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    The Rise of China in The Americas (Reconceptualizing Security Book) - Evan Ellis PDF

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    12 ‘The Rise of China in the Americas! Evan Elis The exponential expension of Chinese trae, business, politic, and military ‘resenoe inthe Amerias since the beginning of the mallet bangusbly ‘o0e ofthe facts that has mos transformed, and continues to tans ‘sonomie and polite envionment of the heme ‘hor to the admision ofthe People's Repble of China (PRC) into the Werld Trade Organization in 200), Chinese commer interactions with afin America end the Caribbean vero minimal, albe rowing ep, Dur ng that period, PRC relationships with countries ofthe region were relate low-level, entering on maters such a persuading counties thal diplomat cally recognized the Republic of Chins (ROC) to change their posi, end ‘ling fendshis around the theme of developing word solid and the soaligned moventet ‘The infection pois forth Chinese relationship with the region was argue shy the 2001 PRC adkssion imo the World Trade Orgaizaten, followed by the oficial promulgation of the “Go Out states, ae part of the tenth Five-Yew Plan ofthe Chinese Communist Panty in 2003, WTO admission e Towed Chinese companies to more effectively exploit the country’s bor cost vantage in order to export tthe region sl aso developed nation ats ‘ets such a he Und States, Canad and Europe The "Go Out” srtegy ‘ve Chinese companies the political blessing to Dd the elationships with ‘overseas markets ad sourees of supply required by China's enport-ieted ‘row ste, nthe decade flowing these two evens, PRC tide withthe region ex- panded almestte-fold stn $29 ilion in 2003, to S270 billion se 2012" Intl, the reltionsip was confined alms ently to rade, th Chinese companies poring a limed number of pomary product icen the region, as and Latin Americ importing abroad ary of Chins manfred prod. Concaret wh ths eying cate, however, PRC-ased compas Cr roy wd guney expense and sophie hime bth Sot f the acl were bung reloship, and goverment were con ee dotnet imecil nfnarctres ow weld permit ademmaie- ‘en n Cher coparesopersingin ie regi. TheEoumsc Comm te for Lat Armia dhe Crib ents ht Chinese no Fil ‘gn Diet veer natin Aree een 1990 an teen cf 2012 ‘558 lin of ch 92.2 bln was ad air 2009? The mew weve of Chines vertest fe sein aes om aprox ‘tly 209 ao eocentmed in four scr ach wih own foe ted dynamics (1 pecan, ets, mer nd othe primary rods, consrucina, 3) mourn (4) set sevice nln ee Srna ee Inning and pelos Chios compare began a wave of quisition in ODS hing them ews f0 proven ois sod mineral deposi, hen tne, begin orig fee own eating and pole seme camps ‘rio evetp tere anqured Wiha, hse companies have so ep compete ere ight ives ls deeloped el (wih eter Sor ax ogee poem pelt) acung he neces 203 bi by Ge ‘Chor of sons CNPC sn CNOOC fore Lira oc in Braz” CCnscion eg aound 209, and Chinese compas sigfiety cxpaied ther reer i ain eres othe Canby rom bung es ber fang, in enol ge ir pvr {ba plomatcalysesopused the PRC, to much lager pros Soh sy ‘Soc aie, po fer y eas foe Chiese banks More ree, Ges compares hve began bai sors nthe Corben, incon Sale Maran Blckod Fos nth Banas, collectively worth lest Slo bilen, as wel a Bacole Bay sn Grenada. Tnmanufacurng, Canes eletoncs, moore, ato, end ean Sq net Sonpaies hve bagi to invest i fil asenbly flies m the feo conuncon va ol pnts. Motvatns facade avons of ‘Spor ce beter ving orl aks ike ral nd eporng toner rks fe Unit Stes Tr services, Chinsetleormaniaon compas such as Huawei ed ZTE have reply bal a prsece in Latin America bh sing thet le hones snd oe opp, ad bulling dizd wd fourth generation om Mrcaon astute fr bah overt an private ser provides Invent eur hey uo tv beg fo esas foul inte salt ‘Socanmancins aes of the Caribe ed Censal Amen nl {pe counes at So act copie PRC Pr iw of Chin in Americar 20 In banking, PRC-basod insinsions hive moved from pstersips and representational ofies in supper: of Chinese partes to branch banking on {atin American soi, Signicans advances in Us are include the Noverber 2012 acquisition of Argentina's Standard Bank ty ICBC, and the 2013 peo. posed caution of Brazil's BicBaneo by Chine Coneration Rak ‘While the expanding Chinese presence described in te pocoding pare ‘raps