Chapter 15, Solution 1.

e at + e - at
(a) cosh(at ) =
2
1 1 1  s
L [ cosh(at ) ] =  +  = 2
2  s − a s + a  s − a2

e at − e - at
(b) sinh(at ) =
2
1 1 1  a
L [ sinh(at ) ] =  −  = 2
2  s − a s + a  s − a2

Chapter 15, Solution 2.

(a) f ( t ) = cos(ωt ) cos(θ) − sin(ωt ) sin(θ)

F(s) = cos(θ) L [ cos(ωt ) ] − sin(θ) L [ sin(ωt ) ]

s cos(θ) − ω sin(θ)
F(s) =
s 2 + ω2

(b) f ( t ) = sin(ωt ) cos(θ) + cos(ωt ) sin(θ)

F(s) = sin(θ) L [ cos(ωt ) ] + cos(θ) L [ sin(ωt ) ]

s sin(θ) − ω cos(θ)
F(s) =
s 2 + ω2

Chapter 15, Solution 3.

s+2
(a) L [ e -2t cos(3t ) u ( t ) ] =
(s + 2 ) 2 + 9

4
(b) L [ e -2t sin(4 t ) u ( t ) ] =
(s + 2) 2 + 16
 s
(c) Since L [ cosh(at ) ] =
s − a2
2

s+3
L [ e -3t cosh(2 t ) u ( t ) ] =
(s + 3 ) 2 − 4

a
(d) Since L [ sinh(at ) ] =
s − a2
2

1
L [ e -4t sinh( t ) u ( t ) ] =
(s + 4) 2 − 1

2
(e) L [ e - t sin( 2t ) ] =
(s + 1) 2 + 4

If f (t) ←
→ F(s)

-d
t f (t) ←
→ F(s)
ds

Thus, L [ t e - t sin(2 t ) ] =
-d
ds
[
2 ( (s + 1) 2 + 4)
-1
]
2
= ⋅ 2 (s + 1)
((s + 1) 2 + 4) 2

4 (s + 1)
L [ t e -t sin( 2t ) ] =
((s + 1) 2 + 4) 2

Chapter 15, Solution 4.

s 6se −s
(a) G (s) = 6 e −s =
s2 + 42 s 2 + 16

2 e −2s
(b) F(s) = +5
s2 s+3
Chapter 15, Solution 5.

s cos(30°) − 2 sin(30°)
(a) L [ cos(2t + 30°) ] =
s2 + 4

d 2  s cos(30°) − 1 
L [ t 2 cos(2t + 30°) ] =
ds 2  s 2 + 4 

d d  3  -1 
=  s − 1 (s 2 + 4) 
ds ds  2  

d  3 2  3  -2 
 (s + 4) − 2s  s − 1 (s 2 + 4) 
-1
=
ds  2  2  

 3   3  3 
3  −  2s   (8s 2 )  − 
(- 2s )  2
2 s 1   2   2 s 1 
= 2 −  −  +  
(
s +4
2 2
) s +4
2 2
(
s +4
2
)2
(
s +4
2 3
) ( )
 3 
(8s 2 )  s − 1
=
- 3s − 3s + 2 − 3s
+  2 
s +4
2 2
( )
s +4
2 3
( )
(-3 3 s + 2)(s 2 + 4) 4 3 s3 − 8 s 2
= +
(s 2
+ 4)
3
(s 2
+ 4)
3

8 − 12 3 s − 6s 2 + 3s 3
L [ t 2 cos(2t + 30°) ] =
( s 2 + 4) 3

4!
L [ 30 t 4 e - t ] = 30 ⋅
720
(b) 5 =
(s + 2) (s + 2 ) 5

 d  2 2
(c) L  2t u ( t ) − 4 δ( t )  = 2 − 4(s ⋅ 1 − 0) = 2 − 4s
 dt  s s
 (d) 2 e -(t-1) u ( t ) = 2 e -t u ( t )
2e
L [ 2 e -(t-1) u ( t ) ] =
s+1

(e) Using the scaling property,

1 1 1 5
L [ 5 u ( t 2) ] = 5 ⋅ ⋅ = 5⋅ 2⋅ =
1 2 s (1 2) 2s s

6 18
(f) L [ 6 e -t 3 u ( t ) ] = =
s + 1 3 3s + 1

(g) Let f ( t ) = δ( t ) . Then, F(s) = 1 .

 dn   dn 
L  n δ( t )  = L  n f ( t )  = s n F(s) − s n −1 f (0) − s n − 2 f ′(0) − "
 dt   dt 

 dn   dn 
L  n δ( t )  = L  n f ( t )  = s n ⋅ 1 − s n −1 ⋅ 0 − s n − 2 ⋅ 0 − "
 dt   dt 

 dn 
L  n δ( t )  = s n
 dt 

Chapter 15, Solution 6.

(a) L [ 2 δ( t − 1) ] = 2 e -s

10 - 2s
(b) L [ 10 u ( t − 2) ] = e
s

1 4
(c) L [ ( t + 4) u ( t ) ] = +
s2 s

2 e -4s
(d) L[ 2e -t
u ( t − 4) ] = L [ 2 e -4
e -(t - 4)
u ( t − 4) ] =
e 4 (s + 1)
Chapter 15, Solution 7.

s
(a) Since L [ cos(4t ) ] = , we use the linearity and shift properties to
s + 42 2

10 s e - s
obtain L [10 cos(4 ( t − 1)) u ( t − 1) ] = 2
s + 16

2 1
(b) Since L [ t 2 ] = , L [ u ( t ) ] = ,
s3 s

2 e -3s
L [ t 2 e -2 t ] = , and L [ u ( t − 3) ] =
(s + 2) 3 s

2 e -3s
L [ t 2 e -2 t u ( t ) + u ( t − 3) ] = +
(s + 2 ) 3 s

Chapter 15, Solution 8.

(a) L [ 2 δ(3t ) + 6 u (2t ) + 4 e -2 t − 10 e -3 t ]

1 1 1 4 10
= 2⋅ + 6⋅ ⋅ + −
3 2 s 2 s+2 s+3

2 6 4 10
= + + −
3 s s+2 s+3

(b) t e -t u ( t − 1) = ( t − 1) e -t u ( t − 1) + e -t u ( t − 1)
t e -t u ( t − 1) = ( t − 1) e -(t-1) e -1 u ( t − 1) + e -(t-1) e -1 u ( t − 1)

e -1 e -s e -1 e -s e -(s+1) e -(s+1)
L [ t e - t u ( t − 1) ] = + = +
(s + 1) 2 s + 1 (s + 1) 2 s + 1

s e -s
(c) L [ cos(2 ( t − 1)) u ( t − 1) ] =
s2 + 4
 (d) Since sin(4 ( t − π)) = sin(4t ) cos(4π ) − sin( 4π) cos(4t ) = sin(4t )
sin(4t ) u ( t − π ) = sin(4 ( t − π )) u ( t − π )

L[ sin( 4 t ) [ u ( t ) − u ( t − π )] ]
= L[ sin( 4 t ) u ( t ) ] − L[ sin( 4( t − π )) u ( t − π) ]

4 4 e - πs 4
= − = 2 ⋅ (1 − e -πs )
s + 16 s + 16 s + 16
2 2

Chapter 15, Solution 9.

(a) f ( t ) = ( t − 4) u ( t − 2) = ( t − 2) u ( t − 2) − 2 u ( t − 2)

e -2s 2 e -2s
F(s) = 2 − 2
s s

(b) g( t ) = 2 e -4t u ( t − 1) = 2 e -4 e -4(t -1) u ( t − 1)

2 e -s
G (s) = 4
e (s + 4)

(c) h ( t ) = 5 cos(2 t − 1) u ( t )

cos(A − B) = cos(A) cos(B) + sin(A) sin(B)

cos(2t − 1) = cos(2t ) cos(1) + sin(2t ) sin(1)

h ( t ) = 5 cos(1) cos(2 t ) u ( t ) + 5 sin(1) sin(2t ) u ( t )

s 2
H(s) = 5 cos(1) ⋅ + 5 sin(1) ⋅ 2
s +4
2
s +4

2.702 s 8.415
H(s) = +
s2 + 4 s2 + 4

(d) p( t ) = 6u ( t − 2) − 6u ( t − 4)

6 - 2s 6 -4s
P(s) = e − e
s s
Chapter 15, Solution 10.

