R. B.

SULEIMENOV INSTITUTE OF ORIENTAL STUDIES MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

N. N. Kradin

The N omads of Eurasia

Almaty "Daik-Press" 2007

J1HCTJ1TYT BOCTOKOBEAEHJ1jf

J1MEHJ1 P. s. CYAEJ1MEHOBA MJ1HJ1CTEPCTBA OliPA30BAHJ1jf J1 HAYKJ1 PECnYliAJ1KJ1 KA3AXCTAH

H. H. Kpas nrr

I(OQeBHJ1I{J1 EBpa3J1J1

An MaTbl "Aav,K-npecc" 2007

l;tiK Ill. 3 (S Ku) K 78

CBeTAoii naMHTH Y lJeHOrO H rpaJK,4aHHHa }/yp6YAaTa iV1acaHoBa

JlTBep~eHO K nelJaTH JllJeHblM COBeTOM i1HcTHT}7a BOCTOKOBe4eHHH

HM. P. E. CYAeiiMeHoBa MOH PK

PEMK[JHOHHAH KOJlJlErHH CEPHH "KA3AXCTAHCKHE BOCTOKOBE//HbIE HCCJlE//OBAHHH":

nPEllHCJ\OBHE

H. H. TacMaraM6eToB (npeAceAaTeAb), M. X. A6yceHTOBa (3aM. npeztceziarexn},

10. f. napaHoBa, s. A. Ka3rpOB, s. E. KYMeKOB, A. K. MYMHHOB (Ka3aXCTaH);

B. M. na6aA~aHoB (Y36eKHcTaH);

C. f. KAHIDTOPHbIH (POCCHR);

A. M. XuaHOB (CWA);

BHHceHT '1lYPHbO (ct>paHYHR)

3aMbiceA ::nOH KHHrH POAHACR BO BpeMR MeLKAYHapoAHoH KOHq>epeHYHH "ct>eHOMeH KOlleBHHlIeCTBa B HCTOPHH EBPa3HH. HOMaAH3M H pa3BHTHe rocyzrapcraa", KOTOPaR npoaoziaxace no HHHYHaTHBe H. 3. Macanoaa B AAMaTbl B AeKa6pe 2005 r. B npogecce 06- cYLKAeHHR np06AeM TPYAHoAocrynHocTH HaYlIHoH AHTeparypbl na nOCTCOBeTCKOM npocrpaacrse AHpeKTop I1HcTHTYTa BOCTOKOBeAeHHR M. X. Aoycearosa H AHpeKTop H3AaTeAbCTBa "4aHK-npecc" E. A. Ka3rYAoB npeAAoLKHAH MHe nepenaztar e MOIO AenoHHpoBaHHYIO B 1987 r. KHHry 0 KOlleBHHKax. HecMoTpR aa CTOAb cneYHq>HlIecKHH cnocof BBeAeHHR B HaYlIHblH 060pOT, 3Ta KHHra noxyuaxa onpeziexenHYIO H3BeCTHOCTb H AOCTaTOllHO lIaCTO YHTHpOBaAaCb B KOlleBHHKOBeAlIeCKOH AHTeparype. 4aHHaR pafiora Bblllll\a no-rra ABaAyaTb AeT Ha3aA (H eIge KaKHX ABaAyaTb AeT!), H ny6AHKoBaTb ee 6e3 KaKHX-AH60 H3- MeHeHHH 6blAO 6bl OlleHb HeOCMOTpHTeAbHO. I1MeHHo n03TOMY Y MeHR B03HHKAa'MbICAb CAeAaTb paocry, KOTOPaR OTpaLKaAa 6bl TpaHcq>oplt1aYHIO c06CTBeHHbiX B3r JUlAOB nOCAe ny6AHKaYHH AOCTaTOllHO BaLKHOH A.IUI MeHR KHHrH "KolleBble 06IgeCTBa" (1992 r.).

4aHHaR MOHorpaq>HR Bblllll\a B TOT nepHoA, xor Aa CTpaHa nepeLKHBaAa TRLKeAble 3KOHOMHlIeCKHe apevrena. OHa 6blAa orryoxmcosaaa AOBOAbHO He60AbWHM THpaLKOM H n03TOMY TPYAHOAocTynHa AAR KOAAer. B 3TOH pafiore R nonsrraxca TBoplleCKH pa3BHTb nexoropsre HanpaBAeHHR sanazuroro MapKCH3Ma H Cq>OPMYAHpOBaTb KOHyenYHIO ocofioro nYTH COYHaAbHOH 3BOAlOYHH KOlleBHHKOB-CKOTOBOAOB B pavrxax MapKCHCTCKoro BHAeHHR HCTopHlIeCKoro npogecca. KpOMe 'roro. R

© KpaAHH H., 2007

ISBN 9965-798-46-X © "4aHK-npecc", orpopeaxeuae, 2007

6

H. H. KpaAHH. KOlJeBHHKH EBpa3HH

7

peBH3HOHHCTCKH n0,l\0WeA K HeKOTopblM cp}'H,l\aMeHTaAbHbIM napasrerpara MapKCHCTCKOIi TeOpHH. Bnp04eM, C HaY4HOH T04KH 3peHHR 3TO 6blAO yace He aKTyaAbHO. Y1CTOPHKH OKa3aAHCb B TaKOH cnryaua», Kor,l\a ornaxa He06xo,l\HMOCTb CMOTpeTb na MHp TOAbKO nocpeztc'raoxr MapKCHCTCKOH MeT0,l\OAorHH. Mbl HaX0,l\HAHCb nepezi OTKpblBalOIgHMHCR HOBblMH nepcnexraaaxra. Y1MeHHo 'rorzta y MeHR CAomHAOCb npeztcraaAeHHe 0 TOM, 4TO HCTopH4eCKHH npouecc CTaAO B03MomHbiM H3Y4aTb H nnrepnperaposars B paencax pa3AH4HbIX TeopeTH4eCKHX noztxozion.

::ho He 3Ha4HT, 4TO R OTKa3bIBaIOCb OT 'roro, 4TO narracaao B patioTax 1987-1992 rr. HanpoTHB, MHe H ceH4ac KameTCR, 4TO 3TO 6blAO AeHcTBHTeAbHo HOBoe CAOBO B MapKCHCTCKOH 'reopaa . .H Mory CY,l\HTb 06 3TOM no ,l\06pomeAaTeAbHoMY OTKAHKY 3. feAAHepa, KOTOPblH nanacax MHe B OTBeTHOM nHCbMe, nOAY4HB "K04eBble 06IgeCTBa" , 4TO AaHHaR paoora, no ero MHeHHIO, CBH,l\eTeAbCTBO rxyfioxor-o nOTeHYHaAa 'raopxecxoro MapKCH3Ma. Ozuraxo ceH4ac MHe 60Aee HHTepeCHO CMOTpe re Ha HCTopH4ecKHH npogecc H npapozty K04eBbiX 06IgecTB 4epe3 zipyryro CTOPOHY npH3Mbi. 3a 3TH noxropa ,l\eCRTHAeTHR R aanncax 60Abwoe KOAH4eCTBO pa60T, r,l\e nsrraxca HcnOAb30BaTb AAR orracaaaa HOMa~H3Ma He03BoAIOYHOHHcTcKHe napa,l\HrMbl. 4aHHaR KHHra B HeKOTOPOH CTeneHH orpaasaer 3TOT B3r AR,l\ aa crernroii MHp. B aacroatgee BpeMR MeHR 60Aee mrrepecyer cpaBHHTeAbHM 'reopas YHBHAH3aYHH, HCTOPHR nosceztaesaocra H MHp-cHcTeMHbIH noztxozt. Ha,l\elOcb, 4TO y MeHR 6Y,l\eT B03MomHOCTb npe,l\AomHTb caoe BH,l\eHHe MHpa K04eBHHKOB, HcxoAR H3 nepeuacxenasrx senue MeT0,l\0AorH4ecKHX n0,l\X0,l\OB.

.H Ha4HHaA H3Y4eHHe K04eBbiX 06IgecTB KaK 'reoperax H HCTOPHOrpaqi. 06pa30BaHHe R nOAY4HA na HCTopH4ecKoM cpaKYAbTeTe, rzte B Te4eHHe nRTH AeT Hac y4HAH B nepBylO 04epe,l\b pa60TaTb C nHCbMeHHblMH HCToqHHKaMH. B ,l\aAbHeHweM 3TH HaBblKH npHrO,l\HAHCb B npoyecce pa60Tbi Ha,l\ KaH,l\H,l\aTCIWH ,l\HccepTaYHeH, r,l\e 6bLAH pa3- AeAbl, nocamgeaasre COYHaAbHOH HCTOPHH KH,l\aHeH H paaaax MOHroAOB, H B xozre paoorer Ha,l\ KHHroH 0 xyany. EIge B KOHye 1980-x rr. r. E. MapKoB HaCTORTeAbHO COBeTOBaA MHe cbe3,l\HTb B artrorpacpH4ecKYlO 3Kcne,l\HYHIO, 4T06bl R caM cxror yBH,l\eTb MHp HOMa,l\OB. HeCKOAbKO noaztaee, npa CO,l\eHCTBHH A. M. Xa3aHOBa, R pacurapHA TeMaTHKY CBOHX HCCAe,l\OBaHHH ,l\0 H3Y4eHHR TpaHccpopMaYHOHHblX npoueccos B 06IgeCTBax K04eBHHKoB HOB oro H aoseiiurero BpeMeHH.

Bce 3TO CTHMYAHPOBaAO MeHR 3aHRTbCR nOAeBOH 3THorpacpHeH K04eBbiX H CKOTOB0,l\4eCKHX 06IgeCTB. nOTOM 6AarO,l\apR nOMepmKe

4AeH-KoppecnOH,l\eHTa PAH 5. B. 5a3apoBa R OKa3aACR B 4HCAe Y4aCTHHKOB Mem,l\YHap0,l\HOH 3Kcne,l\HYHH IOHECKO no MOHrOAHH B 2001-2002 rr. Eho 6bLAH He3a6blBaeMbie noesztxa. T OAbKO TOT, KTO 6blA BblHym,l\eH H3Y4aTb 06beKT csoero HCCAe,l\OBaHHR no AHTeparyPHblM HCT04HHKaM, CMomeT nOHRTb MOH 4YBCTBa, xorzta R snepaere nepecex POCCHHCKO-MOHroAbCKYIO rpaHHID'. Y1 XOTR ceH4ac R ezserozuro 6blBalO B MOHroAHH, ,l\Be nepasre nOe3,l\KH - caMble naserrasie. B MoeM AH4HOM apxase AemaT noxeasre ,l\HeBHHKH 3THX 3KCne,l\HI,!HH . .H ,l\yMaIO, 4TO npazter BpeMR H AAR HX ny6AHKaYHH.

MHe KameTCR, 4TO TOAbKO KOMnAeKCHblH noztxozt K K04eBHH4eCTBY - C n03HI,!HH HCTOPHH, KYAbryPHOH aarponoxoraa H apxeoxoraa - n03- BOAHT nOHRTb CYTb HOMa,l\H3Ma KaK HCTOPHKO-KYAbTypHOro RBAeHHR. Y3KaR cnel,!HaAH3al,!HR B npe,l\eAax KaKOH-TO O,l\HOH H3 HaYK He ,l\aeT B03MomHOCTb OCYIgeCTBHTb lllHPOKHH, KOMnAeKCHblH OXBaT H3Y4aeMOro 06beKTa. .H ,l\eAalO see B03MomHoe, 4T06bl CAe,l\OBaTb H3AomeHHOMY sztece npHHI,!Hny. 5AarO,l\apR ,l\pymecKoH nOMOIgH ,l\HpeKTopa Y1HCTHTYTa H3Y4eHHR K04eBbIX I,!HBHAH3al,!HH IOHECKO 5. 3HXryBunraa y,l\aAOCb pacuiapare xpyr HCT04HHKOB aauiero HCCAe,l\OBaHHR. B 2004 r. COBMeCTHaR MOHroAbcKo-POCCHHCKM 3Kcne,l\HYHR npacrynaxa K apxeOAorH4eCKHM HCCAe,l\OBaHHRM naMRTHHKOB KH,l\aHbCKoro BpeMeHH. Hecerorps aa Ha4aAO ztoxrospexreaaoro npoexra, HaMH yzce nOAY4eHbi HHTepeCHbie peayxerarer, noxasersarotgae, 4TO POAb ropo,l\OB B K04eBbiX HMnepHRX HOMa,l\OB EBpa3HH ,l\OAmHa 6blTb cepueaao nepeocxrercxeaa. Co BpeMeHeM meAaTeAbHO pacunrpirre H apeaAbl HCCAe,l\OBaHHR, H XpOHOAorHIO H3Y4aeMbiX naMRTHHKOB.

B TO me BpeMR R y6em,l\eH, 4TO, TOAbKO HcnOAb3YR pasasre napa,l\HrMbl, MomHO rAy6me nOHRTb CYTb H3Y4aeMoro RBAeHHR. PacCMaTpHBaR 06beKT acero AHlllb B O,l\HOH nAOCKOCTH, nOHHMaelllb, 4TO ¥omeT aacrynm-s Onpe,l\eAeHHblH npeztex, xorzta Tbl yxce He cnoco- 6eH CKa3aTb HH4ero aosoro. B 3TOH cHryaYHH He06xo,l\HMO MeHRTb AH60 yrox 3peHHR, AH60 06beKT HCCAe,l\OBaHHR . .H CTapaACR CAe,l\OBaTb nepsovry npaauany. Y1MeHHo n03TOMY HeT naxaxoro npOTHBope4HR B MOHX paHHHX pafiorax: B HHX R CAe,l\OBaA TBop4eCKOMY MapKCH3MY, a noazuree nerraxcs npHMeHHTb He03BOAIOYHOHHCTCKYlO napaztarxry H ,l\pyme 'reopaa . .H paCCMaTpHBalO 3TO He KaK Kap,l\HHaAbHOe H3MeHeHHe MOHX HaY4HbiX B3rAR,l\OB, a scero-aascero KaK CMeHY yrxa 0630pa, nozt KOTOPblM Mbl CMOTPHM aa npeznrer HawHX H3bICKaHHH.

8

H. H. KpMHH. KO'leBHHKH EBPa3HH

~eCKOAbKO CAOB 0 CTpYKType KHHrH. )laHHaR pa60Ta HanHCaHa B nepBYIO ouepezte ANI MOHX Ka3aXCTaHCKHX KOMer, KOTOPbIM H3~3a pa~ 30pBaHHOCTH HaY'-IHbIX KOMMYHHKa!,!HH aa nOCTCOBeTCKOM npOCTpaHCTBe MOH HCCAeAOBaHHn nocxe 1991 r., KaK npaBHAO, 6bIAH aeziocryrmsr. no ,nOH npH'-IHHe B MOHorpaq>HIO oT06paHbI Te CTaTbH H AOKAaAbI, HMeIOIgHe, KaK MHe xazserca, saacaoe acropaorparpacecxoe, TeopeTH~ '-IeCKOe H MeTOAOAOrH'-IeCKOe saaveaae. 8 aexoropsrx H3 HHX CAeAaHbI onpezrexeaasre H3MeHeHHn H COKpaIgeHHn. KpoMe 'roro, npa ortiope n c'rapaxcs CAeAoBaTb Cq>0PMYAHpOBaHHOMY senne npHHyHny, '-IT06bI B paoory 6bIAH BKAIO'-IeHbI MaTepHaAbI, xapaKTepH3YIOIgHe aaropa He TOAbKO KaK TeopeTHKa, HO H KaK HCTopHKa, arnoxora-aarponoxora H apxeoxora. ~aCKOAbKO 3aMbIceA yziaxcs, CYAHTb '-I HTaTeNlM.

YIAen 3TOH pa60TbI C 60AblllHM 3HTy3Ha3MOM 6bIAa nOMepma~ na H. 3. Macaaoasm. Flocxe KOHq>epeH!,!HH (AeKa6pb 2005 r.) B r. AAMaTbI MbI BCTpeTHAHCb C HHM Ha MemAYHapoAHOM CHMn03HYMe B napHme. EpOAHAH no YIOTHbIM napHmCKHM YAO'-lKaM, 06MeHHBaAHCb HOBbIMH HAenMH, CTPOHAH nxaasr H 06cymAaAH 6YAYIgHe COBMeCTHbIe KHHrH. KTO 6bI Mor rorzta nOAYMaTb, '-ITO 3TO nama noueAHnn scrpesa. KorAa n muny aTH CTPOKH, ero yme HeT. 3TO '-IYAOBHIgHaR aecnpasezrAHBOCTb, ropsxas yrpara He TOAbKO AAR Ka3aXCTaHCKOH HaYKH H Ka3aX~ CTaHCKoro 06IgeCTBa, HO H AAR MHpOBoro KO'-leBHHKOBeAeHHn. HaYKa norepaxa csoero TaAaHTAHBoro CAymHTeNl, a crpaaa - sepaoro CbIHa H aacroaigero r pamAaHHHa (eIge He npmuxo BpeMn nOAHOCTblO noaar s H OC03HaTb ropeue aTOH YTpaTbI). OH npHHapemaA K nOKOAeHHIO "AeTeH nepeCTpOHKH" - nOKOAeHHIO POMaHTHKOB H Me'-lTaTeAeH. OH XOTeA CAeAaTb MHP xysune H '-IHIge, HCKaA YlCTHHY, OH 6YAopamHA APY3eH H sparos H He OCTaBNlA HHKoro paBHOAYlllHbIM. YlMeHHo Ta~ KHM - BepHbIM AaHyeAoToM npaBAbI - OH H OCTaHeTcn B HallleH naMnTH aascer Aa.

7 OKTJl6pJl 2006 r.

1.JacTb I

MCTOPMOfPAlIlMH HOMNU13MA

FAABA 1

K04EBHH4ECTBO B COBPEMEHHhIX TEOPIDIX HCTOPH4ECKOrO npOYECCA*

KOlleBHHlIeCTBO B lIaCTHOCTH, KaK H BOCTOK B yeAoM, OTHOCHTOI K TeM COCTaBNllOl!!HM BceMHpHO-HCTopHlIeCKoro npogecca, xcropsre C TpY.z\OM BnHCbIBalOTOI B 061!!enpHWITble (H, aazto npaanar e, espoyeHTpHcTCKHe no CBoeH CYTH) nepHO.z\H3aYHH HCTOpHH. YicTopHlIecKH CAomHAOCb, liTO HaH60AbWHH BKAa.z\ B 06CYLK.z\eHHe aTOH np06AeMbI BHeCAH orevecrseaasre H 3apy6emHble MapKCHCTCKHe asropsr, B xozte TaK Ha3bIBaeMOH .z\HCKYCCHH 0 "KOlleBOM cpeO.z\aAH3Me" 6bIAH BbICKa3aHbI CAe.z\YIOI!!He OCHOBHble TOllKH 3peHHR:

1. KOHyenYHR npeatoisccosoro 061!!eCTBa Y KOlleBHHKOB (MapKOB, 1976; Konig, 1981; CeMeHoB, 1982; KaAHHOBCKaR, 1989; naBAeHKO, 1989: 86-90; l1fHHpeAbMaH, 1989: 404 H .z\p.).

2. KOHyenYHR peunero rocy.aspcrse Y HOMa.z\oB (Xa3aHoB, 1975; nepmH!J, 1976; Escedy, 1981; 1989; Khazanov, 1981; 1984; TacKHH, 1984: 3-62; EYHJlTJlH, 1995 H .z\p.).

3. Pa3AHlIHble arrrepnperagaa TeopHH xouesoro cpe0,4aAH3Ma (1BAa,4HMHP!JOB, 1934; K03bMHH, 1934; Florenos, 1954; l1faxMaroB, 1962; TOAbI6eKoB, 1971; (jJe,40poB-.l/aBbI,40B, 1973; CeMeHIOK, 1974; Ha!Jar,4op/K, 1975; Flerpos, 1981; 3AarKHH, 1982; Flseruese, 1982; nOAHHCKHii, 1982; Wojna, 1983; KllIH6eKoB, 1984; MaHHaii-OoA, 1986 H MHome .z\p.).

* K04eBHH4eCTBO B COBpeMeHHblX TeopHHX HCTopH4eCKoro npogecca / / BpeMH MHpa. AAbMaHax. BbIn. 2. CTpYK"ryPbI HCTOpHH. HOBOCH6HPCK: CH6HPCKHH xponorparp, 2001. C. 369-396.

12

H. H. Kpa,4HH. KO'leBHHKH EBpa.3HH

FAaBa 1. KO'leBHH'IeCTBO B COBpeMeHHbIX TeopHHX ...

13

* lO. 11. CeMeHoB (1993: 205, npHM. 24) HeKoppeKTHO ynpexaer MeHH B HCKam.eHHH ~ro TOllKH 3peHHH, CCblJ\aHCb npa 3TOM na COBMeCTHYIO C C. 11. Bav'fIllTeHHOM pe1,!eH3HIO aa KHHry r. E. Mapxoaa "KolleBHHKH A3HH", ony6AHKoBaHHYIO B m.ypHMe "CoBeTcKaH 3THOrpaqlHH" (1977. NQ 5). ,lleHcTBHTeAbHo, B 3TOH paoore OH conOCTaBHA KOlleBble HMnepHH C 3eMAep,eAblleCKHMH (BOCTOlIHbIMH) p,ecnOTHHMH. Op,HaKo B c'rarbe 1982 r. OH p,am.e He HaMeKHYA na CXOp,CTBO KOlleBbIX HMnepHH: C ero "nOAHTapHbIM" cnocotioja npOH3Bop,CTBa. l1MeHHo n03TOMY, C MoeH TOllKH 3peHHH, 6bIAO BnOAHe eCTeCTBeHHbIM CCbIAaTbCH na nOCAep,HIOIO ny6- AHKa1,!HIO, KCTaTH, ep,HHCTBeHHYIO paoory CeMeHOBa, cne1,!HMbHO nOCBHl!!eHHYIO KOlleBHHKaM-CKOTOBop,aM. K 'rouxe 3peHHH 1977 r. CeMeHoB BepHYACH yase nOCAe ny6AHKa1,!HH KpHTHKyeMblx HM MOHX pa60T (1993: 205; 1997: 19, 21). Bnpovesa. p,aHHbIH aBTOp CTOAbKO pa3 MeHHA CBOH B3rAHp,bI no pa3AHlIHbIM rtoaoztasi, liTO eM}' caMOMY HeMyp,peHo 6bIAO 3anYTaTbCH.

OAHaKO HaH60AbWee o6cymAeHHe Bbl3BaAH nonerrxa 060CHOBaHWI oco6oro ttytn pa.3BHTHH 06J!!eCTB K04eBHHKOB-CKOTOBOAOB. npeAMeT AHCKYCCHH cKoHyeHTpHpOBaAOI BOKpyr Bonpoca, 4TO RBMleTOI OCHOBOH cneYH<pH4HOCTH HOMaAH3Ma - BHYTpeHHAA npapozia CKOTOBOAcTBa, T. e. fiaaa TaK aaaeraaexroro HOMaAHoro cnoco6a npOH3BOAcTBa, HAH me oco6eHHOCTH BHeWHeH aAanTaYHH K04eBHHKOB K 3eMAeAeAb4eCKHM "MHp-HMnepHRM" (MacaHoB, 1991; 1995; KpaAHH, 1992; 1996; KaAHHOBCKaH, 1994; 1996; MapKoB, 1998 HAP,),

B TO me BpeMR B YCAOBHRX npeOAOAeHHR q>opMaYHOHHoro MOHH3Ma nORBHAHCb ny6AHKaYHH, B KOTOPblX AeAaeTCR nonsrrxa paCCMOTpeTb K04eBHH4eCTBO C T04KH 3peHHR !JHBHAH.3a!JHOHHoro lIoAXoAa HAH espe.3HHCKOH lIapaAHrMbI (EYPOBCKHH, 1995; Yp6aHaeBa, 1995; KYAblIHH, 1998 HAP,), Ony6AHKoBaHHe MeTOAoAOrH4eCKH HOBblX pa60T CTOHT TOAbKO npaaerc'raoeart-.

Ha 3anaAe (HCKAI04M K04eBHHKOBeAOB-HeOMapKCHCTOB) npooxeMa nepHoAH3ayHH K04eBHH4eCTBa B KOHTeKCTe BceMHpHOH HCTOPHH He HaCTOAbKO nonyxapaa. B TpYAax TeopeTHKOB MOAepHH3aYHH H aeo- 3BOAIOYHOHHCTOB npofixexta COYHaAbHOH 3BOAIOYHH K04eBHHKOB-CKOTOBOAOB He RBAReTCR 'WHPOKO o6cymAaeMoH. B o606J!!a1OIgHX scce no KYAbTYPHOH 3BOAIOYHH rxaaaoe BHHMaHHe YAeAeHO npoueccasi pOCTa arpapasix KYAbTYP H YHBHAH3aYHH (Polanyi, 1968; Service, 1971; 1975; Adams, 1975; Johnson and Earle, 1987; Sanderson, 1990; 1995 etc.). PeAKHe aBTopbl BKAI04aAH K04eBHHKOB B CBOH cxeMbl KYAbTYPHOH HHTerpayHH (Lenski, 1966; Sahlins, 1968; Hollpice, 1986). nOmaAYH, eAHHCTBeHHoe HCKAI04eHHe - KHHra A. Kp3Aepa (Krader, 1968) 0 npoacxozszteaaa rOCYAapCTBa; CHMnaTHH sroro aeropa K KO- 4eBHHKoBeA4ecKoH npotixessarase 6blAH ooycxoaxeaer co6CTBeHHblMH HaY4HblMH aarepecawa.

f HecKoAbKO 60Aee nonYARpHa TeMa K04eBHHKOB B TpYAax MHPcHCTeMIgHKOB" (CM., Hanp.: Chaze-Dunn, 1988; Abu-Lughod, 1989; Hall, 1991 etc.), HO H 3AeCb 60AbWHHCTBO npo6AeM HaxoAHTCR noxa B CTaAHH npezmaparexeaoro o6cymAeHHR. B HCCAeAoBaHHRX me sanaztHblX aBTopOB, cneuaax sao 3aHHMaBWHXCR npo6AeMaMH COYHOKYAbTYPHOH 3BOAIOYHH HOMaAoB, nOA4epKHBaeTCR, KaK npaBHAO, OTCYTCTBHe Y K04eBHHKOB BHYTpeHHHX norpeoaocreii K c03AaHHIO npouasrx q>OpM rOCYAapCTBeHHOCTH, YHKAH4eCKHH xapaKTep nOAHTH4eCKHX npoyeccoB, nORBAeHHe nepcnexras K YCTOH4HBOMY pa3BHTHIO TOAbKO B CAY4ae

4. KOHyenYHH HOMaAHoro cnoco6a npOH3BOAcTBa (MapKoB, 1967; Bonte, 1981; 1990; j[nrap, 1989; AHAPHaHoB, Mepxoe, 1990; MacaHoB, 1991; 1995 HAP,)'

OC06HRKOM cpezta HCCAeAOBaHHH OTe4eCTBeHHbiX K04eBHHKoBeAoB acer Aa CTORAH pa60Tbi A. H. r yMHAeBa, KOTOPblH npaKTH4ecKH 6blA e,lJ,HHCTBeHHbIM H B YCAOBHRX oPTOAOKCaAbHOrO MapKcHcTcKoro AHKTaTa nsrraxcs HHTepnpeTHpoBaTb HOMaAH3M B paxncax KAaCCH4ecKOH YHBHAH3aYHOHHOH TeopHH.

B nepsoe "nOCTMapKCHCTCKoe" AecRTHAeTHe AHCKYCCHR npozioxmaAacb, HO AocTaTo4Ho BRAO, 4TO, anpovesr, HeYAHBHTeAbHo. nORBHAaCb B03MomHOCTb 3aHHMaTbCR APyrHMH HHTepecHblMH npo6AeMaMH, HcnOAb30BaTb B CBOHX HccAeAoBaHHRx HHbie HaY4Hbie napaAHrMbl H noztxozrsr. B OCHOBHOM npofixesra npo.ao.osaxa o6cymAaTbcR B pycCKOR3bl4HOH xareparype. npH 3TOM coxpanaxace B TOH HAH HHOH CTeneHH nee OCHOBHble BbICKa3bIBaBWHeCR paaee T04KH 3peHHR. T ax, 4aCTb HCCAeAOBaTeAeH no-npezsaevry npHAepmHBaeTcR cpeOAaAbHOH HHTepnpeTayHH K04eBbiX o6IgecTB (MaTBeeB, 1993; ABAHeB, 1994 H AP')' K 3TOH me T04Ke 3peHHR OTHOCRTCR H CTOPOHHHKH o6beAHHeHHR acex nocAenepBo6blTHbiX AOHHAYCTpHaAbHblX o6IgecTB B paxrxax eAHHOH q>eOAaAbHOH CTaAHH (Ko6HI]JaHoB, 1995) . .llPYrHe aaropsr noziAepmHBalOT MHeHHe 0 AorocYAapCTBeHHOM, IIpeAKAaCCOBOM xapaxrepe o6IgecTB K04eBHHKOB-CKOTOBOAOB «(JJYPCOB, 1995; CKPbIHHHKoBa, 1997 HAP,), T per-sa nHwYT 0 CKAaAblBaHHH Y K04eBHHKOB penneii rocYAapcTBeHHocTH (TpelIaBAoB, 1993; KAHIIlToPHbIH, CaBHHoB, 1994; KbI'IaHOB, 1997). Hexoropsre HaXO,lJ,HT CXOACTBO K04eBbiX HMnepHH C BOCTO'lHbIMH AeCIIOTHHMH (CeMeHoB, 1997: 19, 21)*.

14

H. H. Kpa,4HH. KOCJeBHHKH EBpa3HH

TAaBa 1. KOCJeBHHCJecTBo B COBpeMeHHbIX TeOpHJlX ...

15

MapKCHCTCKHe nepHo~H3al!HH

C 1970-x rr. ijeHTp nOAeMHKH nepeMeCTHAOI B CTOPOHY BbUlCHeHHR sonpoca, MorAH AH Kot.JeBHHKH nepemarayrs fiap sep rocyztapcraeaaocTH H, corxacao MHeHHIO MHorHX Yt.JeHbIX, ..qaLKe C03..qaTb q>eo..qaAH3M HAH LKe HM 6bIAO CYLK..qeHO OCTaBaTbCR Ha npezucxaccoaoii CTa..qHH pa3BHTHR. nOCTeneHHo B0306Aa..qaA nAIOpaAH3M B3r AA..qOB aa npapozty KOt.JeBbIX 06IJ!ecTB (CM. asnne}, xapaxrepasrii H AM HaWHX ..qHeH.

nO..qBO.zvl HTorH ..qHCKYCCHH, ..qAHBweHcR no-rra TpH t.JeTBepTH sexa, cxeziyer OTMeTHTb, t.JTO AJUI MapKcHcTCKOH reopaa HCTOPHH xoueaere 06IJ!eCTBa npe..qCTaBAAIOT CTOAb LKe AorHt.JeCKH Tpy..qHOpa3peWHMYIO np06AeMY, t.JTO H "a3HaTcKHH cnocoo npoaaaozicraa". COijHaAbHYIO CTPYKTYPY KOt.JeBHHKOB Tpy..qHO HHTepnpeTHpOBaTb B KaTerOpHRX opTO..qOKCaAbHOrO acropavecxoro MaTepHaAH3Ma. nOt.JeMY npH BbICOKOPa3BHTOH t.JaCTHoH c06CTBeHHOCTH Ha cpe..qCTBa npOH3Bo..qCTBa (CKOT) HOMa..qbI B cpaBHeHHH C oce..qA0-3eMAe..qeAbt.JeCKHMH 06IJ!ecTBaMH BbIrAA.zvIT 60Aee 9raAHTapHbIMH, t.JeM 9TO ..qOALKHO 6bITb reoperavecxa? C O..qHOH CTOPOHbI, HeAb3R Ha3BaTb nepB06bITHbIMH 06IJ!eCTBa, B KOTOPbIX ecre t.JaCTHM c06CTBeHHOCTb H AHija, aKKYMYAHpOBaBWHe ee B orpOMHbIX pasxrepax, a TaKLKe onpenexeaasre THnbI sxcnxyarauaa. C ..qpyroH CTOPOHbI, TaKM q>opMa COijHaAbHO-noAHTHt.JecKoH opraaasaijHH HOMa..qOB, KaK Kot.JeBM HMnepHR, BpR..q AH MOLKeT 6bITb KAaCCHq>HijHpOBaHa B Kat.JeCTBe "BoeHHoH ..qeMoKpaTHH" HAH nxevreaaoro COI03a.

ECAH rosopare 0 TaK Ha3bIBaeMOH pa60BAa..qeAbt.JecKoH q>opMagHH, TO q>aKTbI nOKa3bIBalOT, t.JTO OTHoweHHR ..qaHHoro THna CYIJ!eCTBOBaAH y KOt.JeBHHKOB BO ace 9nOXH. Ho HH B O..qHH H3 nepaoztos HCTOPHH HOMa..qH3Ma pa6CTBO He nOAyt.JHAO B CTenH uiapoxoro pacnpocrpaaeaaa. Bo-nepasrx, B KOt.JeBbIX CKOTOBo..qt.JeCKHX 06IJ!eCTBax 60AbWM t.JaCTb nOTpe6HOCTeH B pa60t.JeH CHAe y..qOBAeTBopRAaCb 3a Ct.JeT BHyTpeHHHX pecypcos, 6Aaro MaAOHMYIJ!He HOMa..qbI HMeAHCb scerzta. BO-BTOPbIX, KOt.JeBoH 06pa3 LKH3HH - He Ayt.JWHH cnocoo aazisopa sa pa6aMH, seer/1,jl ..qYMaBWHMH 0 nofiere. B-TpeTbHX, KOHijeHTpagHR pa60B B O..qHOM MeCTe no rany AaTHq>YH..qHH onacaa BOCCTaHHeM, nOCKOAbKY CTenHRKH KOt.JYIOT npeHMYIJ!eCTBeHHO He60AbWHMH aHAaMH. Pa6bI B Kot.JeBbIX 06- IJ!ecTBax (B OCHOBHOM LKeHIJ!HHbI) HcnOAb30BaAHCb TOAbKO B ..qOMawHeM X03RHCTBe, a TaKLKe nOCTaBAAAHCb Ha paooroproesre pbIHKH (HH- 6yp, 1907: 237-265; CeMeHIOK, 1958; Xa3aHOB, 1975: 133-148; KMurrOPHbIH, 1985; KpaIl,HH, 1992: 100-111 H ..qp.).

Hexoropas t.JaCTb MaAOHMYIJ!HX H AHweHHbIX CKOTa HOMa..qOB Mor xa nozmeprarecs sxcnxyaraua» co CTOPOHbI 60Aee 3aLKHTot.JHbIX conxe-

CHM6H03a C 3eMAe..qeAbgaMH (Lattimore, 1940; Bacon, 1958; Irons, 1979; Kwanten, 1979; Khazanov, 1984; Fletcher, 1986; Barfield, 1989; 1992; TOAll,eH, 1993 H zip.).

B ..qaHHoH rxase MHe XOTeAOCb 6bI OCTaHOBHTbCR na aHaAH3e HeKOTOPbIX HOBbIX pa60T H KOHgengHH, nORBHBWHXCR B nOCAe..qHHe ..qeCRTHAeTHR, paCCMOTpeB pR..q BonpOCOB. 1. KaK HOMa..qbI BnHCbIBalOTCR B KAaCCHt.JeCKHe O..qHOAHHeHHbIe nepHo..qH3agHH HCTopHt.JeCKoro npogecca? 2. MOLKHO AH roaoprrre 06 OC060H Kot.JeBHHt.JecKoH gHBHAH3agHH? 3. MOLKHO AH rOBopHTb 0 cnoc06HOCTH Kot.JeBHHKOB K C03..qaHHIO c06- CTBeHHOH rocy..qapCTBeHHOCTH HAH LKe 9TO 6bIAH CTPYKTypbI, noztotiaere Bom..qeCTBY? 4. KaK aarepnperapyerca HOMa..qH3M B pasixax MHoroAHHeHHOH TeopHH 9BOAlOgHH? 5. KaKoe MeCTO 3aHHMalOT Kot.JeBHHKH B MHp-CHCTeMHOM aHaAH3e? 6. MOLKHO AH ct.JHTaTb HMnepHH HOMa..qOB MHp-HMnepHRMH? OTHOCRTCR AH OHH K "nepaqiepaa" HAH RBAAIOTCR "noAynepHq>epHeH"? PaccMoTpHM ..qaHHbIe sonpocsr.

KaK YLKe 6bIAO CKa3aHO, HaH60Aee aKTHBHO Bonpoc 0 cnegHq>HKe K04eBbIX 06IJ!eCTB H MeCTe HOMa..qH3Ma B nepHo..qH3agHH BceMHpHoH HCTOPHH HaH60Aee aKTHBHO 06cYLK..qaAcR B MapKcHcTCKOH H oc06eHHO COBeTCKOH xareparype «(/JeIl,OpoB-l/aBbIll,oB, 1973; Xa3aHOB, 1975; MapKoB, 1976; 1989; 1998; nepuIH!J, 1976; 1994; KoraH, 1981; XaAHAb HCMaHA, 1983; Khazanov, 1984; Gellner, 1988: 92-114; n0I10B, 1986; KpaIl,HH, 1987; 1992; BacIOTHH, 1998 H zip.}.

4HCKYCCHR npOWAa HeCKOAbKO 9TanOB. 40 cepeziaasr 1930-x rr. 6bI.J\H BbICKa3aHbI npaKTHt.JeCKH ace OCHOBHbIe TOt.JKH 3peHHR na npapOAY KOt.JeBbIX 06IJ!eCTB (OT nepB06bITHO-PO..qOBbIX ..qo pa3BHTbIX qieo..qaJI.bHbIX). C 1934 r. yraepasztaerca TaK Ha3bIBaeMM TeopHR xoxeaoro q>eo..qaAH3Ma. EbIAO BbI..qBHHyTO HeCKOAbKO BepcHH 9TOH TeopHH, HO nOCTeneHHO B0306Aa..qaAO ynpoigeaaoe CTaAHHCKoe nOHHMaHHe crenner-o q>eo..qaAH3Ma. C cepeznmer 1950-x rr. Hat.JHHaIOTCR BHyTpeHHHe 6pomeHHR - BbICKa3bIBa~CR HOBbIe HHTepnpeTagHH q>eo..qaAH3Ma y HOMa..qOB, corxacao KOTOPbIM rAaBHbIM cpe..qCTBOM npOH3Bo..qCTBa B CTenHbIX 06IJ!eCTBax RBAAACR CKOT. B rozusr "OTTeneAH" nORBHAHCb H ..qpyrHe TOt.JKH 3peHHR: MHeHHe 06 OC060M "Kot.JeBHHt.JecKoM" cnocooe npoH3Bo..qCTBa, 06 "a3HaTCKOM" cnocooe rtpoaasoztcraa y Kot.JeBHHKOB H np.

16

H. H. KPa.4HH. KOlleBHHXH EBPa.3HH

rAaBa 1. KOlleBHHllecTBo B COBpeMeHHbIX TeopIDlX ...

17

MCHHHKOB rryTCM npHBAC4CHHH HX B Ka4CCTBC pa6OTHHKoB-6aTpaKOB HAH nocpCACTBOM nepeztaua 6cAIDIKaM aexoroporo KO.l\H4CCTBa CKOTa Ha BbInac (TaK Ha3bIBaCMbIH ca.YH). C )'l!!CCTBOBaHHC Y HOM~OB sroro }'K.I\~a nocxyxowo OCHOBOH ANI q>0pMHpOBaHHH TCOpHH K04CBoro q>COAaAH3Ma.

OAHaKo AaHHruI TCOpHR 6bl.l\a Cq>OpMHpOBaHa B OCHOBHOM na MaTCpHaAaX aosoro H HOBCHllJCrO BPCMCHH, xor Aa K04CBHH4CCTBO, HC cnocoonoe KOHKypHpOBaTb C npeAbIHAYCTPHaAbHbIMH !JHBH.I\H3a!JHRMH, npauixo B ynaztox Hero TpaAH!JHOHHruI COijHa.l\bHO-3KOHOMH4CCKrui CTpYKTypa Aeq>opMHpOBaAaCb. Ho Aa2KC B nepaozi KpH3Hca HOMaAH3Ma AaHHblH YK.I\aA He 6bl.l\ rocnOACTBYlOrgHM (sa HCKAI04CHHCM, 6blTb M02KeT, peAKHX C.l\Y4aeB), HH TeM 60.l\ee eAHHCTBeHHbIM. K TOMY 2Ke, KaK BblRCHH.I\OCb, HCC.I\CAOBaTC.I\H nepsoii nO.l\OBHHbl :xx CTO.l\CTHR, npHAcp2KHBaBllJHCCR TCOpHH K04CBoro q>COAaAH3Ma, BO MHorOM MOACPHH3HPOBaAH H3Y4aeMbIe HMH OTHOllJeHHR (ToAbI6exoB, 1971; MapxoB, 1976; Kpa,4HH, 1992; MacaHoB, 1995 HAP.).

HaKOHe!J, R r .l\y60KO y6e~eH, 4TO 0 q>eOAaAH3Me KaK 06 OC060H q>opMaijHH C npHc)'l!!HMH eH "ceasopaaxeaenr cnocooosr npoH3BOACTBa", BaCCaAHTeTOM, pblijapCKOH MOPaAblO, THnOM xpacraaacxoii MCHTaAbHOCTH H np, M02KHO rosopm-s .l\HllJb npHMeHHTe.l\bHO K cpeznreaexosoji EBpone. PaClliHpHTC.I\bHOe TO.l\KOBaHHe TepMHHa "q>eOAaAH3M" .l\HllJaeT ero cOAep2KaTe.l\bHOH HarpY3KH. KaKOH CMbIC.I\ B ero HCnO.l\b30BaHHH, eC.I\H npa 3TOM YHH4T02KaIOTCR see CTPYKTypHble pa3.1\H4HH Me2KAY 3an~oM H BOCTOKOM, Me~y K04eBHHKaMH H 3eM.l\eAe.l\b!JaMH?

I1Me.l\HCb H 60.l\ec cepeesnere MeTOAo.l\OrH4CCKoe np06.1\CMbl. KaK mrrepnperapoaa'r e HCnOABH2KHbIH, noztvac 3aCToHHblH HOMaAH3M B paMKax OAHO.l\HHeHHOH nepHoAH3a!JHH nRTH cnoc060B npoH3BoAcTBa? KaK, acxo.as H3 npaauana COOTBCTCTBHH "6a3HCa" H "HaAcTpoHKH", 06'bRCHHTb B03HHKHOBeHHe, pacgaer H rH6e.l\b CTenHbIX HMnepHH? 8KoHoMH4ecKHH "6a3Hc" K04eBbiX CKOTOBOA4CCKHX 06rgcCTB OCTaBaACR HCH3MCHHbIM: Y cospesreaastx MacaeB H apaooa OH TaKoH 2KC, 4TO H Y APCBHHX XYHHY H CKHq>OB. OAHaKo eC.I\H 3KoHoMH4ecKHH "6a3Hc" HC MeHR.I\CR, TO H "HaACTpOHKa" A0.l\2KHa 6bl.l\a OCTaBaTbCR HeH3MCHHOH. B TO 2Ke BpeMJI "HaAcTpOHKa" K04eBbIX 06rgCCTB He COxpaHR.I\a CBOCro nOCTORHCTBa nOA06HO 6a3HCY. HOMaAbl TO C03AaBaAH rHraHTCKHC crernrere HMnepHH, TO pacnaaaxace aa OTAe.l\bHbIe xaHCTBa H.I\H axeq>aAbHble .l\HHHA2KHbIC 06pa30BaHHR, a 3TO npOTHBOpe4H.I\O npHH!JHnaM MapKCHCTCKOH TCOpHH (Gellner, 1988: 93-97, 114).

3argHTHHKH TCOpHH K04CBoro q>COAa.l\H3Ma H "nRTH4.1\CHHOH" CXCMbl q>opMa!JHH nonpocry 3aKpbl.l\H rxaaa aa pa3.1\H4He B03M02KHOCTeH H npeztexer pOCTa MC2KAY K04CBblMH H 3CM.I\CAC.I\b4CCKHMH 06rgccTBaMH, TCM caMblM CyrgcCTBCHHO 3aBblCHB ypOBCHb pa3BHTHR "6a3Hca" HOMaAH3Ma. T ax B03HHKAO ollJH604HOC AC.I\CHHC aa "paHHHX" (APCBHHX A0q>COAaAbHbIX H pa60B.I\aAC.I\b4CCKHX) H "n03AHHX" (CpCAHCBCKOBbIX q>COAa.l\bHbIX) KOlICBHHKOB, XOTR APCBHHC H CPCAHCBCKOBblC HMncpHH HOMaAoB 6bl.l\H ropaszto 60.l\bllJC no 4HC.I\CHHOCTH H C.I\02KHCC B opraHH3aijHOHHOH aepapxaa, 4eM xaHCTBa H n.l\eMCHHbIC KOHq>eAcpaijHH aoaoro H Py6c2Ka HOBCHllJerO BpCMCHH.

C TOPOHHHKH KOHijcn!JHH npCAK.I\aCCOBOro pa3BHTHR HOMaAoB BbIcrynaxa C KPHTHKOH TCOpHH K04CBoro q>COAa.l\H3Ma. KaK HCTHHHbIC TBOP4CCKHC MapKCHCTbl OHH onnpaxace aa r.l\aBHbIH nOCTY.I\aT TCOpHH K. Mapxca - ACTcpMHHaHT MaTCpHaAbHOrO qiaxropa. nOCKO.l\bKY ypOBCHb pa3BHTHR "6a3Hca" HOM~OB B TC4CHHC BPCMCHH npaKTH4cCKH HC H3MCHH.I\CR, TO ncpB06bITHblH, AorocYAapCTBCHHbIH "6a3HC" K04CBblX 06rgCCTB A0.l\2KCH 6bl.l\ npezmoxarare H ncpB06bITHYIO "HaACTpOHxy". C.I\eAOBaTe.l\bHO, HOMaAbI B 06rgCCTBCHHOH 3BO.l\IO!JHH AOCTHraAH casroe 60.1\ bllJCC n03AHcncpB06blTHOH (" AOq>COAaAbHOH", "npCAKAaCCOBOH" H T. A.) CTaAHH.

nOC.I\CAHeC PCllJCHHC B AHCKYCCHH OTC4CCTBCHHbIX K04CBHHKOBCAoB, HCCOMHCHHO, RBH.I\OCb uiaroxr snepezt, TaK KaK 60.l\bllJHHCTBO 06rgCCTB HOMaAoB ACHCTBHTC.I\bHO HC HMC.I\H HHKaKoro OTHOllJCHHR K q>COAaAH3- My. 0 AHaKO BblBOA 0 npCAKAaCCOBOH CyrgHOCTH HOMaAH3Ma B PRAC K04CBHHKOBeA4eCKHX TCOPHH npHBC.I\ K 3aHH2KCHHIO ypOBHR pa3BHTHR "HaACTpOHKH" pRAa nacropaxeasrx 06rgCCTB - crenasrx HMnepHH. 8TH HMnepHH TaK2Ke 6bI.I\H 06'bRB.I\eHbI npeztrocyztapcraeaaerxra H B COOTBCTCTBHH C AHaMaToBcKHMH KaTcropHRMH "C.I\Y4aHHoro H Hc06xOAHMoro" 0603Ha4cHbi KaK BPCMCHHbIC H 3q>cMepHbIe 06pa30BaHHR. Ho rlacTO.l\bKO .l\H 3q>CMCPHbIMH BbIr.l\RART K04CBbiC HMncpHH B cpaBHcHHH C TOTaAHTapHbIMH rocyztapcraaxra XX CTO.l\CTHR?

UHBHAH3agHoHHbie aAbTepHaTHBbl MapKCH3MY

B rOAbI nepecrpoiixa H nOCTCOBeTCKoe BpeMR HCMaAOe 4HC.I\O OTe- 4CCTBCHHbIX HCC.I\cAOBaTC.I\eH Ha4aAH nponaraazmpoaare ijHBH.I\H3aijHOHHbIH noztxozi, noxaraa, 4TO OH-TO H CM02KCT CTaTb ACHcTBeHHbIM

18

H. H. Kpa,4HH. KOlfeBHHKH EBpa3HH

rAaBa 1. KOlfeBHHlfecTBo B COBpeMeHHbIX TeOpHRX ...

19

AeKapCTBOM OT AorMaTH4eCKoro COBeTCKoro MapKCH3Ma. DPH aTOM B 60AbllIHHCTBe pa60T rope-reoperasoa npeztxaraxoc s AH60 nepeseecrare cnexrp HCCAeAoBaHHH C "oaaaca" (T. e. H3Y4eHHR COYHaAbHo-aKOHOMH4eCKHX OTHOllIeHHH, KAaCCOBOH CTPYKTYPbI H np.) Ha "HaACTpOHKY" (HAeOAorHIO, peAHrHIO H T. A')' AH60 npH3bIBaAOCb BepHYTbcR K cxesre "AHKOCTb - sapsapcrao - YHBHAH3aYHR" (A. cPeprIOccoH,

A. r. Mopraa, r. YaHAA HAP,),

DOCAeAHHH no.axozi npeztcraaxaer C060H AHllIb 0AHy H3 MOAHtpHKaYHH cTaAHaAHCTCKHX HHTepnpeTaYHH BceMHpHOH HCTOPHH, paccxiarpHBaIOI!!Hx HCTopH4eCKHH npogecc KaK nocxeztoaarex saoe pa3BHTHe CTaAHH. DOHRTHe "YHBHAH3aYHR" 3Aecb no CYTH AeAa roasztecraeaao TepMHHY "CTaAHR nocxenepsooerraoro 06I!!eCTBa" (B MapKCHCTCKOH TepMHHOAOrHH - "tpopMaYHH"). B aexoropsrx pafiorax npH3bIBaAOCb npocro nepearaenoaare "tpopMaYHH" HAH "CTaAHH" B "YHBHAH3aYHH"; 04eHb xapaxrepasrii npasrep - Y4e6HHK nocxeznrero nOKOAeHHR ,l\AR POCCHHCKHX llIKOAbHHKOB "l1CTOPHR YHBHAH3aYHH" B. M. Xa4aTYPRH. B yeAoM AaHHbIH noztxozt He npezmoxaraer He06xoAHMOCTH pa3pa- 60TKH cneYHaAbHOH MeTOAoAorHH YHBHAH3aYHOHHbIX HCCAeAOBaHHH. l1HTepnpeTaYHR npOH3BOAHTCR B TepMHHOAOrHH CYl!!eCTBYIOI!!HX TeopeTH4eCKHX napaztarxr (pa3AH4Hble BepCHH MapKCH3Ma, reopaa MOAepHH3aYHH, HeoaBOAIOYHOHH3M H np.).

DpHMeHHTeAbHO K K04eBHH4eCTBY rAaBHaR npofixexra, KaK npaBHAO, CBOAHTCR K sortpocy. cnocofiaer AH K04eBHHKH caMOCTORTeAbHO MHHOBaTb fiapnep "sapaapcraa" H urarayrs B "YHBHAH3aYHIO". OCO- 6eHHO aKTHBHO aTY HAeIO OTCTaHBaA A. 11. MapTbIHoB. Do ero MHeHHIO, apxeOAorH4eCKHM CBHAeTeAbCTBOM aTOH YHBHAH3aYHH RBARIOTCR "nsnuasre" MOHyMeHTaAbHble norpeoenas K04eBOH aAHTbI C "KOAOCCaAbHbIMH" 3aTpaTaMH, 4TO CBHAeTeAbCTByeT 0 3Ha4HTeAbHOH COYHaAbHOH CTpaTHtpHKaYHH B 06I!!eCTBe, KOHyeHTpaYHH eAHHOAH4HOH BAaCTH, BbICOKOH KYAbTYpe AaHHbIX aapozioa (MapTbIHOB, 1989a; 19896 HAP,)' KaK HH crpanao, HO AaHHaR KOHyenYHR BbI3BaAa 60AbUIyIO nOAeMHKY cpezta HCCAeAOBaTeAeH. OHa 06cymAaAaCb aa cneYHaAbHOM cOBel!!aHHH, MaTepHaAbI KOTOpOro ony6AHKoBaHbI B OTAeAbHoM C60pHHKe "KpaTKHe C0061!!eHHR l1HcTHTYTa apXeOAOrHH" (1993. NQ 207).

r OPa3AO npasxexarexeaee C reoperacrecxoii T04KH 3peHHR HAeR 06 OC060M cnocooe npoasaoztcraa y K04eBHHKOB. OHa 6bIAa BbIABHHYTa B 1967 r. r. E. MapKoBbIM B ero AOKTOPCKOH AHccepTaYHH,

nOCBRl!!eHHOH K04eBHHKaM Asaa, H no npaay AOAmHa BXOAHTb B PRA HaH60Aee HHTepeCHbIX TeopeTH4eCKHX nocrpoeaaii MapKcHcTCKOH HCTOpH4ecKoH MbICAH HapRAY C TaKHMH RpKHMH HAeRMH, KaK KOHyenYHH "AotpeoAaAbHoro rrepaozia" A. 11. HeycblxHHa, "arppaxaacxoro cnocooa npoaasoztcrsa" K. KOKPH-BHAPOBH4, "AaHHH4ecKoro cnocotia npoassozicrse" C. AMHHa HAp. Corxacno MapKOBY, xaparerepaerwa ,l\AR AaHHoro cnocooa npoaaeoztcrsa 4epTaMH RBARAHCb nAeMeHHaR CTpYKTYpa, 4aCTHoCeMeHHaR c06cTBeHHocTb aa CKOT, COYHaAbHaR AHtptpepeHYHaYHR, OCHOBaHHaR ua HMYl!!ecTBeHHoM paccxoeaaa H npHBHAerHpoBaHHoM nOAomeHHH BoeHHbIX npeABOAHTeAeH. B BHAe nOA4HHeHHbIX YKAaAoB OH BKAI04aA B ce6R aAeMeHTbI APYrHX 061!!eCTBeHHbIX oTHollIeHHH (MapKoB, 1967: 7).

HeTPYAHo 3aMeTHTb, 4TO 60AbllIHHCTBO BbIAeAeHHbIX MapKoBbIM npH3HaKOB HOMaAHoro cnocooa npOH3BOAcTBa (nAeMeHHaR CTpYKTypa, KOAAeKTHBHaR c06CTBeHHOCTb na nacT6Hl!!a, HMYl!!eCTBeHHaR (HO He KAaCCOBaR) AHtptpepeHYHaYHR, Hepa3BHTOCTb BHYTpeHHHX tpOpM aKCnAyaTaYHH, noroxoaaoe aoopyzseaae aapozta H rrp.) B 60AbllIeH CTenena xapaxrepasyror He CTOAbKO «oueeoe, CKOAbKO npe,411IeCTBYIOIJ1ee cpe0,4aAH3MY 061!!eCTBO (TaM me, 7, 30). B03MomHo, aTO 06ycAoBAeHo TeM, 4TO AaHHaH AHccepTaYHH 6blAa uanacaaa rAaBHblM 06pa30M B CBH3H C KPHTHKOH reopaa "xoueaoro tpeOAaAH3Ma". 50AbllIaR 4aCTb TeKCTa nOCBHl!!eHa 060CHOBaHHIO aBTopcKOH n03HYHH, corwacxo KOTOPOH 061!!ecTBeHHble OTHOllIeHHH K04eBHHKOB He MOrJT C4HTaTbCH tpeOAaAbHbIMH (BHe BCHKoro COMHeHHH, aTO OAHO H3 caMbIX COAHAHbIX B K04eBHHKOBeAeHHH HCCAeAOBaHHH aa aTY TeMY)· CBOIO n03HYHIO MapKOB npOHAAIOCTpHpOBaA Bblpa3HTeAbHbIM aTHorpatpH4eCKHM MaTepHaAOM, HO TeopeTH4eCKoro 060CHOBaHHH oc060ro cnoc06a npOH3- BOAcTBa B AHccepTaYHH He CAeAaHO. DoaTOMY HeYAHBHTeAbHO, 4TO aa ~CHOBaHHH npaKTH4eCKH OAHOH H TOH me tpaKTOAorH4eCKOH 6a3bI (B 1976 r. asnuxa KHHra, KOTopaH, no CYTH, HBAHeTCH COKpal!!eHHbIM TeKCTOM AHCCepTaYHH 1967 r.) Mapxoa rtpatuex K COBepllIeHHO pa3HbIM TeopeTH4eCKHM BbIBOAaM. ECAH B 1967 r. OH BbICTynaA aa OC06bIH cnocoo npOH3BOAcTBa Y K04eBHHKOB, TO nOCAe ny6AHKaYHH H3BeCTHbIX TeopeTH4eCKHX pa60T A. 11. Heycsrxaaa (1968) Mapxoa nauier 0 "BoeHHoH AeMoKpaTHH" y K04eBHHKOB, 60AbllIOM CXOACTBe CTPYKTYP HOMaAoB C TeM, 4TO Heycsrxaa Ha3bIBaA "AotpeoAaAbHbIM nepaoziow" (1970: 78; 1976: 308). DocAe roro KaK B 1970-1980 rr. B OTe4eCT-

20

H. H. Kpa,4HH. KO'leBHHKH EBpa3HH

rAaBa 1. KO'leBHH'IeCTBO B COBpeMeHHbIX TeOpHJlX ...

21

BeHHOH acropaorparpan TepMHH "AocpeoAaJl.bHbIH nepaozi" nOCTeneHHO BbITeCHRJl.OI TepMHHaMH "npeAKJl.aCCOBOe" H "paHHeKJI.aCCOBOe" 06rgeCTBO, ~apKoB Bce YBepeHHee CKJl.OHRJl.CR K xapaKTepHCTHKe 06rgecTB K04eBHHKOB KaK npeAKJl.aCCOBbIX. npH 3TOM OH HepeAKO CCbIJl.aACR aa CBOIO MOHorpacpHIO "K04eBHHKH Asan", 4TO, B npaauane, C HeKOTopbIMH oroaopxavm AonYCTHMO: nOCKOJl.bKY cpeOAaJl.H3M - 3TO KJl.aCCOBOe 06rgecTBo, TO "AocpeOAaAbHbIH" nepaozt TOme RBAReTCR "npezncxaccoBbIM" (KaAHHOBCKa.H, MapKoB, 1987: 58, npHM. 12; MapKoB, 1989: 66, 74, npHM. 66).

He3aBHcHMo OT ~apKoBa, HO n04TH na AeCRTb xer noaace HAelO 06 OC060M, "HoMaAHoM cnocooe npoaasoztcraa" (HCn) BbIABHHYJI. cppaHQY3cKHH aHTpOnOJl.Or n. DOHT. OH BOCnOJl.b30BaJl.CR MapKcoBoH MOAeJl.blO "repxraacxoii" CPOpMbI Gemeinwessen. XapaKTepHoH 4epTOH HCn, no DOHTY, RBARJl.OCb cyrgecrsoaaaae Pa3BHTOH BHYTpeHHeH CTpaTHcpHKaQHH, 6a3HpYIOrgeHcR aa 4acTHoH c06CTBeHHocTH Ha OCHOBHbIe cpeztcrna npoaaaoztcraa ( CKOT ), OAHaKO 6e3 c03AaHHR pa3BHTOH nOJl.HTH4eCKoH CHCTeMbI H HHcTHTyaJl.H3HpOBaHHoH BJl.aCTH (Bonte, 1975; 1978; 1981; 1990; jfHrap, 1989 HAP,), K COmaAeHHIO, 3TH HAeH OKa3aAHCb He3aMe4eHHbIMH OTe4eCTBeHHbIMH K04eBHHKOBeAaMH.

B03BpargeHHe HAeH HCn B Jl.OHO OTe4eCTBeHHOH HaYKH nparuxoce na nOCJl.eAHHe rOAbI nepecrpoiixa, 06paTHBIlIHCb K 3TOH HAee BHOBb, ~apKOB OTHec HCn BMeCTe C acppHKaHCKHM, AocpeOAaAbHbIM esponeiiCKHM, naTpHapXaAbHO-naCTYIlIeCKHM cnocooasnr npOH3BOAcTBa K eAHHOH "BapBapCKOH" cpopMaQHH (HJl.H, HHbIMH CJl.OBaMH, K cTaAHH "npezncxaccosoro" 06rgecTBa). K COmaAeHHIO, ~apKOB, KaK H paaee, He paCKpbIJI. CyrgHOCTH HCn Hero OTJl.H4HH OT APYrHX COQHaAbHO-3KoHoMH4ecKHx cpOpM. ApryMeHTaQHR caeztena B OCHOBHOM K CCblJ\KaM na PRA QHTaT

K. Mapxca (AH,4pHaHOB, MapKoB, 1990; MapKoB, 1998).

DOJl.ee 06CTORTeJl.bHO KOHQenQHR HCn 6bIJl.a H3J1.0meHa B pafiorax BbIAalOrgerocR Ka3aXCKOro HOMaAOJl.ora H. 3. Macaaoaa. OH TaKme paCCMaTpHBaJl. HCn B fioxee IlIHPOKOM HCTopH4eCKOM KOHTeKCTe - B paxrxax eAHHoH arpapaoii cTaAHH HCTopH4eCKoro npogecca. 3TO npeACTaBAReT C060H, nO-BHAHMOMY, He4TO nOA06Hoe "TpaAHQHoHHOMY" 06rgeCTBY O. TOCPCPJl.epa, "eAHHoH cpeOAaAbHOH cTaAHH" 1O. ~. Ko- 6HrgaHoBa HJl.H "COCJl.OBHO-KJl.aCCOBOH cpopMaQHH" B. n. 11J1.IOIlIe4KHHa. B pasrxax 3TOH cTaAHH OH rOBOpHJI. 0 HOMaAHoH ax erepaa'rnae - no CYTH AeJl.a, pe4b HAeT 06 OC060H QHBHJl.H3aQHH K04eBHHKOB (npHMe-

4aTeJl.bHO, 4TO H KHHra Ha3bIBaeTCR "K04eBaR QHBHJl.H3aQHR Ka3aXoB"). OAHaKo H. 3. ~acaHoB OCTaHaBJl.HBaJl.CR H aa CTPYKTYPHbIX oco- 6eHHOCTRX BbIAeJl.eHHOrO HM cnocooa npOH3BOAcTBa. r Jl.aBHaR cneuacpH4eCKaR xapaxrepacraxa HCn - HaAH4He 6HOAOrH'IeCKHX cpe,4CTB npOH3B0,4CTBa, xoropere BCJl.eACTBHe CHJl.bHOrO B03AeHcTBHR 3KOJl.OrHuecxoro rpaxropa He nOAAalOTCR Ka4eCTBeHHOMY MOpcp0Jl.OrH4eCKOMY npe06pa30BaHHIO, 4TO orpaaa-raaaer nepcnexraasr pa3BHTHR 3TOH COQHaAbHO-3KOHOMH4eCKOH CPOpMbI. CpeAH APYrHX 4epT HCn ~acaHOB OTMeTHJI. AHcnepCHYIO opraHH3aQHIO MaTepHaJl.bHOrO npOH3BOAcTBa, ecTeCTBeHHbIe npeztexsr KOHQeHTpaQHH cpeACTB npOH3BOAcTBa, ce30HHYIO AHHaMHKY TPYAOBbIX npOQeCCOB H cpOpM COQHaAbHOH opraHH3aQHH H

T. A. (1991: 39-40; 1995: 222-224).

B3rARAbI ~apKoBa na HCn KOHKpeTH3HpOBaHbI ero nOCTORHHbIM coatrroposr nOCJl.eAHHX AeCRTHJl.eTHH K. n. KaAHHOBCKOH. OHa nHIlIeT:

"T aKHM 06pa30M, K aacrostgewty BpeMeHH CCPOpMHpOBaACR HaY4HbIH noztxozt K TpaKTOBKe K04eBbIX 06rgecTB KaK CaMOCTOJITeAbHOro XO- 3J1HCTUeHHO-KYAbTYPHOro THna H, COOTueTCTBeHHO, cnoco6a npOH3- BOACTBa (3AeCb H HHme BbIAeJl.eHO MHOH. - H. K.), KOTOPbIH OCHOBaH na 3KCTeHCHBHOM nOABHmHOM nacT6HrgHOM CKOTOBOAcTBe - r Jl.aBHOM cnoco6e 2KH3Heo6ecneQeHHJI (He HCKJl.I04alOrgeM BTopOCTeneHHbIX BHAOB 3aHRTHH B 3THX 06rgecTBax), 06rgHHHO-nJl.eMeHHOM BJl.aAeHHH H nOJl.b30BaHHH naCT6HrgaMH H BOAHbIMH HCT04HHKaMH, 4aCTHOH ceMeHHOH c06CTBeHHOCTH aa CKOT. npH 3TOM B 06rgecTBe HOMaAoB MOrJl.O B03HHKaTb AOCTaT04HO CHJl.bHOe HMyrgecTBeHHoe H COQHaAbHOe pacCJl.OeHHe, 4TO, OAHaKO, He BeJl.O K B03HHKHOBeHHIO Y HHX MOHOnOJl.bHOH HaCJl.eACTBeHHoH COCJl.OBHOH c06CTBeHHOCTH aa cpeztcraa npOH3BOACTBa. B 'rex me cxyeaax, xorzta TaKOBaR B03HHKaAa, 3TO 03Ha4aJl.O, 4TO K04eBHHKH nepexozurr K oceAAOCTH, H3MeHJleTCJI HX X03J1HCTBeHHOfYAbTYPHblH THn H, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, cnoco6 npOH3BOACTBa, T. e. B AaHHbIX CJl.Y4aRX 3TO yme He 6bIJl.H 06rgecTBa HOMaAoB . .ll,NI K04eBbIX 06rgecTB 06R3aTeJl.bHa 06rgHHHO-nJl.eMeHHaR CTpYKTypa, OCHOBaHHaR Ha CHCTeMe naTpHapXaAbHO-reHeaAOrH4eCKHX cBR3eH" (1996: 153).

DOJl.bIlIaR 4aCTb nepe4HCJl.eHHbIX KaAHHOBCKOH xapaKTepHCTHK HCn (4acTHaR c06CTBeHHOCTb na CKOT H nxevrexaaa na nacrfiatga, HMyrgeCTBeHHaR AHcpcpepeHQHaQHR H T. A') cosnaztaer C npasnaxaMH "K04eBHH4ecKoro" cn, BbIAeJl.eHHbIMH B AHccepTaQHH Mapxoaa (MapKoB, 1967: 7). OHa TaKme aKQeHTHpyeT BHHMaHHe He CTOJl.bKO

22

H. H. Kpa,l{HH. KOlJeBHHKH EBPa3HH

rAaBa 1. KOlJeBHHlJeCTBO B COBpeMeHHbIX TeopHHX ...

23

Ha oc06eHHOCTRX KOlJeBOrO 06IgeCTBa, CKOAbKO aa cnegHCi:IHKe 06Ige~ CTBa ,l{OC/JeO,48AbHorO, npe,4KAaCCOBoro. BecbMa nOKa3aTeAbHO, 4TO KaAHHOBCKaR onpeztexser Hcn KaK "OC06bIH cnocof npOH3BOAcTBa B HeK.i\aCCOBblX K04eBbIX 06IgeCTBax C uaTpHapXaJlbHO-UAeMeHHoH COl.!HaAbHOH CTPYKTYPOH" (1996: 157).

B KOHl.!engHH Mapxosa H KaAHHoBcKOH nOHRTHe Hcn B CYIgHO~ CTH Tom.AeCTBeHHO nOHRTHIO "X03RHcTBeHHo~KYAbTYPHbIH THn" (XKT). C TaKOH HHTepnpeTagHeH nOHRTHR "cnocof npoasaozrcrsa" TPYAHO corAaCHTbCR. Pa3HHga Mem.AY "cnocooosr npoaasozicraa" H "X03RH~ CTBeHHO~KYAbTYPHbIM THnoM" 04eBHAHa. cPeOAaAH3M - :3TO OC06bIH cnocof npOH3BOAcTBa, HO He XKT. cPeOAaAH3M B03Mom.eH npa neCKOAbKHX pa3AH4HbIX XKT. KpoMe Toro, ezraa AH ecr e CMbICA B Ay6~ AHpOBaHHH HaY4HoH TepMHHOAOrHH. ECAH K04eBHH4eCTBO - OC06bIH XKT (HAH HeCKOAbKO TaKHX XKT), TO C :3THM HHKTO He cnopirr, Ho 3a4eM BBOAHTb HOBbIH TepMHH HCn?

KCTaTH rosopa, nOA06HbIe 3aMe4aHHR BbICKa3bIBaAHCb BO q>paHgY3~ CKOH MapKcHcTCKOH aHTpOnOAOrnH B CBR3H C BBeAeHHeM TepMHHOB "HO~ M~HbIH", "AHHH.z\LKHbIH", "aTHoAepeBeHcKHH" H npouae cnocoosr npOH3~ BOAcTBa. Bce aTO, no MHeHHIO KPHTHKOB, BeAeT K pa3MbIBaHHIO nOHRTHR "cnocoo npOH3BOAcTBa", nOAMeHe ero coztepzsaaas nOHRTHRMH "aTHOC", .. THn X03RHcTBa", "KOHKpeTHOe 06IgecTBo" HAp. (Copans, 1986).

OAHaKo :3TO He ace. BKAI04eHHe B 06IgHH PRA cnocoeos npOH3~ BOAcTBa HCn AeAaeT AaHHYIO KAaCCHq>HKagHIO :3KAeKTH4HOH, nocKOAbKY B HeH 06beAHHRIOTCR :3AeMeHTbI, BbIAeAReMbIe no COBepweHHO pa3HbIM KpHTepHRM: OAHH no cnocooy opraaasagaa npOH3BOAcTBa HI HAH pacnpeztexenaa, a TaKm.e, KaK npaBHAO, no COOTBeTCTBYIOIgeMY cnocooy :3KCnAyaTagHH (a3HaTCKOMY, aHTH4Ho~pa60BAaAeAb4eCKOMY, cpeOAaAbHOMY H np.}, no cnocooy A06bIBaHHR nHIgH (B. Fl. I1AIO~ llle4KHH Ha3bIBaA nocxezunre "TeXHOAorH4eCKHMH" cnocooasn: npOH3~ BOAcTBa (1986: 100-106) - 3AeCb ecru OTAH4He OT XKT). STOT MeTOAOAorH4eCKHH HeAoCTaTOK KOHgengHH MapKOBa OTMe4aACR MHO~ rHMH HCCAeAoBaTeARMH ()\alUYK, 1967: 106-108; A6pa3MOH, 1970: 70; KalJaHOBCKHH, 1971: 33-34; Khazanov, 1984: 193; HAJOlUelJKHH, 1986: 103; Kpa,4HH, 1992: 188).

"TeXHoAorH4ecKHe" H "06IgeCTBeHHbIe" cnocooer npOH3BOACTBa - He OAHO H TO m.e. nepBbIe - :3TO cnocoosr, KOTOPbIMH 4eAOBeK noAY4aeT npOAYKgHIO (:3HeprHIO) H3 npapozrsr (OXOTa, c06HpaTeAbCTBO,

CKOTOBOACTBO H T. A.). Bropsre - :3TO q>OpMbI opraHH3agHH 06rgecTBa, nocpeztcrsoxr KOTOPbIX oCYIgeCTBAfieTCR npacaoeaae HCT04HHKOB :3HeprHH (TaKm.e npoH3BoAcTBeHHaR AeRTeAbHOCTb), nepepacnpeziexeaae H nOT~

H "

petixenae npoasnezteaaoro npoztyxra. a OCHOBe ozmoro TeXHOAorH4ec~

xoro" cnocooa npoaasoztcrsa HAH XKT MOryI' cyigecrsoaare pasasre .. 06IgeCTBeHHbIe" cnocotisr npoaasoztcraa, Cor AaCHO paccsearpaaaexroii cxexre AHAPHaHoBa H Mapsoaa, aanpastep, OAHH XKT - nxyasaoe 3eMAeAeAHe - cYIgecTBOBaA H B .LlpeBHeH r pegHH, H B cpezmeaexoaoii EBpone, H Ha Bocroxe, XOTR "06rgeCTBeHHbIe" cnocoosr npoaasoztcraa BO scex cAY4aRx pasasre: aHTH4Ho~pa60BAaAeAb4ecKHH, q>eOAaAbHbIH H a3HaTCKHH (rocyzrapcraeaasrii, nOAHTapHbIH) COOTBeTCTBeHHO. T aKHM 06Pa30M, 0 HOMaAH3Me He06xoAHMO roaopare KaK 0 cnegHq>H4ecKoH q>opMe :3KOHOMH4ecKoH AeRTeAbHOCTH, xapaxrepaoii AAR 3ac}'IllAHBbIX :3KOAOrH4eCKHX 30H, HO He KaK 06 oc060ivI cnocone npoasaozicraa.

Haxoaeu, BbI3bIBaeT COMHeHHe OAHa H3 r AaBHbIX xapaxrepacrax HCn no MapKoBY - pasziexeaae xouesoro 06rgecTBa aa ABa COCTOR~

" " " " "B U 6

HHR: 06IgHHHO~K04eBoe H BoeHHO~K04eBoe. rOAbI BOHH H OAb~

WHX nepeceAeHHH 06rgecTBeHHaR opraHH3aUHR K04eBHHKOB HeCKOAbKO BHAoH3MeHHAacb, npaofiperaa HOBbIe 4epTbI: soeaaere H nOAHTH4eCKHe HHTepeCbI ssrcrynaxa Ha nepBbIH rIAaH, a HHTepeCbI CKOTOBOA4eCKoro X03RHCTBa OTXOAHAH na BTOpOH •.• 3Ha4HTeAbHO YCHAHBaAaCb BAaCTb Bom.AeH - BoeHHbIX npeABOAHTeAeH. BOeHHaR, B TOM 4HCAe H AeCR~ TH4HaR, CTpYKTypa YCHAHBaAa CMewaHHOCTb nAeMeH, HO nOCKOAbKY pOACTBeHHbIH npHHUHn B 06rgecTBeHHOH opraHH3agHH K04eBHHKOB arpax AHWb HAeOAorH4eCKYIO, 4HCTO q>OpMaAbHYIO POAb, TO BpeMeHHaJI 3aMeHa ero y,eHTpiUH30BaHHOH opraHH3ay,HeH UpH coxpaaenna CKOTOBOAqeCKOrO 6a3Hca UPHHY,HUHaJlbHO HHqerO He MeHJUa (BbI~ AeAeHO MHOH. - H. K.) ... B TaKHX YCAOBHRX opraaasauaa CKOTOBO~ "OB Mom.eT 6bITb Ha3BaHa "BoeHHO~K04eBoH". Pe3YAbTaTOM YCHJl.eHHR BoeHHOH opraHH3agHH 6bIAO B03HHKHOBeHHe TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIX K04eBbIX HMnepHH - BpeMeHHbIX H :3q>eMepHbIX 06pa30BaHHH, He HMeIOrgHx c06~ CTBeHHoro :3KOHOMH4eCKoro 6a3HCa" (MapKoB, 1989: 69-70).