has fled sn array of journalistic and schol analyse, the foots ‘of such wars has generally been economic in nature, including broad accounts of what was transpiring” analyses of the character nd impacts ‘of Chinese trade oth the region,’ and book-length compiled volumes of ‘county-speciic studies” In contrast to these works, the focus of he pede ‘et chape to build upon the deserptive works aod econemic analyses thac have preceded it, andto examine how the new Chinese engagements impacting the suategic environment ofthe repion, IMPACT ON THE LATIN AMERICAN AND ‘CARIBBEAN SECURITY ENVIRONMENT ‘The expanding commercial activities of the PRC in Latin Amica andthe Caribbean are tansfernina te politcal and socal dynamics of the region in smulple ways, nluding a + the orientation of Latin American politcal and business leaders end publics + the socioesonomie dynamics within Lain Ameria sates + patems of commerce and umn ictrcton, * the onestation af anmedforce inthe resin + USS. leverage in areas suck as nde, democracy, and human rights + the economic viabliyof politcal blocks hose othe United Sites + the onemtatin of Latin American sates toward each ober + ieclogial cleavages inthe region + wanspacfic organized erie ORIENTATION OF LATIN AMERICAN POLITICAL "AND BUSINESS LEADERS AND PUBLICS The emergence ofthe PRC as an important macket and source of loans and investments bas captured the atetin of politial and busines lites across Latin America tnd the Canbbean, and has driven them to invest tne and an 2 Baw ts resources to capt ¢ potion of such Beefs, Such efor include regular trips tothe PRC by Lain American oficial and busines delegation, pester tdtention fo Asia by goverment wade promotion organizations and pivte business federations andthe balding of ew tasness parerships in the _ngien Forme Cran ican prcident Oscar Ai felt so sony abut the Importance ofthe PRC tote Fiatureofhis county that he conducted a year of secret diplomacy t change Cesta Rica's diplomatic postion to recognize the FRE.” For goverment sich ar thore ofthe Boivin Aliance fr tbe ‘Ameritas (ALBA) the PRC is ssn oa politcal, ss wall as an eccnomic ‘lative to de Wee, with former Venentelan leader Hugo Chavez tave- ing to the PRC six tmee during ius ourteen years office, and Bolivian [president Eve Moraes poslaming his amination for Chinese revoutionssy Ieader Moo Zedong. Atte popu level, Ching bas also given nse t & ‘lowering of interest among Lain American stuns study nthe county, how fo do business tere, and ler Chines languages and cute in general ers, he nfuence ofthe PRC is reflected inthe results of 2012 regon-wideetstadinalrurvey in which the average respondent per ‘ceived Chia to avs "some infivence” in their county, wah 63 pevent ‘Viewing that nae ex “positive” cr "very postive" SOCIOECONOMIC DYNAMICS OF LATIN AMERICA STATES. ‘Over she pat dace, competion with Chinese exports has sgificaty im paced the menufaccing sectors of Latin America and the Cribean, with ‘nuficring es a pesentage of GDP fang fom 16.5 percent in 2001 to 135 percent in 2012" At the same tine, exports wo the PRC and ators rises in commodity ces have spereased the amporiance of sectors such as cil, ming, timber, mn agriculture wih the consibtion of mining alone in ihe region ineressng 50 percent fom 4.1 percent of GDP in 2001 to 61 percent of GDP in 2128 ‘Ae noted previous, Chitese companies ae gradually establishing them selves rlevant domestic acters throughout the region operating ol ils, ‘mine, manufacturing andrea facies, buldingtansporatin, ower, rd ‘eleolamunistions fasts, peefomning anc banking, and ning ogists faites ani shipping ines the region "Wie the PR arguably hes act yt applied ts growing “sat pow in ‘a manner commensrae with the increasing economic weight snd physical ‘resenoe of Chinese companies i Ue repon,” its pact en the socoes- homie dymamis of Latin American Stes ean be felts the pew sci an he ie of Cha te Are a9 political issues dha pesene has spawned including conflicts between Chi res comeaies and regional labor res snd subconractors "relatos with, local communities” ewvieameniliss and indigenoas groupe” an eet ei competiors,* and security challenges Chinete companies confront” PATTERNS OF COMMERCE AND HUMAN INTERACTION Engagement with China is tansforming the plyscal infastuture of Latin America ad the Caribbean, including