(a) By taking the derivative in the time domain,

g ( t ) = (-t e -t + e -t ) cos( t ) − t e -t sin( t )
g ( t ) = e -t cos( t ) − t e -t cos( t ) − t e -t sin( t )

s +1 d  s +1  d  1 
G (s) = +  +  
(s + 1) + 1 ds  (s + 1) + 1 ds  (s + 1) + 1
2 2 2

s +1 s 2 + 2s 2s + 2 s 2 (s + 2)
G (s) = − − =
s 2 + 2s + 2 (s 2 + 2s + 2) 2 (s 2 + 2s + 2) 2 (s 2 + 2s + 2) 2

(b) By applying the time differentiation property,

G (s) = sF(s) − f (0)
where f ( t ) = t e -t cos( t ) , f (0) = 0

- d  s +1  (s)(s 2 + 2s) s 2 (s + 2)
G (s) = (s) ⋅ = =
ds  (s + 1) 2 + 1  (s 2 + 2s + 2) 2 (s 2 + 2s + 2) 2

Chapter 15, Solution 11.

s
(a) Since L [ cosh(at ) ] =
s − a2
2

6 (s + 1) 6 (s + 1)
F(s) = = 2
(s + 1) − 4 s + 2s − 3
2

a
(b) Since L [ sinh(at ) ] =
s − a2
2

(3)(4) 12
L [ 3 e -2t sinh(4t ) ] = = 2
(s + 2) − 16 s + 4s − 12
2

-d
F(s) = L [ t ⋅ 3 e -2t sinh(4t ) ] = [ 12 (s 2 + 4s − 12) -1 ]
ds

24 (s + 2)
F(s) = (12)(2s + 4)(s 2 + 4s − 12) -2 =
(s + 4s − 12) 2
2
 1
(c) cosh( t ) = ⋅ (e t + e - t )
2

1
f ( t ) = 8 e -3t ⋅ ⋅ (e t + e - t ) u ( t − 2)
2

= 4 e-2t u ( t − 2) + 4 e-4t u ( t − 2)
= 4 e-4 e-2(t - 2) u ( t − 2) + 4 e-8 e-4(t - 2) u ( t − 2)

L [ 4 e -4 e -2(t -2) u ( t − 2)] = 4 e -4 e -2s ⋅ L [ e -2 u ( t )]

4 e -(2s+ 4)
L [ 4 e -4 e -2(t -2) u ( t − 2)] =
s+2

4 e -(2s+8)
Similarly, L [ 4 e -8 e -4(t -2) u ( t − 2)] =
s+4

Therefore,
4 e -(2s+ 4) 4 e -(2s+8) e -(2s+ 6) [ (4 e 2 + 4 e -2 ) s + (16 e 2 + 8 e -2 )]
F(s) = + =
s+2 s+4 s 2 + 6s + 8

Chapter 15, Solution 12.

f ( t ) = te −2( t −1) e −2 u ( t − 1) = ( t − 1)e −2 e −2( t −1) u ( t − 1) + e −2 e −2( t −1) u ( t − 1)

e−2 e −s e − (s + 2)  1  s + 3 − (s + 2)
f (s) = e − s + e−2 = 1 + = e
(s + 2) 2 s+2 s + 2  s + 2  (s + 2) 2

Chapter 15, Solution 13.

d
(a) tf (t ) ←
→ − F (s)
ds

s d ( s 2 + 1)(1) − s (2s + 1)
If f(t) = cost, then F ( s )= and F ( s )=
s2 +1 ds ( s 2 + 1) 2

s2 + s −1
L (t cos t ) =
( s 2 + 1) 2
 (b) Let f(t) = e-t sin t.

1 1
F (s) = = 2
( s + 1) + 1 s + 2s + 2
2

dF ( s 2 + 2s + 2)(0) − (1)(2s + 2)
=
ds ( s 2 + 2s + 2) 2

dF 2( s + 1)
L (e −t t sin t ) = − = 2
ds ( s + 2s + 2) 2

∞
f (t )
(c )
t
←
→ ∫ F (s)ds
s

β
Let f (t ) = sin βt , then F ( s ) =
s +β2
2

∞
 sin βt  β 1 s ∞ π s β
L  =∫ 2 ds = β tan −1 = − tan −1 = tan −1
 t  s s +β
2
β β s 2 β s

Chapter 15, Solution 14.

 5t 0 < t <1
f (t) = 
10 − 5t 1 < t < 2

We may write f ( t ) as
f ( t ) = 5t [ u ( t ) − u ( t − 1)] + (10 − 5t ) [ u ( t − 1) − u ( t − 2)]
= 5t u ( t ) − 10 ( t − 1) u ( t − 1) + 5 ( t − 2) u ( t − 2)

5 10 -s 5 -2s
F(s) = − e + 2e
s2 s2 s

5
F(s) = ( 1 − 2 e -s + e - 2 s )
s2
Chapter 15, Solution 15.

f ( t ) = 10 [ u ( t ) − u ( t − 1) − u ( t − 1) + u ( t − 2)]

1 2 e -2s  10
F(s) = 10  − e -s + = (1 − e -s ) 2
s s s  s

Chapter 15, Solution 16.

f ( t ) = 5 u ( t ) − 3 u ( t − 1) + 3 u ( t − 3) − 5 u ( t − 4)

1
F(s) = [ 5 − 3 e -s + 3 e - 3 s − 5 e - 4 s ]
s

Chapter 15, Solution 17.

0 t<0
 t 2 0 < t < 1
f (t) = 
1 1< t < 3
 0 t>3

f ( t ) = t 2 [ u ( t ) − u ( t − 1)] + 1[ u ( t − 1) − u ( t − 3)]
= t 2 u ( t ) − ( t − 1) 2 u ( t − 1) + (-2t + 1) u ( t − 1) + u ( t − 1) − u ( t − 3)
= t 2 u ( t ) − ( t − 1) 2 u ( t − 1) − 2 ( t − 1) u ( t − 1) − u ( t − 3)

2 2 -s e -3s
F(s) = (1 − e -s
) − e −
s3 s2 s

Chapter 15, Solution 18.

(a) g ( t ) = u ( t ) − u ( t − 1) + 2 [ u ( t − 1) − u ( t − 2)] + 3 [ u ( t − 2) − u ( t − 3)]

= u ( t ) + u ( t − 1) + u ( t − 2) − 3 u ( t − 3)

1
G (s) = (1 + e -s + e - 2s − 3 e - 3s )
s
 (b) h ( t ) = 2 t [ u ( t ) − u ( t − 1)] + 2 [ u ( t − 1) − u ( t − 3)]
+ (8 − 2 t ) [ u ( t − 3) − u ( t − 4)]

= 2t u ( t ) − 2 ( t − 1) u ( t − 1) − 2 u ( t − 1) + 2 u ( t − 1) − 2 u ( t − 3)
− 2 ( t − 3) u ( t − 3) + 2 u ( t − 3) + 2 ( t − 4) u ( t − 4)

= 2t u ( t ) − 2 ( t − 1) u ( t − 1) − 2 ( t − 3) u ( t − 3) + 2 ( t − 4) u ( t − 4)

2 2 - 3s 2 - 4 s 2
H(s) = 2 (1 − e ) − 2 e
-s
+ 2 e = 2 (1 − e -s − e - 3s + e -4s )
s s s s

Chapter 15, Solution 19.

1
Since L[ δ( t )] = 1 and T = 2 , F(s) =
1 − e - 2s

Chapter 15, Solution 20.

Let g 1 ( t ) = sin(πt ), 0 < t < 1

= sin( πt ) [ u ( t ) − u ( t − 1)]
= sin(πt ) u ( t ) − sin(πt ) u ( t − 1)

Note that sin(π ( t − 1)) = sin(πt − π) = - sin(πt ) .

So, g1 ( t ) = sin( πt) u(t) + sin( π( t - 1)) u(t - 1)

π
G 1 (s) = (1 + e -s )
s + π2
2

G 1 (s) π (1 + e -s )
G (s) = =
1 − e -2s (s 2 + π 2 )(1 − e - 2s )
Chapter 15, Solution 21.

T = 2π

 t 
Let f 1 ( t ) = 1 −  [ u ( t ) − u ( t − 1)]
 2π 
t 1  1 
f1 ( t ) = u ( t ) − u(t) + ( t − 1) u ( t − 1) − 1 −  u ( t − 1)
2π 2π  2π 

1 1 e -s  1  -s 1 [ 2π + (-2π + 1) e -s ] s + [ - 1 + e -s ]
F1 (s) = − + +  - 1 + e ⋅ =
s 2πs 2 2πs 2  2π  s 2πs 2

F1 (s) [ 2π + (-2π + 1) e -s ] s + [ - 1 + e -s ]
F(s) = =
1 − e -Ts 2πs 2 (1 − e - 2 πs )

Chapter 15, Solution 22.

(a) Let g1 ( t ) = 2t, 0 < t < 1

= 2 t [ u ( t ) − u ( t − 1)]
= 2t u ( t ) − 2 ( t − 1) u ( t − 1) + 2 u ( t − 1)

2 2 e -s 2 -s
G 1 (s) = 2 − 2 + e
s s s

G 1 (s)
G (s) = , T =1
1 − e -sT

2 (1 − e -s + s e -s )
G (s) =
s 2 (1 − e -s )

(b) Let h = h 0 + u ( t ) , where h 0 is the periodic triangular wave.

Let h 1 be h 0 within its first period, i.e.

 2t 0 < t <1
h 1 (t) = 
 4 − 2t 1 < t < 2

h 1 ( t ) = 2 t u ( t ) − 2 t u ( t − 1) + 4u ( t − 1) − 2 t u ( t − 1) − 2 ( t − 2) u ( t − 2)
h 1 ( t ) = 2 t u ( t ) − 4 ( t − 1) u ( t − 1) − 2 ( t − 2) u ( t − 2)
 2 4 -s 2 e -2s 2
H 1 (s) = 2 − 2 e − 2 = 2 (1 − e -s ) 2
s s s s

2 (1 − e -s ) 2
H 0 (s) = 2
s (1 − e -2s )

1 2 (1 − e -s ) 2
H(s) = + 2
s s (1 − e - 2s )

Chapter 15, Solution 23.