B CBR3H C :3THM He06xoAHMO 3aMeTHTb, 4TO BOHHCTBeHHbIH 06pa3 m.H3HH - :3TO aazsaaa 4epTa MHOrHX K04eBbIX 06rgecTB He3aBHCHMO OT ypOBHR HX nOAHTH4eCKOH CAOm.HOCTH. T 04Hee 6bIAO 6bI rosopirre, 4TO AAR K04eBbIX 06rgecTB B OAHOH cHTyaUHH (KaK npaBHAO, BO BHe~

) " "

WHHX KOHTaKTax 60Abwee 3Ha4eHHe HMeAa BoeHHaR AOMHHaHTa,

24

H. H. Kpa,4HH. KOlleBHHKH EBpa3HH

Fsene 1. KOlleBHHlIeCTBO B COBpeMeHHbIX TeOpHJlX ...

25

B ztpyrax (KaK npaBHAO, BO BH)'TpeHHHX oraoureaaax] - "06IgHHHaR" COCTaBMIIOIgaH. KpoMe Toro, AaAeKO He scerzta "soeaaoe" C6CTOHHHe 6blAO "AHlllb BpeMeHHbIM". MHe, aanpasrep, -YAaAOCb npocxeznrre, 4TO "AeCHTH4HaH" CHCTeMa opraHH3aYHH crenaoro SOHCKa B XYHHCKOH AepmaBe npOCYIgeCTBOBaAa KaK MHHHMYM croxerne, a TO H 60Abllle (Kpa,4HH, 1996). 4YMaeTcH, HeTpYAHO 6YAeT RaHTH HeMaAO aHaAO~ rH4HbiX npasrepoa H3 HCTOPHH ztpyrax K04eBbiX 06IgecTB EBPa3HH. T eM 60Aee HenpaBHAbHO C4HTaTb, 4TO saereaa "06IgHHHO~K04eBoro" COCTOHHHH "yeHTpaAH30BaHHOH opraHH3aYHeH npa coxpaaeaaa CKO~ TOBOA4eCKoro 6a3HCa npHHYHnHaAbHO HH4ero He MeHHAa" (MapKoB,

1976: 312; 1989: 69-70 HAP')'

K. nonnep cpaBHHBaA HaY4Hbie TeopHH C Pbl60AOBHblMH ceraMH, xoropsre Mbl 3aKHAbIBaeM B "Mope" aMnHpH4eCKHX cpaKTOB. YeM MeHbllle H4eHKH cera, TeM 60Abllle YAOB HCCAeAOBaTeAH (1983: 82), TeM 60Ablllee KOAH4eCTBO cpaKTOB cnocoriaa 06bHCHHTb ero TeopHH. C AaHHoH T04KH 3peHHH yeHHocTb KOHyenl.!HH HCn He 04eHb BbICOKa. npaKTH4eCKH ace B03MomHbie nOAHTH4eCKHe cpOpMbl K04eBbiX 06IgeCTB nonaztaror B paMKH OAHOH MOAeAH. MemAY TeM arppaxancxae ayspsr, aanpaerep, mHAH H mHB)'T oTAeAbHblMH araAHTapHblMH 06IgHHaMH H KAaHaMH, 06beAHHeHHblMH AHlllb BeCbMa 3an)'TaHHb1MH reaeaxoraxecKHMH pOACTBeHHblMH CBH3HMH (aBaHC~npHlIap,4, 1985). TaKaR me COYHaAbHaH opraHH3aYIDI 6blAa Y ApeBHHX yxyaaeii, K04eBaBlllHX B CTenHX BH)'TpeHHeH MOHroAHH (KP8.4HH, 1993). Y TyaperOB (AOT, 1989), KaAMblKOB (Schorkowitz, 1994) H Ka3aXOB (MacaHoB, 1995) CYIgeCTBOBaAa pa3BHTaR BH)'TpeHHHH HMYIgeCTBeHHaR H COYHaAbHaR cTpaTHcpHKaYHH, OHH KOHCOAHAHPOBaAHCb B nxeraeaasre xoarpeztepayHH H BomAeCTBa 4HCAeHHOCTbIO B HeCKOAbKO AeCHTKOB TblCH4 4eAO~ BeK. XYHHY, TlOpKH, MOHrOAbl npeACTaBMlAH C060H eAHHYIO "CTenHYIO HMnepHIO", 4HCAeHHOCTbIO AOCTHraBlllYIO MHorHX COTeH TblCH4 (Aame AO MHAAHOHa H 60Aee) K04eBHHKOB (Barfield, 1992; KP8.4HH, 1996 H AP')' OTAH4HH B CAomHOCTH COl.!HaAbHO~nOAHTH4ecKoH CHCTeMbl Mem~ AY HyapaMH H yxyaansta, C OAHOH CTOPOHbl, H XYHHaMH H MOHrOAaMH, C ApyrOH - CTOAb me 3Ha4HTeAbHbl, KaK BeAHKa, aanpaerep, pa3HHl.!a B yposae 06IgeCTBeHHoro pa3BHTHH MemAY OXOTHHKaMH c06HpaTeAHMH KaAaXapH H HMnepaTopCKHM PHMOM. no aTOH npH4HHe, C MoeH T04~ KH 3peHHH, HcnOAb30BaHHe KOHyenl.!HH "HOMaAHoro cnocofia npOH3BOA~ CTBa" B TaKOH CPOPMYAHpOBKe He npeACTaBAHeTCH npOAYKTHBHbIM.

Ky AbTYPHblH 8BOAIOY,HOHH3M

KaK yase 6blAO CKa3aHO, OCHOBHble HeoaBOAIOYHOHHCTCKHe TeopHH paCCMaTpHBaAH YHHBepCaAbHbie acnexrer H3MeHeHHH B COyHOKYAbTYP~ HOH aBOAIOl.!HH 6e30THOCHTeAbHO K oc06eHHOCTHM AaHHblX npoueccos B Tex HAH HHblX 06IgeCTBax (B TOM 4HCAe H K04eBHHKOB~CKOTOBO~ AOB). KOHl.!enl.!HH M. cPpHAa BKAI04aeT 4eTbipe ypOBHH: sraxarapaoe, paHmHpOBaHHoe, CTpaTHcpHl.!HpOBaHHoe 06IgeCTBa, rOCYAapCTBO (Fried, 1967). COrAaCHO Cepsacy, TaKHX YPoBHeH 60Abllle: AOKaAbHaR rpynna, 06IgHHa, nAeMH, BomAeCTBO, apxaaxecxoe rOCYAapCTBO H rOCYAapCTBO~ Hal.!IDI (Service, 1962; 1975). nocAeAHHH cxesra BnOCAeAcTBHH aeoztHOKpaTHO )'T04HHAaCb H AonOAHHAaCb. 1-'13 aee, B 4aCTHOCTH, nOCAe aeCKOAbKHX AHCKYCCHH 6blAO HCKAI04eHO nAeMH KaK 06H3aTeAbHblH arart aBOAIOl.!HH. I1HorAa BblAeAHAOCb 06IgeCTBO C AHAepCTBOM 6HrMeHOB, MemAY "paHHHM" H "HHAYCTPHaAbHbIM" rOCYAapCTBaMH 6blAO BCTaB~ AeHO "arpapaoe" rOCYAapCTBO (CM., aanp.: Johnson, Earle, 1987).

B CBoeH OCHOBe AaHHbie TeopHH (KaK H HX MOAHcpHKaYHH) 6blAH OAHoAHHeHHblMH H npaztepacasaxace TpaAHyHH BCAeA aa r. Cneaceposr onpeztexsrre C0l.!HaAbHYIO aBOAIOYHIO KaK "nepexozi OT OTHO~ CHTeAbHO aeonpeziexeaaoii, PblXAOH OAHOPOAHOCTH K OTHOCHTeAbHO onpezrexeaaoii, nocxezioearexeaoii HeoAHopOAHOCTH nocpeACTBOM nocxenoearex saoii AHqxpepeHYHayHH H HHTerpaYHH" (Carneiro, 1973: 90). OAHaKo cospesreaasre npeACTaBAeHHH 0 COYHaAbHOH aBOAIO~ l.!HH, KaK aTO nOKa3aA B CBoeM 6AecTHIgeM 0630pe HeoaBOAIOYHOHH3Ma X. llm. M. KAacceH, HaMHoro 60Aee m6KH. 04eBHAHo, 4TO COyHaAb~ HaR aBOAIOl.!HH He HMeeT aaztaaaoro HanpaBAeHHH. Macrae H3 aBOAIO~ l.!HOHHbIX KaHaAOB He BeA)'T K pOCTy CAomHOCTH, 6apbepbl aa n)'TH B03paCTaHHH CAomHOCTH npOCTO orposrasr, aaxoaeu, CTarHaYHH, yna~OK H Aame rH6eAb HBAHIOTCH CTOAb me 06bl4HblMH HBAeHHHMH AAH aBOAIOYHOHHoro npouecca, KaK H nocrynarexsasni POCT CAomHOCTH H pa3BHTHe CTpYKTyPHOH AHcpcpepeHYHaYHH. Moacao corAaCHTbCH C ero onpenexeaaesr COl.!HaAbHOH aBoAIOYHH KaK Ka4ecTBeHHoH peop~ raHH3al.!HH 06IgecTBa H3 o.aaoro CTPYKTypHoro COCTOHHHH B ztpyroe (Claessen, 1990).

Bce CKa3aHHOe KAacceHoM MomeT 6blTb XOPOIliO npOHAAIOCTPHpO~ BaHO aa npasrepe HOMaAH3Ma. K04eBHHKH MHoro pas 06beAHHHAHCb B COlO3bl Pa3HOH CTeneHH CAomHOCTH, C03AaBaAH aa HX OCHOBe 60AblllHe

26

H. H. Kpa4HH. KOtfeBHHKH EBpa3HH

rAaBa 1. KOtfeBHHtfeCTBO B COBpeMeHHbIX TeopHHX ...

27

xoueaere HMnepHH, xoropere lIepe3 aexoropoe BpeMR pacnaztaxace. I1M aa CMeHY npHxoAHAH HOBbie napozter, H TaK nOBTopRAOCb MHoro CTOAeTHH nOAPRA. cho npaBHAO, no BceH BHAHMOCTH, He HMeeT HH apeMeHHbIX, HH npOCTpaHCTBeHHblX HCKAlOlIeHHH.

B TO me BpeMR ecre nexoropere np06AeMbi npa npHMeHeHHH K KOlleBHHKaM aBOAlOlJHOHHCTCKHX MOAeAeH HCTOpHH. Bo-nepBbIX, ace CKOTOBOAlIeCKHe H xovesere 06IgeCTBa npeACTaBARIOTCR 60Aee CTPYKTypHpOBaHHbIMH, lIeM araxrrrapaete AOKaJ\bHble rpyrmsr OXOTHHKOB CO- 6HpaTeAeH. BO-BTOPbIX, "lIHCTble" HOMaAbl He AOCTHraJ\H Pa3BHTOH cTaAHH HalJHOHaAbHOH HHTerpal!HH H l!HBHAH3al!HH. no aToH npHlIHHe 6blAa npe.axozseaa HHM THnOAOrHR ypoaaeii nOAHTHlIecKoH CAomHOCTH, KOTopaR npezmaaaauena AAR onacaaas aBOAIOl!HOHHbIX npOl!eCCOB B 06IgecTBaX KOlleBHHKOB-CKOTOBOAOB H B TO me BpeMR RBAReTCR 60Aee lIaCTHOH OTHOCHTeAbHO reaepaxeasrx cxesr COl!HaJ\bHOH aBOAIOIJHH:

1) axerpaxenere, cersaetrrapaere, KAaHOBble H nxesreaaere 06pa30- BaHHR;

2) "aropa-raoe" nAeMR H BomAeCTBO;

3) xoueasre HMnepHH H "KBa3HHMnepcKHe" nOAHTHH MeHblllHX paasrepoa (Kradin, 1996).

nepexoA OT ozuroro ypOBHR K APyrOMY Mor coaepmarecs KaK B 0AHY, TaK H B APYrylO CTOpOHy. npeAeAoM yseAHlIeHHR aBOAlOlJHOHHOH CAomHOCTH RBAjlIOTCR xovesere HMnepHH. cho 6blA HenpeoAoAHMblH 6apbep, AeTepMHHHpoBaHHblH aKOAorHlIeCKHMH YCAOBHRMH apaziaerx 30H Craporo CBeTa. npH aTOM BamHOH oc06eHHOCTbIO aBOAIOl!HH HOMaAH3Ma RBAjleTCR HeCOOTBeTCTBHe TpaHccpopMal!HH nOAHTHlIeCKOH CHCTeMbl HHblM KpHTepHRM pOCTa CAomHOCTH. nOAHTHlIeCKM CHCTeMa HOMaAoB AerKO MorAa aBOAIOl!HOHHpOBaTb OT axerpaxenoro ypOBHR K 60Aee CAomHblM cpopMaM opraHH3aIJHH BAaCTH H 06paTHO, HO TaKHe CPOPMaJ\bHble nOKa3aTeAH, KaK YBeAHlIeHHe nAOTHOCTH HaceAeHHR, YCAomHeHHe TeXHOAorHH, B03paCTaHHe CTpyKTYPHOH AHcpcpepeHIJHal!HH H CPYHKl!HOHaJ\bHOH cneIJHaAH3al!HH, OCTalOTCR npaKTHlIeCKH HeH3MeHHblMH. npH TpaHccpopMalJHH OT nAeMeHHblX nacropaxenerx CHCTeM K HOMaAHblM KceHOKpaTHlIeCKHM HMnepHRM npoacxozurr TOAbKO YBeAHlIeHHe 06IgeH lIHCAeHHOCTH HaCeAeHHR (aa ClIeT BKAlOlIeHHR saaoesaaaoro HaceAeHHR), YCAomHReTCR nOAHTHlIeCKM CHCTeMa H YBeAHlIHBaeTcR 06- Igee KOAHlIeCTBO YPoBHeH ee nepapxaa. BCRKM nocAeAYIOIgM aBOAIOIJHR no AHHHH YCAomHeHHR MorAa 6blTb CBR3aHa AH60 C 3aBoeBaHHeM

HOMaAaMH 3eMAeAeAbl!eB H nepecexeaaesr aa HX TeppHTopHIO, AH60 C pa3BHTHeM cpezta CKOTOBOAOB ceAeHTepH3al!HoHHb1X npogeccoa B MaprHHaJ\bHbiX npapozurerx YCAOBHRX MOAepHH3al!HOHHbIMH npol!eccaMH B HOBoe H aoseiiuree BpeMR.

C TOllKH 3peHHR aarponoxoraeecxax TeopHH nOAHTHlIecKoH aBOAIOIJHH KAlOlIeBoH np06AeMoH HBMleTCR sonpoc 0 TOM, MorAH AH KOlleBHHKH c03AaBaTb c06CTBeHHYIO rOCYAapCTBeHHOCTb. B nOAHTHlIeCKOH atrrponOAorHH XX B. HMelOTCR ABe HaH60Aee nonyxspasre 'reopaa nOAHTOreaesa - HHTerpaTHBHilJI (3. Cepsac) H KOHPAHKTHilJI (M. cPPHA' MapKcHcTbl). Corwacao nepsoii, BomAeCTBO H rOCYAapCTBO B03HHKalOT KaK pe3YAbTaT npe06pa30BaHHR ynpaBAeHlIeCKHX CTPYKTYP YCAomHRIOIgerOCR 06IgeCTBa. Corwacao BTOPOH, rOCYAapCTBO - aTO opraHH3al!HR, npeziaasaaveaaaa AAR cTa6HAH3al!HH OTHOllleHHH B CAomHOM CTpaTHcpHl!HpOBaHHOM 06IgeCTBe (Fried, 1967; Service, 1975; Ciaessen, Skolnik, 1978; 1981; Cohen, Service, 1978; Haas, 1982; Gailey, Patterson, 1988; naBAeHKo, 1989; rOAHHep, 1991 HAP,),

OAHaKO HH C TOH HH C APyroH TOllKH 3peHHR HeAb3R ClIHTaTb, liTO rOCYAapCTBeHHOCTb 6blAa AAR KOlleBHHKOB BHYTpeHHe He06xOAHMOH. Bce OCHOBHble aKOHOMHlIeCKHe npoueccsr B CKOTOBOAlIeCKOM 06IgeCTBe OCYIgeCTBARAHCb B pasrxax oTAeAbHblX AOMOX03RHCTB. no aToH npHlIHHe He06xoAHMOCTH B cnel!HaJ\H3HpOBaHHOM "6IOpoKpaTHlIecKoM" annapare, 3aHHMalOIgeMCR ynpaBAeHlIecKo-peAHCTpH6YTHBHOH AeRTeAbHOCTblO, He 6bIAO. C APyroH CTOPOHbl, see COl!HaAbHble npOTHBopellHR MemAY HOMaAaMH peuraxacs B paxncax TpaAHl!HOHHbIX HHCTHTYTOB nOMepmaHHR BHYTpeHHeH nOAHTHlIeCKOH cTa6HAbHOCTH. CHAbHoe AaBAeHHe aa KOlleBHHKOB MorAO npHBeCTH K OTKOlleBKe HAH npHMeHeHHIO OTBeTHoro HaCHAHR, nOCKOAbKY KamAblH CB060AHblH HOMaA 6blA OAHOBpeMeHHO H BOHHOM.

f He06xOAHMOCTb B 06beAHHeHHH KOlleBHHKOB B03HHKaeT TOAbKO B CAYlIMX BOHH 3a cpeACTBa CYIgeCTBOBaHHR, opraHH3al!HH rpa6emeH 3eMAeAeAbl!eB HAH aKcnaHCHH aa HX TeppHTopHIO, npa YCTaHOBAeHHH KOHTPOAjl HaA ToprOBblMH nYTRMH. B AaHHOH cHTyal!HH CKAaAblBaHHe CAomHOH nOAHTHlIeCKOH opraHH3al!HH KOlleBHHKOB B cpopMe "KOlleBbIX HMnepHH" - OAHOBpeMeHHO H npOAYKT HHTerpal!HH, H cAeAcTBHe KOHcpAHKTa MemAY HOMaAaMH H 3eMAeAeAbl!aMH. KOlleBHHKH-CKOTOBOAbl asrcrynaxa B AaHHOH CHryal!HH KaK KAaCC-3THOC H Cnel!HcpHlIeCKM KceHOKpaTHQeCKiUI (OT rpell. KceHO - aapyzsy H KpaTOC - BAaCTb)

28

H. H Kpa,4HH. KotJeBHHKH EBpa3HH

rAaBa 1. KotJeBHHtJeCTBo B COBpeMeHHbIX TeopHHX ...

29

nOAHTHlIeCKiUI CHCTeMa. 06Pa3HO roaopa, OHH npeACTaBARAH C060H ne-rro spozie "HaACTpOHKH" HaA oceAAO-3eMAeAeAblleCKHM "6a3HCOM" (Kpa,4HH, 1992). C :nOH TOllKH 3peHHR c03AaHHe "xovenerx HMnepHH" - 3TO lIaCTHblH cAYlIaH nonyxnpaoji B caoe BpeMJI "saaoeBaTeAbHOH" (A. rYMnAoBHlI, cPo Onnearaioaep ) 'reopan noxa'roreaeaa, corwacno KOTOPOH BOHHa H saaoeaaaae RBARIOTCR npeAnOCblAKaMH nocxezryiorgero 3aKpenAeHHR HepaBeHCTBa H CTpaTHcpHKaYHH.

ElJ!e OAHa MOAeAb noxaroreaeaa, npHMeHHMiUI K npOHCXOrKAeHHIO crernrsrx HMnepHH, - "roproaas" (Rathje, 1971; Webb, 1975; Wright, Johnson, 1975; Ekholm, 1977; Ekholm, Friedman, 1979). Ee OCHOBHaR nocerxxa 3aKAIOlIaeTCR B TOM, liTO aneumeroproasrii 06- MeH C nocAeAYIOIgeH peAHcTpH6YYHeH peAKHx H npecraasaerx TOBapoB cpeAH nOAAaHHblX RBAReTCR BarKHblM KOMnOHeHTOM BAaCTH BOrKAeH H npaaarexeii pannax rocyztapcra. CTa6HAbHoCTb crenasrx HMnepHH HanpRMYIO saaacexa OT YMeHHR asrcureii BAaCTH opranasoaetaarn noAYlIeHHe uiexxa, 3eMAeAeAblleCKHX npoAYKToB, pexrecxennerx H3AeAHH H H3blCKaHHbiX AparoyeHHocTeH C oceztxsrx TeppHTopHH. T ax KaK 3Ta npOAYKYHR He Mor Aa npOH3BOAHTbCR B YCAOBHRX CKOTOBOAlIeCKoro X03RHCTBa, nOAYlIeHHe ee CHAOH HAH nYTeM BblMoraTeAbCTBa 6blAO nepBOOllepeAHOH 06R3aHHOCTbIO npaBHTeAR xoueaoro 06IgeCTBa. 5YAYlIH eAHHCTBeHHblM nocpeAHHKOM MerKAY KHTaeM H CTenbIO, npasrrrexe HOMaAHoro 061J!eCTBa HMeA B03MOrKHOCTb KOHTPOAHpOBaTb nepepacnpeziexenae nOAYlIaeMOH H3 KHTaR A06blllH H TeM caMblM YCHAHBaA c06CTBeHHYIO BAaCTb. :::ho n03BOARAO nOMeprKHBaTb HMnepHIO, KOTopaR He MorAa CYIgeCTBOBaTb AHllIb Ha OCHOBe 3KCTeHCHBHOH CKOTOBOAlIeCKOH 3KOHOMHKH (Barfield, 1981; 1992; rOA,4eH, 1993; Kpa,4HH, 1996 HAP.).

Bce 3TO npeztonpeziexaxo ABOHCTBeHHYIO npapoziy "crernrerx HMnepaii". y!3BHe OHH BblrARAeAH KaK ztecnorauecxae 06IJ!eCTBa-3aBoeBaTeAH, ynoztofixennere rocyziapcraasr, H60 coaziaaer 6blAH ,l\AR H3'bRTHR npnoasouaoro npoAYKTa BHe CTenH. Ho H3HYTpH "xoueaere HMnepHH" OCTaBaAHCb OCHOBaHHblMH na nAeMeHHblX CBR3RX, 6e3 YCTaHoBAeHHR HaAoro06AOrKeHHR H 3KcnAyaTaYHH CKOTOBOAoB. CHAa BAaCTH npaarrreAR crenaoro 06IgecTBa, KaK npaanxo, 6a3HpOBaAaCb He na B03MOrKHOCTH npHMeHHTb AerHTHMHoe HaCHAHe, a na ero YMeHHH opranasoaeraar'e soeaasre nOXOAbl H nepepacnpeztexrrre AOXOAbl OT ToprOBAH, AaHH H Ha6erOB na cocezume CTpaHbI.

BHe BCRKoro COMHeHHR, TaKYIO nOAHTHlIeCKYIO CHCTeMY HeAb3R ClIHTaTb rOCYAapCTBOM. :::ho He CBHAeTeAbCTBO roro, liTO nOA06HaR CTpYKTYpa ynpaaxenas 6blAa npHMHTHBHOH. KaK nOKa3bIBaIOT rAy60- KHe HCCAeAoBaHHR cneYHaAHCTOB B 06AaCTH HCTOPHH aHTHlIHOCTH, rpelIeCKHH H PHMCKHH nOAHCbl raxace He MO~ ClIHTaTbCR roCYAapCTBaMH. r OCYAapCTBeHHOCTb C npHCYIgeH eH 6IOpOKpaTHeH nORBAReTCR 3AeCb AOCTaTOllHO n03AHO - B anoxy 3AAHHHCTHlIeCKHX rOCYAapCTB H B HMneparopcxoii nepaozi HCTOPHH PHMa (WTaepMaH, 1989; Berent, 1994; 1998; 2000; EepeHT, 2000). OAHaKo KaK 6blTb C KOlleBHHKaMH, xaKHM TepMHHOM onacare CYIJ!eCTBO HX nOAHTHlIeCKOH cHcTeMbl? YlIHTblBiUI ee aerocyzrapcrsenaeni xapaKTep, R npe,l\AOrKHA xapaxrepaaoaar e "KolleBble HMnepHH" KaK cyrrepcxoacnme B02KAeCTBa (KP8.4HH, 1992: 152; TpeIIaBAoB, 1995: 150; CKPbIHHHKoBa, 1997: 49).

npOCTble BOrKAeCTBa npeACTaBARIOT C060H rpyrmy 06IgHH, HepapXHlIeCKH nOAlIHHeHHYIO 0AHOMY BOrKAIO. CAOrKHble BOrKAeCTBa - 3TO HepapXHlIeCKH opraHH30BaHHaR coaoxyrmocr'e HeCKOAbKHX npocrerx BOrKAeCTB (Earle, 1987; Earle, Johnson, 1987; Earle, 1991; Kpa,4HH, 1995 HAP.). OAHaKO cynepcxoacnoe BOrKAeCTBO - 3TO He MexaHHuecxoe 06'beAHHeHHe rpyrm CAOrKHblX BOrKAeCTB. OTAHlIHR 3AeCb He KOAHlIeCTBeHHoro, a KalleCTBeHHoro xaparerepa. npH npOCTOM 06'beAHHeHHH HeCKOAbKHX CAOrKHbIX BomAeCTB B 60Aee xpynmae nOAHTHH nocAeAHHe, 6e3 armapara BAaCTH, peAKO OKa3bIBaIOTCR cnoc06HbIMH cnpaBHTbCR C cenapaTH3MOM MeAKHX BOrKAeH. npHHYHnHaAbHblM OTAHlIHeM cynepcxoasaerx BOrKAeCTB RBAReTCR nORBAeHHe MexaHH3Ma HaMeCTHHKOB, KOTOPblX BepXOBHblH BOrKAb nOCbIAaA ynpaaorr» peraonaxunerMH CTpYKTypaMH. 3TO eIge He annapar BAaCTH, nOCKOAbKY KOAHlIeCTBO TaKHX AHY 6blAO HeBeAHKO. 3AeCb HMeeT MeCTO BarKHbIH CTPYKTYPHblH HMnYAbC K nocAeAYIOlJ!eH nOAHTHlIeCKOH HHTerpawm (lIeCTb OTKpbITHR W3Toro MexaHH3Ma npHHa,l\AerKHT P. KapHeHpo (Carneiro, 1992 HAP.); B TO rKe BpeMJI, MHe KarKeTCR, B HaH60Aee Pa3BHTOH cpopMe OH xapaxrepen cxopee AM HOMaAHlIeCKHX, lIeM oce,l\Ao-3eMAeAeAblleCKHX 06IJ!eCTB).

BOrKAH nxevrea, BXOAHBllIHX B KOlleBYIO HMnepHIO, 6bIAH anxopnopaposaner B AeCRTHlIHYIO BoeHHYIO HepapXHIO, OAHaKO HX BHYTpeHHRR nOAHTHKa 6blAa B H3BeCTHOH CTeneHH He3aBHCHMOH OT nOAHTHKH yeHTpa. HeKOTopaR aBTOHOMHOCTb nxevrea 6bIAa onocpeztoaaaa cAeAYIOIgHMH qiaxropawa: 1) X03RHCTBeHHaR caMOCTORTeAbHOCTb nAeMeH AeAaAa HX nOTeHYHaAbHO He3aBHCHMbIMH OT yeHTpa; 2) rwaaasre HCTOllHHKJiI

30

H. H. Kpa/T,HH. KOqeBHHKH EBpa3HH

rAaBa 1. KOqeBHHqeCTBO B COBpeMeHHbIX TeOpHRX ...

31

BAaCTH (rpa6HTeAbcKHe BOHHbl, nepepacnpezrexeaae AaHH H zipyrax BHelllHHX cy6cHAHH, saeuraaa TOpr?BAR) RBARAHCb AOCTaT04HO HeCTa- 6HAbHblMH H HaxoAHAHCb BHe crernroro MHpa; 3) aceofngee BOOpyJKeHHe orpaHH4HBaAO B03MOJKHOCTH nOAHTH4eCKoro AaBAeHHR csepxy: 4) nepezt HeAoBOA bHblMH nOAHTHKOH yeHTpa llAeMeHHblMH rpynrntpoaKaMH OTKPblBaAHCb B03MOJKHOCTH OTK04eBKH, Ae3epTHpCTBa nOA nOKPOBHTeAbCTBO 3eMAeAeAb4ecKoH YHBHAH3aYHH HAH BOCCTaHHR C yeAblO CBepJKeHHR neyroztaoro npaBHTeAR.

no 3TOH npH4HHe nOAHTH4eCKHe CBR3H MeJKAY nAeMeHaMH H opraHaMH ynpaaxeaas CTenHOH HMnepHH He 6blAH HCKAI04HTeAbHO aBTOKpaTH4eCKHMH. HaAnAeMeHHaR BAaCTb coxpaaaxac s B CHAY Toro, 4TO, C OAHOH CTOpOHbl, 4AeHCTBO B "HMnepCKOH KOH!peAepaYHH" otiecne- 4HBaAO nAeMeHaM nOAHTH4eCKYlO He3aBHcHMOCTb OT cocezieii H PRA APyrHx BaJKHblX BblroA, a C APyroH - npasrrrexe K04eBOH AepJKaBbl H ero OKpYJKeHHe rapaHTHpOBaAH nAeMeHaM onpeAeAeHHYIO BHYTpeHHlO1O aBTOHOMHIO B paxixax HMnepHH.

MexaHH3MoM, coeAHHRBlllHM "npaBHTeAbCTBO" CTenHOH HMnepHH H nAeMeHHblX BOJKAeH, 6blAH HHCTHTYTbl npeCTHJKHOH 3KOHOMHKH. MaHHnyAHpyR nOAapKaMH, oztapasaa HMH copaTHHKOB H BOJKAeH nxevrea, npasarexe K04eBOH AepJKaBbl yseAH4HBaA csoe nOAHTH4eCKoe BAfUl.HHe H npeCTHJK "igezrporo npaBHTeAR" H OAHOBpeMeHHO KaK 6bl "06R3blBaA" nOAY4HBlllHX Aap OTBeTHblM AapoM. nAeMeHHble BOJKAH, nOAY4an nOAapKH, C OAHOH CTOpOHbl, MorAH YAOBAeTBOPRTb AH4Hbie mrrepecer, a C ApyrOH - noasnuaru CBOH BHYTpHllAeMeHHOH craryc nYTeM pa3Aa4H AapoB COllAeMeHHHKaM HAH nocpeztcraoxr opraHH3ayHH yepeMOHHaAbHblX npa3AHHKOB. KpoMe roro, nOAY4an OT npaBHTeAR Aap, peYHnHeHT KaK 6bl npaooperax OT Hero 4aCTb CBepX"beCTeCTBeHHOH 6AarOAaTH, 4eM AonOAHHTeAbHO cnoc06CTBOBaA yseAH4eHHIO csoero C06CTBeHHOrO npeCTHJKa.

,LtPYrHM cnocoooxr nOAAepJKaHHR CTPYKTypHOro eAHHCTBa "HMnepCKOH KOH!peAepaYHH" K04eBHHKOB 6blA HHCTHTYT HaMeCTHHKOB. AAMHHHCTpaTHBHO-HepapXH4eCKan crpyxrypa CTenHOH HMnepHH BKAI04aAa HeCKOAbKO YPOBHeH. Ha BblCllleM ypoane ziepacasa AeAHAaCb na ABe HAH TpH 4aCTH - "xesoe" H "npasoe" KPbIAO, HAH yeHTp", H ABa KpblAa. B CBOIO ouepezre, 3TH ABa "KpbIAa" MorAH AeAHTbcR aa "nOAKPbIAbR". Ha CAeAYlOrgeM ypoBHe AaHHbie cerMeHTbl nOApa3AeARAHcb

" "

aa TbMbl - BoeHHo-aAMHHHcTpaTHBHble eAHHHYbl, xoropsre MorAH

BblCTaBHTb npnsrepao no 5 -10 TbIC. BOHHOB. B 3THonOAHTH4eCKOM

nxaae AaHHbie eAHHHYbl AOAJKHbl 6blAH npasrepao COOTBeTCTBOBaTb nAeMeHHblM OObe,l\HHeHfUl.M HAH CAOJKHblM BOJKAeCTBaM. nOCAe,l\HHe, B CBOIO 04epeAb, AeAHAHCb na 60Aee MeAKHe COYHaAbHble eAHHHl.!b1 - BOJKAeCTBa H nxexrena, po.aonxesreaaere H 061!!HHHbie CTPYKTYpbl Pa3HOH CTeneHH CAOJKHOCTH, xoropsre B BoeHHOM OTHOllleHHH COOTBeTCTBOBaAH "TblcR4aM", "COTHRM" H "AecRTKaM". Ha4HHan C ypOBfUI. cerMeHTOB nopazixa "TbMbi" H senue, BKAI04aBlllHX HeCKOAbKO nAeMeHHblX 06- pa30BaHHH, aAMHHHcTpaTHBHblH H BoeHHblH KOHTPOAb BBepRAcR cneUHaAbHblM HaMeCTHHKaM H3 6AHJKaHlllHX pOAcTBeHHHKoB npaBHTeAR CTenHoH HMnepHH H AIOAeH, AH4HO npeziannsrx exry. B HeMaAOH CTenena HMeHHO OT 3THX HaMeCTHHKOB 3aBHceAO, HaCKOAbKO MeTponoAHR 6YAeT HMeTb BAaCTb HaA nAeMeHaMH KOH!peAepaYHH.

C ynepCAOJKHOe BOJKAeCTBO B !pOp Me K04eBbiX HMnepHH - 3TO YJKe peaAbHblH npoofipaa panaero rocyztapcraa. ,LtaHHble BOJKAecTBa HMeAH CAOJKHYIO cHcTeMY THTYAoBaHHR BOJKAeH H !PYHKYHoHepoB, BeAH AHnAoMaTH4ecKYIO neperracxy C coceAHHMH crpaaastn, 3aKAI04aAH AHHacTH4ecKHe 6paKH C npaBHTeARMH 3eMAeAeAb4eCKHX rocyziapcra H coceziaax K04eBbiX HMnepHH. ,ltAR HX 061!!eCTBa 6blAH xapaxrepHbl 3a4aTKH yp6aHHcTH4ecKoro H MOHYMeHTaAbHoro crpoarexscraa, a HHor Aa AaJKe nHCbMeHHOCTb. C T04KH 3peHHR cocezieil, TaKHe xo-resere 061!!ecTBa BocnpHHHMaAHCb KaK caMOCTORTeAbHble cy6beKTbi MeJKAYaapozraerx nOAHTH4eCKHX oraoureaaii.

MorAH AH BOJKAecTBa cynepCAOJKHOrO THna c03AaBaTbCR oceAAo- 3eMAeAeAb4ecKHMH HapoAaMH? yhBecTHo, 4TO 4HCAeHHOCTb CAOJKHblX BOJKAeCTB H3MepReTcR, KaK npaBHAO, AeCRTKaMH TblCR4 4eAOBeK (CM., Hanp.: Johnson, Earle, 1987: 314), H 3THH4eCKH OHH B OCHOBHOM rosroreHHbl. OAHaKo aacexeaae MHorOHaYHOHaAbHOrO cynepcxozsaoro BOJKAeCTBa COCTaBAReT MHorHe COTHH TblCR4 4eAOBeK H AaJKe 60Abllle (K04e.ble HMnepHH BHYTpeHHeH A.3HH AO 1-1,5 MAH 4eAoBeK). T epparopas cynepcxoaorerx BOJKAeCTB K04eBHHKOB 6blAa Ha HeCKOAbKO nopRAKOB 60Abllle nAol!!aAH, He06xoAHMOH AAR npocrerx H CAOJKHblX BOJKAeCTB 3eMAeAeAbyeB (AM HOMaAoB 60Aee xapaxrepaa raxaa nAOTHOCTb naceAeHfUI., xoropas y 3eMAeAeAbyeB 4al!!e BCTpe4aeTCR B AOHepapXH4eCKHX THnax 061!!eCTBa H BOJKAeCTBax). B TO JKe BpeMR na repparopan, conocTaBHMOH no paastepaxr C AIOfioH K04eBOH HMnepHeH, MorAO 6bl npOJKHsar» B HeCKOAbKO paa 60Abllle 3eMAeAeAbyeB, AeRTeAbHOCTb KOTOPblX BpRA AH MorAa perYAHpOBaTbCR AorocYAapCTBeHHblMH MeTOAaMH.

32

H. H. Kpa/lHH. KOlleBHHKH EBPa3HH

rAaBa 1. KOlleBHHlIecTBo B COBpeMeHHbIX TeOpHRX ...

33

YnpaBAeHHe TaKHM 60AbWHM npOCTpaHCTBOM B 06IgecTBe K04eBHHKOB 06Aer4aAOCb Cne!!H<t>HKoH c'renasrx AaHAwaqlTOB H HaAH4HeM M06HAbHbiX BepXOBblX mHBOTHbIX. C APyroH CTOPOHbl, Bce06IgaR BOOpyacenaocru K04eBHHKOB, 06ycAoBAeHHaR OT4aCTH HX AHcnepCHblM paccexeanexr, HX M06HAbHOCTb, aKOHOMH4eCKaR aBTapKH4HOCTb, BOHHCTBeHHblH 06pa3 mH3HH aa npOTRmeHHH AAHTeAbHoro HCTopH4ecxoro nepHoAa, a TaKme PRA HHblX qiaxropos MeWaAH YCTaHOBAeHHIO cTa6HAbHoro KOHTPOAR HaA CKOTOBOA4eCKHMH nAeMeHaMH H orzteAbHblMH HOMaAaMH OT BblCWHX YPoBHeH BAaCTH K04eBbiX 06IgecTB. Bce aTO AaeT OCHOBaHHe npezmoxoacrrre, 4TO cynepcxoacaoe BomAeCTBO, eCAH H He RBARAOCb xapaxrepaoii AHWb AM K04eBHHKOB q>OPMOH nOAHTH4eCKOH opraaaaauaa, TO ace me HMeHHO Y HOMaAoB nOAY4HAH HaH60Abwee pacrtpocrpaaerme KaK MoryIgeCTBeHHble "xoueaere HMnePHH", TaK H nOA06Hbie HM "KBa3HHMnepCKHe" KceHOKpaTH4eCKHe noAHTHH, HO MeHbwero pa3Mepa.

MHorOAHHeHHble TeopHH

q>HKH K04eBbiX 06rgecTB B pasrxax BceMHpHO-HCTopH4eCKoro npogecca 6blAO 6bl HenOAHbIM.

KAaccH4eCKHe HeOAHOAHHeHHble 'reopaa HCXOAHAH H3 npOTHBO-

. nOCTaBAeHHR 3anaAa H BOCTOKa - HAeH, HAYIgeH erge OT DepHbe H MOHTeCKbe. BnOCAeACTBHH aTO npHBeAO K c03AaHHIO KOH!!en!!HH "a3HaTCKOro cnocooa npOH3BOACTBa" B pavncax MapKCHCTCKOH 'reopaa HCTOPHH, nORBAeHHIO AOCTaT04HO np04HOH TpaAH!!HH 6HAHHeHHbiX TeoPHH HCTopH4eCKoro npogecca, KOTopaR HaH60Aee COAHAHO paspafiorana K. BHTq>oreAeM H A. C. BacHAbeBblM (We/skopf, 1957; Wittfoge/, 1957; [eksic, 1991; BacHAbeB, 1993; naBAeHKO, 1989; 1996 HAP,),

B pszte APYrHX HCCAeAOBaHHH npeAAomeHbl 60Aee cxoasasre cxevrer, C04eTalOIgHe CTaAHaAbHblH npHHIJHn C MHorOAHHeHHOCTblO. no M. r 0- AeAbe, a3HaTCKaR H aHTH4HaR q>OpMbl RBARIOTCR rynHKoBbIMH, TaK KaK BeA)'T COOTBeTCTBeHHO TOAbKO K a3HaTcKOMY H pa60BAaAeAb4eCKOMY cnocotiavr npoasaoztcraa. AHWb repxraacxaa q>opMa Gemeinwesen npaBOAHT K q>eoAaAH3MY, a OT Hero - K KanHTaAHCTH4eCKOMY 06rgecTBY (Code/ier, 1969). cPo TeKeH paCCMaTpHBaeT a3HaTCKYIO, aHTH4HYIO H repMaHCKYIO 06IgHHbi H KaK nOCAeAoBaTeAbHO 60Aee pasaarere q>OpMbl Gemeinwesen, H KaK caMOCTORTeAbHble AHHHH HCTopH4eCKoro pa3BHTHR (TeKeH, 1975). COrAaCHO A. 11. cPYPCOBY, BceMHpHo-HcTopH4ecKHH npogecc paaaepremaerca B ABYX nAOCKOCTRX - rynHKoBoH a3HaTCKOH, rAe CHCTeMa AOMHHHpyeT HaA HHAHBHAoM, H nporpeccasaoa sanaziHOH, rAe B KamAoH 60Aee BblCOKOH CO!!HaAbHOH q>opMe ocyigecraxaerCR nocxeztoaarexeaas aMaHCHna!!HR cytisetcr« (1989; 1995).

B nOCAeAHHe rOAbl B pafiorax A. B. KopoTaeBa Hero nocxezioBaTeAeH BbICKa3bIBaeTCR Te3HC 0 He06xOAHMOCTH HOBOH narepnpera!!HH CO!!HaAbHOH aBoAIOIJHH, KOTOpylO He06xOAHMO paccerarpasare B paxncax MHorOAHHeHHOH HAH Aame, T04Hee, HeAHHeHHOH TpaAH!!HH, t:>AHaKO He KaK HeKYIO cosoxynaocre pa3AH4HbIX (B TOM 4HCAe nepeCeKaIOIgHXCR) AHHHH, a KaK MHorOMepHoe npOCTpaHCTBo-nOAe, OCHOsaaaoe aa H3MepeHHRX Cpa3Y MHorHX CO!!HOAOrH4eCKHX nOKa3aTeAeH, 3aq>HKCHpOBaHHbIX nocpeACTBOM XOAOKYAbryPHblX MeTOAoB HCCAeAoBaHHR (Korotayev, 1995; 1996; KopoTaeB, 1995a; 19956; 1996; 1997; 1998; 1999; 2003; EOH,4apeHKo, 1998; EOH,4apeHKO, Koporeee, 1999; 2000; 2002 HAP.; KopOTaeB HAp., 2000). H pa3AeARIO aTH HAeH H npeztxararo naaersa'r» HOBoe aanpaaxemre B COIJHOKYAbTYPHOH atrrponOAorHH H TeopeTH4ecKoH HCTOPHH MYAbTH8BOAJOWlOHH3MOM.

B nOCAeAHHe AeCRTHAeTHR 6blA0 BbICKa3aHO aprysrearapoaaaaoe MHeHHe (naBAeHKo, 1989; 1996; 1997), COrAaCHO KOTOPOMY HCTOPH- 4eCKHH npogecc paasepreraaerca OAHOBpeMeHHO B HeCKOAbKHX cpesax: 1) CTaAHCUbHOM (OT nepsoosrraerx "MHHH-cHcTeM" K rA06aAbHoMY COBpeMeHHOMY 06IgeCTBY);

2) MHoroAHHeHHoM, npeACTaBAeHHOM KaK MHHHMYM 6HAHHeHHOH cxeMOH BOCTOK - 3ana,4 HAH 60Aee CAomHblMH KOHCTPYK!!HRMH;

3) ~HBHAH3a~HOHHOM, q>HKCHpYIOIgeM Cne!!Hq>HKY mH3HeHHbiX npo!!eCCOB H AeHcTBHTeAbHoe pasnooopaaae orzrexsnerx xpynasrx KYAbTypHblX CHCTeM.

Pe4b HAeT 0 pa3AH4HbIX H3MepeHHRX MHPOBOH HCTOPHH, KOTopaR pa3Bopa4HBaeTCR Cpa3Y B HeCKOAbKHX nAOCKOCTRX. KamAoe H3MepeHHe orpaxcaer na CBoeH KooPAHHaTHoH cerxe COOTBeTCTBYIOIgHe napaxrerper mH3HeAeRTeAbHOCTH CO!!HaAbHbIX CHCTeM. Ho TOAbKO B cosoxynaocrn (B COOTBeTCTBHH C "npHH!!HnOM AonoAHHTeAbHocTH") MomHO nOAY- 4HTb !!eAOCTHoe npeACTaBAeHHe 0 MeCTe AaHHoro KOHKpeTHoro RBAeHHR B paMKax BceMHpHO-HCTopH4eCKoro npogecca.

BbIWeCKa3aHHOe nOAHOCTblO npHMeHHMO K nOCTaBAeHHOH B AaHHoH rxane npofixerae. BHe MYAbTHAHHeHHoro KOHTeKCTa onacanae cneun-

34

H. H. Kpa/lHH. KO[[eBHHKH EBpa3HH

rAaBa 1. KO[[eBHH[[eCTBO B COBpeMeHHbIX TeOpHJlX ...

35

KaKoe MeCTO 3aHHMaeT HOMaAH3M B pasrxax MHOrO.l\HHeHHbIX (He~ .l\HHeHHblx) TeopHH BceMHpHoH HCTOpHH? PaHee, paCCMaTpHBCUl KO~ '-IeBHH'-IeCTBO B KOHTeKCTe pa3.1\H'-IHbIX MapKCHeTGKHX ~~pHOAH3aijHH HCTOpH'-IeCKOrO npouecca, MHe YLKe npHXOAH.I\OCb nacar e, '-ITO HH OAHa H3 KAaCCH'-IeCKHX MOAe.l\eH cnOC060B npOH3BOACTBa He npHMeHHMa K KO'-leBbIM HMnepHRM, XOTR onpeziexeanere CXOACTBa HMelOTCR- C KaLK~ AOH H3 CPOpM (Kpa,4HH, 1992: 180-188 HAP')' I1MeHHo <ITO 06~ CTORTe.l\bCTBO nOATO.l\KHY.I\O MeHR B caoe BpeMR K BbIBOAY 06 OC060M 8K30nOAHTapHoM, H.I\H KceHOKpaTHQeCKOM, cnoc06e npoH3BoAcTBa Y KO'-leBHHKOB (TaM LKe).

CeH'-IaC AaHHbIH acnexr MOLKHO paCCMOTpeTb B HeCKO.l\bKO HHOM KOHTeKCTe. nOHRTHe "cnocoo npOH3BOACTBa" 3aHHMaeT BaLKHoe MeCTO He TO.l\bKO B MapKCH3Me, HO H B MHp~CHCTeMHOH TeopHH. 11. Ba.I\.I\ep~ CTaHH nOHHMaeT TepMHH "cnocoo npOH3BOACTBa" KaK ocooyto CPOpMy opraHH3aYHH TpYAoBoro npogecca, B pasrxax KOTOPOH nocpeACTBOM xaKOrO~.I\H60 pasziexeaaa TpYAa oCYl!!eCTBAReTCR BOCnpOH3BOACTBO CHC~ TeMbI B ye.l\oM H pacnpeziexeaxe npH6aBO'-lHOrO npOAYKTa. r .l\aBHbIM KpHTepHeM KAaCCHcpHKaYHH (H OAHOBpeMeHHO nepHOAH3aYHH) cnoco~ 60B npOH3BOAcTBa Y Ba.I\.I\epCTaHHa sercrynaer cnocoo pacnpeztexeaaa. B <lTOM OH cxeztyer HAeRM K. I'loxaasa. COOTBeTCTBeHHO BbIAeARIOTCR TpH cnocofia npOH3BOACTBa: 1) peijHnpOKTHO~.I\HHHALKHble MHHH~CHCTe~ MbI, OCHOBaHHble aa OTHOIlIeHHRX B3aHM006MeHa, 2) peAHcTpH6YTHBHble MHp~HMnepHH (B CYI!!HOCTH, <ITO H ecre "ijHBH.I\H3aYHH" A. T OHH6H), 3) KanHTaAHCTH'-IeCKCUl MHp~CHCTeMa (MHP~<lKOHOMHKa), OCHOBaHHCUl Ha TOBapHO~AeHeLKHbIX OTHOIlIeHHRX (Wallerstein, 1984: 160ff).

KaK BnHCbIBalOTCR B AaHHYlO cxexry KO'-leBHHKH~CKOTOBOAbI?

C TO'-lKH 3peHHR .l\OrHKH TeopHH Ba.I\.I\epCTaHHa nOAaBARlOl!!ee 60.l\b~ IlIHHCTBO KO'-leBbIX 061!!eCTB A0.l\LKHO 6bITb OTHeceHO K ypOBHlO "MHHH~ cacresr", HO He "MHp~HMnepHH", H <ITO TaK. 4eHCTBHTe.l\bHO, 60.l\bIlICUl '-IaCTb KO'-leBHHKOB~CKOTOBOAOB He AOCTHraAa ypOBHR peAHCTpH6YTHBHbIX 061!!eCTB - BOLKAeCTB Pa3HOH CTeneHH C.l\OLKHOCTH H KceHOKpaTH'-IeCKHX KBa3HHMnepCKHX nO.l\HTHH H KO'-leBbIX HMnepHH cpezia HHX. El!!e pa3 nOA'-IepKHY AAR MOHX KPHTHKOB (KaAHHOBCKaJI, 1994; MapKoB, 1998), '-ITO R HHKorAa He OTpHijaA sroro. 4pyroe AeAO, xorna MbI roBOPHM o MeCTe KO'-leBHH'-IeCTBa B pasncax nepHOAH3aijHH BceMHpHOH HCTOPHH, He.l\b3R aaxpsmare rxaaa Ha TO, KaKYlO pox e xoxeaere HMnepHH csrrpaxa B HCTOPHH 3eM.l\eAe.l\b'-leCKHX ijHBHJl.H3aYHH H nepsoii MHp~CHCTeMbI.

OAHaKO xoueaete HMnepHH - <ITO He TO LKe casioe, '-ITO AaHHH'-Iec~ KHe "MHp~HMnepHH". nOC.I\eAHHe, no Ba.l\.I\epCTaHHY, CYl!!eCTBYIOT aa C'-IeT AaHH H HaAOrOB C npOBHHYHH H 3aXBa'-leHHbIX KO.l\OHHH, T. e. aa C'-IeT pecypCOB, rtepepacrtpezrexaewerx 61OpOKpaTH'-IeCKHM npaarrrexecTBOM. OT.I\H'-IHTe.l\bHbIM npH3HaKOM MHp~HMnepHH RBAAeTCR aAMHHHC~ TpaTHBHCUl yeHTpa.l\H3ayHR, AOMHHHpOBaHHe nO.l\HTHKH HaA <lKOHOMH~ 'KOH (Wallerstein, 1984: 160ff). B KO'-leBbIX HMnepHRX, KaK <ITO 6bI.I\O

nOKa3aHO B npeAbIAYI!!HX pasztexax AaHHOH rwaasr, He CYl!!eCTBOBa.l\O CTO.l\b LKeCTKOH aAMHHHCTpaTHBHOH yeHTpaAH3aYHH - peAHCTpH6YYHR aarparaaaxa TO.l\bKO BHeIlIHHe HCTO'-lHHKH AOXOAOB HMnepHH: BoeHHYIO A06bI'-IY, AaHb, ToprOBble nOIlI.l\HHbI H nOAapKH. EO.l\ee roro, B .l\OrHKY "MHp~HMnepHH" He BnHCbIBalOTCR He TO.l\bKO crenaere HMnepHH, HO H MHp aHTH'-IHbIX nO.l\HCOB, sanaziaoeaponeiicxoe cpezmesexoaoe 061!!e~ CTBO. He C.I\Y'-IaHHO '-IaCTb CTOPOHHHKOB MHp~CHCTeMHoro nozixozta (TaK aaseraaexrere splitters - ,4p06HTeAH) npaaaaer B03MOLKHOCTb CYl!!eCT~ BOBaHHR HeCKO.l\bKHX MHp~cHcTeM H.I\H MHp~<lKOHOMHK AO CKAaAbIBaHHR KanHTaAHCTH'-IeCKOH MHp~cHcTeMbI. Hexoropsre H3 HHX orxreva lOT , '-ITO '-IaCTb AaHHbIX CHCTeM MOr.l\a He TO.l\bKO CYl!!eCTBOBaTb B qiopsre pe~ AHCTPH6yrHBHbIX HMnepHH, HO H 6bITb <lKOHOMH'-IeCKH H nO.l\HTH'-IeCKH MHOrOnO.l\RpHbIMH, AeyeHTpa.l\H30BaHHbIMH.

KaKHe KpHTepHH MOLKHO nO.l\OLKHTb B OCHOBaHHe KAaCCHcpHKaYHH cnocooos npOH3BOACTBa, CYl!!eCTBOBaBIlIHX nocxe BbIXOAa aa yposene .l\HHHALKHbIX "MHHH~CHCTeM", HO AO cpOpMHpOBaHHR KanHTa.l\HCTH'-IeC~ KOH "MHp~CHCTeMbt? CKO.l\bKO HX MOLKHO BbIAe.l\HTb B npHHYHne? aTH sonpocsr 6bI.I\H CCPOPMY.I\HpOBaHbI H peuieasr B CPYHAaMeHTa.l\bHOH CPH.I\OCOCPCKO~HCTOpH'-IeCKOH pafiore A. VI. cPypcoBa (1989; 1995). Corwacao ero MHeHHlO, LKHBOH TPYA sercrynaer B ABYX rpopsrax - HHAHBHAYaAbHOH H KO.l\.I\eKTHBHoH. YeM fioxee pa3BHTO npOH3BOACTBO, TeM 60.l\ee caMOCTORTe.l\eH HHAHBHAYaAbHbIH TPYA· B AOHHAYCTPHaAbHbIX

'cHcTeMax COOTHOIlIeHHe KO.l\.I\eKTHBa (K) H HHAHBHAa (VI) CPHKCHPY~ eTCR B COYHaAbHOH opraHH3ayHH (Gemeinwessen). B03MOLKHbI TO.l\bKO TpH THna COOTHOIlIeHHR: K> 11, K=I1, K <11. aTO COOTBeTCTByeT BbI~ Ae.l\eHHbIM etge MapKcoM "a3HaTCKOH", "aHTH'-IHOH" H "repMaHcKoH" cpopMaM Gemeinwessen.

I1CXO.z\R H3 <lTOrO cPYPCOB noxaraer, '-ITO cnocooos npOH3BOAC~ TBa (T. e. MOAe.l\eH opraaasaum: npOH3BOACTBa) TeOpeTH'-IeCKH MOLKeT 6bITb TO.l\bKO TpH: 1) pa6oBAa,4eHHe - 06'beAHHeHHble B KO.l\.I\eKTHB [noxae) rpaxcziaae (KaLKAbIH HHAHBHAYaAbHO) OT'-IYLKAaIOT TPYA pa~

36

H. H. Kpa,4HH. KOr.JeBHHKH EBpa3HH

rAaBa 1. KOr.JeBHHr.JecTBo B COBpeMeHHbIX TeOpHJIX ...

37

60B, He HMelOIgHX c06CTBeHHOCTH (K> 11); 2) rpe0,4aAH3M - ceu bOp HHP,HBHP,YaAbHO OT4YiKp,aeT TPY p, KpeCTb5lHHHa, BJ\ap,eIOIgero cpep,CTBaMH npOH3Bop,CTBa (11)11); 3) a:3HaTCKHH cttocoo IlPOH3B0,4CTBa - xorp,a ziecncr H rocyziapc'rao oT4yiKp,alOT Tpyp, Macc J\1Op,eH (I1>K) «(/JypCOB, 1989: 298-317).

B p,aHHoH KJ\aCCH<pHKaijHH He XBaTaeT TOJ\bKO ozuroro 3BeHa: K> K, xor p,a ozura rpynna 3KCfIAyaTHpyeT ztpyryro. B TaKOM sazre cxesra noxy- 4aeTC5I J\OrH4eCKH sasepureaaoii. I1Hp,HBHP,YaAH3HpOBaHHhIe P,OHHP,YCTPHaAbHbIe cnocooer npOH3Bop,CTBa, no cPypCOBY, MOryr COOTBeTCTBOBaTb MHOrOnOJ\5lpHbIM "MHp-CHCTeMaM", Torp,a KaK "a3HaTCKHH crtocof npoH3Bop,CTBa" nOJ\HOCThlO BnHCbIBaeTC5I B J\OrHKY "MHp-HMnepHH". Mecro nocxezmero 3J\eMeHTa B Ta6J\Hije A. 11. cPypCOBa npHHap,AeiKHT "KO- 4eBbIM HMnepH51M", T. e. TOH <}.lopMe, KOTOPYIO 51 rtpeztxarax HMeHOBaTb 3K30ll0.AHTapHbIM, HJ\H KceHOKpaTHqeCKHM, cnocooov npOH3Bop,CTBa (Kpa,4HH, 1992 H p,p.). EOJ\ee Toro, "KoJ\J\eKTHBHCTCKa5l" (K>K) cneijH<}.lHKa p,aHHoH MOp,eJ\H npezmoxaraer ee 06513aTeJ\hHYIO CB5I3b B xa- 4eCTBe cBoe06pa3HOrO "cnymaxa" C p,pyrHMH cnocooasn, npOH3Bop,CTBa ("MHp-HMnepH5IMH" H np.), HHbIMH CAOBaMH, OHa HMeeT noxynepaqiepHHHbIH xapaKTep.

nOH5ITHe noxynepaqiepaa B MHp-CHCTeMHOH 'reopaa 6bIJ\0 pa3pa- 60TaHO rJ\aBHbIM 06pa30M l1,J\5I onHCaHH5I npoueccos B COBpeMeHHOH KanHTaJ\HCTH4eCKOH "MHp-CHCTeMe". nOJ\ynepH<}.lepH5I axcnxyarapyerC5I 51p,pOM, HO H caxra, 3KcnJ\yaTHpY51 nepaqiepmo, 5IBJ\5IeTC5I BamHbIM CTa6HJ\H3HPYIOIgHM 3J\eMeHTOM B MHPOBOM paaztexenaa Tpyp,a. Op,HaKO BaJ\J\epCTaHH yrnepacziaer, 4TO TpeX3BeHHa5I CTpyKTypa CBOHCTBeHHa J\1060H opranasauaa: MeiKp,y nOJ\5IPHbIMH 3J\eMeHTaMH seer p,a cyigecTByeT npoeaeasyrounoe 3BeHO, ooecneuaaaroigee rH6KOCTh H 3J\aCTH4- HOCTb BceH CHCTeMe (ijeHTpHCTCKHe napraa, "cpep,HHH KJ\aCC" H T. p,.). B P,OHHP,YCTPHaAhHhIH nepaozi nexoropere <}.lyHKijHH noxynepaqiepaa MorJ\H BbInOJ\H5ITb roproasre ropo.aa-rocyziapcraa p,peBHOCTH H cpeziHHX BeKOB (cPHHHKH5I, Kap<}.lareH, BeHeijH5I H p,p.), MHJ\HTapHCTCKHe rocy p,apCTBa-" cnyrHI1KI1", B03HHKaBllII1e P5lp,OM C BbICOKOPa3BHTbIM ijeHTpOM peraona (AKKap, H WYMep B MeconoTaMHH, CnapTa, MaKep,OHH5I H A<}.lHHhl, ABCTPa3I151 H HeHCTpH5I y <}.lpaHKoB) (Chaze-Dunn, 1988), a raxace K04eBbIe HMnepHH H KBa3HHMnepCKHe nOJ\HTHH HOMa-

u u

p,OB eBpa3HHCKHX crenen.

I1MnepHH HOMap,OB TaKiKe 51BJ\51J\HCh MHJ\HTapHCTCKHMH "p,BOHHH-

Typ,a npop,yKijHH. Op,HaKo HOMap,bI BbInOJ\H5IJ\H BaiKHbIe nocpeznravecKHe <}.lYHKijHH MeiKp,y perHOHaJ\bHbIMH "MHp-HMnepH5IMH". nOp,06HO MopenJ\aBaTeJ\5lM, OHH 06eCne4HBaAH CBH3b nOTOKOB TOBapOB, <}.lHHaHCOB, TeXHOJ\OrH4eCKOH H KyJ\bTYPHOH HH<}.lopMaijHH MeiKp,y OCTpOBaMH ocep,J\OH 3KOHOMHKH H yp6aHHcTH4eCKOH ijHBHJ\113aijHH.

Ho 6bIJ\0 6bI 01lIH6KOH C4HTaTb K04eBbIe HMnepHH KJ\aCCH4eCKOH noxynepnrpepaeii, KOTOpa51 axcnxyarapyercx 5Ip,POM, Tor p,a KaK K04eBbIe HMnepHH HHKorp,a He 3KcnJ\yaTHpOBaAHCb arpapHbIMH ijHBHJ\H3aijH5IMH. BC5IKOe 06IgeCTBO noxynepurpepaa CTpeMHTC5I K TeXHOJ\orH4eCKOMY H npOH3Bop,CTBeHHOMY pOCTy. nOp,BHiKHbIH 06pa3 iKH3HH K04eBHHKOBCKOTOBOp,OB He p,aBaJ\ B03MOiKHOCTH OCYIgeCTBJ\5ITb 3Ha4HTeJ\bHbIe naKonJ\eHH5I (KonHTb MOiKHO 6bIJ\0 TOJ\bKO CKOT, HO ero KOJ\H4eCTBO orpaHH4HBaJ\OCb npop,YKTHBHOCTbIO naCT6HIg, H B J\I060H MOMeHT H3-3a sacyxn HJ\H CHeiKHoro fiypana 3TOT npHpop,HbIH "6aHK" Mor xonayru}, a HX 06IgeCTBO 6bIJ\0 OCHOBaHO aa "npeCTHiKHOH" 3KOHOMHKe. BCH p,06bI4a paaztaaaxacu npaBHTeJ\5IMH CTenHbIX HMnepHH nJ\eMeHHbIM BOiKl1,5IM H CKOTOBop,aM H nOTpe6J\HJ\aCb na MaCCOBbIX npasztamcax. HOMap,bI 6bIJ\H 06pe4eHbI OCTaBaTbC5I Be4HbIM XHHTepJ\aHp,OM MHpOBOH HCTOpHH. TOJ\bKO aanoeaaarre 5Ip,pa p,aBaJ\O B03MOiKHOCTb CTaTb "ijeHTpOM". Ho p,J\51 3Toro HyiKHO ObIJ\O nepec'rar e ObITb HOMap,aMH. BeJ\HKHH COBeTHHK 4HHrH3-XaHa Hero CbIHa Yrep,eH-xaHa 06pa30BaHHbIH KHp,aHHH EJ\IOH 4YijaH nOHHJ\ :'lTO, CKa3aB nocxezmeray: "XOTH [BbI] nOJ\y4HJ\H nop,He6eCHYIO, CHl1,5I na KOHe, HO HeJ\ b351 ynpaaorre [ero], CHl1,5I na KOHe" (MYHKYf'B, 1965: 19).

Op,HaKo 3TO ObIJ\ HeJ\erKHH BbI60p p,J\51 K04eBHHKOB. npHH5ITb ero 03Ha4aJ\0 paCCTaTbC5I C npHBbllJHbIMH ijeHHOCTHMH BOHHCTBeHHoro MO- 6HJ\bHoro 06IgecTBa H nOCTent'HHO paCTBOpHTbC5I B 60J\ee MHor04HCJ\eHHOH 3aBoeBaHHOH arpapaoii ijHBHJ\H3aijHH. ,llpyra51 ax erepnaraaa, KaK ttKa3aJ\OCb BnOCJ\ep,CTBHH, TaKiKe 6bIJ\a ry6HTeJ\bHoH. Coxpaaas coficTBeHHYIO CneijHqmKY, co BpeMeHeM HOMap,bI 6bIJ\H BbIHYiKp,eHbI pacCTaThC5I co CBOHM BJ\H5IHHeM H npeiKHeH POJ\bIO B MHPOBbIX npogeccax. OTHbIHe OHH 5IBJ\5IJ\HCb TOJ\bKO npep,MeTOM rtpacrax snoro BHHMaHHH co CTOPOHbI aJ\4HblX H 3rOHCTH4eCKHX nOJ\HTHKOB 60J\ee MorYIgecTBeHHbIX 3eMJ\ep,eJ\ b4eCKO- ropoztcxnx H HHp,yCTpHaJ\ bHbIX rocy ztapcra p,a 3K- 3aAbTHpOBaHHbIX KHHiKHHKOB-Y4eHbIX, KOTOPbIX MaHHJ\H TaHHCTBt'HHble 06pa3bI 3arap,04HbIX nOJ\YJ\IOp,eH-noJ\YiKHBOTHbIX - KeHTaBpOB, nexorp,a aocnererx XpOHHCTaMH.

KaMH" arpapusrx YHBHAH3aYHH, TaK KaK 3aBHceAH OT nocrynaauteji OT ...

rAaBa 2. H. H. K03bMHH H ,l(HCKYCCHR ..•

39

H. H. K03bMI1H 11 tlHCKYCCI1H o "KOl.JEBOM lI>EOtlAJ\113ME'"

t.JHAa l1PKyrcKHH YliHBepCHTeT, a q>YHAaMeHTaAbHbIH TPYA nporpeccopa B. 11 . .lI,YAoBa 0 COYHaAbHO~9KOHOMH4eCKOM crpoe TYBHHyeB CTaA OAHOH H3 KAaCCH4eCKHX pa60T 0 cH6HPCKHX HOMaAax rrepxozia aosoro BpeMeHH. B nocAeAYIOIgHe rOAbI H3 CTeH YHHBepCHTeTa sennxa yeAaR nxeazta HpKyrCKHX HCTOpHKOB~MOHrOAOBeAoB H apxeoxoroa, 3aHHMa~ IOIgHXCR H3Y4eHHeM K04eBbIX KYAbTYP peraona (nocAeAHHH KpynHbIH ycnex - 3aIgHTa B 2001 r. AOKTOPCKOH AHccepTayHH apxeoxoroxr

A. B. XapHHcKHM).

EOAbwaR POAb B CKAaAbIBaHHH HPKyrCKOH WKOAbI K04eBHHKOBeAe~ HHR npHHaAAemHT npoqieccopy l1rY HHKoAalO HHKoAaeBH4Y K03b~ MHHY (1872-1938). Hayxaoe HaCAeAHe K03bMHHa ot.JeHb MHororpaH~ HO. Ero nepy npHHaAAemHT 60Abwoe KOAHt.JeCTBO pa60T no HCTOPHH, sraorpaqiaa. 9KOHOMHKe H reorparpaa UeHTpaAbHOH fuHH H CH6HPH, B TOM t.JHCAe KHHra "K sonpocy 0 TYpeyKo~MoHrOAbCKOM q>eoAaAH3Me" (1934), nepesozu» TPYAOB B. B. PaAAoBa "3THorpaq>H4ecKHH 0630p TYpeYKHX nAeMeH CH6HPH H MOHroAHH" (1929) H K . .lI,'OccoHa "l1c~ TOpHR MOHrOAOB OT YHHrHcxaHa AO TaMepAaHa" (1937). Hexoropere acnexrer 6Horpaq>HH H HaYt.JHoH AeRTeAbHOCTH HCCAeAoBaTeAR yme aalllAH OCBeIgeHHe B OTe4eCTBeHHOH ncropaorparpan (KY3bMHH, 1992; CBHHHH, 1996; PemeToB, 1999 HAP.).

Oc060e 3Ha4eHHe HMelOT TeopeTH4ecKHe pa60TbI H. H. K03bMHHa, nOCBRIgeHHbIe np06AeMe "xouesoro q>eOAaAH3Ma". He TaK MHoro npoBHHYHaAbHbIX Y4eHbIX Yt.JaCTBOBaAO B TeopeTH4eCKHX AHCKYCCHRX "yeHT~ pa". C 9TOH T04KH 3peHHR npeACTaBAReTCR BamHbIM npOaHaAH3HpOBaTb BKAaA H. H. K03bMHHa B AaHHYIO AHCKYCCHIO, paCCMOTpeTb oyeHKY ero H3bICKaHHH co CTOPOHbI COBpeMeHHHKOB H Yt.JeHbIX 60Aee noazmero BpeMeHH. Bce 9TH sonpocsr paCCMaTpHBalOTCR B HaCTORIgeH rxaae.

Hat.JaAo AHCKYCCHH 0 cneYHq>HKe HCTopH4eCKoro pa3BHTHR K04eB~ jlHKOB~CKOTOBOAOB YCAOBHO MomHO OTC4HTbIBaTb C 1934 rozia - rozia "sexaxoro rrepexoma" OTet.JeCTBeHHoH HCTopH4ecKoH Ha}'KH. l1MeHHO B 9TOT rOA 6bIAH onyrixaxosaaer HOBbIe Yt.Je6HHKH no HCTOPHH, B KOTOPbIX HCTopH4eCKHH npouecc H3AaraACR B paxncax nRTHt.JAeHHoH q>opMaYHOHHOH cxesrer, 3aHOBO OTKPbITbI, nOCAe napTHHHbIX t.JHCTOK, HCTopHt.JeCKHe q>aKYAbTeTbI BO MHOrHX YHHBepCHTeTax CTpaHbI. KOHe4- HO, TO, t.JTO Hat.JaAO AHCKYCCHH npHlllAOCb HMeHHO aa AaHHbIH rOA, B H3BeCTHoH CTeneHH MomHO pacueaasare KaK CAYt.JaHHOCTb. Ho B 9TOM MomHO HaHTH H onpeAeAeHHYIO, 3AoBeIgYlO AorHKY. HepeAKO TO, 4TO

FAABA 2

l1PKyrCKHH YHHBepCHTeT RBAReTCR OAHHM H3 xpynaeiuuax cHfiHpCKHX yeHTpoB K04eBHHKOBeAeHHR. 3TO OfiYCAOBAeHO HeCKOAbKHMH npa- 4HHaMH: 1) TeppHTOpHaAbHbIM pacnoxoxcenaexr YHHBepCHTeTa (coce.aCTBO C EYPRTHeH H MOHroAHeH); 2) AH4HbIMH HaY4HbIMH aarepecaxns npenoziasarexefi: 3) CAomHBWHMHCR B ropozie H YHHBepCHTeTe HaY4- HbIMH H KYAbTYpHbIMH Tp3AHYHRMH. Y HCTOKOB ziaanoro HanpaBAeHHR aaxoziaxace yeAaR nxeazia RpKHX Y4eHbIX KOHya XIX - nepsoii Tpe~ TH XX B., 4bR mH3Hb H AeRTeAbHOCTb fibIAH CBR3aHbI C l1PKyrCKOM. .lI,ocTaT04HO ynoxraayru TaKHX H3BeCTHbIX Y4eHbIX, KaK BbIAalOIgerOCR sraorparpa H nyreurecrseaaaxa r. H. nOTaHHHa, aaropareraeiiuiero cneYHaAHCTa no rtpasy MOHrOAbCKHX HOMaAoB B. A. PR3aHOBCKoro, 4HTaBwero B YHHBepCHTeTe KypCbI na Ha4aAbHOM arane ero cYIgeCT~ BOBaHHR, OCHOBaTeAR HPKyrCKOH "HapoAoBeA4eCKOH" (B COBpeMeHHOH TepMHHOAOrHH - "KYAbTYpaHTpOnOAOrH4eCKOH") WKOAbI E. 3. Flerpn.

Flocxe "nepecrpoiixa" HCTopH4ecKoH HaYKH B CCCP B nepsoii nOAOBHHe 1930 - x rr., C nocAeAYIOIgHMH MaCCOBbIMH nOAHTH4eCKHMH penpeCCHRMH, H3Yt.JeHHIO npOlllAoro B HameH crpaae fibIA aanecen CHAbHbIH yziap. PRA HanpaBAeHHH 6bIAH YHHlITOmeHbI HAH CBepH}'TbI aa MHOrHe AeCRTHAeTHR. 0 AHaKO, HeCMOTpR aa rOHeHHR H 4HCTKH, K04eBHHKOBeA4eCKaR TeMaTHKa B l1pKyrcKe He fibIAa nOAHOCTblO 3a6bITa. MomHO HanOMHHTb, aanpataep, lITO H3BeCTHbIH COBeTCKHH MOHrOAOBeA H. n. WaCTHHa OKOH-

* H. H. K03bMHH H AHCKYCCH5I 0 "xoueaow <JleOAaAH3Me" / / nepBble BOCTOKoBeAHble lITeHH5I YIr3A: K 130-AeTHIo co AH5I pOIKAeHH5I H. H. K03bMHHa. YIPKYTCK: YI3kBO YIr3A 2002. c. 55-65.

40

H. H. Kpa/IHH. KO'leBHHKH EBPa.3HH

rAaBa 2. H. H. K03bMHH H /IHCKYCCH.R ...

41

Mbl pacueaaaaesr KaK CAYlJaHHOCTb, RBMleTCR HeOC03HaBaeMOH 3aKOHOMepHOCTblO .

.llHCKYCCHR aauaxacu C TpeX ony6AHKoBaHHblX pa60T, xoropsre xer.l\H nOTOM B OCHOBY TpeX Pa3AHlJHbIX HHTepnpeTagHH cpeO.z:r.aAH3Ma Y HOMa.z:r.OB. ::ho TeKCT .z:r.OKAa.z:r.a C. n. T OACTOBa 'T eHe3HC cpeO.z:r.aAH3- Ma B KOlJeBblX CKOTOB0.z:r.lJeCKHX 06IgeCTBaX", npOlJHTaHHblH HM rO.z:r.OM paaee na nAeHYMe r AYIMK B HIOHe 1933 r., a TaKme .z:r.Be KHHfH: rcrouorparpaa Bbl.z:r.alOIgerOCR MOHrOAOBe.z:r.a aKa.z:r.eMHKa B . .H. BAa.z:r.HMHpgoBa "06I!!eCTBeHHbIH CTPOH MOHrOAOB. MOHroAbcKHH KOlJeBOH cpeo.z:r.aAH3M" (YMep B 1931 r.; He3aKOHlJeHHaR KHHra 6blAa onyoxaxoaaua cnYCTR TpH rozra ) H yxse ynoMRHYTaR KHHra H. H. K03bMHHa UK Bonpocy 0 TypegKo-MoHrOAbCKOM cpeo.z:r.aAH3Me".

TOACTOB 3KCTpanOAHpOBaA nRTHlJAeHHYIO q>opMagHoHHYIO cxesty na KOlJeBOH MHp. Cor AaCHO ero TOlJKe 3peHHR, KOlJeBHHKH npOWAH lJepe3 pa60BAa.z:r.eAblJecKYIO H q>eo.z:r.aAbHYIO CTa.z:r.HH. B snoxy pa60BAa.z:r.eHHR TPy.z:r. paoos HcnOAb30BaACR B CKOTOBo.z:r.lJeCKOM X03RHCTBe (Ha.z:r.o npa- 3HaTb, lJTO BnOCAe.z:r.CTBHH OH OTKa3aACR OT 3TOH OWH60lJHOH TOlJKH 3peHHR) . .ll.AR cpeo.z:r.aAH3Ma y HOMa.z:r.OB "OCHOBHbIM sepaosr" RBARACR cayn - T. e. o'rztaua CKOTa na nemac. 3TH OTHoweHHR reHeTHlJeCKH npoacxozmxu H3 nepaooerrasrx nepeacarxos KOAAeKTHBHoH asaaxrono-

MOIgH (1934: 188-199).

BTopaR TOlJKa 3peHHR 6blAa npezicraaxeua B MOHorpacpHH axazieMHKa 5 . .H. BAa.z:r.HMHpgoBa "MoHroAbcKHH KOlJeBOH q>eo.z:r.aAH3M". no MHeHHIO anropa, CYIgHOCTb HOMa.z:r.Horo cpeo.z:r.aAH3Ma BblpamaAaCb B TOM, lJTO <peo.z:r.aAbHble cea soper (HOHOHbl H np.) PYKOBO.z:r.HAH KOlJeBaHHeM 3aBHCHMblX OT HHX CKOTOBO.z:r.OB, nepepacnpezrexnxa nacrfiarga H }'Ka3blBaAH CTORHKH. "Pa3 ceHbOp BAa.z:r.eA AIO.z:r.bMH, TO, eCTeCTBeHHO, ,lJ,OAmeH 6blA BAa.z:r.eTb H 3eMAelO, na KOTOPOH OHH MorAH 6bl mHTbKOlJeBaTb" (1934: 111-112). TaKHM 06pa30M, OCHOBOH q>eo.z:r.aAH3Ma y KOlJeBHHKOB, no MHeHHIO 5 . .H. BAa.z:r.HMHpgoBa, 6blAa BAaCTb HOHOHOB H xaHOB Ha.z:r. npOCTblMH HOMa.z:r.aMH.

