Living

Classification

copyright cmassengale

Characteristics of Living Things

Cellular Organization

All organisms are made of cells

Cells are the basic structure of life
Organisms may be unicellular or
multicellular

copyright cmassengale

Characteristics of Living Things

Chemicals of Life
Cells are made of chemicals
Water, carbohydrates, proteins,
and lipids
DNA

copyright cmassengale

Characteristics of Life
Energy Use

Get energy from taking and breaking down

materials
Metabolism- the chemical reactions through
which
an organisms builds up or breaks
down materials
Energy used for growth and repair

copyright cmassengale

Characteristics of Life

Response to Surrounding

Organism react to stimulus with a response

Response- an action or a change in behavior

copyright cmassengale

Characteristics of Life

Growth and Development

Development-the process of change that

occurs
during an organisms life, producing a
more complex organism.

copyright cmassengale

Characteristics of Life

Reproduction-Ability to reproduce or produce

offspring that are similar to parents
Asexual
reproduction

copyright cmassengale

Characteristics of Life

Growth and development continued

copyright cmassengale

Where do Living Things Come From?

Living things arise from other living things

through reproduction.
Spontaneous Generation:
The mistaken idea that living things can arise
from nonliving sources
Redis and Pasteurs Experiments

copyright cmassengale

What Do Living Things Need To Survive?

Food: Organisms need source of energy to
live
Autotrophs
Heterotrophs:
that
Organisms
make their own
food

Organisms that
cannot make their
own food

copyright cmassengale

10

Water

All living things need water to survive

to obtain chemicals from their surroundings
Break down food
Grow
Move substances within their bodies
Reproduce
Water can dissolve more chemicals than any
other
substance on Earth
Makes up 90% of your blood

copyright cmassengale

11

Living Space

All organisms need a place to live

Due to limited space competition arises
I.E Bears, panthers, etc

copyright cmassengale

12

Stable Internal Conditions

Organisms must be able to keep the conditions

inside their bodies stable.
Homeostasis: maintenance of stable internal
conditions

copyright cmassengale

13

Species of Organisms

There are 13 billion known

species of organisms
This is only 5% of all
organisms that ever lived!!!!!
New organisms are still being
found and identified

copyright cmassengale

14

What is Classification?
Classification is the
arrangement of organisms into
orderly groups based on their
similarities
Classification is also known as
taxonomy
Taxonomists are scientists that
identify & name organisms
copyright cmassengale

15

Benefits of Classifying

Accurately & uniformly names

organisms
Prevents misnomers such as
starfish & jellyfish that aren't
really fish
Uses same language (Latin or
some Greek) for all names

Seahorse??

copyright cmassengale

16

Confusion in Using Different

Languages for Names

copyright cmassengale

17

Latin Names are Understood by

all Taxonomists

copyright cmassengale

18

Early Taxonomists
2000 years ago,
Aristotle
was the first

taxonomist
Aristotle divided
organisms into plants &
animals
He subdivided them
by their habitat
---land, sea, or air
dwellers

copyright cmassengale

19

Early Taxonomists

Ray, a
John
botanist, was

the first to use

Latin for naming
His names were
very long
descriptions
telling
everything
about the plant

copyright cmassengale

20

Carolus Linnaeus

1707 1778

18th century
taxonomist
Classified
organisms by
their structure
Developed
naming system
still used
today
copyright cmassengale

21

Carolus Linnaeus

Called the Father of

Taxonomy
Developed the modern
system of naming known
as binomial nomenclature
Two-word name (Genus &
species)

copyright cmassengale

22

Standardized Naming

Binomial
nomenclature used
Genus species
Latin or Greek
Italicized in print
Capitalize genus,
but NOT species
Underline when
writing

Turdus migratorius

American Robin
copyright cmassengale

23

Binomial Nomenclature

Which TWO are more closely related?