1 0 < t <1
(a) Let f1 ( t ) = 
- 1 1 < t < 2

f 1 ( t ) = [ u ( t ) − u ( t − 1)] − [ u ( t − 1) − u ( t − 2)]
f 1 ( t ) = u ( t ) − 2 u ( t − 1) + u ( t − 2)

1 1
F1 (s) = (1 − 2 e -s + e -2s ) = (1 − e -s ) 2
s s

F1 (s)
F(s) = , T=2
(1 − e -sT )

(1 − e -s ) 2
F(s) =
s (1 − e - 2s )

(b) Let h 1 ( t ) = t 2 [ u ( t ) − u ( t − 2)] = t 2 u ( t ) − t 2 u ( t − 2)

h 1 ( t ) = t 2 u ( t ) − ( t − 2) 2 u ( t − 2) − 4 ( t − 2) u ( t − 2) − 4 u ( t − 2)

2 4 4
H 1 (s) = 3 (1 − e
- 2s
) − 2 e -2s − e -2s
s s s

H 1 (s)
H(s) = , T=2
(1 − e -Ts )

2 (1 − e -2s ) − 4s e -2s (s + s 2 )
H(s) =
s 3 (1 − e - 2s )
Chapter 15, Solution 24.

10s 4 + s
(a) f (0) = lim sF(s) = lim
s →∞ s + 6s + 5
2
s →∞

1
10 +
s3 10
= lim = =∞
s →∞ 1 6 5 0
+ +
s 2 s3 s 4

10s 4 + s
f (∞) = lim sF(s) = lim =0
s →0 s → 0 s 2 + 6s + 5

s2 + s
(b) f (0) = lim sF(s) = lim =1
s →∞ s − 4s + 6
2
s →∞

The complex poles are not in the left-half plane.

f (∞) does not exist

2s 3 + 7s
(c) f (0) = lim sF(s) = lim
s →∞ (s + 1)(s + 2)(s + 2s + 5)
2
s →∞

2 7
+
s s3 0
= lim = =0
s →∞  1  2  2 5  1
1 +  1 +  1 + + 2 
 s  s  s s 

2s 3 + 7s 0
f (∞) = lim sF(s) = lim = =0
s → 0 (s + 1)(s + 2)(s + 2s + 5)
2
s →0 10
Chapter 15, Solution 25.

(8)(s + 1)(s + 3)
(a) f (0) = lim sF(s) = lim
s →∞ s →∞ (s + 2)(s + 4)

 1 3 
(8) 1 +  1 + 
s  s 
= lim  =8
s →∞  2  4 
1 +  1 + 
 s  s

(8)(1)(3)
f (∞) = lim sF(s) = lim =3
s →0 s → 0 ( 2)( 4)

6s (s − 1)
(b) f (0) = lim sF(s) = lim
s →∞ s − 1
4
s →∞

1 1
6 2 − 4 
s s  0
f (0) = lim = =0
s →∞ 1 1
1− 4
s

All poles are not in the left-half plane.

f (∞) does not exist

Chapter 15, Solution 26.

s 3 + 3s
(a) f (0) = lim sF(s) = lim =1
s →∞ s →∞ s 3 + 4s 2 + 6

Two poles are not in the left-half plane.

f (∞) does not exist
 s 3 − 2s 2 + s
(b) f (0) = lim sF(s) = lim
s →∞ (s − 2)(s + 2s + 4)
2
s →∞

2 1
1−+ 2
= lim s s =1
s →∞  2  2 4 
1 −  1 + + 2 
 s  s s 

One pole is not in the left-half plane.

f (∞) does not exist

Chapter 15, Solution 27.

(a) f ( t ) = u(t ) + 2 e -t

3 (s + 4) − 11 11
(b) G (s) = = 3−
s+4 s+4

g( t ) = 3 δ(t ) − 11 e -4t

4 A B
(c) H(s) = = +
(s + 1)(s + 3) s + 1 s + 3

A = 2, B = -2

2 2
H(s) = −
s +1 s + 3

h ( t ) = 2 e -t − 2 e -3t
 12 A B C
(d) J (s) = = + 2 +
(s + 2) (s + 4) s + 2 (s + 2)
2
s+4

12 12
B= = 6, C= =3
2 (-2) 2

12 = A (s + 2) (s + 4) + B (s + 4) + C (s + 2) 2

Equating coefficients :
s2 : 0= A+C  → A = -C = -3
s1 : 0 = 6A + B + 4C = 2A + B  → B = -2A = 6
s0 : 12 = 8A + 4B + 4C = -24 + 24 + 12 = 12

-3 6 3
J (s) = + 2 +
s + 2 (s + 2) s+4

j( t ) = 3 e -4t − 3 e -2t + 6 t e -2t

Chapter 15, Solution 28.

(a)
2(−2) 2(−4)
−2 4
F(s) = 2 + − 2 = +
s+3 s+5 s+3 s+5

f ( t ) = (−2e − 3t + 4e − 5t )ut ( t )

(b)
3s + 11 A Bs + C
H(s) = = +
(s + 1)(s 2 + 2s + 5) s + 1 s 2 + 2s + 5

3s + 11 = A(s 2 + 2s + 5) + (Bs + C)(s + 1) = (A + B)s 2 + (2A + B + C)s + 5A + C

5A + C = 11; A = −B; − B + C = 3, B = C − 3 → A = 2; B = −2; C = 1

H(s) =
2
+
− 2s + 1
s + 1 s 2 + 2s + 5
( )
→ h ( t ) = 2e − t − 2e − t cos 2t + 1.5e − t sin 2t u ( t )
Chapter 15, Solution 29.

2 As + B
V(s) = + ; 2s 2 + 8s + 26 + As 2 + Bs = 2s + 26 → A = −2 and B = −6
2
s (s + 2) + 3 2

2 2(s + 2) 2 3
V(s) = − −
s (s + 2) 2 + 3 2 3 (s + 2) 2 + 3 2

2
v(t) = 2u ( t ) − 2e − 2 t cos 3t − e − 2 t sin 3t , t ≥ 0
3

Chapter 15, Solution 30.

2(s + 2) + 2 2(s + 2) 2 3
(a) H1 (s) = = +
(s + 2) 2 + 32 (s + 2) 2 + 3 2 3 (s + 2) 2 + 32

2 −2 t
h1 ( t ) = 2e −2 t cos 3t + e sin 3t
3

s2 + 4 A B Cs + D
(b) H 2 (s) = = + +
(s + 1) 2 (s 2 + 2s + 5) (s + 1) (s + 1) 2 (s 2 + 2s + 5)

s 2 + 4 = A(s + 1)(s 2 + 2s + 5) + B(s 2 + 2s + 5) + Cs(s + 1) 2 + D(s + 1) 2

or

s 2 + 4 = A(s 3 + 3s 2 + 7s + 5) + B(s 2 + 2s + 5) + C(s 3 + 2s 2 + s) + D(s 2 + 2s + 1)

Equating coefficients:

s3 : 0= A+C 
→ C = −A
s2 : 1 = 3A + B + 2C + D = A + B + D
s: 0 = 7 A + 2B + C + 2D = 6A + 2B + 2D = 4A + 2 
→ A = −1 / 2, C = 1 / 2

constant : 4 = 5A + 5B + D = 4A + 4B + 1 
→ B = 5 / 4, D = 1 / 4
 1 −2 5 2s + 1  1  − 2 5 2(s + 1) − 1 
H 2 (s) =  + +  =  + + 
4  (s + 1) (s + 1) 2 (s 2 + 2s + 5)  4  (s + 1) (s + 1) 2 (s + 1) 2 + 2 2 ) 
Hence,

h 2 (t) =
1
4
( )
− 2e − t + 5te − t + 2e − t cos 2t − 0.5e − t sin 2t u ( t )

(s + 2)e − s  A B  1 −s  1 1 
(c ) H 3 (s) = = e−s  + = e  + 
(s + 1)(s + 3)  (s + 1) (s + 3)  2  (s + 1) (s + 3) 

h 3 (t) =
2
e(
1 −( t −1)
)
+ e −3( t −1) u ( t − 1)

Chapter 15, Solution 31.