HaKoHeg, 'rperns TOlJKa 3peHHR 6blAa Bbl.z:r.BHHYTa H. H. KO.3bMHHblM B ero yme ynoMRHYTOH paoore uK sonpocy 0 rypeuxo-seoaroxeCKOM cpeo.z:r.aAH3Me" (1934). KHHra COCTOHT H3 .z:r.ByX lJaCTeH. B nepsoii H3AomeHbl TeOpeTHlJeCKHe B3rAR.z:r.bl aaropa na np06AeMY q>eo.z:r.aAH3Ma y KOlJeBHHKOB UeHTpaAbHoH Aaaa. Bo BTOPOH lJaCTH aBTOp .z:r.oKa3blBaer, lJTO 6YPRTcKoe 06IgecTBo 'raxase RBARAOCb cpeo.z:r.aAbHbIM. K03bMHH

pasfiapaer B3rAR.z:r.bl aa cpeo.z:r.aAH3M aapyoeaou.rx, ziopeao.uouaoanerx PYCCKHX H COBpeMeHHblX eMY MapKCHCTCKHX yueaerx. OH Bbl.z:r.eAReT TaKHe lJepTbl cpeo.z:r.aAH3Ma, KaK HaAHlJHe xpyrmoro lJaCTHOro 3eMAeBAa.z:r.eHHR, K.AaCCOBoe paccxoeaae Cpe.z:r.H HOMa.z:r.OB (.z:r.eAeHHe na "6eAYIO" H "lJepHYIO" KOCTH), nepapxuuecxaa opraaaaauaa BAaCTH, saccax eaere OTHoweHHR Mem.z:r.y xaaajaa H HYKepaMH.

npOBO,lJ,R MHOrOlJHCAeHHble napaAAeAH C uKAaCCHlJeCKHM" aartaztaoesponeiicxmr cpeo.z:r.aAH3MOM, aBTOp npaKTHlJeCKH He COMHeBaeTCR B cxoztcrae cpeo.z:r.aAbHblX nOpR.z:r.KOB y 3eMAe.z:r.eAblJeCKHX H CKOTOB0.z:r.lJeCKHX aapo.aon. KO.3bMHH .z:r.ame soapaasax npOTHB 'roro, lJTo6bl Ha3bIBaTb 9TOT cpeo.z:r.aAH3M "KOlJeBbIM". "3TO He KaKaR-AH60 ocooas 06IgeCTBeHHan q>opMagHR ... a npOCTO q>eo.z:r.aAH3M. MomHO .z:r.ame He npH6aBARTb TepMHHa "KOlJeBOH" HAH "a3HaTcKHH" (1934: 73; Cpo K03bMHH, 1937:

XXII, npHM. 1).

KaK 6blAH socnpaasri» .z:r.aHHble TpH KOHgengHH cOBpeMeHHHKaMH?

B3rAR.z:r.bl C. n. T OACTOBa npaKTHlJeCKH cpasy 6blAH noziaeprayn» pe3- KOH KpHTHKe. B xozte 06cym.z:r.eHHR ero .z:r.OK.Aa.z:r.a aa ceCCHH r AYIMK onnOHeHTaMH rOBopHAOC b , lJTO B .z:r.OK.Aa.z:r.e HeT cHcTeMbl", aBTOp "BHe BpeMeHH H BHe npocrpaacrsa" cofipax B xy-ry H .z:r.peBHHX CKHCPOB, H TypKMeH py6ema XIX-XX CTOAeTHH. Oc06eHHo MHoro KpHTHlJeCKHX 3aMelJaHHH Bbl3BaA Te3HC C. n. T OACTOBa 0 pa60BAa.z:r.eAblJeCKOM xapax repe MHOfHX KOlJeBblX 06IgecTB (YIr AYIMK, 1934. Bbm. 103: 254-257, 320-378). He nautxa no.z:r..z:r.epmKH Hero caYHHaR HHTepnpeTagHR "KOlJeBOrO q>eo.z:r.aAH3Ma", nOCKOAbKY OHa OTAHlJaAaCb OT "KAaCCHlJeCKHX" MapKCHCTCKHX npe.z:r.CTaB,\eHHH 0 CYIgHOCTH q>eo.z:r.aAH3Ma. T OAbKO B 1950-x rr. 3Ta H.z:r.eR 6blAa aoapoasziena B paoorax

C. E. T OAbl6eKOBa H B. cPo WaXMaTOBa .

.llOCTaTOlJHO rtpoxxazrao ouexena n03HgHR C. n. T OACTOBa B 3apyt6emHoH acropaorpaqnnr, B lJaCTHOCTH, B paoorax 3. r e.\AHepa B .z:r.HCKyCCHH 0 "KOlJeBOM q>eo.z:r.aAH3Me". HeraTHBH3M 6pHTaHcKoro aarponoxora Bbl3BaH npeorixazraanexr B 06cym.z:r.aeMoH crar se KaHOHHlJeCKHX UHTaT H3 pa60T KAaCCHKOB MapKCH3Ma Ha.z:r. KOHKpeTHO-HCTOpHlJeCKHMH .z:r.aHHbIMH, HaCTOHlJHBblMH nonerrxaxrn C. n. T OACTOBa 060CHOBaTb CBR3b MapKcHcTCKOH 'reopxn K.AaCCOBOH 60Pb6bl C He06xo.z:r.HMOCTblO npHMeHeHHR ee na npaKTHKe . .lloKa3blBaR xxaccoserii, cpeo.z:r.aAbHblH xapaxrep KOlJeBblX 06IgecTB, T OACTOB TeM caMblM no.z:r.Bo.z:r.HA K 060cHOBaHHIO nOAomeHHR 0 HaAHlJHH B COBpeMeHHblX eMY 06IgeCTBaX CKO-

42

H. H. Kpa,l{HH. KOtfeBHHKH EBpa3HH

rAaBa 2. H. H. K03bMHH H ,l{ffCKVCCffR ...

43

TOBO,l\OB xxacca MHpoe,l\OB-KYAaKOB, YCHAeHIDI KAaCCOBOH 60Pb6bI (B COOTBeTCTBHH co CTaAHHCKHM Te3HCOM) H, CAe,l\OBaTeAbHO, 0 He06- X0,l\HMOCTH aayxaoro 060CHOBaHHH pa3BH3bIBaHHH MaCCOBoro reHO!!H,l\a npOTHB KOt.JeBbIX HapO,l\OB Cpe,l\HeH A.3HH, CH6HPH H Ka3aXCTaHa (Gellner, 1984: XIV-XV; 1988: 99-101).

KHHra 5. .fl. BAa,l\HMHP!!OBa ,l\OCTaTot.JHO CKOPO CTaAa ct.JHTaTbCH B OTet.JeCTBeHHoH acropaorparpaa "KAaCcHt.JecKHM" TPY,l\OM no 'reopaa q>eO,l\aAH3Ma Y Kot.JeBHHKOB (HKy6oBCKHH, 1936). C Tet.JeHHeM apeMeHH 3Ta O!!eHKa CTaAa BocnpHHHMaTbCH KaK aKCHOMa. B O,l\HOH H3 pa60T, aanacaanerx YrKe B nocAe,l\HeH t.JeTBepTH XX CTOAeTHH, B t.JaCTHOCTH, rOBopHAOCb, t.JTO BAa,l\HMHp!!OBY "Y,l\aAOCb reHHaAbHO yraziare cneuaqnucy MOHrOAbCKoro q>eO,ll,aAbHOrO 06IgecTBa H oxaparcrepaaoaare ero pa3BHTHe, ,l\OKa3aB Bce06IJ!HocTb 3aKOHOB pa3BHTIDI q>eO,l\aAH3Ma, OTKpbITbIX OCHOBOnOAOrKHHKaMH MapKcH3Ma" (3AaTKHH, 1982: 256).

C YBarKeHHeM KaK 0 xpynaoxr Yt.JeHOM-OpHeHTaAHCTe mnuer 0 13 . .fl. BAa,l\HMHP!!OBe H 3. feAAHep. O,l\HaKo OH COBepweHHO cnpaseztAHBO OTMet.JaeT, t.JTO 60AbWHHCTBO MaTepHaAOB, HHTepnpeTHpOBaHHbIX BAa,l\HMHP!!OBbIM KaK q>eO,l\aAbHble, OTHOCHTCH K nepaozry HMnepHH, H nO,l\BO,l\HT K BnOAHe 3aKOHOMepHOMY sonpocy: HaCKOAbKO npaBHAbHO HcnOAb30BaTb q>eO,l\aAbHYIO napaztarsty K HeHMnepCKHM 06IJ!ecTBaM HOMa,l\OB? He YCKOAb3HYAO OT feAAHepa H TO, t.JTO BAa,l\HMHPlJOB B OTAHt.JHe OT ero "npozioxacarexeii" nOt.JTH He lJHTHpyeT pa60TbI xxacCHKOB MapKCH3Ma. npaB,l\a, 3,l\eCb 3. feAAHep HeCKOAbKO HenOCAe,l\OBaTeAeH. YIHTYHTHBHO BAa,l\HMHP!!OB CHMnaTHt.JeH eMY, HO feAAHep OTHOCHT nocxeztaero K C03,l\aTeAHM 'reopaa "xoxeaoro q>eo,l\aAH3Ma"

(Gellner, 1988: 98, 102).

Bnpot.JeM, eztsa AH cxeztyer ynpexar's B 3TOM aHrAHt.JaHHHa, xorzta ,[\AH 60AbWHHCTBa OTet.JeCTBeHHblX Kot.JeBHHKOBe,l\OB 3TO HBAHeTCH o-reBH,l\HbIM (H TaKrKe oWH6aACH B 3TOM; CM.: Kpa,llHH, 1987: 22,56-58). Ha caMOM rKe ,l\eAe npHMoH "BKAa,l\" 5 . .fl. BAa,l\HMHP!!OBa B C03,l\aHHe nO,[\AHHHO MapKcHcTCKOH TeopHH "xovesoro q>eO,l\aAH3Ma" CHAbHO npeyaexaven. BAa,l\HMHP!!OB 6bIA KpynHbIM OpHeHTaAHCTOM "KAaCCHt.JecKoro" THna (T. e. C CHAbHbIM YKAOHOM B q>HAOAorHt.JeCKHe H3bltKaHHH) (A.,maTOB, 1994). E,l\Ba AH OH Mor rAy60Ko 3HaTb MapKCH3M. WH 3Toro HYrKHO 6bIAO He COBepweHCTBOBaTbCH B 3HaHHH caHCKpHTa H MHOrKeCTBeHHbIX ,l\HaAeKTOB MOHrOAbCKoro H3bIKa, a WTY,l\HpOBaTb "KanHTaA" H "lIpoacxoacneaae ceMbH". Bee, '-ITO ecru "MapKCHCTCKoro"

B "06IgeCTBeHHOM CTpoe MOHrOAOB", - 3TO, nOrKaAYH, nepexacxeaae B cnacxe AHTepaTypbI BblweynOMHHYTOH KHHrH 3HreAbca ,l\a nonsrrxa E . .fl. BAa,l\HMHPIlOBa na q>aKTHt.JeCKOM MaTepHaAe 060CHOBaTb HaAHt.JHe pH,l\a q>eO,l\aAbHbIX HHCTHTYTOB B MOHrOAbCKOM 06IJ!eCTBe nepaozia HMnepHH. npHt.JeM HHTepeCHO, t.JTO cpeO,l\aAH3M BAa,l\HMHp!!OB nOHHMaeT CKopee B IOpH,l\Ht.JeCKOM CMbICAe, CpO,ll,HH naBAOBy-CHAbBaHCKOMy (OH !!HTHpyeT ero B pH,l\e BarKHbIX MeCT), HemeAH B MapKCHCTCKOM KOHTeKCTe - KaK oc06yIO CO!!HaAbHO-3KOHOMHt.JeCKYIO cpopMa!!HIO, CAe,l\YIOIgYIO aa pa60BAa,l\eHHeM (B03MomHO, t.JTO nO,l\3arOAOBOK KHHrH "MOHrOAbCKHH KOt.JeBoH q>eO,l\aAH3M" ,l\06aBAeH yace nOCAe CMepTH asropa ero KOAAeraMH HAH cynpyroii).

KOH!!en!!HH H. H. K03bMHHa ropaszto 6AHme K "KAaCCHt.JeCKOMY" COBeTCKO-MapKCHCTCKOMY nOHHMaHHIO cpeO,l\aAH3Ma. O,l\HaKO B anrycre 1937 r. OH 6bIA apeCTOBaH H t.Jepe3 rozt nOrH6 B 3aCTeHKax HKB4 KaK "apar aapozia". YIcTopHt.JecKoe HMH H BKAa,l\ B ,l\HCKYCCHIO HCCAe,l\OBaTeAH na ,l\OArHe rO,l\bI OKa3aAHCb B 3a6BeHHH. no 3TOH npHt.JHHe ot.JeHb rpyziao Cy,l\HTb, KaKOBa 6bIAa peaK!!HH COBpeMeHHHKOB na KHHry H. H. K03bMHHa. B03MOrKHO, cKpynYAe3HbIH aHaAH3 HaYt.JHbIX ny6- AHKa!!HH no npooxexre "xoxeaoro cpeO,l\aAH3Ma", BbIwe,l\WHX B npovrerKYTOK MerK,l\y 1934-1937 rr., cxroaser npOHCHHTb n03H!!HIO HaYt.JHoH 06IgecTBeHHocTH OTHOCHTeAbHO KOH!!en!!HH K03bMHHa. B HaCTOHIgee BpeMH MOrKHO onepapoaare TOAbKO pe!!eH3HeH B. A. Ka3aKeBHt.Ja (1934) aa KHHry H. H. K03bMHHa H HeCKOAbKHMH He06'beKTHBHbIMH Bbma,l\aMH C 06BHHeHHHMH B "oeA03MHrpaHTcKoM npomxoxr", "Ha!!HOHaAH3Me" H HHbIX CMepTHbIX rpexax (06 3THX pafio'rax CM.: PemeToB,

1999: 96, 97, npHM. 20).

B. A. Ka3aKeBHt.J nOAomHTeAbHO OTHeCCH K BbIX0,l\y KHHrH

H. H. K03bMHHa, OTMeTHB, t.JTO 3TO ozura H3 nepasrx nonsrrox OCMbICAHTb C MapKCHCTCKHX n03H!!HH 3aKOHOMepHOCTH acropavecxoro pa3BH~HH xovessrx CKOTOB0,l\t.JeCKHX HapO,l\OB. "OHa HeCOMHeHHO nOCAYrKHT TOAt.JKOM ,l\AH HCCAe,l\OBaTeAeH, HCTOPHKOB-MOHrOAOBe,ll,OB H TYpKOAOrOB" (Ka3aKeBHtf, 1934: 117). BMeCTe C TeM peuensear OTMeTHA pH,l\ He,l\OCTaTKOB - saeennenae ypOBHH pa3BHTHH pH,l\a xoveesrx 06IJ!ecTB (,l\peBHHX TIOPOK, 6YPHT), He3HaHHe aBTopOM HeKOTopbIX CBemHX nyoAHKa!!HH no ,l\aHHoH npooxexre, OTCYTCTBHe 6H6AHorpaq>Ht.JecKoro annapara BO BTOPOH t.JaCTH pa60TbI (TaM me, 115-117).

K COrKaAeHHIO, ,l\aHHaH pe!!eH3HH - ezisa AH He e,l\HHCTBeHHaH pafiora, B KOTOPOH nozipooao aHaAH3HpYlOTCH B3rAH,l\bI apxyrcxoro HC-

44

H. H Kpa,4HH. KO'leBHHKH EBpa3HH

TAaBa 2. H. H. K03bMHH H ,4HCKYCCftJI ...

45

TopHKa. L!HTHpoBaTb pafiorer "apara aapozia" He B CB5I3H C ero KpHTHKOH - 3TO caoero po.a,a xapaKHpH .a,A5I COBeTCKoro yuenoro 'rex AeT (KCTaTH, .a,OCTaT04HO y.a,HBHTeAbHO, 4TO B CBoeH KHHre 0 T10PKCKOM xarauare A. H. EepHlliTaM (1946) .a,OBOAbHO 4aCTO CCbIAaAC5I na Tpy.a,bl K03bMHHa). no OOAblliOMY C4eTY, HMJI K03bMHHa Bbl4epKHYAH H3 HCTopH4eCKOH HaYKH. ,li,ocTaT04HO oopaTHTbC5I K cneQHaAbHblM HCTOpnorparpavecxmr paOOTaM, nOCB5IIgeHHbIM .a,HCKYCCHH 0 "K04eBOM qie- 0.a,aAH3Me". B OOAblliHHCTBe cneunax eusrx HCTopHorpacpH4eCKHX paOOT no npofixerae "xouesoro tpeo.a,aAH3Ma" HM5I H. H. K03bMHHa .a,ame He ynoMHHaeTC5I (KoraH, 1981; XaAHAb HCMaHA, 1983; 3p.4HHeBa, 1985; nOIIOB, 1986; MapKoB, 1989; 1998 H .a,p.). TaKoH XOPOlliHH 3HaTOK OTe4eCTBeHHOH ucropaorpaqiaa, KaK 3. reAAHep, B CBoeH KHHre o COBeTCKOH arrrponoxoraa (3THorpacpHH) 'raxzxe He ynomaaaer K03bMHHa cpe.a,H Y4aCTHHKOB .a,HCKYCCHH (Gellner, 1988: 92-114). Bo BC5IKOM CAY4ae, nepBoH paooToH, B KOTOPOH 51 AH4HO yBH.a,eA CHOCKY ua KHHry K03bMHHa B CB5I3H C zmcxyccneii 0 "K04eBoM cpeo.a,aAH3Me", OblAa MotlOrpaqJH5I A. M. Xa3aHoBa 0 cOQHaAbHoH HCTOPHH CKHtpOB

(1975: 34).

KaK caM H. H. K03bMHH OTHeCC5I K KOHQenQH5IM CBOHX onnonenTOB? YaCTH4HO OTBeT ua 3TOT Bonpoc MomHO HaHTH B HanHcaHHOM HM "npe.a,HCAOBHH" K "l1CTOPHH MOHrOAOB" K. ,li,·OCCOHa. CTaTblO T oAcTOBa OH .a,ame He QHTHpyeT. T eopeTH4eCKH .a,onYCTHMO, 4TO OH He OblA 3HaKOM C .a,aHHoH CTaTbeH, XOT5I 3TO MaAOBep05lTHO. K03bMHH CAe.a,HJ\ aa HOBOH AHTepaTYPOH H perYA5IpHO npOCMaTpHBaA "113BecTH5I r Al1 MK". B03MomHO, 4TO OH npOCTO He XOTeA npHcoe.a,HH5ITbC5I K 4HCAY MHor04HCAeHHblX KPHTHKOB T OACTOBa.

PeaKQHIO K03bMHHa aa KHHry aKa.a,eMHKa BAa.a,HMHPQOBa, cy.z!.51 no BceMY, Tpy.a,HO Ha3BaTb BOCTopmeHHoH. EIge BO "BBe.a,eHHH" K csoeMy "TypeQKo- MOHroAbcKoMY If>eo.a,aAH3MY'' OH CKenTH4eCKH OTHeCC5I

"

K nornsrrxaw nocxezurero 3HeprH4Ho nepecTpaHBaTb CBOH H3Y4eHH5I B

ztyxe MapKcHcTCKOH COQHOAOrHH" (1934: 9). 3TOT CKenCHC BbI3BaA, B 4aCTHOCTH, He.a,OYMeHHe y B. A. Ka3aKeBH4a (1934: 116), KOTOPblH 3aMeTHA, 4TO K03bMHH Heo.a,HOKpaTHO nOAb30BaAC5I KOHCYAbTaQH5IMH no noaozry BOCT04HblX 513bIKOB Y BAa.a,HMHPQoBa, KOTOPblH OblA xopOlliO H3BeCTeH KaK Bbl.a,a10IgHHC5I 513bIKOBe.a, H HeCKOAbKO MeHee KaK 3THorpacp. ,li,a H caM E. B. BAa.a,HMHPQOB B YCTHOH fiecezie C K03bMHHbIM, KaK 00 3TOM nacax caM H. H., OCTopomHO COOOIgHA, 4TO ero

panora nOCB5IIgeHa YCTaHOBAeHHIO 3Ha4eHH5I MOHrOAbCKHX COQHaAbHblX TepMHHOB, CBH.a,eTeAbcTByIOIgHX 0 CyIgeCTBOBaHHH cpeo.a,aAH3Ma y MOHrOAOB (TaM me). nYOAHKaQHH nOCAe.a,HHX AeT mH3HH BAa.a,HMHPQOBa (HanpHMep, ero 3aMeTKH 0 TepMHHax Iloleiil; beki u begiB ",li,oKAa.a,ax AKa.a,eMHH HaYK" aa 1929-1930 rr.) TaKme .a,OAmHbI ObIAH CBH.a,eTeAbCTBOBaTb 00 3TOM.

O.a,HaI<O nOCAe onyoAHKoBaHH5I "OOIgeCTBeHHoro CTp051 MOHroAoB" CTaAO 51CHO, 4TO K03bMHH OKa3aAC5I BBe.a,eHHbIM B 3aoAym.a,eHHe. KHHra axazrevnnca BAa.a,HMHPQoBa ObIAa nanacana COBceM B HHOM KAI04e H npezicraaxaxa KpynHbIH, OCHOBaHHbIH ua pasuoofipaaasrx HappaTHBHbIX HCT04HHKax Tpy.a, 06 oc06eHHocT5IX cOQHaAbHo-noAHTH4ecKoro CTP051 cpeznresexoaoro MOHrOAbCKoro 06IgecTBa. BpeMeHH aa npopafiortcy "Moaroxecxoro tcoueaoro cpeo.a,aAH3Ma" y K03bMHHa 6bIAO .a,OCTaT04- HO. MOHorpacpH5I BAa.a,HMHPQoBa BblWAa BO BTOPOH nOAOBHHe 1934 r., a KHHra 4'OccoHa 6bIAa cziaua B Ha60p B HpKYTCKYIO THnorpacpHIO Or113a 5 CeHT5I6p51 1936 r. Cy.z!.51 no CCbIAKaM B TeKCTe "Tlpe.aac. AOBH5I" K 4'OCCOHY ua HIOAbCKHH HOMep "EoAbllieBHKa" aa 1936 r., PYKonHCb 6blAa nepeziaaa H3.a,aTeAIO BO BTOPOH nOAOBHHe xera. CAe.a,OBaTeAbHO, .a,ame C Y4eTOM BpeMeHH na nepeceixxy KHHrH H3 AeHHHrpa.a,a y H. H. K03bMHHa 6bIA .a,OCTaT04HbIH CpOK na H3Y4eHHe pa60TbI E. B. BAa.a,HMHPQoBa.

K03bMHH BOCnpHH5IA ::ny KHHry 04eHb uacropozseaao. B CBoeM "Tlpeziacxoeaa" K 4'OCCOHY H B npHMe4aHH5IX OH OTMe4aeT 60Aee sercoxoe 3Ha4eHHe KHHrH BAa.a,HMHPQoBa, 4eM npOCTO HCT04HHKOBe.a,- 4eCKOH ny6AHKaQHH. "3Ta panora 51BAJ1eTC5I pe3YAbTaTOM nepecxrorpa ero MeTo.a,OAOrH4eCKHX YCTaHOBOK B ero paaneii pafiore "YHHrH3-XaH". B TO me BpeMJI K03bMHH C .a,oca.a,oH OTMe4aeT, 4TO "HeCKOAbKO paHee asnuxa na 'ry me TeMY pafio ra asropa aacroaigero npe.a,HCAOBH5I", KO-

.TOpM, no ero c06CTBeHHbIM CAOBaM, "nanacana B HHOM nxane H pesue CTaBHT sonpoc 06 e.a,HHblx nYT5Ix 06IgecTBeHHoro pa3BHTH5I" (1937:

XXI-XXII).

HacTopomeHHocTb K03bMHHa MomHO 06'b5lCHHTb .a,ByMJI, OTHIO.a,b He HCKAI04alOIgHMH .a,pyr .a,pyra npH4HHaMH. Bo-nepBbIX, COBceM Hesaztoxro .a,o onHCbIBaeMbIX C06bITHH 6bIA OCPHQHaAbHO nosepzcea C n seztecraxa 04eHb 4THMbIH K03bMHHbIM (PemeroB, 1999: 98, npHM. 40), O.a,HH HX CTOAnOB MapKcHcTCKOH acropuorparpaa - aKa.a,eMHK M. H. nOKpOBCKHH, 6bIBlliHH copaTHHKOM B. 11. AeHHHa. KaKOH pe-

46

H. H. Kpa,ll,HH. KO'leBHHKH EBpa3HH

aKUHH CAeAOBaAO OfKHAaTb OT Oq>HUHaAbHbIX xpyroa aa KHHry APyroro aKaAeMHKa, KOTOPbIH TOAKOM AafKe He 6bIA 3HaKOM C MapKCH3MOM H, aaxoztace nOA 60AblllHM BAHHHHeM B. B. EapTOAbAa H naBAOBaCHAbBaHCKoro, He BAaAeBlllHX "eAHHCTBeHHO npaBHAbHOH" MeTOAoAOrHeH, HanHCaA OTHOCHTeAbHO HeAaBHO C "6YPfKya3Hblx" n03HUHH BOCTopfKeHHYIO KHHry 0 YHHrH3-xaHe? T eM 60Aee 4TO caM nOKpOBCKHH (1931: 81-82) nOHHMaA q>eOAaAH3M B COOTBeTCTBHH C TeopHeH naBAOBa-CHAbBaHcKoro. EYAY4H yMHbIM H Tpe3BOMbICAHIgHM 4eAOBeKOM, K03bMHH He Mor He 06e30naCHTbCH. KTO fKe Mor npezryraztaru, 4TO KHHra BAaAHMHpUOBa He CTaHeT o4epeAHbIM 06beKTOM AAH nanaztox (KCTaTH, AOCTaT04HO KpHTH4eCKM C MeTOAOAOrH4eCKOH T04KH 3peHHH peueH3HH na AaHHYIO KHHry 6blAa aanacaaa H. CMHPHOBbIM (1935) B fKypHaAe "YICTopHK-MapKCHCT"), aero HMH uepea aexoropoe BpeMH B03BeAYT B paHr Oq>HUHaAbHOrO "ocaosorroxoaoraxa" TeopHH "xoueaoro q>eoAaAH3Ma"?

BO-BTOPbIX, nO-4eAOBe4eCKH 06bHCHHMO OT4aCTH, B03MOfKHO, peBHHBoe OTHOllleHHe H. H. K03bMHHa K KHHre BAaAHMHPuoBa. OHH BeAb napaxxex stro paspafiareraaxn 0AHY aay-myro npofixexry, KafKAbIH C4HTaA CBOIO apryMeHTaUHIO 60Aee y6eAHTeAbHoH. cho, B 4aCTHOCTH, nOATBepfKAaeTCH TeM, 4TO K03bMHH ogemmaer CBOIO KHHry KaK "He-

rAABA 3

;3PHCT fEAAHEP H ttEliATbI o KOl.JEBOM 'IlEOMAH3ME*

"

CKOAbKO panee BbIllleAlllYIO.

B KOHe4HOM C4eTe 3TO He CTOAb CYIgeCTBeHHO. 4,AH Hac, cnYCTH TpH 4eTBepTH CTOAeTHH, 04eBHAHO zipyroe: Tpoe BbIAalOIgHXCH HCCAeAOBaTeAeH pa60TaAH HaA npo6AeMOH "xoueaoro q>eOAaAH3Ma", xaacAbIH H3 HHX npeAAOfKHA caoe OpHrHHaAbHOe peurenae aroro sonpoca, H HX pa60TbI 6bIAH ony6AHKoBaHbI B "nepexosraosa" 1934 r. B3rAHAbI H. H. K03bMHHa ropaszto 6AHfKe K "Oq>HUHaAbHOH" T04Ke 3peHHH, 4eM BbIBOAbI, Cq>OPMYAHpOBaHHble B paficrax E. B. BAaAHMHPuoBa H C. n. TOAcToBa. T PYAHO CKa3aTb, KaK AaAbllle 6bI paaaepnyxacu AaHHM AHCKYCCHH, eCAH 6bI H. H. K03bMHH cxror pa3BHTb H yrAy6HTb CBOH B3rAHAbI. B CHAY poxosoro CTe4eHHH 06CTOHTeAbCTB HCCAeAoBaTeAH apeCTOBaAH, H OH TparH4eCKH norafi, aero HMH aa AOArHe roztsr 6bIAO 3a6bITO OTe4eCTBeHHbIMH HCTopHKaMH. Ham HaY4HbIH AOAr - BepHYTb ero 4eCTHoe HMH H HaY4Hble TPYAbI HCTopH4eCKOH HaYKe.

B 1988 r. 8PHCT reAAHep ony6AHKOBaA KHHry 'Tocyziapcrao H o6IgecTBo B COBeTCKOH MblCAH". Y fKe H3 Ha3BaHHH HCHO, 4TO KHHra 6bl.M nOCBHIgeHa aHaAH3Y B3rAHAOB COBeTCKHX (pOCCHHCKHX) aarponoAorOB aa paaasre TeMbI. Ho B COBeTCKHX aHTponOAorH4eCKHX fKypHaAax TaK H He nOHBHAHCb peyeH3HH aa 3TY KHHry. MOfKHO nOAYMaTb, 4TO COBeTCKHe aHTpOnOAOrH TaKHM 06pa30M npOHrHOpHpOBaAH KpHTHKy. Ho peyeH3HH na 3TY KHHry rOTOBHAaCb. Ee C06HPaAHCb aanacare MOAoAble COBeTCKHe aarponoxora, na KOTOPbIX sanazurere HAeH, B TOM qHCAe KHHrH r exxaepa, OKa3aAH 60Abllloe BAHHHHe. nAaHHpOBaAOCb, 'ITO KafKAbIH Y4aCTHHK 3TOH peyeH3HH H3AOfKHT aHaAH3 Tex pa3AeAOB KHHrH, B KOTOPbIX OH HaH60Aee KOMneTeHTeH. Ho, KaK 4aCTO 6bIBaeT B KOAAeKTHBHbIX pafiorax, KTO-TO He HanHCaA CBOH rpparxrear H HHHYHaTHBa He 6bIAa AOBeAeHa AO KOHya.

8Ta ny6AHKaYHJI npeACTaBAHeT C060H 04eHb pacumpeaaerii TeKCT MoeH 4aCTH peuensaa 0 HOMaAHbIX 06IgeCTBax (APyroH rpparwenr 6bIA nOCB.JIIgeH a3HaTCKOMY cnoco6y npOH3BOACTBa). nepBOHa4aAbHO JI nOArOTOBHA TOAbKO PYCCKHH BapHaHT sroro TeKCTa, KOTOPbIH 6bIA ony6AHKoBaH B cepeznme 1990-x rr, (KPa.4HH, 1996). n03AHee, B npoyecce AHCKYCCHH 0 3Ha4eHHH reAAHepa AA.JI pa3BHTHH aHTponOAO-

• FIepeaoz; c aHrAHiicKoro H3bIKa: Kradin N. N. Ernest Gellner and Debates on Nomadic Feudalism / / Social Evolution and History. 2003. Vol. 2. No 2. P. 162-176.

48

H. H. Kpa4HH. KOf.JeBHHKH EBPa3HH

rAaBa 3. EJPHCT Isssusa H 4e6aTbI ...

49

nIH, aapozmxacs HAeR aanxcare CTaTblO ANI 60Aee llJHPOKOH aYAHTopHH, HO AAR aar AOR3bIlJHbIX accxezioaarexeii MHorHe TOHKOCTH PYCCKHX Ae6aToB 6bIAH 6bI HenOHRTHbI 6e3 AonoAHHTeAbHbIX KOMMeHTapHeB. YIMeHHo n03ToMY npmuxocs 3HalJHTeAbHO nepepaoorare PyCCKYIO BepCHIO, B pesyxe rare nORBHAaCb AaHHM CTaTbR.

Bonpoc 0 KOlJeBOM q>eOAaAH3Me B03HHK B cOBeTcKoH aarponoxoraa (HAH 3THoAorHH) TOAbKO B 1934 r. B 1920-1930-x rr. CYIYeCTBOBaA nAIOpaAH3M MeTOAOAOfHlJeCKHX noztxozioa: OAHH HCCAeAoBaTeAH npHAepmHBaAHCb MHeHHR 0 nepB06bITHOH npapozie KOlJeBbIX 06IYeCTB, zipyrae ClJHTaAH, lJTO HOMaAbI C03AaBaAH rOCYAapCTBeHHOCTb; HMexac e rarose H npOMemYTOlJHaR TOlJKa 3peHHR. HalJHHM C cepeznrasr 1930-x rr., C YCTaHOBAeHHeM AHKTarypbI CTaAHHa H HalJaAOM MacCOBbIX penpeccaii H reHOYHAa npOTHB COBeTCKHX AIOAeH, B HCTOPHlJeCKOH AHTeparype B0306AaAaAa reopaa KOlJeBOrO q>eOAaAH3M3. T eM He MeHee B paxrxax oprozioxcaxeaoro MOHH3Ma CYIYeCTBOBaAH CBOH c06CTBeHHbIe peBH3HOHHCTbI, xoropsre nozisepraxa COMHeHHIO rocnoztcTBYlOl!!He npeACTaBAeHHR 0 KOlJeBOM q>eOAaAH3Me. CorAaCHO Oq>HYHaAbHOH TOlJKe 3peHHR, OCHOBOH q>eOAaAH3Ma Y KOlJeBHHKOB RBNlAaCb c06CTBeHHOCTb aa 3eMAIO, a no MHeHHIO peBH3HOHHCTOB - c06CTBeHHOCTb aa CKOT. Pa3HOrAaCHR Me~y OPToAoKcaMH H peBH3HOHHCTaMH npHBeAH K HeCKOAbKHM 6YPHbIM AHCKYCCHRM, HaH60Aee 060CTPHBlllHMCR B 1953-1955 rr. nOCAe XX Cbe3Aa KnCC np0H30llIAO oCAa6AeHHe TOTaAHTapHOro raera H YMeHbllleHHe HAeOAOfHlJeCKOrO npeccaara HaA 061!!eCTBeHHbIMH HaYKaMH. :::horo OKa3aAOCb AOCTaTOlJHO, lJT06bI MHorHe HCCAeAoBaTeAH CTaAH HCKaTb HOBbIe nO,l\XOAbI H npezixarare HeTpaAHYHOHHbIe peureuaa HaYlJHbIX np06AeM. B 3TOT nepaozt nORBHAHCb Heq>eOAaAbHbIe HHTepnpeTaYHH HOMaAH3Ma: KOHyenYHR Aoq>eOAaAbHOrO H paHHeKAaCCOBOro xapaicrepa KOlJeBbIX 06I!!eCTB, MHeHHe 0 CYl!!eCTBOBaHHH Y KOlJeBHHKOB a3HaTCKOH q>opMaYHH, T04Ka 3peHHR 06 oco- 60M HOMaAHOM cnocooe npoH3BoAcTBa (noAP06Hee 06 3TOH AHCKYCCHH CM.: Xa3aHOB, 1975; KoraH, 1980; XaAaAb HCMaHA, 1983; Khazanov, 1984; MapKoB, 1976; 1998; KPa.4HH, 1992; 2001; MacaHoB, 1995).

B nOCTCOBeTCKHH nepaozi AHCKYCCHR npozio.osaxace B PYCCKOR3bIlJHOH AHTeparype. npH 3TOM coxpaaaxac s, B TOH HAH HI-IOH CTeneHH, see paHee BbICKa3bIBaBlllHeCR OCHOBHbIe TOlJKH 3peHHR. HaH60Ablllee

o6cYJKAeHHe BbI3BaAH rtonsrrxa 060CHOBaHHR oco6oro nYTH pa3BHTHR 061!!ecTB KOlJeBHHKOB-CKOTOBOAOB. npeAMeT AHCKYCCHH cxongetrrpxPOBaACR soxpyr sonpoca, lJTO RBAReTCR OCHOBOH cneYHq>HlJHOCTH HOMaAH3Ma - BHYTpeHHRR npapozia CKOTOBOAcTBa, T. e. OCHOBa TaK aaaeraaeeroro HOMaAHoro cnocooa npOH3BOAcTBa, HAH me oc06eHHOCTH aaeunreii aAanTaYHH KOlJeBHHKOB K 3eMAeAeAblJeCKHM "MHp-HMnepH-

" B

RM. TO me BpeMR B YCAOBHRX npeOAOAeHHR q>opMaYHOHHoro MOHH3-

Ma nORBHAHCb ny6AHKaYHH, B KOTOPbIX 6bIAa CAeAaHa rtonsrrxa pacCMOTpeTb KOlJeBHHlJeCTBO C TOlJKH 3peHHR 'reopxa YHBHAH3aYHH (CM.:

KpaAHH, 2001; Kradin, 2002).

K npooxexre KOlJeBOrO q>eOAaAH3Ma r eAAHep 06pal!!aACR ABaJKAbI: caauaxa B peAaKTopCKOM npeAHCAOBHH K KHHre A. Xa3aHOBa "KolJeBHHKH H BHelllHHH MHP", a 3aTeM 60Aee nOAPo6HO B MOHorpaq>HH "Tocyziapcrao H 061!!eCTBO B COBeTCKOH MbICAH", rzie OH nOCBRTHA AHCKYCCHH 0 COYHaAbHO 3KOHOMHlJeCKHX OTHOllleHHRX Y HOMaAoB yeAYIO rAaBY (Gellner, 1984: IX-XXV; 1988: 92-114).

reAAHep orztaer AOAmHoe COBeTCKOMY KOlJeBHHKOBeAeHHIO. nocKOAbKY PYCCKaR HCTOPHR scerzta 6bIAa CBR3aHa co CTenHbIM MHPOM, rnuuer OH, TO PYCCKHe H COBeTCKHe yxeasre AOAmHbI 6bIAH npeycnere B H3YlJeHHH HOMaAoB. Pa3pa6OTaHHOCTb npo6AeMbI, TaKHM 06pa30M, AHKTOBaAaCb ee axryaxeaocrmo AAR COBeTCKHX aBTopOB. r exxaep 3aTparHBaeT ABa acnexra paCCMaTpHBaeMOH B rxaae np06AeMbI: reoperalJeCKHH, xacaace 3BpHCTHlJeCKHX B03MomHOCTeH MapKcHcTCKoro MeTOzta, H c06cTBeHHO HCTopHorpaq>HlJeCKHH, AaBM oueaxy TeM HAH HHbIM aBTopaM H HX pa60TaM.

B TeOpeTHlJeCKOM acnexre r exxxep OTMelJaeT, lJTO KOlJeBHHlJeCTBO npe.acraaxaer C060H AAR MapKCH3Ma CTOAb JKe q>YHAaMeHTaAbHYIO npo6AeMY, lJTO H a3HaTCKHH cnocoo npOH3BOAcTBa. HH HOMaAbI, HH BOCTOK He BnHCbIBalOTCR B eAHHbIH q>opMaYHOHHbIH Maplll lJeAOBelJeCTBa OT nepBo6bITHOCTH K KOMMYHH3MY. 3TO npOHCTeKaeT H3 HeB03- MomHOCTH airrepnperapoaa're saeurae HenoABHmHbIX H YHKAHlJeCKH 3BOAIOYHOHHPYIOI!!HX KOlJeBHHKOB B pasncax nporpeCCHBHCTCKHX (a R 6bI etge Ao6aBHA H eBpoyeHTpHCTCKHX) TeopHH lJeAOBelJeCKOH HCTOPHH, K lJHCAY KOTOPbIX OTHOCHTCR H MapKCH3M.

.llPyraR cepsesaaa np06AeMa 3aKAIOlJaeTCR B TOM, lJTO COyHaAbHOnOAHTHlJeCKYIO opraHH3aYHIO CKOTOBOAOB TPYAHO OTo6pa3HTb B Tep-

50

H H. Kpa,aHH. KOlleBHHKH EBPa3HH

rAaBa 3. 3PHCT r eAAHep H .4e6aTbl ...

51

MHHax MapKCHCTCKoro noasraiiaoro armapara. KaK 06bRCHHTb TaKoe rtapaztoxcaxesoe C MapKcHcTCKOH TOlIKH 3peHHR RB.I\eHHe: Y KOlIeBHHKOB npaKTHlIeCKH napaAAe.I\bHO co CTaHOB.I\eHHeM HOMaAH3Ma KaK X03RHcTBeHHo-KY.I\bTYPHoro THna nORBAReTCR lIaCTHaR c06CTBeHHOCTb na cpeztcrsa npOH3BOAcTBa (CKOT) aasraoro paasure. lIeM lIaCTHaR c06CTBeHHOCTb na 3eM.l\IO Y 3eM.l\eAe.l\byeB, 'rorzta KaK no ypOBHIO COYHa.l\bHO-3KOHOMHlIeCKoro pa3BHTHR HOM~bI MOryr 6bITb ropaazio MeHee Pa3BHTbIMH, lIeM oceztxsre? HaCKO.l\bKO npaaosrepao CKOTOBOAOB OTHOCHTb K nepB06bITHo06rgHHHoH q>opMaYHH, eC.I\H Y HHX HMe.l\HCb lIaCTHaR c06CTBeHHOCTb Ha CKOT H .l\Hya, aKKYMY.I\HpOBaBllIHe ee B 60.l\bllIHX MaCllITa6ax? C APyroH CTOPOHbI, KaK MomHO HX ClIHTaTb noc.I\enepB06bITHbIMH, eC.I\H Y KOlIeBHHKOB He 6bI.I\O rOCYAapCTBeHHoro 61OpOKpaTHlIeCKoro armaparaj'

HaKoHey, KaK HHTepnpeTHpOBaTb HOMaAH3M B paxrxax ozmoro H3 OCHOBHbIX MeTOAo.l\OrHlIeCKHX npHHyHnoB ncropauecxoro MaTepHaAH3- Ma - 3aKOHa COOTBeTCTBHR 6a3HCa H HaAcTpoHKH. COr.l\aCHO 'reopaa MapKca, H3MeHeHHR B 6a3HCe HeMHHyeMo npHBOART K COOTBeTCTBYIOrgeMY npe06pa30BaHHIO HaACTpOHKH (B q>opMe peBO.l\IOYHH). :3KOHOMHlIeCKHH 6a3HC KOlIeBHHlIeCTBa - nacromgaoe CKOTOBOACTBO - OCTaBaJl.CR npaKTHlIeCKH HeH3MeHHbIM na npOTRmeHHH MHorHX CTO.l\eTHH. YI ApeBHHe, H cpeznresexoasre, H Aame 60.l\ee n03AHHe KOlIeBHHKH HMe.l\H cxomHH COCTaB crazta, meCTKO AeTepMHHHpOBaHHbIH 3KO.l\OrHlIeCKHMH YC.I\OBfUlMH 06HTaHHR, npHMHTHBHYIO .l\erKOTpaHcnopTHpyeMYIO yrsaps, cxoasyro TeXHO.l\OrHIO BeAeHHR X03RHCTBa. OAHaKO nacropax sHaR "HaAcTpOHKa" He AeMOHCTpHpOBa.l\a 6a3HCOnOA06Hoe nOCTORHCTBO. HOMaAbI TO C03AaBaJl.H nAeMeHHble COlO3bI H3 pa3p03HeHHbIX KOHr .l\OMepaTOB nxexrea H pOACTBeHHbIX K.l\aHOB, TO 06Pa30BbIBa.l\H nOA B.I\aCTblO MoryrgecTBeHHbIX .l\HAepOB rHraHTCKHe xoueasre HMnepHH, TO BAPyr BHOBb pacnaziaxacs aa orztexsaere xaHCTBa, nxeweaa H Aame 60.l\ee Me.l\KHe rpyrmsr.

nOCKO.l\bKY HOMaAH3M BbInaAaJI. H3 MapKCHCTCKOH AHa.l\eKTHKH HCTOPHH, pe310MHpyeT :3. r e.l\.l\Hep, COBeTCKHMH TeopeTHKaMH 6bI.l\a c03AaHa cneYHq>HlIeCKaR 'reopan xouesoro q>eOAaJl.H3Ma. K c03AaTe.l\RM 'reopaa xoueaoro q>eOAaJl.H3Ma OH npaBH.I\bHO OTHOCHT aKaAeMHKa E. H. BAaAHMHpYOBa H lI.I\eH-KoppecnoHAeHTa AH CCCP C. n. T 0.1\-

CTOBa. KHHra paCCTpe.l\RHHOrO B 1939 r. apxyrcxoro nporpeccopa H. H. K03bMHHa "K sonpocy 0 TYpeYKO-MOHrO.l\bCKOM q>eOAaJl.H3Me" (1934) eMY, BHAHMO, OCTaJl.aCb HeH3BeCTHoH. r exxaep C YBameHHeM naurer 0 B.I\aAHMHpyoBe KaK 0 xpynaovr YlIeHOM-OpHeHTaAHCTe H He npHlIHC.I\ReT ero K CHKoq>aHTaM 0PTOAOKCa.l\bHOrO MapKCH3Ma. OH npaBH.I\bHO OTMelIaeT, lITO 60.l\bllIHHCTBO MaTepHa.l\OB, HHTepnpeTHpOBaHHbIX B.I\aAHMHpYOBbIM KaK qieoztaxsasre, OTHOCRTCR K nepaozty HMnepHH, H nOABOAHT K snoxae 3aKOHOMepHOMY sonpocy: HaCKO.l\bKO npaBH.I\bHO HCnO.l\b30BaTb q>eOAaAbHYIO napaziarwry K HeHMnepCKHM 06rgeCTBaM HOMaAoB? He YCKO.l\b3HY.I\O OT r exxaepa H TO, lITO B.I\aAHMHpYOB, B OT.I\HlIHe OT ero snaroaos, nOlITH He YHTHpyeT pa60TbI K.l\aCCHKOB MapKCH3Ma. npaBAa, 3AeCb r exxaep HeCKO.l\bKO HenOC.I\eAOBaTe.l\eH. YlHTYHTHBHO B.I\aAHMHpYOB CHMnaTHlIeH eMY, HO r exxaep OTHOCHT nocxezmero K c03AaTe.l\RM TeopHH xoueaoro q>eOAaAH3Ma. KaK MbI rOBOpH.I\H paaee, B.I\aAHMHpYOB 6bI.l\ KpynHbIM OpHeHTaAHCTOM .l\HHrBHCTHlIeCKOH opHeHTaYHH. EABa .l\H OH Mor rxyooxo 3HaTb MapKCH3M. Bce, lITO ecre MapKCHCTCKoro B "06rgecTBeHHOM crpoe MOHrO.l\OB", 3TO nepexacxeane B cnacxe .l\HTepaTYpbI KHHrH :3Hre.l\bCa "[IpoacxoxcAeHHe ceMbH" H nonsrrxa B.I\aAHMHpYOBa na q>aKTHlIeCKOM MaTepHaAe 060CHOBaTb Ha.l\HlIHe pRAa q>eOAaAbHbIX HHCTHTyrOB B MOHrO.l\bCKOM 06rgeCTBe nepaozia HMnepHH. B pRAe BamHbIX MeCT OH yHTHpyeT H3- aecrnoro pyccxoro HCTopHKa KOHya XIX B. naB.I\OBa-CH.I\bBaHcKoro. Ho HHr Ae He nauter 0 q>eOAaAH3Me KaK 06 OC060M cnocooe npoasBOAcTBa, KOTOPbIH cxeztyer aa pa60B.I\aAeHHeM.

nOlIeMY me HMeHHO B.I\aAHMHpYOB ClIHTaeTCR coaziarexew 'reopaa xoueaoro q>eoAa.l\H3Ma? .llYMalO, OTBeT na 3TOT Bonpoc MomHO HaH,TH, npOC.I\eAHB aexoropsre napaxxexa B ouenxax COBeTCKHMH HCC.I\eAOBaTeARMH HMeH apxeoxora LIaH.I\Aa H OpHeHTaAHCTa B.I\aAHMHpyoBa. A. C. KAeHH B csoeii KHHre "cPeHoMeH cOBeTcKoH apxeoxoraa" (1993) nOKa3aJ1., lITO npa erge mH3HH OTHOllIeHHe K LIaH.I\AY 6bI.I\O AOCTaTOlIHO aacropoaseaasnr, XOTR nocxe cxrepra ero BK.I\aA B pa3BHTHe MapKcHcTCKOH apxeoxoraa 6bI.I\ KaHoHH3HpoBaH. ":3To 6bI.I\a 06bIlIHaR npaxraxa B COBeTcKoM COlO3e no OTHOllIeHHIO K HHocTpaHHbIM .l\eBbIM HHTe.l\.I\eKTya.l\aM. nOKa OH mHBeT, AepmH yxo BOCTPO: 60r ero 3HaeT, xaxoe KO.l\eHye OH BbIKHHeT, H TBOH me xopounte aTTecTaYHH OlIeHb

52

H. H. Kpa,4HH. KOlJeBHHKH EBP83HH

.z\aLKe Moryr OT03BaTbOI aa reoe (B COBeTCKOM COlO3e nOAHTH4eCKHe 06BHHemUi acerzta HMeAH 06paTHYIO CHAY H aapasarexehoc-r e ). A BOT MepTBbIH MapKCHCT - XOPOWHH MapKCHCT: ero B3rAR.z\bI ocranyrca MapKCHCTCKHMH HaBe4Ho" (1993: 116).

B03MOLKHO, C "06IMecTBeHHbIM crpoexr MOHroAoB" npOH30WAO He- 4TO nozrooaoe. ABTop 6bIA aBTopHTeTHbIM Y4eHbIM. OH CKoponOCTHLKHO CKOH4aACR aa TpH rozra .z\0 BbIX0.z\a KHHrH B CBeT - HMeHHO noaTOMY eMY MOLKHO 6bIAO COBepweHHO 6e30TBeTCTBeHHO npanaceraarj, AI06bIe H.z\eH . .li,AR 0.z\HHX OH CTaA HKOHOH, aero BKAa.z\ B MOHrOAbCKYIO Me.z\HeBHCTHKY 6bIA KaHOHH3HpOBaH na nOACTOAeTHR. WR .z\PyrHx OKa3aACR Y.z\06HOH MHweHblO NR KpHTHKH. He B 3AaTKHHa HAH nOTanOBa 6bIAO BbInYIMeHO 60AbWHHCTBO KpHTH4eCKHX CTpeA rAaBHbIX onnOHeHTOB 're- 0PHH "xoueaoro q>eo.z\aAH3Ma" - T OAbI6eKOBa H MapKoBa. OHH 6bIAH aanpaaxener npOTHB pa60TbI "06IMecTBeHHbIH CTPOH MOHroAoB", XOTR KPHTHKOBaAOCb HMH nOHHMaHHe q>e0.z\aAH3Ma He BAa.z\HMHpl!OBbIM, a CTaAHHbIM. nonbITKa cPe.z\0poBa-4aBbI.z\OBa noxaaaru, 4TO MeLK.z\Y nOHHMaHHeM q>eO.z\aAbHOH c06CTBeHHOCTH o. H. BAa.z\HMHpl!OBbIM H nOHHMaHHeM ztanaoro RBAeHHR 60AbWHHCTBOM COBeTCKHX "q>eo.z\aAHcTOB" 04eHb MaAO 06IMero (1976), He HMeAa ycnexa.

B OTAH4He OT BAa.z\HMHpl!OBa AH4HOCTb T OACTOBa, nOXOLKe, He BbI3bIBaeT Y r exxnepa oc06eHHbIX CHMnaTHH. nOCAe.z\HHH nOKa3aH KaK RPbIH nOKAOHHHK npRMOAHHeHHbIX CTaAHHCKHX Te3HCOB. r exxnep OTMe- 4aeT npe06Aa.z\aHHe B pa60Tax TOACTOBa KaHOHH4eCKHX l!HTaT H3 pa- 60T KAaCCHKOB MapKCH3Ma Ha.z\ KOHKpeTHO-HCTopH4eCKHMH .z\aHHbIMH. Bnp04eM, aTO He rAaBHaR npH4HHa aHTHnaTHH. OCHOBHOH HeraTHBH3M r exxaepa BbI3BaH HaCTOH4HBbIMH nonbITKaMH T OACTOBa 060CHOBaTb CBR3b MapKCHCTCKOH reopxn KAaCCOBOH 60pb6bI C He06xo.z\HMOCTblO npHMeHeHHR ee aa npaxrmce. 40Ka3bIBaR KAaCCOBbIH, q>eO.z\aAbHbIH xapaKTep K04eBbIX 06IMeCTB, T OACTOB TeM caMbIM nO.z\BO.z\HA K 060cHOBaHHIO nOAOLKeHHR 0 HaAH4HH B COBpeMeHHbIX eMY 06IMeCTBax CKOTOB0.z\0B KAacca MHpoe.z\oB-KYAaKoB, 06 YCHAeHHH KAaCCOBOH 60Pb6bI (B COOTBeTCTBHH co CTaAHHCKHM Te3HcoM) H, CAe.z\oBaTeAbHO, 0 He06- X0.z\Hl\fOCTH aaysmoro 060cHoBaHHR Pa3BR3bIBaHHR MaCCOBoro reH0l!H.z\a npoTHB K04eBbIX Hap0.z\0B Cpe.z\HeH Asaa, CH6HPH H Ka3aXCTaHa.

4aAee r eAAHep BnOAHe a.z\eKBaTHO nepeziaer XO.z\ nocAe.z\YIOIMeH .z\HCKYCCHH 0 K04eBOM q>e0.z\aAH3Me. OH nOKa3bIBaeT, KaK Te3HC 0 q>eo.z\aAbHOH npHpo.z\e K04eBbIX 06IMecTB nOCTeneHHO pacnpocrpaaaxcs

rAaBa 3. 3PHCT Isssase H ,4e6aTbl ...

53

80 sceii COBeTCKOH HCTopH4eCKOH HaYKe, H COBepweHHO npaBHAbHO C4HTaeT, 4TO HOBbIH BcnAeCK .z\HCKYCCHH CBR3aH co 3HaMeHHTOH T auiKeHTCKOH ceCCHeH 1954 r. r exxaep 0603Ha4aeT B Ka4eCTBe KAI04eBbIX q>Hryp npoacxoztasureji .z\HCKYCCHH 3HMaHoBa, nOTanoBa H T OAbI6eKOBa. CHMnaTHH r eAAHepa npH paCCMOTpeHHH .z\HCKYCCHH 04eBH.z\HbI (K COLKaAeHHIO, H3 nOAA 3peHHR r eAAHepa BbInaA eIMe O.z\HH CTOPOHHHK TOAbI6eKoBa - Ka3aXCKHH aTHOAor WaxMaToB). OH RBHO aa CTopOHe T OAbI6eKOBa, nonasurero nozt oroxe LKeCT04aHweH KpHTHKH .z\orMaTHKOB, H C04YBCTBeHHO asxaraer n03Hl!HIO nocxezurero. 04eHb BaLKHOH npe.z\CTaBAAeTCR, no MHeHHIO r exxaepa, KpHTHKa T OAbI6eKOBbIM 0q>Hl!H03HOH TeopHH xoueaoro q>eO.z\aAH3Ma. HanpoTHB, T04Ka 3peHHR nOTanoBa Hero CTOPOHHHKOB (a TaKOBbIMH OKa3aAHCb ace, KpOMe aenueynoseuryroro WaXMaTOBa), OTCTaHBaBwHX Oq>Hl!HaAbHYIO cxexry, r eAAHepy HeCHMnaTH4Ha. OH nOKa3bIBaeT aarsayrocre H nporasope- 4HBOCTb nOCTpoeHHH nOTanOBa. "Ero apryvrerrrer CTpaHHbI", - TaKOB BbIB0.z\ aHrAHHCKoro arrrponoxora (Gellner, 1988: 104).

r exxnep a6COAIOTHO T04HO YKa3bIBaeT H na cAa6bIe CTOPOHbI n03Hl!HH T oAbI6eKoBa, KOTOPbIH, C O.z\HOH CTOPOHbI, KPHTHKYe'r TeopHIO xoueaoro q>eo.z\aAH3Ma, a C .z\PyroH, OCTaeTCR B paxrKax q>eo.z\aAbHoopHeHTHpoBaHHoH (naTpHapxaAbHo-q>eo.z\aAbHoH) arrrepnperauaa HCTOPHH K04eBHHKOB-CKOTOB0.z\0B. YBbI, aTOMY HMeAHCb 06beKTHBHbIe npH4HHbI. nOcAe pasrpoxra nepsoii COBeTCKOH .z\HCKYCCHH 06 .. a3HaTCKOM cnocooe" npezicraaxeaaa 06 HCTopH4ecKoM npouecce B oTe4ecTBeHHoH HCTopH4ecKoH HaYKe MorAH pa3BHBaTbcR TOAbKO B paMKax O.z\HoAHHeHHoH q>OPMal!HOHHOH napazrarraer. MHorHe HCCAe.z\oBaTeAH, nOAY4HBwHe asrcuree ofipa-

~ 30BaHHe B COBeTCKoe BpeMR (T oAbI6eKoB, aanpaxrep, P0.z\HACR B 1907 r.), B03MOLKHO, H He n0.z\o3peBaAH 0 TOM, 4TO Moryr CYIMeCTBOBaTb MHorOMepHbIe nrrrepnpe'rauaa BceMHpHOH HCTOpHH. B pasrxax COBeTCKoro MapKCH3Ma B CTaAHHCKYIO anoxy AOKOMOTHB MHPOBOH HCTOPHH Mor .z\BHraTbCR TOAbKO no O.z\HOH AHHHH, eCAH He anepezt, TO XOT.R 6bI TaKHM 06pa30M: "O~HH war anepezi - O~HH

war aasazr" .

K04eBHHKH LKe ynopHo He BnHCbIBaAHCb B .z\HaAeKTHKY MHPOBOH HCTOpHH. Ha HX HCTopH4eCKHX pexucax HeH3MeHHO OKa3bIBaACR CBeTO-

54

H. H. Kpa,4HH. KOlJeBHHKH EBPa.3HH

rAaBa 3. 8PHCT Isssase H ,4e6aTbI ...

55

rpop C KpaCHbIM CBeTOM. YIMeHHo n03TOMY, C4HTaeT r exxaep, 4T06bI anacaru HOMa,l\OB B xozi HCTopH4eCKoro npogecca, T OAbI6eKOB 3a1!!Hl!!aA nporpeCCHBHOCTb BKAI04eHHH Ka3aXOB B COCTaB QapcKoH POCCHH (Gellner, 1988: 114). 3,l\ecb reAAHep c6AH*aeT T04KY 3peHHH TOAbI- 6eKOBa C n03HQHeH CapTpa, CMeAO BbI4epKHYBwero ace TaK nasemaeMble ,l\OHCTopH4eCKHe napoztsr H3 MHPOBOH HCTOPHH, OCTaBHB HM npaao aa HCTopH4eCKoe npouixoe TOAbKO B Ka4eCTBe 3K30TH4eCKHX co061!!ecTB B paxrxax 60Aee pa3BHTbIX ("HcTopH4ecKHx") 061!!ecTB. n03HQHH Cap'rpa 6bIAa pe3KO H cnpaae.axaao paCKpHTHKOBaHa J\eBH-CTpOCCOM, H r eAJI.Hep COAH,l\apeH C nOCAe,l\HHM. Oztaaxo B 3al!!HTY T OAbI6eKOBa CAe,l\yeT CKa3aTb, 4TO OH He OCTaACH 4HCTbIM "O,l\HOAHHeHI!!HKOM", a nbITaACH npOAO*HTb pH,l\OM C MarHCTpaAbHOH ztoporofi MHPOBOH HCTOPHH napaAAeAbHbIH pH,l\ peAbCOB. nO,l\BOA» nozt CBOIO T04KY speHHH COAH,l\Hoe nOAHT3KOHOMH4eCKoe 060CHOBaHHe, OH XOTeA zioxaaa-re, 4TO eCAH AAH ocezixsrx *HTeAeH OCHOBHbIM cpe,l\CTBOM npOH3BO,l\CTBa HBAHAaCb 3eMAH, TO AM CKOTOBO,l\OB OHa BblcTynaAa AHWb B Ka4eCTBe npe,l\MeTa rpyzra, TaK KaK HX cpe,l\CTBOM 'rpyzta HBAHeTCH CKOT. B 3TOM nxaae T OAbI6eKOBa MO*HO C4HTaTb O,l\HHM H3 Tex HCCAe,l\OBaTeAeH B CCCP, KTO CTpeMHACH B03PO,l\HTb B OTe4eCTBeHHOM MapKCH3Me MHOrOAHHeHHble HHTepnpeTaQHH HCTopH4eCKoro npouecca.

nOCAe T OAbI6eKOBa 3HaMH 60Pb6bI npOTHB "xovesoro rpeozraxasMa" n0,l\XBaTHA MapKOB. YI,l\eH 06 OC060M "K04eBHH4ecKoM cnoco- 6e nponaaoztcraa", Cq>0PMYAHpoBaHHaH HM B 1967 r. B znrccepragaa aa COHCKaHHe CTeneHH zioxropa HCTopH4eCKHX Ha)'K, HBAHAaCb BnOAHe MHorOAHHeHHOH H onaCHOH ,l\AH ,l\OrMaTH4ecKoH nHTH4AeHHOH CXeMbI. K CO*aAeHHIO, r exxaep, BH,l\HMO, He 6bIA 3HaKOM C 3TOH rHnOTe30H. OH QHTHpyeT TOAbKO ony6AHKOBaHHYIO aa OCHOBe ,l\HCCepTaQHH KHHry MapKOBa "K04eBHHKH Asaa", B KOTOPOH CMeAaH H,l\eH 0 K04eBHH4ecKOM cnocooe npOH3BO,l\CTBa yace aasreaeaa KOHQenQHeH npe,l\KAaCCOBOro COCTOHHHH HOMa,l\OB.

CYA» no BceMY, OT reAAHepa YCKOAb3HYAa H nOAeMHKa MapKOBa C 3AaTKHHbIM, J\aW)'KOM H cPe,l\OpOBbIM-.LlaBbI,l\OBbIM. n04eMY-TO 6pHTaHCKHH aarponoxor npaKTH4eCKH He acnoxssyer CTaTbH COBeTCKHX yqeHblx, ,l\a*e Te, xoropsre ny6AHKOBaAHCb B QeHTpaAbHbIX HaY4HbIX *ypHaAax.

HeCMOTpH aa :3TO, r exxaep COBepweHHO cnpaaeztxaso CBH3bIBaeT nOCAe,l\YIOI!!HH nporpecc COBeTCKoro K04eBHHKOBe,l\eHHH C pa60TaMH MapKOBa H Xa3aHOBa. OH OTMe4aeT, 4TO B OTAH4He OT pa60T T OAbI- 6eKOBa, onepaposasiuero TOAbKO MaTepHaAaMH no HCTOPHH Ka3aXOB, OHH aprysreirrapyror CBOH n03HQHH aa npe,l\CTaBHTeAbHOM cpaamrrexeHO-HCTopH4eCKOM MaTepHaAe. r eAJl.Hep pacgeaaaaer BKAa,l\ 060HX asTOPOB rAaBHbIM 06pa30M 4epe3 npassry HaH60Aee nOCAe,l\OBaTeAbHOH KpHTHKH TeopHH xo-reaoro q>eO,l\aAH3Ma; B :3TOH CBH3H OH mnuer, 4TO H MapKOB, H Xa3aHOB npauixa "K O,l\HHaKOBbIM 3aKAI04eHHHM He3aBHCHMO" (Gellner, 1988: 109-12).

Bo MHorOM C :3THMH BbIBO,l\aMH reAJI.Hepa MO*HO corAaCHTbCH.

MapKOB caM nO,l\4epKHBaA aHTHq>eO,l\aAbHYIO HanpaBAeHHOCTb CBOHX H3bICKaHHH (1976; 1998). n04TH ace rwaser KHHrH Mapxosa "Ko- 4eBHHKH Asaa" npe,l\CTaBAHIOT C060H KpHTH4ecKHH nepecsrorp yase H3BeCTHblX (H HHTepnpeTHpOBaHHbIX KaK q>eO,l\aAbHbIX) q>aKTOB noz; npHHlJHnHaAbHO HHbIM yrAoM 3peHHH. "YIMeHHo eMY npHHaMe*HT npaoparer B aprYMeHTHpOBaHHOM pa3BeH4aHHH 3TOH reopan", - noxaraer KaAHHoBcKiUI (1996). Csoe aeraraaaoe OTHoweHHe K rpeo,l\aAbHOM mrrepnperenaa K04eBbiX 06l!!ecTB, XOTH H He TaK npHMO, rtozivepxaeaer H Xa3aHOB (Khazanov, 1981: 173, note 3). MO*HO TalOKe npocxeznrru H onpeztexeaaoe CX0,l\CTBO B xapaxrepacraxe 060- HMH asropaxra :3KOHOl\4.HKH HOMa,l\H3Ma, COlJHaAbHOH CTP)'KTYPbI H noTecTapHo-noAHTH4ecKo~- opraaasagna. BepHo H TO, 4TO B KOHe4HOM C4eTe 06a aBTopa B TOM HAH HHOM CTeneHH npHX0A»T K H,l\ee YI6H XaA,l\YHa 0 lJHKAH4HOH :3BOAlOlJHH naCTOpaAbHbIX 061!!ecTB (Gellner, 1988: 111, 113). Ho B TO *e BpeMH B rAaBHOM, B BbIB0,l\ax, MapKOB H ~a3aHOB pacX0A»TcH zipyr C ,l\pyroM. ECAH AM MapKOBa K04eBHHKH He MorAH npeoztoxere 6apbepa KAaCC006pa30BaHHH (B paaaere rozn» OH Ha3bIBaA HX pa3AH4HbIMH TepMHHaMH - ,l\oq>eO,l\aAbHbIMH, npe.aKAaCCOBbIMH HAH HOMa,l\HbIM cnocooosr npOH3BO,l\CTBa, BX0A»I!!HM B nepaauxyio q>°PMalJHIO), TO ,l\AH Xa3aHOBa B xozie caMOCTOHTeAbHOH BBOAlOlJHH OHH BnOAHe Mor AH ,l\OCTHraTb ypOBHH paHHero rOCY,l\apCTBa. A :3TO, corxacnrece, npHHlJHnHaAbHiUI pa3HHQa.

3aKaH4HBaH CBOM 0630p COBeTCKoro K04eBHHKOBe,l\eHHH, reAJI.Hep 06pal!!aeTcH KO BTOPOMY TOMY "YIcToPHH nepaoosrraoro 06I!!eCTBa".

56

H. H. Kpa4HH. KOrteBHHKH EBpa3HH

rAaBa 3. 3PHCT Isssssa H ,4e6aTbl ...

57

He 6Y,l\Y4H MapKCHCTOM, TeM He MeHee OH C CHMnaTHeH yHTHpyeT BbIBO,l\bI WHHpeJl.bMaHa, 4TO K04eBoe CKOTOBO,l\CTBO XOTR H RBJl.ReTCR O,l\HOH H3 cpOpM npoaaaozcngero X03RHCTBa, TeM He MeHee "He n03BOJI.ReT 06IgeCTBy nO,l\HRTbCR asnue npe,l\KJl.aCCOBbIX HJl.H B peztxax CJl.Y4aRX paHHeKJl.aCCOBbIX OTHollIeHHH" (1986: 244) H ,l\a*e HaX0,l\HT aaaxorauasre MbICJl.H B paoorax f. YaHJI.,l\a. TOT cpaKT, 4TO 3Ta H,l\eR H3J1.0*eHa B COJl.H,l\HOM aKa,l\eMH4eCKOM TOMe, aenueznnexr B l,!eHTPaJI.bHOM HaY4HOM H3,l\aTeJl.bCTBe 60Jl.bllIHM THpa*OM, ,l\a eIge H nozi pe,l\aKYHeH aKa,l\eMHKa EpOMJI.eR, CJl.Y*HT, no MHeHHlO aHrJl.HHCKOro aarponoxora, noxasarexesr CMeHbI xypca COBeTCKoro K04eBHHKOBe,l\eHHR. "DOTOK cpeO,l\aJl.bHbIX aarepnperaropoe HCCRK", TaKOH, HeCKOJl.bKO onTHMHCTH4HbIH, BbIBO,l\ ,l\eJl.aeT feJI.JI.Hep B OTHOllIeHHH 6Y,l\YIgero COBeTCKOH aHTpOnOJl.OrHH (Gellner, 1988: 113).

YBbI, eCJI.H 6bI see 06CTORJl.0 ,l\eHCTBHTeJl.bHO TaK! feJl.Jl.Hep ynycxaer H3 BH,l\y TO, 4TO l,!HTHpOBaHHbIH HM CPYH,l\aMeHTaJl.bHbIH TPY,l\ 0 nepB06bITHbIX 06IgecTBax He RBJI.RJI.CR OTpa*eHHeM MHeHWI 60Jl.bllIHHCTBa. TOM 6bIJI. nO,l\rOTOBJI.eH B O,l\HOM H3 HaH60Jl.ee RpKHX aayxaerx KOJI.JI.eKTHBOB 1970-80-x rr. - cexrope HCTOPHH nepB06bITHOrO 06IgeCTBa (3aB. cexroposr A. 11. Flepurau) I1HcTHTYTa srnorparpaa AH CCCP. Doxaraio, 4TO eCJI.H 6bI 8. f eJI.JI.Hep n03HaKOMHJl.CR C pa60TaMH 60Jl.ee uiapoxoro xpyra K04eBHHKOBe,l\OB, TO OH He 6bIJI. 6bI CTOJl.b onTHMHCTH4eH. K CO*aJl.eHHlO, A.iI.R MHorHX HCTOPHKOB H 3THOJl.OrOB B nOCTCOBeTCKHX crpanax MapKCH3M rro-npeasaesry RBJl.ReTCR BJl.WlTeJl.bHbIM Te4eHHeM .

.llpyraR MHOr04HCJl.eHHaR rpynna HCCJl.e,l\OBaTeJl.eH npOCTO nOMeHRJl.a

" " U " E

TepMHH cpOpMaYHR aa TepMHH l,!HBHJl.H3al,!HR. CJl.H paaee OHH nsr-

TaJl.HCb 060CHOBaTb caoe npaso aa MeCTO B MHPOBOH HCTOPHH nocpeziCTBOM ,l\OKa3aTeJl.bCTBa CYIgeCTBOBaHHR Y CBOHX npeztxoa cpeO,l\aJl.H3Ma, TO Tenepb OHH ziexator 3TO, 06'bRBJl.RR ce6R OC060H YHBHJl.H3al,!HeH. DPH 3TOM MHorHe nOHHMalOT l,!HBHJl.H3aYHlO He KaK ocooyro oparaaaxeayto KyJl.bTypHylO CHCTeMY (Ll.lrrearxep HJl.H TOHH6H), a KaK cTa,l\HlO MHpOBOH HCTOPHH (Mopraa HJl.H 8HreJl.bc).

f exxnep nOJl.O*HTeJl.bHO ol,!eHHBaJI. Tex COBeTCKHX aHTpOnOJl.OrOB, xoropsre OTPHl,!aJl.H K04eBoH cpeo,l\aJl.H3M. B TO *e BpeMR oc06eHHOCTH K04eBbIX CKOTOB0,l\4eCKHX 06IgeCTB He MOryT 6bITb 06'bRCHHMbI HCXO.z\jl TOJl.bKO H3 Jl.OrHKH BHYTpeHHero pa3BHTHR HOMa,l\oB. 8TH H,l\eH BOCXO.z\jIT K 3HaMeHHToH KHHre O. AaTTHMopa "BHYTpeHHRR Asas ~ CpPOH-

THp KHTaR" (Lattimore, 1940), B KOTOPOH nOKa3aHO, 4TO cneYHcpHKa 06IgecTB HOMa,l\OB He Mo*eT 6bITb npasaxsao nOHRTa 6e3 06paIgeHHR K KYJl.bTYPHOH 3KOJl.OrHH H OTHOllIeHHRM K04eBbIX CKOTOBO,l\OB C oceziJl.0-3eMJl.e,l\eJl.b4eCKHMH cocezisnra. B 60Jl.ee noszraee BpeMR CHa4aJ1.a Xa3aHOB (Khazanov, 1984), a 3aTeM EapcpHJI.,l\ (Barfield, 1981; 1992; 2000) npHBJl.eKJl.H BHHMaHHe K 3TOH np06J1.eMe. A. M. Xa3aHOB y6e,l\HTeJl.bHO nOKa3aJ1., 4TO xpynasre 06IgeCTBa K04eBHHKOB (OH OTHOCHT HX K CTa,l\HH paaaero rocyzrapcraa] C03,l\aBaJl.HCb BCJl.e,l\CTBHe aCHMMeTpHH OTHOllIeHHH Me*,l\y HOMa,l\aMH H HX BHellIHHM (oceA.i\bIM) OKpy*eHHeM. T. EapCPHJI.,l\, oraepraa ,l\HCPCPY3HOHHCTCKHe HHTepnpeTaYHH 3aHMCTBOBaHHR HOMa,l\aMH rOCY,l\apCTBa Y 3eMJI.e,l\eJl.byeB, nOKa3aJ1., 4TO creneas l,!eHTpaJI.H3al,!HH crenaoro 06IgeCTBa 6bIJl.a npRMO CBR3aHa C ypOBHeM nOJl.HTH4eCKoH HHTerpaYHH ocezixoro 3eMJl.e,l\eJl.b4eCKOro 06- IgecTBa. BnOCJl.e,l\CTBHH H,l\eH 06 onocpe,l\oBaHHocTH crenaoro nOJl.HTOreaesa CBR3RMH C 3eMJl.e,l\eJl.b4eCKHM MHpOM 6bIJl.H pa3BHTbI aa MaTepHaxe cpezraeaexoaerx HOMa,l\oB BOcT04HoeBponeHcKHx creneii f OJl.,l\eHOM

(Golden, 1992; 2001).

.llAA MapKcHcTCKOH HaYKH noziofiaere H,l\eH 6bIJl.H HenpHeMJI.eMbI, nOCKOJl.bKY, HCXO.z\jl H3 TeopHH cpopMaYHH, rOCY,l\apCTBO MOrJl.O B03HHKHYTb TOJl.bKO BCJl.e,l\CTBHe BHYTpeHHHX npH4HH - pOCTa npOH3BO,l\HTeJl.bHbIX CHJI. H 60Pb6bI KJl.aCCOB. C 3TOH T04KH 3peHHR ,l\a*e paaaae H,l\eH Xa3aHOBa, BbICKa3aHHble B ero KHHre 06 3BOJl.lOYHH cxarpcxoro 06IgeCTBa (Xa3aHoB, 1975), BblrJI.R,l\eJl.H ,l\OCTaT04HO peBH3HOHHCTCKHMH. T pa,l\Hl,!HR BbIBO,l\HTb oc06eHHOCTH K04eBblX 06IgecTB, HCXO.z\jl TOJl.bKO (HJl.H rJl.aBHbIM 06Pa30M) H3 MexaHH3MOB BHYTpeHHero Pa3BHTHR, coXpaHReTCR B POCCHHCKOH HOMa,l\HCTHKe H B aaura ,l\HH (KaAHHOBCKaH, 1996; fulrtaHOB, 1997; MapKoB, 1998 H ,l\p.). TeM He MeHee H B pycCJ\0R3bI4HOH Jl.HTeparype ecre CTOPOHHHKH Jl.HHHH AaTTHMopa - Xa3aHOB a - EapcpHJI.,l\a (MacaHoB, 1991; Kpa,4HH, 1992; 2002; (JJYPCOB, 1995; CKPbIHHHKoBa, 1997; BaclOTHH, 1998; Kpa,4HH, EOH,4apeHKo, 2002; Kredin, Bonderenko, Barfield, 2003 H ,l\p.).

