Geo-mapping

What is GIS?
Joe Huenecke
Pharmacy Student, Belmont University
June 26, 2015
Geographical Information Systems

Overview
1. The basics
2. Examples of the geographical visualization
healthcare data
3. Visualization of public Medicare readmissions
data for HCA hospitals

http://www.connexica.com/big-data-buzz-or-big-data-fuzz-2/

Geographical Information Systems

http://www.connexica.com/big-data-buzz-or-big-data-fuzz-2/

Geographical Information Systems

CMS Data Set

-

Storage

CMS Dataset: READMISSIONS REDUCTION.csv

Geographical Information Systems

Definitions
Geographical Information System (GIS)
Geocoding
Spatial Analysis

Geographical Information Systems

Average HH Spend on Ice Cream by Zip Code

www.pamallison.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/ice-cream-by-zip-code.jpg

Geographical Information Systems

Uses of GIS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Cases and Exposures

Spatial Trending
Disease Cluster
Correlation of Different Sets of Data
Testing Statistical Hypothesis

Geographical Information Systems

Uses of GIS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Cases and Exposures

Spatial Trending
Disease Cluster
Correlation of Different Sets of Data
Testing Statistical Hypothesis

Geographical Information Systems

Healthcare and GIS

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Epidemiology
Etiology of disease
Healthcare planning
Organization
Delivery and evaluation of Health Systems
Surveillance and cluster detection control
Environmental health
J Biomed Inform. 2014;51:287-98.

Geographical Information Systems

Real-World Examples
Meningococcal Disease Real time alert system21
Rabies Surveillance3
Medication Adherence9,17
Risk Factors for Healthcare-associated
infections27
5. Disaster Control24
6. Vaccine Development25
7. Environmental Variables of health conditions6
1.
2.
3.
4.

Geographical Information Systems

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Surveillance of Meningococcal Disease

Real time of
meningococcal typing
data
Spatiotemporal
Clustering
Early-warning system

Int J Health Geogr. 2008;33(7).

Geographical Information Systems

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Nashville Flood of 2010

Pre-flood

Post-flood

ANUA Abby Symp Proc. 2013;Nov 16, 2013:1303-11.

Geographical Information Systems

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Location Determinant of Treatment

Pneumonia
Healthcare Associated

Community Associated

Ceftriaxone(IV)
Levofloxacin (IV)
Ampicillin/Sulbactam (IV)

Sulfamethoxazole/Trimetho
prim (Oral)
Doxycycline (Oral)

Clinical Infectious Disease. 2007;44:S27-72

Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;171:388-416.

Geographical Information Systems

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Healthcare-Associated Infections

Int J Health Geogr. 2010;47(9).

Geographical Information Systems

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Medication Adherence

Pharmacotherapy. 2011;21(10):927-33.

Geographical Information Systems

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Personal GIS Project

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

CMS Hospital Readmissions (10-13)

HCA Locate a Facility
Cross-referenced
83 HCA Facilities Matched
Extracted
Imported into Tableau Desktop

Geographical Information Systems

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CMS Readmissions Data (10-13)

Average Excess
Readmission Ratio

Average Number of
Readmissions

Geographical Information Systems

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CMS Readmissions Data (10-13)

Average Excess
Readmission Ratio

Average Number of
Readmissions

Geographical Information Systems

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CMS Readmissions Data (10-13)

Color
Average Excess
Readmission Ratio
Size
Sum of Readmissions

Geographical Information Systems

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CMS Readmissions Data (10-13)

Color
Average Excess
Readmission Ratio
Size
Sum of Readmissions

Geographical Information Systems

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Healthcare Considerations
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Privacy Protection
Patient Centered Care
Intentions of Analytical Services
Interoperability of Systems
Accuracy of data interpretation