10s A B C
(a) F(s) = = + +
(s + 1)(s + 2)(s + 3) s + 1 s + 2 s + 3

- 10
A = F(s) (s + 1) s= -1 = = -5
2

- 20
B = F(s) (s + 2) s= -2 = = 20
-1

- 30
C = F(s) (s + 3) s= -3 = = -15
2

-5 20 15
F(s) = + −
s +1 s + 2 s + 3

f ( t ) = - 5 e -t + 20 e -2t − 15 e -3t

2s 2 + 4s + 1 A B C D
(b) F(s) = 3 = + + 2 +
(s + 1)(s + 2) s + 1 s + 2 (s + 2) (s + 2) 3

A = F(s) (s + 1) s= -1 = -1
D = F(s) (s + 2) 3 s = -2 = -1
2s 2 + 4s + 1 = A(s + 2)(s 2 + 4s + 4) + B(s + 1)(s 2 + 4s + 4)
 + C(s + 1)(s + 2) + D(s + 1)

Equating coefficients :
s3 : 0= A+B  → B = -A = 1
s2 : 2 = 6A + 5B + C = A + C  → C = 2 − A = 3
s1 : 4 = 12A + 8B + 3C + D = 4A + 3C + D
4 = 6+A+ D  → D = -2 − A = -1
s0 : 1 = 8A + 4B + 2C + D = 4A + 2C + D = -4 + 6 − 1 = 1

-1 1 3 1
F(s) = + + 2 −
s + 1 s + 2 (s + 2) (s + 2) 3

t 2 -2t
f(t) = -e - t + e -2t + 3 t e -2t − e
2
 t2 
f ( t ) = - e -t + 1 + 3 t −  e - 2t
 2

s +1 A Bs + C
(c) F(s) = = + 2
(s + 2)(s + 2s + 5) s + 2 s + 2s + 5
2

-1
A = F(s) (s + 2) s= -2 =
5

s + 1 = A (s 2 + 2s + 5) + B (s 2 + 2s) + C (s + 2)

Equating coefficients :
1
s2 : 0= A+B 
→ B = -A =
5

s1 : 1 = 2A + 2B + C = 0 + C → C = 1
s0 : 1 = 5A + 2C = -1 + 2 = 1

-1 5 1 5⋅ s +1 -1 5 1 5 (s + 1) 45
F(s) = + 2 = + 2 +
s + 2 (s + 1) + 2
2
s + 2 (s + 1) + 2
2
(s + 1) 2 + 2 2

f ( t ) = - 0.2 e -2t + 0.2 e -t cos( 2t ) + 0.4 e -t sin( 2t )

Chapter 15, Solution 32.

8 (s + 1)(s + 3) A B C
(a) F(s) = = + +
s (s + 2)(s + 4) s s + 2 s + 4

(8)(3)
A = F(s) s s= 0 = =3
(2)(4)

(8)(-1)
B = F(s) (s + 2) s= -2 = =2
(-4)

(8)(-1)(-3)
C = F(s) (s + 4) s= -4 = =3
(-4)(-2)

3 2 3
F(s) = + +
s s+2 s+4

f ( t ) = 3 u(t ) + 2 e -2t + 3 e -4t

s 2 − 2s + 4 A B C
(b) F(s) = 2 = + +
(s + 1)(s + 2) s + 1 s + 2 (s + 2) 2

s 2 − 2s + 4 = A (s 2 + 4s + 4) + B (s 2 + 3s + 2) + C (s + 1)

Equating coefficients :
s2 : 1= A+ B  → B = 1 − A
1
s : - 2 = 4A + 3B + C = 3 + A + C
0
s : 4 = 4A + 2B + C = -B − 2  → B = -6

A = 1− B = 7 C = -5 - A = -12

7 6 12
F(s) = − −
s + 1 s + 2 (s + 2) 2

f ( t ) = 7 e -t − 6 (1 + 2 t ) e -2t

s2 +1 A Bs + C
(c) F(s) = = + 2
(s + 3)(s + 4s + 5) s + 3 s + 4s + 5
2

s 2 + 1 = A (s 2 + 4s + 5) + B (s 2 + 3s) + C (s + 3)
 Equating coefficients :
s2 : 1= A+ B  → B = 1 − A
s1 : 0 = 4A + 3B + C = 3 + A + C 
→ A + C = -3
0
s : 1 = 5A + 3C = -9 + 2A 
→ A = 5

B = 1 − A = -4 C = -A − 3 = -8

5 4s + 8 5 4 (s + 2)
F(s) = − = −
s + 3 (s + 2) + 1 s + 3 (s + 2) 2 + 1
2

f ( t ) = 5 e -3t − 4 e -2t cos(t )

Chapter 15, Solution 33.

6 (s − 1) 6 As + B C
(a) F(s) = = 2 = 2 +
s −1
4
(s + 1)(s + 1) s + 1 s + 1

6 = A (s 2 + s) + B (s + 1) + C (s 2 + 1)

Equating coefficients :
s2 : 0= A+C  → A = -C
s1 : 0= A+B 
→ B = -A = C
0
s : 6 = B + C = 2B 
→ B = 3

A = -3 , B = 3, C=3

3 - 3s + 3 3 - 3s 3
F(s) = + 2 = + 2 + 2
s +1 s +1 s +1 s +1 s +1

f ( t ) = 3 e -t + 3 sin( t ) − 3 cos(t )

s e - πs
(b) F(s) =
s2 +1

f ( t ) = cos(t − π ) u(t − π )
 8 A B C D
(c) F(s) = 3 = + + 2 +
s (s + 1) s s + 1 (s + 1) (s + 1) 3

A = 8, D = -8

8 = A (s 3 + 3s 2 + 3s + 1) + B (s 3 + 2s 2 + s) + C (s 2 + s) + D s

Equating coefficients :
s3 : 0= A+B  → B = -A
s2 : 0 = 3A + 2B + C = A + C 
→ C = -A = B
s1 : 0 = 3A + B + C + D = A + D 
→ D = -A
s0 : A = 8, B = −8, C = −8, D = −8

8 8 8 8
F(s) = − − 2 −
s s + 1 (s + 1) (s + 1) 3

f ( t ) = 8 [ 1 − e -t − t e -t − 0.5 t 2 e -t ] u(t )

Chapter 15, Solution 34.

s2 + 4 − 3 3
(a) F(s) = 10 + = 11 − 2
s +4
2
s +4

f ( t ) = 11 δ(t ) − 1.5 sin( 2t )

e -s + 4 e -2s
(b) G (s) =
(s + 2)(s + 4)

1 A B
Let = +
(s + 2)(s + 4) s + 2 s + 4

A =1 2 B=1 2

e -s  1 1   1 1 
G (s) =  +  + 2 e -2s  + 
2 s + 2 s + 4 s + 2 s + 4

g( t ) = 0.5 [ e -2(t -1) − e -4(t -1) ] u(t − 1) + 2 [ e -2(t - 2) − e -4(t - 2) ] u(t − 2)

 s +1 A B C
(c) Let = + +
s (s + 3)(s + 4) s s + 3 s + 4

A = 1 12 , B = 2 3, C = -3 4

1 1 23 3 4  -2s
H(s) =  ⋅ + − e
12 s s + 3 s + 4 

1 2 3 
h ( t ) =  + e - 3(t - 2) − e -4(t - 2)  u(t − 2)
 12 3 4 

Chapter 15, Solution 35.

s+3 A B
(a) Let G (s) = = +
(s + 1)(s + 2) s + 1 s + 2

A = 2, B = -1

2 1
G (s) = − 
→ g( t ) = 2 e - t − e -2t
s +1 s + 2

F(s) = e -6s G (s)  → f ( t ) = g( t − 6) u ( t − 6)

f (t) = [ 2 e -(t - 6)
−e -2(t - 6)
] u( t − 6)
1 A B
(b) Let G (s) = = +
(s + 1)(s + 4) s + 1 s + 4

A = 1 3, B = -1 3

1 1
G (s) = −
3 (s + 1) 3 (s + 4)

1 -t
g( t ) = [ e − e -4t ]
3

F(s) = 4 G (s) − e -2t G (s)

f ( t ) = 4 g( t ) u ( t ) − g ( t − 2) u ( t − 2)

4 -t
f (t) = [ e − e -4t ] u(t ) − 1 [ e -(t-2) − e -4(t-2) ] u(t − 2)
3 3
 s A Bs + C
(c) Let G (s) = = + 2
(s + 3)(s + 4) s + 3 s + 4
2

A = - 3 13

s = A (s 2 + 4) + B (s 2 + 3s) + C (s + 3)

Equating coefficients :
s2 : 0= A+B  → B = -A
s1 : 1 = 3B + C
0
s : 0 = 4A + 3C

A = - 3 13 , B = 3 13 , C = 4 13

- 3 3s + 4
13 G (s) = +
s + 3 s2 + 4

13 g( t ) = -3 e -3t + 3 cos(2t ) + 2 sin(2t )

F(s) = e -s G (s)

f ( t ) = g( t − 1) u ( t − 1)

1
f (t) = [ - 3 e -3(t-1) + 3 cos(2 (t − 1)) + 2 sin( 2 (t − 1))] u(t − 1)
13

Chapter 15, Solution 36.