OKa3aJ1. Jl.H 8. Fexxaep KaKoe-HH6Y,l\b BJl.HRHHe aa pyccxyto HOMa,l\OJl.OrHlO? Bce MHOrOJl.HHeHHble pa60TbI BbIllIJI.H y*e nOCJI.e ny6J1.HKal,!HH "focY,l\apCTBa H 06IgeCTBa", n03TOMY npaxsoro BJl.HRHHR, KOHe4HO, He 6bIJl.0 . .H He COMHeBalOCb, 4TO BJl.HRHHe aa PYCCKHX aHTpOnOJl.OrOB MOrJl.O 6bITb 60Jl.bllIHM, eCJl.H 6bI 3Ta paoora 6bIJl.a nepesezteaa H ony6-

58

H. H. Kpa4HH. KOtfeBHHKH EBpa3HH

AHKOBaHa B POCCHH, KaK 9TO npOH30lllAO C KHHrOH "HagHH H HagHoHaAH3M". nOCAe,l\HHH TPY,l\ feAAHepa H pa60TbI rAaBHOrO KOHCTPYKTHBHCTa B POCCHH B. A. T HUJKOBa C,l\eAaAH MHOrOe ANI pa3BeH'-IaHHJI npHMOp,l\HaAHCTCKOH MapKCHCTCKOH TeOpHH 9THOCa EpoMAeJi. HeAb3J1 3a6bIBaTb, '-ITO f exxnep OKa3aA CO,l\eHCTBHe B ny6AHKagHH KHHrH A. M. Xa3aHOBa "KO'-leBHHKH H BHeUJHHH MHP" B BeAHK06pHTaHHH. I1MJI Xa3aHOBa acerzra 6bIAO O'-leHb BAHJlTeAbHbIM aa 3ana,l\e H B CCCP, aero H,l\eH 6bIAH BOCTpe6oBaHHbIMH HOMa,l\OAoraMH Moero nOKOAeHHJI. C 9TOH TO'-lKH 3peHHJI POAb 3. feAAHepa BeCbMa 3Ha'-lHMa He TOAbKO ANI MHPOBOH HOMa,l\OAorHH, HO H B npoacxoaszieaaa MHoroAHHeHHOH Tpa,l\HgHH B POCCHHCKOH aarponoxoraa KO'-leBbIX 06IgeCTB.

lJacTb II

TEOPHH K04EBOrO MHPA

rAABA 4

KOMnAEKCHbIE 06I.UECTBA HOMMOB B KPOCC-KYAbTYPHOH nEPCnEKTI1BE*

HeCMOTpR aa o6HAHe 06l!!eTeOpeTH4ecKHx pa60T B o6AaCTH K04eBHHKOBeAeHHR, HeAb3R CKa3aTb, 4TO npo6AeMa HHTepnpeTa~HH HOMaAH3Ma B KOHTeKCTe BceMHpHoH HCTOPHH 06CTORTeAbHO paspanoraua. I1MeeTcR HeCKOAbKO HaH60Aee BAHRTeAbHblX napanarxr HCTopH4eCKOfO npouecca, B 4HCAO KOTOPblX BXOART CTaAHaAbHble OAHoAHHeHHble H MHOfOAHHeHHble reopmr (reopaa MOAepHH3a~HH, He03BOAIO~HOHH3M, MapKCH3M, MYAbTH3BOAIO~HOHH3M), ~HBHAH3a~HoHHbIH H MHp-CHCTeMHblH nozixo.aer (Chase-Dunn, Hall, 1997; naBAeHKo, 1997; 2002; 5eHTAH, 1998; BaAAepcTaHH, 1998; CaH,4epcoH, 1998; KOAAHH3, 1998; Sanderson, 1999; CIa essen, 2000; TPHH, 2001; HOHOB, 2002; HOHOB, XalJaTYPJlH, 2002; P030B, 2001; 2002; KopoTaeB, 2003; Kpa,4HH, 2003 HAP')'

B paxncax TeopHH MOAepHH3a~HH, OAHOfO H3 HaH60Aee BAHRTeAbHblX TeopeTH4ecKHX HanpaBAeHHH na 3anaAe, nOrKaAYH, TOAbKO r. AeHCKH BKAI04HA xo-reaere 06l!!eCTBa B CBOIO THnOAofH4ecKYIO cxeMy B Ka4eCTBe 60KOBOfO, no CYTH, "rynaxosoro", sapaaara o6l!!eCT~HHOfO pa3BHTHR (Lenski, 1973: 132).

Heo3BoAIO~HOHHcTcKHe aHTponOAOfH, 3aHHMaBllmeCR THnOAOfHeH nOAHTH4eCKHX CHCTeM, TaKrKe cpaKTH4eCKH ynYCTHAH K04eBHHKOB H3 CBOHX nocrpoeaail. ECAH oriparrrreca K HaH60Aee aBTopHTeTHblM pafioTaM 3TOfO MeTOAoAOfH4eCKOfO HanpaBAeHHR, TO Mbl He HaHAeM B HHX

• KOMflAeKCHble 06'!leCTBa HOMaAoB B KPOCC-KYAbryPHOH uepcnexraae / / MOHrOAbCKall IfMfleplfll If KOlleBOH Mlfp. Bbm. 1. YAaH-Y A3: y!3A-BO 6HU CO PAH, 2004. C. 20-49.

62

H. H. Kpa,aHH. KOlfeBHHKH EBpa3HH

rAaBa 4. KOMilAeKcHble 06meCTBa HOMa,aOB ...

63

HH pa3AeAOB, 06cYLKAalOI!!HX MeCTO HOMaAH3Ma B pasncax HX nOCTpoeHHH, HH TeM 60Aee cnelJHaAbHbIX THnOAorHH c06CTBeHHO K04eBblX CKOTOBOA4eCKHX 061!!ecTB. KOHlJenlJHH M. cPpHAa BKAI04aeT 4eTblpe ypOBHH: 3raAHTapHOe, paHLKHpOBaHHoe, CTpaTHcfJHIJHpOBaHHoe 061!!eCTBa, rOCYAapCTBO (Fried, 1967). Corxacao 3. Cepsacy, TaKHX ypOBHeH 60AbIlle: AOKaAbHaH rpynna, 061!!HHa, BOLKAeCTBO, apxaavrecxoe rOCYAapCTBO H rOCYAapCTBO-HaIJHH (SeIVice, 1971; 1975). nocAeAHHH cxexsa BnOCAeAcTBHH HeoAHOKpaTHO YT04HHAaCb H AonOAHHAaCb (CM., Hanp.: Johnson, Earle, 2000), OAHaKO, KaK npaBHAO, Bonpoc 0 cneuacfJHKe COIJHaAbHOH 3BOAIOIJHH 061!!ecTB K04eBHHKOB-CKOTOBOAOB oc060 He paCCMaTpHBaACH. B AY4IlleM CAY4ae HOMaAbI HcnOAb3YIOTCH KaK npHMep "eropauaoro" nAeMeHH HAH BOLKAeCTBa, OTMe4aeTCH BoeHH- 3HpOBaHHOCTb HX 061!!eCTBa H c03AaHHe naCTopaAbHOH rOCYAapCTBeHHOCTH na OCHOBe 3aBoeBaHHH arpapHbIX IJHBHAH3aIJHH (TaM LKe, 139,

263-264, 294-301).

HecKoAbKO 60Aee nonYAHpHa 'revra K04eBHHKOB B 'rpyztax CTOPOHHHKOB MHp-CHCTeMHoro noztxozia (Chaze-Dunn, 1988; Abu-Lughod, 1989; Hal, 1991; Chase-Dunn and Hall, 1997 etc.), OAHaKO yrox 3peHHH, nOA KOTOPbIM paCCMaTpHBalOTCH B 3THX pafiorax K04eBHHKH, BblXOAHT aa paMKH HaCTOHl!!eH rwansr. B HCCAeAoBaHHHX LKe aanaziHbIX aBTopOB, cnelJHaAbHO 3aHHMaBIllHXCH np06AeMaMH COIJHOKYAbTYPHOH 3BOAIOIJHH HOMaAoB, nOA4epKHBaeTCH, KaK npaBHAO, OTCYTCTBHe Y K04eBHHKOB BHYTpeHHHX norpeoaocreii K c03AaHHIO np04HbIX cfJOpM rOCYAapCTBeHHOCTH, IJHKAH4ecKHH xapaKTep nOAHTH4eCKHX npOlJeCCOB, nOHBAeHHe nepcnexraa K YCTOH4HBOMY pa3BHTHIO TOAbKO B CAY4ae CHM- 6H03a C 3eMAeAeAbIJaMH (Lattimor, 1940; Khazanov, 1984; Fletcher, 1986; Barfield, 1989; Golden, 1992; 2001 etc.).

r OPa3AO 60Abille BHHMaHHe npofixewre nepHoAH3aIJHH HOMaAH3Ma B paMKax MHPOBOH HCTOPHH YAeAHAOCb B MapKcHcTCKOH H oc06eHHO COBeTCKOH AHTeparype. OAHaKo npa MapKCHCTCKOM noztxozte HCCAeAOBaTeAH AH60 KAaCCHcfJHIJHpOBaAH K04eBHHKOB no COOTBeTCTBYlOl!!HM cfJopMalJHHM (orcrozta nOAY4aAOCb, 4TO THnOAorH4eCKH conocraaaxnsre crennere HMnepHH XYHHY, TIOPOK H MOHrOAOB HBAHAHCb COOTBeTCTBeHHO pa60BAaAeAb4ecKHMH, paHHecfJeOAaAbHbIMH H CAOLKHBIllHMHCH rpeOAaAbHbIMH rOCYAapCTBaMH, AH60, cocpeAOT04HBIllHCb na KpHTHKe cfJopMalJHOHHoH cxesrer, cnOTbIKaAHCb na Be4HOM sonpoce: MorAH AH HOMaAbI caMOCTOHTeAbHO npeOAOAeBaTb 6apbep rOCYAapCTBeHHOCTH

(noapooaee CM.: (/Je,aopoB-llaBbI,aoB, 1973; Xa3aHoB, 1975; MapKoB, 1976; 1989; 1998; nepllIHlJ, 1976; 1994; Koret«, 1981; XaAHAb HcMaHA, 1983; Khazanov, 1984; nOIlOB, 1986; Gellner, 1988; Kpa,aHH, 1992; 2001; BacIOTHH, 1998 HAP')?

T eM He MeHee B paxncax MapKCHCTCKoro H HeOMapKCHCTCKoro nozixozroa 6blAa BbIABHHYTa BaLKHaH KOHlJenlJHH HOMa,aHoro cnoco- 6a npoasaozicraa, KOTOPaH nOCTaBHAa nOA COMHeHHe xoppexmocre YHHBepCaAHCTCKHX nOCTpoeHHH, OCHOBaHHbIX aa HHTepnpeTalJHH TOAb- 1<0 oceAAo-3eMAeAeAb4ecKHx 061!!ecTB (MapKoB, 1967; Bonte, 1981; 1990; Meceuos, 1991; KaAHHoBcKaJI, 1996 HAP')' BnOCAeACTBHH nOHBHAHCb zipyrae nocrpoeaas, aKlJeHTHpYlOl!!He BHHMaHHe na saaoeBaTeAbHOM (3K30IlOAHTapHOM, KceHOKpaTHlfeCKOM) xapaxrepe K04eBbIX HMnepHH (Kpa,aHH, 1990; 1992; 2002 HAP')' npeTeH3HH aa yaasepCaAH3M CTOPOHHHKOB HAeH HOMaAHoro cnocooa nponaaoztcrsa 6bIAH OTBeprHYTbI (KaAHHOBCKaJI, 1994; Kpa,aHH, 1996), XOTH HeAb3H He OTMeTHTb 3BpHCTH4eCKYIO orpaHH4eHHOCTb scex OCHOBHbIX MOAeAeH, cq>OPMYAHpOBaHHbIX COBeTCKHMH/ POCCHHCKHMH Y4eHbIMH B ABa nocAeAHHe AecHTHAeTHH npouixoro aexa. OAHH asropsr HeAoolJeHHBaAH MHAHTapH3HpoBaHHocTb HOMaAoB H CTPOHAH CBOH cxexna B OCHOBHOM aa MaTepHaAaX nosoro BpeMeHH (MapKoB, 1989; 1998; KaAHHOBCKaJI, 1996), ztpyrae HcnOAb30BaAH B CBOHX KOHlJenlJHHX rAaBHbIM 06pa30M AaHHble no 3anaAHoH EBpa3HH (nAeTHeBa, 1982), TpeTbH KOHCTPYHpOBaAH CBOH nOCTpoeHHH aa npaxrepax H3 BOCT04HOH EBpa3HH (Kpa,aHH, 1992).

He06xoAHMO HMeTb B BHAY, 4TO B pa3HbIX 3KOAOrH4eCKHX YCAOBHHX c03AaBaAHCb pasasre MOAeAH aAanTalJHH K04eBHHKOB (Khazanov, 1984) K BHeIllHHM 3eMAeAeAb4eCKHM KYAbTypaM H IJHBHAH3aIJHHM, H, CAeAoBaTeAbHO, MorAH B03HHKaTb paaasre THnbI nOAHTH4eCKHX CHCTeM1HOMa,l\OB (Retcher, 1986; Barfield, 1989; 1993; Golden, 2001). no 3TOH npH4HHe, B03Bpal!!aHCb K npotixesre COOTHOIlleHHH MOAeAeH HOMa,aHoro cnocofia npOH3BOAcTBa H KceHOKpaTHlfeCKOH K04eBOH HMnepaa, npasaxsaee 6bIAO 6bI aarepnpernpoaare HX, C OAHOH CTOPOHbI, 1<a1< ABe pasnste cTaAHH pa3BHTHH K04eBbIX: 061!!eCTB (BacIOTHH, 2002) H C APyroH - 1<aK ABa pa3HbIX pesyxerara KYAbTYPHOH aztarrrauaa HOMaAoB K reonOAHTH4eCKHM YCAOBHHM.

4aHHoe 06cToHTeAbcTBo Y4HTbIBaAocb B THnOAorHHX 061!!ecTB KO- 4eBHHKoB-CKOTOBOAoB (pe4b HAeT HMeHHO 0 THnOAOrHHX c06cTBeH-

64

H. H. Kpa/IHH. KOlfeBHHKH EBPa3HH

rAaBa 4. KOMflAeKcHble 06meCTBa HOMa,40B ...

65

HO K04eBbIX o6IgecTB, a He YHHBepCaAbHbIX cxexrax, B KOTOpbIX 6bI K04eBHHKaM OTBOAHAHCb onpeztexeaasre n03Hj.!HH). T ax HAH HHa4e, 60AbllIHHCTBO cxevr OCHOBaHbI aa CTeneHH BOBAe4eHHOCTH HOMaAHOro 06IgeCTBa B ceAeHTepH3aj.!HOHHbIe H aKKYAbTypaj.!HOHHbIe npogecCbI oce.l\AO-3eMAeAeAb4eCKHX j.!HBHAH3aj.!HH H 3aTparHBaIOT B OCHOBHOM crenasre HMnepHH (Wittfogel, Feng, 1949; Tamura, 1974; Xa3aHOB, 1975; nAeTHeBa, 1982; Khazanov, 1984; Kpa,4HH, 1992; Barfield, 2000 HAP·)· KacaTeAbHo CTeneHH CAO*HOCTH K04eBHHKoBeAbI B AY4- llIeM cxyuae MorAH OTMe4aTb Aej.!eHTpaAH30BaHHoe H yeHTpaAH30BaHHoe COCTORHHe K04eBbIX o6IgecTB (KaK B AeAeHHH r. E. MapKoBbIM (1976) na "06IgHHHo-Ko4eBoe" H "soeaao-xovesoe" COCTORHHR), HO He 60Aee. B ,nOH CBJl3H TPYAHO He corAaCHTbCR C MHeHHeM C. A. BaCIOTHHa, 4TO npo6AeMa THnOAorHH 06IgeCTB HOMaAoB RBAReTCR OAHOH H3 HaH60Aee aKTYaAbHbIX npo6AeM K04eBHHKOBeAeHHR (1998: 19-20, 22).

Oco3HaBM Ba*HOCTb He TOAbKO paCCMOTpeHHR HOMaAH3Ma B paxrxax 06IgeHCTopH4eCKHX cxexr (KPa,4HH, 1992), HO H Heo6xoAHMOCTb c03AaHHR THnOAorHH co6CTBeHHO K04eBbIX o6IgecTB, aBTOp 3TOH pafioTbI npeAAO*HA pa3AeARTb HX no CTeneHH CAO*HOCTH aa TpH rpynmsr:

1) axeqiaxsasre, cerwrearapxsre, KAaHOBbIe H nAeMeHHbIe ofipasoBaHHR;

2) "BTOpH4HbIe" nxexrena H BO*AeCTBa;

3) K04eBbIe HMnepHH H "KBa3HHMnepcKHe" nOAHTHH MeHbllIHX pasxrepoa (Kradin, 1996; Kpa,4HH, 2001).

nepexoA OT oztaoro ypOBHR K APyrOMY Mor COBepllIaTbCR KaK B 0AHY, TaK H B ztpyryio CTOpOHy. npeAeAoM yseAH4eHHR 3BOAIOj.!HOHHOH CAomHOCTH RBARIOTCR K04eBbIe HMnepHH. 3TO 6bIA HenpeoAoAHMbIH 6apbep, AeTepMHHHpoBaHHbIH 3KOAorH4eCKHMH YCAOBHRMH apHAHbIX 30H Craporo CBeTa. npH4eM BamHOH oco6eHHOCTblO 3BOAIOj.!HH HOMaAH3Ma RBARAOCb HeCOOTBeTCTBHe rpaacqiopxrauax nOAHTH4eCKOH CHCTeMbI HHbIM KpHTepHRM pOCTa CAO*HOCTH. nOAHTH4eCKaR CHCTeMa HOMaAoB AerKO MorAa 3BOAIOj.!HOHHpOBaTb OT axerpax naor-o ypOBHR K 60Aee CAO*HbIM cpopMaM opranasauaa BAaCTH, H 06paTHO, HO raKHe cpOpMaAbHbIe nOKa3aTeAH, KaK BeAH4HHa nAOTHOCTH HaceAeHHR, CAomHOCTb TeXHOAOrHH, B03paCTaHHe CTPYKTYPHOH AHcpcpepeHj.!Haj.!HH H CPYHKj.!HOHaAbHoH cnej.!HaAH3aj.!HH, OCTaBaAHCb npaKTH4eCKH HeH3MeHHbIMH. npH TpaHccpopMaj.!HH OT nAeMeHHbIX nacropaxeasrx CHCTeM K HOMaAHbIM KceHOKpaTH4eCKHM HMnepHRM npoacxoznrxo TOAbKO YBeAH-

4eHHe 06IgeH 4HCAeHHOCTH HaceAeHHR (3a C4eT BKAI04eHHR 3aBoeBaHaoro HaceAeHHR), YCAO*HRAaCb nOAHTH4eCKM CHCTeMa H YBeAH4HBaAOCb o6Igee KOAH4eCTBO YPOBHeH ee HepapXHH.

BCRKM nOCAeAYIOIgM 3BOAIOj.!HR no AHHHH YCAomHeHHR MorAa 6bITb CBR3aHa AH60 C 3aBoeBaHHeM HOMaAaMH 3eMAeAeAbj.!eB H nepecexenaesr aa HX TeppHTopHIO, AH60 C pa3BHTHeM cpeAH CKOTOBOAOB ceziearepa- 3aj.!HOHHbIX npOj.!eCCOB B MaprHHaAbHbIX npapoziaerx YCAOBHRX, AH60 C MOAepHH3aj.!HOHHbIMH npoueccaxra B HOBoe H aoseiiuiee BpeMR.

He TaK AaBHO C. A. BacIOTHHbIM 6bIAa npeztxoasena 60Aee APo6- HM THnOAorHR, KOTopaR BKAI04aeT urecre THnOB o6IgecTB (B nopazixe YCAo*HeHHR): 1) Aej.!eHTpaAH30BaHHbIe poztonxexreanere o6IgecTBa; 2) Aej.!eHTpaAH30BaHHbIe KpynHbIe poztonxeraenasre COI03bI; 3) BO*AecTBa; 4) K04eBbIe KceHOKpaTH4eCKHe HMnepHH; 5) K04eBbIe cynepaxmepHH; 6) nOAHTHH C BbICOKOH AOAeH nOA4HHeHHoro 3eMAeAeAb4eCKoro HaceAeHHR; 7) rOCYAapCTBa, c03AaHHbIe K04eBHHKaMH aa 'repprrropan 3eMAeAeAb4eCKHX j.!HBHAH3aj.!HH (2002). MHe nOKa3aAOCb, 4TO B 3TOH cxesre ecre nexoropsre AorH4eCKHe HapYllIeHHR (EOH,4apeHKO HAp., 2002: 27), HO, He3aBHCHMO OT Toro, KTO 60Aee 6AH30K K HCTHHe, BacIOTHH HAH R, nORBAeHHe HOBbIX THnOAorH4eCKHX nocrpoeaaii CTOHT TOAbKO npHBeTCTBOBaTb. YeM 60AbllIe pafxrr, TeM 60AbllIe llIaHCOB, 4TO MbI CMo*eM c03AaTb 0AHy HAH, cxopee, HeCKOAbKO paoorocnocooaerx THnOAorHH.

~eTO~OAorHH HCCAe~OBaHHH

KpHTepHeB THnOAOrHH Mo*eT 6bITb CKOAbKO yr-ozuro. HOMaAoB MO*HO THnOAorH3HpOBaTb, aanpasrep, no X03RHcTBeHHo-KYAbTYPHOMY rnny, nOApa3AeAAA aa eBpa3HHcKHX KOHeBOAoB, arppo-asaiicxax sepfi-

•

AIOAOBOAOB, BOCT04HoacppHKaHCKHX KopOBonaCOB, cesepmsrx OAeHeBO-

AOB H ropasrx RKO- HAH AaMOBOAOB (Xa3aHOB, 1975; Khazanov, 1984; Barfield, 1993). MO*HO KAaCCHcpHj.!HpOBaTb K04eBHHKOB no CTeneHH Mo6HAbHOCTH, H aa OCHOBaHHH 3TOro KpHTepHR yxce c03AaHO 60AbllIoe KOAH4eCTBO casrerx pasaooopasnsrx cxexr (AH,4pHaHOB, 1980; KaAHHOBCKaJI, MapKoB, 1985; MacaHoB, 1995 HAP.).

B TO *e BpeMR MbI MomeM paCCMaTpHBaTb K04eBHHKOB no creneHH CAomHOCTH HX 06IgeCTBa H COj.!HaAbHO-nOAHTH4eCKoH opraaasauaa. OAHaKO KaK onpeziexare, 4TO B3RToe HaMH 06IgeCTBO RBAReTCR 60Aee

66

H. H. Kpa,4HH. KOlJeBHHKH EBpa3HH

TAaBa 4. KOMllAeKcHble 06meCTBa HOMa,4OB ...

67

CJ\omHbIM, lIeM ztpyroe, H KaKHe KpHTepHH AOJ\mHbI 6bITb ncxoaceasr B OCHOBY nOAo6HoH KJ\aCCH(pHKa~HH, TeM 6oJ\ee liTO OAHH H Te me nOJ\H~ THH (HanpHMep, XYHHCKafl ziepacaaa HJ\H HMnepmI L{HHrH3~XaHa) AMI °AHHX HccJ\eAoBaTeJ\eH npeACTaBNlJ\H yzce cJ\omHBillHecR rOCYAapCTBa, ror.aa KaK ANI ztpyrax OHH RBNlJ\HCb TOJ\bKO npeArocYAapcTBeHHbIMH o6pa30BaHHRMH. B03MomHo, HeCKOJ\bKO MeHee cy6'beKTHBHa MeToAo~ J\orHR XOJ\OKYJ\bTypaAH3Ma. I1MeHHo CTOpoHHHKaM sroii MeToAoJ\orHH lIaIge acero npHxoAHJ\OCb cpaaaaaarr, caMble pasasre KyJ\bTYPbI aaureii nxaaerer H onpeztexare KpHTepHH nOAo6HbIX conocraaxemni. 3TH HC~ cJ\eAoBaHHR CTaJ\H OCHOBOH pRAa H3BeCTHbIX ny6J\HKa~HH na AaHHYIO TeMY (Carneiro, 1973a; Murdock, Provost, 1973 etc.) H npeACTaBJ\eHbI B 3HaMeHHTOM arxace 4m. MepAoKa (Murdock, 1967).

MeToAoJ\orHR aBTopOB BbIIlleynoMRHYTbIX pa60T OCHOBaHa

HHH C APYrHMH 06IgeCTBaMH, HaM npeACTaBNleTCR ~eJ\eC006pa3HbIM HcnOJ\b30BaTb TaKYIO MeTOAoJ\orHIO, KOTOPaR 6bI n03BOJ\HJ\a cpasaaBaTb no OAHHM H TeM me KpHTepHRM 06IgeCTBa Pa3J\HlIHbIX XpOHOJ\O~ rHlIeCKHX nepHOAOB, X03RHCTBeHHo~KyJ\bTyPHbIX THnOB H perHOHOB .

.lI,MI peaAH3al.!HH nOCTaBJ\eHHOH ~eJ\H aocnoxuayeracs OAHOH H3 BbIIlleynoMRHYTbIX pa60T, HanHcaHHOH B coasropcrse 4m. MepAOKOM H K. npOBOCT (Murdock, Provost, 1973). B AaHHoH crar ee aBTO~ pbI 3aAalOTCR l.!eJ\blO, vrro RBNleTCR KpHTepHeM CJ\omHOCTH 06IgeCTBa. OHH B3RJ\H AeCRTb, C HX TOllKH 3peHHR, HaH6oJ\ee BamHbIX KpHTepHeB KyJ\bTYPHOH CJ\omHOCTH - nHCbMeHHOCTb, oceAAOCTb, 3eMJ\eAeJ\He, yp6aHH3a~HIO, TeXHOJ\OrHlO, 'rpaacnopr. AeHbrH, nJ\OTHOCTb HaceJ\eHHR, nOJ\HTHlIeCKYIO HepapXHIO H C0l.!HaJ\bHYIO CTpaTH<pHKa~HIO. KamAaR H3 nepesreaaerx o~eHeHa no nRTH6aAJ\bHOH uncaxe OT HONI AO uererpex.

06IgHH cnHCOK npH3HaKOB BblrNlAHT cJ\eAYIOIgHM 06pa30M:

1. nHCbMeHHOCTb H 3anHCH

4 - HMeeTCR nHCbMeHHOCTb H XOTR 6bI "CKpOMHble" 3anHCH;

3 - HMeeTCR nHCbMeHHOCTb, HO 6e3 aKKyMyNl~HH sanacea HJ\H HcnOJ\b30BaHa nHCbMeHHOCTb lIymoro napozta;

2 - HcnOJ\b3YIOTCR HenHCbMeHHble 3anHCH B <popMe mnerorpaxna, xnrty, PHCYHKOB HAp.;

1 - HcnOJ\b3YIOTCR MHeMOHHlIeCKHe cpezicrsa, aanpmrep, <pHIllKH; o - nHcbMeHHoCTb, 3anHCH, MHeMOHHlIeCKHe cpeztcrsa OTCYTCTBYIOT.

2. CTeneHb oce..g,J\OCTH

4 rtocexeaas oceAAbI H nOCTORHHbI;

3 nocexeaas oceztxsr, HO HenOCTORHHbI;

',2 noxyocezixas CHCTeMa nocexeanii:

1 - nOJ\YKOlleBaR CHCTeMa nocexeanii: o - xoueaaa CHCTeMa nocexeaaii.

3. 3eMJ\e..g,eJ\He

4 - HHTeHCHBHoe 3eMJ\eAeJ\He (HppHra~HoHHoe, nauieaaoe) - OC~ HOBa ceJ\bCKoro X03RHcTBa;

3 - 3KCTeHCHBHoe 3eMJ\eAeJ\He, 6oJ\ee 3HallHMoe, lIeM ztpyras qiopMa cexscxoro X03RHCTBa;

68

H. H. Kpa,aHH. KOl.feBHHKH EBPCL3HH

2 - 3eMAeAeAI1e 60Aee 10%, HO ycrynaer APyrI1M ctJopMaM cexscxoro X03RHcTBa;

1 - 3eMAeAeAI1e MeHee 10%;

o - co6CTBeHHoe 3eMAeAeAI1e He npaKTI1KyeTCR.

4. Y p6aHI13aUI1R

4 - HaCeAeHI1e MeCTHblX 06IgI1H B cpeAHeM 60Aee 1000 lIeAOBeK; 3 - HaCeAeHI1e MeCTHblX 06IgI1H B cpeAHeM MemAY 400 11 999

lIeAOBeK;

2 - HaCeAeHI1e MeCTHblX 06IgI1H B cpeAHeM MemAY 200 11 399

lIeAOBeK;

1 - HaCeAeHI1e MeCTHblX 06IgI1H B cpeAHeM MemAY 100 11 199

lIeAOBeK;

o - HaCeAeHI1e MeCTHblX 06IgI1H B cpeAHeM MeHee 100 lIeAOBeK.

5. T eXHOAOrI1lIeCKaR CneUI1aAI13a!..l,I1R

4 - o6IgecTBo I1MeeT pasaooopasaerx cnegI1aAI1CTOB pexrecxa, BKAlOlIaR KY3HegoB, TKalIeH 11 rOHlIapOB;

3 - o6IgecTBo I1MeeT MeTaAAyproB I1AI1 KY3HegoB, HO I1CnbITbIBaeT HeAoCTaTOK TKalIeH I1/I1AI1 rOHlIapOB;

2 - TKalIeCTBO I1MeeTCR, HO MeTaAAyprI1R OTCYTCTByeT I1AI1 HeI13- BeCTHa;

1 - rOHlIapCTBO I13BeCTHO, HO MeTaAAyprI1R 11 TKalIeCTBO OTCYTCTBYlOT I1AI1 HeI13BeCTHbI;

o - rOHlIapCTBO, TKalIeCTBO 11 MeTaAAyprI1R OTCYTCTBYIOT I1AI1 HeI13BeCTHbI.

6. Ha3eMHbIH TpaHcnopT

4 nepeaosxa rpY30B aa casroxo.aasrx KOAeCHblX cpezicraax:

3 nepeaosxa rpY30B mI1BOTHbIMI1 aa KOAeCHblX cpezicraax:

2 nepeaosxa rpY30B mI1BOTHbIMI1 aa 6eCKOAeCHbIX cpeztcrsax:

1 - nepeaosxa rpY30B BblOlIHbIMI1 mI1BOTHbIMI1;

o - nepeaocxa rpY30B AIOAbMI1.

7. lleHbrI1

4 - BaAlOTa B BI1Ae CTaHAapTHbIX MeTaAAI1lIeCKI1X I1AI1 6YMamHblx AeHer;

rAaBa 4. KOMilAeKcHble 06meCTBa HOMa,aOB ••.

69

3 - CI1MBOAI1lIeCKI1e cpezicraa (KaYPI1, oasepexsa, CAI1TKI1);

2 - AeHbrH I1HOCTpaHHbIX rOCYAapCTB, B TOM lII1Ue KOAOHI13aTOpOB; 1 - zieaer HeT, HO B KalIeCTBe cpeACTB 06MeHa I1CnOAb3YIOTCR geH-

Hble npeAMeTbI I1AI1 npOAYKTbI (COAb, 3epHO, CKOT, YKparneHI1R); o - npRMoH I1AI1 KOCBeHHbIH 06MeH TOBapaMI1.

8. nAOTHOCTb HaCeAeHI1R

4 - 60Aee 100 lIeAOBeK aa 1 KB. MI1AIO;

3 - OT 26 AO 100 lIeAOBeK aa 1 KB. MI1AIO; 2 - OT 5,1 AO 25 lIeAOBeK na 1 KB. MI1AIO; 1 - OT 1 AO 5 lIeAOBeK na 1 KB. MI1AIO;

o - MeHee 1 lIeAOBeKa aa 1 KB. MI1AIO.

9. Y pOBeHb nOAI1TI1lIeCKOH I1HTerpa!..l,I1I1

4 - TpI1 11 60Aee ypOBHR I1epapXI1I1, aanpieaep, rOCYAapCTBO, pasztexeaaoe aa 06AaCTI1 11 paHoHbI;

3 - ABa ypOBHR I1epapXI1I1, aanpasrep, nOAI1TI1R, pa3AeAeHHaR aa paHoHbI;

2 - OAI1H yposeae I1epapXI1I1, KaK-TO: nOAI1TI1R, 06beAI1HRIOIgaR AOKaAbHble 06IgI1HbI;

1 - 6e3rocYAapcTBeHHoe o6IgecTBO, COCTORIgee 113 aBTOHOMHbIX 06IgI1H;

o - 6e3rOCYAapCTBeHHoe AegeHTpaAI130BaHHoe 06IgeCTBO.

10. COUI1aAbHaR CTpaTI1<t>I1KaUI1R

4 TpI1 11 60Aee OTAI1lIHbIX zipyr OT APyra CTpaTbI (KAacca 11

AP'); )

,,3 - ABe CTpaTbI (nanpaxrep, 3HaTb 11 npOCTOAIOAI1HbI , HaAI1lII1e

HaCAeAcTBeHHoro pa6CTBa 11 / I1AI1 KaCT;

2 - ABe CTpaTbI, HO pa6CTBO 11 KaCTbI Hepa3BI1TbI;

1 - ctJopMaAbHble CTpaTbI OTCYTCTBYIOT, HO I1MeeTCR paocrao I1/I1AI1 crarycasre Pa3AI1lII1R, ooycxoaxexasre BAaAeHI1eM I1AI1 nepepacnpeAeAeHI1eM 60raTCTBa;

o - SraAI1TapHOe 06IgecTBO 6e3 CTpaTI1ctJI1KagI1I1, KaCT 11 paocrsa.

ABTOPbI 3aKOAI1pOBaAI1 I1HctJopMagI11O no 186 06IgeCTBaM 113 acex pemOHOB MI1pa. no I1X 3aMbICAY 06IgaR cyMMa 6aAAOB AOAmHa CBI1-

70

H. H. Kpa,aHH. KOlfeBHHKH EBpa3HH

rAaBa 4. KOMIlAeKcHble 06meCTBa HOMa,aOB ...

71

p,eTeAbCTBOBaTb 0 CTeneHH CAomHOCTH 06I,gecTBa. DOHRTHO, 4TO noAY4eHHble QWPPbI YCAOBHbI. HeAb3R OQeHHBaTb CAomHOCTb 06I,geCTBa TOAbKO aa OCHOBe npocroro apwpMeTH4eCKoro CYMMHpOBaHHR. CaMH aBTopbI npH3HalOT 3TO, OTMe4M AOCTaT04HO KYPbe3HbIH rpaxr, xorzia PYCCKM KYAbTypa OQeHeHa HMH B 38 H3 40 MaKCHMaAbHbIX 6aAAOB, Tor Aa KaK ApeBHHH BaBHAOH H PHM - COOTBeTCTBeHHO B 39 6aAAOB. Op,HH 6aAA Y BaBHAOHRH H pHMARH OTCYTCTByeT no npH4HHe roro, 4TO OHH He HcnOAb30BaAH MexaHH4eCKHe 'rpaacnoprasre cpezicrsa, a PYCCKHe He,ll,OC4HTaAHCb QeAblx ABa 6aAAa BCAeAcTBHe HH3KOH nAOTHOCTH HaceAeHHR (TaM me, 388).

Ho MepAoK H DPOBOCT H He 3aAaBaAHCb QeAbIO c03AaTb peHTHHr 4eAOBe4eCKHX KYAbTYP H QHBHAH3aQHH. OHH nOnbITaAHCb rtoxasare TOAbKO 06IgHe TeHAeHQHH B COQHaAbHOH 3BOAIOQHH. YI B 3TOM yveasre p,OCTHrAH noxoasarexenoro peayxsrara. 06I,geCTBa OXOTHHKOB C06HpaTeAeH pacnoxaraiorca B caMOM HH3Y Ta6A. 3 "BbI60pKa 06IgeCTB B nopaztxe paHmHpOBaHHR 06I,geH KYAbTYPHOH cxoaorocra" (HanpHMep, THBH - 2, 6yrnMeHbI KYHr - 2, xazisa - 0). Cer-aearapasre 06I,geCTBa HMelOT HeCKOAbKO 60Abwee KOAH4eCTBO 04KOB (MacaH, rHARKH - 9, RHOMaMO - 8). Y BOLK,l!,eCTB CYMMa 6aAAOB eIge 60Abwe (ToHra - 20, Tp06pHaHQbI - 16). CaMbIH Bepx crntcxa 3aHHMalOT rOCYAapCTBa H HMnepHH (KHTaH, .HnoHHR - no 40, BaBHAoH, PHM - no 39, KopeR, POCCHR, TYPQHR - no 38 HAP,),

Bce, B 06IgeM-TO, BnOAHe AOrH4HO. cPaKTH4eCKH see TeXHOAOrH4eCKH H KYAbTYPHO casrsre CAomHble 06I,geCTBa naxoznrrca BBepxy "cnacxa" MepAOKa H DpOBOCT. BamHO He KOHKpeTHOe MeCTO K~oro H3 06I,geCTB, a THnOAOrH4eCKHH PRA, B KOTOPOM OHH HaX0,ll,RTCR. YICXO,ll,R H3 sroro npHH~Hna, .llm. Mepao« H K. DPOBOCT YCAOBHO pa3AeAHAH see 06I,geCTBa aa 4eTblpe rpyrmsr CAOmHOCTH (Murdock, Provost, 1973: 391):

1) HH3WM CAomHOCTb - 0-9 6aAAOB;

2) HH3WM cpeAHAA CAomHOCTb - 10-19 6aAAOB;

3) BepXHRR cpeAHAA CAomHOCTb - 20-29 6aAAOB;

4) BbICWM CAomHOCTb - 30-40 6aAAOB.

YIHTepecHo, 4TO HeCKOAbKO panee, nOAb3YRCb HHOH MeToAHKoH nOAC4eTa, aHaAOm4HOe HCCAeAoBaHHe nposex P. Kapaeiipo (Carneiro, 1973a: 846, 853). DpocMaTpHBM 06a cnacxa, MomHO y6eAHTbCR, 4T0 TaM, rAe pexe HAeT 06 0AHHX H Tex me npxsrepax, cOBnaAeHHH 04eHb MHoro (Murdock, Provost, 1973: 390) . .lI,yMaeTCR, 3TO nOATBepLK,l!,aeT

KoppeKTHOCTb MeTOAHKH aBTopOB 06eHX ny6AHKaQHH. PaccMoTpHM Tenepe, KaK B 3TY cxesry BnHCbIBalOTCR 06I,geCTBa K04eBHHKOB-CKOTOBOAOB.

I1CTOQHHKH HCCAe~OBaHHH

B 6a3e .llm. MepAoKa H K. DPOBOCT H3 186 06IgecTB npezicraaAeHO 7 06I,gecTB K04eBHHKOB H CKOTOBOAOB. OHH npeACTaBAeHbI B Ta6A. 1. DepBM KOAOHKa 03Ha4aeT nopRAKoBbIH HOMep 06IgeCTBa B 06I,geM cnncxe, 'rper es - pernoa (A - Arppaxa, C - CpeAH3eMHoMOPbe, E - BocT04HaR EBpa3HR).

Ta6AH!Ja 1 Y pOBeHb CJ\02KHOCTH 061!!ecTBa KOqeBHHKOB H CKOTOBOAOB

N!:> Per. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Bce-
ro
034 MacaH A 0 0 0 2 3 1 1 1 1 0 9
041 lryaperH )\xarrapa C 3 0 2 0 3 1 1 0 3 3 16
046 oeAYHHbI PYaAa C 4 0 0 0 3 1 2 0 2 1 13
058 oaccepH E 3 0 2 1 3 1 0 1 3 1 15
065 Ka3axH E 3 1 0 3 3 1 2 1 3 3 20
066 XaJ\xa-MoHroJ\bI E 4 1 1 0 3 3 2 1 4 3 22
121 YYK4H-oJ\eHesoAbI E 0 1 0 0 3 2 0 0 1 1 8 Do Murdock, Provost, 1973.

DpOKOMMeHTHPyeM AaHHYIO Ta6AHQY. ECAH cxeziosari, WKaAe .llm. MepAoKa H K. DPOBOCT, ABa 06IgeCTBa (MacaH, 4YK4H) nonaziaIOT~ B ypoBeHb HH3weH cAomHoCTH, TpH 06I,geCTBa (6accepH, 6eAYHHbI, ryapern) - B yposeae HH3weH cpeAHeH CAomHOCTH H ABa 06IgeCTBa (Ka3aXH H MOHrOAbI) - B ypoaeae BepXHeH cpeztaeii CAomHOCTH. CorAaCHO pacnpocrpaaeaaenr B aHTpOnOAOrHH KAaCCHq>HKaQHRM, nepBble ABa 06I,geCTBa BnHCbIBalOTCR B TaK aaaeraaesnue aKeq>aAbHble, cervreaTapHble 06I,geCTBa. CAeAYIOI,gHe TpH BnOAHe cOOTBeTcTBYIOT TOMY, 4TO Ha3bIBaIOT BomAeCTBaMH HAH CTpaTHq>HQHpOBaHHbIMH 06I,geCTBaMH. DOCAeAHHe ABa HMeIOT 60Aee CAomHYIO npHpOAY. Bce 3TO npaxrepHO cooraercrayer npe,l!,AOmeHHOH senue THnOAorHH K04eBbIX 06I,geCTB (Kradin, 1996) C OAHOH TOAbKO oroaopxoii: BMeCTO KAaCCH4eCKHX

72

H. H. Kpa,4HH. KO'leBHHKH EBpa3HH

K04eBbIX HMnepHH B nOCJl.eAHeM CJl.Y4ae npeztcraaxensr 061!!eCTBa HOMaAoB HOBOrO BpeMeHH, KOTOpbIe nOABepr Jl.HCb BJl.HJIHHlO co CTOPOHbI 60Jl.ee pa3BHTbIX 3eMAeAeJl.b4eCKHX gHBHJl.H3agHH. A KaK BnHCbIBalOTCJI B 3Ty KapTHHy HaH60Jl.ee Pa3BHTbIe 061!!eCTBa HOMaAoB - K04eBbIe HMnepHH?

,ll.AJI OTBeTa na 3TOT Bonpoc 6bIJl.a COCTaBJl.eHa Ta6A. 2, B KOTOPYIO BKJl.104eHbI AaHHbIe 0 BOCbMH K04eBbIX HMnepHJIX EBPa3HH - OT XyHHy AO cpeAHeBeKOBbIX MOHrOJl.OB. npH COCTaBJl.eHHH Ta6J1.HgbI JI orntpaxCJI KaK aa c06CTBeHHbIe HCCJl.eAOBaHHJI HeKOTopbIX HMnepHH HOMaAoB (Kpa,4HH, 1990; 1994; 2002; Kradin, 2005; Kpa,4HH, CKPbIHHHKoBa, 2006 HAP.), TaK H aa HccJl.eAoBaHHJI KOJI.JI.er (Wittfogel, Feng, 1949; C/Je,40poB-jfaBbI,40B, 1973; EroPOB, 1985; Fletcher, 1986; Barfield, 1989; Golden, 1992; 2001; TpeilaBAoB, 1993; KbI'laHOB, 1997; CKPbIHHHKoBa, 1997; KAHIllTOPHbIH, CYATaHoB, 2000).

Ta6AH!Ja 2

y poaeas CJl.02KHOCTH KOqeBbIX HMnepHH

NQ Per. 1 2 3 4 S 6 7 8 9 10 Bce-
fO
187 XYlmy E 1 0 1 0 4 3 1 1 4 2 17
189 CHHb6H E 2 0 1 0 4 3 1 1 4 1 17
190 IKpKaHH E 3 0 1 0 4 3 1 1 4 2 19
191 TJOPKH E 4 0 0 0 4 3 1 1 4 2 19
192 Yi1fYPbI E 4 0 1 0 4 3 1 1 4 2 20
193 AHo E 4 3 3 3 4 3 4 3 4 4 3S
194 MOHfOAbI, 1206 r. E 3 0 1 0 4 3 1 0 4 2 18
19S 30AoTaH Op.n;a E 3 2 2 0 4 3 4 1 4 4 2S nOCKOJl.bKY MHOrHe nYHKTbI B AaHHoH Ta6J1.Hge MOryT 6bITb HCTOJl.KOBaHbI no-pa3HOMY, He06xoAHMO AaTb K HeH COOTBeTCTBYlOl!!He nOJICHeHHJI. no nepBOMY npH3HaKY ("nHCbMeHHOCTb") JI CTapaJI.CJI ogeHHBaTb CTeneHb pa3BHTHJI 3anHceH BHYTpH H3Y4aeMoro 061!!eCTBa 6e3 Y4eTa Toro, nexac s Jl.H AHnJl.OMaTH4eCKaJI nepenHCKa C KHTaeM. npHMeHHTeJl.bHO K XyHHy JI C4HTalO, 4TO, HeCMOTpJI na nonerrxn BBeAeHHJI KHTaHCKOH nHCbMeHHOCTH npH AaowaH-waHblOe (MaTepHaJl.bI, 1968: 45), OHa He nOJl.Y4HJl.a 3Ha4HTeJl.bHOrO pacrtpocrpanenaa B 061!!eCTBe.

TAaBa 4. KOMilAeKcHble 06lf{eCTBa HOMa,40B ...

73

06 3TOM, B 4aCTHOCTH, caazrerexecrsyer 3HaMeHHTbIH !f>aKT nOAMeHbI maaeroeaoii neuarx KHTaHcKHMH nOCJl.aHHHKaMH HMnepaTopa BaH MaHa. B 6J1.HLKaHWeM oKpYLKeHHH WaHblOJI He HaWJI.OCb HH oztaoro 4eJl.OBeKa, KOTOPbIH 6bI cxror np04HTaTb HaAnHCb na neua'ra. OTAeJl.bHbIe HepOrJl.H!f>bI na KepaMH4eCKHX cocyziax, HaHAeHHbIe aa Y1BOJl.rHHCKOM ropozunge, CKopee, cBHAeTeJl.bcTBYIOT 06 3THH4ecKoH npHHaAAeLKHocTH LKHTeJl.eH AaHHoro HaCeJl.eHHOrO nYHKTa, 4eM 0 pa3BHTHH nHCbMeHHOCTH cpeztn K04eBHHKOB XyHHy (Kpa,4HH, 2002: 80-86).

XYHHY 3HaJl.H MHeMOHH4eCKHe cpeACTBa (1 6aJ1.J1.). (1TO MOLKHO npoAeMOHCTpHpOBaTb CCblJl.KOH na cBeAeHHH CbIMa L!JIHJI. no ero AaHHbIM, oceaeio XYHHCKaJI 3J1.HTa TpaAHgHoHHO C06HpaJI.aCb B .lI,aHJl.HHe AJI.H nOAC4eTa H npOBepKH HaCeJl.eHHH H CKOTa (MaTepHaJl.bI, 1968: 40). (1TO 04eHb nOXOLKe aa onacaane COOTBeTCTBYlOl!!HX 06bI4aeB y LKYLKaHeH: "nHCbMeH AJI.H sanaceii He 6b1Jl.0, n03TOMY Ha4aJ1.bHHKH H BOLKAH npH6J1.H3HTeJl.bHO nOAC4HTbIBaJl.H 4HCJl.O BOHHOB, HcnOJl.b3YJI npH 3TOM OBe4HH nOMeT, HO BnOCJI.eACTBHH (LKyaHbLKyaHH) XopOWO HaY4HJl.HCb AeJl.aTb 3anHCH C noMOI!!l>1O 3apy60K na ziepese" (MaTepHaJl.bI, 1984: 269).

CaMH "3apy6KH" MOLKHO mrrepnperupoaar e KaK "HenHCbMeHHbIe aanaca" (2 6aJ1.Jl.a). Y1x HCnOJl.b30BaHHe 6bIJl.0 xapaKTepHO He TOJl.bKO AAJI LKYLKaHeH, HO H no aHaJl.OrHH C yxyaHJIMH AJl.JI CJIHb6H (MaTepHaJl.bI, 1984: 63, 327), XOTJI HeKOTopbIe npeACTaBHTeJl.H 3J1.HTbI CJIHb6HHCKoro 061!!ecTBa AaLKe 3HaJl.H KHTaHCKHH JI3bIK H aeporxarpaxy (uanpnwep, K36HH3H). fOPa3AO 60Jl.bWe BJl.aAeIOI!!HX KHTaHCKHM JI3bIKOM 6bIJl.0 Y LKYLKaHeH (TaM LKe, 269, 289). n03TOMY LKYLKaHbCKoe 06l!!ecTBo, KaK H 30Jl.orylO 0PAY, rAe C npHHJITHeM HCJl.aMa 3aHMCTBOBaJl.H apa6- CKYIO nHCbMeHHOCTb, cJl.eAyeT OTHeCTH K 061!!ecTBaM, HcnoJl.b3YlOI!!HM nHCbMeHHOCTb zipyroro HapoAa (3 6aJl.JI.a). T IOpKH, YHryPbI H KHAaHH HMeJl.H CBOlO c06cTBeHHYlO nHCbMeHHOCTb (4 6aJl.Jl.a).

B XII B. Y MOHrOJl.OB He 6bIJl.0 nHCbMeHHbIX AOKYMeHTOB. OHH

" "

HCnOJl.b30BaJl.H TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIe KHTaHCKHMH Jl.eTonHcgaMH MeTKH

HJl.H "3apy6KH" (M3H-Aa 63H-Jl.Y, 1975: 52-53). C 1204 r. MOHroJl.bI CTaJl.H HCnOJl.b30BaTb YHrypCKYIO nHCbMeHHOCTb. B 124-M g310aHe "lOaHb WH" H3J1.araeTCJI 6Horpa!f>HJI yiirypa T a-Ta-TYH-a, COCTOJIBWerO aa cJl.YLK6e y HaHMaHCKoro xaaa .lI,aJIHa. nocJl.e pa3rpOMa HaHMaHOB OH nonax B nxen K MOHrOJl.aM H TaM 6bIJI. B3JIT na cJl.yLK6y. EMY 6bIJl.0 nopyvreao 06Y4HTb rpasrore OTnpbICKOB YHHrHca H HeKOTopbIX xaHOB. npaBAa, He JICHO, BbIY4HJl.H Jl.H OHH YHrypCKHH JI3bIK HJl.H LKe nHCaJl.H na CBoeM POAHOM JI3bIKe YHryPCKHMH 6YKBaMH (MYHKyeB, 1975: 125-

74

H. H. Kpa,4HH. KOlJeBHHKH EBpa.3HH

128). TOJ\bKO nosziaee, B 1220-x rr., nocxe 6erCTBa ua CTOPOHY MOHrOJ\OB 60J\bllloro LJHCAa g_3HHbCKHX LJHHOBHHKOB H BOeHaLJaAbHHKOB, CTaAa HcnOJ\b30BaTbOI KHTaHCKaR HeporJ\HcpHLJeCKaR nHCbMeHHOCTb (M3H-lJ,a 63H-J\Y, 1975: 52, 53). Cxeziosarexeao, creneus pa3BHTHJl nHCbMeHHOCTH Y MOHrOJ\OB aa 1206 r. Heo6xolJ,HMO ogeHHTb B 3 6aJ\J\a.

MHorHe paccxtarpaaaexnsre KOLJeBble HMnepHH B TOH HJ\H HHOH CTenean 6bIJ\H 3HaKOMbI C ocezixocr ero. Ha 'repprrropaa MOHroJ\HH H3BecTHbI ropozuuga H neyxpenxemnsre nocexeana XYHHY (Hayashi, 1984). CRHb6HHCKHH npeztsozurrex» T ansumxyaii rtepecexnx na 6epera Aaoxaxa OKOJ\O 1000 ceMeH HapOlJ,a BOm:3Hb, LJTo6bI OHH 3aHHMaAHCb PbI6oJ\OBCTBOM (MaTepHaAbI, 1984: 80). lKym:aHH B HaLJaAe VI B. nOCTpOHJ\H r. MYMOLJ3H (TaM m:e, 290). YHrYPbI 'raxase 3aHHMaJ\HCb CTpOHTeJ\bCTBOM xpenocreii H B03lJ,BHrJ\H B geHTpe cOBpeMeHHoH MOH,OJ\HH CBOIO CTOJ\Hgy - ropozt 0PlJ,y-EaAbIK. Creneae yp6aHH3agHH KHlJ,aHeH (UBAHeB, 1983) H 30J\OTOOplJ,bIHgeB (EropoB, 1985; (JJe,4opOB-.ilaBbI,40B, 1994) 6bIJ\a naxmoro BbIllle.

no 3TOH npHLJHHe no BTOPOMY npH3HaKY ("CTeneHb ocezixocrn") R CTapaJ\CR HCXOlJ,HTb H3 Toro, KaKOH oopas m:H3HH sezter 60J\blllaR LJaCTb HaceJ\eHHR accxe.ayeraoro o6IgeCTBa. Y LJHTbIBaR B geJ\OM MaAOLJHCJ\eHHbIH xapaxrep ocezixoro HaceJ\eHHR, XyHHy, CRHb6H, m:ym:aHH, TlOpKH, YHrYPbI H MOHrOJ\bI 6bIJ\H OTHeceHbI K o6IgecTBaM C KOLJeBOH CHCTeMOH nocexeaaii (0 6aJ\J\oB). Y KHlJ,aHeH npnerepao TOJ\bKO l;4 LJaCTb naceJ\eHHR aexa KOLJeBOH H nOJ\YKOLJeBOH 06pa3 m:H3HH (Wittfogel, Feng, 1949: 58). 3J\HTa H npaBHTeJ\bCTBO 'ratoxe nepHOlJ,HLJeCKH nepejaeIgaAHCb no nRTH CTOJ\HLJHbIM ropOlJ,aM. YICXOlf,R H3 3Toro crenems ocelJ,J\OCTH B Ano 6bIJ\a ogexena KaK "ocezixaa, HO HenoCTORHHaR" (3 6aJ\J\a). B 30J\OTOH Opne 6bIJ\0 60J\ee 100 ropozuug, HO npeztcraaAAeTCR, LJTO lJ,OJ\R ropozicxoro HaceJ\eHHR 3lJ,eCb B geJ\OM 6bIJ\a neseJ\HKa. OlJ,HaKO, YLJHTbIBaR cnegHcpHKY 3KOJ\orHH BOCTOLJHOeBpOneHcKHx creneii, npezmoxar-arorgyro nOJ\YKOLJeBOH xapaKTep 3KOHOMHKH, MOm:HO ogeHHTb crenen s oceNOCTH B Y xyce .lI,mYLJH B 2 6aJ\J\a.

OnpelJ,eJ\eHHe CTeneHH pa3BHTHR 3eMJ\elJ,eJ\HR (TpeTHH npH3HaK) He BbI3BaJ\0 60J\blllHX TPYlJ,HOCTeH. 3lJ,eCb R HCX0lJ,HJ\ H3 Toro, LJTO HaJ\HLJHe oceztxsrx noceJ\eHHH npezmoxaraer 3aHRTHe 3eMJ\elJ,eJ\HeM HJ\H oropOlJ,HHLJeCTBOM (1 6aJ\J\). Y TIOPOK noztoonere nocexenas HeH3BecTHbI (0 6aJ\J\oB). Y KHlJ,aHeH npaxrepao % HaceJ\eHHR 3aHHMaAHCb HHTeHCHBHbIM 3eMJ\elJ,eJ\HeM, OlJ,HaKO nOLJTH Y MHJ\J\HOHa m:HTeJ\eH 6bIJ\H TOJ\bKO 3aLJaTKH 3eMJ\elJ,eJ\HR (Wittfogel, Feng, 1949: 58). no 3TOH

rAaBa 4. KOMIIAeKcHble 06ll{eCTBa HOMa,40B ...

75

npHLJHHe CTeneHb pa3BHTHR 3eMJ\elJ,eJ\HR B J\R0 ogeHeHa B 3 6aJ\J\a. B 30J\OTOH Opzie 3HaLJHMOCTb 3eMJ\elJ,eJ\HR 6bIJ\a RBHO 60J\ee 10%, HO BelJ,YIgYIO pOJ\b B ceJ\bCKOM X03RHCTBe TeM He MeHee nrpaxo CKOTOBOlJ,CTBO (2 6aJ\J\a).

.llocTaTOLJHO CAOm:HbIM OKa3aAOCb 3anOJ\HeHHe rparp LJeTBepToro npn- 3HaKa ("yp6aHH3agHJI"). 3TO 6bIJ\O CBR3aHO C TeM, LJTO B pRlJ,e 06IgecTB cytgecraosaxx pasaere THnbI COl!HaAbHOH OpraHH3agHH - He60J\blllHe no LJHCAeHHOCTH 06IgHHbI HOMalJ,OB H 3HaLJHTeJ\bHble no KOJ\HLJeCTBY LJeAOBeK 06IgHHbI 3eMJ\elJ,eJ\bgeB H ropoasaa, 3lJ,eCb npHXOlJ,HJ\OCb PYKOBOlJ,CTBOBaTbCR TeM, KaKaR H3 cpOpM COgHaAbHOH OpraHH3agHH 6blJ\a HaH60J\ee pacnpocrpaaena B lJ,aHHOM 06IgecTBe. nOCKOJ\bKY .lJ,J\R KOLJeBHHKOB-CKOTOBOlJ,OB EBPa3HH xapaxrepaa He60J\blllaR 06IgHHa LJHCAeHHOCTblO MeHee 100 HHlJ,HBHlJ,OB (Bacon, 1958; Krader, 1963; MapKoB, 1976; Khazanov, 1984; MacaHoB, 1995; Cribb, 1991; Barfield, 1993 H lJ,p.), see HCCAelJ,yeMble 06IgeCTBa, KpOMe KHlJ,aHeH, 6blJ\H OTHeceHbI K caMOH npocroii cpopMe (0 6aJ\J\OB). YIMnepHJl J\R0 nOLJTH Ha 2/3 COCTORAa H3 KHTaHgeB. C 'reneae yp6aHH3agHH 3lJ,eCb 6blJ\a ogeHeHa B 3 6aJ\J\a.

PaccMaTpHBaR nRTbIH npH3HaK ("TexHoJ\OrHLJeCKaR cneunaxasa!.!HR"), Hym:HO HCXOlJ,HTb KaK 1i3 apxeOJ\orHLJeCKHX lJ,aHHblX, TaK H H3 nHCbMeHHblX HCTOLJHHKOB. Apxeoxorauecxae MaTepHaAbI (KpoMe m:ym:aHeH, naMRTHHKH KYJ\bTYpbI KOTOPbIX eIge He HaHlJ,eHbI) nozrraepasztator, LJTO NR scex lJ,aHHbIX 06IgeCTB 6blJ\0 xapaxrepno HaAHLJHe MeTaJ\J\yprHH, TKaLJeCTBa, rOHLJapCTBa. OnHCbIBaR yxyaneii - COBpeMeHHHKOB XyHHy H CRHb6H, - KHTaHCKHH XPOHHCT OTMeLJaeT HaAHLJHe y HHX MeTaAJ\yprHH, TKaLJeCTBa H rOHLJapCTBa: "B3pOCJ\ble YMelOT lJ,eJ\aTb J\YKH, CTpeJ\bI, cezixa, Y3lJ,eLJKH, KOBaTb opyacne H3 MeTaJ\J\a H m:eJ\e3a, MOryT BbIlllH;, BaTb no xoase, lJ,eJ\aTb Y30pLJaTble BbIlllHBKH, TKaTb uiepcraasre TKaHH (MaTepHaAbI, 1984: 327). nOlJ,06Hble xapaKTepHCTHKH MOm:HO HaHTH B oraouienna cpelJ,HeBeKOBbIX TIOPOK (MaH,4eAbI1ITaM, 1956: 241), MOHrOJ\OB (.ilaAaii, 1983: 97) H lJ,am:e HOMalJ,OB nosoro BpeMeHH (Kpa,4HH, 1992: 49-50). no 3TOH npHLJHHe yposene pa3BHTHR peraecxa BO acex H3YLJaeMbIX 06IgeCTBax lJ,oJ\m:eH 6bITb ogeHeH B 4 6aAJ\a.

.llpyroe lJ,eJ\o, HaCKOJ\bKO 6bIJ\H pa3BHTbI 3TH TeXHOJ\OrHH B cpaaHeHHH C oceNO-3eMJ\elJ,eJ\bLJeCKHMH gHBHJ\H3agHRMH. Bo MHorHX KOLJeBbIX CKOTOBOlJ,LJeCKHX 06IgeCTBax peMeCJ\O TaK H He BbIlJ,eJ\HJ\OCb B cnegHaJ\H3HpOBaHHYIO 3KOHOMHLJeCKYlO nOlJ,CHCTeMY· Hepezixo HOMalJ,bI 3aXBaTbIBaAH HaH60J\ee KBaAHCPHgHpoBaHHYIO LJaCTb peMeCJ\eHHHKOB BO BpeMR Ha6erOB aa cocezume CTpaHbI HJ\H B npogecce 3aBoeBaHHH.

76

H. H. Kpa,aHH. KO'leBHHKH EBpa3HH

O~bIT KpOCC~KyJ\bTypHOrO COnOCTaBJ\eHIUI ypOBHR pa3BHTHR pesrecxeaHOH AeRTeJ\bHOCTH B K04eBbIX 06IgeCTBaX H 3eMJ\eAeJ\b4eCKO~ropoA~ CKHX IJHBHJ\H3aIJHRX BocToKa AaeT OCHOBaHHe noxarare, 4TO HOMaAbI no 3TOMY nOKa3aTeJ\IO 3Ha4HTeJ\bHO YCTynaAH CBOHM oceAJ\bIM coce-

ARM (AAaeB, 1982: 27).

3anoJ\HeHHe rparp urecroro npnsaaxa (" 'rpancnop'r"] He BbI3BaAO OC06bIX TPYAHOCTeH. ~ scex BbI6paHHbIX 06IgeCTB xapaxrepno HC~ nOJ\b30BaHHe KaK mHBOTHbIX, TaK H KOJ\eCHbIX cpeACTB (3 6aAJ\a).

Co6CTBeHHbIe AeHbrH (ceAbMoH npH3HaK) 6bIJ\H TOJ\bKO B AHo H 30J\OTOH 0pAe. 4AR APYrHX K04eBbIX HMnepHH, KaK H K04eBHHKOB B IJeJ\OM, xapaKTepHO HcnOJ\b30BaHHe B Ka4eCTBe cpeACTBa o6MeHa B nepBYIO oxepezu. AOMallIHero CKOTa. Csoeoopaaaoii eAHHHIJeH C4en asrcrynaxa, KaK npaBHJ\O, OAHa OBIJa, B pa3HbIX o6IgeCTBaX cYIgec~ TBOBaAH npasrepno 3KBHBaJ\eHTHbIe cnocoosr OIJeHHBaHHR CTOHMOCTH APYrHX mHBOTHbIX "B OBIJaX" (PY,ll,eHKO, 1961 HAP.).

no BOCbMOMY npH3HaKY ("nJ\OTHOCTb HaceJ\eHHR") cxezryer HCXO~ AHTb H3 Toro, 4TO 4HCJ\eHHOCTb HaceJ\eHHR K04eBbIX HMnepHH XYHHY, CRHb6H, mymaHeH, TIOPOK 6bIJ\a npasrepao OAHHaKOBOH (B npeziexax 0,8-1,5 MAH 4eJ\OBeK [CM.: Kpa,ll,HH, 2002: 71-79]) H B TO me BpeMR conOCTaBHMOH C 4HCJ\eHHOCTbIO HaceJ\eHHR XaJ\xa~MOHrOJ\HH B HOBoe BpeMR - 4YTb 6oJ\ee 1 xexcaexa aa 1 KB. aMepHKaHCKYIO MHJ\IO (1 6aJ\J\). CYAR no § 202 "TaHHoH HCTOPHH MOHrOJ\OB" , Y YHHrH3~ xaaa 6bIJ\O 95 TbICR4HHKOB H AeCRTb TbICR4 co6CTBeHHOH rBapAHH. nOCKOJ\bKY KamAbIH B3pOCJ\bIH Mym4HHa (npHMepHo 20% HaceJ\eHHR) RB~J\CR BOHHOM, Aame C Y4eTOM TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIX "J\eCHbIX MOHro~ J\OB , He BKJ\I04eHHbIX B cnHCOK TbICR4, TO 06IgM 4HCJ\eHHOCTb MOHro~ J\OB B YKa3aHHoe BpeMR COCTaBAAJ\a He 6oJ\ee 500-600 TbIC. 4eJ\OBeK, T. e. MeHee ozuroro 4eJ\OBeKa aa 1 KB. MHJ\IO (0 6aJ\J\oB). YHcJ\eHHocTb HaceJ\eHHR AHo COCTaBAAJ\a 3,8 MJ\H 4eJ\OBeK (Wittfogel, Feng, 1949: 58). npH AeJ\eHHH 3TOH BeJ\H4HHbI aa npHMepHYIO nJ\OIgaAb CTpaHbI nOJ\Y4aeTCR OKOJ\O 7 4eJ\OBeK aa 1 KB. MHJ\IO (3 6aAJ\a). nJ\OTHOCTb HaceJ\eHHR 30J\OTOH OPAbI 6bIJ\a 4YTb 6oJ\ee 1 4eJ\OBeKa na 1 KB. MHJ\IO (HBaHoB, BacHAbeB, 1995: 57-60).

npH HC4HCJ\eHHH KOJ\H4eCTBa ypoaaeii nOJ\HTH4eCKOH nepapxaa (AeBRTbIH npH3HaK) CJ\eAyeT PYKOBOAcTBOBaTbCR CyIgeCTBOBaHHeM B K04eBbIX HMnepHRX "AecRTH4HOH cHcTeMbI". npH4eM BHe 3aBHCHMOCTH OT Toro, C4HTaTb J\H aa HH3llIHH yposeae nepapxna oTAeJ\bHbIH aHJ\ = "AecRToK" HJ\H "POA" = "COTHIO" o6Igee KOJ\H4eCTBO yposaeii aepap-

rAaBa 4. KOMflAeKcHble 06l!-{eCTBa HOMa,aOB ...

77

XHH 6YAeT xapaxrepno AM HaH6oJ\ee CJ\omHbIX o6IgecTB (1_'PH H 6oJ\ee ypOBHR aepapxaa, nanpmrep, rOCYAapCTBO, pasziexeaaoe na 06J\aCTH H aa paHoHbI - 4 6aAJ\a).

, npH 3anOJ\HeHHH nocxezraero npnsaaxa (" COIJHaAbHaR CTpaTHcpH~ KaIJHR") Heo6xoAHMO Y4HTbIBaTb, 4TO AJ\R acex BKJ\I04eHHbIX B BbI~ 60PKY K04eBbIX HMnepHH xapaxrepno AeJ\eHHe na 3J\HTy H npOCTbIX HOMaAoB. ::ho RpKO orpaaseno, B 4aCTHOCTH, B cooTBeTcTBYIOIgeH CO~ UHaAbHOH TepMHHOJ\OrHH: tiern H «epe 6Y,ll,YH (4epHbIH aapozi) Y TIO~ POK, xent», HOHOHbl (rocnozia ) H Kapa'lY (4epHb) Y MOHrOJ\OB HAp· B TO me BpeMR KaCTOBoe AeJ\eHHe B paCCMaTpHBaeMbIX 06IgeCTBax OTCYTCTBOBaJ\O, a pa6CTBO Y K04eBHHKOB eBpa3HHCKHX CTeneH HMeJ\O Hepa3BHTbIH xapaxrep (HH6yp, 1907; Xa3aHoB, 1975; Kpa,ll,HH, 1992 HAP.)' n03ToMY 60J\bllIHHCTBO K04eBbIX HMnepHH oIJeHeHbI B 2 6aJ\J\a (ABe c'rparer, HO paficrao H KaCTbI Hepa3BHTbI). Onpeziexeaae ypOB~ HR pa3BHTHR COIJHaJ\bHOH CTpaTHcpHKaIJHH B 30J\OTOH OpAe BbI3BaJ\O aexoropsre 3aTpYAHeHHR, nOToMY 4TO B ee COCTaB nOMHMO K04eBHH~ KOB~CKOTOBOAoB BxoAHJ\ HeMaJ\bIH npogerrr ropozicxoro HaceJ\eHHR, HO 3TO rarose 6bIJ\O oueaeno B 2 6aJ\J\a. T axae OIJeHKH CBR3aHbI C TeM, 4TO, so-nepaerx, B CneIJHaAbHOH J\HTepaType He rOBopHTCR 0 cytgecTBOBaHHH fioxee ABYX YPOBHeH COIJHaAbHOH CTpaTHcpHKaIJHH (rpeKOB, HKy6oBcKHH, 1950; (/Je,ll,opoB~lIaBbl,ll,oB, 1973; EropoB, 1985 HAP·)· BO~BToPbIX, aecxrorps na uinpoxoe pa3BHTHe pa6CTBa, OHO He HMeJ\O nacxeztc'raeaaoro xapax'repa (noAy6oJlpHHOBa, 1978: 36- 37). Floc. KOJ\bKY B CRHb6HHCKOH AepmaBe npaetrrexexr Mor CTaTb BbIxoAeIJ H3 rrpocroro napozia (T aaeumxyaii, K36HH3H), c'renein, pa3BHTOCTH CO~ UHaAbHOH CTpaTHcpHKaIJHH B AaHHOM 06IgeCTBe 6bIJ\a OIJeHeHa B 1 6aAJ\. T OJ\bKO B HMnepHH AHo CYIgeCTBOBaJ\a MHoroypOBHeBM COIJHaAbHaR crpyxrypa (Wittfogel, Feng, 1949), HMeBllIaR 6oJ\ee Tpex OTJ\H4HbIX Apyr OT zrpyra CTpaT (4 6aJ\J\a) .

•

06CY~..1eHHe pe3YAbTaTOB

HaH6oJ\ee BamHbIMH AM paCCMOTpeHHR B 3TOH 4aCTH rxaaer npeziCTaBARIOTCR TpH CJ\eAYIOIgHX sonpoca: 1) BHYTpeHHRR THnOJ\orHR KO~ 4eBbIX o6IgeCTB no CTeneHH CJ\omHOCTH; 2) npofixevra COOTHOllIeHHR K04eBbIX HMnepHH H rOCYAapCTBeHHOCTH Y oceAAO~3eMAeAeJ\b4eCKHX o6IgecTB; 3) naafioxee xapaxrepasre 4epTbI AM HOMaAoB, OTJ\H4HbIe OT APYrHX KYJ\bTyp.

78

H. H. Kpa,4HH. KOlJeBHHKH EBpa3HH

npemAe BCerO He06xoAHMO HanOMHHTb, vrro .L{.m. MepAOK H

K. npOBOCT MeXaHHlIeCKH pa3AeAHAH Bbl60PKY H3 186 06IgeCTB na lIeTblpe rpyrmsr CAomHOCTH no KOAHlIeCTBY 6aAAOB C uraros B 10 eAHHH~. OAHaKo B peaAbHOCTH BblPHCOBblBaeTCR AeAeHHe aa ypOBHH CAomHOCTH C HeCKOAbKO HHblMH paMKaMH KOMnAeKCHOCTH. Caxrere npocrere 06IgeCTBa B Bbl60pKe MepAoKa - 3TO xoxax smsre rpyrmsr OXOTHHKOB c06HpaTeAeH. CAeAYIOIgHe no CTeneHH CAomHOCTH cerraetrrapmsre 06- IgeCTBa HMelOT OKOAO 10 6aAAOB, B TOM lIHCAe H3 CKOTOBOAlIeCKHX 06IgeCTB lIYKlIH -OAeHeBOAbl (8 6aAAoB) H MacaH (9 6aAAOB). BomAeCTBa pacnoxoasener B paMKax MemAY 15 H 20 6aAAaMH C HeKOTOpblMH OTKAOHeHHRMH B 06e CTOPOHbl (HanpHMep, npocroji lIHCPAOM Y Tp06pHaH~eB - 16 6aAAOB, 60Aee CAomHble T HKonHR, Caxroa - no 18, T onra - 20 6aAAoB). B ary rpyrmy nonaztaer 60AblllHHCTBO pacCMaTpHBaeMblX B AaHHoH r xase npaxrepoa 06IgeCTB HOMaAoB: fiaccepn (15 6aAAOB) , ryapera (16 6aAAOB), XYHHY H CRHb6H (no 17 6aAAOB), MOHrOAbl (18 6aAAOB) , mymaHH H TlOpKH (no 19 6aAAoB), Ka3aXH H YHrYPbl (no 20 6aAAOB). LIYTb MeHbllle CYMMa Y 6eAYHHOB (13 6aAAOB), HeCKOAbKO 60Aee 20 Y xaAxa-MOHrOAOB aosoro BpeMeHH (22 6aAAa) H Y 30AOTOH OPAbl (25 6aAAoB). CaMblM CAomHblM 06IgeCTBOM OKa3aAaCb AHHaCTHR !vI0 (35 6aAAOB).

T aKHM 06Pa30M, MomHO roaoparu 0 HeCKOAbKHX ypOBHRX KYAbryPHoH CAomHOCTH, BKAlOlIeHHblX B Bbl60PKY KOlleBHHKOB-CKOTOBOAOB: 1) cerxrearapaere aKecpaAbHble 06IgecTBa CKOTOBOAOB (lIYKlIH, MacaH) - MeHee 10 6aAAOB; 2) BTOpHlIHble nxexrenasre 06pa30BaHHR (6eAYHHbl) - 13 6aAAOB; 3) BOmAeCTBa H xoueaere HMnepHH H TpaAH~HOHHble 06IgeCTBa HOMaAoB HOB oro BpeMeHH (6accepH, ryapem, XYHHY, CRHb6H, MOHrOAbl, mymaHH, TlOpKH, yiirypi», Ka3aXH, XaAXa-MOHrOAbl) - OT 13 AO 22 6aA-

4) " " " "

AOB; xo-reaere HMnepHH AaHHHlIeCKoro H aaaoesarexunoro THnOB

C pa3HbiM cexropoxr oceztxo-ropozicxoii 3KOHOMHKH (30AOTM Opaa, !vI0) - COOTBeTCTBeHHO 25 H 35 6aAAOB.

