Ius publicum I

780

Liber amicorum professor Todor Dzunov (2009)

 Ius publicum I

IUS PUBLICUM

(
)

Nec nulla nobis magis res aliena quam publica

Tertulliani2

(Ius publicum) ,
,
/ /
, , .. ,
( ); .. ;

; ; .3
(Ius privatum), / /
/ Ius cogens. , ,

1

(),
.
2
Tertullian, pology - with an English translation by T. R. Glover; Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, The Loeb
Classical Library & Harvard University Press, 2003.
3
ika Bujukli, Forum Romanum Rimska drava, pravo, religija i mitologija, ,
& , 2005, 314.
781

Liber amicorum professor Todor Dzunov (2009)

 Ius publicum I

( ex officio).4 (Iudicia publica - ,

),
.5
, ,

,

( , ,
)
, .6
, - ,


1991 (
: ).

.. Actio popularis (
.. - quivis ex populo). . , II, ,
;,1961, 187.
5
, Iudicia publica ( ) Iudicia privata ( )
,
, Lex Iulia de iudicis privatis et de iudicis publicis.
, . . ,
(I ), , 2000, 37.
6
. : , ,
. (...)
. . - :
,
( I), , , 2004, 347.
782

Liber amicorum professor Todor Dzunov (2009)

 Ius publicum I

1.
:
... , .
( 8, 1, 4 )

( + +
)
,
(consules), (Senatus) (comiti ..
Concilia plebis),
.7 , Historia,
, ..
,
.8
..
(pomerium);
; , , ,
. ,
, (. Memigmene politea).9
()
(. Marcus Tulius Cicero). De res
publica ( / ),
,
:
; ,

- Chck and balances ..

imperium.
8
, , , Union-Trade, 1995, 364.
9
, (, , , ), ; , 36.
783

Liber amicorum professor Todor Dzunov (2009)

 Ius publicum I

.10
,
( , , , ,
, ).11

[] ,
( - Right, - Law)
. ,

.
, , , .

2.

: ... ...
(. 8, .1, .3 )

(Titus
Livius), : Imperia legum potentiora quam hominum
. , ,
vinculum iuris ( / ),
... (consensus iuris).
vis a vis :
,

10

. , , ,
( ), , 2006, 417.
11
. : , , Union-Trade, 1995, 74.
784

Liber amicorum professor Todor Dzunov (2009)

 Ius publicum I

.12 De legibus ( ),
,
, ,
. ,
, .
, .13 ,
! ,

: ,

. ,
!?. ,
,
. ,
(in fraudem leges). , De officiis ( ),
:
.
Summum ius summa saepe iniuria!14 .
, 30 ,
, .15

,
.16

12

: , , 1995, 73.
. .: . . , , , ,
2006, 415.
14
: !
15
, , , ( ), 2005, 35-36.
16
[]
, .
13

785

Liber amicorum professor Todor Dzunov (2009)

 Ius publicum I

, -
.

3.
.

(. 2, .1 )

/ / - ,
Suprema potestas ( .. ), demos,
ethnos! ,
individui, .17
(Status civitatis), ,
: ()
; () ..
. ,
(1763): ,
:
, !18
. (populus)
civitas, . (cives)
Lex XII tabularum
12- (450 ....).19 , ,
,
17

, , , Union-Trade, 1995, 16.

. . , , , ( ,
, ), 1978.
19
. , , , 1948 -, , ,
1973. 12 I ( ).
18

786

Liber amicorum professor Todor Dzunov (2009)

 Ius publicum I

.20 () ()
: Civis Romanus sum
!21
, .. .22
, ,
[] , (praescriptio
longi temporis):
. ,
(delicta privata)
.23

. , (libertinus)
,
(tribus), -
20

, :
(. 324 /05). ,
, , , , ,
2006, 541.
21
( 25, 10-11) ,
, : ,
. ...
, ; , ,
. !. . .
, , , , 1999, 333.
22