1 A B C D
(a) X(s) = = + 2+ +
s (s + 2)(s + 3) s s
2
s+2 s+3

B = 1 6, C =1 4, D = -1 9

1 = A (s 3 + 5s 2 + 6s) + B (s 2 + 5s + 6) + C (s 3 + 3s 2 ) + D (s 3 + 2s 2 )

Equating coefficients :
s3 : 0 = A+C+D
2
s : 0 = 5A + B + 3C + 2D = 3A + B + C
1
s : 0 = 6 A + 5B
s0 : 1 = 6B  → B = 1 6
 A = - 5 6 B = - 5 36

- 5 36 1 6 1 4 19
X(s) = + 2 + −
s s s+2 s+3

-5 1 1 1
x(t) = u(t ) + t + e - 2t − e - 3t
36 6 4 9

1 A B C
(b) Y(s) = 2 = + +
s (s + 1) s s + 1 (s + 1) 2

A = 1, C = -1

1 = A (s 2 + 2s + 1) + B (s 2 + s) + C s

Equating coefficients :
s2 : 0= A+B  → B = -A
s1 : 0 = 2A + B + C = A + C 
→ C = -A
s0 : 1 = A, B = -1, C = -1

1 1 1
Y(s) = − −
s s + 1 (s + 1) 2

y( t ) = u(t ) − e -t − t e -t

A B Cs + D
(c) Z(s) = + + 2
s s + 1 s + 6s + 10

A = 1 10 , B = -1 5

1 = A (s 3 + 7s 2 + 16s + 10) + B (s 3 + 6s 2 + 10s) + C (s 3 + s 2 ) + D (s 2 + s)

Equating coefficients :
s3 : 0 = A+ B+C
2
s : 0 = 7 A + 6 B + C + D = 6 A + 5B + D
1
s : 0 = 16A + 10B + D = 10A + 5B  → B = -2A
s0 : 1 = 10A 
→ A = 1 10

4
A = 1 10 , B = -2A = - 1 5 , C = A = 1 10 , D = 4A =
10
 1 2 s+4
10 Z(s) = − + 2
s s + 1 s + 6s + 10

1 2 s+3 1
10 Z(s) = − + +
s s + 1 (s + 3) + 1 (s + 3) 2 + 1
2

z( t ) = 0.1 [ 1 − 2 e -t + e -3t cos(t ) + e -3t sin( t )] u(t )

Chapter 15, Solution 37.

12 A Bs + C
(a) Let P(s) = = + 2
s (s + 4) s s + 4
2

A = P(s) s s=0 = 12 4 = 3

12 = A (s 2 + 4) + B s 2 + C s

Equating coefficients :
s0 : 12 = 4A  → A = 3
1
s : 0=C
2
s : 0= A+B  → B = -A = -3

3 3s
P(s) = − 2
s s +4

p( t ) = 3 u ( t ) − 3 cos(2t )

F(s) = e -2s P(s)

f ( t ) = 3 [ 1 − cos( 2(t − 2))] u(t − 2)

2s + 1 As + B Cs + D
(b) Let G (s) = = 2 +
(s + 1)(s + 9) s + 1 s 2 + 9
2 2

2s + 1 = A (s 3 + 9s) + B (s 2 + 9) + C (s 3 + s) + D (s 2 + 1)

Equating coefficients :
s3 : 0= A+C  → C = -A
 s2 : 0 = B+ D 
→ D = -B
s1 : 2 = 9A + C = 8A 
→ A = 2 8, C = - 2 8
0
s : 1 = 9B + D = 8B 
→ B = 1 8 , D = - 1 8

1  2s + 1  1  2s + 1 
G (s) =  2 −  
8  s + 1 8  s 2 + 9 

1 s 1 1 1 s 1 1
G (s) = ⋅ 2 + ⋅ 2 − ⋅ 2 − ⋅ 2
4 s +1 8 s +1 4 s + 9 8 s + 9

1 1 1 1
g( t ) = cos(t ) + sin( t ) − cos( 3t ) − sin( 3t )
4 8 4 24

9s2 36s + 117

(c) Let H(s) = 2 = 9− 2
s + 4s + 13 s + 4s + 13

s+2 3
H(s) = 9 − 36 ⋅ 2 − 15 ⋅
(s + 2) + 3
2
(s + 2) 2 + 3 2

h ( t ) = 9 δ(t ) − 36e -2 t cos( 3t ) − 15e -2 t sin( 3t )

Chapter 15, Solution 38.

s 2 + 4s s 2 + 10s + 26 − 6s − 26
(a) F(s) = =
s 2 + 10s + 26 s 2 + 10s + 26

6s + 26
F(s) = 1 −
s + 10s + 26
2

6 (s + 5) 4
F(s) = 1 − 2 +
(s + 5) + 1
2
(s + 5) 2 + 12

f ( t ) = δ(t ) − 6 e -t cos(5t ) + 4 e -t sin( 5t )

 5s 2 + 7s + 29 A Bs + C
(b) F(s) = = + 2
s (s + 4s + 29) s s + 4s + 29
2

5s 2 + 7s + 29 = A (s 2 + 4s + 29) + B s 2 + C s

Equating coefficients :
s0 : 29 = 29A  → A = 1
s1 : 7 = 4A + C 
→ C = 7 − 4A = 3
s2 : 5= A+B 
→ B = 5 − A = 4

A = 1, B = 4, C=3

1 4s + 3 1 4 (s + 2) 5
F(s) = + 2 = + 2 −
s s + 4s + 29 s (s + 2) + 5
2
(s + 2) 2 + 5 2

f ( t ) = u(t ) + 4 e -2t cos(5t ) − e -2t sin( 5t )

Chapter 15, Solution 39.

2s 3 + 4s 2 + 1 As + B Cs + D
(a) F(s) = 2 = 2 + 2
(s + 2s + 17)(s + 4s + 20) s + 2s + 17 s + 4s + 20
2

s 3 + 4s 2 + 1 = A(s 3 + 4s 2 + 20s) + B(s 2 + 4s + 20)

+ C(s3 + 2s 2 + 17s) + D(s 2 + 2s + 17)
Equating coefficients :
s3 : 2= A+C
2
s : 4 = 4 A + B + 2C + D
1
s : 0 = 20A + 4B + 17C + 2D
0
s : 1 = 20B + 17 D

Solving these equations (Matlab works well with 4 unknowns),

A = -1.6 , B = -17.8 , C = 3 .6 , D = 21

- 1.6s − 17.8 3.6s + 21

F(s) = + 2
s + 2s + 17 s + 4s + 20
2

(-1.6)(s + 1) (-4.05)(4) (3.6)(s + 2) (3.45)(4)

F(s) = 2 + 2 + 2 +
(s + 1) + 4
2
(s + 1) + 4
2
(s + 2) + 4
2
(s + 2) 2 + 4 2

f ( t ) = - 1.6 e -t cos(4t ) − 4.05 e -t sin( 4t ) + 3.6 e -2t cos(4t ) + 3.45 e -2t sin( 4t )
 s2 + 4 As + B Cs + D
(b) F(s) = = 2 + 2
(s + 9)(s + 6s + 3) s + 9 s + 6s + 3
2 2

s 2 + 4 = A (s 3 + 6s 2 + 3s) + B (s 2 + 6s + 3) + C (s 3 + 9s) + D (s 2 + 9)

Equating coefficients :
s3 : 0= A+C  → C = -A
2
s : 1 = 6A + B + D
1
s : 0 = 3A + 6B + 9C = 6B + 6C 
→ B = -C = A
s0 : 4 = 3B + 9D

Solving these equations,

A = 1 12 , B = 1 12 , C = - 1 12 , D = 5 12

s +1 -s+5
12 F(s) = + 2
s + 9 s + 6s + 3
2

- 6 ± 36 - 12
s 2 + 6s + 3 = 0 
→ = -0.551, - 5.449
2

-s+5 E F
Let G (s) = = +
s + 6s + 3 s + 0.551 s + 5.449
2

-s+5
E= s = -0.551 = 1.133
s + 5.449

-s+5
F= s = -5.449 = - 2.133
s + 0.551

1.133 2.133
G (s) = −
s + 0.551 s + 5.449

s 1 3 1.133 2.133
12 F(s) = 2 + ⋅ 2 2 + −
s +3
2
3 s +3 s + 0.551 s + 5.449

f ( t ) = 0.08333 cos( 3t ) + 0.02778 sin( 3t ) + 0.0944 e -0.551t − 0.1778 e -5.449t

Chapter 15, Solution 40.

 4s 2 + 7s + 13  A Bs + C
Let H(s) =  = +
 (s + 2)(s + 2s + 5)  s + 2 s + 2s + 5
2 2

4s 2 + 7s + 13 = A(s 2 + 2s + 5) + B(s 2 + 2s) + C(s + 2)

Equating coefficients gives:

s2 : 4=A+B
s: 7 = 2A + 2B + C 
→ C = −1
constant : 13 = 5A + 2C 
→ 5A = 15 or A = 3, B = 1

3 s −1 3 (s + 1) − 2
H(s) = + = +
s + 2 s + 2s + 5 s + 2 (s + 1) 2 + 2 2
2

Hence,

h ( t ) = 3e −2 t + e − t cos 2t − e − t sin 2t = 3e −2 t + e − t (A cos α cos 2t − A sin α sin 2t )

where A cos α = 1, A sin α = 1 
→ A = 2, α = 45 o

Thus,
h(t) = [ 2e −t
]
cos(2 t + 45 o ) + 3e −2 t u ( t )

Chapter 15, Solution 41.

