NavalArchitecture

NolanMarkovich

EnglishIIIHonors
Mrs.Kopp
February26,2014

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NolanMarkovich
Mrs.Kopp
EnglishIIIHonors
26February2015
NavalArchitecture
Anavalarchitectspendstheircareerdesigningboats,submarines,andoffshorenaval
structures.Almostalloftheworldsinternationaltradewilltravelonshipsacrosstheoceansto
theirdestination.Manypeoplethinkofthiscareerasoneoftheoldestengineeringand
architecturalfields,becauseofpasttradeandexplorationrelyingonnavalvessels.The
responsibilitytoensurethatthedesignsofthesecargovesselsandpassengerlinersmeetthe
requirementsoftheU.S.governmentandclassificationsocietiesfallstoanavalarchitect.In
ordertosuccessfullycompletetheirjobanavalarchitectmusthaveaworkingknowledgeof
physicsandmanyotherengineeringsubjects.
Thebook
MechanicalProblems
helpedleadtoseveralchangesintheVenetianNavy
during1500sandearly1600s.VettoFaustofirsttranslatedthelostbookintoLatin,thenbrought
theideatothesenateofVenicethatoneoarwithtwooarsmenwouldbemoreefficientthanthe
previousdesignandarrangementofthevessels(Ferreiro229230).Duringthistimethe
VenetiangovernmentallowedFaustotoconstructaneweroarbasedvesseltoprovethatthe
designimproveduponwhatthenavyalreadyconsistedof.Thenavyfoundthattheshiptraveled
faster,buthadmaneuveringissuesfromthelargersizeandincreasednumberofoarsmen
onboard.FaustoalsousedArchimedesleverlaw,theexplanationtowhysmallerobjectscan
movemuchlargerobjectsthroughtheuseofalever,tojustifyexpandingthewidthoftheship

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andthelengthoftheoartoincludemoreoarsmenandthereforeincreasingthemaximumspeed
oftheship(Ferreiro231).IfFaustohadnotfoundandtranslatedthebook
Mechanical
Problems
,thenhisadvancementsanddiscoveriesmayneverhavehappened.
PedroNunes,aPortuguesemathematicianthatlivedfrom1502to1578,usedFaustos
translationof
MechanicalProblems
duringsomeofhisteaching,untilheprovedthebook
incorrectinassumingthatonlyonetypeofmovementaffectedthemotionoftheboat(Ferreiro
232).Nunesprovedthatboththelinearmovementoftheshipandthecircularmovementofthe
oarinthetholepinaffectsthefullmovementofthevessel.Anothermathematiciannamed
GiuseppeBiancanialsorepublishedNunesfindingsandsaidthePedroNuneshadthemost
accuratedescriptionofAristotelianproblems(Ferreiro232).Thecurrentexplanationfor
movementofavesselusingoarsgreatlyresemblesNunesreasoningboththelinearmovement
oftheshipandthemovementoftheoaritselfinsideofthetholepinaffectsthemotionofaship
(Ferreiro232).Theseadvancementsinnavalarchitectureledtomoreefficientuseofman
poweredvesselssuchasthetrireme,avesselwiththreelevelsofoars,andaquinquereme,a
largertriremewithfivelevelsofoarsinstead.
Duringthelate1600sthroughthe1700smanychangesoccurredinthewaythatnaval
vesselsweredesignedandstabilityachievedwhilebuildingaship.AnavalarchitectnamedPaul
Hoste,wholivedfrom1652until1700,madeaverylargecontributiontothisfieldbyusing
mathematicalequationstofindadefiniteanswerintheformofnumbers,insteadofproviding
onlyasubjectiveexplanationforthebuildinganddesigningofships(Ferreiro236).Hostehad
immediatelyusedArchimedesleverlawwhichsaysthatifamathematicianorengineerknows
thecenterofgravityofavesseltheycanfindtheweightorheightofthemastthatcanbesafely