projets inded by Chinese Beaks id carried out by Chinese companies, swell as others inspire by the new trade ‘withthe PRC. Inthe proces, pers of commerce and hun ineractions inthe region ae also changing, with stratapc pletion "rom the prs of Manzanillo and Lazaro Cordenes mn Mexico, to Valparsiso and Conepcion i Cie, he region's Pasiie cost ports ae being expaed and modemized, while improved roads and ew ea ines ae beng ut © ‘connect the infarct to the inferior and Alani coat of te Sontnent [important projects insu th "B-Oceani” coro bina improved to on ect the nth, central, and south coats of er othe Brealian Amazon he “Tran-Oceai” ear inking the interior of rac tough Bolivia pos on the nothem coast of Chile, and the “Manse Manas” coidor fom the Pcie cost of Ecuder, ough Pe to Braz. Other key projets dven in rt bythe eon’ growing commerce with the Pacific nce the $5.2 illo, ‘expusion and modeniatn ofthe Panama Canal, the possible contruction of ‘second canal troagh Niaragus, and potential "ry canal” oad and rl inks Proposed throug Honduras, Guatemala, end Colombia. ‘The new commerce withthe PRC and Asai also driving fate for faces not located onthe Pec cost including "La Pama," anew deep. water port in Uruguay which contemplates an astociseed rai link io Brazil to suppor agrcutrl expors andthe conser trade between the Atati- ‘acing counties of the southern cane ed the PRC® Another example she possible constuction of «major container pot at Goat Ila, Jamaica to spect the larger ships that willbe coming tog the Panera Can ftom the Pai once the carl widening projets complete ‘Beyond their commercial sigafieancs such new infatractre aio iat pacts the region in ther ways. New eseidrs ass the continent bring both ‘et andi cammerce to pevinsly inlated parts of te intern, creing ‘new opportnites for naresafickers, legal loggers, miner, ad sm ets, and fometing conflict beeen the new seters and previously ioe communities and indgenous groupe. a Rbven Ee “Tae new tanspr inasructire is sso driving new poles of deveop rent, tracing peopl Fom the coutrysde ad less vibrant urban reas fo the new poles of ranspacfic trade, in search of economic opportunity Te the proces the sowing port iis wall arguably become ore impor tt pbtcly gers of ax even and ees of patna md ‘epson commerce, even they also generte new requirements fo pot and urban secur ORIENTATION OF ARMED FORCES IN THE REGION weno met tet pc ‘suse verge fog ens ola proesion mitey eeeeteee Ee ane ereceere ces Sifaeer eee ae toners Soot meee eae cae ea Seg eas gic ceases seem as See riinie shakers cmt s elm agen arenes Sasa Si Saaa eecaaervarirome ied soteeeros eereames renee eanshereeee oe "he Rise of Cha he Americar a ‘With respect to itary presence in the repion, the Chinese sve begun to evolve ftom conducting limited deployments in a mutates! context (contributing miliary police tothe MINUSTAH peacekeeping force in Hat Som 2004 trough 2012), to blteral humanitarian engagements sacha he ‘November 2010 Angel de az mesic exerese in Pera snd the Devember 2011 tip by the Chinese metal ship “Pease Ark to the Caribean, to more ‘combat onented engagements, uch asthe joint ining atvites conducted wth Chilean and Brezlan naval eres diring the vst y # PLA naval B= tls othe Soutbem Cone in November 2013." U.S. LEVERAGE IN AREAS SUCH AS TRADE, DEMOCRACY, AND HUMAN RIGHTS USS. efforts to advance fee trade, democracy, and human tights in Latin ‘Ametca an the Canbbean lve historically been aided by the postion of ‘he United States as the pincipal export masks fo he region nd Western ‘companies and inaitaions asthe principal source of is foreign loans end invesments. The dramatic expansion of PRC wade with, loan and invest ‘enti te region in the past dcade has changed tt, and inthe process, has arguably deceased the leverage ofthe US. goverament in advancing policy agenda. Although he $8145 bilion in US, rade recorded with Ltn ‘America and the Caribbean in 2012 ill more than thes tines the region's ‘2708 billion tade with China the PRC has surpassed the United Sates in many individual couse i terms of bisa trade volume, including Bran, Cl, Peru, Urgusy, an Panama, and isthe second: cr hindlargest pare for most of terest finncs,fom 2005-2012 slone, Chin lene $87 Dillion tothe region, more shan the Interamercan Development Bank, World “Bunk, and U.S. Expor-impore