Let y(t) = f(t)*h(t). For 0 < t < 1,

f ( t − λ)

h(λ )

0 t 1 2 λ

t
t
y( t ) = ∫ (1)4λdλ = 2λ2 0 = 2t 2
0
For 1 <t<3,

f ( t − λ)

h (λ )

0 1 t 2

1 t
t t
y( t ) = ∫ (1)4λdλ + ∫ (1)(8 − 4λ )dλ = 2λ2 0 + (8λ − 2λ2 ) 1 = 8t − 2t 2 − 4
0 1
For 3 < t < 4

h (λ) f ( t − λ)

0 1 t-2 2 3 t 4 λ

2
2
y( t ) = ∫ (8 − 4λ )λdλ = 8λ − 2λ2 t − 2 = 32 − 16t + 2t 2
t −2

Thus,

 2t 2 , 0 < t < 1

 8t - 2t 2 − 4, 1 < t < 3
y( t ) =  2
32 - 16t + 2t , 3 < t < 4
 0, otherwise

Chapter 15, Solution 42.

(a) For 0 < t < 1 , f1 ( t − λ) and f 2 (λ) overlap from 0 to t, as shown in Fig. (a).

λ2 t2
y( t ) = f1 ( t ) ∗ f 2 ( t ) = ∫0
t
(1)(λ) dλ = t
0 =
2 2

f1(t - λ) 1 f2(λ)
1

t-1 0 t 1 λ 0 t-1 1 t λ
(a) (b)

For 1 < t < 2 , f1 ( t − λ) and f 2 (λ) overlap as shown in Fig. (b).

λ2 t2
y( t ) = ∫t −1 (1)(λ) dλ =
1
1
t −1 =t−
2 2

For t > 2 , there is no overlap.

Therefore,

 t 2 2, 0<t <1

y( t ) = t − t 2, 1 < t < 2
2

 0, otherwise


(b) For 0 < t < 1 , the two functions overlap as shown in Fig. (c).

y( t ) = f1 ( t ) ∗ f 2 ( t ) = ∫0 (1)(1) dλ = t
t

f1(t - λ) 1 f2(λ)
1

t-1 0 t 1 λ 0 t-1 1 t λ
(c) (d)
 For 1 < t < 2 , the functions overlap as shown in Fig. (d).

y( t ) = ∫t −1 (1)(1) dλ = λ 1t −1 = 2 − t
1

For t > 2 , there is no overlap.

Therefore,

 t, 0<t<1

y( t ) =  2 − t , 1 < t < 2
 0, otherwise


(c) For t < -1 , there is no overlap. For - 1 < t < 0 , f1 ( t − λ) and f 2 (λ) overlap
as shown in Fig. (e).

 λ2 
y( t ) = f 1 ( t ) ∗ f 2 ( t ) = ∫-1 (1)(λ + 1) dλ =  + λ -t1
t

2 

1 2 1
y( t ) = ( t + 2t + 1) = ( t + 1) 2
2 2

f2(t - λ)
f1(λ) 1
1

-1 t 0 1 λ -1 0 t 1 λ
(e) (f)

For 0 < t < 1 , the functions overlap as shown in Fig. (f).

y( t ) = ∫-1 (1)(λ + 1) dλ + ∫0 (1)(1 − λ) dλ

0 t

 λ2   λ2 
y( t ) =  + λ  0-1 +  λ −  0t
2   2

1
y( t ) = (1 + 2t − t 2 )
2

For t > 1 , the two functions overlap.

 y( t ) = ∫-1 (1)(λ + 1) dλ + ∫0(1)(1 − λ) dλ
0 1

1  λ2  1 1 1
y( t ) = + λ −  0 = + 1 − = 1

2  2 2 2

Therefore,

 0, t < -1
 0.5(t 2 + 2t + 1), - 1 < t < 0

y( t ) = 
0.5(-t + 2t + 1), 0 < t < 1
2

 1, t >1

Chapter 15, Solution 43.

(a) For 0 < t < 1 , x ( t − λ) and h (λ) overlap as shown in Fig. (a).

λ2 t2
y( t ) = x ( t ) ∗ h ( t ) = ∫0 (1)(λ) dλ =
t
t
0 =
2 2

x(t - λ) 1
1
h(λ)

t-1 0 t 1 λ 0 t-1 1 t λ
(a) (b)

For 1 < t < 2 , x ( t − λ) and h (λ) overlap as shown in Fig. (b).

λ2 -1 2
y( t ) = ∫t −1 (1)(λ) dλ + ∫1 (1)(1) dλ =
1 t
1
t −1 + λ 1t = t + 2t − 1
2 2

For t > 2 , there is a complete overlap so that

y( t ) = ∫t −1 (1)(1) dλ = λ tt −1 = t − ( t − 1) = 1
t
 Therefore,

 t 2 2, 0<t<1
 2
- (t 2) + 2t − 1, 1 < t < 2
y( t ) = 
 1, t>2
 0, otherwise

(b) For t > 0 , the two functions overlap as shown in Fig. (c).
y( t ) = x ( t ) ∗ h ( t ) = ∫0 (1) 2 e -λ dλ = -2 e -λ
t
t
0

x(t-λ) 2 h(λ) = 2e-λ

0 t λ
(c)
Therefore,
y( t ) = 2 (1 − e -t ), t > 0

(c) For - 1 < t < 0 , x ( t − λ) and h (λ) overlap as shown in Fig. (d).

λ2 1
y( t ) = x ( t ) ∗ h ( t ) = ∫0 (1)(λ) dλ =
t +1
t +1
0 = ( t + 1) 2
2 2

x(t - λ) 1 h(λ)

t-1 -1 t 0 t+1 1 2 λ
(d)

For 0 < t < 1 , x ( t − λ) and h (λ) overlap as shown in Fig. (e).

y( t ) = ∫0 (1)(λ) dλ + ∫1 (1)(2 − λ) dλ
1 t +1
 λ2  λ2  -1 1
y( t ) = 1
+  2λ −  1t +1 = t 2 + t +
2 0
 2 2 2

-1 t-1 0 t 1 t+1 2 λ
(e)

For 1 < t < 2 , x ( t − λ) and h (λ) overlap as shown in Fig. (f).

y( t ) = ∫t −1 (1)(λ) dλ + ∫1 (1)(2 − λ) dλ
1 2

λ2  λ2  -1 1
y( t ) = 1
t −1 +  2λ −  12 = t 2 + t +
2  2 2 2

0 t-1 1 t 2 t+1 λ
(f)

For 2 < t < 3 , x ( t − λ) and h (λ) overlap as shown in Fig. (g).

 λ2  9 1
y( t ) = ∫t −1 (1)(2 − λ) dλ = 2λ − 
2
 2
t −1 = − 3t + t 2
 2 2 2

0 1 t-1 2 t t+1 λ
(g)
 Therefore,

 ( t 2 2 ) + t + 1 2, - 1 < t < 0
 2
- ( t 2 ) + t + 1 2 , 0 < t < 2
y( t ) =  2
 ( t 2 ) − 3t + 9 2, 2 < t < 3
 0, otherwise

Chapter 15, Solution 44.

(a) For 0 < t < 1 , x ( t − λ) and h (λ) overlap as shown in Fig. (a).
y( t ) = x ( t ) ∗ h ( t ) = ∫0 (1)(1) dλ = t
t

x(t - λ) 1 h(λ)

t-1 0 t 1 2 λ

-1

(a)

For 1 < t < 2 , x ( t − λ) and h (λ) overlap as shown in Fig. (b).

y( t ) = ∫t −1 (1)(1) dλ + ∫1 (-1)(1) dλ = λ 1t −1 − λ 1t = 3 − 2 t
1 t

For 2 < t < 3 , x ( t − λ) and h (λ) overlap as shown in Fig. (c).

y( t ) = ∫t −1 (1)(-1) dλ = -λ
2
2
t −1 = t−3
 1 1

0 t-1 1 t 2 λ 0 1 t-1 2 t λ

-1 -1

(b) (c)
Therefore,
 t, 0<t <1
 3 − 2t , 1 < t < 2

y( t ) = 
 t − 3, 2<t<3
 0, otherwise

(b) For t < 2 , there is no overlap. For 2 < t < 3 , f1 ( t − λ) and f 2 (λ) overlap,
as shown in Fig. (d).

∫
t
y( t ) = f 1 ( t ) ∗ f 2 ( t ) = 2
(1)( t − λ) dλ
 λ2  t t2

=  λt −  2 = − 2 t + 2
 2  2

f1(t - λ) f2(λ)
1

0 1 t-1 2 t 3 4 5 λ
(d)

0 1 2 t-1 3 t 4 5 λ
(e)
 For 3 < t < 5 , f1 ( t − λ) and f 2 (λ) overlap as shown in Fig. (e).

 λ2  t 1
y( t ) = ∫t −1 (1)( t − λ) dλ = λt −  t −1 =
t

 2 2

For 5 < t < 6 , the functions overlap as shown in Fig. (f).