,
(persona grata) . ,
, ,
, :
... !. . , , , ,
2007, 365.
23
Iniuria ( )
(. Right of privacy),
, a
. . . 26 (1991): .
,
.
787

Liber amicorum professor Todor Dzunov (2009)

 Ius publicum I

- (polis),
.. pro futuro .24
(dominium populus),
:
,
.25

, ...
,
. ,
(),
,
.
, ,

. C. Nikolet -,
( )
, , .
- polites, - idiotes!
Iussum populi /

24

.. (.: . -
, , , , 2002)
2001 , . :

. ,
, /
!? ,
() !? .:
- VI (. , 91/01).
25
, ,
.
788

Liber amicorum professor Todor Dzunov (2009)

 Ius publicum I

, (
) Beneficium populi Romani .26
a ,
, : SPQR.
Senatus Populusque Quiritium Romanus ([ ] ).27 ,

() - .
: ,

(urbs) (municipia).

4.
; ;
: ...
...; ;
.
,
;
,
, .
(. 66, . 1- 2; . 68, .1, .2; . 75, .1 . 52, . 1-3 )

, (fontes iuris) , Ius

scriptum ( ), ,

26

. .: , , - ( ), ,
, 2006, 71.
27
, inter a linea, :
[] [], populus Senatus
, !? , ,
, ( ),
, de facto
.
789

Liber amicorum professor Todor Dzunov (2009)

 Ius publicum I

lex / leges (,
, )28 -
.. .29 Pro Flacco (
- 7, 15-16) :
,
, , ,
,
;
,
.30
,
.. ,
, ..
. :31
) (comitii),
(Senatus), (Concilia plebis) (Comitia
curiata).
- Comitia centuriata ( ):
.. ,

28

Inst. I, 3 (Gai): Lex est quod populus iubet atque constituit [

]; D. 1, 3, 7 (Modestianus libro primo regularum): Legis virtus haec est imperare, vetare, permittere, puniere
[ : , , ]. ,
(Ulpianus): Quod principi placuit, legis habet vigorem [
!], ..
.
29
Adolf Berger, Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law, Philadelphia, USA, The American
Philosophical Society, Independence Square, New Series Volume 43, Part 2 - 1953 (Reprinted 1991), 544. ,
12 , .
30
(: . - ;
, , 35 37) !?
: ... ,
(!?).
31
. Bujukli: Forum Romanum,, 2005, 334 .
790

Liber amicorum professor Todor Dzunov (2009)

 Ius publicum I

.
: . 194
(80+18+20+20+20+30+5+1). 70 (. 80 ,
) ,
(nobiles) 75 000 100 000 .32
( 35) iuniores 45
, ( 35)
seniores 45 , .
18 ..
(equestres). , () 20
, 30 . .. ,
, , - ..
.33 ,
.
. ,
, .34
- Comitia tributa ( ): ,

(tribus-) .. .
( ), 35 , , .35
.. , ,
.
,
32

. .. (327,45 ).
prole . -
, ().
34
,
[] .
35
,
- .
33

791

Liber amicorum professor Todor Dzunov (2009)

 Ius publicum I

.. .
.
, ,
,
(dies comitiales . ), ..

.
. , ,
, , , , ,
.
) , :
- Rogatio ( );
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,
(contiones).
(suasiones)
(dissuasiones);
- ius agendi
cum populo ( , ). ,
, ,
;
-
: ()
36 (obnuntiatio) ()
;

36

Auspicies - ,
(augures),
, .
792

Liber amicorum professor Todor Dzunov (2009)

 Ius publicum I

-
(renuntiatio legis) ,
,
;
- , ,
imperium (.. leges dota). ,
..
e .37 leges dota, ,
.
) , :
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- , . ,
,
(rogator).38 ,
. Lex Caecilia Didia (98 ....) ..
Rogatio per saturam () . -,
, ,

37

, ,
.
38
. , .
. , ,
: ) ,
[ 10.000 -
]; ) [ ,
, ..
]. De lege ferenda (
, /91 ,
).
, , .
793

Liber amicorum professor Todor Dzunov (2009)

 Ius publicum I

.
;39
- Auctoritas ( ): , ..
de iure - in concreto.
,
;
- Promulgatio ( / -):
- ( / ),
27 , ;40
- Contiones ( / ):
, ,
, . ;41
- Dies comitiales ( ):
,
192 .
(trinundium) , , (9x3 = min. 27
).
. , ,
(auspicies);
- Vocis ( / ): ,
, ( ) - .. ,
II ...., (
).