B npHH~Hne, 3TO COOTBeTcTByeT 60AblllHHCTBY CyIgeCTBylOIgHX KAaCcHcpHKa~HH. EOAee TPYAHblM npeACTaBAReTCR sonpoc, KaK CAeAyeT onpe.aexare ypOBeHb nOAHTHlIeCKOH CAomHOCTH 06IgeCTB, OTaecenaerx KO BTOPOH rpynne (OT 13 AO 22 6aAAoB). 4ame ryaperos (16 6aAAoB) OAHH aBTopbl OTHOCRT K paHHeKAaCCOBblM 06IgecTBaM (nepUlH[J, 1976), rorzta KaK 6accepH (15 6aAAoB) APyme HCCAeAoBaTeAH onpeAeARIOT KaK BomAeCTBa (Johnson, Earle, 2000). LITO xacaeTCR xoueaerx HMnepHH H HOMaAoB nosoro BpeMeHH, TO 3AeCb cnexrp

rAaBa 4. KOMllAeKcHble 06lf{eCTBa HOMa,4OB ...

79

MHeHHH eIge lllHpe. MHoroAeTHRR AHCKYCCHR 0 cneuarpaxe 06IgecTBeHHblX OTHOllleHHH y KOlleBHHKOB, KaK 3TO 6blAO nOKa3aHO Bblllle, TaK H He npHlllAa K asrpariorxe npHeMAeMblX AAR 60AblllHHCTBa n03H~HH.

BnpOlleM, H oceAAO-3eMAeAeAblleCKHe 06IgeCTBa, pacnOAomeHHble B KAaCCHcpHKa~HH .L{.m. MepAoKa H K. npOBOCT npaxrepao aa TaROM me ypOBHe CAomHOCTH, HHTepnpeTHpYIOTCR YlleHblMH no-pa3HoMy. ECAH OTHOCHTeAbHO Casroa (18 6aAAOB - 60Abllle, lIeM y XyHHy, Ii POBHO CTOAbKO me, CKOAbKO y MOHrOAOB B 1206 r. - KCTaTH, CTOAbKO me 6aAAOB H y nAeMeHHOH KOHcpeAepa~HH rYPoHoB!) MHeHHR 60AblllHHCTBa aBTopOB CXOARTCR, liTO 3TO BomAeCTBO (Bargatsky, 1988; van Beckel, 1991), TO no nOBoAY T onra (20 6aAAoB) OAHH noxararor, liTO aTO KAaCCHlIeCKoe BomAeCTBO (Kirch, 1980; 1984), a APyme ClIHTaIOT, uro 3TO yase paHHee rOCYAapCTBO (Claessen, 1991). TaKme OTAHlIHbl B3rARAbl H no nOBoAY Auraara (24 6aAAa): no MHeHHIO 0AHHX, 3TO "ceneeirrapaoe" rOCYAapCTBO (Sauthol/, 1953), COrAaCHO HCCAeAoBaHHRM APymx, 3TO npeztrocyztapcrseaaoe 06pa30BaHHe (nOllOB, 1990). B sry me rpynny CAomHOCTH nortaztaror H Hcpyrao (21 6aAA), y KOTOperx CYIgeCTBOBaAa TpexypOBHeBM CO~HaAbHaR CTpaTHcpHKa~HR, HO He CAomHAHCb YCTOHlIHBble ~eHTPaAH30BaHHble nOAHTHlIeCKHe HHCTHTYTbI.

T eM He MeHee l13 aHaAH3a Ta6A. 3 CTaTbH .L{.m. Mepzroxa H

K. npOBOCT (Murdock, Provost, 1973: 389) CAeAyeT, liTO no 06IgeMY panry 6aAAOB 60AblllHHCTBO xoueaerx HMnepHH, cKopee, AOAmHbl 6bITb OTHeceHbI K soasztecraast HAH 06IgeCTBaM, HaxoAHBlllHMCR B npo~ecce nepexozta K rocYAapCTBeHHocTH, HemeAH K yase CcpOpMHpoBaBlllHMcR paHHHM rocYAapCTBaM. HecKoAbKO 60Abllle 6aAAOB (no 26) y Tex 06- IgecTB, xoropsre HMeAH 60Aee cAomHYIO, MYAbTHnoAHTHHHYIO CTPYKrypy H nepezuco xapaxrepasyrorcs KaK HMnepHH - COHraH (Ky66eAb, 1974) H I1HKa (Eepe3KHH, 1991; Johnson, Earle, 2000; Earle, 2002 HAP,),

I1HTepecHO, liTO K cxomHM BblBOAaM npauixa npH KpOCC-KyAbTypHOM~ HCCAeAoBaHHH MOAeAH paHHero rOCYAapCTBa 4. M. EOHAapeHKo H A. B. KOp0TaeB. OHH HcnOAb30BaAH CHCTeMaTH3HpOBaHHYlO X. KAacceHOM CBOAKY AaHHblX 0 21 paHHerocYAapCTBeHHOM 06IgeCTBe no 51 npH3HaKY (Claessen, Skalnik, 1978: 533-596) AM COCTaBAeHHR KOMrtnrorepaoji 6a3bI AaHHblx H HccAeAoBaHHR ee C nOMoIgblO rpaxropaoro aHaAH3a. OAHOH H3 3aAall aaropoa 6blAa nposepxa aa 3MnHpHlIecKoM MaTepHaAe THnOAomH X. KAacceHa H n. CKaAbHHKa, pasziexaaurax paaaerocyztapcrseaaere 06IgecTBa aa 3aIJaTOIJHble (inchoate), THllHIJnue H nepexcuuuae. B pe3YAbTaTe paHmHpOBaHHR HcnOAb30BaHHblX

gO

H. H. Kpa,4HH. KOlfeBHHKH EBpa3HH

TAaBa 4. KOMllAeKcHble o6rgecTBa HOMa,40B ...

81

B BbI60pKe X. KAacceHa H n. CKaAbHHKa 06IgecTB ,lI,Be xouenere HMnepHH (cKmpbI H MOHroAbI) OKa3aAHCb ua rpann Mem,ll,Y 3alfaTOlfHblMH 11 THllHlfHblMH rOCY,lI,apCTBaMH (Bondarenko, Korotayev, 2003: 112).

B TO me BpeMH OKa3aAOCb, 4TO B 4HCAO TaK Ha3bIBaeMblX seusrouflblX paanax rocyziapcrn 6bIAH BKAI04eHbI TaKHe 06IgecTBa, KaK BHKHHrH, raBaHlJbI, TaHTRHe H aHKOA, KOTOPbIX 06bI4HO npH4HCARIOT He K paHHHM rOCY,lI,apCTBaM, a K Bom,ll,eCTBaM. O,ll,HaKO 3TO HeAb3R C4HTaTb CAY4aHHbIM, eCAH npOaHaAH3HpOBaTb, KaKHe 4epTbI BbI,lI,eARIOTCR ,lI,AR seueroanoro pannero rOCY,lI,apCTBa. CorAaCHO X. KAacceHY H n. CKaAbHHKY, fVVI nocxezmero xapaxrepasr CAe,ll,YIOIgHe npH3HaKH: 1) ,lI,0MHHHpOBaHHe KAaHOBbIX cBR3eH; 2) ,lI,OAmHOCTHbIe AHlJa cyigecrsoaaxn aa C4eT ,z:r.OAH c06HpaeMoH HMH pe,ll,HCTpH6YlJHH; 3) He CYIgeCTBOBaAO Y3aKOHeHHOH npaBOBOH KO,ll,HcpHKalJHH; 4) He 6bIAO cnelJHaAbHblx cY,lI,e6HbIx opranon; 5) pe,ll,HCTpH6YlJHR, ,lI,aHb H n060pbI He 6bIAH crporo onpe,z:r.eAeHbI; 6) pa3BHTHe armapara ynpaBAeHHR 6bIAO cAa6bIM (Ciaessen, Skaimk, 1978: 22, 641). O,ll,HaKO 3TH npH3HaKH xapaxrepasr He CTOAbKO fVVI rOCY,lI,apCTBa, CKOAbKO ,lI,AR Bom,ll,eCTBa. AHWb C nepexoztoxr aa 60Aee CAomHbIH ypoaeus tuttnunoro pannero rOCY,lI,apCTBa nORBARIOTCR npH3HaKH c06CTBeHHO rOCY,lI,apCTBeHHOCTH - cneuaax snsre 4HHOBHHKH, annapar CY,lI,eH, nHCbMeHHbIH CBO,ll, 3aKOHOB H ,lI,p. no 3TOH npH4HHe, MHe npe,ll,CTaBAReTCR, 60Aee npaBHAbHO BbI,lI,eARTb rnttnunoe paHHee roCYAapCTBO, llepeXO,4Hoe paHHee rOCY,lI,apCTBO, Tpa,4HyHoHHoe HAH, no onpeztexenmo KAacceHa, spexoe (mature) ,lI,0HH,lI,yCTpHaAbHOe rocY,lI,apcTBO. DOAee 'roro, nocKoAbKy KAacceH He Y4HTbIBaeT B CBoeH THnOAorHH pa3AH4HR B CTeneHH CAomHOCTH BomAeCTB, MomHO npeztnoxoaorru, 4TO TaK Ha3bIBaeMble 3alfaTOlfHbie paHHHe rOCY,lI,apCTBa, no KAacceHY, - 3TO, B CyrgHOCTH, CAOJKHble H CYllepCAOJKHble soxcztecraa.

TaKHM 06Pa30M, BbIBO,ll,bI CTaTbH 4. M. DOH,lI,apeHKo H A. B. Koporaeaa nOATBepm.n.aIOT, 4TO K04eBbIe HMnepHH CKHcpOB H MOHrOAOB 6bIAO 6bI He COBceM npaBHAbHO OTHOCHTb K KAaCCH4eCKHM paHHHM rocyztapCTBaM. cPaKTH4eCKH nocxezmae HaXO,ll,RTCR Mem.n.y Bom,ll,eCTBaMH H panHHMH rOCY,lI,apCTBaMH. B03MomHO, KOCBeHHbIM nozrraepasztemrera ,lI,aHHbIX BbIBO,ll,OB MomeT cAymHTb TO, 4TO aa WKaAe KYAbTYPHOH CAomHOCTH, corxacno WKaAe npH3HaKOB ,lI,m. Mepzioxa H K. npOBOCT, npaKTH4eCKH PR,lI,OM C HMnepHeH YHHrH3-XaHa 1206 r, OKa3aAaCb XYHHCKaR ztepxcaaa (cooTBeTcTBeHHo 18 H 17 6aAAOB) , KOTOPaR 'raxxce HMeAa npH3HaKH KaK npeztrocyztapcraenaoro 06rgecTBa, TaK H pannero rOCY,lI,apCTBa, HO 60Abwe COOTBeTCTBOBaAa 4epTaM cynepcxoasnoro Bom,ll,eCTBa (KP8.4HH, 2002).

nOCAe,ll,HRR H3 paCCMaTpHBaeMbIX B 3TOH 4aCTH r AaBbI np06AeM MOmeT 6bITb oxapaKTepH30BaHa KaK BbIRBAeHHe HaH60Aee THnH4HbIX 4epT KYAbTYPHOH CAOmHOCTH K04eBbIX 06IgecTB, OTAH4aIOIgHX HX OT ,z:r.pyrHX pemOHOB H X03RHcTBeHHo-KYAbTYPHbIX apeaAOB . .lI,AR 3THX lJeAeH 6bIAa HcnOAb30BaHa Ta6A. 5 H3 CTaTbH ,lI,m. Mepzioxa H K. npOBOCT C BKAI04eHHeM B nee ,lI,OnOAHHTeAbHO ,lI,aHHbIX no 7 K04eBbIM 06IgeCTBaM H3 HX BbI60pKH, a TaKfKe ,lI,aHHbIX asropa no 8 K04eBbIM HMnepHRM EBPa3HH (CM. Ta6A. 3).

.H He CTaA CBO,ll,HTb 3TH ,lI,aHHbIe BMeCTe, nOCKOAbKY B MoeH BbI60pxe HapyweH npHHlJHn cPo r 3ATOHa - ace paccwarpaaaesn.re 06IgeCTBa CYIgeCTBOBaAH na O,ll,HOH H TOH me TeppHTopHH, H TeopeTH4eCKH HeAb3R OTpHlJaTb B03MomHOCTH KYAbTYPHOH ,lI,HcpcpY3HH, XOTR R H He RBARIOCb npasepacenuer-r H,lI,eH npeeMCTBeHHOCTH MemAY ,lI,peBHHMH H 60Aee n03- ,lI,HHMH HOMa,ll,aMH L!eHTpaAbHOH H BHYTpeHHeH fuHH. TeM He MeHee TeH,lI,eHlJHH, xapaxrepnere ,lI,AR BbI60PKH 7 K04eBbIX 06IgecTB (,lI,aAee - NP), KoppeAHpYIOTCR C TeH,lI,eHlJHRMH, npOCAemHBaeMbIMH B BbI60pKe 8 K04eBbIX HMnepHH (,lI,aAee - NE). 3TO ztaer OCHOBaHHe npe,ll,nOAOmHTb, 4TO pe4b cxopee acero ,lI,OAmHa H,lI,TH He 0 npeeMCTBeHHOCTH, a 06 YHHBepCaAbHbIX oc06eHHocTRX 3BOAIOlJHH K04eBblX 06IgecTB He3aBHCHMO OT apeaAOB HX 06HTaHHR H CTeneHH KYAbTYPHOH CAomHOCTH.

Ta6AHya 3 CpeJ\HHH HHJ\eKC KYAbTYPHOH CA02KHOCTH perHOHOB

N·! A C E I N S NP NE
1 nl1CbMeHHOCTb 0,2 3,3 2,0 1.0 1.2 0,7 2.4 3,0
2 OceAAocTb 3,1 3.4 2,7 3,6 1.9 2,0 0.4 0,6
3 3eMAeAeAI1e 2,8 3,0 2,6 2,8 1,3 2,3 0,7 1,3
4 Y p6aHI13aIJI1R 1,6 2,2 1.6 1,5 1,5 1.1 0,9 0.4
5 T eXHOAOrl1H 2,7 3,2 2,7 1,2 1.0 1,8 3,0 4,0
6 Tpancnopr 0,1 1,6 1,5 0,5 0,8 0,3 1.4 3,0
7 4eHbrH 1.5 2.4 1.9 1.8 1,2 0,4 1,1 1.8
8 nAOTHOCTb 2,3 2,6 2,2 2,6 0,9 0,9 0,6 1.1
9 nOA. I1HTerp. 2,1 2,5 2.4 1,8 1,2 1.4 2.4 4,0
10 COIJ. CTpaTl1qJ. 1.5 2,7 2,0 1.3 0,8 0,6 1.7 2,1 nO Murdock, Provost, 1973, C ,lI,06aBAeHHeM ,lI,BYX nOCAe,ll,HHX

KOAOHOK.

YCAoBHbIe 0603Ha4eHHR: A - AcppHKa, C - Cpe,ll,H3eMHOMopbe, E - BocT04HaR EBpa3HR, I - OCTpOBHaR naCHcpHKa, N - CeBepHaR

82

H. H. Kpa,4HH. KO'leBHHKH EBpa3HH

rJtaBa 4. KOMII.IleKCHble 06meCTBa HOMa,40B ...

83

AMepHKa, S NE - xouemsre

ocezixsrx cocezteii OHH 6e360Ae3HeHHO Mor AH BblAeARTb 60Abwoe l.JHCAO My~l.JHH AMI soennsrx noxozioa. nAeMeHHMI opraaasauax 06Aerl.JaAa 3aAal.JY nOAHTHl.JeCKOH M06HAH3a\!HH. HaAHl.JHe 60Abworo l.JHCAa aepxoasrx ~HBOTHbIX AeAaAo BOHCKO HOMaAoB M06HAbHbiM H HeYR3- BHMbIM, a KOH\!eHTpa\!HR na OrpaHHl.JeHHOM rtpocrpaacrae B c~aTble CpOKH 60Abworo KOAHl.JeCTBa AIOAcKHX pecypcon c03AaBaAa AAR KOl.JeBHHKOB cep sesaere TaKTHl.JeCKHe npeHMYIgeCTBa.

T per sa ocooeaaocre 3aKAIOl.JaeTCR B HaAHl.JHH Y KOl.JeBHHKOB-CKOTOBOAOB (nomadic pastoralists - NP) AOCTaTOl.JHO BbICOKoro HHAeKca nOAHTHl.JeCKOH \!eHTpaAH3a\!HH (2,4). cho POBHO CTOAbKO ~e, CKOAbKO Y aapozioa BOCTOl.JHOH EBpa3HH, H l.JYTb HH~e, l.JeM Y aapozioa CpeAH3eMHOMopbR. B AaHHblH MOMeHT R He Mory CKa3aTb, 06YCAOBAeHO AH 3TO KaKHMH-TO 3Hal.JHMbIMH npHl.JHHaMH HAH 3TO pe3YAbTaT orpanal.JeHHOCTH Bbl60PKH AaHHbIX. C APyroH CTOPOHbl, AOCTaTOl.JHO BblCOKHH ypOBeHb nOAHTHl.JeCKOH \!eHTpaAH3a\!HH KOl.JeBHHKOB (2,4 oaAAa - 3TO rAe-TO Me~AY npocTblM H CAO~HbIM BO~AeCTBOM) CBHAeTeAbcTByeT o TOM, l.JTO 60AbwaR l.JaCTb HOMaAoB, 06AaAaBwHX TaKHMH BepXOBblMH ~HBOTHbIMH, KaK xourazt» H/HAH Bep6AIOA, HMeAa AOCTaTOl.JHO CAO~HylO CPOPMY CO\!HaAbHO-nOAHTHl.JeCKOH opraaaaauaa.

I1 nocAeAHHH BbIBOA. I1HAeKc nOAHTHl.JeCKOH HHTerpa\!HH KaK y KOl.JeBHHKOB-CKOTOBOAOB (NP), TaK H B KOl.JeBbIX HMnepl1RX (NE) 6blA na nopnztox senue HHAeKca CO\!HaAbHOH CTpaTHcpHKa\!HH (COOTBeTCTBeHHO 2,4 H 1,7; 4,0 H 2,1). cho AaeT OCHOBaHHe npeAnOAO~HTb, l.JTO npogeccer noxaroreaesa B 06IgecTBax HOMaAoB B \!eAOM HeCKOAbKO onepeacaxn pa3BHTHe CO\!HaAbHOH CTpaTHCflHKa\!HH. B03MO~HO, 3TO 06YCAoBAeHo OTCYTCTBHeM cTa611AbHbiX HCTOl.JHHKOB HaKonAeHHR H xpaHeHI1R 3Hal.JHTeAbHbIX npOAYKTHBHblX pecypcon B KOl.JeBbIX 06IgecTBax, oc06eHHOCTRMH 3KOAorHH, BCAeAcTBHe l.Jero B OAI1H MOMeHT MO~HO 6blAO AHWHTbCR scero crazia.

J{)~HaR AMepHKa, N P - KOl.JeBHI1KI1-CKOTOBOAbl, I1MnepHH.

nOAYl.JeHHble peayx s'ra'rsr AOCTaTOl.JHO I1HTepeCHbI. nepBaR oco- 6eHHOCTb 3aKAIOl.JaeTCR B CpaBHI1TeAbHO BblCOKOM ypOBHe pa3BHTHR CHCTeMbl sanaceii H nHCbMeHHOCTH y HOMaAoB. OHa B \!eAOM ycrynaeT TOAbKO CpeAI13eMHOMopCKOMY pernony. ECAH Yl.JeCTb BblBOAbl HeKOTOpsrx HCCAeAOBaHHH, corxacno KOTOPblM TaKOH noxasa'rexb, KaK nac sMeHHOCTb, He acer Aa CBR3aH C yxce CAO~HBweHCR rOCYAapCTBeHHOCTblO (WTaepMaH, 1989; EepeHT, 2000; KopoTaeB HAp., 2000; EOH,4apeHKO HAp., 2002), MO~HO npeAnOAO~HTb, l.JTO fiearocyziapcraeanoe OOIgecTBo AaAeKO He acer Aa AOA~HO OblTb nepBo6blTHblM, H, cxeztoaaTeAbHO, ~HBH.I\H3a~HH He 06R3aTeAbHO npezmoxaraer HaAHl.Jl1e rOCYAapCTBeHHOCTH. I1CXOAR H3 3TOH TOl.JKI1 3peHI1R, Yl.JeHbIM nopa OTKa3aTbCR OT YCTOH<IHBbIX CTepeOTl1nOB, CAO~HBWHXCR CO BpeMeHH KAaCCHl.JeCKOrO 3BOAIO\!HOHH3Ma 11 0606IgeHHbiX r. YaHAAoM, corxacno KOTOPblM B03- HI1KHOBeHHe \!I1BI1AH3a\!I1H acer Aa AOA~HO conpoaoacziaruca nORBAeHHeM nI1CbMeHHOCTH, yp6aHI13a\!HI1, Pa3BHTOH CO\!HaAbHOH CTpaTHCflHKa\!HH H rOCYAapCTBa. KOl.JeBble OOIgeCTBa cxyxcar HarARAHblM npHMepOM He06- XOAHMOCTI1 KOppeKTl1pOBKH 06IgenpHHRTbiX npeACTaBAeHHH.

BTOPOH BblBOA AOCTaTOl.JHO Ol.JeBHAeH. no CTeneHI1 pa3BHTHR oceAAOCTH, yp6aHH3a\!HH, 3eMAeAeAbl.JeCKOrO ceKTopa 3KOHOMI1KH, l.JI1CAeHHOCTI1 H nAOTHOCTH HaceAeHHR KOl.JeBHHKI1 3Hal.JHTeAbHO ycrynaAI1 CBOHM oceAAblM coceztaja. OAHaKO OHH KOMneHCHpOBaAH 3TO AOCTaTOl.JHO BbICOKHM ypOBHeM TeXHOAorHH (BTopaR n03H\!HR nOCAe CpeAH3eMHOMopbR), OTHOCHTeAbHO BblCOKHM ypOBHeM TOBapHOCTI1 3KOHOMI1KI1 (ToprOBAR acer Aa RBARAac b OAHHM H3 HaH60Aee Ba~HbIX H n~eCTI1~HbIX BI1AOB AeRTeAbHOCTH HOMaAOB), pa3BHTHeM TpaHcnopTHOI1 I1HCflpaCTpYKTypbl, oa3HpYlOIgeHCR He TOAbKO na HcnOAb30BaHHI1 60Abworo KOAHl.JeCTBa ~HBOTHbIX, HO 11 na npeHMYIgeCTBax paBHHHHblX npOCTpaHCTB C MI1HHMaAbHblM KOAHl.JeCTBOM npenRTCTBI1H.

BnpOl.JeM, HeooXOAHMO HMeTb B BHAY, l.JTO 06IgHH KYAbTYPHblH nOTeH\!l1aA 06IgeCTBa AaAeKO He seer Aa ~eCTKO COOTBeTcTByeT ero BOeHHOMY nOTeH\!HaAY. EBPa3I1HCKHe KOl.JeBHI1KH He TOAbKO BHI1MaTeAbHO CAeAI1AH aa TeXHOAOrl1l.JeCKHM nporpeccovt B BoeHHOM AeAe H HepeAKO RBARAHCb H306peTaTeARMI1 pa3Horo pozia HOBweCTB B 3TOH 06AaCTI1, HO H OTAI1l.JaAHCb OOAee npHcnoc06AeHHOH AAR BoeHHoro 06pa3a ~H3HH 3KOHOMI1l.JeCKOH 11 nOAHTHl.JeCKOH opraHH3a\!HeH. B OTAHl.Jl1e OT CBOHX

***

Pe3YAbTaTbi KPOCC-KYAbTypHoro HCCAeAoBaHHR 15 06IgecTB HOMaAOB nOKa3bIBa1OT, l.JTO Y KOl.JeBHHKOB H CKOTOBOAOB MO~HO BblAeAI1Tb npaxrepao rpn-versrpe ypOBHR KYAbTYPHOH (H nOAHTHl.JeCKoH) CAO~HOCTH. CaMble npocrue - 3TO cerxrerrrapnere aKecpaAbHble 06IgeCTBa, He HMelOIgHe opraaoa ynpaaxenaa. CAeAYlOrga.H cryneae - aTO "BTO--

84

H. H. Kpa,4HH. KO!leBHHKH EBpa3HH

rAaBa 4. KOMnAeKcHble 06mecTBa HOMa,4OB ...

85

pl14Hble" nxexrena, KOHrpeAepa~1111 nxexren, npocrere BomAeCTBa. Er,ge 60Aee pa3BI1TYlO CTPYKTYPY I1MelOT CAomHble 11 cynepcxoacaere o6rgeCTBa. nOCAeAHl1e npezicraaxeasr B Hal160Aee MaCWTa6HOM BI1Ae K04eBblMI1 I1MnepI1RMI1, a 'raxzxe KBa3I1I1MnepCKI1MI1 nOAI1TI1RMI1 HeCKOAbKO MeHbwero pasxrepa (noAo6Ho TaTapCKI1M xaHCTBaM nOCAe KpyweHI1R 30AOT0I1 0pAbl), He3aBI1CI1MblMI1 11 nOAY3aBI1CI1MblMI1 xaHCTBaMI1 HOaoro BpeMeHI1 (mY3bl Ka3aXOB, xaHCTBO KaAMblKOB 11 AP')' Hal160Aee CAOmHblMI1 RBARIOTCR Te xoueaere I1Mnepl111 (B MoeH Tl1nOAOrl111 ,4aHHHuectcne 11 seeoeeere.sonote I1Mnepl111 HOMaAoB [Kpa,4HH, 1992; 2002]), xo'ropsre BKAI04aAI1 B CBOH COCTaB 3eMAeAeAb4eCKoe nacexenae.

CpeAHI1H ypoaen e KYAbTYPHOH CAOmHOCTI1 THnH'lHbIX K04eBblX I1Mnepl1H HaXOAI1TCR npaxrepno ua OAHOM ypoane C TaK Ha3bIBaeMblMI1 CAOmHblMI1 BomAeCTBaMI1 oceAAO-3eMAeAeAb4eCKI1X o6rgecTB I1AI1, caMoe MaKCI1MaAbHOe, C nOAI1TI1RMI1, HaXO,lV:lr,gI1MI1CR na nopore c03AaHI1R rOCYAapCTBeHHOCTI1. C MoeH T04KI1 3peHI1R, noztorinere o6rgecTBa HOMaAoB npaanx enee 6blAO 6bl I1MeHOBaTb cynepcxoacaenns BomAecTBaMI1 (Kpa,4HH, 1992; 2001). ,ltAR nOCAeAHI1X 6blAI1 xapaicrepmsr BbICOKaR creneae ~eHTpaAI13a~l1l1, pa3BI1TI1e CO~l1aAbHOH crpararpaxa~1111, 3a4aTKI1 yp6aHI1CTI14eCKOro 11 MOHYMeHTaAbHoro CTpOI1TeAbCTBa, a I1HOr Aa Aame nI1CbMeHHOCTb. 4aHHble BomAeCTBa I1MeAI1 CAomHYIO CI1CTeMY TI1TYAOBaHI1R BomAeH 11 rpYHK~110HepOB, BeAI1 Al1nAOMaTI14eCKYIO nepenncxy C COCeAHI1MI1 CTpaHaMI1, 3aKAI04aAI1 AI1HaCTI14eCKI1e hpaKI1 C npaBI1TeARMI1 3eMAeAeAb4eCKI1X rOCYAapCTB 11 zipyrax K04eBblX HMnepl1H. C T04KI1 3peHI1R coceAHI1X oceztxo-ropozicxnx ~I1BI1AI13a~I1H [10Ao6Hble xoveaere o6rgecTBa BOCnpl1HI1MaAI1Cb KaK caMOCTORTeAbHble cyrrsexrer MemAYHapoAHblX nOAI1TI14eCKI1X OTHOWeHI1H.

MorAI1 AI1 BomAeCTBa cynepcxoxcnoro rana c03AaBaTbCR oceztxo- 3eMAeAeAb4eCKI1MI1 HapOAaMI1? VbBecTHo, 4TO 411CAeHHOCTb cxoacC1blX BomAeCTB 113MepReTCR, KaK npaBI1AO, AeCRTKaMI1 TbICR4 4eAOBeK (CM., nanp.: Johnson, Earle, 2000: 246), 11 3THI14eCKI1 OHI1, KaK npa:mAO, rOMOreHHbI. OAHaKo aacexeaae MHOrOHa~110HaAbHoro cynep:AomHoro BomAeCTBa COCTaBAReT MHOrl1e COTHI1 TbICR4 4eAOBeK 11 l1,ame 60Abwe (Ko4eBble I1Mnepl111 BHYTpeHHeH A.31111 AO 1-1,5 MAH -leAOBeK). T epptrropas cynepcxoasnerx BomAeCTB K04eBHI1KOB 6blAa aa

-IeCKOAbKO nopRAKOB 60Abwe nAorgaAI1, Heo6xOAI1MOH AAR npocrsrx 11

:AomHblX BomAeCTB 3eMAeAeAb~eB (AAR HOMaAoB 60Aee xapaKTepHa raxaa nAOTHOCTb HaCeAeHI1R, KOTopaR y 3eMAeAeAb~eB 4arge BCTpe4a-

eTCR B A0l1epapXI14eCKI1X 'rsmax o6rgecTBa 11 aoxcziecraax ). B TO me BpeMR na Teppl1TOpl1l1, conOCTaBI1MOH no pasxrepaxr C AI060H K04eBOH I1Mnepl1eH, MorAO 6bl npoaomaru B HeCKOAbKO pa3 60Abwe 3eMAeAeAb~eB, AeRT~AbHOCTb KOTOPblX BpRA AI1 peryxapoaaxac s AorocYAapcTBeHHblMI1 MeTOAaMI1.

YnpaBAeHl1e CTOAb 60AbWl1M npOCTpaHCTBOM B o6rgecTBe K04eBHI1KOB 06Aer4aAOCb cne~l1rpl1KOH crermsrx AaHAwarpTOB 11 HaAI1411eM BepXOBblX mI1BOTHblX. C APyroH CTOPOHbl, aceorugas aoopyacenaoc're K04eBHI1KOB, 06YCAOBAeHHaR OT4aCTI1 I1X AI1CnepCHblM paCCeAeHl1eM, Mo6I1AbHOCTb, 3KOHOMI14eCKaR aBTapKI14HOCTb, BOI1HCTBeHHblH 06pa3 ml13HI1 aa npOTRmeH1111 AAI1TeAbHOro I1CTOpl14eCKOro nepaozia, a TaKme PRA I1HblX qiaxropos MeWaAI1 YCTaHOBAeHl11O CTa611AbHoro KOHTPOAR HaA CKOTOBOA4eCKI1MI1 nAeMeHaMI1 11 oTAeAbHblMI1 HOMaAaMI1 co CTOPOHbl BbICWI1X ypOBHeH BAaCTI1 K04eBblX o6rgecTB. Bce 3TO AaeT OCHOBaHl1e npezmoxoxcaru, 4TO cynepcxoxcaoe BomAeCTBO, eCAI1 11 He RBARAOCb xapaxrepaoii TOAbKO AAR K04eBHI1KOB rpOPMOH nOAI1TI14eCKOH OpraHI13a~l1l1, TO I1MeHHO y HI1X OHO nOAY411AO Hal160AbWee pacnpocrpanenae.

TAaBa 5. KOlJeBHHlJeCTBO H TeopWl llHBHAH3aIJHH 87

KOl..fEBHI1l..fECTBO 11 TEOPI1H

<.>

IJI1BI1AI13AIJI1I1*

1994). B \.!eAOM ,lI.aHHbIH nozixozt He npezmoxaraer He06xo,ll.I1MOCTI1 pa3pa60TKI1 cne\.!I1aAbHOH MeTO,ll.OAOrHI1 \.!I1BI1AI13a\.!I10HHbIX I1CCAe,ll.OBaHI1H. YIHTepnpeTa\.!I151 np0I13BO,ll.I1TC5I B TepMI1HOAOrHI1 CYIJJeCTBYIOIJJI1X TeOpeTI14eCKI1X napazurrw (Pa3AI14Hble BepCI1I1 MapKCI13Ma, TeOpI1I1 MO,ll.epHI13a\.!I1I1 11 np.}, npI14eM C 3TI14eCKI1 HeKoppeKTHbIM ,lI.eAeHI1eM scex HapO,ll.OB aa TaK Ha3bIBaeMbJe "\.!I1BI1AI130BaHHble" 11 "He\.!I1BI1AI1-

"

30BaHHble .

npI1MeHI1TeAbHO K K04eBHI14eCTBY rAaBHa51 nporixesra, KaK npaBI1AO, CBO,ll.I1TC5I K Bonpocy, cnocooinc AI1 6bIAI1 KOLJeBHI1KI1 caMOCTO- 51TeAbHO MI1HOBaTb 6apbep "aapsapcraa" 11 urarnyr e B "\.!I1BI1AI13a\.!I1IO". Oc06eHHO aKTI1BHO 3TY I1,l1.eIO OTCTaI1BaA KeMepOBCKI1H apxeoxor A. YI. MapTbIHOB. CorAaCHO ero MHeHI1IO, apXeOA0rI14eCKI1M CBI1,l1.eTeAbCTBOM 3TOH \.!I1BI1AI13a\.!I1I1 51BA5IIOTC5I 3AI1TapHble, MOHYMeHTaAbHble norpeoenua K04eBOH 3HaTI1 C KOAoccaAbHbIMI1 3aTpaTaMI1, 4TO CBI1- ,lI.eTeAbcTByeT 0 3Ha4HTeAbHOH CO\.!HaAbHoH CTpaTHctJI1Ka\.!HI1 B 06IJJeCTBe, KOH\.!eHTpa\.!HH e,ll.HHOAI14HOH BAaCTI1, BbICOKOH KyAbType ,lI.aHHbIX aapozioa (MapTbIHoB, 1989; 2003 11 ,lI.p.). Eha KOH\.!en\.!H5I BbI3BaAa AeT ,lI.eC5ITb naaaz; \.!eAYIO ,lI.HCKYCCI1IO cpe,ll.I1 apxeOAorOB, MaTepHaAbI KOTOPOH 6bIAI1 ony6AHKoBaHbI B 1993 r. B 207 -M BbmYCKe "KpaTKI1X Co06IJJeHHH YIHCTI1TYTa apXeOAOrI1I1".

KpI1TepHH \.!HBHAH3a\.!HI1 MapTbIHoB 3aI1MCTBOBaA H3 3HaMeHHTOH KOH\.!en\.!HH "rOpO,ll.CKOH peaoxrouaa" r. YaHA,lI.a. B caoe BpeM5I YaHA,lI. BbI,lI.eAHA ,4eCJlTb apxeOAOrHlJeCKHX KpHTepHeB CTa,4HH llHBHAH3allHH:

1) n05lBAeHHe ropO,ll.CKHX \.!eHTpOB;

2) B03HHKHOBeHI1e KAaCCOB, 3aH5ITbIX BHe np0I13BO,ll.CTBa nI1IJJH (peMeCAeHHHKH, 'roprosusr, m.pe\.!bI, 4I1HOBHI1KI1 H np.) 11 m.HBYIJJI1X B ropO,ll.ax;

3) HaAH4He MOHYMeHTaAbHbIX KYAbTOBbIX, ,lI.BOP\.!OBbIX 11 06IJJeCTBeHHbIX coopyasennii;

4) 3Ha4I1TeAbHbIH npI16aB04HbIH npO,ll.yKT, H3bIMaeMbIH 3AI1TOH;

5) 060c06AeHHe npaB5IIJJHX rpyrm, HaAI14I1e qmKCI1pyeMoH B apxeo-

AOrH4eCKHX HCT04HI1KaX pesxoii cO\.!I1aAbHOH CTpaTHctJI1Ka\.!HI1;

6) n05lBAeHHe nHCbMeHHOCTH 11 3a4aTKOB MaTeMaTHKI1;

7) pa3BHTHe H3bICKaHHoro xyzroasecraenaoro CTI1A5I;

8) n05lBAeHHe ToprOBAH na ,lI.aAbHHe paCCT05lHH5I;

9) 06pa30BaHHe rocyziapcraa;

10) B3I1MaHHe HaAOrOB HAI1 ,lI.aHH (Chi/de, 1950).

FAABA 5

B roztsr nepecrpoiixu H nOCAe pacnazia CCCP MHOrHe Y4eHble 113 CTpaH 6bIBwero CO\.!HaAHCTH4eCKoro xarepa 06paTHAHCb B CBOHX HCCAe,ll.OBaHI151X K \.!HBIiAH3a\.!HOHHOMY nozixozty. 3Ha4HTeAbHa51 4aCTb H3 HI1X noxaraxa, 4TO \.!HBHAH3a\.!HOHHa51 TeOpI151 ,lI.OAm.Ha 3aMeHHTb YCTapeBWHH ctJopMa\.!HOHHbIH noztxozt, a B HeKOTopbIX COBpeMeHHbIX crpanax 3Ta napaziarxra ctJaKTH4eCKH 6bIAa B351Ta aa soopyaceaae KaK octJH\.!Ha)\bHa51 MeTO,ll.OAOrH5I ,lI.A5I Y4eHbIX, npe,ll.CTaBA5IIOIJJHX rYMaHHTapHble HaYKH.

B CB5I3I1 C 3THM He06xo,ll.HMO OTMeTHTb, 4TO CYIJJeCTBYIOT ,lI.Ba pa3HbIX nOHHMaHH5I ,lI.ectJHHH\.!HH "\.!HBHAH3a\.!H5I" (Ito, 1997). nepBoe BOCXO,ll.I1T K pa60TaM WOTAaH,lI.CKoro MbICAHTeA5I XVIII B. A. cPepnocCOHa, Bbl,ll.eAHBwero CTa,ll.HH ,lI.HKOCTH, sapeapc'raa H \.!HBHAH30BaHHoro COCT05lHH5I 4eAOBe4eCTBa. BnocAe,ll.CTBHH 3Ta H,lI.e51 6bIAa pa3BHTa B 'rpyziax A. MopraHa H cPo 3HreAbca, a r. YaHA,lI. nOnbITaAC5I OTbICKaTb KpHTepHH \.!HBHAH3a\.!HH B apxeOAorH4eCKHX HCT04HHKax . .lI,aHHbIH nozixozt npe,ll.CTaBA5IeT C060H AHWb O,ll.HY H3 MO,ll.HctJHKa\.!HH crazuraAHCTCKHX mrreprtperaunii BceMHpHoH HCTOPHH, paCCMaTpHBaIOIJJHX HCTopH4ecKHH npogecc KaK nocxezioaarexuaoe pa3BHTHe cTa,ll.HH. noH5ITHe "\.!HBHAH3a\.!I151" 3,l1.eCb, no CYTH ,lI.eAa, Tom.,lI.eCTBeHHO TepMHHY "cTa,ll.I151 nocxenepaorisrrnoro 06IJJeCTBa" (B MapKcHcTCKOH TepMHHOAOrHH - "ctJ0pMa\.!HH"). B HeKOTopbIX pariorax rrpezixaraxoce npOCTO nepeHMeHOBaTb "ctJ0pMa\.!HH" HAH "crazum" B "\.!HBHAH3a\.!HI1" (HKoBell,

* KOlleBHHlleCTBO H reopas gHBHAH3al!HH / / l\10HfoAbCKaR H1\mepHR H KOlleBaH MHp. BhIn. 2. YAaH-Y.z:\::J: Vl3,l\-BO EHU CO PAH. 2005. C. 14-23.

88

H. H. Kpa,4HH. KOlfeBHHKH EBpa3HH

TAaBa 5. KOlfeBHHlfeCTBO H TeOpJiH [JHBHAH3allHH

89

BnOCAeACTBHH cnHCOK apxeOAorH4eCKHX npH3HaKOB QHBHAH3aQHH HeoAHOKpaTHO yr04HHAOI. B OAHOH H3 HaH60Aee aBTopHTeTHbIX pa60T BTOPOH nOAOBHHbI XX B. no cOQHaAbHoH apXeOAOrHH - KHHre K. PeH!PplO 0 B03HHKHOBeHHH QHBHAH3aQHH B ApeBHerpe4eCKOM MHpe - OH COKpaIgeH BABoe. PeHrpplO noxaraer, 4TO nOKa3aTeAeM QHBHAH3aQHH BblcTynaeT TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIH HM MHoroMepHbIH KpHTepHH, B KOTOPbIH OH BKAI04HA cAeAYIOIgHe xapaxrepmsre, HO He acer Aa 06H3aTeAbHO rpHKcHpyeMble apxeoxoraraa npH3HaKH:

1) COQHaAbHaH CTpaTHrpHKaQHH;

2) BbICOKopa3BHTaH peMeCAeHHaH cneQHaAH3aQHH;

3) ropozt:

4) nHCbMeHHOCTb;

5) MOHYMeHTaAbHOe KYAbTOBoe CTpOHTeAbCTBO.

npH 3TOM, noxar-aer PeHrpplO, H3 'rpex nocAeAHHX npH3HaKOB AOCTaT04HO XOTH 6bI napbI (Renfrew, 1972: 3-7).

B OTe4eCTBeHHOH apxeoxorna CYIgeCTByeT CXOfKaH TpaAHQHH. no MHeHHlo, nanpawep, B. M. MaCOHa, KpHTepHeM QHBHAH3aQHH BbICTYnaer apxeOAOrHQeCKaH 'rpaazta npH3HaKOB - ropOA, MOHYMeHTaAbHaH apxrrrercrypa H nHCbMeHHOCTb (MaccoH, 1989: 8-11).

11 XOTH A. 11. MapTbIHoB noxarax, 4TO YfKe K04eBHHKH lOfKHoH CH6HPH B cepezuute I TbIC. AO H. 3. c03AalOT oc06yIO "CTenHYIO QHBHAH3aIlHIO", HO eCAH nOAOHTH K xapax-repacraxe paHHHX K04eBHHKOB 06beKTHBHO, HH 'rarapusr, HH na3blpbIKQbI He Ha6HpalOT He06xOAHMOro KOAH4eCTBa npH3HaKoB, 4T06bI C4HTaTbCH corxacno Bblpa60TaHHbIM KpHTepHHM OC060H QHBHAH3aQHeH (orcyrc-raae ropoAoB H nHCbMeHHOCTH). T aKOH fKe BbIBOA cAeAyeT CAeAaTb H B OTHoweHHH XYHHCKOH AepfKaBbl. T OAbKO npHMeHHTeAbHO K T IOPKCKOMY (K04eBaH QHBHAH- 3aQHH 6e3 ropOAOB) H YHrYPCKOMY xaraaa'raxr MOfKHO rOBopHTb 0 aaaepurenan npoQeCCOB QHBHAH3aQHOHHoro CTpoHTeAbcTBa.

EIge 60Aee 6eccnopHOH HBAHeTCH HHTepnpeTaQHH KaK cTaAHH QHBHAH3aQHH MOHrOAbCKOH AepfKaBbI nepnozta pacusera. B 3TOT nepaozt aa TeppHTopHH MOHrOAbCKHX crerteii 6bIA BbICTpoeH rpoMaAHbIH ropoA - cToAHQa TpaHCKOHTHHeHTaAbHOH HMnepHH (TOAbKO KYAbTYPHbIH CAOH B QeHTpe KapaKOPYMa AOCTHraeT HeCKOAbKHX MeTpOB). l1H03eMHbIMH MacTepaMH 6bIAH coopyxcener npexpacnuie TBopeHHH apxirrexrypur - ABopeQ xaana YreAeH HAH ABopeQ nAeMHHHHKa YHHrH3-xaHa ECYHK3 B 3a6aHKaAbe (KHceAeB, 1965) . .LJ,OCTOHHbI BOCXHIgeHHH H YHHKaAbHble

TBopeHHH ApeBHeMoHroAbcKoH CAOBeCHOCTH - HanHcaHHbIH B 1240 r. aHoHHMHbIH TpaKTaT "MoHroAbIH HYYIl TOB400". 11 XOTH AO CHX nop He HaHAeHO HH ozuroro 3AHTapHoro cpeztneaexoaoro MOHrOAbcKoro saxopOHeHHH (BKAI04aH norpetieuaa 4AeHOB QapCTBYIOIgero AOMa), no nHCbMeHHbIM CBHAeTeAbCTBaM eBponeHCKHX nyreuiecraeaaaxoa H3BecTHO, 4TO OHH COBepwaAHCb C OC060H nblWHOCTblO H TaHHcTBeHHocTblO, OTAH4aHCb OT 06pHAa norpenenaa npocrurx HOMaAoB.

CorAaCHo BTOPOMY nOAxoAY, KafKAaH IlHBHAH3allHH npeztcraaxner C060H rHraHTCKHH opraHH3M, KOTOPbIH nOA06Ho fKHBOMY cYIgecTBY npoxoznrr B csoeii 3BOAIOQHH ace ararn.r pa3BHTHH - OT pOfKAeHHH AO rH6eAH. 3AeCb, B OTAH4He OT npeAbIAYIgero nozixozta, rpeoyerca 60Aee H30IgpeHHbIH MeTOAOAorH4eCKHH HHCTPYMeHTapHH. HaH60Aee 4eTKO AaHHbIH nozixozt anepeere 6bIA H3AOfKeH B KHHre H. 11 . .LJ,aHHxencxoro "POCCHH H EBpona" (1871). B sanaztaoii HaYKe 6e3ycAoBHbIM npHopHTeTOM HBAHeTCH KHHra O. l.l.lnearxepa "3aKaT EBponb( (Spengler, 1918). OAHaKo HaH60Aee 06CTOHTeAbHO QHBHAH3aQHOHHaH 'reopna 6bIAa CrpOPMYAHpOBaHa B 12-TOMHOM C04HHeHHH A.T OHH6H "113Y4eHHe HCTOpHH". TOHH6H BbIAeAHA OKOAO 30 QHBHAH3aQHH, OTAH- 4alOIgHXCH YHHKaAbHbIMH HenOBTopHMbIMH 4epTaMH. npH4HHaMH B03- HHKHOBeHHH QHBHAH3allHH CAyfKHAH BbI30BbI BHeWHeH CpeAbI. KafKAaH H3 QHBHAH3aQHH npOXOAHAa B CBoeM pa3BHTHH cTaAHH B03HHKHOBeHHH, pOCTa, HaAAOMa H pacnazta. BHYTpeHHHH CTpYKTypa QHBHAH3aQHH OCHOBbIBaAaCb aa rpYHKIlHoHaAbHoM 4AeHeHHH na "raopvecxoe MeHbWHHCTBO", MaCCbI, "npoxerapaar". CpeAH MHOfKeCTBa QHBHAH3aQHH T OHH6H 'raxxce BbIAeAHA K04eBYIO, KOTopaH, no ero MHeHHIO, 6bIAa 3aCTbIBweH, Hepa3BHBalOIgeHCH (Toynbee, 1934).

.LJ,0 nepecrpoiixn B COQHaAHCTH4eCKHX crpaaax QHBHAH3aIlHoHHbIH nozixozi aCCOQHHpOBaACH C TaK Ha3bIBaeMOH 6ypfKya3HoH HaYKOH. B CCCP eAHHCTBeHHblM HHTepnpeTaTopOM QHBHAH3aQHOHHoro noztxozta 6bIA A. H. r YMHAeB. OH nanacax MHoro KHHr no HCTOPHH K04eBHHKOB EBPa3HH, npHBOAH y6eAHTeAbHble npHMepbI H3 fKH3HH crennoro MHpa. Y 4eHbIH paCCMaTpHBaA HCTOPHIO 4eAOBe4eCTBa KaK npouecc B3aHMOAeHcTBHH oTAeAbHblX xpyrmoraacurrafurerx CHCTeM - "cyneparaocoa". Ero aay-nnsre B3rAHAbi BO MHorOM coanaziaror C KOHQenllHeH ToHH6H. no r YMHAeBY, fKH3Hb KafKAoro "cyneparuoca" paBHHAaCb 1200-1500 rOAaM, B Te4eHHe KOTOPbIX OHH nepexsasaxa rpa3bI pOfKAeHHH, B3AeTa H ynaznca . .LJ,HHaMHKa 3THH4eCKHX npogeccoa 06YCAoBAHBaAacb 3Hep-

90

H. H. KpaAHH. KOlJeBHHKH EBpa3HH

rAaBa 5. KOlJeBHHlJeCTBO H TeOpH5l IJHBHAH3aIJHH

91

reTH4eCKHMH TOJ\4KaMH, aKTHBHOCTblO naCCHOHapHeB - HaH60J\ee

AeRTeJ\bHoH 4aCTH HaceJ\eHHR (1989).

B rOAbI nepecrpoiixn H B nOCTCOBeTCKoe BpeM51 HeMaJ\oe 4HCJ\0 HCcxezioearexeii H3 6bIBWHX cogHaAHCTH4eCKHX CTpaH Ha4aAH nponaraHAHpOBaTb gHBHJ\H3agHoHHblH noztxozt, noxaraa, 4TO OH-TO H CMOLKeT CTaTb AeHCTBeHHbIM cpeACTBOM OT AorMaTH4eCKoro COBeTCKoro MapKCH3Ma (Eapr, 1991; illeMflKHH, 1991 HAP')' B ;:)TOH CBR3H MOLKHO BbIAeJ\HTb HeCKOJ\bKO pa3J\H4HbIX mrrepnperauaii gHBHJ\H3agHoHHoro noztxozia: 1) gHBHJ\H3agHR - 3TO J\oKaJ\bHbIH, perHOHaAbHbIH BapHaHT pa3BHTHR KaKOH-J\H60 rpopMagHH (HanpHMep, "KHTaHcKHH rpeoAaJ\H3M" H T. A'); 2) gHBHJ\H3agHR - 3TO nocxenepsotierrnaa cTaAHR (HJ\H cTaAHH) HCTopH4eCKoro pa3BHTHR (06 3TOM CM. asnue ): 3) gHBHJ\H3agHOHHbIH noztxozi npezmoxaraer neperaeigenne cnexrpa HccJ\eAoBaHHH C "6a3HCa" (T. e. H3Y4eHHR cogHaJ\bHO-3KOHOMH4eCKHX oTHoweHHH, KJ\aCCOBOH CTPYKTYPbI H np.] Ha "uazic-rpoiixy' (MeHTaJ\bHocTb, HAeoJ\orHIO, peJ\HrHIO H T. A'); 4) HCTOPHR gHBHJ\H3agHH - 3TO HCTOpHR MHorHX xpynaoraacurrafinerx J\OKaJ\bHblX HCTopH4eCKHX naTTepHOB. YHCJ\O gHBHJ\H3agHH BbIAeJ\ReTCR pa3HbIMH aBTopaMH OT HeCKOJ\bKHX eAHHHg AO HeCKOJ\bKHX AeCRTKOB.

yb scex nepe4HCAeHHbIX HHTepnpeTagHH TOJ\bKO nOCAeAHRR COOTBeTCTByeT KJ\aCCH4eCKOH gHBHAH3agHoHHoH 'reopaa 4aHHJ\eBcKoro - Ll.lnenrJ\epa - TOHH6H. B OTJ\H4He OT CTaAHaAbHbIX reopnii OHa paCCMaTpHBaeT HCTopH4eCKHH npogecc B APyroH nJ\OCKOCTH - He B AHaxpOHHOH "sepTHKaJ\H", a B npOCTpaHCTBeHHOM "ropH30HTaJ\bHOM" H3MepeHHH. Ee BaLKHbIM AOCTHLKeHHeM RBJ\ReTCR TO, 4TO OHa n03BOJ\ReT npeOAOJ\eBaTb HeAoCTaTKH pRAa cTaAHaJ\bHbIX HHTepnpeTagHH HCTOPHH, B KOTOPbIX .sa DCHOBY B3RTa HCTOPHR 3anaAa.

OAHaKO y 3TOH TeopHH HMelOTCR H KpHTHKH. I1MH 6bIJ\ BbICKa- 3aHO PRA npHHgHnHaJ\bHbIX 3aMe4aHHH, xoropsre HaM aazio Y4eCTb 11 YCTpaHHTb, 4T06bI 'reopaa 6bIJ\a 60J\ee 060CHOBaHHoH. Bo-nepBbIX, fIe06xOAHMO npH3HaTb, 4TO AO CHX nop Y4eHbIM He YAaJ\OCb BblRBHTb J6'beKTHBHble KpHTepHH, no KOTOPbIM BbIAeJ\RIOTCR gHBHJ\H3agHH. no :nOH npH4HHe HX 4HCJ\0 3Ha4HTeJ\bHO OTJ\H4aeTCR Y pa3HbIX aBTopOB (Y3cKOTT, 2001), H B03MOLKHbI pa3J\H4Hble cneKyJ\RgHH (anxor s AO :BeAeHHR BCRKoro arnoca K OC060H gHBHJ\H3agHH). BO-BTOPbIX, He 3epHO OTOLKAeCTBJ\eHHe gHBHJ\H3agHH C LKHBbIMH opraHH3MaMH. BpeVUI cyrgecTBoBaHHR gHBHJ\H3agHH Pa3J\H4HO, nepaozusr B3J\eTa H ynazi-

xa MorYT CJ\Y4aTbCR HeOAHOKpaTHO. B-TpeTbHX, npH4HHbI reneanca H ynaztxa pa3HbIX gHBHJ\H3agHH HOCRT TaKLKe OTJ\H4HTeJ\bHbIH xapaxrep. B-4eTBepTbIX, gHBHJ\H3agHoHHaR YHHKaJ\bHOCTb He npOTHBope4HT B03- MOLKHOCTH pacnpocrpaaenna aa HHX YHHBepCaAbHbIX 06rgeHcTopH4ecKHX 3aKOHOMepHOCTeH ("oceBoe BpeMR" , "rJ\06aJ\H3agHR" HAP')'

ECJ\H B nOCJ\eAHeH 4eTBepTH XX B. MHOrHe yuenere B pa3BHBaIOrgHxcR H nocTcogHaJ\HcTH4ecKHx crpanax pacc4HTbIBaJ\H, 4TO BHeApeHHe gHBHJ\H3agHoHHoH MeToAoJ\orHH n03BOJ\HT oTe4ecTBeHHbIM HCTopHKaM H36eLKaTb reopernqecxoro OTCTaBaHHR OT 3apy6eLKHbIX KOJ\J\er, TO B naure BpeM51 C nOA06HbIMH HJ\J\I03HRMH CJ\eAyeT paCCTaTbCR. UHBHJ\H- 3agHOHHaR TeopHR, nonyxnpnan B MHPOBOH HaYKe erge nOJ\BeKa Ha3aA, HbIHe HaxoAHTCR B KPH3HCHOM COCTORHHH. 3anaAHble nccxeztoaa-reJ\H npeAn04HTalOT 06pargaTbcR K H3Y4eHHlO J\OKaJ\bHbIX coofiigec'ra, np06J\eMaTHKe HCTopH4eCKOH anrponoxoraa, HCTOPHH nOBceAHeBHOCTH (MOHOB, 1997). Ho 3TO He 3Ha4HT, 4TO AaHHoe aanpaaxenne He HMeer npasa ua cyrgecTBoBaHHe Hero He HyLKHO pa3BHBaTb.

Coapexreaaore npaaepacenuer gHBHJ\H3agHoHHoro noztxozta YAeJ\~lOT 60J\bllloe BHHMaHHe cpaBHHTeJ\bHOMY HCCJ\eAoBaHHIO gHBHJ\H3agHH. 4LK. XOPA KOHCTpYHpyeT reHeaAOrH4eCKOe ApeBO gHBHJ\H3agHH, B KOTOPbIX nbITaeTCR npOCMOTpeTb PRA nOCJ\eAOBaTeJ\bHOCTeH HCTOPHuecxoro pa3BHTHR (XOPA, 2001). WYHTapo I1To (/to, 1997) c03Aaer cxexty, B KOTOPOH nbITaeTCR Y4eCTb npocTpaHcTBeHHo-BpeMeHHble oc06eHHOCTH LKH3HH KaLKAoH H3 23 OCHOBHbIX gHBHJ\H3agHH, HX B3aHMOBJ\HRHHe APyr ua APyra, 06rgeHcTopH4ecKHe rJ\06aJ\bHble CABHrH ("ropOACKaR" , "oceaaa", "HaY4HaR" peBoJ\lOgHH).

C T04KH 3peHHR gHBHJ\H3agHoHHoro nOAxoAa K04eBHHKH HepeAKO paCCMaTpHBalOTCR KaK caMOCTORTeJ\bHaR gHBHJ\H3agHR. ;::ha HAeR BOCXOAHT K pa60TaM A.T OHH6H. nOCJ\e Hero OHa He 6blAa nonyxnpna, H TOJ\pKO B nOCJ\eAHHe AeCRTHJ\eTHR B nOCTMapKCHCTCKOH HaYKe CTaJ\H nORBJ\RJ\HCb pa60TbI, B KOTOPbIX BHOBb BbICKa3bIBaeTCR HAeR 06 oco- 60H gHBHJ\H3agHH HOMaAoB (Enkhtuvshin, Tumurjev, Chu/uunbaatar, 2000; Enkhtuvehin, 2003 HAP,)' BHe BCRKoro COMHeHHR, K04eBHH- 4eCTBO - 3TO OC06bIH MHP, OTJ\H4HbIH OT MHpa arpapnetx gHBHJ\H- 3agHH, 4TO MHoroKpaTHo nOA4epKHBaJ\ocb npeAcTaBHTeJ\RMH ocezixo- 3eMJ\eAeJ\b4ecKHx gHBHJ\H3agHH, xoropsre nonaztaxn B He3HaKoMYlO H HenpHBbI4HYlO AJ\R HHX cpeAY CTenHbIX CKOTOBOAoB.

OAHaKO y 3TOH BaLKHoH KOHgengHH eCTb KpHTHKH, xoropeie npn-

BOART CJ\eAylOrgHe KOHTpaprYMeHTbI.

92

H. H. Kpa,4HH. KOrJeBHHKH EBpa3HH

rAaBa 5. KOrJeBHHrJecTBo H TeOpHJl gHBHAH3agHH

93

Bo-nepBbIX, eCAH BbIAeA5ITb lJHBHAH3alJHIO HOMaAoB, TO He MeHee pe30HHO nOCTaBHTb Bonpoc 0 lJHBHAH3alJH5IX OXOTHHKOB c06HpaTeAeH ABCTPaAHH, apKTH4eCKHX OXOTHHKOB aa MOPCKHX asepeji H PbI60AOBOB nOA5IpHOrO Kpyra H T. A. YIHbIMH CAOBaMH, see THnbI 4eAOBe4eCKHX KyAbTyp MorYT 6bITb oxapaxrepasoaaasr KaK lJHBHAH3alJHH.

BO-BTOPbIX, MOfKHO AH BbIAeAHTb npH3HaKH, cnelJH!pH4Hble TOAbKO AA5I "HOMaAHOH lJHBHAH3alJHH"? EOAbWHHCTBO nOA06HbIX npH3HaKOB (cnelJH!pH4eCKoe OTHoweHHe KO BpeMeHH H npOCTpaHCTBY, 06bI4aH rocTenpHHMCTBa, pa3BHT35I CHCTeMa pOACTBa, CKpOMHble nOTpe6HOCTH, HenpHXOTAHBOCTb, BbIHOCAHBOCTb, snoc, MHAHTapH3HpOBaHHOCTb 06rgecTBa H T. A') nepeznco HMelOT CTaAHaAbHbIH xaparcrep H CBoHcTBeHHbI TeM HAH HHbIM sranaxr pa3BHTH5I KyAbryPbI HAH 06rgecTBa. nOfKaAYH, TOAbKO ocorienaoe KYAbToBoe OTHoweHHe K CKOTY - rAaBHoMY HCT04HHKY cyigecraoaaaaa HOMaAoB - OTAH4aeT HX OT scex APyrHx 06rgecTB.

B-TpeTbHx, BC5IK35I lJHBHAH3alJH5I OCHOBaHa aa onpeztexenaora nCHXOKYAbTypHOM eAHHcTBe H nepeaoraaer ararn.r pOCTa, pacusera H ynazixa. HOMaAH3M - 3TO He4TO anoe , 4eM lJHBHAH3alJH5I. Ero pacuser npHXOAHTC5I na 04eHb AAHTeAbHbIH nepHoA: I TbIC. AO H. 3. - cepeAHHbI II TblC. H. 3. B 3TOT nepnozi B03HHKAO H norH6AO HeMaAO oceziAO-3~MAeAeAb4ecKHX lJHBHAH3alJHH. T aKa51 fKe Y4aCTb fKAaAa MHome xovessre 06rgecTBa H see cytgecraoaaaunre B 3TOT nepnozi crermsre HMnepHH HOMaAoB. Bp5lA AH K04eBHHKH OC03HaBaAH ce651 KaK He4TO ezianoe, npo'nraocroaigee APyrHM aapoziara. r HKCOC H xyan, cpezureaeKOBbIH apa6 H MOHrOA rceperrr, HY3P H3 CYAaHa H OAeHeBOA APKTHKH He TOAbKO OTHOCHAHCb K pa3HbIM 3THocaM, HO H BXOAHAH B pasasre KYAbTypHble 06rgHOCTH. npH 3TOM OAHH HOMaAH4eCKHe 06rgecTBa MorAH COCTaBA5ITb "51APO" cyrgecTBYlOrgeH lJHBHAH3alJHH (HanpHMep, apaoer), zipyrae - BXOAHTb B COCTaB BapBapCKOH neparpepaa KaKOH-TO lJHBHAH3alJHH (rHKCOCbI AO 3aBOeBaHH5I ErHnTa); TpeTbH - OKa3aTbC5I npaKTH4eCKH BHe lJHBHAH3alJHOHHbIX npOlJeCCOB BnAOTb AO aauaxa nepHoAa KOAOHHaAH3Ma (HY3PbI, 4YK4H). H npeztxarax paCCMaTpHBaTb CTen~OH MHp He KaK ocoriyio lJHBHAH3alJHIO, a KaK "KBa3HlJHBHAH3alJHIO , T. e. nexoe BHeWHe noxozsee aa lJHBHAH3alJHIO eAHHCTBO, KOTOpoe na caMOM AeAe npeACTaBA5IeTC5I KOHlJenTyaAbHbIM KOHCTPYKTOM, c03AaHHbIM B MbICA5IX HCCAeAOBaTeA5I.

Erge OAHH noztxozt K npofixevre lJHBHAH3alJHH y HOMaAoB npezmo. xaraer paCCMOTpeHHe He eAHHOH AA5I ace K04eBbIX 06rgecTB lJHBHAH3alJHH, a OTAeAbHbIX «pyrnrsrx AOKaAbHbIX lJHBHAH3alJHH-KYAbryp . .!\. H. r Y:

MHAeB CB5I3bIBaA npoueccsr B03HHKHOBeHH5I H pa3BHTH5I lJHBHAH3alJHH (OH Ha3bIBaA HX cyneparaocaxnt ) C onpeAeAeHHbIMH reorparpavectonnr 30HaMH (rYMHAeB, 1989). C 3TOH T04KH 3peHH5I ApaBHHcKHH nOAYOCTPOB, aanpasrep, 6bIA TaKHM apeaxoxr, rAe B VII B. B03HHKAa aparicxas !JHBHAH3alJH5I. BHYTpeHH5I5I fuH5I 'rarose npeACTaBA5IAa ocooyio reorparpnuecxyro 30Hy. no MHeHHIO p5lAa aBTopoB, 3AeCb cytgecraoaaxa Ha4HHa51 C XYHHCKoro BpeMeHH (HAH AafKe 60Aee panaero] eAHHa51 CTenHa51 lJHBHAH3alJH5I (n3pA33, 1978; YpnaHaeBa, 1994 HAP')' YIccAeAoBaTeAH BbIAeA5IAH cAeAYlOrgHe xapaxrepnsre npH3HaKH AaHHOH !JHBHAH3alJHH: aAMHHHcTpaTHBHoe AeAeHHe na KpbIAb5l, AeC5ITH4Ha51 cacrexra, npeAcTaBAeHH5I 0 BAacTH, 06p5lAbI HHTpoHH3alJHH, AI060Bb K CKa4KaM H Bep6AIOfKbHM 6eraM, ocoooe MHpoB033peHHe H np. r AaBHa51 nporixevra 3aKAI04aeTC5I B AOKa3aTeAbcTBe npeevrcraennocru MefKAY K04eBbIMH HMnepH5IMH. HepeAKO AOAfKHO 6bIAO npOHTH AocTaT04Hoe KOAH4eCTBO AeT, 4":'06bI cren e CHOBa OKa3bIBaAaCb 06"beAHHeHHOH teaKOH-AH60 HMnepHeH HOMaAoB.

Oc060ro BHHMaHH5I 3acAYfKHBaeT aonpoc 0 MOHroAbCKoH lJHBHAH3alJHH (JlfeAe3HJlKOB, 2000 HAP')' B aacroargee BpeM51 aaspexa He06xOAHMOCTb nepeaecenna 06cYfKAeHH5I np06AeMbI B PYCAO 60Aee crpororo AorH4eCKoro 060cHoBaHH5I 3TOH HAeH. n03TOMY npeAcTaBA5IeTC5I BafKHbIM: 1) 060CHOBaTb He06xoAHMOCTb BbIAeAeHH5I MOHrOAbCKoro 06rgecTBa KaK OC060H lJHBHAH3alJHH (BeAb HH B OAHOH H3 KAaCCH4eCKHX H B COBpeMeHHbIX lJHBHAH3alJHOHHbIX cxexrax TaKOBOH HeT [Ito, 1997; MeAKO, 2001; Y3CKOTT, 2001 HAP']); 2) onucaru cnelJmfJH4eCKHe -reprsr (TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIH reHeTH4eCKHH KOA) MOHroAbCKOH lJHBHAH3alJHH; 3) YCTaHOBHTb npeAnOCbIAKH H Ha4aAbHble !Pa3bI CTaHOBAeHH5I MOHrOAbCKOH !JHBHAH3alJHH (BO BC5IKOM CAY4ae, noxa He 04eHb nOH51THO, OTKYAa HyfKHO aecra OTC4eT - C XI B., xorzta MOHrOAbI paCCeAHAHCb B BOCT04HOH 4aCTH L!eHTpaAbHOH fuHH, HAH C noszurero cpeznresexoaea, xorzta B MOHrOAHH aKTHBHO pacnpOCTpaHHAC5I 6YAAH3M); 4) AaTb xapaKTepHCTHKY OCHOBHbIM aranaxr HCTOPHH MOHroAbCKOH lJHBHAH3alJHH; 5) npocxezurr» BAH5IHHe MOHrOAOB aa lJHBHAH3alJHOHHble npogeccer B OKpYfKalorgeM MHpe H na MHp-CHCTeMHble npogeccst B snoxy cpeAHeBeKOBb51 B lJeAOM.

Erge OAHH aonpoc, KOTOPbIH B03HHKaeT B 3TOH CB5I3H: HaCKOAbKO npaBOMepHO BbIAeA5ITb ocooyio 30AOTOOPAbIHCKYlO lJHBHAH3alJHIO (KYAbIIHH, 2004)? KpoMe 'roro, n05lBA5IeTC5I P5lA MeTOAOAOrH4eCKHX HeYB5I30K, xoropsre He06xoAHMO 60Aee cepueano 060CHOBaTb. Bonepasrx, MOfKeT AH cytgecraoaare lJHBHAH3alJH5I acero ABeCTH AeT?

94

H. H. Kpa,4HH. KOlJeBHHKH EBpa3HH

BO-BTOPbIX, MOLKHO AH roaoprrru 0 30AOTOH OpAe KaK 0 eAHHOH ~HBHAH3a~HH? CYAH no apXeOAOrH4eCKHM pacxomcaxt, 3AeCb cyigecreoaaxa ABa cOBepweHHo pa3Hbix MHpa: TIOPKCKHH (c HeooAbwHM MOHrOAbCKHM AooaBAeHHeM) MHp K04eBHHKoB-CKOTOBOAoB H CHHKpeTH4HblH MHp HeCKOAbKHX xpynnsrx ropoAoB. B-TpeTbHX, KaLKAaH ~HBHAH3a~HH HMeeT CBOH OCOObIH KYAbTYPHblH KOA. 5bIA AH TaKOH KYAbTYPHbIH KOA B 30AOTOH OpAe? yi3Y4aH, nanpnxrep, apXeOAOrH4eCKHe ApeBHocTH, Mbl MOLKeM HaHTH TaM 3AeMeHTbi caxn.rx pasnerx ~HBHAH3a~HH H KYAbTYP - KHTaHCKOH, cpeAHea3HaTCKOH, aanazraoeaponeiicxoii, ApeBHepYCCKOH H np. Ho 4TO HBAHeTCH "BH3HTHOH KapT04KOH" COOCTBeHHO 30AOTOOPAblHCKOH ~HBHAH3a~HH?

MOLKeT ObITb, OOAee ~eAecooopa3HO paCCMaTpHBaTb cpeAHeBeKOBoe MOHrOAbCKoe oorgecTBo B pasncax MHP-CHCTeMHOrO noztxozta VI. BaAAepCTaHHa Hero nOCAeAOBaTeAeH (Chase-Dunn, Hall, 1997; XOAA, 2004), KOTOPbIH BKAI04aeT HaHOOAee OOOCHOBaHHbIe nOAOLKeHHH KaK cTaAHaAbHblX reopnii, TaK H cpaBHHTeAbHoro H3Y4eHHH ~HBHAH3a~HH. C 3TOH T04KH 3peHHH c03AaHHe HMnepHH YHHrH3-XaHa He CAY4aHHO COBnaAO C AeMorpaqm4ecKHM H 3KOHOMH4eCKHM nOA'beMOM BO acex 4aCTHX CTaporo CBeTa. MOHrOAbl 3aMKHYAH ~enb MeLKAYHapOAHOH ToprOBAH B eAHHblH KOMnAeKC cyxonyrHblx H MOPCKHX nyreii. BnepBble see xpyrmere perHOHaAbHble HApa (EBpona, HCAaMCKHH MHP, VIHAHH, KHTaH nAIOC n03AHee 30AOTaH 0pAa) OKa3aAHCb OO'beAHHeHHbIMH B nepBylo rAooaAbHYIO MHp-CHCTeMY (Abu-Lughod, 1989; 1990). B CTenH, noziotiao cpaHTaCTH4eCKHM MHpaLKaM, B03HHKAH rHraHTCKHe ropoAa - ~eHTPbl nOAHTH4eCKOH BAaCTH, TpaH3HTHoH ToprOBAH, MHOroHa~HOHaAbHOH KYAbTYPbl H HAeOAOrHH (KapaKoPYM, CapaH-5aTY)·

OAHaKo nepaas MHp-CHCTeMa OKa3aAaCb HeAoAroBe4HoH. 4,eMorpaqn.r CPHKCHPYIOT B nepnozi C 1350 no 1450 r. CHHXPOHHblH KpH3HC BO scex ee OCHOBHbIX cyo~eHTpax. YYMa, H3rHaHHe MOHrOAOB H3 KHTaH, ynaAoK 30AOTOH OPAbl HBHAHCb HaHOOAee BaLKHbIMH 3BeHbHMH B ~enH COObITHH, npHBeAwHX K ee rHOeAH (McNeill, 1976). 4,aLKe OT4aHHHble nom.rrxn T aMepAaHa BOCCTaHOBHTb cyxonyrHYIO TpaHCKOHTHHeHTaAbHYIO ToprOBAIO 3aKOH4HAHCb B KOHe4HOM C4eTe HeYAa4eH. B aaxaxe XV B. 30AOTaH Opzia pacnaxacu. B HOBOH HHAYCTpHaAbHOH MHp-CHCTeMe K04eBHHKaM ObIAO OTBeAeHO COBceM APyroe MeCTO. CTenHoH XHHTepAaHA nepecrax HrpaTb CKOAbKO-HHOYAb cyrgecrsenayto POAb B AHHaMHKe MaKpO~HBHAH3a~HOHHbIX npoijeccoa.

rAABA 6

POAb KOl..J:EBHI1KOB

B MI1P-CI1CTEMHbIX npOYECCAX*

Y HCTOKOB MHp-CHCTeMHoro noztxozta CTOHA cppaH~y3cKHH HCTOPHK cPo 5poAeAb. OH MHoro nncax 0 ToprOBblX KOMMyHHKa~HHX, KOTopble CBH3bIBaAH pa3Hble pernoner H KyAbTYPbl B eAHHoe MaKp03KOHOMHuecrcoe rtpocrpaacrao. 3TH HAeH ObIAH pa3BHTbl VI. BaAAepcTaHHOM (Wallerstein, 1974; 1984). r AaBHOH eAHHH~eH pa3BHTHR BaAAepCTaHH H30HpaeT He "Ha~HOHaAbHoe rOCYAapCTBO", a CO~HaAbHyIO CHCTeMY. CHCTeMbI HMelOT onpeAeAeHHYIO AOrHKY q)YHK~HOHHpOBaHHH H pa3BHTHH. lIepaocrenemn-nr KpHTepHeM KAaCCHcpHKa~HH (H OAHOBpeMeHHO nepHOAH3a~HH) CHCTeM Y BaAAepCTaHHa BblcTynaeT cnocof pacnpeAeAeHHH. B 3TOM OH cxeztyer HAeHM K. nOAaHbH. COOTBeTCTBeHHO BblAeAHIOTCH TpH cnocofia npOH3BOAcTBa H TpH 'rnna CO~HaAbHbIX CHCTeM: 1) pe~HnpOKTHO-AHHHALKHble MHHH-CHCTeMbI, OCHOBaHHble na OTHoweHHHX B3aHMOOOMeHa, 2) peAHcTpHoyrHBHble MHp-HMnepHH (B CyrgHOCTH, 3TO H ecru "~HBHAH3a~HH" A. T OHHOH), 3) KanHTaAHCTH4eCKaH MHp-CHCTeMa (MHp-3KoHoMHKa), OCHOBaHHaH na TOBapHOAeHeLKHblX OTHoweHHHX (Wallerstein, 1984: 160ff). 3TO CTaAHaAbHaH COCTaBAHlOrgaH MHp-cHcTeMHoH TeopHH.

"MHp-HMnepHH" cyrgecTBYIOT aa C4eT AatfH H HaAorOB C npOBHH~HH H 3aXBa4eHHblX KOAOHHH, T. e. sa cue'r pecypcoa, nepepacnpeAeAHeMblX olOpoKpaTH4ecKHM npaBHTeAbCTBOM. OTAH4HTeAbHbIM npH- 3HaKOM MHp-HMnepHH HBAHeTCH aAMHHHCTpaTHBHaH ~eHTpaAH3a~HH, AOMHHHpOBaHHe nOAHTHKH HaA 3KOHOMHKOH. MHp-HMnepHH Moryr rpancrpopxmpoaarecn B "MHP-3KOHOMHKH". 50AbWHHCTBO MHp-3KO-

* Ilepepa60TaHHblH AOKAaA Ha Il CeBepHoM apXeOAOrH4eCIWM xonrpecce (XaHTbl-MaHcHHcK, 2006 r.).

96

H. H. Kpa,4HH. KOlJeBHHKH EBpa3HH

rAaBa 6. POAb KOlJeBHHKOB B MHp-CHCTeMHbIX rrpo!Jeccax

97

HOMHK OKa3aAHCb HenpOlIHbIMH H norH6AH. E,lI,HHCTBeHHaR BblmHBwaR MHP-3KOHOMHKa - 3TO KanHTaAHCTHlIeCKaR. OHa CCPOpMHpOBaAaCb B EBpone B XVI-XVII BB., rtpeapa'rnxace B rerexrona MHPOBOro pa3BHTHR (KanHTaAHcTHlIecKYlo MHp-cHcTeMY), nO,ll,LJHHHB see zipyrae cogHaAbHble CHCTeMbI. KanHTaAHcTHlIecKaR MHp-CHCTeMa COCTOHT H3 "R,lI,pa" (HaH60Aee BbICOKopa3BHTble CTpaHbI 3ana,ll,a), "noxyrtepaqiePHH" (B XX B. CTpaHbI cogHaAH3Ma) H "neparpepan" (CTpaHbI TpeTbero MHpa). OHa OCHOBaHa aa He3KBHBaAeHTHOM pa3,l1,eAeHHH rpyzia H 3KcnAyaTagHH Mem,ll,Y "R,lI,POM" H "nepaqiepneii". nOAynepHcpePHR nO,ll,BHmHa, OHa BbInOAHReT axroprasagaonnere rpYHKgHH H aepezixo RBAReTCR HCTOlIHHKOM pa3AHlIHbIX HHHoBagHoHHbIX H3MeHeHHH. Ha ,lI,HHaMHKY 3KOHOMHlIeCKHX npoueccoa B COBpeMeHHOH MHp-CHCTeMe BAHRIOT reonOAHTHlIeCKHe rtpoueccer, 3KOHOMHlIeCKHe TpeH,lI,bI (gHKAbI KOH,lI,paTbeBa H ,lI,p.) pa3HOH npOTRmeHHOCTH (Wallerstein, 1974).