Bank combined" Indications of diminishing U.S. inuence canbe seen inte reduced role of US led nsttuton such asthe Organization of American Sates resal ing import regional isues such a police! swcession in Honduras and Paraguy, the weakened abity of Washington to advance its poston in key regional forums such asthe Sumit ofthe Ameri,” and the proiesion ‘of new subrepionalinstintions with explicit exclude the United States suchas UNASUR and CELAC. ‘While US. influence sso depends on people in Latin America andthe Caribbean who saree withthe goal of US nitive and the vals being them, the “example” of Chinese economic sucess has undercut US. arg rents that Westem-yle democracy and free markets are the bes foe to evelopment and prosper ‘THE ECONOMIC VIABILITY OF POLITICAL BLOCKS "HOSTILE TO THE UNITED STATES ‘Te mj of Chie oars and sisi pation of PR anes 2 Tem a em hnnpete te AIBA comer ae t cca et horpereemens opus core acm sept pst Suee Wenceconpane nd enc tos, sd ro oa tay Raster Deore ere FAC one! $0 elon tre parmesan sailor ese conan Naking he ibe Chins seas tea! of be Vein “ala regme cen Str Serna eng wee ed prs ie ano home ae lid dsaed poh po he goverment a tat dng th any be 212 Sc a Tenet Eas eed nr an lon es er npg hyeerc ancy poe see ee denen wate Ch Neon Pein Copetin fs A lta ng es bien -Refny of be Pa Wi sa dees ip omnes PR dbase 14 TSRSE deste abmy a0, the moh ne seal esata poli the Chinese re ung and inc alot 2 billion i ent ec un i sine Rota ec fight ae intr cy ok a ches pa pat ps ave crsto en sp 55 nts rpc snny exo El Min rom dept ers wooed aan compa eer, dap te abeace of cpt sltions with the PRC, Cee sont ce fame ten 0-59 cs a eaguaty te oy Kone biome Wang a ORIENTATION OF LATIN AMERICAN AND CARIBBEAN STATES TOWARD EACH OTHER ‘he growing importance of trade with the PRC and other Asin counties to tho economy ofthe esi is impacting the relationship of stats wih their nighbors From 2008 unil 2012, for example, the pation of Latin Ameria and ‘caribbean rade going tothe PRC qudrupld from 3 percent to 12 percent. Th Rs of Chi in be Amerias ma Forstateson the Alam side of South Ameria nsucding Bra, Ung, and Argentina the increase tae sipped aco the Peilichas mace nt struct projets beyond ter borders matter of national interest, including ‘he expansion ofthe Panama Canal, and Unagusy’s planned eonsiton of the new deeper port "La Palma" Simiely. he growing anes ‘ead las incensed te vale of Pacific Coast ports such as qui, Ho, ee Callao (andthe quality of their goverance), to Aetie-facing neighbors ed Jnndlocke sates such a Blivia and Paraguay. Alte “op” of South America, contemplated pipeline and ral inks tothe Pacific coast of Colombin arguably give Venemiel's government an tres inboth improved rations with ts neighbex, a well a soliton fo Calon bias gurila problem (factors which o ite, have prevented eolaboraion beeen the two nations oa intesractre project) Ina similar fashion, rowing wade between the PRC and Centre America ‘ns increased the sakes ofthe long-standing dispute between Honduras El Salvador, and Nicaragua over the maritime border between the three coun tres inthe Gulf of Fonseca For tho goverment of Honus, contemplated oto Tie Island would be the mations only direct acess othe Pac, ‘and would be the Pacific hb fra oad an rail comestionserose Cental “America tat ithas discussed with Chinese comics" Tr the Caribbean, the new commerce with Asia as contributed o compet ing intives to build the new deepwater ports tht will reve ae the dst bution abs fr the commerce passing tough the newiy-idened Panama Canal. As of January 2014, one project was ging forward to develop the pot of Mare in Cuba, while nator was being cacused for Goat Island, Jamaica With espect the impact on regional reltions, the potential value (of Marcas ab serving the east cost of the United Sates an incentive fornomalized US Ciba relations, not only forthe Cab government bat sls for Braz, wich is financing nd bldg the port" Beyond considerations arsng from wade, growing commerce with the PRC has even impacted the relationship boven Guyana and Surname, A ‘portion of the Chinese immigrants arvving in Suriname in rent years Rave subsequently migrated to Guyane where they are causing plitel tension sash county by diplacng te waitin denn sn-Giymce er ants in Geoesetown IDEOLOGICAL CLEAVAGES IN THE REGION