only on the Web:
Creators last name, first name (if given). Description or title of image in Italics. Date of creation. Title
of the website in Italics. Publisher or sponsor of the site (if available). Medium. Date when you
accessed the information.
Bouda, Jiri. Tulips in Ottawa. 30 April, 2012. The Weather Network. The Weather Network. Web. 3
May, 2012.
Title centered
at top of page
Works Cited
First line of
each citation
begins at margin
Single-spacing
within citations
20
Double-spacing
between citations
Is the information youve found useful and reliable, or is just a bunch of ..?
The CRAAP test can help you evaluate your sources to determine whether they are credible and
appropriate for your research purposes.
Keep in mind that variety is key. Always consult several sources to ensure your research is both
extensive and accurate.
Place a check mark in the appropriate box as you assess your source.
Refer to the following page for results.
Questions to ask
C
Currency
R
Relevance
A
Authority
Yes No
Not
Sure
Is this web site current? Can you find the date of publication/copyright and/or
last update/revision?
If there are web links included, are they credible and unbroken?
Does the information relate to your topic or answer your question?
Consider the intended audience. Is the information at an appropriate level (not
too basic or advanced) for your needs?
Is the author of this site clearly stated?
(Note: the author can be an individual, a group of people, or an organization)
Does the author have appropriate qualifications/credentials/reputation to write
on the subject? (i.e. can you trust him/her?)
Is the information from a preferred and credible source such as government,
university, museum, or professional association?
A
Accuracy
P
Purpose
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Works Cited
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