O,ll,HH H3 KAlOlIeBblX BonpOCOB MHp-cHcTeMHoH 'reopan 3aKAlOlIaeTCR B TOM, CKOAbKO MHp-CHCTeM CYl!:leCTBOBaAO aa npOTRmeHHH lIeAOBelIeCKOH HCTOpHH. CorAaCHO BaAAepCTaHHY, nO,ll.AHHHoH MHp-CHCTeMOH RBAReTCR TOAbKO MHp-CHCTeMa KanHTaAH3Ma B TelIeHHe nOCAe,ll,HHX HeCKOAbKHX COT AeT. O,ll,HaKO He ace npHHHMalOT ero TOlIKY 3peHHR. B 1989 r. lK. A6y-Ayxo,ll, BbInYCTHAa KHHry "40 eBponeHCKOH rereMOHHH" (Abu-Lughod, 1989), B KOTOPOH 3aBoeBaHHR MOHrOAOB pacgeHHBalOTCR KaK BamHeHWHH cpaKTOp C03,l1,aHHR nepnoii, nO-HaCTORl!:leMy rA06aAbHOH MHp-CHCTeMbI XIII B. ~:ha CHCTeMa COCTORAa H3 nRTH He3aBHCHMbIX "R,lI,ep": 1) 3ana,ll,HoH EBponbI; 2) aparicxoro MHpa; 3) 30HbI YIH,lI,HHcKoro oxeaaa: 4) KHTaR H BeAHKoH CTenH, 06'be,ll,HHeHHOH MOHrOAaMH B ezumoe MaKp03KOHOMHlIeCKoe npOCTpaHCTBO. Eho cnoc06CTBOBaAO YCTaHOBAeHHIO cTa6HAbHbIX ToprOBbIX KOHTaKTOB Mem,ll,Y EBponoH H KHTaeM. 3HalIHMocTb 3TOH pa60TbI 3aKAIOlIaeTCR B TOM, lITO A6y-Ayxo,ll, nepsoii 060CHOBaAa e,ll,HHCTBO MHpa ,lI,0 3nOXH rerexroaa KanHTaAH3Ma. OHa 'raxace nortbrraxac e BbI,lI,eAHTb xapaKTepHble lIepTbI ,lI,OCOBpeMeHHOH MHP-C!fCTeMbI, OTAHlIalOl!:lHe ee OT xamrraAHCTHlIeCKOH MHp-CHCTeMbI (A6y-A.yxo,4, 2001). BnOCAe,ll,CTBHH HCTOpHlIecKHH acnexr 6bIA 3HalIHTeAbhO YCHAeH B pariorax A.-f. COpaHKa,

K. YeH3-4aHHa H T. XOAAa.

CorAacHo BaAAepCTaHHY, 0 CKAa,ll,bIBa~HH MHp-CHCTeMbI MomHO rOBopHTb, Kor,ll,a HalIHHaeTCR MaCWTa6HbIH <;>6MeH MaCCOBbIMH 'roaapaMH. Ozmaico B geAoH cepnn HCCAe,ll,oBaHHH apxeoxoros H arrrponoxoros nOKa3aHO, lITO ,lI,AR ,lI,OHH,lI,YCTpHaAbHbIX 061!:leCTB 06MeH npeCTHmHbI-

MH TOBapaMH arpax 60Aee 3HalIHMYIO POAb H napaAAeAbHO RBARACR BamHbIM qiaxropov YCHAeHHR nOAHTHlIeCKOH BAaCTH (Webb, 1975; Ekholm, 1977; Schneider, 1977; Peregrine, 2000 etc.}. BnOCAe,ll.CTBHH H,lI,eR 6bIAa pa3BHTa K. YeH3-4aHHoM H T. XOAAOM. no HX MHeHHIO, MHp-CHCTeMHaR MeTO,ll,OAorHR npHMeHHMa K CHCTeMaM AI060ro nOpR,lI,Ka - OT rA06aAbHOH CHCTeMbI COBpeMeHHOCTH ,lI,0 MHHH-CHCTeM OXOTHHKOB c06HpaTeAeH. MHp-CHCTeMHble CBR3H CKAa,ll,bIBaIOTCR H3 lIeTblpex cereii: cereii MaCCOBbIX TOBapOB (BNG), CeTeH npeCTHmHbIX TOBapOB (PGN), nOAHTHlIeCKHX H BoeHHbIX CeTeH (PMN), HHcpOpMagHOHHbIX cereii (IN). CaMbIMH WHPOKHMH RBARIOTCR cern HHrpopMagHH H npeCTHmHbIX TOBapOB (Chase-Dunn, Hall, 1997: 41-56; Lfeibl/aHH, XOAA, 2001: 440-443 H zrp.}. O,ll,HaKO A fYH,lI,ep COpaHK H 4. YHAKHHCOH noxararor, lITO MHp-CHCTeMa acero ozura. YI3HalIaAbHO OHa 3apO,ll,HAaCb aa DAHmHeM BOCTOKe H 3aTeM paCWHpRAaCb. no Mepe paCWHpeHHR MeHRACR ee geHTp (Gills, Frank, 1992; Frank, Gills, 1994; YHAKHHCOH, 2001 H ,lI,p.).

BamHeHweH lIepToH MHp-CHCTeM RBAReTCR gHKAHlIHbIH, nYAbCHPYIOI!:lHH xapaKTep HX mH3He,ll,eRTeAbHOCTH (Hecpe,40B, 1999; 2003; Straussfogel, 2000). AI06aR CHCTeMa rtepeasaaaer nepnozter pOCTa H KpH3Hca, MHorHe CHCTeMbI BCAe,ll,CTBHe pa3AHlIHbIX np.IlIHH rH6HYT. 06'bRCHeHHe nO,ll,06HOH pHTMHKH MomHO HaHTH, aanpnxrep, B 3KOAOrHH, nOCKOAbKY TaM yxse ,lI,OCTaTOlIHO ,lI,aBHO BbIRBAeHO CYl!:leCTBOBaHHe gHKAOB lIHCAeHHOCTH mHBOTHbIX - HanpHMep, TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIH sqxpexr' Mopana (,lI,HHaMHKa nonYARgHH KaHa,ll,CKOH pbICH) (Moran, 1953; Ranta, et all., 1997 H ,lI,p.). O,ll,HaKO He06xo,ll,HMO OTMeTHTb, lITO YlIeHble TaK H He npHWAH K e,ll,HHOMY MHeHHIO OTHOCHTeAbHO npHlIHH nO,ll,06HbIX gHKAOB. Y me He O,ll,HO ,lI,eCRTHAeTHe ,lI,HCKYTHpyeTcR BonpOC, eCTb AH YCTOHlIHBaR KoppeARgHR Mem,ll,Y COAHelIHOH aKTHBHOCTblO, H3MeHeHHeM KAHMaTa H lIHCAOM mHBOTHbIX. O,ll,HH asroper noxaralOT, lITO nO,ll,06HYIO 3aKOHOMepHOCTb MomHO Ha6AIO,lI,aTb B npxpozie (MaKcHMoB, 1989 H ,lI,p.), ,lI,PYrHe xa'reropuuecxn npOTHB 3TOH TOlIKH 3peHHR (MaKcpe,4beH, 1965: 286-387, 293 H ,lI,p.).

nO,ll,06HaR pHTMHKa BbIRBAeHa H B 3BOAIOgHH cogHaAbHblX CHCTeM.

El!:le B nepnoii nOAOBHHe XX B. 6bIAa OTMelIeHa CHHXPOHHOCTb PHTMOB pocra-ynazuca HMnepHH H yp6aHH3agHH Mem,ll,Y 3ana,ll,HOH EBPOnOH H KHTaeM B 3noxy ,lI,peBHocTH (Teggart, 1939). Yme 'rorzia CTaAO RCHO, lITO 3TO 6bIAO 06YCAOBAeHO HaAHlIHeM onpe,ll,eAeHHbIX CBR3eH Mem,ll,Y pa3AHlIHbIMH lIaCTRMH MHpa, a 'raroxe cnegHltlHKoH 3KOAOrHH,

98

H. H. Kpa,4HH. KO'leBHHKH EBpa3HH

rAaBa 6. POAb KO'leBHHKOB B MHp-CHCTeMHbIX npo!,!eccax

99

pecypcos 11 cOQl1aAbHOH CTPYKTYPbI 06IgeCTBa. B HaCTORIgee BpeMR CYIgeCTByeT HeCKOAbKO MOAeAeH, 06'bRCHRIOIgI1X QI1KAbI pocra-ynazuca xpynusrx 3eMAeAeAb4eCKI1X QI1BI1AI13aQI1H/I1MnepI1H (Turchin, 2003: 130-138). He06xOAI1MO 'raxzce OTMeTI1Tb, 4TO A.-r. cPpaHK nonsrTaACR CBR3aTb nOA06Hble pl1TMbI C MaKp03KOHOMI14eCKI1MI1 TpeHAaMI1 KOHApaTbeBa. ,llNI AOI1HAycTpl1aAbHoH 3nOXI1, no ero MHeHI1IO, TpeHA 6bIA 60Aee AAI1HHbIM - OT 200 AO 500 AeT. cPpaHK 11 r I1AAC BbIAeAI1- AI1 4eTblpe 60AbWI1X QI1KAa: AOKAaCCI14eCKI1H (1700 - 100/50 rr. AO H.3.), KAaCCI14eCKI1H (100/50 rr. AO H. 3. - 200-500 r. H. 3.), cpeziHeBeKOBbIH (200-500 - 1450/1500) 11 cOBpeMeHHbIH (c XVI B.). BHYTPI1 KafKAoro 113 QI1KAOB BbIAeAeHbI "KOHApaTbeBCKl1e" !pa3bI nOAbeMa (A) 11 cnazia (B). T ax, Hanpl1Mep, B paxrxax cpeztneaexoaoro QI1KAa onpeztexem.r ABa caMOCTORTeAbHbIX cy6QI1KAa: A-!pa3a (500-750/800) - paCQBeT BI13aHTI1I1, aparicxoro Ml1pa, KI1TaR (CYH 11 TaH), TlopKcKoro xaranara: B-!pa3a (750/800 - 1000/1050) - yrraztox KapOAI1HrOB, A66acI1AOB, T an, m6eAb YHrYPcKoro xarana'ra: A-!pa3a (1000/1050 - 1250/1300) - 3aBOeBaHI1R MOHrOAOB 11 C03AaHI1e AocoBpeMeHHoH Ml1p-CI1CTeMbI no A6y-AyxoA; B-!pa3a (1250/1300 - 1450/1500) - ynaziox A<ppo-EBpa31111, CBR3aHHbIH C 3nl1AeMI1RMI1 (Gills, Frank, 1992; Frank, Gills, 1994).

Hal160Aee 3Ha411MYlO POAb B 3TI1X npoueccax I1rpaAI1 CeTI1 06Mena I1H!p0pMaQl1eH. B I1CTOPI1I1 4eAOBe4eCTBa BbIRBAeH PRA HenOHRTHbIX cOBnaAeHI1H, xoropsre TPYAHO 06'bRCHI1Tb TOAbKO CI1HXPOHHOCTblO I1CTOpl14eCKI1X npOQeCCOB: nORBAeHl1e B BoeHHOM AeAe KOAeCHI1Q, B peayxurare 4ero HOMaAI13M CTaA BafKHbIM qiaxropoxr I1CTOpl14eCKI1X npoueccos", "fKeAe3HaH peBoAIO~HR", CAe~CTBHeM KOTOPOH -repaaa Me ....

raxxyprna pacnpocrpaanxac e OT naCI1!pI1KI1 AO ATAaHTI1KI1, "oceeoe BpeMR", crasuree I1HTeAAeKTYaAbHbIM nepesoporora nOCAeAHI1X BeKOB AO POfKAeCTBa Xpl1CTOBa 11 Ap. (McNeil, 2000; KopoTaeB 11 Ap·, 2005: 102-104; Korolayev, 2005: 84-86). BCAeAcTBl1e :,lToro He- 06xOAI1MO KopeHHbIM 06pa30M nepecraorperu nOHRTl1e "RApa" Ml1pCI1CTeMbI 11 QeHTp-nepl1!pepI1HHbIX CBR3eH. ECAI1 BaAAepCTaHH CBR3bIBaA 3TI1 OTHOWeHI1R r AaBHbIM 06pa30M C OTHOWeHI1RMI1 XI1IgHI14eCKOH 3KcnAyaTaQI111 CTpaHaMI1 Kanl1TaAI13Ma KOAOHI1H, 4TO, KaK YAa4HO nOKa3aA 3. BYA!P (Wolf, 1982), 6bIAO 60AbWI1M npeyaexaueaaexr, TO, no MHeHl110 A. B. KopoTaeBa, B Ka4eCTBe MI1P-CI1CTeMHOrO RApa HyfKHo C411TaTb "TY 30HY Ml1p-CI1CTeMbI, KOTopaR I1MeeT Hal1BbICWee COOTHOWeHl1e MefKAY CreHepl1pOBaHHbIMI1 BHYTPI1 nee (11 nOAY411BWI1MI1 pacnpocTpaHeHl1e B APyrl1x 30Hax) 11 3al1MCTBOBaHHbIMI1 113 APymx 30H I1HHoBaQI1RMI1, KOTOPaR sercrynaer B Ka4eCTBe AOHopa I1HHoBaQl111 E aecpaanenno 60AbweH CTeneHI1, 4eM B Ka4eCTBe I1X peuannenra" (KopoTaeB 11 Ap., 2005: 104).

C 3TOH T04KI1 3peHI1R POAb K04eBHI1KOB B MI1POBOH I1CTOPI1I1 BbIrARAI1T npl1HQl1nl1aAbHO nO-I1HoMy. ECAI1 B KAaCCI14eCKI1X pariorax no <PI1AOCO!p1111 I1CTOPI1I1 OHI1 npeACTaBARAI1Cb YHI14TOfKI1TeARMI1 QI1BI1AI1- 3aQI1H (B AY4weM CAY4ae "CaHI1TapaMI1 I1CTOPI1I1"), TO B KOHTeKCTe Ml1p-CI1CTeMHbIX npOQeCCOB AAI1TeAbHbIH nepaozi BpeMeHI1 I1MeHHO OHI1 RBARAI1Cb TpaHCARTOpaMI1 I1H<popMaQI1I1 MefKAY oceAAbIMI1 QI1BI1AI13aQI1RMI1. OAOMaWHI1BaHl1e AowaAI1, pacnpocrpanemre KOAeCHoro TpaHCnopra cnoc06CTBOBaAI1 YCKopeHl11O TeMnOB pacnpoc-rpaaenaa I1H!popMa- 111m 11 TOBapOB npeCTl1fKHOrO nOTpe6AeHI1R. HeCMOTpR aa TO, 4TO CaMI1

'L',J,bl n04TI1 He 113MeHI1AI1Cb C Te4eHI1eM BpeMeHI1, OHI1 cnoconcT"")ba_.' Li pacnpocrpanemno peAl1r11H 11 reorparpavecxnx 3HaHI1H, Toproserx K0:ll'dKTOB, pa3BI1TI1IO I1H!popMaQI10HHbIX cereii 11 TeXHOAOrl14eCKI1X 06MeHOB MefKAY pa3AI14HbIMI1 QI1BI1AI13aQI1RMI1 (MaK-HHA, 2004). VI XOTR AaAeKO He acer Aa K04eBHI1KI1 6bIAI1 r AaBHbIMI1 AeHCTBYIOIgI1- MI1 AI1QaMI1 I1CTOPI1I1, HO OHI1 6bIAI1 KaTaAI13aTOpaMI1 3TI1X npOQeCCOB

u» Cosmo, 1999: 4).

Cosepiuenao cnpaBeAAI1BO T. OAACOH nOAMeTI1A, 4TO B 3TOM 06- MeHe POAb K04eBHI1KOB 06bI4HO CBOAI1TCR AO nOAOfKeHI1R npocTbIX nOCpeAHI1KoB. T eM He MeHee HOMaAbI HepeAKO CaMI1 BbICTynaAI1 I1HI1- !,!l1aTOpaMI1 MHOrl1X 3aI1MCTBOBaHI1H. KYAbTYPHbIH 06MeH MefKAY MyCYAbMaHCKOH CpeAHeH ful1eH 11 KOH<pYQl1aHCKI1M 4,aAbHI1M BOCTOKOM CTaA B03MOfKeH He nOTOMY, 4TO nOCAe C03AaHI1R MOHrOAbCKOH

• "HOBa51 TaKTHKa BeAeHH5I BOHHbi cnoc06CTBOBaAa napyruenaro acero cogl1a\bHOrO paBHOBeCH5I B EBpa3HH. IIH OAHH lIapoA HAH rOCYAapCTBO gHBHAH30BaHHoro MHpa He ~lOrAH yc'roxr e llepeA apMHeH KOAecHHg. COKPYWHTeAbHbie 3aXBaTHHlJeeKHe nOXOAbi H MHrpagH5I uapozioa na KOHTHHeHTe 6bIAH BbI3BaHbi ,)TOH pe3KOH nepeMeHOH B paBHOBeCHH CHA ... COgHaAbHbIH rpazmetrr 60Abwe He nporexax rAaAKo, no CTapOH cxexte , KaK 3TO 6bIAO B III Tble. AO H.3., OT BepWHH gHBHAH3agHH Cpezurero BocToKa K ee 3eMAeAeAblJeCKHM OKpaHHaM. Hanporan, iuex 06paTHbIH npouecc , xor Aa nOAygHBHAH30BilHHbie 3aBoeBaTeAH MaeCOBO aropraxac.» B ApeBHHe gel-lTpbI gHBHAH3agHH. TaK, ace aapaapm-aaaoeaa'rexa: KaCCHTbi B MeeonOTaMHH, rHKeOCbI B ErHnTe H MHTaHHH B CI1PHH oeHOBblBaAH c soe roenOACTBO na upcaocxozrc rae B HOBOH TaKTHKP BeAPHH5I BOHHbI" (_I'v1aK-HlfA, 2004: 167).

1 00 ~H...!..:_. ~H...!..:_. ~K~p:::.'a~,L{oi.!H~H.!.C.--,K~o~'-l..':ceB~H~H~K.!!H!.......!=Eo:!B~p::.::a~.3:!!H:!!H _

rAaBa 6. POAb KO'-leBHHKOB B MHp-CHCTeMHbIX npoueccax 101

,lI,epfKaBbI B03HI1KJ\11 YCTOH411BbIe 11 6e30naCHbIe MapwpYTbI, a no TOH rrpnuane, 4TO s'roro noasexaxa rtpaaaigaa 3AI1Ta CTenHOH I1Mnepl1l1. Ha npOTHfKeH1111 60Aee 4eM CTOAeTI1H K04eBHI1KI1 BbICTynaAI1 r AaBHbIMI1 I1Hl1lJl1aTOpaMI1, nOKpOBI1TeAHMI1 11 TpaHCAHTOpaMI1 KYAbTypHoro 06Mena MefK,lI,Y lJI1BI1AI13alJI1HMI1 Craporo CBeTa (Allsen, 2001: 210-211).

f1onp06yeM peaAI130BaTb 3TI1 l1,l1,el1 npl1MeHI1TeAbHO K I1CTOPI1I1 BHYTpeHHeH A.31111 ,lI,OI1H,lI,YCTpl1aAbHOH 3nOXI1. f1pe,ll,CTaBAHeTcH npo,lI,YKTI1BHbIM paccxrarpnaar e KOHTaKTbI MefK,lI,Y K04eBHI1KaMI1 11 oceziAO- ropO,ll,CKI1MI1 lJI1BI1AI13alJI1HMI1 KaK B3al1MOOTHOWeHI1H lJt'HTpa 11 tto.synepntpepu«. f1oHHTl1e noxynepnrpepaa B Ml1p-CI1CTeMHOH TeOp1111 6bIAO ratczse pa3pa60TaHO YI. BaAAepCTaHHoM rAaBHbIM 06pa30M .ZI,AH Onl1CaHI1R npOlJeCCOB B cOBpeMeHHoH Kanl1TaAI1CTI14eCKOH Ml1p-CI1CTeMe. lIoxyneparpepna excnxyarnpyercs H,lI,POM, HO 11 casta sxcnxyarupyer nepnqieparo, a TaKfKe HBAReTCH BafKHbIM cTa611AI1311PYIOIgl1M 3AeMeHTOM B MI1POBOM pa3,l1,eAeHI111 'rpyzia (Wallerstein, 1984). O,ll,HaKo I1CCAe,ll,OBaHI1R, npoeeztenaere noaase, nOKa3aAI1 60Aee CAOfKHbIH xapaKTep B3aI1MO,ll,eHCTBI1R lJeHTpa 11 noxyneparpepaa (Chaze-Dunn, 1988; ChaseDunn, Hall, 1997: 78-98). B ,lI,OI1H,lI,ycTpl1aAbHbIH nepl1o,ll, BafKHbIe cTa611AI1311PYIOIgl1e CPYHKlJl111 noxyrteparpepaa Mor AI1 BbiflOAHRTb TOproasre ropo.aa-rocyztapcraa ,lI,peBHOCTI1 11 cpezutnx BeKOB (COI1HI1KI1H, KapcpareH, BeHelJl1H 11 zip.}, MI1AI1Tapl1CTI14eCKI1e rOCY,lI,apCTBa-" cnyrHI1KI1", B03HI1KaBWI1e PH,lI,OM C BbICOKOpa3BI1TbIM lJeHTPOM peraona (AKKa,ll, 11 WYMep B MeCOnOTaMI1I1, Cnapra, MaKe,ll,OHI1H 11 ACPI1HbI, ABCTpa311R 11 HeHCTpl1H Y rppanxoa), KOTopbIe He nozisepraxace npaMOH 3KcnAyaTalJI111 lJeHTpa.

YIMnepl111 HOMa,ll,OB TaKfKe HBARAI1Cb MI1AI1Tapl1CTI14eCKI1MI1 ",lI,BOHHI1KaMI1 arpapHbIX lJ11BI1AI13alJI1H, TaK KaK 3aBI1CeAI1 OT nocrynaecroii OTTY,lI,a npO,ll,YKlJl1l1. f1PI1 3TOM HOMa,ll,bI, KaK YfKe 6bIAO CKa3aHO asnne, BbiflOAHRAI1 BafKHbIe nocpeznmuecxae CPYHKlJl111 MefK,lI,Y peruoaaxuaerMI1 "Ml1p-I1MnepI1HMI1". f10,ll,06HO MopenAaBaTeARM, OHI1 06ecne411BaAI1 CBR3b nOTOKOB TOBapOB, cpI1HaHCOB, TeXHOAOrl14eCKOH 11 KYAbTYPHOH I1HcpOpMalJ1111 MefK,lI,Y OCTpOBaMI1 OCe,ll,AOH 3KOHOMI1KI1 11 yp6aHI1CTI1- 4eCKOH lJI1BI1AI13alJI111 (Kradin, 2002). f1PI1 3TOM creneus lJeHTpaAI1- 3alJI111 K04eBHI1KOB 6bIAa npHMO nponOPlJI10HaAbHa BeAI1411He COCe,ll,HeH 3eMAe,ll,eAb4ecKoH lJl1BI1Al13alJl1l1. B KafK,lI,oH AOKaAbHOH peruoaaxenoii 30He nOAI1TI14eCKaR CTPYKTypl1pOBaHHOCTb HOMa,ll,I14eCK0l1 rtoxynepncpepl1l1 6bIAa paBH03Ha4Ha pasraepaxt oce,ll,AO-3eMAe,ll,eAb4eCKoro H,lI,pa. K04eBHI1KI1 CeBepHoH ACPPI1KI1 11 f1epe,ll,HeH A.31111 AAR roro, 4T06bI

roproaar e C Oa3I1CaMI1 I1AI1 aanaziare na HI1X, 06'be,ll,I1HHAI1Cb B nxeMeHHbIe KOHcpe,ll,epalJl111 I1AI1 BOfK,lI,eCTBa. HOMa,ll,bI BOcT04HoeBpOneHCKI1X creneii, CYIgeCTBOBaBWl1e aa OKpal1HaX aHTI14HbIX rOCY,lI,apCTB - BI13aHTI1I1 11 PYCI1, - C03,l1,aBaAI1 "KBa311I1MnepCKl1e" rocynapcraonozroonsre CTPYKTypbI. HOMa,ll,bI BHYTpeHHeH A31111 HBAHAI1Cb 4aCTbIO KI1TaHCKOH (,lI,aAbHeBocT04HOH) Ml1p-CI1CTeMbI (Seamon, 1991: 4), n03TOMY szrec s cpeztcrsoxr a,ll,anTalJl111 K04eBHI14eCTBa K BHeWHeMY MI1PY CTaAa K04eBaR I1Mnepl1H.

MOfKHO rrpocxeznrrt, YCTOH411BYIO KoppeAHlJl11O MefK,lI,Y pacuseroxr arpapaoii Ml1p-I1Mnepl1l1 (11 MI1P-3KOHOMI1KI1), a TaKfKe CI1AOH K04eBbIX I1Mnepl1H, xoropere cYIgecTBOBaAI1 aa C4eT BbIKa411BaHI1H 4aCTI1 pecypcos 113 ocezixerx ropO,ll,CKI1X rOCY,lI,apCTB (Barfield, 1992: 8-16; EapC/JHA,4, 2002: 75-84)*. /.lI1HaMI14HaH "6I1noAHpHaR" CTpYKTypa nOAI1TI14eCKI1X CBH3eH MefK,lI,Y 3eMAe,ll,eAb4eCKI1MI1 lJI1BI1AI13alJI1HMI1 11 OKpYfKaBWI1MI1 I1X K04eBHI1KaMI1 (aapaaper 11 PI1M, CKI1CPbI 11 rocY,lI,apCTBa f1pI14epHOMopbH, HOMa,ll,bI UeHTpaAbHoH A31111 11 KI1TaH 11 T. ,lI,.) YI1KJ\114eCKI1 nOBTopHAaCb B I1CTOPI1I1 ,lI,0I1H,lI,yCTpl1aAbHOrO Ml1pa MHOro pa3. OHa aauaxac» C 3nOXI1 "oceaoro BpeMeHI1" (Hcnepc, 1991), xorzia CTaAI1 B03HI1KaTb MorYIgeCTBeHHbIe 3eMAe,ll,eAb4eCKI1e I1Mnepl111 (UI1Hb B KI1Tae, MaYPbeB B YIH,lI,I1I1, 3AAI1HI1CTI14eCKI1e rOCY,lI,apCTBa B MaAoH A.31111, PI1MCKaH I1Mnepl1H na 3ana,ll,e 11 B rex pernonax, rzre, so-nepaorx, cYIgecTBOBaAI1 ,lI,ocTaT04Ho 60AbWI1e npoCTpaHcTBa, 6AarOnpl1HTHbIe ,lI,AH 3aHHTI1H K04eBbIM CKOTOBO,ll,CTBOM (f1pI14epHOMopbe, f1oBoAfKcKl1e crena, XaAxa-MoHrOAI1H 11 T. zr.). 11, BO-BTOPbIX, HOMa,ll,bI 6bIAI1 BbIHYfK,lI,eHbI I1MeTb ,lI,AI1TeAbHbIe 11 aKTI1BHbIe KOHTaKTbI C 60Aee BbIcoKOOpraHI130BaHHbIMI1 3eMAe,ll,eAb4ecKo-ropo,ll,cKI1MI1 06IgecTBaMI1 (CKI1CPbI 11 ,lI,peBHeBocT04HbIe 11 aHTI14HbIe rocY,lI,apcTBa,

* KOli\!el1\!HH Bbl3BaAa HeMaAO HapeKaHHI1 co CTOPOHbl HCTOpHKOB. DapqlHAAa 06BHHHAH B HeKoppeKTHOCTH Bbl60PKH ("MoAeAb C TpeMH I1pHMepaMH H ABYMH HCKAI04eHHHM" [Wright, 1995: 307]), OTCYTCTBHH m.eCTKOI1 KOppeAH\!HH Mem.AY pHTMaMH 110AbeMa - Yl1aAKa KHTaH H K04eBbiX HMl1epHI1 (Di Cosmo, 1999: 13; Bac/oTHH, 2002: 93-94; Xa3aHoB, 2002: 49-50 HAP')' C 3THMH apryraeirravra TPYAHO CI10PHTb. LleI1CTBHTeAbHO, eCAH C0l10CTaBAHTb CHHXPOHHOCTb PHTMOB 110AbeMa - Yl1aAKa K04eBbiX HMl1epHI1 110 rOAaM, ecr e MHoro HecooTBeTCTBHI1. OAHaKO eCAH COOTHOCHTb He KOHKpeTHble \!HCPpbl, a rpacpHKH AeMorpaq)H4eCKHX I.!HKAOB KHTal1CKHX AHHaCTHI1 (CM., nanp.: KoporaeB HAp., 2005: PHC. V. 1-7) co BpeMeHeM CYl!JeCTBOBaHHH K04eBbiX HMl1epHI1 (3a HCKAl04eHHeM MOHrOAbCKOI1), TO H 're H ztpyrue I1pHMepHO YKAaAblBalOTCH B 06l!JHI1 XpOHOAorHlleCKHI1 \!HKA.

102 ~f{~.~f{~.~K~p~a~4~H~H~.~K~o~~~eB~H~H~K~H~E~B~p~a~3H~H~ _

rAaBa 6. POAb Ko~eBHHKOB B MHp-CHCTeMHbIX npolJeccax 103

K04eBHHKH UeHTpaAbHoH A3HH H KHTaH, rynner H PHMcKaH axmepHH, apaoer, xa3apbl, TYPKH, BH3aHTHH H np.). PeaKlJHeH na flOHBAeHHe 3eMAe,ll,eAb4eCKHX MHp-HMflepHH CTaAO B03HHKHOBeHHe HMflepHH H KBa3HHMflepCKHX flOAHTHH HOMa,ll,OB.

Bo BHYTpeHHeH A3HH flepBblMH 6HflOMPHblMH 3AeMeHTaMH pernonaxeHOH CHCTeMbl 6bIAH XYHHCKaH ,lI,epfKaBa (209 r. ,lI,0 H. 3. - 48 r. H. 3.) H ,lI,HHaCTHH XaHb. B HX B3aHMOOTHOWeHHHX MOfKHO Bbl,ll,eAHTb 4eTblpe s'rana. Ha flepBOM arane (200-133 rr. ,lI,0 H. 3.) XYHHCKHe WaHbIOH, COBepWaH OflYCTOWHTeAbHble nariern, flOTOM, KaK npaanxo, HaflpaBAHAH flOCAOB B KHTaH C flpe,ll,AOfKeHHeM 3aKAI04HTb MHPHblH ,lI,OrOBOp. nOCAe flOAY4eHHH ,lI,apOB aaoern na KaKOe-TO BpeMJi npexpaigaxac s. Yepe3 Oflpe,ll,eAeHHblH flpOMefKYTOK BpeMeHH, xorzta aarpafixennaa flPOCTblMH HOMa,ll,aMH ,lI,06b14a 3aKaH4HBaAaCb HAH flPHXO,ll,HAa B HerO,ll,HOCTb, OHH CHOBa Ha4HHaAH Tpe60BaTb OT BOfK,lI,eH H WaHblOH Y,lI,OBAeTBOpeHHH HX HHTepeCOB. B CHAY roro 4TO KHTaHlJbl YflOPHO He WAH na OTKpblTHe PblHKOB na rpaHHlJe, waHblOH 6blA BbIHYfK,lI,eH "BbmYCKaTb flap" H OT,lI,aBaTb npaxas K B0306HOBAeHHIO Ha6erOB. BTOPOH aran (129-58 rr. ,lI,0 H. 3.) - 3TO rAaBHblM 06pa30M BpeMH aKTHBHblX BOHH xaHblJeB C K04eBHHKaMH. Ha 'rper sexr srane (56 r. ,lI,0 H. 3. - 9 r. H. 3.) 4aCTb XYHHY nozt npezraoznrrex ec'raoxr uran sroa XyxaHbe rtpnuaxa ocpHlJHaAbHblH aaccaxrrrer OT XaHb. 3a 3TO nxmeparop 06eCfle4HBaA caoe He- 6eCHoe flOKpOBHTeAbCTBO uran sroto H ,lI,apHA eMY KaK aaccaxy OTBeTHble noziapxa. nOHHTHO, 4TO "zram." saccaxa HMeAa TOAbKO H,lI,eOAorH4ecxoe 3Ha4eHHe. O,ll,HaKO OTBeTHble "6AarOTBopHTeAbHble" ,lI,apbl 6blAH HaMHoro 60Abwe, 4eM panee. KpOMe Toro, no Mepe He06xo,ll,HMOCTH uran sroii flOAY4aA OT KHTaH 3eMAe,ll,eAb4eCKHe npoztyrcn» ,lI,AH flO,ll,,lI,epfKKH CBOHX noztztaunerx. YeTBepTbIH, flOCAe,ll,HHH aran (9-48 rr.) OTHoweHHH MefK,lI,Y XaHb H HMflepcKoH KOHcpe,ll,epalJHeH XYHHY no CO,ll,epfKaHHIO CXOfK C nepasnr 3TaflOM. OTAH4He 3aKAI04aeTCH B 60AbweH arpeCCHBHOCTH HOMa,ll,OB, 4TO, B03MOfKHO, 6blAO onocpeztoaaao KPH3HCOM KHTaH, oCAa6AeHHeM oxpauer rpaHHlJ, HeB03MOfKHOCTblO noCblAaTb, KaK npexczte, 60raTble no.aapxn B XaAxy (Kpa,4HH, 2002).

nOcAe XYHHY MeCTO AH,lI,epa B MOHrOAbCKHX CTeflHX 3aHHAH CHHb- 6H (flpHMepHo 155-180 rr.), COBepwaBWHe rpatinrex scxae natiera ua Cesepaerii KHTaH HeCKOAbKO CTOAeTHH. Ho CHHb6HHlJbl He ,lI,0,ll,YMaAHCb ,lI,0 H30l!!peHHoro BblMoraTeAbCTBa H flpOCTO OflYCTowaAH npnrpaHH4Hble oKpyra KHTaH. n03TOMY KOHcpe,ll,epalJHH CHHb6H nenazroxro nepeacnxa csoero OCHOBaTeAH T aueumxyaa. npHMepHO B 3TO fKe ape-

MJi B XaHb flPOH30WAO xpynnoe BOCCTaHHe, KOTopoe HBHAOCb Ha4aAOM xpymeana ,lI,HHaCTHH.

B 3flOXY KAaCCH4eCKOH ,lI,peBHOCTH OKOH4aTeAbHO CAOfKHAaCb CHCTeMa BeAHKoro WeAKOBoro flYTH. OHa HMeAa 3Ha4eHHe ,lI,M scex Y4aCTHHKOB aroro TOBapo060pOTa. PHMCKHe MO,ll,HHlJbl l!!erOAHAH B KHTaHCKHX urextcax. KHTaHlJbl flOAY4aAH ,lI,M CBoeH apMHH 3HaMeHHTblX AOWa,ll,eH "c KpOBaBblM flOTOM". K04eBHHKH 3apa6aTbIBaAH na nocpezumvecxax ycxyrax H HMeAH ,lI,OCTYfl K HOBblM TeXHOAorHHM H OpYfKHIO. nOMHMO aroro 'roprosbre flYTH cfloc06CTBOBaAH pacnpocrpaaeHHIO peAHm03HblX B033peHHH, B oc06eHHOCTH 6YMH3Ma H MaHHxeHCTBa (EeHTAH, 2001: 187-188). Ho KpOMe flOAOfKHTeAbHblX pe3YAbTaTOB YCTaHOBAeHHe KOHTaKTOB MefK,lI,Y lJHBHAH3alJHHMH C 'raporo CBeTa HMeAO H orpnuarex snsre flOCAe,ll,CTBHH. PacflpoCTpaHeHHe BO II-III BB. naroreHOB npnsexo K 3flH,lI,eMH4eCKHM 3a60AeBaHHHM, CTaBwHM flPH4HHOH pesrcoro COKpal!!eHHH 4HCAeHHOCTH HaceAeHHH H yrraztxa lJHBHAH3alJHH ,lI,peBHOCTH (McNeil, 1976: 106-147).

B CAe,ll,yIOI!!He flOATopa CTOAeTHH nocxe m6eAH XaHbcKoH axmepHH, noxa CHOBa He CCPOpMHpOBaAaCb HOBaH 6HflOAHpHaH CHCTeMa MefK,lI,YHap0,ll,HbIX OTHoweHHH B pemOHe, napoznn MaHbLJfKYPHH C03,l1,aAH ua rpaHHlJe C KHTaeM CBOH rOCY,lI,apCTBa. HaH60Aee Y,lI,a4AHBbIM H3 HHX (MYfKYHaM, T06a) Y,lI,aAOCb flO,ll,4HHHTb 3eMAe,ll,eAb4eCKHe TeppHTopHH B CeBepHOM KHTae. Y1 TOAbKO nocxe 3Toro K04eBHHKH B MOHrOAbCKHX CTeflHX CMorAH BOCC03,l1,aTb lJeHTpaAH30BaHHoe 06be,ll,HHeHHe - iKyfKaHbCKHH xaraaar (Ha4. V B. - 555 r.). Ozmaxo fKYfKaHH He CYMeAH ,lI,OCTH4b noxnoro KOHTPOAH Ha,ll, crensro, flOCKOAbKY T06aclJbl TaKfKe HBMAHCb CKOTOBO,ll,aMH no flPOHCXOfK,lI,eHHIO. OHH 6blAH xpa6pblMH BOHHaMH H B OTAH4He OT ocezixerx KHTaHlJeB COBepwaAH ycneunrere KapaTeAbHble peH,lI,bl B fKYfKaHbCKHe TblAbl (Kradin, 2005).

nOcAe pa3rpOMa fKYfKaHeH TIOpKaMH H C 06pa30BaHHeM aa lore ,lI,HHaCTHH C YH, a 3aTeM T an BOCCTaHOBHAaCb 6HflOMPHaH CTpYKTYpa BO BHYTpeHHeH A3HH. cho 6bIAO 06ycAoBAeHo HOBblM MaKp03KOHOMH4eCKHM POCTOM Be,ll,YI!!HX MHp-HMflepHH roro BpeMeHH (A-cpa3a flO r YH,lI,ep-cPpaHKY): B KHTae - ,lI,HHaCTHH TaH, Ha EAHfKHeM BocToKe - xaxnqiara A6- 6acH,lI,oB H B MaAOH A3HH - BH3aHTHH. nOAHTH4ecKaH CTa6HAbHOCTb onpeztexnxa 6bICTpoe B0306HOBAeHHe ToprOBblX MapwpYTOB. 06beM 'roproamx onepaunn He noziztaercs HC4HCAeHHIO, O,ll,HaKO 04eBH,lI,HO, 4TO OH naxmoro npeasnuax TOBapo060pOT ,lI,peBHero MHpa. T IOpKCKHe xaraner (552-630 H 683-734 rr.) flPO,ll,OAfKHAH XYHHCKY!o flOAHTHKY

104 ~fi~._fi~._f(~p=a=A=H=H=.~f(~o~q~eB~H~H~K~H~E=B~p~a~3~H~H~ __

rAaBa 6. POAb KOqeBHHKOB B MHp-CHCTeMHbIX JJpOlleCCax 105

BbIMoraTeAbCTBa aa paCCTORHI1I1. OHI1 BbIHYJK,lI,aAI1 KI1TaH nocerxaru ooraTble nozrapxn, OTKpbIBaTb na rpamnjax pbIHKI1 11 T. ,lI,. BaJKHYIO POAb B 3KOHOMI1Ke K04eBHI1KOB I1rpaA KOHTPOAb Ha,ll, TpaHCKOHTI1HeHTaAbHOH ToproBAeH urexrc OM (EHqYPHH, 1950a: 268-269; Liu Meutsai, 1958: 160, 214-215, 252). nepBbIH rcaraaar TIOPOK CTaA nepaoii HacToRIJ!eH eBpa311HcKoH I1Mrrepl1eH. OH CBR3aA ToprOBbIMI1 rrYTRMI1 KI1TaH, BI13aHTI11O 11 I1CAaMCKI1H Ml1p.

YHrypCKI1H sapaaar (745-840 rr.) Be,ll,eHI1R ,lI,eA BblrAR,lI,l1T HeCKOAbKO I1Ha4e, HO 11 OH Brrl1CbIBaeTCR B renepax euyro MO,ll,eAb . .llOXO,ll,bI yiirypos CKAa,ll,bIBaAI1Cb 113 CAe,ll,YI0IJ!I1X 4aCTeH: 1. CorAaCHO ",lI,OrOBOpaxr" C KI1TaeM OHI1 nOAY4aAI1 ezserozrao ooraTble "nozrapxa". KpOMe aroro ,lI,apbI BbInpaWI1BaAI1Cb no KaJK,lI,OMY Y,lI,OOHOMY noaoziy (rrOMI1HKI1, KopOHaQI1R 11 T. ,lI,.). 2. KI1TaHQbI TaKJKe ObIAI1 BbIHYJK,lI,eHbI HeCTI1 oOpeMeHI1TeAbHble paCXO,ll,bI rro npner-ty MHor0411CAeHHblX YHrypCKI1X nOCOAbCTB. O,ll,HaKO I1X OOAbwe pa3,l1,paJKaAI1 He aarpa'rei rrp0,ll,YKTOB 11 ,lI,eHer, a TO, 4TO HOMa,ll,bI aeziyr ceOR He KaK rOCTI1, a KaK 3aBoeBaTeAI1. YHrYPbI YCTpal1BaAI1 nbRHble ,lI,paKI1 11 norporaer B ropoztax, oeC411HCTBOBaAI1 rro zropore ,lI,OMOH, BOpOBaAI1 KI1TaHCKI1X JKeHIJ!I1H (EHqYPHH, 1950a: 327). 3. YHrYPbI TaKJKe aKTI1BHO npeztxaraxn CBOI1 ycxyra KI1- TaHCKI1M I1MnepaTopaM ,lI,AR nO,ll,aBAeHI1R certaparuc'roa BHYTPI1 KI1TaHcxoro rOCY,lI,apCTBa. VIx rrOMOIJ!b ObIAa 04eHb crreQl1qJl14eCKoH. Y4aCTBYR B noeansrx KaMrraHI1RX aa Teppl1TOpl111 KI1TaR B 750-770-x rr., OHI1 nepezuco 3aObIBaAI1 0 CBOI1X COI03HI14eCKI1X 00R3aTeAbCTBax 11 rrpOCTO rpaOI1AI1 Ml1pHOe aacexenne, yroHRAI1 ero B nxen. 4. B Te4eHI1e rr04TI1 acero BpeMeHI1 CYIJ!eCTBOBaHI1R YHrYPcKoro xaraaara HOMa,ll,bI OOMeHI1- BaAI1 CBOH CKOT aa KI1TaHCKl1e ceAbCKOX03RHCTBeHHble 11 pexrecxeunere TOBapbI. YHrYPbI XI1Tpl1AI1 11 rrOCTaBARAI1 CTapbIX 11 CAaObIX AOWa,ll,eH, HO QeHY aa HI1X 3anpaWI1BaAI1 04eHb BbICOKYIO (EHqYPHH, 1950a: 323). OT TaKOH TOprOBAI1 KI1TaHQbI 'repnexn YObITKI1, a rrpl10bIAb rrOAY4aAI1 O,ll,HI1 HOMa,ll,bI. cPaKTI14eCKI1 3Ta ToprOBAR, KaK 11 noztapxn, RBARAaCb nAaTOH HOMa,ll,aM aa Ml1p aa rpaauue. HaKoHeQ, eCAI1 COrAaCI1TbCR C ~. 5eHTAI1, YHrYPbI 3KCnpOrrpl111pOBaAI1 3Ha411TeAbHYIO 4aCTb ,lI,oxo,lI,OB OT TOBapOOOOpOTa MeJK,lI,Y KI1TaeM 11 BI13aHTI1eH (EeHTAH, 2001: 190). MOJKeT ObITb, I1MeHHO rr03TOMY na rrYTI1 Kyne4eCKI1X KapaBaHOB BblpOC orpoMHbIH ropo,ll, - KapaoaAracYH, KOTOPbIH Mor ObITb nepeaaA04HOH oa30H ,lI,AR ToprOBQeB pa3AI14HbIX CTpaH.

TaKI1M 00pa30M, YHrYPbI rr04TI1 He COBepWaAI1 aaoeroa aa KI1TaH.

VIM ,lI,OCTaT04HO ObIAO AI1Wb npoztexroac-rpapoaa-n, CI1AY caoero 0PY-

JKI1R. T OAbKO B 778 r. KI1TaHCKI1H I1MrrepaTOp B03MYTI1ACR, TaK KaK AOuiazm, noc'raaxaexnsre YHrypaMI1, ObIAI1 ocorienno HI1KY,lI,bIWHbIMI1. OH rcyrmx acero 6 TbIC. 113 10 TbIC. nOCAe 3TOro YHrYPbI cpa3y COBepWI1AI1 pa3PYWI1TeAbHbIH aatier aa nparpaaa-mere rrpOBI1HQl111 KI1TaR, a rrOTOM CTaAI1 OJKl1,l1,aTb I1MrrepaTopCKoro rrOCOAbCTBa. nOCOAbCTBO npnexaxo 04eHb CKOPO, 11 CHOBa sapaooraxa rrpl1BbI4HaR MaWI1Ha BbIKa411BaHI1R pecypCOB 113 arpapnoro KI1TaHCKOro oOIJ!eCTBa. TaK rrpO,ll,OAJKaAOC b ,lI,o noxuoro YHI14TOJKeHI1R CTOAI1QbI YHrypOB r. KapaOaAraCYHa KblprbI3aMI1. OCTaTKI1 YHrypCKI1X rrAeMeH OCeAI1 OKOAO BeAI1KOH CTeHbI 11 oecrrpl1CTaHHO rpaOI1AI1 rrpl1rpaHI14Hble KI1TaHCKl1e Teppl1TOpl1l1. HaKOHeQ repneuae KI1TaHQeB I1CTOIJ!I1AOCb, 11 TY,lI,a ObIAI1 nocxaaei BOHcKa ,lI,AR I1X YHI14TOJKeHI1R.

Kor,ll,a YHrypCKI1H xaranar ObIA YHI14TOJKeH KblprbI3aMI1 11 lJYTb rr03JKe norarixa I1Mrrepl1R T an, Hapo,ll,bI MaHblJJKYPl111 BHOBb rroAY411- AI1 ruanc CTaTb rrOAI1TI14eCKI1MI1 AI1,l1,epaMI1 B peruone. 3TO yziaxoc» KI1,l1,aHRM, KOTopble c03,l1,aAI1 I1MrrepI1l0 ARo (907-1125 rr.). B 3TOT rrepl1o,ll, "R,lI,PO" KI1TaHCKOH MI1P-3KOHOMI1KI1 C X B. CTaAO CMeIJ!aTbCR K tory. nOCKOAbKY 3TO HarrpaBI1AO PYCAO TOBapHbIX rrOTOKOB B IOJKHble npeziext», QeHTpaAbHoa311aTCKI1e K04eBHI1KI1 11 I1X MaHb4JKypCKI1e coce,lI,11 ObIAI1 BbIHYJK,lI,eHbI C03,l1,aTb oyqJepHble ror.yztapcraa Hit Teppl1TOpl111 CeBepHoro KI1TaR (Tabak, 1996). Kl1,l1,aHI1 rrO,ll,411HI1AI1 HeCKOAbKO HeOOAbWI1X rOCY,lI,apCTB, 00pa30BaBWI1XCR na OOAOMKax TaHcKoH I1Mrrepl1l1. 3aBoeBaB 3eMAe,ll,eAbQeB, OHI1 C03,l1,aAI1 ,lI,BOHHYIO CI1CTeMY yrrpaBAeHI1R KaK KI1TaHQaMI1, TaK 11 CKOTOBO,ll,aMI1. CeBepHaR a,ll,MI1HI1CTpaQI1R 3aHI1MaAa OOAee BblCOKoe rrOAOJKeHl1e, a TaKJKe KOHTPOAl1pOBaAa HOMa,ll,OB 11 ztpyrne cesepaere napozrsr (MeTpOrrOAI1R). K)JKHaR a,ll,MI1HI1CTpaQI1R KOnaposaxa 0IOpOKpaTI14ecKYlo CI1CTeMY KI1TaR, ynpaaxaxa oceztxo-sextxe,lI,eAb4eCKI1MI1 TeppI1TOpI1RMI1. no Mepe 'roro KaK crermoe "BapBapCTBO" TpaHOf)OPMI1POBaAOCb B "QI1BI1AI13aQI1IO", rrpe,ll,CTaBI1TeAI1 3AI1Tbl saaoeaaTeAeH O,ll,eBaAl1Cb B Tpa,ll,I1QI10HHble O,ll,e~bI rrOOeJK,lI,eHHbIX, IlepeHI1MaAl1 I1X 3TI1KeT 11 IlI1CbMeHHOCTb AI100 C03,l1,aBaAI1 caoe rrI1CbMO.

.llaHHI14eCTBO 11 BblMoraeMble 113 KI1TaHCKI1X rOCY,lI,apCTB "nozrapKI1" IlPI1HOCI1AI1 ARo orpOMHYIO IlPI10bIAb. nOCAe IlO,ll,rrl1CaHI1R Ml1pHOro zior-oaopa B 1005 r. C YHCKaR ,lI,l1HaCTI1R cor AaCI1AaC b semxa 411BaTb eacerozuto ARo 100 TbIC. MOHeT cepeopa 11 200 TbIC. KYCKOB urextca. nOCAe HOBOH BoeHHOH KaMIlaHl111 1042 r. BbInAaTbI ObIAI1 YBeAI14eHbI ,lI,O 200 TbIC. MOHeT 11 300 TbIC. KYCKOB urexxa (Franke, 1990: 409). KI1- ,lI,aHI1 B03BO,ll,I1AI1 rcpynnsre ropozta, B03,l1,BI1raAI1 xpaMbI 11 POCKOWHble

106 ~ff~.~ff~.~}(~p~a=4=H~H~.~}(~o~q=eB=H=H=K~H~E=B~p~a=3=H=H~ __

rAaBa 6. POAb KOqeBHHKOB B MHp-CHCTeMHblX Ilpoueccax 107

.z:r.BOPQbI, B KOTOPbIX ceAHMICb HMnepaTopCKHH .z:r.BOP H 4HHOBHHKH. C paCWHpeHHeM TeppHTopHH HMnepHH aa C4eT BKJl.I04eHH5I ace HOBbIX 3eMAe.z:r.eAb4eCKHX OOAaCTeH Cesepaoro KHTa51 npouecc KHTaH3aQHH KH.z:r.aHbcKoH apHCTOKpaTHH urex .z:r.OBOAbHO ObICTpbIMH TeMnaMH. OHa see OOAbwe H OOAbwe OTpbIBaAaCb OT CTenHbIX Tpa.z:r.HQHH.

nOAHOCTbIO nOBTopHAH KH.z:r.aHbCKHH npHMep 4m.yp4m.3HH, xoropere, COKPYWHB A5i0 B nauaxe XII B. H saaoeaaa CeBepHbIH KHTaH, C03.z:r.aAH HMnepHlO !J3HHb (1115-1234 rr.}. HaX0.LJ.5lcb B 3eHHTe MorYIMeCTBa,

" "

MaHb4m.ypCKHe .z:r.HHaCTHH BeAH aKTHBHYIO nOAHTHKY pa3'be.z:r.HHeHH5I

K04eBHHKOB, PYKOB0.z:r.CTBY5ICb CTapbIM .z:r.OOpbIM npaBHAOM Mem..z:r.YHaPO.z:r.HOH nOAHTHKH: "Pa3.z:r.eA5IH H BAacTByH". ,llAHTeAbHoe BpeM51 HM 3TO y.z:r.aBaAOCb, noxa K BAaCTH B MOHrOAbCKHX CTen5lX He npaurex Te-

C03.z:r.aHHe HMnepHH YHHrH3-xaHa H MOHrOAbCKHe 3aBOeBaHH5I B XIII B. npHWAHCb na HOBbIH nepnozi BAam.HOCTH B CTen5lX BHYTpeHHeH fuHH H BOCT04HOH EBponbI (MBaHoB, BacHAbeB, 1995: 205, TaOA. 25), a TaKm.e COBnaAH C .z:r.eMorpaqm4ecKHM H 3KOHOMH4eCKHM no.z:r.'beMOM BO scex 4aCT5IX CTaporo CBeTa. MOHroAbI 3aMKHYAH Qenb Mem..z:r.YHapo.z:r.HoH ToprOBAH B e.z:r.HHbIH KOMnAeKC cyxonyraerx H MOpCKHX nYTeH. BnepBble ace xpynnsre pernonaxuaere 51.z:r.pa (EBpona, HCAaMCKHH MHP, YiH.z:r.H5I, CYHCKHH KHTaH, 30AOTa51 Op.z:r.a) OKa3aAHCb 06'be.z:r.HHeHHbIMH B nepBYIO MHp-CHCTeMY. B CTenH, nozioriao rpaaracTH4eCKHM MHpam.aM, B03HHKAH rHraHTCKHe ropozia - QeHTpbI nOAHTH- 4eCKOH BAaCTH, TpaH3HTHoH ToprOBAH, MHoroHaQHoHaAbHoH KYAbTYPbI H H.z:r.eOAOrHH (KapaKoPYM, CapaH- 5aTY). C aroro BpeMeHH rpaHHQbI oHKYMeHbI 3Ha4HTeAbHO pa3.z:r.BHHYAHCb, nOAHTH4eCKHe H 3KOHOMH4ecKHe H3MeHeHH5I B O.z:r.HHX 4aCT5IX CBeTa CTaAH HrpaTb ropaszto OOAblllYIO POAb B HCTOPHH .z:r.PYrHX perHOHOB MHpa (Abu-Lug}lOd, 1989; 1990; McNeil, 2000).

nepBa51 "MHp-cHcTeMa" OKa3aAaCb He.z:r.oAroBe4HoH. YYMa, ObICTpo pacnpOCTpaHHBWa51C5I no CTapoMY CBeTY oAaro.z:r.ap51 pa3BHBWeHC5I CHCTeMe ToprOBbIX KOMMYHHKaQHH (McNeil, 1976; MaK-ffHA, 2004), a TaKm.e H3rHaHHe MOHrOAOB H3 KHTa5l, ynaztox 30AOTOH Op.z:r.bI 51BHAHCb HaHOOAee Bam.HbIMH 3BeHb5lMH B QenH COObITHH, npnaeznuax K ee KpyweHHIO. [Tepnoz; c 1350 no 1450 r. OTMe4aeTC5I CHHXPOHHbIM 3KOHOMH4eCKHM H .z:r.eMorpatpH4ecKHM KpH3HcaMH BO acex OCHOBHbIX cy6QeHTpax arppo-eapaaniicxoii MHp-CHCTeMbI. B aauaxe XV B. OHa pacnaxac s. 4,am.e OT4a5lHHble nonsrrxn TaMepAaHa BOCCTaHOBHTb CYxonYTHYIO TpaHCKOHTHHeHTaAbHYIO ToprOBAIO 3aKOH4HAHCb B KOHe4HOM C4eTe Hey.z:r.a4eH. MHHbI BepHYAHCb K Tpa.z:r.HQHOHHOH nOAHTHKe aBTapKH3Ma H npOTHBOCT05lHH5I C K04eBHHKaMH, 4TO BbI3BaAO perenepagmo CTapOH nOAHTHKH .z:r.HCTaHQHOHHOH 3KcnAyaTaQHH MOHrOAaMH KHTa51 (J70KOTHAOB, 1893).

no HpOHHH cy.z:r.b6bI HMeHHO 3aBOeBaHH5I MOHrOAOB cnOCOOCTBOBaAH nOCAe.z:r.YIOIMeMY 3aKaTY HOMa.z:r.H3Ma (Tabak, 1996). Pa3BHTHe B anoxy

o 0

MY4m.HH, KOTOPbIH cxror npeoztoxe-r e nAeMeHHOH cenaparnara H BHOBb

OO'be.z:r.HHHTb ace Hapo.z:r.bI, m.HBYIMHe "sa BOHA04HbIMH cTeHaMH", B e.z:r.HHYIO CTenHYIO KOHtpe.z:r.epaQHIO.

4,aHHbIH HCTopH4ecKHH nepaozt npeKpaCHO BnHCbIBaeTC5I B reonoAHTH4eCKYIO Mo.z:r.eAb ospennnoro IlpeifMY/fJeCTBa P. KOAAHH3a (2001). CorAacHo 3TOH Mo.z:r.eAH, OOIMecTBO C MeHbWHM 4HCAOM npOTHBHHKOB aa npHAeralOIMHX TeppHTOpH5IX HMeeT TeH.z:r.eHQHIO nooem..z:r.aTb B KOHtpAHKTax H YBeAH4HBaTb caoe MorYIMeCTBO. C Te4eHHeM BpeMeHH oxpaHHHoe npeHMYIMeCTBO nponaztaer, neparpepns CTaHOBHTC5I QeHTpOM H nozrsepraerca BoeHHOMY .z:r.aBAeHHIO H3BHe. TaK ooxaHQbI C03.z:r.aAH caoe pannee rocyzrapcrao na OOAOMKax Korype H noozrax s OT TaHCKOH HMnepHH. EAIOH AoaOQ3H cvror OO'be.z:r.HHHTb KH.z:r.aHeH, xorzta pa3BaAHAC5I T aHCKHH KHTaH H yWAH B npOWAoe crermere xaraaa-nsr. Ym.YP4m.3HH C03.z:r.aAH CBOIO rocyzrapc'raennoc'ru na BOCTO<iHbIX rpaanuax HMnepHH A5i0, H KH.z:r.aH5IM npHWAOCb BeCTH BOHHY na .z:r.Ba rppoa-ra. MOHroAbI 'raxxce HMeAH OKpaHHHoe npeHMYIMeCTBO nepe.z:r. HMnepHeH !J3HHb. K TOMY m.e H A5i0, H !J3HHb naxoziaxac e yxse B ynazixe".

* npO~OALKI1TPAbHOCTb KI1TaHCKI1X ~I1HaCTI14PCKI1X ~eMorpa<lJl14eCKI1X \!I1KAOB COCTaBMIAa OKOAO 100-250 AeT (CM.: KopoTaeB 11 zip., 2005: 209-211). BpeMH Ha4aAa BOHHbl 4LKyp4LK3HeH noz; flpe~BO~I1TeAbCTBOM 6Y~Yl!lero rtepnoro \!3I1HbCKOro I1MflCpaTopa Aryl\bl flpOTI1B AHo 11 Ha4aAO KaMflaH1111 l.JI1HrI13-XilHa flpOTI1B !J311Hb COBflaAI1 C nepl10~OM ~eMorpalJll14eCKOro Kpl1311Ca (no~p06Hee 0 Kpl13WaX CM.: Hetpc4oB, 1999; 2003; Turchjn, 2003: 137-138; MiL1KOB, 2005 11 zip.}, a TaKLKe, COOTBeTCTBCHHO, C flepBbIM 11 BTOPblM Kpl1311CaMI1 ~I1HaCTI1I1 CYH. r IocKoAbKY 3KOHOMI1Ka Kl1l\aHbCKOH 11 4LKyp4LK3HbCKI1H ~HHilCTHH B Hl'MaAOH c renerm 3aBI1CPAa OT flpeCTHLKHblX TOBapOB, nOCTaBAHeMblX B BH~e KOHTPH6Y\!HH

H ,lI,aHH H3 CYH, Mbl noxaraexr. 4TO CYHCKHe KPH3HCbl ycyry6HAH crrryauaro B ~HHaCTHHX B cesepuoii 4aCTH KHTaH. cha cHrya\!HH 6blAa 06ycAoBAeHa, no BceH BH~HMOCTH, "flepelIpoH3BO~CTBOM" 3AHTbI, TaK Ha3bIBaeMOH Yl\eAbHO-AecTBH4HOH ("TaHHCTpHaAbHOH" flO,llm.. ct:.>AeT4epy) CHCTeMOH Hac Ael\OBaHHH (Fletcher, 1986), KOTopaH B COOTBeTCTBHH C "3i1KOHOM Vf6H XaA~Y!la" ( Turchin. 2003: 38-40, 132 -124) cfloc06CTBOBaAa pa3pYLlleHHIO e~HHCTBa nOAHTH4ecKoH CHCTeMbl.

108 ~11~._11~._f(~p~a~A~H~H~.~f(~o~~~eB~H~H~K~H~E=B~p~a~3~H~H~ __

MOHrOAbCKOH HMnepHH CB5I3eH Mem.zw 3anaAoM H BOCTOKOM npHBeAO K paCnpOCTpaHeHH!O H3 KHTa51 B EBpony HHcpOpMajJHH 0 B3pbIB4aTbIX aetgecraax H npHMHTHBHOH apTHAAepHH. Eho CTHMYAHPOBaAO pa3BHTHe aHaAOrH4HbIX pa3paOOTOK B eBpOneHCKHX CTpaHaX H CO BpeMeHeM 51BHAOCb npH4HHOH OTCTaBaHH5I K04eBHHKOB B BOeHHOH OOAaCTH. MorgHoe OrHeCTpeAbHOe opymHe MOrAO npOH3BOAHTbC5I TOAbKO B CTpaHaX C npoMbIUlAeHHOH 3KOHOMHKOH, KOTOPOH CKOTOBOAbI He HMeAH (MaK-HH.II, 2004: 647). KOHe4Ho, OHH MorAH BbIMeHHBaTb HAH nOAY4aTb ero HHbIMH cnocooaxm H3 HHAYCTpHaAbHO pa3BHTbIX CTpaH, OAHaKO apTHAAepH5I, MaCWTaOHble aanacsr ooenpHnacoB ObIAH HM aeziocrymu».

C XVII B. CKAaAbIBaeTC5I HOBa5l, OO'beAHHHBwa51 yxce secu 3eMHOH wap KanHTaAHCTH4eCKa51 MHp-CHCTeMa. B OlTO me BpeM51 cytgecraemnste reonOAHTH4eCKHe H3MeHeHH5I npOH30WAH H aa 'reppa'ropua BOCT04HOH Asan. 04epeAHa51 BOAHa aasoeaarexeii H3 MaHb4mYPHH npaaexa K co- 3AaHHIO aa TeppHTopHH KHTa51 HOBOH AHHaCTHH UHH (1644-1911 rr.). MaHb4mYPbI, nOAooHo HX rtpeztxavr 4myp4m3H5IM, ObIAH XOpOWHMH BOHHaMH H cyrgeCTBeHHO paCWHpHAH TeppHTopHiO CpeAHHHoro rocyAapCTBa, xoropoe B npezuuec'raytotgae CTOAeTH5I He4aCTO BblXOAHAO aa npeziexer BeAHKoH CTeHbI. EbIAH saaoeaaaer H BKAl04eHbI B COCTaB HMnepHH Ha npaaax saccaxoa MOHrOAbCKHe K04eBHHKH. nOoeAHTeAH B351AH xypc na YMHpOTBopeHHe arpeccnanoii npHpOAbI CTenH5IKOB nocpeACTBOM aKTHBHoro BHeApeHH5I B oorgecTBo aasoeaanmax 0YAAH3Ma. Co BpeMeHeM 3TO AaAO nOAomHTeAbHble pe3YAbTaTbI. "Cesep" yxce

"-" ""

HHKor Aa He 51BA5IAC5I B perHOHe yrpo30H AA5I !Ora.

Bnp04eM, TaKM Y4aCTb ObIAa y scex K04eBbIX HapoAoB. B HOBOM MHPOBOM nopxznce HOMaAaM yxce He cymAeHo ObIAO HrpaTb npemH!o!o pOAb. HaTypaAbHoe X0351HCTBO CKOTOBOAOB He CMorAO KOHKypHpOBaTb C HOBbIMH cpopMaMH HHTerpajJHH TpYAa B paxrxax MaHycpaKTypbI H Cf>aOpHKH. Yl.3MeHHAC5I H nOAHTH4eCKHH CTaTYC CTenHbIX oorgecTB. Y me KaK nepaqiepns HOMaAbI CTaAH aKTHBHO BOBAeKaTbC5I B OPOHTY HHTepeCOB pa3AH4HbIX CYOjJeHTpOB KanHTaAHCTH4eCKOH MHp-CHCTeMbI. 3Ha- 4HTeAbHO AecpopMHpOBaAaCb 3KOHOMHKa H COjJHaAbHM opraHH3ajJH5I, Ha4aAHCb OOAe3HeHHble aKKYAbTypajJHOHHble nponeccsr, conpoaozczraIorgHeC5I POCTOM 3THH4eCKoro caMOC03HaHH5I HOMaAoB, aKTHBH3ajJHeH TpaHoaAHCTCKHX H aHTHKOAOHHaAbHbIX ABHmeHHH.

4 aCT b III

HCTOPHH KOl.JEBbIX

~

HMnEPHH

FAABA 7

HMnEPCKAH KOHlI>El{EPAIJHH XYHHY:

COIJHAAbHAH OPfAHH3AIJHH CynEPCA01KHOfO B01Kl{ECTBA*

C03,ll,aHHe reopna BOfK,ll,eCTBa C4HTaeTOi O,ll,HHM H3 HaH60Aee 3Ha-

o 0 0

4HTeAbHblX ,ll,OCTHfKeHHH nOCAeBoeHHOH aanazuroa aHTponOAorHH H 3T-

HOAorHH. :=::ha KOHgengH5I 6bIAa paapaooraaa B OCHOBHOM aa 3THOHCTOpH4eCKax MaTepHaAax H3 Ceaepaoii H l{)fKHOH AMepHKH, ArpPHKH H OKeaHHH. BnOCAe,ll,CTBHH Y ,ll,aHHOH reopan n05lBHAHCb CTOPOHHHKH H3 4HCAa apxeoxoroa, KOTopble He 6e3 ycnexa HcnOAb30BaAH ee B CBOHX

o 0

nOCTpOeHH5IX no H3Y4eHHIO npOCTpaHCTBeHHOH HepapXHH noceAeHHH H

CTpaTHrpHKagHH norpetiax snerx cooPYfKeHHH. He OCTaAHCb B CTopOHe H HCTOPHKH, xoropeie nozraeprxn COOTBeTCTBYIOIgeMY nepeCMOTpy nncu-

" "-""

MeHHble HCT04HHKH, coztepasaaunre CBe,ll,eHH5I 0 BapBapCKOH neparpe-

pHH ,ll,OHH,ll,YCTpHaAbHbIX gHBHAH3agHH.

KAaccH4eCKHe nOAOfKeHH5I TeopHH BOfK,ll,eCTBa 6bIAH CrpOPMYAHpOBaHbI B paoorax 3. CepBHca, KOTOPbIH onpe,ll,eAHA BOfK,ll,eCTBO (4Hrp,ll,OM) KaK npOMefKYT04HYIO (MefK,ll,Y 06IgHHOH H rocyztapcraoxr ) rpOPMY conaonoxnruaecxoii opranaaauan C geHTpaAH30BaHHbIM ynpaBAeHHeM H HaCAe,ll,CTBeHHoH KAaHOBOH nepapxneii BOfK,ll,eH TeOKpaTH4ec«oro xapaKTepa H 3HaTH, r,ll,e CYIgeCTByeT cogHaAbHoe H HMYIgeCTBeH-

-e HepaBeHCTBO, O,ll,HaKO HeT rpopMaAbHoro H TeM 60Aee xerax enor-o .v-npeccaanoro H npHHY,ll,HTeAbHoro annapara (SeIYice, 1975: 15-16,

• YlMrrcpcKaH KOHcpCAcpagHH XYHHY: cogHMbHaH opranasauas cyncpcxoxsnoro BOLKAeCTBa / / PaHHHC cpOPMbl cogHaAbHoH opranaaaunn. Cn6., 2000. c. 195-223

112 ____!H~. ~H..!.:_ . .!.K~p~acY'_,4o!!H'!.!_H:!.:.._:K~o~lJ~eB~H~H'!.!_K~H'!.....!cEc::.!B~p~a~3'!2H!!H _

TAaBa 7. l1MJIepCKa51 KOHr/Je,4epa!1H51 XYHHY ...

113

151-152,331-332). nOCTeneHHO noziaaxsuotgee fiOAbWHHCTBO HCC}I.eAOBaTeAeH CKAOHHAHCb K MbICAH of YHHBepcaAbHOCTH AaHHoH 3BOAIOIJHOHHOH cTaAHH nOAHTH4eCKOH opraHH3aIJHH. HeofixoAHMO OTMeTHTb, 4TO B nocxezmee BpeMH nOHBHAHCb patiorur, OfiOcHoBbIBalOrgHe, 4TO BOfKAeCTBO He HBAHAOCb ofiH3aTeAbHbIM 3TanOM na nYTH K rocyztapcTBY (Eepe3KHH, 1994; 1995; KopoTaeB, 1995 HAP,),

npHHHTO pa3AH4aTb no CTeneHH CAOfKHOCTH aepapxaa npocrere H CAOfKHbIe (COCTaBHbIe) BOfKAecTBa . .llAH npocrbrx BOfKAecTB xapaKTepeH OAHH ypoaern, aepapxmr. OHH npeAcTaBAHAH COfiOH HeCKOAbKO aaTOHOMHbIX ofirgHH-noceAeHHH nOA npeABoAHTeAbcTBoM BOfKAH, pe3HAeHIJHH xo'roporo pacnoAaraAacb B IJeHTpaAbHoM nocexeaaa (Johnson, Esrle. 1987: 207-224). CAofKHoe BOfKAeCTBO HMeAO rioxee CAOfKHYIO BHYTpeHHlO1O HepapXH4eCKYlO CTPYKTYPY. 3TO HeCKOAbKO npOCTbIX BOfKACCTB, ofi'bCAHHeHHbIx na npaaax nOAyaBToHoMHbIX HAH perHOHaAbHbIX aaccax smax nOApa3AcAcHHH, KOTOPbIC nOA4HHeHbI aAMHHHCTpaIJHH rxannoro BOfKAH 4HCPAOM. CAofKHbIe BOfKAeCTBa MorAH HMeTb 3THH4eCKH rCTeporeHHYIO CTPYKTYPY, fiOAee ABYX ypoaneii HepapXHH, IJeHTpaAbHaH aAMHHHCTpaIJHH H OficAYfKHBaIorgHe ee CAYfKfibI, KaK npaBHAO, oCBofiofKAaAHCb OT Y<laCTHH B aenocpeztcraeanoee npOH3BOAcTBe (Johnson, Ear/e, 1987: 225-245).

Bonpoc 0 peAeBaHTHOCTH KOHIJenIJHH BOfKAeCTBa K HCTOPHH HOMaAH3Ma, B03MOfKHO, snepaete fibIA nOCTaBACH A. M. Xa3aHOBbIM. yb ero aHaAH3a cAeAoBaAO, 4TO AaHHaH 'reopax BrTOAHe npHMeHHMa K HOMaAH3MY, XOTH BOfKAeCTBa K04eBHHKOB, KaK OKa3aAOCb, HMelOT PHA cneIJHC!lH4eCKHX ocofienaocreii, OTAH4aIorgHx HX OT BOfKAeCTB ocezixsrx 3eMAeAeAbIJeB (Khazanov, 1984: 164-169). BnOCAeACTBHH K04eBHHKOBeAbI (H APyrHe HCCAeAoBaTeAH, nacasume 0 HOMaAax) acnox s- 30BaAH TeopHIO "aoxcziecraa" B CBOHX nOCTpoeHHHX (BacHAbeB, 1983; BHKTopHH, 1988; naBAeHKO, 1989; Kpa,4HH, 1992; nepwHI.J, 1994; TpeJIaBAOB, 1995; CKPbIHHHKoBa, 1997 HAP,)'

npH BceH BCllKHOCTH HCrTOAb30BaHHH TeopHH "BOfKAeCTBa" K 06rgecTBaM K04eBHHKoB-CKOTOBOAoB He06xoAHMO 3aMeTHTb, lITO HOMa,zJ.bI nOAHOCTblO He BflHCbIBaI<JfCH B KAaCCH4eCKHe OAHOAHHeHHbIe MOAeAH COIJHaAbHOH 3BOAIOIJHH: AOKaAbHaH rpyJIJIa - 06IfJHHa - BOJK,4eCTBO - penuee rocY,4apCTBO HAH AOKaAbHaH rpyrrJIa - OnIfJHHa - JIAeMH - BOJK,4eCTBO - paHHee roCY,4apCTBO. Bo-nepBbIX, OTHIOAb He see H3 nepe4HCAeHHbIX cpOpM fibIAH xapaKTepHbI AAH K04eBHHKOB-CKOTOBOAOB. no ;:)TOH npH<lHHe HeCKOAbKO

paHee H npeNOfKHA BbIAeAHTb TpH cTaAHH CAOfKHOCTH COIJHaAbHO-nOAHTH4eCKOH opraHH3aIJHH K04eBHHKOB-CKOTOBOAOB AO norxoqjemot HX HHAYCTpHaAbHbIMH MHP-3KOHOMHKaMH: 1) axerpaxemsre cerwrenrapmoe KAaHOBbIe H flAeMeHHbIe nOAHTHH; 2) "BTopH4Hoe" nAeMH H BOfKAeCTBO; 3) K04eBbIe HMnepHH H "KBa3HHMnepcKHe" nacropax easre nOAHTHH MeHbWHX paasiepoa (Kradin, 1996).

BO-BTOPbIX, yzce xpecToMaTHHHbIM CTaAO YTBepfKAeHHe, 4TO B HCTOpHH HOMaAoB EBpa3HH ABHfKeHHe no Kpyry B IJeAOM npeooxeziaxo HaA POCTOM CTPYKTypHOH CAOfKHOCTH. K04eBHHKH C03AaBaAH MHoro fiOAbWHX HMnepHH, xoropsre, OAHaKO, uepea nexoropoe BpeMH pacnaAaAHCb. 3TO fibIA HenpeOAOAHMbIH fiapbep, AeTepMHHHpOBaHHbIH fKecTKHMH 3KOAorH4eCKHMH YCAOBHHMH apHAHbIX creneii. T aKOH B3r AHA aa CyrgHoCTb K04eBbIX ofirgecTB pa3AeAHeTCH fiOAbWHHCTBOM K04eBHHKOBeAoB pa3AH4HbIX CTpaH (Lattimore, 1940; Bacon, 1958; Krader, 1963; Xa3aHOB, 1975; MapKoB, 1976; Khazanov, 1984; Kpa,4HH, 1992; MacaHoB, 1995 HAP,), CAeAOBaTeAbHO, nepexoz; OT OAHOH MOAeAH K APyroH Mor ocyrgecTBARTbCR KaK B CTOPOHY YBeAH4eHHR CAOfKHOCTH, TaK H ooparno, H npaBHAbHee fibIAO fibI rosopart, 0 IJHKAH4HOCTH npOIJeCCOB COIJHaAbHOH 3BOAIOIJHH Y K04eBHHKOB-CKOTOBOAOB.