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installedontheship(Ferreiro236237).Thecurrentformoftheequationthatfindstheweight
ofthesailthatissafetouseontheshipisshowninmultipliedby(BG).Inthisequation
equalstheweightoftheship,Bshowsthecenterofweightdisplacementontheship,G
representsthecenterofgravity,andBGequalsthedistancebetweenthecenterofweight
displacementandthecenterofgravityonaship(Ferreiro237).Thismathematicalequation
allowedforthesaferconstructionanduseofnavalvesselsduringthattimeperiod.
Thestandardwaythatacurrentnavalarchitectwouldmostlikelyusetocompletethe
designprocessofavesselincludesthreeseparatestagesofdesign.Thefirststageinthecurrent
designprocessistofinalizethelocationofthemajorcomponentsoftheship,thesemajor
componentsincludethedifferenttypesofbulkheads(Ion,Bocante,andTicu32).Thestructural
necessitiesandthepurposeoftheshipwhileinservicedeterminesthelocationmanymajor
componentsoftheship(Ion,Bocante,andTicu32).Stagetwoofthedesignprocesscontains
thepreliminaryplanningstepsthatincludethesizeofshipsbulkheadsandothercomponents
(Ion,Bocante,andTicu3233).Thedesignerofthisshipwillalsocalculatethesafeloading
capacityandweightdistributionoftheshipinordertosafelystatetheshipscarryingcapacity
(Ion,Bocante,andTicu33).Duringthesecondstageofdesignthetypeofmaterialtomakethe
shipoutofhasbeenfinalizedaswellasthefinalizedqualitiesofthestructuralcomponentsofthe
ship(Ion,Bocante,andTicu33).Thesecondstageofdesigncansavethemostresourcesduring
constructionbyusingstrongerbeamsandsupportswithfewerresources.
Thethirdandfinalstageofthedesignprocesscontainstheremainingconstructiondetails
suchasthedesignatedtypeofreinforcements.Thisstageinthedesignprocesscanincreasethe
lifespanofthevesselthemost,bytheadditionofappropriatebolts,reinforcements,andother

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typesofsupportstructures(Ion,Bocante,andTicu,33).Duringthisprocessmanydesignerscan
looktothedesignsofothersimilarshipstoreferencewhatcanworkontheirownvesselorwhat
maynotwork.ManynavalarchitectsusetheRegistryRulestoassistincompletingthedesignof
theirship.TheRegistryRulescontainempiricalequationsthatusepastexperiencesofmany
vesselscurrentlyusedinserviceaswellastheretiredships(Ion,Bocante,andTicu31).
Anytimeanaccidentoccurswhereastructuralfailurecausedtheproblem,therulescan
changetoreflectanyproblemthatoccurred.Theserulesshowthebasicrequirementsfor
specificshipdesignsandsizes,whileassistinginfindingthelimitsoftheship.Somecompanies
usethisinformationtoclassifyshipsbasedonthereliabilityoftheirdesignandtheformulas
usedtodesignthevessel.
Inordertoincreasethespeedofthedesignprocess,anavalarchitectcanbreaktheship
designintoseparatecompartments.IftheArchitectwishestousetheprocessofdesigningthe
shipthroughtheuseofcompartments,theycanfurtherbreakdownthecompartmentsintothe
subdivisions(DeKoningh,Koelman,andHopmans139).Onemethodthatincludesthe
subdivisioncomponentduringthedesignprocesspresentsthefirststageofdesignina2Dform
whichallowsforaquickerchangetothedesignifachangebecomesnecessaryinthefuture(De
Koningh,Koelman,andHopmans139).Currentlyonlycrudeoiltankers,oildrillingplatforms,
andsmallpassengerboatscanbedesignedusingthisprocess(DeKoningh,Koelman,and
Hopmans139).Theregistryrulesofnavalarchitecturelimittheuseofmanycomputerized
designprocessesaswellasthecapabilitytocreatenewprogramsabletousetheformulasinthe
samewaythattheArchitectneedstousetheprograminordertoproperlydesigntheship(De
Koningh,Koelman,andHopmans140).Theuseofsubdivisioncanspeedupthedesignprocess,

