Bibliography

Primary Sources
Books
Pike, Z., & Coues, E. (1865). The expeditions of Zebulon Montgomery
Pike: To headwaters of the Mississippi River, through Louisiana
Territory, and in New Spain, during the years 1805-6-7. (New ed.,
Vol. 1). Minneapolis: Ross & Haines.
This book is the Journal of Zebulon Pike Edited by Elliott Coues. It
discusses at length the daily experiences of Pike as he traveled up the
Mississippi. In his journal Pike discusses the point at which he reaches
what will become known as Pike Island.
Pike, Z. (1925). An Important Visit. Great Northern Railway.
This pamphlet was written by Zebulon Pike and includes experts from
his own journal the day leading up to the treaty signing, as well as the
day of the treaty signing. It also includes the speech he gave before
the signing of the treaty, and what kinds. It also includes a copy of the
treaty that was signed. There was also a copy of a map documenting
Pikes Travels included in the pamphlet. I used this source to help
establish Pikes mindset during the treaty making process, and the
course of events in the day leading up to the treaty. I also used it to
figure out his attitude and perspective of the American Indian people
and establish whether it differed from others of the enlightenment era.
Strong, Gianna, and Heather Rachel Johnson. Dakota Reflections on the
River. Cloudy Waters: Dakota Language Society, 2004. 33-36.
Print.
This is a book full of different stories from Dakota people reflecting on
the importance of the river for them and their culture. The story by
Johnson talks about the spot of genesis and the story by strong talks
about the cultural significance as the ancestral homeland. I used this
book to help establish the importance of their accessorial land to the
Dakota.
Pictures
Alexander, Alaux. "General James Wilkinson." KnowLA: Encyclopedia of
Louisiana. Louisiana Endowment for the Humanities, n.d. Web. 08
Oct. 2015. <http://www.knowla.org/image/1942/>.

I used this source for a Painting of General James Wilkinson by Alaux

Alexander courtesy of the online Encyclopedia of Louisiana. I used this
picture on the short-term effects page of my website to depict the new
governor of the vast Louisiana territory.
Boundless. The Lewis and Clark Expedition. Boundless U.S. History.
Boundless, 21 Jul. 2015. Retrieved 08 Oct. 2015 from
https://www.boundless.com
I choose this source because it had the best map I could find clearly
depicting the new Louisiana Territory and more specifically the area it
covered in Minnesota. I also liked that it shows the Route Lewis and
Clark took in their expedition West.
Eastman, Seth. "The Expansionist Era (1805-1858)." The Expansionist
Era (1805-1858). Minnesota Historical Society, 1833. Web. 09
Oct. 2015.
This Minnesota Historical Societies website provided me with a pencil
sketch done in 1833 by Seth Eastman. I thought this picture was
important to include because it clearly shows the overwhelming Fort
Selling towering over the landscape. Which I find telling of what is to
come.
"For Teachers: Maps." Bdote Memory Map. Minnesota Historical Society,
n.d. Web. 08 Oct. 2015. <http://bdotememorymap.org/forteachers/>.
This source had the only map of the site of the Dakota treaty of 1805
before it became known as Fort Snelling. I especially liked this map for
my project because it shows how the land was used before the
overwhelming European Presence.
Giese, Paula. "Overview: Minnesota Treaties." Treaties with Minnesota
Indians. N.p., 1997. Web.
Paula Giese made an excellent visual depiction showing how quickly
the land changed hands. I used the same depiction when teaching my
class, because it really show how fast land changed hands.

Mayer, Frank D. "Treaty of Traverse Des Sioux." Treaty of Traverse Des

Sioux. Minnesota Historical Society, 1885. Web. 08 Oct. 2015.
<http://www.mnopedia.org/multimedia/treaty-traverse-dessioux>.
This picture by Frank Mayer courtesy of the Minnesota Historical
Society shows a visual depiction of the Treaty signing. I like the
painting because it is so expressive. I think it does a nice job helping
the reader to imagine what it might have been like during the actual
signing of the treaty.
Trumbull, John. "Thomas Jefferson's Monticello." Thomas Jefferson, A
Brief Biography. The Jefferson Monticello, 1788. Web. 08 Oct.
2015.
I used this source for its sketch of Thomas Jefferson by John Trumbull. I
wanted to use a picture of Thomas Jefferson for my project, as he was
so powerful in shaping Native American Policy.
Treaties
"Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties. Vol. 2, Treaties." Indian Affairs: Laws
and Treaties. Vol. 2, Treaties. Ed. Charles J. Kappler. Oklahoma
State University Library, n.d. Web. 05 Oct. 2015.
<http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/vol2/treaties/sio1031.ht
m>.
This is a typed copy of the original treaty that was signed by two
Dakota leaders Le Petit Carbeau and Way Aga Enogee as well as
Lieutenant Zeubulon Pike. This source was important because I read
many different interpretations of what the treaty said, and so it was
important that I was able to read the actual document and develop my
own conclusion.
"OurDocuments.gov." Louisiana Purchase Treaty (1803). National
Archives, n.d. Web. 08 Oct. 2015.
<http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?doc=18#>.
I choose to include these two depictions of the Louisiana Territory
because this treaty played such a powerful role in the United States
history. I find it fascinating that the United States only wanted New

Orleans and instead they ended up doubling their territory. I also found
it interesting how the treaty between Spain and the United States was
treated with such reverence, shown by the binding on my build up
page versus the lack of concern with even following through with the
terms established with their treaties with the Native Americans.