39

, , ,
4.000 .
40
() -. ,
, .
41

- ( )
( ).
794

Liber amicorum professor Todor Dzunov (2009)

 Ius publicum I

(tabula / tabella) (stilus)

VR (uti rogas =
), A (antiquo = ).
-,

(ex novo). , ,
. , ,
. , (per capita)
, . , ,
.. ;
- Renuntiatio ( ):
, , -
,
;
- Ratificatio ( ):
, , ;
- Publicatio ( ): ,
.. rarium populi Romani. ,
, Aerarium Saturni, 42
. , , 43
.. Acta diurina , ,
.
Rerum urbana acta,
Procurator Augusti ab actis.
42

, erarium- Fiscus .. ,
,
( .. ).
43
, , .
, , , . .
795

Liber amicorum professor Todor Dzunov (2009)

 Ius publicum I

- Urbi et orbi ( ):
Ratificatio
.44 vacatio legis (

), ,
. , ,
.. / ,
.45

5. K

;
...
(. 108 . 110, .1, .1 )

(Senatus)
, :
)
.. Ratificatio ( ,

44

, ,
, , (
) !? ,
,
,
. .. ( ) ,
, ,
!?
45
, . 133, .3 :
; . 134 :
. ,
vacatio constitutionis ( ), vacatio
legis ( ).
796

Liber amicorum professor Todor Dzunov (2009)

 Ius publicum I

). Lex Publilia Philonis IV .... 339

....;
) .. 46
.. Patrum auctoritas (
SC - Senatus consulta .. ).
,
;
) , 47
,
.

. ( ex tunc

) . ..
- ,
(vis)
(trinundium).

46

,
- ( 1958).
47
, - 40
, (1920),
.
797

Liber amicorum professor Todor Dzunov (2009)

 Ius publicum I

6. e

,
; 18
. ,
;
;
, ;
, ...
, ... ,

...; ...;
;
...
(. 2, .2; . 22, .1-2; . 23, . 62, .2, . 68 .1, .13-15,
XI, .1, XXX, .4 XV )

. , Ius publicum, :
) ius sufragii ( ):
(, ) Comitia populi tributa . , ,
..
35 ,
.

O.F. (Oro vos faciatis) - .

(clientes), ,
- .48
,
48

(++ ++ .)
.
798

Liber amicorum professor Todor Dzunov (2009)

 Ius publicum I

. ,
, - ,
(Candidatorum programmata). , ,
, ,
, .
,
.49
) ius honorum ( ):
,
, .
:50
- Quaestor ( / ): .
, 20 .
28 .

,
.
;
- Aediles plebis ( / ): . ,
(aediles curules)
. 37
. ,
(edes Cereris );

49

: , , , 2006, 389.
Quid cui servit - ?,
,
(), - - ,
, , !?
50

799

Liber amicorum professor Todor Dzunov (2009)

 Ius publicum I

- ribuni plebis ( ):51

(ius
auxilii). , .52
, , ius contionandi
;
- Praetor ( ): , (Praetor urbanus)
(Praetor peregrinus).
40 .

(.. in iure).
.. (Ius honorarium).53
,
;
- Consules ( ):
, (imperium).
43 .
,
( ),54

51

[ -: ( ),
, -, 2000, 46] Censor ( /
/ ) ,
,
.
52
, ,
, !?
53
honoris, ..
(
). ,
, ( ,
)!?
54

- ( - + -)
.
800

Liber amicorum professor Todor Dzunov (2009)

 Ius publicum I

, , . ,
, , .