B-TpeTbHX, HCCAeAoBaHHe COIJHaAbHOH opraHH3aIJHH HOMaAoB EBpa3HH nOKa3aAO, 4TO cyrgecTByeT aexraxoe 4HCAO npOMefKYTOlIHbIX cpOpM MefKAY BOfKAeCTBOM H rOCYAapCTBOM. B Ka4eCTBe npHMepa MOfKHO COCAaTbCH aa ofi'beAHHeHHR Ka3aXOB HAH KaAMbIKOB XVIII - XIX BB. 3TO, HeCOMHeHHO, fibIAH fioxee IJeHTpaAH30BaHHbIe ofi'beAHHeHHH, 4TOfibI C4HTaTb HX COJ03aMH JIAeMeH. YHCAeHHOCTb HX HaceAeHHR fibIAa HaMHoro 3Ha4HTeAbHee, 4eM 3TO OfibI4HO fibIBaeT B BOJK,4eCTBax, HO CHCTeMa ynpaaxenaa, AHweHHaH MOHonOAHH aa Y3aKOHeHHoe HaCHAHe, He n03BOARAa C4HTaTb HX rO(Y,4apCTBaMH.

~1HTepeCHO, 4TO 3TO TaKfKe axryax sno H AAR xapaKTepHCTHKH caMbIX xpyrnn.rx nOAHTH4eCKHX nOAHTHH K04eBHHKOB - "CTenHbIX HMnepnii", xo'ropere, C OAHOH CTOPOHbI, fibIAH ropaszio KpynHee CAOfKHbIX (KOMnAeKCHbIX) ofirgecTB H HMeAH "roCYAapCTBeHHonOAofiHbIH" xapaKTep, HO AaAeKO He ace HCCAeAoBaTeAH cor AaCHbI C4HTaTb HX yxce CAOfKHBWHMHCH rOCYAapCTBaMH. no 3TOMY nOBOAY fibIAO BbICKa3aHO MHoro pa3AH4HbIX ;,04eK 3peHHH, H npouixa AafKe AHCKYCCHR 0 "KO<leBOM cpeOAaAH3Me . OAHH HCCAeAoBaTeAH noxaraxa, 4TO KOlIeBHHKH pa3BHBalOTcH no TeM fKe 3aKoHaM, 4TO H 3eMAeAeAb4eCKHe aapozuu,

114 -----'H,_.:_:,_:H,_.:_:,_:K:.=P""a"".4l!;H:.ocH:.:_, -'K~o..:.'l-""eB""H"-'H"-'K'-"H"--"E==.cB"'.Ip""a=3::!.H!!.H!..._ _

H OCHOBOH tpeO,ll,aAH3Ma Y HOMa,ll,OB 6blAa c06CTBeHHOCTb na 3eMAIO, Ylx OfUlOHeHTbl OTCTaHBaAH caM06blTHOCTb K04eBHHKOB-CKOTOBO,ll,OB H ,lI,OKa3blBaAH, 4TO nacrfinrga Y HOMa,ll,OB acerzta OCTaBaAHCb B KOAAeKTHBHOM nOAb30BaHHH, a OCHOBY tpeO,ll,aAH3Ma COCTaBMIAa c06CTBeHHOCTb aa CKOT, B nacrosngee BpeMJI CYl!!eCTBYIOT HeCKOAbKO HaH60Aee nonyxapnerx T04eK 3peHHR OTHOCHTeAbHO xapaxrepa o61!!ecTBeHHbix OTHoweHHH Y K04eBHHKOB, O,ll,HH y-renere C4HTaIOT, 4TO K04eBHHKH caMOCTORTeAbHO MorAH ,lI,OCTHraTb TOAbKO npeztrocyzrapcraennoro ypOBHR pa3BHTHR, ,lI,PyrHe CTpeMJITCR ,lI,OKa3aTb, 4TO HaH60Aee xpymnsre 06be,ll,HHeHHR CTenHRKOB HMeAH BnOAHe panaerocyziapcraenaerii xapaxrep, no MHeHHIO TpeTbHX, pa3BHTHe K04eBHHKOB 3aTOpMarKHBaAOCb TOAbKO nOCAe ,lI,OCTHrKeHHR HMH tpeO,ll,aAbHOH CTa,ll,HH Pa3BHTHR, a ueraepr-sre OTCTaHBalOT Te3HC 0 caMOCTORTeAbHOM nYTH 3BOAIO~HH HOMa,ll,OB (no,ll,potinee CM,: Xa3aHOB, 1975; MapKoB, 1976; Kbazanov, 1984; Ilse. AeHKO, 1989: 86-90; Bonte, 1990; Kpa,4HH, 1992; MacaHoB, 1995; CKPbIHHHKoBa, 1997 H ,lI,P,).

B HacToRl!!eH rxaae ,lI,cHHaR npofixevra paCCMaTpHBaCTCR na npaMepe XYHHCKOH ,lI,eprKaBbl - nepsoii K04eBOH HMnepHH UeHTpaAbHoH fuHH. :::ha HMnepHR B03HHKAa npuxrepno B 209 r. ,lI,0 H. 3., xorzta waHblOH (THTYA XYHHCKoro npaBHTeAR) MO,ll,3 pacnpaaaxcs co BceMH BHYTpeHHHMH H BHeWHHMH BparaMH H 06be,ll,HHHA see xoxeaere 3THOCbl Ue~ITPaAbHOH fuHH. Ceaepnsre rpaHH~bl HMnepHH ,lI,OCTHraAH 5aHKaxa, IOrKHble ynxpaxacu B BeAHKYIO KHTaHCKYIO CTeHY, sanazrasre ,lI,0- CTHraAH BOCT04Horo T ypxecrana, BKAI04aR XaKaCHIO, T YBY H AATaH, BOCT04Hbie ,lI,OXO,ll,HAH ,lI,0 XHHraHa H p . .l'utOX3.

MOrKHO Bbl,ll,eAHTb 4eTbipe arana HCTOPHH XYHHCKOH ,lI,eprKaBbl. nepBblH aran (209-133 rr. ,lI,0 H. 3.) - 3TO BpeMR ee HaH60Abwero pacuaera. B 3TOT nepaozt HOMa,ll,bl npaKTHKOBaAH nOAHTHKY uepeztoaaHHR Ha6erOB H BblMoraHHR "noztapxoa" B OTHoweHHH KHTaR. CAe,ll,YIOI!!HH aran (129-58 rr. ,lI,0 H. 3.) CBR3aH C H3MeHeHHeM KHTaHCKOH BHeWHeH nOAHTHKH H Ha4aAOM ,lI,AHTeAbHOH KpOBonpOAHTHOH BOHHbl MerK,lI,Y XYHHY H KHTaHCKOH ,lI,HHaCTHeH XaHb. BOHHa He npHHeCAa no- 6e,ll,bl HH O,ll,HOH H3 CTOPOH, O,ll,HaKO XYHHCKoe 061!!eCTBO "B30pBaAOCb" H3HYTPH. Ha4aAaCb KpoBonpOAHTHaR rpaxcztaacxaa BoHHa. T peTHH aran (56 r. ,lI,0 H. 3. - 9 r. H. 3.) - 3TO nepaozr MHpHblX OTHoweHHH MerK,lI,Y K04eBHHKaMH H KHTaH~aMH. npaBHBWHH B TO BpeMJI waHblOH XyxaHbe, nOCTeneHHO YHH4TOrKHB CBOHX BHYTpeHHHX npOTHBHHKOB,

115

npHHRA IOpH,lI,H4eCKHH saccaxarer OT KHTaR, aa 4TO IOrKaHe CTaAH BbICblAaTb B crene peryxapnsre H HaMHoro 60Aee 60raTble, 4eM paHee, noztapxa. LIeTBepTblH aran (9-48 rr.) xapax'repaayercx 04epe,ll,HOH CMeHOH BHeWHeH nOAHTHKH KHTaR no OTHoweHHIO K XYHHY, H3-3a uerc B0306HOBHAOCb npOTHBOCTORHHe MerK,lI,Y HOMa,ll,aMH H 3eMAe,ll,eAb~aMH, Ha4aAHCb nepaozuroecrcae aaoern K04eBHHKOB aa KHTaH. 4aHHblH aran npO,ll,AHACR ,lI,0 48 r. H. 3., xorzta B peayx irrare HOBblX BHYTpeHHHX KOHtpAHKTOB XYHHCKaR HMnepHR pacnaxac e na "ceBepHYIO" H "roxcHYIO" KOHtpe,ll,epa~HH.

OCHOBHbIMH HCT04HHKaMH no HCTOPHH XYHHY RBARIOTCR csezteHHR KHTaHCKHX xeronaceii (AH,lI,aH, 1958), KOTopble nepeaeziem.r B TOM 4HCAe H aa PYCCKHH R3blK (EH'lYPHH, 1950a; Watson, 1961; MaTepHaAbl, 1968; 1973 H ,lI,p.), a rarose ,lI,aHHble apXeOAOrH4eCKHX paCK on OK aa repparopaa MOHrOAHH, POCCHH H KHTaR (,l/,opmcyp::JH, 1961; KOHoBaAoB, 1976; TJ1Hb ryaH{J3HHb, ro CYCHHb, 1980; 1980a; ClOH llYHbmyif, 1983; Il::JB::JH,4opm, 1985; ,l/,aBbI,4OBa, 1995; 1996; MHHJ1eB, 1998 H ,lI,p.). B !-IaCTORl!!ee BpeMJI HMeeTCR HeCKOAbKO xpynHbIX HccAe,ll,OBaHHH (rYMHAeB, 1960; ,l/,opmcyp::JH, 1961; Ma LfaHilloy, 1962; PY,4eHKo, 1962; Cyxtieerep, 1980; ,l/,aBbI,40Ba, 1985 H ,lI,p.) , B KOTOPblX OCBel!!alOTCR 're HAH HHbie CTOPOHbl HCTOPHH H KYAbTYPbl XYHHCKoro 06l!!ecTBa, O,ll,HaKO, eCTeCTBeHHO, MHorHe H3 BonpOCOB nonperKHeMY OCTalOTCR Hepa3pa60TaHHb1MH H ,lI,HCKYCCHOHHbIMH. O,ll,HH H3 TaKHX ,lI,HCKYCCHOHHbIX BonpOCOB HCTOPHH XYHHY - 3TO xapaKTepHCTHKa HX cO~HaAbHoH opraaaaaua« H ypOBHR pa3BHTHR. 40 CHX nop cne~HaAHCTbl cnopar no nOBo,ll,Y npH4HH B03HHKHOBeHHR HMnepHaAbHOH opraHH3a~HH Y XYHHY, nsrrarorca 06bRCHHTb CXO,ll,CTBO B a,ll,MHHHCTpaTHBHo-nOAHTH4eCKOM YCTpOHCTBe ,lI,eprKaBbl uraa sroa MO,ll,3 H 60Aee n03,l1,HHX K04eBbiX HMnepHH EBpa3HH, He MorYT npHHTH K e,ll,HHOMY MHeHHIO OTHOCHTeAbHO ypOBHR pa3BHTHR XYHHCKoro 061!!eCTBa H cneIJHtpHKH HX 061!!eCTBeHHoro CTpOH.

06pa30BaHHe XYHHCKOH .l\ep~aBbl

YI3BecTHO, 4TO nOAHTH4eCKaH HHTerpalJHR H nocxeztyrotgee B03HHKHOBeHHe paHHeH rOCY,lI,apcTBeHHOCTH 3aBHCHT OT MHOrHX BHYTpeHHHX H BHeWHHX rpaxropoa, K 4HCAY KOTOPblX HaH60Aee 4aCTO OTHOCHT 6Aaronpaarnsre 3KOAorH4eCKHe YCAOBHR, npoasaoztmgee (KaK npaBHAO) XO-

116 ~H~. ~H~ . .!.K.!.Jp:::!a:!.:,4±!H:!!.H!.: . ....:K~o.2l/.!::;eB~H~H:!!K:.::H.!....!=E~B::J:;p::::a:=::.3~H~H _

117

3f1HCTBO, Il.l\OTHOCTb aapoztoaacexenaa, pa.3BHTYIO TeXHO.l\OrHIO, HppHraQHIO, BOHHbl, 3aBoeBaHHfI H BHeWHee p,aB.I\eHHe, Ky.I\bTypHoe B.I\HflHHe, BHeWHlOlO TOprOB.I\IO, KaCTOBYIO 3Hp,oraMHIO H p,p. (Carneiro, 1970; Service, 1975; C/aessen, Ska/nik, 1978; BacHAbeB, 1983; Johnson, Esrle. 1987; naBAeHKO, 1989; rO,4HHep, 1991 H p,p.). Op,HaKo pox» 3THX rpaxropos B COQHaAbHOH 3BO.l\IOQHH K04eBbiX 06IJ!eCTB OT.I\H4a.l\aCb onpeziexeanoii clleQH!±>HKoH, CCPOpMHpoBaHHoH 3KO.l\OrH4eCKHMH YC.I\OBHflMH apHp,HbiX 30H EBPa.3HH. /locTaTollHo CKa3aTb, 4TO 110 ypoaHIO TeXHO.l\OrH4eCKoro pa3BHTHFI HOMap,bl CH.I\bHO OTCTaBa.l\H OT CBOHX OCep,.I\bIX cocep,eH, HO HMeHHO TaKHe "opyziaa Tpyp,a" cxoroaozruecxoro X03f1HCTBa, KaK xourazte H Bep6.1\1Op" 06yC.I\OBH.I\H M06H.I\bHOCTb H Hexoropoe aoennoe npeooxazianae K04eBHHKOB H"p, 3eM.l\ep,e.l\bQaMH B EBpa3HH H Ceaepaoii AcppHKe B P,OHHP,YCTpHaAbHYIO 3110Xy.

f opaszto 4aIJ!e B Ka4eCTBe llpH4HH 06pa30BaHHfI KOlJeBblX HMllePHH aaseraaror pasnooopaaasre r.l\06aAbHbIe K.I\HMaTH4eCKHe H3MeHeHHfI (ycblxaHHe H.I\H, Ha060poT, YB.I\arlmeHHe), BOHHCTBeHHblH 06pa3 mH3HH KOlleBHHKOB, p,eMorpacpH4ecKHH qiarcrop, BblTa.l\KHBaBWHH HOMap,OB H3 npeziexos crena, OC.I\a6.1\eHHOCTb 3eM.I\ep,e.l\b4eCKHX 06IJ!eCTB BC.I\ep,CTBHe "qieozrax saoii" Pa.3.n,p06.1\eHHOCTH, He06xop,HMOCTb nonoxanr e 3KCTeHCHBHYlO CKOTOBop,4eCKYIO 3KOHOMHKY 1l0cpep,CTBOM Ha6erOB H3 60.l\ee cTa6H.I\bHbie 3eM.I\ep,e.l\b4eCKHe 06IJ!ecTBa, .l\H4Hble aM6HQHH npeztnozurrexeji crermsrx 06IJ!eCTB H p,p.

B 60.l\bWHHCTBe H3 llepe4HC.I\eHHbiX qiaxropos ecrt, CBOH paQHOaax sasre MOMeHTbl. Oznraxo 3Ha4eHHe nexoropux H3 HHX OKa3aAOCb llpeYBe.l\H4eHHb1M. T ax, COBpeMeHHble naxeoreorparpavectcae ziannsre He nozrrsepacziator meCTKOH KOppe.l\flQHH r .l\06a.l\bHblX nepaoztoa ycsrxaHHfI/YB.I\amHeHHfI crena C BpeMeHaMH Yllap,Ka/ pacusera xoueasrx HMllepHH (J/HHeCMaH H p,p., 1989: 204-205; i1BaHoB, BacHAbeB, 1995: Ta6.1\. 24, 25). He COBceM ncaa pO.l\b p,eMorpacpHH, 1l0CKO.l\bKY POCT noroxoa sa CKOTa llPOHCXOp,H.I\ 6bICTpee YBe.l\H4eHHfI aapozioaace.l\eHHfI H, KaK npaanxo, paHbwe llPHBOp,H.I\ K CTpaB.I\HBaHHIO TpaBOCTOFI H KPH3HCY 3KOCHCTeMbI. K04eBOH 06pa3 mH3HH, BHe acaxoro COMHeHHfI, MomeT clloc06CTBOBaTb pa3BHTHIO aexoropsrx aoenusrx Ka4eCTB. Ho 3eM.I\ep,e.l\bQeB 6bl.l\O BO MHoro pas 60.l\bWe, OHH 06.1\ap,a.l\H 3KO.l\OrH4eCKH 60.l\ee KOMll.l\eKCHblM X03f1HCTBOM, Hap,emHblMH rcpenocraxra, fioxee MOIJ!HOH peMeC.I\eHHO-MeTa.l\.I\yprH4eCKOH 6a.30H H T. p,.

13o.l\ee roro, HCC.I\ep,OBaTe.l\H, H3Y4aBwHe KY.I\bTYPY K04eBHHKOBCKOTOBOp,OB H3HYTpH, cBHp,eTe.l\bCTBYIOT, 4TO C 3KO.l\OrH4eCKoH T04KH 3peHHfI K04eBHHKH He Hymp,a.l\HCb B rocyziapcrae. CueQHcpHKa CKOTOBop,CTBa npezmoxaraer paccesnnetii (p,HCllepCHbIH) 06pa3 CYIJ!eCTBOBaHHfI. KOHQeHTpaQHfI 60.l\bWHX c'razt mHBOTHblX B OAHOM MeCTe aexa K nepeasmacy, 4pe3MepHOMY BblTallTblBaHHIO TpaBOCTOfl, YBe.l\H4eHHIO OllaCHOCTH pacnpocrpaaeaaa aapasaerx 3a60.l\eBaHHH mHBOTHbIX. CKOT He.l\b3f1 6bl.l\O aaxanxasar» p,o 6eCKOHe4HOCTH, ero MaKCHMa.l\bHOe KO.l\H4eCTBO .n,eTepMHHHpOBa.l\OCb llPOP,YKTHBHOCTblO crenaoro .l\aHp,wacp'ra, K TOMY me He3aBHCHMO OT 3HaTHOCTH CKOTOB.I\ap,e.l\bQa see ero crazia MOr.l\H 6blTb YHH4TomeHbi p,mYTOM, 3aCYXOH H.I\H 311H300THeH. n03TOMY mHBOTHhlX 6bl.l\O aerroztnee ztaaar s na Bblllac MaAo06eClle- 4eHHbiM copoztauar-r H.I\H paaztaaar e B BHp,e "noziapxoa", noasnuaa TeM caMblM CBOH COQHa.l\bHblH CTaTYC. T aKHM 06pa30M, BCfI nponsaoztc'raeuaaa p,eflTe.l\bHOCTb CKOTOBOp,OB OCYIJ!eCTB.I\fI.I\aCb BHYTPH ceMeHHo-pop,CTBeHHbIX H .l\HHHp,mHbIX rpyllll, .l\HWb npa 311H30p,H4eCKOH He06xop,HMOCTH Tpy p,OBOH KOOllepaQHH. /laHHoe 06CTOflTe.l\bCTBO ooyc.l\OBH.I\O TO, 4TO BMeWaTe.l\bCTBO npezisoznrrexeii K04eBbiX 06IJ!eCTB BO BHYTpeHHlO1O 3KOHOMH4eCKYlO mH3Hb 6bl.l\O 04eHb He3Ha4HTe.l\bHO H He MOr.l\O Hp,TH HH B xaxoe cpasueuae C MHOr04HC.I\eHHblMH ynpaaxeuuecKHMH 06f13aHHOCTflMH npasarexeii OCep,.I\O-3eM.I\ep,e.l\b4eCKHX 06IJ!eCTB. B CH.I\y sroro B.I\aCTb llpep,BOp,HTe.l\eH crenxerx 06IJ!eCTB He MOr.l\a pa3BHTbCfI p,o cpopMa.l\H30BaHHoro ypOBHfI aa OCHOBe peryxapaoro na.l\oro06.1\OmeHHfI CKOTOBOp,OB (Lattimore, 1940; Bacon, 1958; Krader, 1963; Xa3aHOB, 1975; Mepuo», 1976; 83; Khazanov, 1984; BarHe/d, 1981; 1992; 79; MacaHoB, 1991; 1995; Kpa,4HH, 1992 H zip.}.

LITO me Tor p,a flB.I\fI.I\OCb llPH4HHOH C03p,aHHfI "CTellHbIX HMllepHii"? no 60.l\bWOMY C4eTY, Bep,YIJ!He BHYTpeHHHe npezmocerxrca 1l0.l\HTOreaeaa (3KO.l\OrHfI, CHCTeMa X03f1HCTBa, p,eMorpacpH4eCKHH OIlTHMYM) B OT.I\H4He OT oce,ll,Ao-3eM.I\ep,e.l\b4eCKHX 06IJ!eCTB Y HOMap,OB He cnoC06CTBOBa.l\H CK.I\ap,bIBaHHlO rocyziapcraennocrn. focyp,apcTBO He 6bl.l\O He06xop,HMO K04eBHHKaM p,J\fI peurenaa BHYTpeHHHx npofixext. L!eHTpaxaaoaanaaa opraHH33QHfI B.I\aCTH y HOMap,oB B03HHKa.l\a HCK.I\104Hrex sao p,.I\fI paspeuiemta BHeWHHX 3ap,a4: noxyveuaa 3eM.I\ep,e.l\b4eCKo-peMeC.I\eHHOH llpOP,YKQHH nocpeztcraoja saeuraesxcnxyararopcxoii p,eflTe.l\bHOCTH H/ H.I\H llPOTHBOCTOflHHfI .n,aB.I\eHHIO CO CTOPOHbl 3eM.I\ep,e.l\b4eCKHx QHBH.I\H3aQHH. B 3TOM H ecru llPHHQHllHa.l\bHOe OT.I\H4He

118

H. H. Kpa,4HH. KO'leBHHKH EBpa3HH

nOAHTH4eCKHX CTpYKTYP K04eBHHKOB 01' rOCYAapCTBeHHOCTH OCeAAO- 3eMAeAeAb4eCKHX OOIJ!eCTB.

npaBAa, npH 3TOM HeOoXOAHMO HMeTb B BHAY P5IA OOCT05lTeAbCTB.

BO-nepBbIX, B03HHKHOBeHHe K04eBbiX HMnepHH OblAO B03MOrKHbiM AaAeKO He Be3Ae, a TOAbKO TaM, rAe cYIJ!ecTBOBaAH orpojaaere crernnae npocrpancraa, aa KOTOPblX MorAO K04eBaTb AocTaT04Ho oOAbwoe KOAH4eCTBO CKOTOBOAoB (XaAxa-MoHrOAH5I, 4ewT-H KHn4aK HAP.). BO-BTOPbIX, 3Aecb npOCAerKHBaeTC5I rKeCTKa51 KoppeA5IgH5I MerKAY OObeKTOM 3KcnaHCHH HOMaAoB H BeAH4HHOH caxroro xouesoro OOIJ!eCTBa. HY3Pbl, aanparaep, MorAH coaepura'r e CBOH excerozursre naoern aa AHHKa, He npeoopaaoasmaa CBoeH aKetpaAbHOH "nAeMeHHOH" CTPYKTYPbI. T yapern HAH apaosr, 4TOObi B3HMaTb AaHb C coceznrax 3eMAeAeAb4eCKHX oa3HCOB, OObeAHH5IAHCb B "nAeMeHHYIO" KOHtpeAepagHIO HAH BOrKAeCTBO. HOMaAbl npH4epHOMopCKHX creneii, CYIJ!eCTBOBaBWHe aa oxpanaax aHTH4HbiX rOCYAapCTB, BH3aHTHH H PYCH, c03AaBaAH nAeMeHHble COlO3bl HAH "KBa3HHMnepCKHe" rOCYAapCTBeHHonOAOOHble CTPYKTypbl. OAHaKO K04eBbiM CKOTOBOAaM UeHTpaAbHOH A.3HH (CIOHHY, TlOpKaM, YHrypaM, MOHrOAaM HAP.)' coceztcraoaaeunnr C KHTaHCKOH 3eMAeAeAb4eCKOH gHBHAH3agHeH, HeooxoAHMO OblAO HHoe cpeziCTBO aAanTagHH K BHewHeMY MHPY - K04eBa51 HMnepH5I (Lattimore, 1940; Irons, 1979; BarheJd, 1981; 1992; Khazanov, 1984; (JJYPCOB, 1988; Kpa,4HH, 1992; 1996; rOA,4eH, 1993 HAP·)·

nOA KO'leBOH HMIIepHeH 51 nOHHMalO CAOrKHOe OOIJ!eCTBO, opraHH30BaHHoe no soenao-nepapxa-recxor-ry npH3HaKY, 3aHHMalOIJ!ee 01'HOCHTeAbHO oOAbwoe npocrpancrso H noxyuarorgee HeooXOAHMble aecxoroaoztuecxae pecypcsr. KaK npaBHAo, nocpeAcTBoM BHeWHeH 3KcnAyaTagHH (rpa6erKH, BOHHa H KOHTpHoygH5I, BblMoraHHe "noziapKOB", He3KBHBaAeHTHa51 TOprOBA5I, AaHHH4ecTBo H T. A.). ,lLA5I K04eBbiX HMnepHH OblAH xapaKTepHbl: 1) MHOrOCTYneH4aTblH aepapxnuecxaii xapaxrep cogHaAbHoH opr-aaaaagnn, npoHH3aHHblH aa acex ypOBH5IX nAeMeHHblMH H HaAnAeMeHHblMH reHeaAorH4eCKHMH CB5I351MH; 2) AYaAbHblH (ua KPbIAb5l) HAH TpHaAHblH (Ha KpblAb51 H geHTp) npHHgHn aAMHHHCTpaTHBHoro AeAeHH5I HMnepHH; 3) aoeaao-xepapxa-recxaii xapaxrep OOIJ!eCTBeHHoH opraanaauaa "MeTponoAHH, 4aIJ!e acero no "AeC5ITH4HOMY" npnauany": 4) 51MCKa51 cAYrKOa KaK cnegHtpH4ecKHH cnocoo opranaaagna aAMHHHCTpaTHBHoH HHtppaCTpYKTYPbl; 5) cneuatpH4eCKa51 CHCTeMa HaCAeAOBaHH5I BAaCTH (HMnepH5I - AOCT05lHHe see-

ro xancxoro pozta, HHCTHTYT conpaaarexscrsa, KYPYATaH); 6) OCOOblH xapaxrep OTHoweHHH C 3eMAeAeAb4eCKHM MHpOM.

BbIAeA5IlOTc5I TpH MOAeAH (THIIH'lH8.fl, ,4aHHH'leCKaJl, seeoeeeres»H8.fl) K04eBbiX HMnepHH: 1) K04eBHHKH H 3eMAeAeAbgbi cOCYIJ!eCTBYIOT aa paCCT05lHHH, nOAY4eHHe npaoaaouaoro npOAYKTa OCYIJ!eCTBA5IeTC5I nocpeACTBOM ,4HCTaH!JHoHHOH sxcrtxyarauaa: aaoera, BblMoraHHe "noAapKoB" (B HeKOTopOM CMblCAe p3KeT) H T. n. (XYHHY, C5IHbOH, TlOpKH, YHrYPbl H np.): 2) 3eMAeAeAbgbi nOA4HHeHbi K04eBHHKaM, tpopMa 3KCnAyaTagHH - ,4E1HHH'leCTBO (30AoTa51 OpAa, HMnepH5I lOaHb H np.): 3) HOMaAbl 3aBoeBbIBalOT 3eMAeAeAb4eCKoe OOIJ!eCTBO H nepeCeA5IIOTC5I aa ero TeppHTopHIO, aa CMeHY rpaoeacaxr H AaHHH4eCTBY npaxozurr perYAJlPHOe ne.sorootisoncenne 3eMAeAeAbgeB H ropoxcan (CeBepHa51 B3H, rOCYAapCTBO HAbxaHOB H np.) (Kpa,4HH, 1992: 166-178).

XYHHCKa51 ziepzcaaa npelJ,CTaBA5IAa COOOH KAaCCH4eCKHH BapHaHT THIIH'lHOH K04eBOH HMnepHH. Ee B03HHKHOBeHHe 51BA5IeTC5I KAaCCH4ecKHM npnraepoxr, nOATBeprKAaIOIJ!HM BblWeH3AOrKeHHbie nOAOrKeHH5I. B Te4eHHe MHorHX CTOAeTHH ceaepasre "sapaaper" COBepwaAH nepHOAH4eCKHe HaWeCTBH5I aa KHTaHCKHe gapcTBa. Ho HH pa3y AMI coaepWeHH5I aaoeros HOMaAbl He c03AaAH HMnepHaAbHOH opraansauaa. ,lLA5I sroro He OblAO HHKaKOH HeOOXOAHMOCTH. KHTaHgbl rAaBHblM ofipasoxr OblAH 3aH5ITbl BHYTpeHHHMH npOOAeMaMH, a K04eBHHKH Mor AH BpeM5I 01' BpeMeHH coaepuraru ycneunn.re aafiern aa tor AHOO roproaar-s C 3eMAeAeAbgaMH, 4TOObi nOAY4aTb HeooXOAHMYIO CKOTOBOAaM pexsecAeHHO-3eMAeAeAb4eCKYIO npOAYKgHIO.

OAHaKO nOCAe 221 r. AO H. 3., KorAa OblAO C03AaHO nepsoe geHTpaAH30BaHHoe OOIJ!eKHTaHCKoe rOCYAapCTBO - HMnepH5I UHHb, nOAOrKeHHe B xopne H3MeHHAOCb. Tenepb HOMaAaM npOTHBOCT05lAO ezuuroe MOI,!JHoe 3KcnaHCHOHHCTCKoe rOCYAapCTBO. ::11'0 rOCYAapCTBO HMeAO np04HYIO geHTpaAH30BaHHYIO 3KOHOMH4eCKYIO Oa3Y, OOAaAaAO MHoro- 4HCAeHHOH BblMYWTpOBaHHOH apMHeH C onblTHblMH BoeHa4aAbHHKaMH H BeAO aKTHBHYIO BHeWHlOlO 3aBoeBaTeAbHYIO nOAHTHKY. T aKHM oopa- 30M, oaAaHC CHA MerKAY "cesepom" H "lOrOM", MerKAY HOMaAaMH H nOAHeoeCHOH H3MeHHAC5I 51BHO He B nOAb3Y K04eBHHKOB. C aroro apeMeHH Ha4HHaeTC5I npHHgHnHaAbHO HOBblH aran BO B3aHMOOTHOWeHH5IX MerKAY KHTaeM H Creneto.

XYHHY OblCTPO n04YBCTBOBaAH nocAeACTBH5I OObeAHHeHH5I KHTa5l.

YrKe B 215 r. AO H. 3. no npaxasy npaBHTeA51 UHHb BoeHa4aAbHHK

120 ~fi~.~fi~.~/(~p~a~A~H~H~.~/(~o~q~eB~H~H~K~H~E~B~p~a~3=H=H ___

121

M3H T HHb B03rAaBI1A rpoxrazuryro apMI1IO 4I1CAeHHOCTbIO, no pa3HbiM KI1TaHCKI1M I1CT04HI1KaM, OT 100 ,lI,0 500 TbIC. 4eAOBeK (J\I1,l1,aH, 1958: 15) 11 OTBoeBaA y K04eBHI1KOB OP,ll,OC, CAaBI1BWI1HCH CBOI1MI1 ry4HblMI1 nacT6l11gaMI1. Ha OTBoeBaHHbfX Teppl1TOpl1HX M3H T HHb npOAOml1A ,lI,OPOrH, B03,l1,Bl1r 60Aee 40 xpenocreii 11 3aCeAI1A I1X CCblAbHblMI1 npecTynHI1KaMI1. Erge 60Aee Bne4aTAHIOrgl1M 6blAO CTpOI1TeAbCTBO BeAI1- KOH KI1TaHCKOH crensr (BaHbAH qaHq;:JH - "crensr ,lI,AI1HOH B 10 TblC. AI1"), KOTopaH no 3aMbICAY UI1Hb Il.Ia-xyane.aa ,lI,OAmHa 6blAa CTaTb Ha.n,emHblM 6apbepoM na nYTI1 BapBapCKI1X Ha6erOB C ceBepa. B ee coopyxcenna npl1HI1MaAI1 Y4aCTI1e rpoxrazmoe KOAI14eCTBO COA,lI,aT, ocyas.n,eHHblX npecrynaaxoa, rOCY,ll,apCTBeHHbIX pa60B 11 KpecTbHH-06rgI1HHI1- KOB, npnnyzurre,« bHO M0611AI130BaHHbiX na paoorer 113 acex npOBI1H!,!I1H I1Mnepl1l1.

Lh06bl ycneunro npOTI1BOCTOHTb KI1TaIO, K04eBHI1KaM He06xo,ll,I1MO fibIAO 06'be,ll,I1HI1TbCH B K04eBYI0 I1Mnepl1IO. O,ll,HaKO B OTAI1411e OT nxeMeHHOH cpe,ll,epa!,!1111 nOAI1TI14eCKaH crpyxrypa CTenHOH I1Mnepl111 6blAa BbICOKO nepCOHaAI1CTCKOH, 3aBI1CeAa OT I1H,lI,I1BI1,l1,yaAbHbIX cnoc06HOCTeH ee npaBI1TeAH. WaHbIOH (xaran, xan ) HI1Kor,ll,a He 6blA oxpyacen CTOAb nbIWHbIM 11 Tal1HCTBeHHbIM !,!epeMOHl1aAOM nO,ll,06HO KI1TaHCKHM I1Mf1epaTOpaM I1AI1 ,lI,pyrHM npaBI1TeAHM 3eMAe,ll,eAb4eCKI1X CTpaH. Ero geAb 6blAa BnOAHe MaTepl1aAbHOH - OpraHI130BaTb nOAY4eHI1e ,lI,06b1411 11 pacnpezre.orr s ee Mem,ll,y nAeMeHaMI1. OH Mor AI14HO He npl1HI1MaTb Y4aCTI1e B rpa611TeAbCKI1X narierax 11 CpameHI1HX, "HO KaK caMO,ll,epm!,!y CTenHOH I1Mnepl111 eMY He06xo,ll,I1Mbl 6blAI1 Ka4eCTBa BOI1Ha. "I1MnepcKI1H" xan ,lI,OAmeH 6blA BeCTI1 CBOI1X noziztannsrx K ycnexy na noxe 6051 11 B BbIMoraTeAbCTBe 60raTcTBa y oceztxerx npaBI1TeAbCTB" (Fletcher, 1986: 23). ECAI1 npaaarex s CTenHOH ,lI,epmaBbI He y,ll,OBAeTBOpHA oml1- .n,aHI1H nAeMeH, I1Mnepl1H MorAa pacnaCTbCH aa 60Aee MeAKl1e "KBa311- I1MnepCKl1e" nOAI1TI1I1. HaKOHe!,!, xorzta waHbIOH YMl1paA, cyigecraoaax ortpeziexenaeni PI1CK paasaxa CTenHOH I1Mnepl1l1. Ero HaCAe,ll,HI1KaM He.n,OCTaT04HO 6bfAO npe,ll,bHBI1Tb CBOI1 3aKOHHbIe npaaa na npeCTOA, nOMI1MO aroro OHI1 ,lI,OAmHbl 6blAI1 npO,ll,eMOHCTpl1pOBaTb HaAI1411e peaj\bHbIX AI14HbfX cnoc06HOCTeH.

PaC!,!BeT XYHHCKoro 06rgecTBa 11 06pa30BaHI1e CTenHOH I1Mnepl111 npl1HHTO CBH3bIBaTb C I1MeHeM nroporo 113BeCTHoro 113 AeTOnl1Cel1 utaHbIOH XyHHy MO,ll,3. Ha nepBbIX CTpaHI1!,!ax 11O-H rxaaer CBOI1X "I1CTOpl14eCKI1X 3anI1COK" CbIMa UHHb nO,ll,p06HO paccxaasraaer 0 TPY,ll,HOM

aocxoaszteaaa MO,ll,3 K BepWI1HaM BAaCTH (EHqYPHH, 1950a: 46-48; J\11,l1,aH, 1958: 16; MaTepl1aAbI, 1968: 38-39). COrAaCHO ,lI,aHHOMY nOBeCTBOBaHI1IO, MO,ll,3 6bIA HeAI0611MbIM !,!apeBl14eM 11 He paCCMaTPI1BaACH B Ka4eCTBe npeTeH,lI,eHTa Ha XYHHCKI1H npeCTOA. O,ll,HaKO OH npO,ll,eMOHCTpl1pOBaA AI14HOe MymecTBo 11 nOAY411A aa 3TO B ynpaaxenae O,ll,I1H 113 "yziexos" nAeMeHHOH KOHcpe,ll,epa!,!l1l1. B CBOI1X BAa,ll,eHI1HX !,!apeBl14 Ha4aA rOTOBI1TbCH K nepeaopory. OH npaxasax CBOI1M BOI1HaM 6ecnpeKOCAOBHO nOBI1HOBaTbCH ero npnxasaxt 11 BblCTpeAI1A CHa4aAa B ceoero KOHH, AI0611MYIO ;'KeHY, a 3aTeM B KOHH waHbIOH-OT!,!a. BceM, KTO OTKa3aACH nOBI1HOBaTbCH, MO,ll,3 nOBeAeA oTpy611Tb roAOBY. nOCAe aroro aa OXOTe OH C nOMorgbIO CBOI1X CTOPOHHI1KOB y611A OT!,!a 11 COBepWI1A rOCY,ll,apCTBeHHbIH nepesopor.

napa,ll,OKcaAbHO, HO 3TOT B HeMaAOH CTeneHI1 cpaHTaCTI14eCKI1H paCCKa3 ,lI,AI1TeAbHOe BpeMH BOCnpl1HI1MaACH I1CCAe,ll,OBaTeAHMI1 KaK BOCnp0I13Be,ll,eHl1e peaAbHbIX C06bITI1H (CM., aanp.: rYMHAeB, 1960; Ma lJaHwoy, 1962; Cyx6aaTap, 1980 11 ,lI,p.). Oziaaxo OH I1MeeT MHOr0411CAeHHbIe CXO,ll,CTBa C 3nl14ecKI1MI1 11 CKa304HbIMI1 np0I13Be,ll,eHI1HMI1. Bo-nepBblx, B CIOmeTe npOCAeml1BaeTCH 4eTKaH KOMn0311!,!I10HHaH c'rpyx'rypa, C06blTI1H paclBopa411BaIOTCH no HapaCTaHI1IO B COOTBeTCTBl111 C npl1H!,!l1nOM "KYMYAHTI1BHOCTI1" (KaK, Hanpl1Mep, B PYCCKOH CKa3Ke npo penxy). BO-BTOPbIX, see C06blTI1H B paCCKa3e 0 MO,ll,3 nOBTOPHIOTCH Tpl1m,ll,bl (cp., Hanpl1Mep, CKa3KY 0 CI1BKe-DYPKe), HO xaxs,lI,bIH pa3 C KyMyAHTI1BHbIM napac'rannevr HanpHmeHI1H. CHa4aAa MO,ll,3 CTpeAHeT B ceoero KOHH, 3aTeM B meHY 11 KOHH csoero OT!,!a. TOAbKO na TpeTHH pa3 OH ,lI,06I1ACH e,ll,I1Ho,ll,YWHOH nO,ll,,lI,epmKI1 CBOI1X BOI1HOB. B-TpeTbl1x, B paccxase npl1CYTCTBYIOT raxae Tpa,ll,I1!,!110HHbIe ,lI,AH snoca 11 CKa30K 3AeMeHTbI, KaK KOHb 11 meHa . .lI,Bam,ll,bl npI1XO,ll,I1TCH MO,ll,3 paCCTaBaTbCH C "AI06I1MbIMI1" meHaMI1 11 "AI06I1MbIMI1" CKaKYHaMI1. YeTBepToe CXO,ll,CTBO C 3nOCOM 3aKAI04eHO B nOAOml1TeAbHOH ouemce rwaaaoro nepconaxca, He3aBI1CI1MO OT roro, xaxne nocryrncn (y6I1HCTBO OT!,!a, MaCCOBblH reppop ) OH cosepuraer (noztpooaee CM.: /(pa,4HH, 1996: 28-34). Bee 3TO ,lI,aeT OCHOBaHl1e C,lI,eAaTb BblBO,ll" 4TO 113Aaraextaa C bIMa UHHeM B "l1cTOpI14eCKI1X 3an11CKaX" BepCI1H npuxozta MO,ll,3 K BAaCTI1 He HBAHeTCH nepecxasovt peaA bHO np0l130we,ll,WI1X C06bITI1H. CKopee scero ,lI,0 KI1TaHCKOro acropnorpaqia zioiuex paCCKa3, CAblwaHHblH 11M (I1AI1 ero I1HcpopMaTopOM) OT KaKOrO-AI160 XYHHCKoro CKa311TeAH I1AI1 neaua. B paccxase np114y,ll,AI1BO nepenxerarorca OT3By-

122 H=-=-:._H=-=-:._K=-=pc;::a=4>=.H:.=.Ho.:.._;K:..:=o_;'l-=.eB=H:.:.:H=K:.::H:.:.....=E=B=..Pc:.;a=3=H=H.:.._ _

KH peaxunsrx HCTopH4eCKHX C06blTHH H 3AeMeHTbi n03TH4eCKoro, 3nHuecxoro npOH3BeAeHHR. l-'!3 acero BblweH3AomeHHoro MomHO CAeAaTb TOAbKO OAHH BblBOA - MOA3 onpezrexenno RBARACR yaypnaroposr, 3aXBaTHBWHM BAaCTb CHAOH. OAHaKo BOCCTaHOBAeHHe peax suoii HCTOpH4eCKOH KapTHHbl CKopee acero He nOAAemHT peKOHCTpYK!!HH.

OCHOBOH AOMHHHpOBaHHR XYHHY B l!eHTpaAbHOH fuHH CTaAa OTAameHHaR BoeHHaR CHCTeMa. KHTaHCKHe HCT04HHKH HeoAHOKpaTHO CBHAeTeAbCTBYIOT 0 BOHHCTBeHHOM ofipase mH3HH ceBepHoro cocezia. C panuero AeTC.Ba MaAb4HKH H fOHOWH TpeHHpOBaAHCb B crpexsoe H3 AYKa H CKa4Kax na xouraziax. Bce B3pOCAbie Mym4HHbi BXOAHAH B COCTaB BoeHHO-HepapXH4eCKOH opraHH3a!!HH XYHHCKoro 061!!eCTBa (AHAaH, 1958: 3, 31; Marepaaxer, 1968: 34, 36). XPOHHCTbl 06pa3Ho HMeHOBaAH XYHHCKYfO AepmaBY "!!apCTBOM aoennsrx KOHeH", caMHX

HOMaj\oB cpaBHHBaAH C "aaxpexr" HAH "MOAHH5IMH", a B oq:H1ijHaAb-

HblX AOKYMeHTax B npOTHBonOCTaBAeHHe oceAAblM KHTaH!!aM XYHHY HMeHYIOTCR KaK napozu.r, "HaTRrHBafOI!!He AYKH" (AHAaH, 1958: 32; MaTepHaAbl, 1968: 48, 75). OAHaKo caxra no ce6e MHAHTapH3a!!HR oopasa mH3HH RBARAaCb TOAbKO npezmocetxxoii AAR nocAeAYfOl!!HX ycneunn.rx 6aTaAHH. DOAee BamHYfO POAb csrrpaxa opraHH3a!!HOHHble H soenubre npe06pa30BaHHR, npoaaaezienuere waHbloeM MOA3, H B oc06eHHOH CTeneHH BBeAeHHe HM TaK Ha3bIBaeMOH "AecRTH4HOH" CHCTeMbl H meCTKOH BoeHHOH AHC!!HnAHHbl. n peHMYl!!eCTBa "AecRTH4HOH" CHCTeMbl AOCTar04HO 04eBHAHbi. BOeHHaR HCTOPHR AaeT 6eC4HCAeHHoe MHomeCTBO nparaepon, xorzia MaA04HCAeHHbie apMHH n06emAaAH npeaocxoztmgnx npOTHBHHKOB TOAbKO H3-3a 'roro, 4TO HMeAH AY4WYfO BHYTpeHHfOfO opraHH3a!!HfO.

B nepnozu.r MorYl!!eCTBa XYHHCKOH AepmaBbl nxexrena "xrerporrOAHH" rrpaKTHKOBaAH B OTHOllIeHHH cocezteii pa3AHl.JHble cpOpMbI j\HCTaH!!HOHHOH 3KcnAyaTa!!HH H AaHHH4eCTBO. OHH nOAY4aAH AaHb, nanpaviep, co CBOHX 3aKARTbiX BparOB npOTOMOHrOAOB (AYHXY, yxyaneii ). 06AomeHbi AaHbfO 6blAH H HapoAbl CaRHo-AATaR H T yasr. OHH ynpaBARAHCb XYHHCKHMH HaMeCTHHKaMH H nOCTaBARAH B MeTponOAHIO PYAY H peMeCAeHHYfO npOAYK!!HfO (EH'lYPHH, 1950a: 103, 105, 144, 216, 19506: 161, 188; AHAaH, 1958: 244; MaTepHaAbl, 1973: 54, 126; 1984: 65, 297-298, 328 HAP')' OceAAoe aacexenne 60raTbix oa3HCOB "3anaAHoro xpaa" nAaTHAO HOMaAaM AaHb urepc'ruio, TKaHRMH, H3AeAHRMH peMecAeHHHKoB, 6blAO 06AomeHo RMCKOH nOBHHHOC-

TbfO. K04eBHHKH KOHTpoAHpoBaAH H npH6blAbHbie KapaBaHHble nYTH B crpamsr 3anaAa (EH'lYPHH, 1950a: 45-50, 55, 19506: 155, 218; AHAaH, 1958: 16, 18,29,205,208,241; MaTepHaAbl, 1968: 38-39, 41, 43; 1973: 25-26, 30, 49, 125; 1984: 65, 70) .

.l!PyroH He MeHee pacnpocrpaaeanoii qJOPMOH 3KcnAyaTa!!HH na paCCTORHHH 6blAO OCYl!!eCTBAeHHe Ha6erOB na cocezieii C !!eAbfO rpa- 6ema H 3aXBaTa nAeHHHKOB. HaKOHe!!, H3BeCTHO, 4TO napozu.r, 3aBHCHMble OT XYHHY, 6blAH 06R3aHbi nOCTaBARTb BOHHCKHe KOHTHHreHTbl AAR Y4aCTHR B 60eBbiX AeHCTBHRX aa CTopOHe MeTponOAHH K04eBOH HMnepHH HAH BblflOAHRTb aaaxoruunere 06R3aHHOCTH na CBoeH TeppHTOpHH (EH'lYPHH, 1950a: 154, 19506: 155, 214; MaTepHaAbl, 1973: 125; 1984: 75 HAP')'

CAeAyeT oroaopari.ca, 4TO 'raxoe noxoaseuae CYl!!eCTBOBaAO He ncerzta. B nepHoAbl KPH3HCOB H oCAa6AeHHR XYHHY HapoAbl, 3aBHCHMble OT AepmaBbl, nepecraaaxn nAaTHTb AaHb, nOCTaBARTb BOHHCKHe qJOpMHpOBaHHR H Aame caMH (H/HAH B cronope C KHTaH!!aMH) COBepWaAH aaoera na BAaAeHHR 6bIBwero crosepeaa. Ho KaK TOAbKO cHTya!!HR BHYTpH MeTponOAHH K04eBOH HMnepHH cTa6HAH3HpOBaAaCb, KapaTeAbHble peHAbl XYHHCKHX nOAKOBOA!!eB npHBOAHAH 6YHTOBI!!HKOB H H3MeHHHKOB K nOKopHOCTH. T axoe noxoasenae coxpannxocu npaKTH- 4eCKH AO pacnaAa XYHHCKOH HMnepHH B cepezurae I TblC. H. 3.

31mHOMHKa CTenHOH HMnepHH

KHTaHCKHe XpOHHKH coxpannxa onncanae oopasa mH3HH K04eBHHKOB-CKOTOBOAoB XYHHY. B caMOM Ha4aAe caoero 3HaMeHHToro 110-ro !!3fOaHR "WH !!3H" CblMa l!RHb nmuer 0 cesepasrx coceztsx: "l-'!3 AOMawHero CKOTa Y HHX 60Abwe acero AowaAeH, rcpyrmoro poraroro CKOTa H OBe!!... MaAb4HKH YMefOT e3AHTb sepxoxt na OB!!aX, H3 AYKa CTpeARTb nTH!! H MblweH; nOCTapwe CTpeARfOT AHCH!! H 3aH!!eB, KOTOPblX 3aTeM ynoTpe6ARIOT B nHI!!Y; ace B03MymaBwHe, xoropsre B COCTORHHH HaTRHYTb AYK, CTaHOBRTCR KOHHblMH AaTHHKaMH ... B MHpHoe BpeMR ace cAeAYfOT sa CKOTOM H OAHOBpeMeHHO OXOTRTCR aa nTH!! H asepeii, nOAAepmHBaR TaKHM 06pa30M caoe CYl!!eCTBOBaHHe, a B 'rpeBomHble rozu.r KamAblH 06Y4aeTCR BoeHHOMY AeAY AAR COBepweHHR HanaAeHHH" (AHAaH, 1958: 3; MaTepHaAbl, 1968: 34).

124 ~fi~._li~._f(~p~a~4~ff~H~.~f(~O~q~eB~H~ff~K~ff~E~B~p~a~3~ff~ff~ __

KaK 3TO HH CTpaHHO, HO He4TO noxoxsee YBHAeA cnycrs nOATOpa TbIOl4eAeTHR BeHegHaHcKHH xynei; MapKo nOAO: "3HMOIO rarapsr mHBYT B paaannax, B TenAbIX MeCTax, rAe ec'r e TpaBa, nacrtimga AAR CKOTa, a AeTOM B MeCTax npoxxaznrerx, B ropax Aa paBHHHax, rAe BOAa, pOJ!!H H ecru nacrtunga. ,lloMa Y HHX AepeBRHHble, H nOKpbIBalOT OHH HX BepeBKaMH; OHH KpyrAbI; BCIOAY C C060H HX nepenocar ... ilieHbI, cxaxcy BaM, H npozraror, H noxynator see, 4TO Mymy HymHo, H no AOMaWHeMY X03RHCTBY HcnOAHRIOT, MymbR HH 0 4eM He 3a60TRTCR; BOIOIOT Aa C COKOAaMH OXOTRTCR na 3BepR H rrrauy" (KHHra Mapxo nOAO, 1956: 88). Bnp04eM, aHaAOrH4HbIe ornrcaana cozrepxca'rcs H B OTHoweHHH eIge 60Aee n03AHHX K04eBHHKOB (Dp2ffeBaAbCKffH, 1875: 141; MaHcKffH, 1921: 33-35; f(aJIffHOBCKaJl, MapKoB, 1987: 59-60; Pa.zPOB, 1989: 130, 153-162, 168, 260, 335 HAP.).

OAHaKO erge 60Aee YAHBHTeAbHO, 4TO 4HCAeHHOCTb nacexeHHR Y XYHHy H KOAH4eCTBO CKOTa BnOAHe conOCTaBHMbI C 4HCAeHHOCTblO MOHrOAOB aauaxa XX B. H noroxoasew HX crazr (Xa.3aHOB, 1975: 264-265; TopmKa HAp. 1994). TaKHM 00Pa30M, C H3Bec-

o 0

THOH AOAeH )'BepeHHOCTH MomHO rtpezmoxar-aru, 4TO MHorHe Bam-

HeHWHe 4epTbI X03RHcTBa, COgHaAbHOH opraHH3agHH, 6bITa H, B03- MomHO, Aame MeHTaAHTeTa K04eBHHKOB MOHrOAbCKHX creneii 6bIAH AeTepMHHHpOBaHbI cnegmt)lf4eCKOH 3KOAOrHeH 06HTaHHR nOABHmHbIX CKOTOBOAOB apHAHbIX 30H H B CBoeH OCHOBe MaAO H3MeHHAHCb co BpeMeH rAyooKoH ApeBHOCTH BnAOTb AO py6ema aoaoro BpeMeHH. B geAoM TaKaR 3KOAorH4eCKaR H 3KOHOMH4eCKaR aztarrrauaa npezmoxaraxa AOCTaT04HO orpaHH4eHHbIH (a C T04KH 3peHHR cospejaeaaoro "gHBHAH30BaHHoro" 4eAOBeKa CypOBbIH) cnocof CYIgeCTBOBaHHR. "EeAHbIH K04eBHHK - 4HCTbIH K04eBHHK", - CKa3aA O. AaTTHMop (Lattimore, 1940: 522). VI cajaoe YAHBHTeAbHoe, aa KaKoH OCHOBe XyHHY H HX nacAeAHHKaM YAaAOCb C03AaTb B CTenH rposuere "rcoueaere HMnepHH"?

Ka3aAOCb ObI, npotge scero AAR K04eBHHKOB AonOAHRTb CBOIO 3KOHOMHKY HHbIMH BHAaMH X03RHCTBeHHOH AeRTeAbHOCTH, B nepBylO 04epeAb 3eMAeAeAHeM, TeM OOAee 4TO MHor04HCAeHHbIe cpaKTbI CBHAeTeAbCTBYIOT 0 HaAH4HH y HHX 3a4aTKOB COOHpaTeAbCTBa H 3eMAeAeAHR (Xa3aHOB, 1975: 11-12, 117; MapKoB, 1976: 159, 162-167; 209- 210, 215-216, 243; raBpffAIOK, 1989: 35-37; f(ocapeB, 1991: 48-53; Mecsnos. 1995: 73-76 HAP.). Ho ocezixocre H 3eMAeAeAHe

TAaBa 7. i1MnepcKaJl KOHpe4epallffJl XVHHY·.· 125

B MaCCOBOM MaCWTa6e B03MomHbI TOAbKO TaM, rAe KOAH4eCTBO rozioBbIX arr-rocrpepaerx ocaAKOB He MeHee 400 MM HAH HMeeTCR pa3BeTBAeHHaR pe4HaR cern (MacaHoB, 1995: 41). EOAbwaR 4aCTb 'repprrropaa MOHroAHH, r.ae K04eBaAH co CBOHMH CTaAaMH XYHHY, nOA 3TH YCAOBHR He nonaziaer (M..vP3aeB, 1952: 192, 207, 220-233). TaM scero 2,3% 3eMeAb npHroAHbI AAR 3aHRTHR 3eMAeAeAHeM (IOHHaroB, 1946).

K TOMY me OTKa3 OT nacropax snoro oripasa mH3HH paCCMaTpHBaACR HOMaAaMH KaK KpaHHe HemeAaTeAbHaR ax i.repaa-rnea. nCHXOAOrHR K04eBHHKa oTpHgaTeAbHO OTHOCHAaCb K cTagHoHapHOCTH KaK K npoRBAeHHIO, oCKop6ARIOIgeMY caMOAIOOHe cB060AHoro HOMaAa. He CAy- 4aHHo, uanpmaep, y n03AHecpeAHeBeKOBblX TaTap CYIgeCTBOBaAa norosopxa "l.h06 reoe, KaK xpHCTHaHHHY, OCTaBaTbCR ncerzta Hd. OAHOM MeCTe H atoxar e cooCTBeHHYIO BOHb" (MexoBCKffH, 1936: 213, npHM. 43). n03TOMY, KaK nOKa3bIBalOT MHor04HCAeHHbIe araorpaqmuecxne AaHHble, nepeurezuune K 3aHHTHIO 3eMAeAeAHeM K04eBHHKH paCCMaTpHBaAH csoe COCTORHHe KaK BbIHymAeHHoe H npH nepsoii me B03MomHOCTH B03BpaIgaAHCb K nOABHmHOMY CKOTOBOACTBY (MapKoB, 1976: 139-140, 163, 165, 243-244; Khazanov, 1984: 83-84; f(ocapeB, 1991: 46-50 HAP.).

rIo AaHHbIM npH4HHaM K04eBHHKH 4aIge npeAn04HTaAH pa3BHBaTb cex bCKOX03HHCTBeHHbIH cexrop B 3KOHOMHKe nYTeM BKAlOlJeHHR B COCTaB CBOHX OOIgeCTB 3eMAeAeAb4eCKoro HaceAeHHH, nonasurero B crens H3 coceznnrx rOCYAapCTB. 3TO MorAH 6blTb: 1) yruanusre B nxen KpeCTbHHe H peMeCAeHHHKH; 2) AHga, 6emaBWHe K HOMaAaM B CHAY pa3AH4HbIX 06CTOHTeAbCTB (npecrynaaxa, AOAmHHKH, pa6bI H HHbIe 3KcnAyaTHpyeMbIe xareropan HAP.); 3) mHTeAH npacoezraneaasrx K K04eBOH HMnepHH oceztxstx aapozioa.

Bce 3TH BapHaHTbI H3BeCTHbI H B XYHHCKOH HCTOpHH. OnHcaHHe OTHoweHHH MemAY XaHb H XYHHY ztaer ooraTbIH gmppoBoH xrarepaaA B OTHoweHHH nonOAHeHHH 3eMAeAeAb4eCKo-peMeCAeHHoro ceKTopa XYHHCKOH 3KOHOMHKH H3 4HCAa yrnannerx KHTaHgeB. MomHO BbIAeAHTb TpH BOAHbI B noxoziax HOMaAoB aa BoeHHonAeHHbIMH B KHTaH. nepBaH BOAHa - 3TO nepaozi npaBAeHHR nepaerx Tpex XYHHCKHX uraHbIoeB (MOA3, AaowaHa H L!3IOHb43HH), aran 4epeAoBaHHR Ha6erOB H BbIMoraHHR "nOAapKOB" H3 KHTaH. B AeTonHCHX ynoMHHaHHH 00 YBoAe HaceAeHHH B cren e AalOTCR nOA 166-162(?) H 158 rr. AO H. 3., XOTH, B03MomHO, nAeHHHKH yrOHRAHCb aa npOTRmeHHH sceii nep-

BOH nOAOBI1HbI II B. p,0 H. 3., BnAOTb zto YCTaHOBAeHI1R B 157 r. p,o H. 3. npa I1MnepaTOpe CRO-B3He CTaOI1AbHOH npl1rpaHI14HOH TOprOBAI1. BTOpaR BOAHa npI1XOp,I1TCR na XYHHO-XaHbCKYIO BOHHY, pa3BR3aHHYIO Y-p,11 (YBOP, nAeHHbIX B 128-123, 121-120, 108-107(?), 102, 91, 73 rr. .n,o H. 3.). TpeTbR BOAHa CBR3aHa C XYHHCKO-KI1TaHCKI1MI1 BOHHaMI1 npl1 BaH MaHe. YI3BecTHbI yBOp,bI xaHbjJeB B 11, 12, 25-27 H 45 rr. H. 3., HO, BepORTHee scero, nAeHHI1KOB yrOHRAI1 B XaAXY na npOTRfKeH1111 aceii BOHHbI, BnAOTb p,o pacnazia XYHHCKOH p,epfKaBbI B 48 r. (Kpa,4lfH, 1996: 43, 93) flepeOefK411KOB B XYHHCKOH ziepacase, HaBepHoe, 'raxase ObIAO HeMaAO, XOTR na 3TOT C4eT He l1MeeTCR T04HbIX jJI1tfJpOBbIX BbIKAap,OK. OoecnOKoeHHOCTb Kl1TaHCKOH ap,Ml1Hl1CTpajJl1l1 p,aHHOH npOOAeMOH BbIHYfKp,aAa eIge B cepezume II B. p,o H. 3. ofipaIgaTbCR XaHbCKl1X axmeparopoa K IlIaHblORM C npOCbOOH He npl1Hl1MaTb nepeOefK411KOB (Al1p,aH, 1958: 32; Marepnaxer, 1968: 49). Ho Hep,OBOAbHbIe npl1TeCHeHI1RMl1 MeCTHbIX MarHaTOB 11 firopoxparun ObIAl1 seer zia. Wl1POKO 113BeCTHa jJl1TaTa 113 "YICTOPl1l1 paaneii p,l1HaCTl1l1 XaHb" nozi 33 r. p,o H. 3., B KOTOPOH rOBOpl1TCR 00 03a004eHHOCTl1 xam.cxoro p,Bopa 4aCTbIMl1 notieraxra paOOB K XYHHY: "PaObI 11 paObIHl1 nOrpaHI14HbIX fKl1TeAeH ne4aARTOI 0 CBoeH THfKeAOH fKl13Hl1, cpezm Hl1X MHoro fKeAalOIgI1X oefKaTb, 11 OHI1 rOBopRT: "XOp,RT CAYXl1, Y CIOHHY cnOKOHHaR fKl13Hb, HO 4TO noziexaeme , eCAI1 nOCTaBAeHbI crporne teapaYAbI?". HeCMOTpR na 3TO, naorzra OHl1 ace fKe yoer ator aa yKpenAeHHYIO AI1Hl1lO" (Al1p,aH, 1958: 230; MaTepl1aAbI, 1973: 41). HeT OCHOBaHI1H noxara'ru, 4TO B P,Pyrl1e spexrena ObIAO nO-l1HOMY.

4aHHbIe xareropnn HaCeAeHl1R CeAl1Al1Cb B cnejJl1aAbHbIX nYHKTax, C03p,aBaeMbIX BHYTPl1 xoueaoro oOIgecTBa, B MeCTax, npnrozmerx p,AR 3aHRTI1R 3eMAep,eAl1eM I1Al1 XOTR ObI orOpOp,HI14eCTBOM. ApXeOAOr114eCxoe OOCAep,OBaHl1e repparopaa MOHrOAl1l1 11 3aoaHKaAbR nOKa3bIBaeT, 4TO B XYHHCKoe BpeMR CYIgeCTBOBaAO, KaK MI1HI1MYM, OOAee p,eCRTl1 TaKI1X HaceAeHHbIX nYHKTOB (j[0PJKCYPEJH, 1961; naPAa3, 1974; j[aBbl,4OBa, 1978; Hayashi, 1984 11 p,p.). OHl1 CHaOfKaAl1 K04eBYIO 4aCTb XYHHCKOH axmepcxof KOHtfJep,epajJl1l1 4aCTI14HO npo.ayxrar-ra 3eMAep,eAI1R 11 113p,eAI1RMI1 peMeCAa.

Hal100Aee XOPOIlIO 113Y4eHHoe 113 Hl1X - YIBOArHHCKOe ropozunge na tore 5YPRTI111 (j[aBbl,4oBa, 1985; 1995). rOpOp,l1Ige npep,CTaBARAO COOOH HenpaBl1AbHbIH npRMoyroAbHl1K co CTOpOHaMI1 npaarepao 200 aa 300 M. C 'rpex CTOPOH OHO ObIAO 3aIgl1IgeHO tfJOpTI1tfJI1KajJ110HHbIMl1

coopyasenaaxra (4 aaxa 11 3 pna MefKP,Y Hl1MI1), C 4eTBepTOH CTOpOHbI ropop,l1Ige 3aIgl1IgaAa p. Cexem-a. MHorOAeTHl1Ml1 apXeOAOrH4eCKl1Ml1 paCKOnKaMl1 BCKpbITa 3Ha411TeAbHaR flAOIga.z!,b, l1CCAep,OBaHO OOAee 50 fKI1AI1Ig, a TaKfKe MHOro l1HbIX X03RHCTBeHHbIX 11 np0411X coopyasenaii. Y CTaHOBAeHO, 41'0 OOAbIlIl1HCTBO fKl1TeACH ropop,l1Iga 3aHl1MaAI1Cb 3eMAep,eAl1eM, ocep,AbIM fKl1BOTHOBOp,CTBOM (KOCTl1 COOaKl1 - 29%, OBgbI - 22%, xpynnoro poraroro CKOTa - 17%, CBI1Hbl1 - 15%), PbIOOAOBCTBOM (j[aBbl,40Ba, 1985: 68-74).

HapRP,Y C ceJ,bCKI1M X03RHCTBOM 4aCTb fKl1TeAeH 3aHl1MaAaCb 11 peMeCAeHHbIM np0113BOp,CTBOM. flo KOHgeHTpajJl1l1 B OTp,eAbHbIX fKl1- Al1Igax naxoziox pa3HbIX xareropaii npOCAefKl1BaeTCR cnejJl1aAI13ajJl1R l1X OOl1TaTeAeH. T ax, B fKl1Al1Ige NQ 25 orinapyzseno OOAbIlIoe 411CAO 113p,eAl1H 11 3arOTOBOK 113 KOCTI1, B fKl1AI1Ige NQ 32 - fKeAe3HbIe Opyp,I1R rpyzia 11 Q}oPM04Kl1 p,AR OTAl1BKI1 MeTaAAa, B fKl1AI1Ige NQ 41 - MHoro KepaMl1Kl1 11 KepaMI14eCKOro opaKa, B fKl1Al1Ige NQ 49 - naHjJl1pHbIe nAaCTl1HbI 11 zipyrne npep,MeTbI BoopYfKeHI1R (TaM fKe, 20, 75-80).

flOA113TH114HOCTb ropozunga nozrraepacztaerca pa3A11411RMI1 B KOHCTPYKTl1BHbIX ocooeHHOCTRX fKI1Al1Ig, norpefiax enora oopHp,e aa CI1HXPOHHOM ropoznugy MOrl1AbHI1Ke 11 aHTpOnOAOr114eCKI1M MaTepl1aAOM (TaM fKe, 22, 27-35, 85-86). Hexoropsre KaTerOpl111 I1HBeHTapR 11 xepaxnnca oOHapYfKl1BalOT anaxornn C KI1TaHCKI1MI1 MaTepl1aAaMl1. 50AbIlIoe npeorixa.aaaae nafixrozraerca B OCTeOAOrl14eCKOM MaTepl1aAe ropozunga TaKl1X fKl1BOTHbIX, KaK cofiaxa (29%) 11 CBI1HbR (15%) (TaM fKe, 71), 4TO B cOBoKynHocTI1 C IlII1POKO I1cnoAb3yeMoH na ropop,l1Ige Tpap,l1jJl1eH CTpOl1TeAbCTBa "xana'' HeBOAbHO HaBop,I1T aa MbICAb o TOM, 4TO, B03MOfKHO, onpeztexenaaa 4aCTb fKl1TeAeH ropop,l1Iga RBARxac e BbIxop,jJaMl1 C 4aAbHero BOCTOKa. YI3BecTHO, 4TO coriaxa - Op,l1H 113 Tpap,l1jJ110HHbIX p,eAl1KaTeCOB napozron MaHb4fKYPl111 11 KopeHCKoro nOAYOCTpOBa, a CBI1HbR C rAYOOKOH p,peBHOCTI1 Bxop,I1Aa B 411CAO 113- AIOOAeHHbIX OAIOp, "BOCT04HbIX I1H03eMjJeB".

BMeCTe C TeM BHYTpeHHRR cep,eHTepI13aI_!I1R eziaa Al1 MorAa nOAHOCTblO 00eCne411Tb XYHHCKoe OOIgeCTBO COOCTBeHHOH peMeCAeHHO-3eMAep,eAb4eCKOH npop,YKjJl1eH. fl03TOMY HOMap,bI nOAY4aAI1 nezrocrarorgae npoziyxrer cexecxoro X03RHCTBa 11 TOBapbI peMeCAeHHI1KOB nocpeziCTBOM pa3Bl1Tl1R IlIl1POKl1X OOMeHHbIX CBR3eH C Kl1TaeM 11 CTpaHaMI1 "3anap,Horo xpan", YCTaHOBAeHl1eM p,aHHI14eCKI1X OTHOIlIeHI1H C OOAee CAaObIMl1 cocep,RMl1, OpraHI13ajJI1eH nOAI1TI1KI1 4epep,OBaHI1R nep110p,11-

128 fi~.~fi~.~fC~p~a~4~H~H~.~fC~o2q~eB~H~H~K~H~E~Bp~a~3~H~H~ __

4eCKI1X Ha6erOB na KI1TaH 11 BbIMOraHI151 OT KI1TaHCKOH a.z:r.MI1HI1CTpal-\1111

" "

TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIX rrO.z:r.apKOB.

B I1CT04HI1KaX I1MeIOTC5I CBe.z:r.eHI151 0 CYIgeCTBOBaHl111 B onpezieAeHHble rrepl10.z:r.bI XYHHO-XaHbCKI1X OTHOWeHI1H rrpl1rpaHI14HOH TOprOBAI1 Mem..z:r.y XaHbl-\aMI1 11 XYHHY. Oqll1l-\l1aAbHO pbIHKI1 6bIAI1 OTKpbITbI TOAbKO .z:r.A5I TOBapOB HeCTpaTerl14eCKOrO Ha3Ha4eHI151, HO q-,aKTI14eCKI1 szrece m.e KI1TaHCKl1e KOHTpa6aH.z:r.I1CTbI cHa6m.aAI1 K04eBHI1KOB 3arrpeIgeHHbIMI1 TOBapaMI1 (opyacne, m.eAe30 11 rrp.) (Yu Yung-shi, 1967: 101, 117-122). Hal1BbICWero pacuaera TOprOBA5I Mem..z:r.y XYHHY 11 XaHb ziocrarwa BO BTOPOH rrOAOBI1He II B . .z:r.o H. 3., xorzta na rrpOT5Im.eHI1I1 rr04TI1 30 AeT He 6bIAO COBepweHO HI1 ozuroro Ha6era na KI1TaH. npl14eM He06xo.z:r.I1MOCTb CYIgeCTBOBaHI151 ToprOBbIX rrYHKTOB .z:r.A5I KO- 4eBHI1KOB 6bIAa HaCTOAbKO BeAI1Ka, 4TO OHI1 I1Hor.z:r.a q-,YHKl-\110Hl1pOBaAI1 .z:r.am.e B nepnozter aKTI1BI13al-\1111 rpa611TeAbCKI1X Ha6erOB XYHHY na KI1- TaH (AI1.z:r.aH, 1958: 33-34, 242, 244; MaTepl1aAbI, 1968: 50-51, 1973: 51, 64). KCTaTl1, KI1TaHl-\bI rrpeKpaCHO OC03HaBaAI1, 4TO HOMa.z:r.bI 60Abwe HI1X Hym..z:r.aIOTC5I B 06MeHe rrpo.z:r.YKl-\l1eH, 11 4aCTO I1crrOAb30- BaAI1 BHeWHlO1O ToprOBAIO KaK Cpe.z:r.CTBO rrOAI1TI14eCKOro .z:r.aBAeHI151 na HOMa.z:r.OB, 11 rrOCAe.z:r.HI1M nepeznco npnxozmxoc e OTCTal1BaTb CBOI1 rrpasa na ToprOBAIO Boopym.eHHbIM nyrexr (3TO YHI1BepCaAbHa51 .z:r.A5I acex perHOHOB 11 anox 3aKOHOMepHOCTb [Lattimore, 1940: 478-480; 94, p. 4-5; Xa3aHoB, 1975: 255-256; MapKoB, 1976: 246; Khazanov, 1984: 201-212 11 .z:r.p.]).

B TO xce BpeM5I, OT.z:r.aBa51 .z:r.OAm.Hoe Ml1pHbIM CB5I351M XYHHY 11 KI1- Tal1l-\eB, He cxeziyer He.z:r.00l-\eHI1BaTb crenea s MI1AI1Tapl1311pOBaHHOCTI1 m.113HI1 K04eBHI1KOB. "CIOHHY OTKPbITO C411TalOT BOHHY CBOI1M 3aH5ITI1- exr", - rOBOpl1A 3HaMeHI1TbIH COBeTHI1K AaowaH-waHblO5I Ym.YHxaH fa3 B 6ece.z:r.e C XaHbCKI1M rrOCAOM (AI1.z:r.aH, 1958: 30; MaTepl1aAbI, 1968: 46). "Y CIOHHY 6bICTpble 11 CMeAble BOI1HbI, KOTopble rr05lBA5IIOTC5I nozioruro BI1XplO 11 I1C4e3alOT nozioturo MOAHI1I1", - npe.aynpexcziax I1MrrepaTopa Y -.z:r.I1, O.z:r.I1H 113 xpynasrx llHHOBHI1KOB rocyziapc'raa XaHb Am.-ro (MaTepl1aAbI, 1968: 75). 3Ta AI1HI151 rrpOCAem.I1BaeTC5I .z:r.am.e B Oq-,I1l-\l1aAbHbIX rrOAI1TI14eCKI1X .z:r.oKYMeHTax. T ax, Harrpl1Mep, B aar AaBl111 nl1CbMa I1MnepaTopa CHo-B3HH XYHHCKOMY uraauioio OT 162 r . .z:r.o H. 3. xaHbl-\bI xapaKTepl13YlOTCH KaK napozu.t, "HOC5IIgl1e noaca 11 WanKI1 4I1HOBHI1KOB". XYHHY npOTI1BOrrOCTaBAHIOTC5I 11M KaK "BAa.z:r.eHI1H, naT5IrHBalOIgl1e AYK" (AI1.z:r.aH, 1958: 32; MaTepl1aAbI, 1968: 47-48).

__ __ ....:r'-A~aB""a::......!7c.:.-"..J1.=.:Ac.:.:1_'__'J].:::ep=cK:.::a~H:.....:.K:.:cO::..H'""cpt.:.:e:::.<4::1.e::::1p"--,a,,,g..,H~'H-,--,-X~y-,--,H-,--,H.LY':':"':'" 129

ArpeCCI1BHbIH xapaxrep BHeWHeH nOAI1TI1KI1 HOMa.z:r.OB orpaacaror I1 CTaTI1CTI14eCKI1e .z:r.aHHble. 3a 250 AeT CYIgeCTBOBaHI1H XYHHCKOH I1Mrrepl111 HOMa.z:r.bI, rro pa3HbIM aapaairrasr nozicvera (OT 47 .z:r.o 80) AeT, Be}\11 aoeaasre .z:r.eHCTBI151 na Teppl1TOpl111 KI1TaH, rorzia KaK xaHbl-\bI TOAbKO 15 pa3 COBepWaAI1 noxoztsr na cesep aa BeAI1KYIO CTeHY (fCpa4HH,

1996: 68).

OTHomeHHH BAaCTH

C Ta611AbHOCTb crenaerx I1Mrrepl1H HanpHMYIO 3aBI1CeAa OT YMeHI151 BbICweH BAaCTI1 OpraHI130BbIBaTb nOCTaBKY urexxa, 3eMAe.z:r.eAb4eCKI1X npoztyx'roa, peMeCAeHHbIX 113.a,eAI1H 11 113bICKaHHblX ziparoueaaocreii C ocezixerx Teppl1TOpl1H. nOCKOAbKY 3Ta rrpo.z:r.YKl-\I151 He MorAa rrp0I13BO.z:r.I1TbC5I B YCAOBI1HX CKOTOBo.z:r.4eCKoro X0351HCTBa, noxyuenne ee CI1AOH I1AI1 BbIMoraTeAbCTBOM 6bIAO nepaoouepezmoii 06513aHHOCTbIO npamrreAH xoueaoro 06IgeCTBa. Ey.z:r.Y411 e.z:r.I1HCTBeHHbIM rrOCpe.z:r.HI1KOM Mem..z:r.y KHTaeM 11 CTerrbIO, npaairrex e XYHHCKoro 06IgeCTBa I1MeA B03MOm.HOCTb KOHTPOAl1pOBaTb nepepacrrpe.z:r.eAeHl1e noxyvraesn.rx 113 KI1Ta51 .z:r.06bI411, "noziapxoa" 11 .z:r.aHI1, nOCpe.z:r.CTBOM vrero OH YCI1AI1BaA CBOIO c06CTBeHHYIO BAaCTb. O.z:r.HOBpeMeHHO 3TO n03BOAHAO eMY COXpaH5ITb HMnepmo, KOTopaH He MorAa CYIgeCTBOBaTb na OCHOBe 3KCTeHCI1BH0l1 CKOTOBo.z:r.4eCKoH 3KOHOMI1KI1. B .z:r.eAax m.e BHYTpeHHI1X UIaHbIOH 06Aa.z:r.aA ropaazto MeHbWI1MI1 nOAHOM041151MI1. EOAbWI1HCTBO rrOAI1TI14eCKI1X peWeHl111 na MeCTax rrpl1HI1MaAOCb rrAelVIeHHbIMI1 BOm..z:r.51MI1.