Secondary Sources
Books
Eastman, Charles A. Indian Boyhood. New York: Dover, 1971. Print.
Charles Eastman is known as one of the most important authors and
speakers on Dakota and American Indian Affairs in the United States. I
used his book to speak to look at the different ways American Indians
and Europeans see land. I also used a quote from him to accurately
explain the difference.
Jefferson, Thomas, and Jerry Holmes. Thomas Jefferson: A Chronology
of His Thoughts. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002. Print.
I used this book to further look at Jeffersons attitude towards Natives
Americans. It is so important to understand his motives because he
was the president that established our policy towards Native
Americans. I also used a quote from his book from Jefferson, on my
long-term effects page.

H.R. Doc. No. 32-1 (1851). Online.

This Source is the Annual Report of the Commissioners of Indian Affairs
Submitted to Congress in 1851. It discusses the president situation
with the Native People. I choose a quote from this report as it so
accurately shows the situation that the Dakota people were placed in
and how the U.S. Government took total advantage of that situation.
Websites

"The Expansionist Era (1805-1858)." The Expansionist Era (1805-1858).

Minnesota Historical Society, n.d. Web. 05 Oct. 2015.
<http://www.historicfortsnelling.org/history/military-

history/expansionist-era>.
The author of this article is unknown, but the website sponsored by the
Minnesota
Historical Society, which speaks to the expected credibility of the
author. The article
Discusses the journey of Zebulon Pike up the Mississippi, the meeting
between himself
And the Dakota people, and how the site was used until 1858. I felt it
was helpful
Because it put information in a clear and concise way, allowing me to
form a solid
Foundations of the whole picture.
Nunpa, Chris Mateo. "What Is Bdote?" Bdote Memory Map. N.p., 14
Mar. 2010. Web. 05 Oct. 2015.
<https://bdote.wordpress.com/2010/03/14/pike-treaty-the-bdotearea-myth/>.
Chris Mateo Nunpa, the author of this article holds a PHD from the
University of
Minnesota in American Indian Studies he was also a member of the
Seven Fires
Summit, but has since retired from the position. He was also, until his
retirement a
professor in Indigenous Nations and Dakota Studies at INDS. The article
spoke to the
Importance of a the Bdote where Mississippi River and the Minnesota
River meet as the
Spot of genesis for the Dakota people its great cultural significance.
This was important
to me because of the way the story of Fort Snelling is usually told.
Starting the story with
the treaty, as opposed to the beginning for the Dakota people who
were there
generations before. I wanted to make sure I did not perpetuate the
telling of the victors
story.
Hirsch, Mark. "Thomas Jefferson, Founding Father of Indian
Removal." Thomas Jefferson, Founding Father of Indian Removal.
Smithsonian Institution, 2009. Web. 08 Oct. 2015.
<http://westgatehouse.com/art263.html>.
Dr. Mark Hirsch the author of this article received his PHD from the
University of Harvard. He currently works as a historian at the

Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian. The article

addresses Jeffersons view of Native Americans and his desire to have
more land open up for farming. He speaks to his plan to remove Native
Americans from their ancestral land. I used this article to help explain
the lack of care and consideration when making treaties with American
Indians.
Sadosky, Leonard, and Gaye Wilson. "Indians and the Enlightenment."
The Jefferson Monticello. Thomas Jefferson Foundation, 2003.
Web. 5 Oct. 2015.
<https://www.monticello.org/site/jefferson/american-indians>.
Leonard Sadosky has a PHD from the University of Virginia and wrote
his dissertation
On American Diplomacy with Europe and American Indian diplomacy in
the Age of Jefferson. Gaye Wilson is the Shannon Senior Historian at
the Robert H. Smith International Center for Jefferson Studies. She
earned her Ph.D. in early American history from the University of
Edinburgh. This article talks about the age of Enlightenment and how it
led to Jeffersons belief that American Indians need to take on the
European life style to become civilized. I used this article to explain the
reason for the attitudes towards Native Americans and the lack of care
and consideration that was taken in discovering their lifestyle
especially during the treaty making process and the lack of follow
through in meeting the concessions agreed upon in treaties.
"Treaty with the Sioux, 1805." Relations: Dakota & Ojibwe Relations.
Minnesota Indian Affairs Council, n.d. Web. 05 Oct. 2015.
<http://treatiesmatter.org/treaties/land/1805-dakota>.
This article did not have an author, but was sponsored by the
Minnesota Indian Affairs
Council, therefore I established the credibility of this source through
the status of the
sponsor. This Article really discusses the dollar amount that was agreed
upon by the
two Dakota leaders and Zebulon Pike. It also spoke to the fact that the
treaty was never
signed, meaning it was never made official. I used this website to help
me understand
Native American perspective of the treaty that was missing from the
Expansionist Era
Article.