7.
...

...
;
.
;
,
;

.
;
...
, ;
...
;
; ,
,
.
(. 63, .1 4; . 80, . 1-2; XXVIII, .8; XXX,
.4-5; . 74, .1 3; XV; . 99, .1; . 128 )

(..
).55
. ( :
, )

55

, .
. ,
,
, ,
(
- : ctio Serviana, ctio Pauliana; Actio Publiciana; Interdictum Salvianum .).
801

Liber amicorum professor Todor Dzunov (2009)

 Ius publicum I

. 56
(equestrum). ,
400 000 57 (.. ),
() .58
.. Cursus honorum ( )
, ,
..
.59
bdicatio :
- , (
)
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).60

56

- ,
() ().
57
( ),
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58

, .
: 1) - ; 2)
40 - ; 3)
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( 50 40%)
,

. ,
,
!? . XXXI (. , 3/09 9.I.2009).
59
,
, ,
.
60
( , .)
,
802

Liber amicorum professor Todor Dzunov (2009)

 Ius publicum I

,
.. -
( / ) . ,
(de ambitu),
, .
Pro Murna (
), 63 .... ,
62 ...., (..
consul designatus). ambitus .. ,
, Lex Tullia de ambitu ,
( -rogator) , , .
.. (accusatores) :
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.
,
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,

.. ex lege,
( e !).
- , ,
,
.
. ,
,
. - , 6,50!
61
.. (veteres)
180 ,
.
803

Liber amicorum professor Todor Dzunov (2009)

 Ius publicum I

,
51 ....62
,
, , ,


.
:
,

. (...)
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. ,
.
, ,
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,
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62

. Bujukli: Forum Romanum... (Drugo izmenjeno i dopunjeno izdanje), , & , 2006, 621.
63
Dies fasti .
40 , F.
64
Gnaeus Flavius e a , Ius Flavianum,
(legis actio) 300 ....
804

Liber amicorum professor Todor Dzunov (2009)

 Ius publicum I

,
, !? , ,
,
.65 ,
,
: a ,
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, .
, ,

. ,
,
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,
,
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kitarodi!
! 67
, , ,
. ,

65

: Ubi tu Gaius, ibi ego

Gaia ( - ).
66
Dies nefasti
.
67
, .. ( - )
.
!?
805

Liber amicorum professor Todor Dzunov (2009)

 Ius publicum I

.
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8.
.

.
,
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,
.
;
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;
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*. 107, .1-2; XXX;72 . 11, .2-3 )

68

.. (. flagrare , ).
2005 : 1)
2) .
70
a 2005 , ,
, ( ).
71
2005
.
72
2005
.
69

806

Liber amicorum professor Todor Dzunov (2009)

 Ius publicum I

, ,
ctio popularis ( ) (quivis ex populo)
, , ,
, (delicta publica / crimina).73
, , .. ()
..
() ,
. ,
Sacrosanctis , ,
.
, imperium. ,
, .. Lex Sacrata ( )

,
sacer (homo sacer = ) -
(ex ius humana et
ius divina),
.
, Ius prensionis ,
, ..

73

, , ,
- .. Crimen maiestatis (
), .
. 309 . 315 ( ,
, , ) : ,
, , - . .
: ( ) , ,
, 2004, 451-461.
807

Liber amicorum professor Todor Dzunov (2009)

 Ius publicum I

.74
(
),
( .. / iudicia).

9. 75
.

.
.

,
.
, 2/3
.
(. 75, )

,76
( )
, ,
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74

: .
75
.. Leges imperfectae
(, ,
, .
). ,
punier , ,
. :

,
!?
76
: , ,
Union-Trade,1995, ( XII: ), 353-400.
808

Liber amicorum professor Todor Dzunov (2009)

 Ius publicum I

1) Renuntiatio ( ):
- (
-), ,
, ,
. ,
, , ,
;
2) Ratificatio ( ) ,
.
. ,
;77
3) Intercessio (. intercedere - , )

, , , .
,
(nullum).
( . vetare , )
,
, - ,
. o (rdinaria auxilii), , , (extraordinaria auxilii). ,
, ,
,
.

