Atomic Structure & Basic Periodic Table----------- HARD COPY

The smallest _particle_____ of an element that retains the __properties_ of the

element is called an ___atom________.
Atoms are extremely small (a copper atom has a diameter of 0.000000128 mm )
Atoms can be seen using a scanning tunneling microscope.

History of the Atom

460 BC __Democritus_______---How would he imagine a sample of

lithium?
> Developed the idea of ___atoms______
>Matter is composed of ___empty _ __space__ through which atoms move.

lithium

Lithium:

384322 BC ____Aristotle__ -- How would he imagine a sample of lithium?

* One of the most influential philosophers

* Criticized Democritus saying nothingness of empty space _cannot_
exist

In each remaining box, draw the scientists view of a lithium atom.

1808 John Dalton
all __matter_____ is made up of tiny spheres that are able to bounce around
with perfect elasticity and Dalton called them ___atom_____.
Dalton created the Atomic Theory model:
1. All elements are composed of tiny, __indivisible___ parts called atoms

Li

2. Atoms of the _same__ element are identical *Each element is unique.

Au

3.

Atoms of different elements can physically mix or _chemically_____

combine to form __compound____________.

4. Chemical ___reactions__ occur when atoms are separated, joined or rearranged.
Much of this theory is still accepted.

++
+

Some changes have been made to #1 & #2.

1888 Eugen Goldstein

discovered __positive________ particles in atoms
Observed rays traveling in the opposite direction of cathode rays
(Rutherford called these particles protons in 1920.)
1898 J. J. Thompson

+ - +
+

Passed electric current through a glass filled with gas. He

discovered that a beam of __negative_______ charges traveled
from the cathode (-) to the anode(+)
Thompson called the smaller, negative charges electrons
Thompson developed the idea of the _plum_ _pudding_ model

Plum Pudding Model

Atoms are made up of electrons scattered unevenly within an elastic sphere

surrounded by a soup of _positive__ charge to _balance______ the __electrons______
charge, like plums surrounded by pudding.
1910 Ernest Rutherford
__Gold __ ____Foil ___ Experiment
Lithium
>Fired helium nuclei at a piece of solid, gold foil which was only a few
atoms thick.
+ +
>Found that most of them __passed________ through, and to their
+
surprise, about 1 in 10,000 were deflected, ___bounced________straight
back.
Rutherford overturned the plum pudding model.
Rutherford concluded:
I. Atoms are mostly __space______
II. Atoms have a solid ___nucleus_______ at the center which
contains most of the _mass____ of the atom.
III. The first time atoms were thought to have a _nucleus__.
1913 Henry Moseley
The __properties_______ of elements are determined by the number of
___protons_______ in their nucleus.

3p
+

The charge of the _nucleus_______ of an atom is equal to the number of

__protons_________ in the atom.
The number of protons in an atom is called the _atomic______ __number_____.
Elements should be put in order of their atomic number, NOT atomic mass.
Moseley was right. As a result, the problems with Mendeleevs periodic table were solved.

3p
+

1913 Niels Bohr (Studied under Rutherford)

Electrons were in ___orbit_______, like planets
orbiting the __sun_____.
Each orbit is only able to contain a set number
of __electrons______________.
2

Each orbit has a fixed __energy __ __levels__, and therefore the electrons do not
lose energy.
1931 James Chadwick
Discovered the _neutrons______, the _neutral______ subatomic particle in

3
p
+
4
no

the __nucleus__________ which allows protons to be held together tightly.

Mendeleev (1834) ---- Created the FIRST _Periodic__ _Table_____

Mendeleev put elements in order of their atomic mass.
He saw their properties naturally occurring (boiling point, melting point, density,
reactivity, etc.) all falling into a pattern.
Periodic means to occur in a pattern
But, a few problems where properties werent perfectly in order.
Moseley discovered how to know the number of protons in an atom. The periodic
table is NOW in order of atomic number.

Atomic Structure
Subatomic
Particle
Proton

Charge

Mass

+ charge

1 amu

Neutron

NO charge

1 amu

Electron

- charge

0.0005

tiny!

(1 p+ mass = 2000 e- mass)

(Practically zero compared to protons and neutrons!)

Subatomic Particles (particles that make an atom)

The ___nucleus____________is the tiny__positive_________ core of the atom which
contains most of the ___mass_____ of the atom.

The ____proton__________ (_p+_) is the _positive_____ charged (__+1 ) particle

found in the nucleus of the atom.
The ___neutron________ (_n0_) is the particle with _no___charge (_0__) found in
the nucleus of the atom.

The _electron_ (__e-_) is the ___negative_____ charged (_-1__) particle found outside of
the nucleus.
3

__atomic___ __mass___ - the number of protons and neutrons in an

atom; the mass of the nucleus The atomic mass of helium is _4.003__
2
He
4.003

__atomic__ __number___ the number of __protons___ in an atom;

Identifies the element
The number of __electrons___ = The number of _protons___ in a neutral atom
Helium has ___2___ protons and __2___ electrons.