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yetsubdivisionmaynotappropriatelyfittheneededvessel.Thestandardthreestagedesign
processandthenewerprocessofsubdivisioncancometogethertomakethedesignprocessless
complicatedforthenavalarchitect.IftheArchitectutilizesbothofthesedesignprocesses,then
theArchitectcanplanthelocationofbulkheadsandatthesametimeusethenewerdesign
processtolayouttheshipontoa2Dand3Dcomputermodeltovisuallyshowthelocationof
howthenewplancanaffecttheremainderoftheship.
Toeffectivelydesignasafeship,anavalarchitectmustknowthepossibledistributionof
pressureonthehull.Themostcommonlyusedformulaforfindingthemaximumhullpressure
ofashipincludesSmileyssemiempiricalformula(Morabito185186).Smileyssemi
empiricalformulausesthreedifferenttheoreticalideastopredictthepressuredistributionsona
vessel.Thetheoreticalmethodsincludetheworksfromthreeengineers.Themethodintroduced
bySmileycanonlyfindthemaximumpressureonveryspecificpointsonthehull.During2003
and2008twoseparatestudieswerecompleted.Theinformationgainedfromthesestudiescan
onlyapplytosmallervesselswithveryhighdeadriseanglesandorshipswithsmalltrimangles
(Morabito186).TheresearchattheU.S.NavalAcademyandmanyotherresearchinstitutions
includesattemptingtomakenewpressuresensorsthatcanincreasetheabilitytostudyand
researchhullbottompressure.
Anavalarchitectmustalsoconsidertherepercussionsoftheshipdesign,whichmay
includethevibrationscausedbytheengineofthevessel.Oneoftheveryfirstpossibilitiesfora
solutiontothisproblemcamewiththeideatouseflexiblemountstokeeptheenginefrommajor
externalshockduringanytypeofcollisionandbadweather(Moon269).Solvingthisspecific
problemwouldnotonlyincreasethecomfortabilityofthecrewandpassengersaswellasto

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increasetheshipsafetyandpreventenginefailureduetocollision(Moon269).Anavycanput
thistypeofdesigntouseaswellbylimitingthevibrationsoftheship,whichlimitsthechanceof
detectionbypassivesonarorunderwateracousticweapons.Theuseoftwodifferenttypesof
mountsinoneenginemountcanincreasethesafetyoftheengineevenmore.Ahybridengine
mount,designedwiththeuseofrubberasastaticabsorber,succeededinloweringthevibrations
intheshipcausedbytheengine(Moon281).Duringthetestingofthehybridmount,themount
wasloadedtoitscapacity,thensubjectedtomultipletypesoftesttoshowthatthemountcan
limitthevibrationstoandfromtheengineduringmultiplescenarios(Moon279281).
Advancementsmadebynavalarchitectsandengineersinthisfieldcanhelpleadtothesafer
constructionofdifferentenergysourcesformanyshipsandoffshoreplatforms.
Anothereffectthatnavalarchitectsmustconsiderwhileattemptingtosolvetheproblem
ofvibrationsonboardoftheshipincludesiftheshipwillbefullysubmergedoronlypartially
submergedinthewater.Duringtheprocessofdesigningavesselthatmaycontainsections
filledwithfluidwouldbemodeledinacomputerwiththethroughtheuseofcomputerprograms
(Vlahopoulos,WuKuangcheng,andMedyanik4243).Anavalarchitectworkingwiththistype
ofproblemmayfindthatusingtheprocessofsubdivisioncoulddecreasetheamountofspace
requiredonanytypeofcomputerbaseddesignprogram(Vlahopoulos,WuKuangcheng,and
Medyanik43).Theuseoftheadvanceddoublehullonnewtypesofboatsinplaceofthe
conventionalhullallowsforthespacebetweenthefirstandsecondbulkheadstofillwithwaterif
necessary(Vlahopoulos,WuKuangcheng,andMedyanik45).Ifthespacebetweenthefirstand
secondbulkheadcontainsnothing,thenifthebulkheadontheoutsideofthevesselcracks,the