As a byproduct ofthe previously mentioned commercial ais, engage ment withthe PRC i facing thus far frend, bt importan ideologieal Avision inthe region. The question of how to eondut busines with Chine fd other nations of Asia as become one of te most important ferences between govemmens inthe Ameria, wh & group of counties include ing te ALBA block releing to the PRC principally trough a state-to-state Tamowork, wth ater, chiding member of tod candidate forthe "Pa ‘ie Alliance” (Meson, Colombia, Pers, Cle, Panama, snd Costa ics), ocusng on a private sector-ed model that emphasizes foe and competitive ‘marke, efficent stitutions, wangprent rules and wansacons anda strong Framework of law protecting contracts and intelectual property While the difference te more aout eoonomies haa pie, is kel to play an impor tant ole in shping tie emerging regime sovering the prcipaion ef Latin ‘America and the Carisben inthe economy ofthe Past ‘TRANSPACIFIC ORGANIZED CRIME With the expansion of wanspacific commerce, criminal activity between the PRC and Latin America und the Caribbean's also growing "Although tere ‘ae no reliable sates on the amount of Chinese-made products which ‘ier Latin Ameria spd the Caribbean as contraband goods, comparzon ‘of China’ pete expects tothe repion, andthe region's reported imps From China sugges the extent ofthe problem in 2012, dhe PRC reported sending $3 blion more in gods to Lin America and the Caribbean tan its countries eollecsvely reported receiving 22 percent of total PRC-Latin ‘Americ trade fo that yer?" “Tanspeific rnin tes ar also appearing inthe informal mining sector inareas such as Michoacn (Meno) and Madre de Dos (Pru), wih all parts ofthe process from extraction of oe and ts sala wo Toa! buyers tothe con folio of cargos and tei dispatch from Pacific Coast ports to Chinese ‘buyers taxed if ct managed by—criminal soups,” ‘Wilh the expanding flows of goods, atansocifc narcotics trade is alo encrging, with Chinese and din companies becoming impartant suppliers of precio chemials ollogal synthetic drug laberatores sm Mexico and CCnsral America Conversely, sates such as Colombia, Bolivia, and Pera fe sipping cocste and possibly other nacois to the emerging Chinese ‘market trough pors sch as Hong Kon,” ‘ioman walfcking fon the PRC trough Latin America andthe Carbboan is algo growing. Ky routes are believed to ivolve Mervan ports such a= Puerto Vallarta i nize, Manzo in Colima, abd Coyean in Mazin, a: well a the entry of Chine migrant in Soult American count such ‘a: Colebia,Eeuaor nd Per (who then wait ova through Cental The Ra of Chine Amerie. ns America and Mexico, where their passage may quire tbe Chinese sroups ‘tat smuggle them, suchas Red Dregon,to collaborate with or pay Letin American criminal groups dough which they must pass)” The talik- ing of Chinese alzo valves the Caribben, withthe wiely perceived bul newline growth af Chinese emmnien i the pence in tn, Suriname, te Dominican Republi, and Trinidad and Tobago in recent years Increased commerce, inloing the importation of Chinese weekers for construction projec in counties ofthe Caribbean, sbeieved a facile ‘ch movements Final, with he ineresed Now of goods and expanded baking tes be tween the PRC and he region, ppernite for money Inmenng involving CCunese companies and stuns hve also multiplied. ‘Autbortes in Latin America and the Canhbeen are arguably pooty equiped to combat emerying transact criminal tes, with few persons ‘who can ineropate suspects and witnesses in Mandarin Chinese, mich lens Jin Cantonese or Hakka. They alo ave few agents of an ec composition pproprate for penetrating Chinese cormmunites, and lack technical comacs inthe PRC to puss ead regarding the persons, groups and companies with which they ae dealing IMPACTS ON THE UNITED STATES AND THE US. RESPONSE Chinese engagement wih Latin America and the Caribean adversely im pacts the US. sates positon in the region in mulepe (abet indies, and probably neersions) ways Fist, as agied previously, the “example” of Chi a8 county which sppareatly bas prospered with limited polite! freedom and a stale, predatory onentacon toward capitalism, ndereats US. attempts to advance ‘Westemayle democracy and fre market eaptalism inthe region, US. le ‘erage in pursuing is poicy objectives inthe region farther nrc by the avalablity ofth PRC as an