Geographical Information Systems

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References
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Anselin L, Syabri I, Kho Y. GeoDa: An Introduction to Spatial Data Analysis. Geogr Anal. 2006;28:5-22.
Bifolchhi N, Deardon R, Feng Z. Spatial approximations of network-based individual level infectious disease models. Spat Spatiotemporal
Epidemiol. 2013;6:59-70.
Blanton JD, Manangan A, Managan J, Hanlon CA, Slate D, Rupprecht CE. Development of a GIS-based, real-time Internet mapping tool
for rabies surveillance. Int J Health Geogr. 2006;47(5).
Buckingham WR. The Potential and Pitfalls of Geocoding Electronic Health Records. WMJ. 2012;111(3):107-11.
Carroll LN, Au AP, Detwiler LT, et al. Visualization and analytics tools for infectious disease epidemiology: A systematic review. J Biomed
Inform. 2014;51:287-98.
Chang TS, Gangnon Re, Page CD. Sparse modeling of spatial environmental variables associated with asthma. J Biomed Inform.
2015;320-29.
Chen J, Mac Eachren. Resolution Control for Balancing Overview + Detail I Spatial, Multivariate Analysis. Cartogr J. 2008:45(4):261-73.
Clift K, Scott L, Johnson M, Gonzalez C. Leveraging Geographic Information Systems in an Integrated Health Care Delivery Organization.
Perm J. 2014;18(2):71-75.
Couto JE, Panchal JM, Lal LS. Geographic Variation in Medication Adherence in Commercial and Medicare Part D Populations. J Manag
Care Pharm. 2014;20(8):834-42.
Curtis DE, Hlady CS, Kanade G, Pemmaraju SV, Polgreen PM, Segre AM. Healthcare worker contact networks and the prevention of
hospital-acquired infections. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(12):e79906.
Danciu I, Cowan JD, Basford M, et al. Secondary use of clinical data: The Vanderbilt Approach. J Biomed Inform. 2014;52:28-35.
Fernando WS, Hazelton ML. Generalizing the spatial relative risk function. Spat Spatiotemporal Epidemiol. 2014;8:1-10.
Freifeld CC, Mandl KD, Reis BY, Brownstein JS. HealthMap: Global Infectious Disease Monitoring through Automated Classification and
Visualization of Internet Media Reports. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2008;15:150-157.
Gao S, Mioc D, Anton F, Yi X, Coleman DJ. Online GIS services for mapping and sharing disease information. Int J Health Geogr.
2008;8(7).
Goldberg DW. Advances in geocoding for the health sciences [letter]. Spat Spatiotemporal Epidemiol. 2012;3:1-5.
Goovaerts P. Geostatistical analysis of health data with different levels of spatial aggregation. Spat Spatiotemporal Epidemiol. 2012;3:8392.

Geographical Information Systems

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References
17. Hoang CH, Kolenic G, Kline-Rogers E, Eagle KA, Erickson SR. Mapping geographic areas of high and low drug adherence in patients
prescribed continuing treatment for acute coronary syndrome after discharge. Pharmacotherapy. 2011;21(10):927-33.
18. Hurliman E, Schur N, Boutsika K, et al. Toward an Open-Access Global Database for Mapping, Control, and Surveillance of Neglected
Tropical Diseases. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011;5(12):e1404.
19. Maheswaran R. GEOMED 2013 From spatial analysis to public health practice [letter]. Spat Spatiotemporal Epidemiol. 2014;10:27-28.
20. Paiva T, Chakraborty A, Reiter J, Gelfand A. Imputation of confidential data sets with spatial locations using disease mapping models. Stat
Med. 2014;33(11):1928-45.
21. Reinhardt M, Elias J, Albert J, Frosch M, Harmsen D, Vogel U. EpiScanGIS: an online geographic surveillance system for meningococcal
disease. Int J Health Geogr. 2008;33(7).
22. Rushton G. Public Health, GIS, and Spatial Analytic Tools. Annu. Rev. Public Health. 2003;24:43-56.
23. Sanchez D, Batet M, Viejo A. Utility-preserving privacy protection of textual healthcare documents. J Biomed Inform. 2014;52:189-98.
24. Simpson CL, Novak LL. Place Matters: The problems and possibilities of spatial data in electronic health records. ANUA Abby Symp Proc.
2013;Nov 16, 2013:1303-11.
25. Soria-Guerra RE, Nieto-Gomez R, Govea-Alonso DO, Rosales-Mendoza S. An overview of bioinformatics tools for epitope prediction:
Implications on vaccine development. J Biomed Inform. 2015;53:405-14.
26. West VL, Borland D, Hammond WE. Innovative information visualization of electronic health record data: a systematic review. J Am Med
Inform Assoc. 2015;22:330-39.
27. Wilson JS, Shepherd DC, Rosenman MB, Kho AN. Identifying risk factors for healthcare-associated infections from electronic medical
record home address data. Int J Health Geogr. 2010;47(9).
28. Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services. READMISSION REDUCTION. 2015. [Comma Separated Values]. Retrieved from
https://data.medicare.gov/Hospital-Compare/Hospital-Readmission-Reduction/9n3s-kdb3.
29. Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Structural Measures Hospital. [Comma Separated Values]. 2015. Retrieved from
https://data.medicare.gov/Hospital-Compare/Structural-Measures-Hospital/4hje-vua3.
30. Tableau Desktop [computer program]. 9.0. Seattle, WA. Tableau Software; 2015.
31. Mandell LA, Wunderink RG, Anzueto A, et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society Consensus Guidelines on
the Management of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Adults. Clinical Infectious Disease. 2007;44:S27-72
32. American Thoracic Society. Guidelines for the Management of Adults with Hospital-acquired, Ventilator-associated, and Healthcareassociated Pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;171:388-416.

Geographical Information Systems

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Questions?

Geo-mapping
What is GIS?
Joe Huenecke
Pharmacy Student, Belmont University
June 26, 2015
Geographical Information Systems

24