 λ2  -1
y( t ) = ∫t −1 (1)( t − λ) dλ =  λt −  5t −1 = t 2 + 5t − 12
5

 2 2

0 1 2 3 4 t-1 5 t λ
(f)
Therefore,
 ( t 2 2 ) − 2t + 2, 2<t<3

 1 2, 3<t<5
y( t ) =  2
- (t 2) + 5t − 12, 5 < t < 6
 0, otherwise

Chapter 15, Solution 45.

f ( t ) ∗ δ( t ) = ∫0 f (λ) δ( t − λ) dλ = f (λ) λ= t
t
(a)
f (t ) ∗ δ(t ) = f (t )

f ( t ) ∗ u ( t ) = ∫0 f (λ) u ( t − λ) dλ
t
(b)

1 λ< t
Since u ( t − λ) = 
0 λ> t

∫
t
f ( t ) ∗ u( t ) = o
f ( λ ) dλ
 Alternatively,
F(s)
L{ f ( t ) ∗ u ( t )} =
s

 F(s) 
 = f ( t ) ∗ u ( t ) = ∫ f (λ) dλ
t
L−1 
 s  o

Chapter 15, Solution 46.

Let y( t ) = x 1 ( t ) ∗ x 2 ( t ) = ∫0 x 2 ( t ) x 1 ( t − λ) dλ
t
(a)

For 0 < t < 3 , x 1 ( t − λ) and x 2 (λ) overlap as shown in Fig. (a).

y( t ) = ∫0 4 e -2λ e -(t -λ ) dλ = 4 e - t ∫0 e -λ dλ = 4 (e - t − e -2 t )
t t

4
x2(λ)

x1(t-λ)

0 t 3 λ
(a)

For t > 3 , the two functions overlap as shown in Fig. (b).

y( t ) = ∫0 4 e -2 λ e -(t -λ ) dλ = 4 e - t ( - e -λ )
3
3
0 = 4 e - t (1 − e -3 )

0 3 t λ
(b)
 Therefore,
 4 (e - t − e -2t ), 0 < t < 3
y( t ) =  -t
4e (1 − e ), t>3
-3

(b) For 1 < t < 2 , x 1 (λ) and x 2 ( t − λ) overlap as shown in Fig. (c).
y( t ) = x 1 ( t ) ∗ x 2 ( t ) = ∫1 (1)(1) dλ = λ 1t = t − 1
t

x2(t - λ) x1(λ)

0 t-1 1 t 2 3 λ
(c)

For 2 < t < 3 , the two functions overlap completely.

y( t ) = ∫t −1 (1)(1) dλ = λ tt −1 = t − ( t − 1) = 1
t

For 3 < t < 4 , the two functions overlap as shown in Fig. (d).
y( t ) = ∫t −1 (1)(1) dλ = λ 3t −1 = 4 − t
3

0 1 2 t-1 3 t λ
(d)
Therefore,
 t − 1, 1 < t < 2
 1, 2<t<3

y( t ) = 
4 − t , 3 < t < 4
 0, otherwise

(c) For - 1 < t < 0 , x 1 ( t − λ) and x 2 (λ) overlap as shown in Fig. (e).
y( t ) = x1 ( t ) ∗ x 2 ( t ) = ∫-1 (1) 4 e -(t-λ) dλ
t
 y( t ) = 4 e -t ∫-1 e λ dλ = 4 [ 1 − e -(t+1) ]
t

x1(t - λ)

1 x2(λ)

-1 t 1 λ
-1

(e)

For 0 < t < 1 ,

y( t ) = ∫-1 (1) 4 e -(t -λ) dλ + ∫0 (-1) 4 e -(t -λ) dλ
0 t

y( t ) = 4 e -t e λ 0
-1 − 4 e -t e λ t
0 = 8 e -t − 4 e -(t+1) − 4

For t > 1 , the two functions overlap completely.

y( t ) = ∫-1 (1) 4 e -(t-λ ) dλ + ∫0 (-1) 4 e -(t-λ) dλ
0 1

y( t ) = 4 e -t e λ 0
-1 − 4 e -t e λ 10 = 8 e -t − 4 e -(t+1) − 4 e -(t−1)

Therefore,
 [
4 1 − e -(t +1) , ] -1 < t < 0
 -(t +1)
y( t ) =  8 e − 4 e
-t
− 4, 0<t<1
8 e − 4 e
- t - (t + 1)
− 4e - (t − 1)
, t >1


Chapter 15, Solution 47.

f1 ( t ) = f 2 ( t ) = cos( t )

L -1 [ F1 (s) F2 (s)] = ∫0 cos(λ) cos( t − λ) dλ

t

1
cos(A) cos(B) = [ cos(A + B) + cos(A − B)]
2
 1 t
L -1 [ F1 (s) F2 (s)] =
2 ∫0
[cos( t ) + cos( t − 2λ )] dλ

1 1 sin( t − 2λ)
L -1 [ F1 (s) F2 (s)] = cos(t ) ⋅ λ 0t + ⋅ t
0
2 2 -2

L-1 [ F1 (s) F2 (s)] = 0.5 t cos(t ) + 0.5 sin( t )

Chapter 15, Solution 48.

2 2
(a) Let G (s) = =
s + 2s + 5 (s + 1) 2 + 2 2
2

g( t ) = e -t sin(2 t )

F(s) = G (s) G (s)

f ( t ) = L -1 [ G (s) G (s)] = ∫0 g (λ) g ( t − λ) dλ

t

f ( t ) = ∫0 e -λ sin( 2λ) e -( t −λ ) sin( 2( t − λ)) dλ

t

1
sin(A) sin(B) = [ cos(A − B) − cos(A + B)]
2

1 - t t -λ
f (t) = e ∫ e [ cos(2t ) − cos(2( t − 2λ))] dλ
2 0

e -t e -t
cos(2 t ) ∫0 e dλ − ∫
t t
f (t) = -2 λ
e -2λ cos(2 t − 4λ) dλ
2 2 0

e -t e -2λ e -t
∫ e -2λ [ cos(2 t ) cos(4λ) + sin( 2 t ) sin( 4λ)] dλ
t
f (t) = cos(2 t ) ⋅ t
0 −
2 -2 2 0

1 -t e -t
f ( t ) = e cos(2 t ) (-e + 1) − cos(2 t ) ∫0 e -2 λ cos(4λ) dλ
t
-2 t
4 2

e -t
sin( 2 t ) ∫0 e -2λ sin( 4λ) dλ
t
−
2
 1 -t
f (t) = e cos(2t ) (1 − e -2 t )
4

e -t  e -2λ 
− cos(2t )  (- 2cos(4λ) − 4 sin(4λ)) 0t
2  4 + 16 

e -t  e -2λ 
− sin(2t )  (- 2sin(4λ) + 4 cos(4λ)) 0t
2  4 + 16 

e -t e -3t e -t e -3t
f (t) = cos( 2t ) − cos( 2t ) − cos( 2t ) + cos( 2t ) cos(4t )
2 4 20 20

e -3t e -t
+ cos( 2t ) sin( 4t ) + sin( 2t )
10 10

e -t e -t
+ sin( 2t ) sin( 4t ) − sin( 2t ) cos(4t )
20 10

2 s
(b) Let X(s) = , Y(s) =
s +1 s+4

x ( t ) = 2 e -t u ( t ) , y( t ) = cos(2t ) u ( t )

F(s) = X(s) Y(s)

f ( t ) = L -1 [ X(s) Y(s)] = ∫0 y(λ) x ( t − λ) dλ

∞

f ( t ) = ∫0 cos(2λ) ⋅ 2 e -(t−λ ) dλ
t

eλ
f ( t ) = 2 e -t ⋅ (cos(2λ) + 2 sin(2λ)) 0t
1+ 4

2 -t t
f (t) = e [ e ( cos(2t ) + 2 sin(2t ) − 1) ]
5

2 4 2
f (t) = cos( 2t ) + sin( 2t ) − e -t
5 5 5
Chapter 15, Solution 49.

Let x(t) = u(t) – u(t-1) and y(t) = h(t)*x(t).

 4 1 e −s   4(1 − e − s ) 
y( t ) = L−1 [H(s)X(s)] = L−1  ( − ) = L−1  
 s + 2 s s   s(s + 2) 
But

1 A B 1 1 1 
= + =  −
s(s + 2) s s + 2 2  s s + 2 

1 1 e−s e−s 
Y(s) = 2 − − + 
 s s + 2 s s + 2 

y( t ) = 2[1 − e −2 t ]u ( t ) − 4[1 − e −2( t −1) ]u ( t − 1)

Chapter 15, Solution 50.

Take the Laplace transform of each term.

3s
[s 2
V(s) − s v(0) − v ′(0)] + 2 [ s V(s) − v(0)] + 10 V(s) =
s +4
2

3s
s 2 V(s) − s + 2 + 2s V(s) − 2 + 10 V(s) =
s +4
2

3s s 3 + 7s
(s + 2s + 10) V(s) = s + 2
2
=
s + 4 s2 + 4

s 3 + 7s As + B Cs + D
V(s) = = 2 + 2
(s + 4)(s + 2s + 10) s + 4 s + 2s + 10
2 2

s 3 + 7s = A (s 3 + 2s 2 + 10s) + B (s 2 + 2s + 10) + C (s 3 + 4s) + D (s 2 + 4)

Equating coefficients :
s3 : 1= A+C  → C = 1 − A
2
s : 0 = 2A + B + D
1
s : 7 = 10A + 2B + 4C = 6A + 2B + 4
 s0 : 0 = 10B + 4D 
→ D = -2.5 B

Solving these equations yields

9 12 17 - 30
A= , B= , C= , D=
26 26 26 26

1  9s + 12 17s − 30 
V(s) = +
26  s + 4 s + 2s + 10 
2 2

1  9s 2 s +1 47 
V(s) =  + 6⋅ 2 + 17 ⋅ 2 − 2 
26  s + 4
2
s +4 (s + 1) + 3
2
(s + 1) + 3 
2

9 6 17 47
v( t ) = cos( 2t ) + sin( 2t ) + e -t cos( 3t ) − e -t sin( 3t )
26 26 26 78

Chapter 15, Solution 51.