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remainingbulkheadcouldpreventthewaterfromenteringthemainpartoftheshipandpossibly
preventthevesselfromsinking.
Thecurrentdesignprocessofmanynavalvesselsincludestwentyfiveyearsbeforethe
chanceoffatiguecracksgreatlyincreases.Fatiguecrackscancontainthelargestthreattothe
structuralintegrityofanytypeofnavalvessels(Wengang106107).Fatiguecracksmayclose
underextremepressureandaninspectorcouldfinditextremelydifficulttolocateandfixany
cracksthatoccurredduringtheshipsvoyage(Wengang107).Thesetechniquestofindingthe
cracksinshipscanleadtosafertripsandshippingservicesandtheabilitytofixthecrackswhile
atsea.
Anotherproblemthatnavalarchitectsandotherengineersmustfaceisthepossibilityof
shipscollidingintoeachotherandothernavalstructures.Inordertofindpossiblesolutionsto
theproblemofcollisions,anavalarchitectormarineengineermustfirstknowthecrushingload
oftheship(Woelke516).AnengineernamedMinorskydevelopedthefirstmethodfor
calculatingashipscrushingload.Minorskyfoundhisequationbyinvestigatingtheamountof
energydissipatedintothenewlydeformedsteel.Minorskysprocesswillonlyfindtherelation
betweenenergydissipationandthedeformedsteelfromthecollision(Woelke516).Onenaval
architectnamedPedersencreatedasetofempiricalequationstofindthecollisionforceofthe
bow.EventhoughPedersensequationallowedforthecalculationofthebowforceofaship,
thebowoftheshipmustmeetBalticIceClassvesselrequirementsfortheequationtogivemore
accurateanswers(Woelke518).Thearchitectsmustalsodealwithcollisionsthatinvolve
offshoredrillingrigsandbridges.Whenashipcollideswithastationaryobject,suchasbridge

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oranoffshoredrillingrig,thecontacttimeoftheshipsandtheobjectincreasesfroma
comparablecollisionincludingtwomovableandflexibleobjects.
Veryfewcollegesofferclassesinthefieldofnavalarchitectureandmarineengineering,
butafewofthecollegesthatdooffernavalarchitecturechangedthenameofthemajortoocean
engineering.SomeofthesecollegesincludetheUnitedStatesNavalAcademy(USNA),United
StatesMerchantMarineAcademy(USMMA),andVirginiaTech.Navalarchitectsmaydesign
andoperatethelargestmovablemanmadeobjectsonearth.TheUSNAalsocallsnaval
architectureshipdesignengineering.Thenamedescribesthejobofanavalarchitectbysaying
thatapersoninthisfieldwilldesignandbuildnavalvesselsandstructures.Theprojectsthata
navalarchitectcanworkonrangefrommassiveaircraftcarrierstomuchsmallerrobotic
submarines.GraduatesfromUSNAhavevariousoptionsopentothemandfromprevious
examplesofseveralUSNAgraduates,theycanreachAdmiralintheU.S.Navytothechanceto
travelintospaceasanastronaut.Virginiatechcallsnavalarchitectureandmarineengineering
themajorofoceanengineering.AccordingtoVirginiaTechthefieldofoceanengineeringand
aerospaceengineeringcontainextremelysimilarpropertiesandincludeseveralofthesame
classes.
Duringthefirstyearatcollege,thefreshmanyearclassesincludebasicclassesthat
everybodynomatterwhatmajor,needstotakewhileincollege.DuringtheSophomoreyear,
theclasseswillreflectthestudentschosenmajorandfornavalarchitecturethesecaninclude
classessuchasmanyadvancedmathematicsandphysicsclasses.SophomoresattheUSNAcan
taketheclassesprinciplesofnavalarchitectureandengineeringmechanicswithnaval
applicationIandIIinordertoadvancetheirknowledgeoftheirchosenfield.Juniorscantake