aerative export matket, source of loans see investment undercuts Second, US. security is aguably feted by Chinese fnncing, investment sm, end trode wit regimes seking independence fom Westem systems of criminal and contacts accountability, sch as has occred 10 varying Se ‘res with the ALBA courres. Toth extent that such regimes, sosted By {Chinese money, become havens for organind crime and eons gr, the bility of the US, to combat heats rom ts soatem neighbors is undre “Thr, Cainese commercial acvites in the repon, however beaigh eu rely expand options for PRC planers tose aga the Unted Sates ould a6 Ben Be hoses emerge beween the two nations inthe fn, Latin American de pendence on commit sles tthe PRC, ced rom Chinese banks, andthe Incressmg inpertane of Chinese companies as employers and sources of x Income forthe regie's governments, a cach souces of leverage trough ‘bic the PRC sl! perwiethe dependent courses 1 deny the United ‘Sates acces to bac, resouees, talligece, or alta suppor. In tine of war the PRC coud indice Chinese owner of faites in Latin Amica to allow thei ue moder to collec iteligenc, serve as a base for Chinese eens or eve fo st down ce otherwse operate away hat would dst the US. comoary arts ability to poet and support feces being sent to As. ‘Asan example, Chirese bu telsorimunicationsinfasructs, telephones, {he data devices cou be sed for daa collection and againat comarca a {ovemment targets inthe region, while port faites operated by Chinese onpanies in coures aus as Panama and Mexico could be st down, nt tn ltr sage of the confit, mado availble othe PLA navy ‘While th dyramics and possibilities presented inthis section may co cem US. policymaber, etamps to limit engagemenss by the governments ‘f Latin Ameria aad the Carbbean withthe PRC would arguably be both ineffective ant courterroductive, offending eponal partes by serine ipinge upon thir vere ‘Even prior fo the declaration by Secretary of Sate, John Key, the US. sponse to expanding Chinese cvs in the hemisphere has been relatively festined. Both te Democratic adminiseation of Bareck Obena and his Republican predecessor George W. Bush avoided characterizing hos ativ- ‘esas treat Insecent years, the tne has become increasingly pose, Including @ discussion by then-Asssant Sealy of State forthe Wester Hemisphere, Amure Valrzicia, on the possby of cooperation between the PRC and the Unted States in Lean America” and characterization of Chinese engagement inthe repon by his successor, Roberta Jacobson 3 abso and deaely a ood thing ™ ‘CONCLUSIONS AND THEORETICAL IMPLICATIONS This chapter's alate of Chine activities in Latin America and the Ce ribeen provides a mumber of new sights into tational theories of Latin ‘Amencan studies, remsional relations, nd infemaonal politcal econom) "The evolution ofthe pysicalinfastroctue and sociopolitical dynamics ofthe region in response to the PRC sigaests that pales of bums po Tel, and social interaction i he Fegion are subject change as fune- tion of exrecheniipheric fcton.Indee, the emeruing spit among Leti ‘he Ris of Cha he Americas a American counties regarding how 1 engage with China sages tat the brimocy of te United Sates athe repos principal pont of reference ay be diminishing” The impact of Cin onthe region's dois sskrs, businessmen, end rubles nant ths shaper al igen tht "wok power” aby Seine iy han ch, an te nl yo eusy’s polices" bu may also sem frm expectations or 2 cow's Fire inporaes well as hopes for lang avstnen tnd srs ¢ county's mais ‘Wi respect o tres of oli xonony, Chine eeoomi engage- sent wih Latin Area sugges that resource export —finhed rots ‘npor adopter sot unique othe lationship beowen develo ad developed states It also sages tha trade enon to developng ations ‘spans eee of ono pats mich mrt ee th respect itenatonl lana, lively beng US to Chinese aves nthe rogin highlight a mince m power ersten theory.” suggesting tt he amin ses deseo maitan a ood ee Sen wie sty carl mrs nc roe 5g, ay prevent ese expanding por of ner Conpsitr On te oth and the ers ofthe Oana ana Frevet Chiese inroads Latin Ameria fom Genes io bossy th the Unted Stats comemporay test of thus of realism Content of gotlzaton I remains een wth poset apa of “appeasement” whee th avanes ofa aldo mat panel inave riliry power, and whether asocied concepts sah a bdance-c power ‘lyn the cotet of complex interdependence ores 1 The viows eres in hie cap do ot cesar reflect he view of he ary Cavaror i US. powenannt 2: Dus pore fom Warm Hersghere cscs was vex rhe tha ht reported bythe PRC: Dn for 2012 was taken from Deion of Trade Satis ‘Quarry, Wasiasn, DC: Ines! Money Fund September 201,93 ‘as for 2002 was taken fom Direcon of Trade Sse Teurbook 3009. Was ‘agen, DC Irae Manny Fun, 200. 