77

.: ( ).
809

Liber amicorum professor Todor Dzunov (2009)

 Ius publicum I

10.

.
( XXI )

1) , Iudicia publica ( ),
Provocatio ad
populum ( ). (praetor)
/
.. ,
.. .78

(Rex), (Comitia curiata).
.. poena capitalis ( ) ..
(Comitia centuriata), a
(Comitia tributa).79 , ,
imperium- () 80
, ,
.. Imperium domi. , : )
, Imperium militae -
; ) ; )
(Quaestiones perpetuae) )

78

. ,
(Ius civile Antiquum) couvires .
79
Ante Romac, Rjenik rimskog prava, Zagreb, Informator izdavaka kua, 1975, 459 Bujukli, Forum Romanum,
, 2005, 443.
80
imperium intercessio
, a,
.
810

Liber amicorum professor Todor Dzunov (2009)

 Ius publicum I

.. . 81
,
( /
.. questions facti ),
, questions iuris ,
: Iura novit curia .
2) Iudicia privata ( ), , -
(ius appellio) . o Reformatio in
peius - , .
,
,
,
( ad hoc ).
,
,
. ppellatio
, :
Beneficium novorum (
)
, ;82

(.. / ) ,
, ,
81

.
, A XXI (2005)
,
(!?), , (1991), . .: .
, 107/05.
82
.: . 341 (. , 79/05).
811

Liber amicorum professor Todor Dzunov (2009)

 Ius publicum I

, ,
( ) ,
,
, , . , ,
.. .

(,
, / ,
), -
-

,
(Nihil sub sole novum).


.
1991 . ,
( , )
, , ,
: , , / a
, / , /
, ,
, ,
812

Liber amicorum professor Todor Dzunov (2009)

 Ius publicum I

; (
: , , , ,
, , .)
(, , , .).
: ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
; ; ; .

813

Liber amicorum professor Todor Dzunov (2009)

 Ius publicum I

Dimitar Apasiev

HIDDEN IUS PUBLICUM

IN THE ACEDONIANS CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
(CONSTITUTIONAL ELEMENTS ON CONTEMPORARYES
UNDERTAKING OF THE ROMAN LAW)

LEGAL SYSTEMS

Summary

Nihil sub sole novum

Biblia Eccl. (I, 10)

Although Roman public law isnt a subject in curriculum of Roman law on Faculty of Law
Iustinianus Primus (Skopje/R. Macedonia), however one deep analysis will came to conclusion
that many apparently new and modern constitution-law institution which are present in every
contemporary Europeans law systems are actually copied from universal Roman law, it is clear that
there has been taken same necessary changes and adjustments made for a cost to be adapted to new
tendencies and changes (Nihil sub sole novum).
The cost of this labor is to consider on certain todays all-acceptable institution which roots are
from the time of eternal Roman law, with special consider to its applications in constitution
regulation in independent Macedonia - in concordance with the Constitution of the Republic of
Macedonia (1991).
The author, in the disposable space (on over then 35 pages, with around 85 footnotes), give a
special review to the most important constitutional concepts, institutions, rights and values like for
example: partition in control, rule of law, democratically / citizen sovereignity, legislature work,
constitutional control to the general acts and regulations, selections and denominations in state
service, mandate and reelection, immunity, right for veto to the highest public functionaries and the
right for citizen complaint; and certainly the roots of much more nowadays public law institutions
(questions of members in parliament, interpellation, selection census etc.) and many more
nowadays state organs and services (parliament, ombudsman, constitution court, public attorney
and so on).
Key-words: authority (imperium); Senate (Senatus); people assembly (comitii); law (Ius / lex /
leges); elections; voting; magistrates; mandate; immunity; complaint (appelatio).
814

Liber amicorum professor Todor Dzunov (2009)