Taking the Laplace transform of the differential equation yields

[s V(s) − sv(0) − v' (0)]+ 5[sV(s) − v(0)]] + 6V(s) = s10+ 1

2

( )
or s 2 + 5s + 6 V(s) − 2s − 4 − 10 =
10
s +1

→ V(s) =
2s 2 + 16s + 24
(s + 1)(s + 2)(s + 3)

A B C
Let V(s) = + + , A = 5, B = 0, C = −3
s +1 s + 2 s + 3

Hence,
v( t ) = (5e − t − 3e −3t )u ( t )
Chapter 15, Solution 52.

Take the Laplace transform of each term.

[s 2
I(s) − s i(0) − i ′(0)] + 3 [ s I(s) − i(0)] + 2 I(s) + 1 = 0

(s 2 + 3s + 2) I(s) − s − 3 − 3 + 1 = 0

s+5 A B
I(s) = = +
(s + 1)(s + 2) s + 1 s + 2

A = 4, B = -3

4 3
I(s) = −
s +1 s + 2

i( t ) = (4 e -t − 3 e -2t ) u(t )

Chapter 15, Solution 53.

Take the Laplace transform of each term.

s
[s 2
Y(s) − s y(0) − y ′(0)] + 5 [ s Y(s) − y(0)] + 6 V(s) =
s +4
2

s
(s 2 + 5s + 6) Y(s) − s − 4 − 5 =
s +4 2

s s + (s + 9)(s 2 + 4)
(s 2 + 5s + 6) Y(s) = s + 9 + =
s2 + 4 s2 + 4

s 3 + 9s 2 + 5s + 36 A B Cs + D
Y(s) = = + + 2
(s + 2)(s + 3)(s + 4) s + 2 s + 3 s + 4
2

27 - 75
A = (s + 2) Y(s) s= -2 = , B = (s + 3) Y(s) s= -3 =
4 13
 When s = 0 ,

36 A B D 5
= + + 
→ D =
(2)(3)(4) 2 3 4 26

When s = 1 ,

46 + 5 A B C D 1
= + + + 
→ C =
(12)(5) 3 4 5 5 52

27 4 75 13 1 52 ⋅ s + 5 26
Thus, Y(s) = − +
s+2 s+3 s2 + 4

27 - 2t 75 - 3t 1 5
y( t ) = e − e + cos( 2t ) + sin( 2t )
4 13 52 52

Chapter 15, Solution 54.

Taking the Laplace transform of the differential equation gives

5
[ s 2 V(s) − s v(0) − v′(0)] + 3[ s V(s) − v(0)] + 2 V(s) =
s+3

5 2−s
(s 2 + 3s + 2) V(s) = −1 =
s+3 s+3

2−s 2−s
V(s) = =
(s + 3)(s + 3s + 2) (s + 1)(s + 2)(s + 3)
2

A B C
V(s) = + +
s +1 s + 2 s + 3

A = 3 2, B = -4 , C=5 2

32 4 52
V(s) = − +
s +1 s + 2 s + 3

v( t ) = (1.5 e -t − 4 e -2t + 2.5 e -3t ) u(t )

Chapter 15, Solution 55.

Take the Laplace transform of each term.

[s 3
Y(s) − s 2 y(0) − s y′(0) − y′′(0)] + 6 [ s 2 Y(s) − s y(0) − y′(0)]

s +1
+ 8 [ s Y(s) − y(0)] =
(s + 1) 2 + 2 2

Setting the initial conditions to zero gives

s +1
(s 3 + 6 s 2 + 8s) Y(s) =
s + 2s + 5
2

(s + 1) A B C Ds + E
Y(s) = = + + + 2
s (s + 2)(s + 4)(s + 2s + 5) s s + 2 s + 4 s + 2s + 5
2

1 1 -3 -3 -7
A= , B= , C= , D= , E=
40 20 104 65 65

1 1 1 1 3 1 1 3s + 7
Y(s) = ⋅ + ⋅ − ⋅ − ⋅
40 s 20 s + 2 104 s + 4 65 (s + 1) 2 + 2 2

1 1 1 1 3 1 1 3 (s + 1) 1 4
Y(s) = ⋅ + ⋅ − ⋅ − ⋅ 2 − ⋅
40 s 20 s + 2 104 s + 4 65 (s + 1) + 2
2
65 (s + 1) 2 + 2 2

1 1 3 -4t 3 -t 2
y( t ) = u(t ) + e - 2t − e − e cos( 2t ) − e -t sin( 2t )
40 20 104 65 65

Chapter 15, Solution 56.

Taking the Laplace transform of each term we get:

12
4 [ s V(s) − v(0)] + V(s) = 0
s

 12 
 4 s + s  V(s) = 8

8s 2s
V(s) = = 2
4s + 12 s + 3
2

v( t ) = 2 cos ( 3t )
Chapter 15, Solution 57.

Take the Laplace transform of each term.

[ s Y(s) − y(0)] + 9 Y(s) = s

s s +4
2

s2 + 9  s s2 + s + 4
  Y(s) = 1 + 2 = 2
 s  s +4 s +4

s 3 + s 2 + 4s As + B Cs + D
Y(s) = 2 = +
(s + 4)(s 2 + 9) s 2 + 4 s 2 + 9

s 3 + s 2 + 4s = A (s 3 + 9s) + B (s 2 + 9) + C (s 3 + 4s) + D (s 2 + 4)

Equating coefficients :
s0 : 0 = 9B + 4D
1
s : 4 = 9 A + 4C
2
s : 1= B+ D
3
s : 1= A+C

Solving these equations gives

A = 0, B = - 4 5, C = 1, D=9 5

-4 5 s+9 5 -4 5 s 95
Y(s) = + 2 = 2 + 2 + 2
s +4 s +9 s +4 s +9 s +9
2

y( t ) = - 0.4 sin( 2t ) + cos( 3t ) + 0.6 sin( 3t )

Chapter 15, Solution 58.

We take the Laplace transform of each term and obtain

10 se −2s
6V(s) + [sV (s) − v(0)] + V(s) = e − 2s 
→ V(s) =
s s 2 + 6s + 10

(s + 3)e −2s − 3e −2s

V(s) =
(s + 3) 2 + 1
 Hence,
v(t ) = e −3( t − 2) cos(t − 2) − 3e −3( t − 2) sin(t − 2)  u (t − 2)

Chapter 15, Solution 59.

Take the Laplace transform of each term of the integrodifferential equation.

[ s Y(s) − y(0)] + 4 Y(s) + 3 Y(s) = 6

s s+2

 6 
(s 2 + 4s + 3) Y(s) = s  − 1
s + 2 

s ( 4 − s) ( 4 − s) s
Y(s) = =
(s + 2)(s + 4s + 3) (s + 1)(s + 2)(s + 3)
2

A B C
Y(s) = + +
s +1 s + 2 s + 3

A = 2 .5 , B = 6, C = -10.5

2.5 6 10.5
Y(s) = + −
s +1 s + 2 s + 3

y( t ) = 2.5 e -t + 6 e -2t − 10.5 e -3t

Chapter 15, Solution 60.

Take the Laplace transform of each term of the integrodifferential equation.

3 4 4
2 [ s X(s) − x (0)] + 5 X(s) + X(s) + = 2
s s s + 16

4s 2s 3 − 4s 2 + 36s − 64
(2s 2 + 5s + 3) X(s) = 2s − 4 + =
s 2 + 16 s 2 + 16

2s 3 − 4s 2 + 36s − 64 s 3 − 2s 2 + 18s − 32
X(s) = =
(2s 2 + 5s + 3)(s 2 + 16) (s + 1)(s + 1.5)(s 2 + 16)
 A B Cs + D
X(s) = + + 2
s + 1 s + 1.5 s + 16

A = (s + 1) X(s) s= -1 = -6.235
B = (s + 1.5) X(s) s = -1.5 = 7.329

When s = 0 ,

- 32 B D
= A+ + 
→ D = 0.2579
(1.5)(16) 1.5 16

s3 − 2s 2 + 18s − 32 = A (s3 + 1.5s 2 + 16s + 24) + B (s3 + s 2 + 16s + 16)

+ C (s3 + 2.5s 2 + 1.5s) + D (s 2 + 2.5s + 1.5)

Equating coefficients of the s3 terms,

1= A+ B+C 
→ C = -0.0935

- 6.235 7.329 - 0.0935s + 0.2579

X(s) = + +
s +1 s + 1.5 s 2 + 16

x ( t ) = - 6.235 e -t + 7.329 e -1.5t − 0.0935 cos(4t ) + 0.0645 sin( 4t )