28, 3 Chinadatin America Crs-Coma Tak Fora Chinese Freon Dire ne esnein Lain Americ and he Carb, Working Doct, United Nas Economic Canmsooe on Lia Amaca andthe Caibbean (ECLA) Novenbet 203, double tp. cla organo axl une! ‘a /51SSUPS1S51 nlp poem epee nt fa vans 4. A good overview the mor rossi fond in Ben Lider, Qo Hons, ‘Tod Duan, Sinon Fane Tse Hilt, and Are Los, SanhSouth Sp (al SDC, November 13. + ih lout and Sinn Loe “Prrbras ed goup wine Brel i ucton a te Mo Rewer Ora 2013. Avalal bit! T Gnas spans hat ve stalisd mansfactsng options ter one Chery Ha, Crt, isa cheng, XCM. nd Sey, anong oes, 1s areal, Key Drsaigh wed Mak P.Salivan Ghia’ Growing erie Lat ero, Conon] Resch Service, Library of Cone Reta 1,208" Sees Frscia bay and Dave Poon, "Recee Cinse Et ‘scrum Lain Ameen Ciuion own forte meri, 206, Aval- ‘Nonna echina stam pa Seo also van Elis, Chin ad Lan incr: The Wha'eant Wherefore, Boule, CO" Lyane Reet Pb, 2009 1 Soe lrge Blips Lioy, Her Rode, and se Sano, Ate! oF on? une Trae por en La Amen (Pts: OECD Devlopent Cas uo), Sosy Rabe vin. Aor Esoraeocdl, and Andis Rodigue-Clae Fe beac of Chinn, Opporanites and Changes for Latin Arr ad he Clkbran (cand MA Harvard Users Pres, 2008), Se also China ant cenvimesce Eom Relat bh 2 Coy, Rhys Senko nd Ennase Da Men, oor Bae Gentny: Germn Development Insite 2009. See TE Rev Gulagher nd Rober Poresena, "China Mars: Chas Eemnomic Gipas in Lan Arta” Lan feroan Retearch Revi, 3, No 1, 208 TaEabN Sor dao Kenn Galigher and Raber Porescans, The Dragan the ‘he (ionfed Semtd Une Prs, 210) Seu als Gann Fomés a Alan Seer Gt The Chetan meri Ase Emerging Markets andthe Fre of ‘Giebaaton (Lando: Palgrave Nac, 2012). Sen Bar the Dagon Chin Presence Latin Americ Cia Arai, Maik Nib, md Riorlan Rot, ede (Wadagon, DC. Woodow Wioa te Mt Cae fo Scars 200, Senso Chin’: Expansion io re Mest [Jemiphere, Rca Rot sed Ghadalge Pez, ed. (Wasngon, DC Brookins Meee an 208) Se alo atin merit Facing Chi Seth Seth Reams ‘Soon ibe Peshingen Consens AE. Ferandc Sb and B. Hogenbeom, 22° Rene Vo: Bets Bock, 200), Seo alo China Engages Latin meri ‘cine Tejecory A HH an os Las Lain Magu of, Boles, Co Pa ones Pilar, 211 Ser alo rim the Gra! Wal wt New Work (hina an atin sprain te 211 Cen, C. Sus ad i. Armony, en Cmts NN Canberge Univerty Pros, 202) Se aio Cina rd he Soo nl: Aelaonhip othe smaicas, Enigue Duel Pts, Ain H ‘nr ad Hey Shake, es, Meco Clg: Unveil Nainsl Autor do shan 3013 Sepaln "oe hemos Gazer jos en Mai po “aso {hen La Pena Medco Ci, Al 24,20 Mp. Set Busy Ete, sn dain meric Th Wha'sand Wherefore (Bu hr CO Lane Rice Pubs, 2009) Pr ie of hain the Arica x 11, Te elvan Alin rth Ans ALBA) wera nti by th Vinnaln eine Hag Cavern 2a ae Oe US ced pol ee hese Arf Ame oc yf ohn ‘ESprnc ol tsar Lan Awd Cease oped {SU uncer ren sconce ek acon Bete Pom, Ole tol rags Rv gies pfs {1s anes ais gon Dan Dn, Son ie dS ‘ita an Ta Tor Mic “Blin Le Nes Chi Lge Aly.” War soins, ay 1,206 Alesha "2 BB Feng a Hen). Zech, Do Cs Acnitar Tink Cat” Ace Berto ae, 201 ae hip: iiwww. AmericasBarometer org. " —_ Techy sAomal Na uta lis Sn A Ge Dee eri Gi a car pes 3), Ae ‘ep leroy oaevCnonnsptinr sp Ss nd ‘ius Sov alert Porm “Cane Mas” Soo Galaer ‘2a cca, Te Das oe Rm is ral 1% Se gh Yb, Ramd Laat: he Chains Nie of Aeon over ow Yb bt 19 Songs We Poe Ian Sits or os eu a est) Seok Brae Une Stern Chai at Amer: Cooper seat Cope” Ser and Defra ae oe, NOL TNT avin pt Sr do Ran Ht Songtime f {ie re hin er, sg: DE Co Hn TE Kine Natew, “Ang pets dona abo Putas Pt” Jem heer King aes Sepa 3, eae po annem any alr “Chloe ape SEIS ctor en Hs Domi et ce 15h mars ma oe of re el Tow siete minne pe Seeman pba pose on sn S Morris! 