APE MAN
(for neutral atoms)
Atomic Number = # Protons = # Electrons
Element

Atomic Number

Protons

Electrons

Silver

47

47

47

lead

82

82

82

oxygen

zinc

30

30

30

APE MAN
(for neutral atoms)
Mass number - Atomic Number = # Neutrons
Element
potassium

Atomic Mass
39

sodium

Atomic Number
19
5

11

Why? 11 -

argon

40
Why? 18 + 22 =

40

18

Neutrons
How? 39 19 =
20n
6

=6

22

Ions are charged atoms.

__anion________ atom gains an electron, giving it a ___negative __ charge

___cation___________ atom loses an electron, giving it a __positive___ charge.

Charges are written as superscripts.
symbol

p+

n0

e4

S-2

16

(lost 2)
16-2 = 14

32-16= 16 n

eN-3

N gained 3 e-

so

Sc lost 3 e-

Sc+3

so

14-7=7n

21

45-21 =

10

24n

18

Isotopes

are atoms that have the same number of protons

but different numbers of neutrons. All isotopes have the
chemical properties of that element.
In order to identify the various isotopes of an element, chemists
add a number after the elements name.

The number added is called the _mass__

_number______ and it represents

the _sum____ of the number of __protons_____ and ___neutrons_____ in the nucleus.
Isotope

Iron -54
Iron-56

Iron-57

Atomic Mass Mass

Number
M

Atomic
Number
A

Protons
p

Neutrons
M-A=n

Electrons
e
A=p=e

55.845

54

26

26 p

54-26=28
n

26 e

55.845

56

26

26 p

56-26=30
n

26 e

55.845

57

26

26 p

57-26=31
n

26 e

Step-by-Step : How to draw a Bohr Model of an atom

1. Determine the number of protons, and neutrons. Write the amount and circle it as a nucleus.
2. Determine the number of electrons. Now were making the electron cloud part.
a. Draw a ring around the nucleus for the first energy level. The first energy level can hold 2 electrons.
If the atom has 2 or more electrons, you can only draw 2 electrons on the first energy level.
b. Draw another ring to be the second energy level. The second level can hold 8 electrons. Draw
only the electrons that are still needed here, but not more than 8.
c. Draw another ring as the third energy level. The third level can hold 18 electrons.
Draw no more than 18. (FYI: Elements larger than Argon are actually different than how we draw
them using these steps, but we dont care right now.)
d. Next, the fourth energy level. The third level holds 32 electrons We dont usually draw atoms that are this big.

Example: chromium (just to practice the steps.)

Atomic number = 24 Atomic Mass =51.996
Step 1. How many
protons? 24 p+
How many neutrons?
52 -24 = 28 n

Step 2a. How many

electrons? 24 ewe can only draw
2e- here though

Step 2b. 24-2= 22

electrons left. But, the
second level can only
hold 8.

Step 2c.
24 10 e (drawn) = 14 e left
draw one more level
Level 3 holds 18 but only draw
what we need. Draw 14 e-

Keeping track of electrons:

24 total e- needed
-2 e-_drawn
22 e- left

Now this model is done!

-8 drawn
14 e- left
14 e- drawn
0 e- left = DONE

Atomic mass of an element on the periodic table is the weighted average mass of the
isotopes of that element.

The unit is amu, atomic mass units.

Where Does amu come from?

Websters: a unit of mass for expressing masses of atoms, molecules, or nuclear particles equal to
1
12 the mass of a single atom of the most abundant carbon isotope 12C
How many protons are in carbon-12? 6 Multiply by 1 amu for each proton = ___6____
How many neutrons are in carbon-12? 6

Multiply by 1 amu for each neutron = ___6____

How many electrons are in carbon-12? 6

Multiply by 0 amu for each electron = ___0____

Add these amu masses =__12_____ 1/12 of this is an amu

Calculate the average atomic mass. How?

Step 1: convert percents to decimals (abundance for each isotope)
Step 2: ADD the (Mass x (abundance) decimal) for all isotopes given = answer!

Example 1 : the atomic mass of chlorine (Cl) is 35.5 amu.

chlorine-35 and 25% chlorine-37 .
1. 75% = 75 / 100 = 0.75
25% = 25/100 = 0.25
2. 0.75 x 35 + 0.25 x 37 = 35.5 amu

Chlorine exists naturally as 75%

Example 2 :
Natural copper (Cu) consists of 2 isotopes
Copper -63 makes 69% and Copper-65 makes the remaining 31% of copper atoms
in the world.
1. 69%= 69 / 100 = 0.69
31% = 31/100 = 0.31
2. [ 63 x 0.69 ] + [ 65 x 0.31] = 63.62 amu

Isotopic Symbol
X = element symbol
A = Mass Number
Z = Atomic Number

Here X = He (helium)
Here, the mass number = 4
Here, Z = 2 ( 2 protons in He.)