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classesthatincludesshipstructures,navalmaterialsscienceandengineering,andseveralother
majorrelatedclasses.TheSenioryearoffersthegreatestamountoffieldrelatedcourseswhich
includemultipleshipdesignclassesandmanyengineeringclasses.BrianKing,theVice
PresidentofEngineeringandChiefEngineerattheElliottBayDesignGroup,recommends
takinghighschoolandcollegecoursesthatcanimprovesomeonesabilitytowrite(King).Mr.
KinghimselfgraduatedfromUnitedStateMerchantMarineAcademywithaB.S.inMarine
Engineering.Healsosuggestedtakingclassesthatinvolveexperiencewithcomputerbased
modelingandstatistics.Kingalsorecommendsthatsomeoneenteringthisfieldshouldget
experienceonboardofanavalvesselinordertofurthertheirknowledgeofaboatsoperations.
MichaelCianfaglione,anavalarchitectatJMSNavalArchitects,recommendsenrollingin
coursesthatincludeelectricalengineering,drafting,andcomputerbaseddesigninshipdesign
(Cianfaglione).Bothofthesenavalarchitectsrecommendenrollingincomputerbaseddesign
classesandvarioustypesofengineeringclasses.
Asaresultoftheveryfewcollegesthatofferamajorinnavalarchitectureandmarine
engineering,veryfewpeopleenterthefieldeachyearandasawholethefieldcurrentlyneeds
morenavalarchitectsthansupplyallows.Eventhoughthefieldcurrentlyneedsmorenaval
architects,theavailabilityofjobsgreatlydiminishesifsomeonelooksforamorespecializedjob
(Cianfaglione).Apersonlookingforajobasanavalarchitectwillfinditeasiertolookfora
careerwithlargeshipyards,classificationsocieties,andthenavy,ratherthanasmallspecialized
designcompany(Cianfaglione).Thechanceforanadvancementinthisfieldcangreatlydepend
onthecompanythatanemployeeworksforandiftheemployeeworksinaspecializedfieldof

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navalarchitecture(Cianfaglione).Thejobofanavalarchitectcanvarygreatlydependingon
thejobthatanavalarchitectspecializesin.
Anavalarchitectthatworksforasmalldesignfirmwouldmostlikelyhaveavarying
schedulefrom40to50hoursaweekbasedontheprojectstheirfirmworkson(Cianfaglione).
Thistypeofnavalarchitectmaydoverylittletraveling,unlessashipinspectionisdue,thenthe
employeemayneedtotraveltoanearbyshipyardinordertocompletetheinspection.Other
typesoftravelthatthecompanymayrequirecanincludenavalarchitecturetradeshowsor
shipyardsupport.AnavalarchitectthatreachedthepositionofVicePresidentofEngineerswill
usuallyworkuptoanaverageof50hoursaweektoeffectivelydotheirjob(King).Anarchitect
inthispositionspendsmuchoftheirdaysearchingfornewpossibleemployeeswhilestill
contactingtheU.S.CoastGuardandClassificationsocietiestoensurethatthecompanyfollows
allrulesandregulationsincludingnewandoldones.Thislevelofnavalarchitectwillalsospend
themostamountoftimetravelingforbusinessthananyotherposition(King).Astandardnaval
architectpositionwillusuallyearnanaverageyearlysalaryof94,000dollarsandthefield
currentlycontains6,640employees(
OccupationalEmploymentandWages,May2013172121
MarineEngineersandNavalArchitects.
).Manynavalarchitectfirmsandtheirworkerslivenear
largeportsandshipyards,inordertoassisttheconstructionyardduringthebuildprocessandto
completeinspectionsofolderships.
Somepeoplemayfindthiscareerasaveryviablechoiceforsomethingtheywouldlike
todofortherestoftheirlife.Thesepeopleusuallyneedtohaveagreatunderstandingof
mathematicsinordertodesignanytypeofvessel.Navalarchitectsneedtodesigndifferent
typesofnavalvesselstocertainrequirementstoensurethesafetyofthepeopleontheship,while

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stillmeetingtherequestsofthecustomer.Peopleenteringthisprofessionshouldunderstandthat
somecompaniesmayexpectsomelifestylechangessuchasmovingneartheoceanandpossibly
entertainingsomecustomerslateratnight.Overallthistypeofcareercouldappealtosomeone
thatenjoysusingmathintheirwork,whilestillcreatingdesignswiththeirimagination.

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