2 Conc, Nave 72073, coc encalod197SSonoianeso-pbadre prominence Scmrvna. Anotie empisi calc wre Chow ing canpey icp em fen fer San tnom mmo tier” A9P,Oonb 22, Aral o pt ‘pesmi Sbicrnmnenatons ighetomnedetra ae Ssidsi Yr ots eagle ps aie Sng Coon ‘Sign Gyms ort hg Ia mee See “Opt pte Nant ror fng pcr St News, Grown, Gon ay 13 Available at htip:/www stnbroeknews. com. anne ian 20, neal oo asin he Re Bo sig peta Po Sx se porate xn ts Fines Fa i Meaty omnes per Ase = di Te lat noon onsen pny pen Eat ol RO a eee Ss Mma anes MB Garo aH Unc Capel Een, Mach 33012 Ara Fen remconbioeh lester aan earch Aacie samen rouse ant pcs of See Rai ees ot Chine in DC Mw tones ae ee ne wis Rau Arson ae fw vt om ea eee ants wa Manis Ae“ Al wk Cra ot tt Renee ten Arena Lahn, Mh 6 Arable ca etm eissinarwacetmastwalsete-prsost "sntoetnajeeiaarinn areas i te nt Ds, apse wl ei cm sic Cn see “ehte Pan ase tein ess” Wal Ses Fe ay ch anna hiy on so. oer fa tae vb fe Cnet pte eis 6a nae wom tnpet Can Clone Ss "emer EN sc eps Clb vig eb etic” Comba SS rea em ny feosaaporcom 207 Or re Na ries Char aon a Pel oe epee ore nb roto So re ee stern pose Oren Uo, Case se iciuy snr ania hep wonanerocom Se das aaa Ce tala of Pu dan cd nade Petje ns Senne an ek Sn Paae en fds: La Prema Tesi Hen, se see eta enantiomers ne i oer 9.20, a tad ote Tanpe Fos er“ Seen neces hon sei a eres” 2 Ueno det Fe harem 1 20, Ale hones a eer US DSDBCIF TN 80 AASICASBSBOUCDE Tie Haan atgs Chasen Clase mia, Se “Cog oi este oes Stra Romon, Cob Bleed, 202 ‘eee oreoren com Pa eon maser in” UP Oe 201, aie apr lng de Mies oe on Las an Spc Per doa on Epo Vo 380, one 2) es 22 expen chins ew el SITDEF 21," Pad iar 203, Arabia a emetian s Sisos nprions mera st He oar syn ria seg Moh Tm Mas Neon! ahi shape _7. This inde Chine fro code and pts pu of i sghtn Corb Ansa sl ea Aen A Fe fe Retard D, Tie “Anptine os sotm tases et Ghnt Fe eH sam 380, 2, 201 Arla iices Comic) Ticptnefcalcentimsin posh overs fel otighter. “m “SEI Be “nasi Ar Ani Lain: Daa la, Ban Ngo y Posi Espee™ dr Se Per ue ot Espanol, 2nd Trimester 2012, 47. ba * "tke “Canela Mia." 12, Cavan yma spear wb cba PLA lee Tolemaida Air Base in Colombia, 2012 te TIDSLANY ace i mati imi wih Clan Na ropes bay Oni Goth Ii 203, avail mh enh prope ‘cornea Thal Sra “ChB ns jen lta fine Oncor 29203, sae rh gence. 1" hanpotatncn nde US Nato Sen See andthe oes sedprogans tte U.S Dope of Saw eee US goetament nee Soe Batlont Sry Sat Tw White Hoc Avisl a py cons ‘incall sence ay sey PE Dowco of fra Sacs Our 2 31 Ken Falher, os lathe Kale, Zhe New ant {on Chiat Pon nL dni interes Diag, 201, valent Ips teceddpi Psp GaleChinosPaaedi ender a 5. Dim Elewth “Dep Oa chars Anes oe US. a fon Revert Ap 16200 hela. com i 130 |1Thes-americas-sammit-obasea-idUSBRES3FOUD20120417, seme 36h bom Et “hog Ra nn nd he Vine Pere ny” ath Bes Chris, reba 2013, vale spews nie coneparle phn ropa Caen ni 0 in” ah, src, Vor Faia 721A hye save com Sodan Sayer and Se Media Marea, “ow Chow tok 1 pecs comlaric013 12h seader-apealsep "aUSBRCD ARON D113 Ss so Nn Gi, Een Revers 2 Bihon ite rom Cn for Bort” Bamberg Avi 6201, Avi ‘ntlomergcon, Sve Famand Vcc, Fenda Ze Med ‘a, Qu, Ee As Gif SUVA 2S 0, Snel Chin's CNPC Ss Ende Rly Di” Wal Smt ow a 21, Su ay el comers 10 “Tosa Races 3 4 lin Dbusernt om China Los” The Wall ‘Set sara, ebay 26, 2013, Ale pone soni ‘€0-20130226-710878 ht “er 4, Hilon Horta Garcin, “Hidoalion Rosas pone de Ta coment do ‘Yatses”#l Deher,Sptnber 2, 2013, Accessed a pvr else cos ba! ‘rentasononia py 15028202816 “D"Enyresa chm pavers cre TiidaéSan Ignacio & Moros" Lon Tompor, Coch, Bolt, Oct 21,2013, Avaible at bape {onicmpes com dasa econ 701310Denpresdhinepavmensa ‘reetindanngyai-de 23246300408, “SAD. Hans Soin 0, “Alcina SP de avaoe on rates de Pops tu" Ls Thoms, Cobstanba, Bova, Oobr 14, 202, Avaliable a in Tentiempos nmr fctuldadoconnmii2012101 Silane SO-deavance-e seve aBde papel 188719 40086, “Dorothy Kei, "china may Hp Bolivia finance B Mai.” Mine 7b, My 2g, 201, Ava ttpewnevecon/mineweconte enmineweih a tio 0580n-De "SPanck Boel’ “Nicaraguan ara eimquely vist masa" South China Morning Post Oca 2,201, Ava hep. sem comet 134209/ ‘hearaguaanel ee gtely-vstnacand “Ze Calton Direction of ra Statics Quarter, p, 22-23 a Di som of rae Seis Yearbook 202, pp. 27-28. "Tr The prt woud provide sett for Brain soy, which is ieesiny shipped te Asa bt wuld i compe wth Agente ies Soe"Unagu) see ‘espa prt se ego tata pln,” UI October 2, 2013, Arable ot 1 "Honduras fart con emptes china exmstcsin de feocarit ito ein” no dma, Jine 21-205, Avil at hp adowmeeaba. nt ‘endure Ear sor ompres

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