copyright cmassengale

24

Rules for Naming Organisms

The International Code for

Binomial Nomenclature contains
the rules for naming organisms
All names must be approved by
International Naming Congresses
(International Zoological
Congress)
This prevents duplicated names

copyright cmassengale

25

Classification Groups
( taxa-plural) is a
Taxon
category into which related

organisms are placed

There is a hierarchy of groups
(taxa) from broadest to most
specific
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class,
Order, Family, Genus, species

copyright cmassengale

26

Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups
BROADEST TAXON
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum (Division used for plants)
Class
Order
Family

Genus
Species
copyright cmassengale

Most
Specific

27

Dumb
King
Phillip
Came
Over
For
Gooseberry
Soup!
copyright cmassengale

28

copyright cmassengale

29

Domains

Broadest, most inclusive taxon

Three domains
Archaea
and
Bacteria
are
unicellular prokaryotes (no

nucleus or membrane-bound
organelles)
Eukarya are more complex and
have a nucleus and membranebound organelles
copyright cmassengale

30

ARCHAEA

Kingdom - ARCHAEBACTERIA
Probably the 1 cells to evolve
Live in HARSH environments
Found in:
Sewage Treatment Plants
(Methanogens)
Thermal or Volcanic Vents
(Thermophiles)
Hot Springs or Geysers that are acid
Very salty water (Dead Sea; Great
Salt
Lake) - Halophiles
st

copyright cmassengale

31

ARCHAEAN

copyright cmassengale

32

BACTERIA

Kingdom - EUBACTERIA
Some may cause DISEASE
in ALL HABITATS except
Found
harsh ones
decomposers for
Important
environment
important in making
Commercially
cottage cheese, yogurt,
buttermilk, etc.

copyright cmassengale

33

Live in the intestines of animals

copyright cmassengale

34

Domain Eukarya is Divided

into Kingdoms

Protista (protozoans, algae)

Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts )
Plantae (multicellular plants)
Animalia (multicellular animals)

copyright cmassengale

35

Protista

Most are unicellular

Some are
multicellular
Some are
autotrophic
, while
others are
heterotrophic
Aquatic

copyright cmassengale

36

Fungi
Multicellular,
except yeast
Absorptive
heterotrophs
(digest food
outside their
body & then
absorb it)
Cell walls
made of chitin
copyright cmassengale

37

Plantae

Multicellular
Autotrophic
Absorb sunlight to
make glucose
Photosynthesis

Cell walls made of

cellulose

copyright cmassengale

38

Animalia

Multicellular
Ingestive
heterotrophs
(consume food
& digest it
inside their
bodies)
Feed on plants
or animals

copyright cmassengale

39

copyright cmassengale

40

Taxons

Most genera contain a

number of similar species
The genus Homo is an
exception (only contains
modern humans)
Classification is based on
evolutionary relationships

copyright cmassengale

41

copyright cmassengale

42

Basis for Modern Taxonomy

Homologous structures (same

structure, different
function)
Similar embryo development
Molecular Similarity in DNA,
RNA, or amino acid sequence
of Proteins

copyright cmassengale

43

Homologous Structures (BONES in the FORELIMBS) shows

Similarities in mammals.
copyright cmassengale

44

Similarities in Vertebrate
Embryos

copyright cmassengale

45

Cladogram

Diagram showing how organisms are related

based on shared, derived characteristics
such as feathers, hair, or scales

copyright cmassengale

46

Primate
Cladogram
copyright cmassengale

47

Dichotomous Keying

Used to identify organisms

Characteristics given in
pairs
Read both characteristics
and either go to another
set of characteristics OR
identify the organism

copyright cmassengale

48

Example of Dichotomous Key

1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b

Tentacles present Go to 2
Tentacles absent Go to 3
Eight Tentacles Octopus
More than 8 tentacles 3
Tentacles hang down go to 4
Tentacles uprightSea Anemone
Balloon-shaped bodyJellyfish
Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5

copyright cmassengale

49

copyright cmassengale

50