T axaa xce .z:r.soHCTBeHHOCTb 06Hapym.I1BaeTC5I B 3KOHOMI1Ke XYHHCKOH I1Mnepl1l1. "I1MrrepCKI1H ypoaem, npaBI1TeAbCTBa q-,I1HaHCl1pOBaAC5I pecypcaMI1, rroAY4aeMbIMI1 113-3a npezrexoa C rena, 6e3 06Aom.eHI1H naAOraMI1 CKOTOBO.z:r.OB B I1Mrrepl1l1, - rnuuer T. EapqJl1A.z:r.. - IloAY4eHI1e 3TOH "I1HOCTpaHHOH rrOMOIgI1" CI1AOH I1AI1 MI1PHbIl\1I1 cpe.z:r.cTBaMI1 6bIAO nepaoocrepeztuoii 06H3aHHocTbIO nxmepcxoro npaBI1TeAbCTBa" (Barfield, 1981: 58). AMepl1KaHCKI1H K04eBHI1KOBe.z:r. sec bMa TOliHO rro.z:r.MeTI1A .z:r.BoHcTBeHHbIH xapax'rep npnpozn.r BAaCTI1 WaHbI05I. ECAI1 B soenaoe BpeM51 MorYIgeCTBO npaBI1TeAH X YHHCKOH I1Mnepl111 .z:r.epm.aAOCb na He06xo.z:r.I1MOCTI1 PYKOB0.z:r.CTBa BoeHHbIMI1 .a,eHCTBI1HMI1, TO B Ml1pHOe BpeM5I ero rrOAom.eHl1e 3aBI1CeAO OT cnoc06HOCTeH rrepepacrrpe.z:r.eA5ITb KHTaHCKl1e nozrapxn 11 TOBapbI.

130 H. H. Kpa,4HH. KO<leBHHKH f..Bpa3HH

T. 5apcpl1AA nOAPOOHO npOaHaAI1311pOBaA MeXaHI13M XYHHCKOI1 I1Mnepl1aAbHOH MaIlII1HbI, KOTOPbIH CPYHK\!110Hl1pOBaA npnxrepao CAeAYIOrgl1M 00pa30M. WaHblOH COBepIlIaA HaOerl1 AMI nOAYlIeHI1H noAI1Tl1lIeCKOH nOAAepmKI1 co CTOPOHbI nAeMeH - lIAeHOB "I1MnepCKOH KOHq)eAepa\!I1I1" . .lI,aAee, I1CnOAb3YH yrpoasr, lITO CHOBa pa30pl1T 3eMAI1, BbIMOraA OT XaHb "nOAapKI1" (AAH pa3AalII1 pOACTBeHHI1KaM, BOm,lVlM nAeMeHI1 11 APyml1He) 11 npaso aa aezienne npnrpanucnroii TOprOBAI1 (AAH BCeX nOAAaHHbIX) (Barheld, 1981: 52-57).

OAHaKo "noztapxa" KI1TaHCKI1X I1MnepaTopOB OCTaBaAI1Cb na BepxHHX ypOBHHX oorgeCTBeHHoH nl1paMI1AbI XYHHCKOH AepmaBbl. v'bBecTHO, lITO ezxeroznraa "ziam," XaHb COCTaBAHAa 10 000 ,4aHeH pl1COBOrO BI1Ha, 5 000 xy npoca 11 10 000 KYCKOB (nH) IlIeAKOBbIX TKaHeH (AI1- AaH, 1958: 191; MaTepl1aAbI, 1973: 22). B TO me BpeMH cpezmeroAOBOH naex 3epHa AAH aapocxoro MymlIl1HbI no KI1TaHCKI1M HopMaM COCTaBAHA 36 xy. npl1 TaKOM HOpMl1pOBaHl111 AaHHoro KOAl1lleCTBa sepua emerOAHO MorAO XBaTaTb AI1IlIb AAH 140 lIeAOBeK. ECAI1 I1CnOAb30BaTb XAeOHbie npOAYKTbI TOAbKO B KalJeCTBe nl1rgeBoH AooaBKI1 (uanpuwep, B pa3Mepe 20% OT HOpMbI), AaHHoro KOAl1lIeCTBa sepaa MOI'AO XBaTI1Tb AAH nl1TaHI1H B reuenne rozra npnxtepao 700 lIeAOBeK. TaKI1M 00pa30M, I1MnepaTOpCKl1e nOCTaBKI1 XAeOa MOI'AI1 npezrHa3HalJaTbCH TOAbKO AAH YAOBAeTBOpeHI1H HymA IlIaHbloeBOH CTaBKI1

(BarfIeld. 1992: 47).

OAI1H KycOK (nH) npeACTaBAHA COOOH OTpe3 AAI1HOH lJeTbIpe <1}ffaHd (9.24 M) 11 1l1l1Pl1HOH ABa 'iH 11 ABa !1YHH (50 CM) (J\ytio-J\eCHWle/lKO, 1994: 146). YiCXO,lVl 113 sroro, MomHO pacccarraru, lITO ezxerozrHbIe "nOAapKI1" IlIeAKOM COCTaBAHAI1 OKOAO 92 400 M. Yi3BecTHo, lJTO aa caMblH npOCTOH MymcKoH xaxar HeOOXOAI1MO OblAO lIeTblpe 'l}ffaH<t TKaHI1, Tor Aa KaK aa xaxar C npHMOH 11 1130rHYTOH nOAOH - COOTBeT CTBeHHO 10 11 14 'l}ffaH (KpIOKOB 11 Ap., 1983: 190). CAeAOBaTeAbHO, 11:3 10 TbIC. rtn MomHO OblAO nOIlII1Tb HeCKOAbKO TblCHlI IlIeAKOBblX xaAaTOB paaaoro nOKpOH . .lI,ame npl1 3TI1X caxnsrx npl10AI1311TeAbHbIx nOAclIe· Tax OlIeBI1AHO, lITO KI1TaHCKI1H IlIeAK paCXOAOBaACH na 113rOTOBAeHI1l' oAemAbl AAH utan sroeaoro ABopa 11 aa MaCCOBbIe pa3AalII1 nAeMeHHbIM Bomf\5lM . .lI,o npoc-rsrx CKOTOBOAOB I1MnepaTOpCKl1e "nOAapKI1" He AO XOAI1AI1.

nOC)\eAHee nozrraepacztae'rcn 11 apXeOAOrl1lIeCKI1MI1 I1CTOlJHI1KaMI1 AaKoBaH nocyzra, KaK 11 APYrHe npeAMeTbl KI1TaHCKOro np0l13BOACTBd

rAaBa 7. i1MnepcKaH KOHf/Je,4epa!1HH XYHHY... 131

BCTpelIaeTCH r AaBHblM 00pa30M B 3aXOpOHeHI1HX XYHHCKOH 3AI1Tbi (Py,4eHKO, 1962: 96).

o AHaKO OCHOBHoe aacexenae "I1MnepCKoH KOHcpeAepa\!I1I1" raiose I1CnblTbIBaAO norperinocre B nOAYlIeHl111 npoAYK\!1111 113 3eMAeAeAblIecxoro Ml1pa. HOMaAaM ObIA HeOOXOAI1M KaK IlIeAK AAH oAemAbl, TaK 11 3epHO 11 HeKOTopble APYrHe ceAbCKOX03HHCTBeHHbIe npOAYKTbI, peMecAeHHbie 113AeAI1H, MeTa..'I.A. no 3TOH npl1lll1He IlIaHblOH ObIA BbIHymAeH OTCTal1BaTb I1HTepeCbl csoero napozta nepez; cTpeMRlgl1McH K aBTapK1111 IOmHblM coceztovr (Lattimore, 1940: 478-480) 11 BblMoraTb npaBO na ToprOBAIO, yrpomaH B0300HOBAeHI1eM naoeroa Ha norpann-nn.re npoBI1H\!1111 KI1TaH. T ax OH Mor nOAAepml1BaTb CBOIO BAaCTb cpeAI1 CKOTOBOAOB, He npaoeras K BOHHe I1AI1 rpafiexcaxt. Ero POAb KaK nOCpeAHI1Ka Me mAY XaHb 11 CTenHHKaMI1 CTaAa TaKoH me BamHoH, reate 11 ero CTaTYC BepxoBHoro aoennoro rAaBHoKoMaHAYl-OIgeI'o. fl03TOMY XYHHCKl1e IlIaHb1011 T1gaTeAbHo oXpaHHAI1 CBOIO I1CKAlOlIl1TeAbHYl-O MOHOnOAl11O na ocyrgecraxeane MemAYHapoAHblX nOAI1Tl1lIeCKI1X oTHOIlIeHI1H C KI1TaeM OT I1MeHI1 acex nAeMeHHblX cpe,J,epaToB crennoii "uxmepaa". HapyumTeAI1 MOHOnOAl111 aa oCYIgecTBAeHl1e BHeIlIHeH nOAI1TI1KI1 IlIaHbl-OH B nePl10Abi CI1AbHOH BAaCTI1 CypOBO HaKa3bIBaAI1Cb. Yi3BecTeH cAYlIaH, xorAa B 177 r. AO H. 3. npaasrii CHHb-BaH oe3 corAaCOBaHI1H CO cTaBKoH COBepIlII1A natier aa npnrpaauuasre Teppl1TOpl111 oxpyra WaH\!3l-OHb 11 OblA aa 3TO c'rporo HaKa3aH. Ero nOCAaAI1 aa onaCHYIO BOHHY npOTI1B l-03lImeH (AI1AaH, 1958: 28-29).

Pa3YMeeTcH, B nepnozn» OCAaOAeHI1H eAI1HOAl1lIHOH BAaCTI1 IlIaHbIOH Hal100Aee BAI1HTeAbHble "KHH3bH" 'raxxce nbITaAI1Cb 3aBH3bIBaTb Heocpl1\!l1aAbHbIe KOHTaKTbl C KI1TaHCKI1MI1 Al1nAOMaTaMI1, 11 're aKTI1BHO BCTynaAI1 B 'raxne CBH311 (CM., Hanp.: AI1AaH, 1958: 204; MaTepl1aAbI, 1973: 24). Ho B \!eAOM AaHHaH npaKTI1Ka ObL'l.a nexapaxrepaa. MomHO cor AaCI1TbCH C MHeHl1eM TOro me T. 5apCPI1AAa, lITO B XYHHCKOH I1CTOPI1I1 I1MeAOCb HeMaAO CAYlIaeB, xor Aa COOAa3HeHHbIe nOAapKaMI1 11 TI1TYAaMI1 BomAI1 Ae3epTI1pOBaAI1 BMeCTe CO CBOI1MI1 nAeMeHaMI1 aa BeAI1KYIO CTeHY, HO HI1 OAI1H nAeMeHHOH BomAb I1AI1 perHOHaAbHbIH HaMeCTHI1K He I1MeA npaBa caMOCTOHTeAbHO KOHTaKTl1pOBaTb C xaHbCKI1M npaBI1TeAbCTBOM 11 OCTaBaTbCH B CTenHOH I1Mnepl111 (Barfield,

1981: 57).

MeXaHI13MOM, COeAI1IUlBIlII1M "npaBI1TeAbCTBo" CTenHOH I1Mnepl111 11 nAeMeHHbIX BomAeH, ObIAI1 I1HCTI1TYTbl npeCTl1mHOH 3KOHOMI1KI1. Ma-

132 ~f{~.~f{~.~lC~p~a~4~H~H~._f(~O~q~e~BH~H~K~H~E~B~p~a~3~H~H ___

__ ~r~A~a~B~a~7~.~J1~M~ll~e±p~C~K~aR~K~O~H~~~e~4~e~p~a~«~H~R~)(~y~H~H~y~.~ .. 133

HJ.mYAHpy~ nozraprcaxra H oztapaaaa HMH copaTHHKOB H BOIK.n;eH nxeMeH f10 Mepe Heooxo.n;HMOCTH, waHblOH YBeAH4HBaA caoe f10AHTH4eCKoe BAH~HHe H f1peCTHIK "rge.n;poro f1paBHTeA~" H o.n;HOBpeMeHHO KaK ObI

" " n

CBR3blBaA f10_'Y4HBWHX ziap 00~3aTeAbCTBOM OT.n;apHBaHH~. AeMeH-

HblC BOLK.n;H, f10AY4a~ noziapxa, C O.n;HOH CTOPOHbl, MOrAH y.n;OBACTBOp~Tb AH4Hbie airrepecur, a C .n;pyroH - f10Bb1WaTb CBOH BHYTpHf1AeMeHHOH CTaTYC f1YTeM pa3.n;a4H .n;apOB COf1AeMeHHHKaM HAH f10CPC.n;CTBOM opraHH3aIJHH IJepeMOHHaAbHblX f1pa3.n;HHKOB. KpoMe roro, f10Ay4a~ OT waHblO~ .n;ap, peIJHf1HeHT KaK ObI f1pHOOpeTaA OT Hero 4aCTb csepxuecTeCTBeHHOH OAaro.n;aTH, 4CM .n;0f10AHHTeAbHO Cf10COOCTBOBaA YBeAH4eHHIO COOCTBeHHoro f1peCTHlKa.

T. 5apQlHA.n; f1paBHAbHO OTMeTH_', 4TO, paapaooras f10AHTHKY "f1~TH HCKyweHHH", xam.cxae f10AHTHKH, BepO~THO, paCC4HTblBaAH ua f1pOcryto lJeAOBe4eCKYlO aA4HOCTb. OHH f10AaraAH, 4TO waHblOH Of1b~HCCT OT KOAH4eCTBa H paanootipasns pe.n;KHX .n;HKOBHHOK H oy.n;eT HX KOf1HTb B CBoeH COKpOBHrgHHIJe aa 3aBHCTb f10.n;.n;aHHbIM HAH paCTpaHIKHpHBaTb HX aa BC~4eCKHe CYMacOpo.n;CTBa. O.n;HaKO KOHq>YIJHaHCKHe lJHHOBHHKI1 TaK H He f10H~AH, na 4CM 3HIK.n;CTC~ q>YH.n;aMeHT CTef1HOH f10AHTHKH. [lcHxoAorH~ K04eBHHKa OTAHlJaeTC~ OT f1CHXOAOrHH 3eMAe.n;eAbIJa H ropoacaanna. nOCKOAbKY CTaTYC f1paBHTeA~ CTef1HOH HMf1epHI1 3aBI1CeA, C (),L\HOH CTOPOHbl, OT BO~~MOIKHOCTH 00CCf1e4HBaTb .n;apaMH 11 OAaraMH CBOHX noztztauusix 11, C .n;pyroH CTOPOHbl ~- OT BOCHHOH MOrgH .n;eplKaBbl, (HOObl coaepuiar e naoern H BblMoraTb "noziapxa", TO npHlJHHOH nOCTO~HHbIX TpeOOBaHHH !llaHbIO~ 00 YBeAHlJeHHH nO.Z~HoweHHH OblAa He ero ~'HlJHa~ aAlJHOCTb (KaK OWHOOlJHO no.vara.va KHTaHIJbr!), a neotixo.n;HMOCTb no.n;.n;epLKHBaTb cTafiHAbHOCTb BOCHHo-nOAHTHlJeCKOH CTPYKTYPbl. CaMoe OOAbWOC ocxoprixeane, KOTopoe Mor 3aCAYIKHTb CTcnHOH npaarrrex e , f10 MHCHHIO T. 5apq>HA.n;a (Barfield, 1981: 56-57), - :=lTO OOBHHeHHe B CKYf10CTH. rIpaBHTeAb KOlJeBOH HMf1epHH .n;OAlKeH OblTb rge.n;pbIM. CAe.n;oBaTeAbHo, nporexaionjae lJepe3 cro PYKH "noziapxu" He TO_'bKO He oL,afiA~AH, a, HanpOTHB, YCHAHBaAH BAaCTb H B_'H~HHe npaairrexs B .. HMf1epCKOH KOHq>c.n;epaIJHH".

TH4CCKHX H :=lKOHOMH4eCKHX OTHoweHH~X C .n;pyrHMH CTpaHaMH H aapo.n;aMH. S ero KOMf1CTeHIJHIO BXO.n;HAO OOb~BAeHHC BOHHbl H MHpa, 3aKAI04CHHe nOAHTH4CCKHX .n;orOBopOB, npaso nOAylJeHH~ "nonapxos" H .n;aHH H HX pC.n;HCTPHOYIJH~, 3aKAIOlJeHHC .n;HHaCTHlJCCKHX opaKOB H T . .n;. no BceH BH.n;HMOCTH, waHblOH OblA BepXOBHblM rAaBHOKOMaH.n;yIOrgHM, BblCWCH cy.n;e6HoH HHCTaHIJHCH H BbmOAH~A HaHOOAee BaLKHblC PCAHrH03Hbie OOp~.n;bl (TacKHH, 1984).

WaHblOH rarose ~BA~AC~ cocpezroroueaaext HppaIJHOHaAbHoH axacTH. OH BbmOAH~A HaHOOAec BalKHble peAHrH03HbiC C(lp~.n;bl, ocecneuaaas HOMa.n;aM nOKpOBHTCAbCTBO co CTOPOHbl CBepXbeCTeCTBeHHblX CHA. S Oq>HIJHaAbHbIX .n;OKYMeHTax nepaozta paCIJBeTa XYHHCKOH HMnepHH waHblOH HMeHOBaAC~ He naa-te, KaK "HeOOM H 3CMAeH pOIK.n;eHHbIH, COAHIJeM H AYHOH nOCTaBAeHHbIH, BeAHKHH waHblOH CIOHHy".

WaHblOH HMCA MHOrOlJHCAeHHblX PO.n;CTBCHHHKOB, rco ropere OTHOCHAHCb K ero "IJaPCKOMy" poziy AlOaHb.n;H (AyaHbTH, CIOHA~HbTH): 6paTbCB H nACM~HHHKOB, IKCH (RHbq;/fH), CblHOBeH H npHHIJecc (Y3JOHY3bl) H T . .n;. CaMbIMH THTYAOBaHHblMH H3 PO.n;CTBCHHHKOB waHblO~ ~BA~AHCb .n;eC~Tb BblCWHX TeMHHKOB, rcoropsre COCTaBA~AH COOTBeTCTBCHHO lJeTblpC II uiec n, "poron". nepBblX lJeTblpex KHTaHCKHe AeTonHCIJbl Ha3bIBaAH THTYAOM BaH (K~3b).

KpoMe po.n;CTBeHHHKOB UlaHbIO~ B lJHCAO BblCWCH XYHHCKOH apacTOKpaTHH BXO.n;HAH H .n;pyme 3HaTHbie "ceMeHCTBa" - XY~Hb, AaHb H noazuree nO~BHBwHec~ pozu.r CIOHOY H UIOAHHb (AH.n;aH, 1958: 17, 680-681; MaTepHaAbl, 1968: 40; 1973: 73). YacTb H3 HHX TaKLKC 3aHHMaAH BblCOKHe BOCHHo-a.n;MHHHCTpaTHBHble .n;OAIKHOCTH TeMHHKOB .

Ha cAe.n;YlOrgcH cryneaa B XYHHCKOH HepapXHH aaxozmxac e nxeMCHHble BOIK.n;H H crapeiiunsm». B AeTonHC~X lJarge acero OHH 0003- HalJalOTC~ KaK "HeOOAbWHe KH~3b~", AYB3H, AaHXY, yey3JOH (AH.n;aH, 1958: 17; Marepaaxur, 1968: 40). HaBcpHoc, uacr e TblCHqHHKOB OblAa nACMeHHblMH BOIK~MH. COTHHKH H .n;eC~THHKH ~BA~AHCb, BepO~THO, pO.n;OBbIMH (KAaHoBbIMH) CTapeHwHHaMH pa3AHlJHbiX paHrOB. B ofia- 3aHHOCTH BOIK.n;eH Ii crapeiituaa BXO.n;HAH X03~HcTBeHHble. cy.n;eoHbIe, KyA bTOBbIC, q>HcKaA bHble H soeaaere q>YHKIJHH.

Y XyHHy HMeAaCb onpeztexennas npocxoinca CAYIKHAOH 3HaTH.

S nepsyro ouepezu, - :=lTO .n;pYIKHHa uraasroa. CB~3aHHa~ C HHM OTHOWCHH~MH AH4HOH npe.n;aHHOCTH. B03MOIKHO, HaHOOAce .n;OBcpeHHbIM .n;PYIKHHHHKaM .n;aBaAHCb THTyAbl rYAYxoy. nOMHMO HOMa.n;OB K tea-

80 r.vaae XYHHCKoro oorgecTBa Haxo.n;H_'C~ maHbJ()H. OH ~BA~AC~ BepXOBHblM npaBHTCACM CTcnHOH HMnepHH, npezrcraaxnx ee B nOAH·

134 ~fi~.~fi~.~lC~p~a~A~H~H~._lC~o~q~eB~H~H~K~H~E~B~p~a~3~H~H ___

________ ___:r~A~a':'B"'a"__'7_:._I1~M~Jl~ept::c~K~a~51~K~o:!_:H'C;jr{ic:'ec_(:.4i'e':.tp~a~!Jd_lH!c!.'5l~X~YH~H'.!..LV:..:. '.:_' 135

TerOpl111 CAYfKl1AOH apl1CTOKpaT1111 cxeztyer OTHeCTI1 I1MMl1rpaHTOB 113 KI1TaJl, CTaBllIl1X COBeTHI1KaMI1 npn WaHblOeBOM .n,BOpe Al1fiO y.n,OCTOI1BWI1XOI .n,pyrl1x .n,OAfKHOCTeH B a.n,MI1HI1CTpaTI1BHOH aepapxnn I1Mnepl111 11 CTaBWI1X 04eHb nOAe3HblMI1 KOHCYAbTaHTaMI1 XYHHCKI1X uraa eroea. OHI1 3HaKOMI1AI1 HOMa.n,OB C KI1TaHCKOH TaKTI1KOH BOeHHOrO ziexa, OfiY4aAI1 Be.n,eHI1IO 3eMAe.n,eAb4eCKOrO X03RHCTBa, l1epOrAI1rpl14eCKOH nl1CbMeHHOCTI1, OCHOBaM npl1.n,BOpHOrO 3TI1KeTa 11 a.n,MI1HI1CTpl1pOBaHI1R (Pri(sak,

1954: 178-202).

HecKoAbKO Hl1fKe CAYfKl1AOH 3HaTI1 na l1epapXI14eCKOH AeCTHI1~e pacnoxara.aaci, BOfK.n,11 HeXYHHCKI1X nxexren, BKAI04eHHbIX B COCTaB I1Mnepcxoii KOHcpe.n,epa~1111 I1AI1 3aBI1CI1MbIX nxexren 11 BAa.n,eHI1H, nAaTI1BWI1X HOMa.n,aM .n,aHb.

OCHoBHoe aacexenae XYHHCKOH .n,epfKaBbI COCTaBMAI1 npocrere K04eBHI1KI1-CKOTOBO.n,bI. OCHoBbIBaRcb na HeKOTopbIX KOCBeHHbIX ztanHbIX, MOfKHO npe.n,nOAaraTb, 4TO MHOrl1e BafKHeHWl1e ueprt.r X03RHCTBa, cO~l1aAbHoH OpraHI13a~l1l1, fibITa 11, B03MOfKHO, .n,afKe MeHTaAI1TeTa XyHHy fibIAI1 .n,eTepMI1Hl1pOBaHbl cne~l1cpl14eCKOH 3KOAomeH Ofil1TaHI1R 11 B CBoeH OCHOBe MaAO 4eM OTAI14aAI1Cb OT ocofieHHOCTeH KyAbTYPbl K04eBHI1KOB MOHrOAbCKI1X creneii fiOAee noazrnero BpeMeHI1 (lCpaAHH,

1996: 86-90).

B nl1CbMeHHbIX I1CT04HI1KaX OTCYTCTBYIOT CBe.n,eHI1R OTHOCI1TeAbHO pa3AI14HbiX rcareropnii fie.n,HbIx 11 HenOAHonpaBHbIX AI1~, 3aHI1MaBWI1XCR CKOTOBO.n,CTBOM y XyHHy. n03TOMY, OCHOBblBaRCb na fiOAee ofirgl1x 3aKOHOMepHOCTRX 3BOAIO~1111 K04eBbIX ofirgecTB (Krader, 1963; Xa- 3aHOB, 1975; MapKoB, 1976; MacaHoB, 1995; Khazanov, 1984 11 .n,p.), MOfKHO TOAbKO npezmoxararu, 4TO TaKl1e AI1~a y XyHHy MOrAI1 fibITb. T atcxce HeI13BeCTHO, HaCKOAbKO y XyHHy fiblAI1 pacnpocrpanensr pafioBAa.n,eAb4ecKl1e OTHOWeHI1R, XOTR I1CT04HI1KI1 fiYKBaAbHo neCTpRT .n,aHHbIMI1 of yroHe HOMa.n,aMI1 B nxen 3eMAe.n,eAb4eCKoro HaCeAeHI1R. Hepa3BI1TOCTb paocrsa y XyHHy MOfKeT fibITb orrexcnena CpaBHI1- TeAbHO-I1CTOpI14eCKI1MI1 3THOAOrl14eCKI1MI1 I1CCAe.n,OBaHI1RMI1, xoropere yfie.n,I1TeAbHo CBI1.n,eTeAbCTBYIOT, 4TO HI1 B O.n,HOM 113 CKOTOBO.n,4eCKI1X ofirgecTB paticrao He nOAY411AO 3Ha411TeAbHoro pacnpocrpaaeaaa (fiH- 6yp, 1907; CeMeHIOK, 1958; Xa3aHoB, 1975; lCAHIllTOPHbIH, 1985; lCpaAHH, 1992 11 .n,p.). Bo-nepBbIx, I1CflOAb30BaHI1e paocxoro Tpy.n,a B Bbmace CKOTa 3KOHOMI14eCKI1 He3rprpeKTI1BHO. B CKOTOBo.n,4eCKOM Tpy.n,e nOTpefiHOCTI1 B .n,onOAHI1TeAbHbIX pafiovnx pYKax OrpaH114eHHbI, 11 OHI1

nOAHOCTblO y.n,OBAeTBopRAI1Cb aa C4eT BHYTpeHHI1X pecypcoB, 11 npl1TOK patios 113BHe fiblA He HYfKeH. BO-BTOPbIX, npl1 K04eBOM oopase fKI13HI1 fibIAI1 CpaBHI1TeAbHO xerrcne YCAOBI1R .n,AR fierCTBa, 11 o.n,HOBpeMeHHO cyrgecTBOBaAa onaCHOCTb nOBblweHHOH KOH~eHTpa~1111 patios B O.n,HOM MeCTe npn sec sxra HI13KOH .n,eMorpM{l114eCKOH nAOTHOCTI1 csoriozuroro HaCeAeHI1R. B-TpeTbI1X, CKOTOBo.n,4eCKI1H 'rpyzt rpenoaax onpeziexenaoii KBaAl1rpI1KaIJI1I1, AI14HOH 3al1HTepeCOBaHHOCTI1 11 B TO fKe BpeMR BO MHOrnx CKOTOBo.n,4eCKI1X ofirgecTBax C411TaACR npeCTl1fKHblM.

CKopee acero npaasr 're I1CCAe.n,OBaTeAI1 (rYMHAeB, 1960: 147; PY,4eHKo, 1962: 70-71; jfaBbIAoBa, 1975: 145; Xa3aHoB, 1975: 139-144), KOTopbIe ClJI1TaIOT, lno nozrasxarotgee 'mCAO aoeunonxeaHblX 3aHI1MaAOCb 3eMAe.n,eAl1eM 11 peMeCAOM B cneuaax sno C03.n,aHHbIX .n,M aroro nOCeAeHI1RX. O.n,HaKo no CO~l1aAbHO-3KOHOMI14ecKoMy 11 IOpl1.n,114eCKOMY nOAOfKeHl11O fiOAbWI1HCTBO 113 3TI1X AI1~ - !JHHb!JI:'B (cpe.n,11 HI1X fiblAO MHoro 11 caooozun-rx nepefiefK4l1KOB) - RBARAI1Cb He pafiaMI1, a COBepweHHO I1HOH xareropaeii HaCeAeHI1R. YIx CO~l1aAbHbIH CTaTYC CKopee scero fibIA Heo.n,I1HaKOBbIM: OT BeCbMa YCAOBHoro nOAYBaccaAI1TeTa .n,o nexoero noziofiaa nOAYKpenOCTHI14eCTBa. KAacCI14eCKI1M nocexxoxr 'raxoro Tl1na RBARAOCb YIBoArl1HCKOe ropo.n,l1rge B EYPRTI1I1 (jfaBbl,4oBa, 1985; 1995).

ApXeOAOrl1lJeCKl1e .n,aHHble cyrgecTBeHHO .n,onOAHRlOT CBe.n,eHI1H .veTOnI1CeH. l!eM Bblwe CTaTYC yconurero, TeM fiOAbwe fiblAI1 aarparis na coopYfKeHl1e norpefiax snoii KOHCTpyK~I1I1, fiOAee nblWHblM fibIA onyrgeHHblH C HI1M B ~omAy I1HBeHTapb. MOHYMeHTaAbHbIe coopyacenna C03.n,aIOT cne~l1(t)I1lIeCKOe cBRrgeHHoe npOCTpaHCTBO, xo'ropoe CI1MBOAI1- 311pyeT fiofKecTBeHHblH, I1ppa~l1oHaAbHbIH CTaTyC 3eMHOH BAaCTI1 (npl1- MeHI1TeAbHO K XyHHy - TaK Ha3blBaeMbie ~apCKl1e xypraner co BceH aTpl1fiYTI1KOH, BKAIOqaR .n,POMOC - ".n,OpOfKKY" B 3arpofiHblH Ml1p), cPOKYCI1PYR AaH.n,waqn "na cefiR", aonxorga» "MaKCI1MaA bHYIO caxPaAbHOCTb" cO~l1yMa, MOHYMeHTaAbHbIe naMRTHI1KI1 KaK fibI npeztcraaMIOT B onpe.n,MelJeHHOH rpopMe peaAbHbIH nOAI1Tl1lJeCKOH KOHTPOAb 11 cofiCTBeHHOCTb.

Erge .n,o ofipa30BaHI1R I1Mnepl1l1, B nepl1o.n, "fioPIOrgI1XCR ~apCTB", y XyHHy cyrgecTBoBaAa 3Ha'lI1TeAbHaR CTpaTl1cpI1Ka~I1R. Ha O.n,HOM nOAIOce - npOCTble 3aXOpOHeHI1R PR.n,OBbIX HOMa.n,OB. Ha .n,pyroM - MOrHAbl npe.n,CTaBI1TeAeH nAeMeHHOH BepxywKI1, B KOTOPblX ofiHapYfKeHbl fiOAbwoe KOAl1lJeCTBO YKpaweHI1H .n,AR KOAeCHI1~, peztxoe opYfKl1e, IOBeAl1p-

136 }{~._}{~._f(~p~a~4~H~H~.~f(~0~q~e~BH~H~K~H~E~Bp~a~3=H=H~ __

HbIe H3AeAIUI H rrAaCTHHbI C BbICOKOXYAomeCTBeHHbIMH H30fipameHHRMH mHBOTHbIX H3 30AOTa, me3AbI, HaBepWHR 3HaMeH H rrp. (MOrHAbHHKH AAY4maHA3H H CHroyrraHb 130 BHYTpeHHeH MOHrOAHH [THHb TyaH!J- 3HHb, To CYCHHb, 1980; 1980a; COH !JYHb}f(YH, 1983]).

B rrepHoA paC~BeTa XyHHy CO~HaAbHoe paCCAoeHHe etge fiOAee yseAH4HAOCb. B HOHH-YAe (MoHroAHR) H VIAbMOBOH nazm (tor bYPRTHH) pacnoxoacemsr MOHYMeHTaAbHbIe "~apcKHe" H "KHRmecKHe" Kypransr XYHHCKOH 3AHTbI, ita coopyaceune KOTOPbIX rpeooaaxace HeMaAbIe YCHAHR (I/OP}f(CYP3H, 1961; PY4eHKo, 1962 HAP')' TaK, HarrpHMep, caMbIH H3BecTHbIH H3 XYHHCKHX rcypranoa, HCCAeAOBaHHbIH 13 1924·-- 1925 rr. 3KcrreAH~HeH n. VI. K03AoBa, rrpeACTaBARA COfiOH coopymeHHe C npaxtoyroxuuoii HaCbIITblO pa3MepOM 14x16 M H BbICOTOH fiOAee 1,5 M. MorHAbHaR RMa YXOAHAa KpyTbIMH YCTyrraMH na rAyfiHHY 9 M. C lomHOH CTOPOHbI OHa HMeAa fioAee rrOAOrHH APOMOC, ofipaMAeHHbIH KaMeHHoH KAaAKoH. BHH3Y 13 AByX cpyfiax HaxoAHAcR rpofi, rroKpbITbIH AaKOM H pocrrHcblO. BHYTpeHHRR noaepxnoc'r e cpyooa fibIAa aaztpannpOIJaHa H3bICKaHHbIMH wepcTRHbIMH KOBpaMH H weAKOBbIMH TKaHRMH. nOKOHIIoro corrpoBomAaA fioraTbIH rrorpefiaAbHbIH HHBeHTapb (KpaTKHe OFleTbI, 1925).

norpefieHHR pHAnBbIX HOMal~OB ropaazto npo!.!!e H fieAHee no HHBeHTapIO. OfibI4HO 3TO oKpyrAbIe HAH 4eTbIpexyroAbHbIe KaMeHHbJe HaCbIITH paasiepoxi (AHaMeTpoM) 5-10 1\1. rAyfiHHa MOrHAbHOH RMbl OfibI4HO AoxoAHAa AO 3 M. Ha AHe ee CTOHA AepeBHHHbIH rpof (pea«: rpofi 13 cpyfie). 3axopoHeHHe conpoBomAaAOCb oTAeAbHbIMH rrpeAMe· Ta1\111 soopyacenna, CfipyH, 0PYAHHMH TpYAa, YKpaweHHRMH H 3aynoKOHHOH rrH!.!!eH (I/OP}f(Qp3H, 1961; f(oHOBa/l.OB, 1976; !Jas:m40p;t,·, 1985; MHHHeB, 1992; 1998 HAP')' Ho eCAH cpaBHHTb norpene-

MOCTb rrpHMeHHTeAbHo K rrpofiAeMe BepTHKaAbHOH MofiHAbHOCTH BbIpamaAaCb B TOM, 4TO: 1) CTaTYC H BAaCTb, KaK npasnxo, rrepeAaBaAHCb

u u

BHYTpH OAHOH reHeaAOrH4eCKOH rpyrrnbI B COOTBeTCTBHH C npHH~HnaMH

CTapWHHCTBa; 2) HH OAHH HHAHBHA He Mor cy!.!!eCTBOBaTb BHe paMOK KaKOH-AHfio KAaHOBo-pOAOBOH rpynrrbI; 3) cO~HaAbHbIH CTaTYC KOHKpeTHoro HHAHBHAa HepeAKO ofiycJ\aBAHBaAcH CTaTYCOM ero reneaxorit- 4eCKOH rpynnsr cpezm APYrHX aHaAorWIHbIX rpyrm. CAeAoBaTeAbHo, B03MomHOCTH BepTHKaAbHoH MofiK'l.bHOCTH fibIAH orpaunueuer MeCTOM 13 cO~HaAbHoH reueaxornn 'roro HAH nnoro KAaHOBOro nozrpaaziexeuaa. HaHfioAee peaAbHbIM cnocofioM nOBbIweHHR nepcoaax enoro cra'ryca, npaBAa, AHWb AO H3BeCTHbIX npeztexoa, RBAHAac b ripe AaHHocTb npaBHTeAIO H AWIHaR BoeHHaR AofiAecTb.

aBO.l\IO~HH CO~Ha.l\bllo~nO.l\HTHqeCKOH opranaaagna

HHH KOlJeBHHKOB C MorHAaMH ocel~Aoro HaceAeHHH, npoaoraasurero H.-l TeppHTopHH YIBOArHHCKOrO r-opoznuga, TO noc.xezume BbIr ARAJIT e!.!!c CKpOMHee H fieAHee (l/aBbJ40Ba, 1982; 1996).

HacKoAbKO meCTKOH fibIAa 3Ta ofi!.!!ecTBeHHaH I1HpaMHAa? B03MomHO AH fibIAO HHAHBHAY npeozroxe'ru HepapXH4eCKHt' cryneua H nOBbICHTb CBOH aAMHHHcTpaTHBHbIH H cO~HaAbHbIH era-rye.' YIccAeAOBaHH}! no cO~HaAbHoH aarponoxorun uapoztoa EBpa3HH nOKa3bIBalOT, 4TO AA}! K04eBHHKOB-CKOTOBOAOB fibIAa xapaxrepua TaK Ha3bIBaeMaR reHeaAorH· 4eCKaR CHCTeMa pOACTBa (Bacon, 1958; Krader, 1963; Xa3aHoB, 1975. MapKoB, 1976; Khazanov, 1984; MacaHoB, 1995 HAP')' Ee 3HalJH

CO~HaAbHaH opraHH3a~HR XyHHy COCTORAa H3 TpaAH~HoIIHbIX AAR K04eBHHKoB-CKOTOBOAoB EBpa3HH ypOBHeH. Ee HH3WHe 3BeHbR (ceMbR, ceMeHHo- pOAcTBeHHbIe rpynnsr), Ha3bIl3aeMbIe B KHTaHcKHx AeTorrHCHX /1.0 (ceMbR, ropra ), fia3HpOBaAHCb na peaAbHJIx KPOBIIOpoAcTBeHHbIx H 3KOHOMH4eCKHX CIJR3RX. bOAee BbICOKHe ypOI3HH - H.W (POA) - AHHHAmHbIe H KAaHOBbIe rpymmpoBKH, no I3ceH BHAHMOCTH, OCHOBbIBaAHCb aa pe~HnpoKHbIX H APymx ofiIgHHHblX CBH3RX, nepHoAH4ecKOH TPYAoBOH KoonepaIJHH, COBMeCTHOM 13"'l.aAt'IIHH Cpt'ACTl3aMH npoasaozrcraa, oTAaAeHHoM pt'aAbHoM H qlHKTH13110M reHcaAorWICCKOM POACTBC. HaKOHe~, BbICWHC 3Bt'HbH CO~HaAbIIOH opra~m3aIJHH (fly - xoueaee. nACMH) fibIAH ofi'beAHHeHbI B "HMnt'fJCKYIO KOH(tleACpaIJHIO" (KHTaHIJbI HcnOAb30BaAH AAH t't' ofio:lHaQeHr1H TepMHH 1'0, T. e. BAaAt'HHe, neaaBHCHMoe rOCYAapCTBO) CBR3HMH rrpeHMyuJecTBellllo rrOAHTWleCKoro H soeunoro xapaxrepa.

XYHHCKaR AepmaBa npH MOA3 fibL'l.a pa3At'AeHa Ha TpH lJaCTH: ~eHTp, xesoe H npaaoe KpblAbR. KPbIAbH, B CBOIO ouepezus. At'AHAHCb ua nOAKpbIAbR. BCH BblClllaR BAaCTb fibIAC1 cocpezioroveaa Y urams- 1051. r1apaAAeAbHO OH ynpaBARA ~eHTpoM - rrACMt'HaMH "MCTporroAHH" crermoii AepmaBbl. EMY rrOAlJHHRAHCb 24 BbICWHX AOAmHOCTHbIX AH~a, xoropere PYKOBOAHAH KpynHbIMH rrAeMeHHbIMH ofi'beAHHeHHHMH H OAHOBpeMeHHO H!V!eAH BOHHCKoe 3BaIlHe TeMHHKOB (T. e. AeCHTHTbICHQHHKOB). AeBbIM KPbIAOM KOMaHAOl3aA, KaK rrpa13HAO, cTapwHH

bIH WaHblO5I - HaCAeAHI1K npec'roxa. Y ner'o fibIA COnpaBI1TeAb no eBOMY KPbIAY. Y npaBI1TeA5I npaaoro KPbL\a fibIA raxace COnpaBI1TeAb. )HI1 fibIAI1 naarioxee fiAI13KI1MI1 pOACTBeHHI1KaMI1 npaBI1TeA5I CTenHOH MnepI1I1 11 I1MeAI1 BbICWI1e TI1TYAbI KH5I3eH (BaHOB). KH5I3b51 11 eille IeCTb aanrioxee 3HaTHbIX TeMHI1KOB C4I1TaAI1Cb "CI1AbHbIMI1", 11M nOAI1H5IAOCb He MeHee 10 TbIC. BcaAHI1KOB. OCTaAbHbIe TeMHI1KI1 peaAbHO MeAI1 MeHee 10 TbIC. KOHHI1KOB (AI1AaH, 1958: 17; Watson, 1961: )3-164; MaTepI1aAbI, 1968: 40).

Ha HI13WeM ypoaae aAMI1HI1CTpaTI1BHOH I1epapXI1I1 HaXOAI1AI1Cb eCTHbIe nAeMeHHbIe BomAI1 11 crapeiiuransr. OtpI1jJI1aAbHO OHI1 nOA4I1- flAI1Cb 24 HaMeCTHI1KaM 113 jJeHTpa. "KamAbIH 113 ABaAjJaTI1 4eTbIpex :l4aAbHI1KOB raxxce caM Ha3Ha4aeT TbIC5I4HI1KOB, COTHI1KOB, AeC5ITHI1KOB, ~fiOAbWI1X KH5I3eH, rAaBHbIX nOMOlllHI1KOB, AYB3eB, AaHXY 11 jJejJ310eB J\.HAaH, 1958: 17; MaTepI1aAbI, 1968: 40). OAHaKo aa npaKTI1Ke aaKI1MOCTb nAeMeHHbIX AI1AepOB fibIAa OrpaHI14eHa. C TaBKa HaXOAI1AaCb OCTaT04HO AaAeKO, a MeCTHbIX BomAeH nOAAepmI1BaAI1 pOACTBeHHbIe \1 nAeMeHHbIe rpynnbl. n03TOMY BAI15IHI1e aa MeCTHYIO BAaCTb I1M~pCKI1X HaMeCTHI1KOB fibIAO B I13BeCTHOH CTeneHI1 OrpaHI14eHO, 11 OHI1 )IAI1 BbIHymAeHbI C4I1TaTbC5I C I1HTepeCaMI1 nOA4I1HeHHbIX 11M nAeMeH . . aKOBO me fibIAO ofilllee lmCAO AaHHbIX nAeMeHHbIX rpyrm B npeztexax ~YHHCKOH I1MnepCKoH KOHcpeAepajJI1I1, I1CTOllHI1KaM HeI13BeCTHO.

kICIlOAb30BaHI1e KI1TaHCKI1M I1CTOPI1KOM AA5I or1I1CaHI151 aAMI1HI1CTlTI1BHO- nOAI1TI14eCK0I1 CTPYKTYPbI XYHHcKoro ofilllecTBa KaK BoeHHbIX 'eMHI1KI1, TblC5I4HI1KI1, COTHI1KI1), TaK 11 TpaAI1jJI10HHbIX (KH5I3b51 pa3- )IX paaroa, AYB3I1, AaHxy 11 np.) TepMI1HOB ztaer OCHOBaHI1e npezino)mI1Tb, 4TO CI1CTeMbI BoeHHoH 11 rpaasztaacrcoii I1epapxI1I1 cYIllecTBotAI1 napaAAeAbHo. KamAa51 113 HI1X I1MeAa OTAI14I1TeAbHbIe tpYHKjJI1I1. I1CTeMa HeAeC5IT!1lIHbIX paHrOB I1CnOAb30BaAaCb AA5I rpamAaHCKoro IpaBAeHI151 nAeMeHaMI1. CI1CTeMa AeC5ITI14HbIX paaroa npI1MeH51AaCb ) BpeM5I BOHHbI, xor Aa fiOAbwoe KOAI14eCTBO BOI1HOB 113 pa3HbIX uac~H C TenI1 OfibeAI1H5IAI1Cb B 0AHY I1AI1 HeCKOAbKO apMI1H (Badie/d, )92: 38).

BAacTb uran blO5I , BbICWI1X BoeHa4aAbHI1KOB 11 nAeMeHHbIX BomAeI1 t MeCTax nOAAepmI1BaAaCb CTpOrI1MI1, HO npOCTbIMI1 TpaAI1jJI10HHbIMI1 )pMaMI1. B jJeAOM, KaK OjJeHI1BaAI1 XYHHCKI1e 3aKOHbI KI1TaHCKI1e XpOiCTbI, HaKa3aHI151 Y HOMaAoB fibIAI1 "npOCTbI 11 AerKO OCYIlleCTBI1MbI" CBOAI1AI1Cb r AaBHbIM ofipa30M K naA04HbIM HaKa3aHI151M, CCbL\Ke 11

CMepTHOI1 Ka3HI1. dTO AaBaAO B03MomHOCTb fibICTpO pa3pewaTb aa pa3HbIX ypOBH5IX I1epapXI14eCKOH nI1paMI1AbI KOHtpAI1KTHbIe CI1TyajJI1I1 11 COXpaH5ITb cTafiI1AbHOCTb nOAI1TI14eCKOH CI1CTeMbI B jJeAO:\1. He cAY4aHHO, 4TO AA5I KI1TaHjJeB, C AeTCTBa npI1BbIKWI1X K rpoM03AKOH 11 HenOBOPOTAI1BOH fiIOpOKpaTI14eCKOH MaWI1He, CI1CTeMa ynpaBAeHI151 XYHHCKOH KOHtpeAepajJI1I1 xaaaxac e npeztex eno npocroii: "ynpaaxenne jJeAbIM roCYAapCTBOM noztorino ynpaBAeHI1IO CBOI1M TeAOM" (AI1AaH, 1958: 31; MaTepI1aAbI, 1968: 46). CTpOHHa51 CI1CTeMa paHrOB, paspatioramraa npn MOA3, He COXpaHI1AaCb B AaAbHeHweM. Bnp04eM, OHa 11 He MorAa COXpaHI1TbC5I. dTO CB5I3aHO C TeM, 4TO B CI1AY TpaAI1jJI10HHOH AA5I K04eBOH apI1CTOKpaTI1I1 npaKTI1KI1 I10AI1raMI1I1 BOCnp0I13BOACTBO 3AI1T~~ B K04eBbIX I1MnepI151X oCYIllecTBA5IAOC b eztaa AI1 He B reOMeTpI1lJeCKOI1 nporpeCCI1I1. Pa3YMeeTC5I, npaBO aa HaCAeAOBaHI1e BbICOKoro noxoxseHI151 11 OCHOBHoro I1MYIllecTBa I1MeAI1 He ace nOTOMKI1, a, KaK npaBI1AO, CbIHOBb51 OT rAaBHOH meHbl. OCTaAbHbIe HaCAeAOBaAI1 TOAbKO AOCTaT04HO BbICOKI1H CTaTYC (cxopee scero, B COOTBeTCTBI1I1 C npI1HjJI1nOM KOHI14eCKOro KAaHa). OAHaKO 3TO He I1CKAI04aAO acex HaCAeAHI1KOB 113 reHeaAOrI14eCKOH I1epapXI1I1. K TOMY me acer Aa BCTpe4aAI1Cb I1CKAIO- 4eHI151 AA5I AlOfiI1M4I1KOB I1AI1 AeTeH OT MOAOAbIX AIOfiI1MbIX meH. qTO me KaCaeTC5I MHOr04I1CAeHHbIX fiAI13KI1X 11 AaAbHI1X pOACTBeHHI1KOB WaHblO5I, TO B I1X mI1AaX TeKAa roxyoa» "KopOAeBCKa5l" KPOBb, 11 see 4AeHbI pOAa AlOaHbAI1, fie3 I1CKAIOlJeHI151, I1MeAI1 npaBO nperenzroaar e aa MeCTO nOA COAHjJeM XYHHCKOH COjJI1aAbHOH AeCTHI1Qbl.

BbIAeA5IIOTC5I HeCKOAbKO nepI10AOB HaI1fioAee aKTI1BHOrO BBe/-\eHI151 HOBbIX TI1TYAOB (Kpa,4HH, 1996: 125-132). flepBbIH npI1XOAI1TC51 npnMepHO aa 100-50 rr. AO H. 3. B 3TOT npOMemYTOK BpeMeHI1 B03HI1K nepeasosrrox npeACTaBI1TeAeH XYHHCKOH 3AI1Tbl. TaK KaK ace 4AeHbI 3HaTHbIX KAaHOB He Mor AI1 fibITb ofiecneuensr COOTBeTCTBYIOlllI1M I1X npOI1CXOmAeHI11O MeCTOM B ofillleCTBel-IHOH I1epapXI1I1, TO MemAY HI1MI1 HeI13fiemHO B03HI1KaAa OCTpa51 KOHKypeHjJI151 .sa ofiAaAaHI1e TeM I1AI1 I1HbII\1 BbICOKI1M CTaTYCOM 11 cooTBeTcTBY10lllI1MI1 eMY MaTepI1aAbHbIMI1 fiAaraMI1. dTO npI1BeAO B KOHe4HOM C4eTe K BpeMeHHOMY pacnazty XYHHCKOH AepmaBbI Ha HeCKOAbKO BpamAYIOlllI1X MemAY COfiOH OfibeAI1HeHI1H 11 K rpamAaHCKOH BOHHe 58-36 rr. AO H. 3.

CAeAYIOIllI1H nepI10A MaCCOBoro BBeAeHI151 HOBbIX TI1TYAOB 11 AOAmnocreii Ha4I1HaeTC5I C nocAeAHeH TpeTI1 I B. AO H. 3. CAOmI1BWa5lC5I nOCAe rpamAaHCKOH BOHHbI HOBa51 KOMfiI1HajJI151 nOAI1TI1l1eCKI1X CI1A

140 fJ~.~fJ~._f(~p~a~A~H~H~.~fC~o~~~e~BH~H~K~H~~~Bp~a3~H~H~ __

nOCTeneHHO .. aa raepzteaaxa" B npounyro aepapxmo. B CBeTe HOBOl'i sueumeii nOAYlTI1KYI rpeoosaxaci, KOppeKTYlpOBKa aAMYlHYlCTpaTYlBHOH CI1CTeMbI ynpaBAeHYl5I, 4aCTb CTapbIX TI1TYAOB OKa3aAaCb KOCBeHHO CKOMnpOMeTl1pOBaHHOH HeraTYlBHOH CB5I3bIO C KeM-AYlfio Yl3 sparoa YlAYI npezta rexeji. HeofixOAI1MO fibIAO aaxpemrr e HOBbIH npYlHUYln HaCAeAoBaHYl5I BAaCTYI, o-rpaoorar e npYlHUYlnbI npI1H5ITYl5I nOAYlTYl4eCKI1X peuieHI1Y1, BBeCTYI HOBbIe AOAfKHOCTYI YI aAeKBaTHbIe YlM m.nuuere TYlTYAbI. B KOHe4HOM C4eTe HOBbIH POCT npeACTaBYlTeAeH BbIClileH 3AYlTbI KO- 4eBHYlKOB BbI3BaA CTOAKHOBeHYle aa orpanaueunere pecypcbI If npasex K pacnaAY CTenHOH YlMnepl111 B 48 r. H. 3. na ceBepHYIO YI IOfKHYIO KOHL!JeAepaUI1I1·

TpeTbe YI nocxezuree MaCWTafiHoe n05lBAeHYle HOBbIX TYITYAOB OTHOCI1TC5I KO BpeMeHI1 pa3AeAeHYl5I XYHHCKOH AepfKaBbI Ha BpafKAYlOrgYle c'roponet. KI1TaHCKYlH YlCTOPI1K cPaHb E AaA nozipotinoe onncaune noAI1TYl4eCKOH CYlCTeMbI IOfKHOH KOHct1eAepaUI111 aroro BpeMeHYI (J\.YlAaH, 1958: 680-681; MaTepYlaAbI, 1973: 73). TeOpeTYl4eCKI1 ero onncanne MOfKHO 3KCTpanOAYlpOBaTb KaK ua ceBepHbIX XYHHY, TaK YI xa norecTapHO-IIOAYlTYl4eCKYIO CI1CTeMY XYHHCKOH AepfKaBbI I B. H. 3. B ueAOM. ;::ho zraer YHI1KaAbHYIO B03MOfKHOCTb npOCAeAI1Tb AI1HaMI1KY nOAI1TI1- lJeCKYlX YlHCTYlTYTOB Y XYHHY ua npOT5IfKeHI1Y1 250 AeT.

OCHOBHbIe Yl3MeHeHYl5I MefKAY AepfKaBoH 3nOXYI MOA3 YI ofirgeCT80:\1 XYHHY HaKaHYHe pacnazra fibIAYI B cAeAylOrgeM: 1) nepexoz; OT TpOYl4HOrO BoeHHO-aAMYlHYlCTpaTYlBHOrO AeAeHYl5I K AyaAbHOMY; 2) CbIMa lJ5IHb nncax 0 lleTKO paspanoraaaoii BoeHHO-aAMI1HYlCTpaTYlBHOH CTpYKType C 24 TeMHHKaMH. cPaHb E He ynOMI1HaeT 0 "Aec5ITI1QHOYI CYlCTeMe, BMeCTO BoeHHbIX 3BaHYlH TeMHHKOB nepe4I1CA5IIOTC5I rpaacztaacxne TI1TYAbI KH5I3eH (BaHoB); 3) no "illl1 U3Y1", K BaHaM OTHeceHbI TOAbKO TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIe "4eTbIpe pora" (AeBbIH YI npaBbIH CJlHb-BaHbI YI .1YAH-BaHbI); no "Xoy XaHb ury", "urecr-s poroa" TaKxce OTHeceHbI K BaHaM; 4) B XYHHCKOH YlMnepYlYl Yl3MeHYlAC5I nOp5lAOK npeCTOAOHaCAeAYl5I. ECAYI nepBOHa4aAbHO npeCTOA IllaHbI051 nepezraBaAC5I OT OTua K CbIHY (3a YlCKAI04eHYleM HeCKOAbKYlX 3KCTpaOPAYIHapHbIX CAYlJaeB), TO nOCTeneHHO CTa}\. npecoxazrar» APyroH nOp5lAOK - YAt'AbHO-AecTBH~HbI;:;: OT fipaTa K fipaTY 11 OT A5iAI1 K nAeM5IHHYlKY; 5) Y XYHHY B030fiAaAaA npYlHUYln cottpeenre.s ncre« (no B. B. TpenaBAoBY), corxar.uo KOTOPOMY Y npaBYlTeA5I K04eBOH YlMnepYlI1 YlMeeTC5I cottpeenre.s b, ynpaBA5IIOI,!!YlH MAaAWYlM no paury "KPbIAOM". 40AfK-

HOCTb MAaAwero conpeenresn HacAeAyeTC5I BHYTPYI ero AYlHYlAfKa, HO ero HaCAeAHYlKYI He MorYT nperexztona'ru Ha TpOH WaHbI051 (KpaAHH,

1996: 132-135).

T aKYlM otipasoxr, AaHHble Yl3MeHeHYl5I CBYlAeTeAbCTBYIOT 0 nOCTeneHHOM oCAafiAeHHYI aBTOKpaTYl4eCKYlX OTHOWeHI1H B YlMnepYlYl YI 3aMeHe YlX CB5I351MYI KOHtpeAepaTYlBHbIMYI, 4TO, B 4aCTHOCTYI, nOATBepfKAaCT nepexoz; OT TpOYl4HOrO aAMYlHI1CTpaTYlBHO-TeppYlTOpYlaAbHOro AeAeHYl5I K AyaAbHOMY. OTTeCH5IAYlCb na 3aAHI1H nxan BOeHHO-YlepapXYl4eCKYle OTHOWeHYl5I, snepez; BbIABYlraAaCb reHeaAOrYl4eCKa51 nepapxas MefKAY "CTapWYlMYI" YI "MAaAwYlMYI" no paHry IlAeMeHaMI1. YiMnepYl51 nOCTeneHHO TpaHctpopMYlpOBa)l.aCb B nAeMeHHYIO KOHClJeAepauYlIo.

CynepcAo~Hoe BO~AeCTBO H paunee rocyzrapcrno

40 CYlX nop cneunaxncrer He MorYT npHHTYI K eAYlHOMY MHeHYlIO OTHOCYlTeAbHO yposxs pa3BYlTYl5I XYHHCKoro ofirgecTBa. no 3TOH 'revre BbICKa3bIBaAYlCb caMbIe pasuooripaaasre TOljKYI 3peHYl5I. B MapKCYlCTCKOM KOQeBHYlKOBeAeHYIYI OAHYI asroper OTHOCYIAYI XYHHCKoe ofirgecTBo K pafiOBAa,ll,eAbQeCKOH CTa,ll,1111 (TOACTOB, 1934; Ma [!aHILIoy. 11 il,p.)· K COfKaAeHHlO, 3TYI (renepe YfKC) YCTapeBIIIYIC B3I'A5IAbI ,lI,0 CYlX nop nepYlO,ll,YlQeCKYI BCTpelJaIOTC5I B KYlTaHCKOH ncropnorpaquor (CM., nanp., Ma ?K9HbHaHb, 1983; Cion fJYHbJny/i, 1983). 4pYrYle YlCCAeA08aTCAYI naCTaYlBaAYI ua AorocYAapCTBeIIHOM ( .. BoeHHO- AeMOKpaTYl4eCKOM", nxexseuHOM, AoctJeO,ll,aAbHOM) XapaKTepe XYHHCKOro ofirgecTBa ([YMIf.1eB. 1960; MapKoB, 1976: 45-47, 57), TpeTbH npYlAepfKYlBaAHCb T04KYI 3peHH5I 0 ero paHHerocY,lI,apcTBeHHoH cfJOpMC (paHHCKAaCCOBOH, paHHcctJeoAaAbHoH) (TacKHH, 1968; 1984; Cap-o,lJ,JffaB. 1971; jfaBbI,40Ba, 1975; CyxfiaaTap, 1975; 1980; Xa3aHoB, 1975; MapTbIHaB, 1989 YI AP.), 4t'TBepTble nncaAYI 0 CAOfKYlBWeMC5I tpCO,ll,aAYl3Me (n1t'THt'Ba, 1982).

B 3apyfiefKHoH HeMapKCYlCTCKOH I1CTopYlorpaqlYlYl 0UCHKa ypOBH5I pa3BYlTYl5I XYHHCKoro ofirgecTBa TaKfKC He nOAY4Y1Aa OAH03Ha4Horo YlCTOAKOBaHYl5I. O,ll,HYI YlCCAeAOBaTeAII nOAaraIOT. 4TO XYHHCKa51 zrepxcaaa npeACTaBA5I)l.a COfiOH AorOCY,lI,apCTBeHHYIO nAeMeHHYIO KOHqle,ll,epauYlIo (Yamada, 1982 YI zrp.). P5IA YlCCAe,<1,OBaTcAeH 0ueHYlBaIOT ypoaeuu COUYlaAbHOH YlHTerpauYlYl XYHHCKoro ofirgecTBa KaK rOCYAapCTBeHHOnOAofiHbIH (MOpH, 1950; Pritsak. 1954; Masao Mari. 1973 YI AP')' OcofieHHYIO BafKHOCTb, C MoeH T04KYI 3peHYl5I, 11MeIOT pafioTbI T. 5ap-

142 ~ff~.~ff~.~f(~p~a~A~H~H~.~f(~o~q~eB~H~H~K~J~f~E~B~p~a~3~H~H~ __

ctJHAAa, KOTOPbU1 pa3BI1BaeT aecbvra nAoAoTBOPHYIO I1AeIO, 4TO nOAI1- TI14eCKaR OpraHI13aIJI1R Y XYHHY B q>OpMe "I1MnepCKI1X KOHCfJeAepaIJI1H" B03HI1KaeT KaK CnOCOb aAanTaIJl111 K04eBHI1KOB K COCeAHI1M 3eMAeAeAb4eCKHM IJI1BI1AI13aIJI1RM (Barfield, 1981; 1992).

Hal1bOAee cnopHblM, TaKI1M oopaaoxr, B AI1CKYCCI1I1 0 xapaKTepc XYHHCKoro obrgecTBa RBAReTCR Bonpoc: Mor AI1 AI1 XYHHY caMOCTORTeAbHO npCOAOAeTb bapbep rOCYAapCTBeHHOCTI1? B aacroaigee BpCMJI cytgecrayror ABe Hal1bOAeC nonyxapaere rpynnbl TeOpI1H, Ob'bRCHRlOrgI1C npoIJecc npol1CXOmACHI1R 11 CyrgHoCTb pauaero rocyztapcrr.a. f(om/lAHKTHble, I1AI1 «onrpos snue, TCOpl111 nOKa3bIBaIOT nponcxoaczienne rocYAapcTBcHHOCTI1 11 ee BHYTpeHHIOIo npnpozty C n0311IJI111 OTHOWCHI1I1 3KcnAyaTaIJI1I1, KAaccoBoH bOPbbbl, BOHHbl 11 MCm3THI14CCKOro AOMI1- Hl1pOBaHI1R. HHTerpaTHBHble, I1AI1 ynpeesenaectcne, TCOpl111 r AaBHblM oopasoj» Opl1eHTl1pOBaHbl aa TO, 4TObbl Ob'bRCHI1Tb q>eHOMCH rocyAapCTBa KaK bOACC BbICOKYIO CTaAl1Io 3KOHOMI14CCKOH 11 ObrgCCTBCHHOH I1HTerpaIJ1111 (Fried, 1967; Carneiro, 1970; Service, 1975; Claessen, Skalnik, 1978; ffaas, 1982; johnson, Earle, 1987; BacHAbeB, 1983; naBAeHKO, 1989; nOnOB, 1990; TO,4HHep, 1991 11 AP')'

OAHaKo HI1 C T04KI1 3peHI1R KOHPA HK THoro, HI1 C T04KI1 3PCHI1R nnrerpetuenoro nozrxozioe XYHHCKaR AcpmaBa (KaK 11 MHOrl1C APyrl1c K04CBble I1MnCpl1l1) HC MomeT bblTb OAH03Ha4HO mrrepnpernpoaana HI1 KaK BomAeCTBO, HI1 KaK rOCYAapCTBO (nOAPObHee CM.: f(pa,4HH, 1996: 141-147). Ec rocyztapcraeuaeui xapaKTep (" Y3aKOHeHHoe HaCI1Al1e") RpKO npORBAReTCR TOAbKO B OTHOWeHI1RX C BHeWHI1M Ml1pOM (noenHO-l1epapXl14eCKaR OpraHI13aIJI1R AAR 113'bRTI1R npl1baB04Horo npOAYKTa Y cocezteii 11 CAepml1BaHI1R AaBAeHI1R 113BHe; npl13HaHI1e co CTOPOHbl KI1TaR B Ka4eCTBe caMOCTORTeAbHoro "BAaAeHI1R" 11 CneIJI1q>114eCKI1H IJepeMOHl1aA BO BHeWHenOAI1TI14CCKI1X oTHOWeHI1Rx).

B TO me BpeMR BO BHYTpeHHI1X OTHOWeHI1RX "roCYAapCTBeHHOnozioonere" I1Mnepl111 HOMaAoB (3a I1CKAI04CHI1eM uexoropsrx BnOAHC Ob'bRCHI1MbIX CAY4aeB) OCHOBaHbl ua HeHaCI1AbCTBeHHblX (KOHceHcyaAbHblX 11 AapOObMeHHbIX) CBR3RX, OHI1 cyrgecTBoBaAI1 aa C4eT BHeWHI1X I1CT04HI1KOB, be3 YCTaHOBAeHI1R HaAorOObAOmeHI1R 11 3KcnAyaTaIJI111 CKOTOBOAOB. HaKOHeIJ, B XYHHCKOM obrgecTBe OTCYTCTBOBaA rAaBHblH npl13HaK rOCYAapCTBeHHOCTI1. Cor AaCHO MHOrl1M COBPCMCHHblM TCOpl1RM nOAI1TOreHe3a rAaBHblM OTAI1411eM rOCYAapCTBeHHblX CfJOpM OT AorocYAapCTBeHHblX RBAHeTCR TO, 4TO npaarrrexa BomAeCTBa orixaztae-r

__________ ~r~A~a~B~a_7~.~H~M~n~e~p~C~K~aR~K~o~H~q~J~eA~ep~ag~H~R~)(~y~H~H~y~ .. ~. 143

AI1Wb KOHceHcyaAbHOI1 BAaCTblO, T. e., no CYTI1, aBTOpI1TeTOM, Tor Aa KaK B rOCYAapCTBe npaBI1TeAbCTBO MomeT ocyrgecTBARTb caHKIJl111 C nOMorgblO AemTI1MI1311pOBaHHoro HaCI1AI1R (Service, 1975: 16, 296- 307; Ciaessen, Skalnik, 1978: 21-22, 630, 639-40 etc.). XapaKTep BAaCTI1 XYHHCKoro uiam.ioa, B npHHjJl1ne, n03BOAReT I1HTepnpeTl1pOBaTb Ob'beM ero MoryrgecTBa bOAee KaK KOHceHcyaAbHblH, AI1WeHHblH MOHOnOAl111 ua 3aKOHHYIO CI1AY. WaHbloH BblCTynacT rAaBHblM oopasovr B Ka4eCTBC pezutcrpnfiyropa, BCR CI1Aa xoroporo Aepml1TCR aa AI111HbIX cnOCObHOCTRX 11 YMeHl111 nOAY4aTb BHe obrgecTBa npCCTl1mHble TOBapbl 11 nepepacnpezre.orrr, I1X MemAY nOAi.\aHHbIMI1. XYHHcKaR AepmaBa bbIAa OCHOBaHa aa HeAoCTaT04HO CTabl1AbHblX AapoobMcHHblX CBR3RX MemAY uram.roexr 11 BomARMI1 nAeMeH, I1CCAeAoBaTCARM HCI13BeCTHbl MaCCOBbIl1 artnapar npl1HymAeHI1R y XyHHy 11 IIl1caHHOe npaso.

4,AR xapaKTepl1CTI1KI1 nOAObHblX ObrgCCTB, bOAee MHor0411CAeHHblX 11 CTpyKTypHO pa3BI1TbIX, 4eM CAOJKHble BomAeCTBa, HO B TO me speMJI He RBARIOrgl1XCH rOCYAapCTBaMI1 (Aame "3a<JaTOqHbIMH" paHHHMH rOCY,4apCTBaMH), bblA npeAAomeH TepMI1H cynepcsomnoe BOJtf,4eCTBO (f(pa,4HH, 1992: 152). 3TOT TepMI1H bblA npl1HRT KOAAeraMI1-K04eBHI1KOBeAaMI1 (TpenaBAoB, 1995; CKPbIHHHKoBa, 1997), XOTR B TOT MOMeHT 4CTKI1X AOrl111eCKI1X xprrrepaea, oTAeARlorgl1X cyrtcpcxoxcaoe BomAeCTBO OT CAomHoro BomAcCTBa 11 OT pauxero rOCYAapCTBa, czteAaHO HC bblAO.

npl1HIJl1nl1aAbHOe CTPYKTypHoe OTAl1lIl1C McmAY CAomHbIM 11 cyncpCAomHblM BomAeCTBOM bblAO 3aqll1KcI1poBaHO P. KapHCHpo (OH, npaBAa, npeAn0411TaCT Ha3blBaTb I1X, COOTBCTCTBCHHO, KOMnaYHAHbIM" 11 "KOHCOAI1Al1pOBaHHbIM" BomAeCTBaMI1). no ero MHCHI1IO, OTAI1411C npocrerx BomAeCTB OT KOMnaYHAHblX HOCI1T 411CTO KOAI14CCTBeHHblH xapaKTCp. KOMnaYHAHblC Bomi.\CCTBa COCTOHT 113 HCCKOAbKI1X npOCTbIX, HaA CYbBomARMI1 AI1CTPI1KTOB (T. e. npOCTblMI1 BomAeCTBaMI1) HaXOAI1TCR BCPXOBHblH BomAb, npaBI1TCAb BCCH nOAI1TI1I1. OAHaKO P. KapHCHpo 3aMeTI1A, 4TO KOMnaYHAHblC Bom/.\CCTBa npl1 06'bCAI1HCHI1I1 B bOACC KpynHblc nOAI1Tl111 PC/.\KO OKa3blBalOTCR cnOCObHblMI1 npcOAOACTb CCnapaTI13M cybBomAcH 11 TaKI1C CTpyKTYPbl 6blCTPO pacnazia- 10TCR. MCXaHI13M bOPbbbl CO CTpyKTypHblM paCKOAOM bblA npOCAemCH 11M Ha npl1MCpe OAHoro 113 xpyrun.rx I1HAeHCKI1X BomAcCTB, Obl1TaBWI1X B XVII B. Hd TCpPI1TOpl111 HblHCWHero aMCpl1KaHCKOro WTaTa Bl1pmHI1R. BepXOBHblH BomAb 3TOH nOAI1Tl111 no I1MCHI1 rIaYX3TaH, 4TObbl

144 ~f{~.~f{~.~K~p~a~4~H~H~.~I~{~o~q~eB~H~H~K~H~E~B~p~a~3~H~H ___

CnpaBI1TbOI C ~eHTpooemHblMI1 YCTpeMAeHI1J1MI1 Bom.L\el1 cerMeHTOB, CTaA 3aMewaTb I1X CBOI1MI1 CTOpOHHI1KaMI1, KOTopble OOblLlHO llBAllAI1Cb ero OAI13K;MI1 pOACTBeHHI1KaMI1. 3TO npl1AaAO BamHblH CTPYKTYPHblH I1MnYAbC nOCAeAYlOtgeH nOAI1TI1L1eCKOH I1HTerpa~1111 (Carneiro, 1992).

Cxoml1e CTPYKTypHble npl1H~l1nbl OblAI1 BblJlBAeHbl B I1CTOPI1I1 XYHHY. XYHHCKaJl AepmaBa COCTOJlAa 113 nOAI13THI1L1HOrO KOHrAOMepaTa BomAeCTB 11 nAeMeH, BKAlOLleHHblX B COCTaB "I1MnepCKOH xourpeziepa~1111". nAeMeHHble BomAI1 11 CTapeHWI1Hbl OblAI1 I1HKOpnOpl1pOBaHbl B OOtgel1MnepCKYIO AeCllTI1L1HYIO nepapxnro. Ho I1X BAaCTb B 113BeCTHOH CTeneHI1 OblAa aBTOHOMHOH OT nOAI1TI1KI1 ~eHTpa 11 OCHOBblBaAac b ua noztztepxoce co CTOPOHbl conAeMeHHI1KOB. B OTHOWeHI1J1X C nxexieuaMI1, BXOAI1BWI1MI1 B I1MnepCKYIO KOHcf)eAepa~I1IO, XYHHCKI1H waHblOH Onl1paACJI ua nOAAepmKY CBOI1X OAl1mal1WI1X pOACTBeHHI1KOB 11 COpaTHI1KOB, HOCI1BWI1X TI1TYAbl TeMHI1KOB (I1MeIOTCJI B BI1AY 're 113 24 BoeHaLlaAbHI1KOB TeMHI1KOB, KOTOPblt' He J1BAJlAI1Cb BOfKARMI1 nAeMeH "J1Apa" XYHHCKoro aruoce ). OHI1 OblAI1 nocranxener BO r xaae OCOOblX HaAnAeMeHHblX nOApa3AeAeHI1I1, OO'beAI1HJlBWI1X nOALlI1HeHHble I1AI1 CO- 103HI1L1eCKl1e nxexreua B "TbMbl" LlI1CAeHHOCTblO npl1MepHO no 5~10 TblC. BOI1HOB. 3TI1 AI1~a AOAfKHbl OblAI1 J1BAJlTbCJI onopoii nOAI1TI1Ke MeTpOnOAl111 ua MeCTax (Kpa,zr,HH, 1996: 1 06 ~ 114).

Ho I1pl1 3TOM COBepweHHO OlJeBl1l\HO, <ITO cynepcxoacuoe BOfKAeCTBO, paCCMaTpl1BaeMOe 3AeCb aa npl1Mepe XYHHCI<OH KOllt'BOH I1Mnepl1l1. YfKe ropaazto OAl1me K paHHeMY rOCYAapCTBY. <IeM K CAOfKHOMY BOfKAt'CTBY. f1paKTl1lJeCKI1 8TO yxce pea,\bHall MOAeAb, rtpoofipas pauuerOCYAapCTBeHHoro oOtgeCTBa. ECAI1 1I11CAeHHOCTb CAOfKHblX BOfK.L\eCTB 113MeplleTCll, KaK npaBI1AO, AeCJlTKaMI1 TblCll<I qeAOBeK (CM., Hanp., Johnson, Earle, 1987: 314) 11 OHI1 no CYTI1 3THI1lJeCKI1 roraoream.r. TO LlI1CAeHHOCTb nOAI13THI1lJHOrO HaCeAeHI1J1 cynepcxoxororo BomAeCTBa COCTaBAJleT MHOrl1e COTHI1 TblCJllJ 11 .L\ame OOA bwe LleAOBCK (npI1Melll1- TeA bHO K KO<IeBbIM I1Mnepl1J1M UeHTpaAbHOI1 A.31111 B npeziexax 1 ~ 1,5 lVVI.H) , I1X Teppl1TOpl1J1 (c YlJeTOM HaMlloro MeHbweH nAOTHOCTI1 uar eAeHI111 KOlJeBHI1KoB!) B HeCKOAbKO riopaztxoa pa3 OOAbWC nA0tgaAI1. OOblqHOH AAJI npOCTblX 11 CAomHblX Bom.L\eCTB.

C TOLlKI1 3peHI1J1 coceAHI1X 3eMAeAeAbLleCKI1X ~I1BI1AI13a~1111 (pa3BI1- TblX AOI1HAYCTpl1aAbHblX rocyziapc'ra ) 'ratcne KOLleBbJe ootgecTBa CLlI1TaAI1C b caMOCTOJlTeAbHblMI1 CYO'bCKTaMI1 MemAYHapoAHblX nOAI1Tl1qe(;,KI1X OTHOlUeHI1H 11 HepeAKO BOCnpl1HI1MaAI1C b KaK paanere no CTaTYCY ro-

CYAapCTBa" (B KI1TaHCKI1X AeTOnl1CJlX ro). 4aHHble BomAeCTBa I1MeAI1 CAomHYIO CI1CTeMY TI1TYAaTypbl BomAeH 11 CPYHK~110HepOB, BeAI1 Al1nAOMaTI1L1eCKYIO nepermcxy C COCeAHI1MI1 CTpaHaMI1, 3aKAIOLlaAI1 AI1HaCTI1- LleCKl1e OpaKI1 C npeACTaBI1TeAJlMI1 BblCWI1X COCAOBI1H 3eMAeAeA bLleCKI1X rOCYAapCTB, coceAHI1X KOLleBblX I1Mnepl1H 11 "KBa311I1lVmepCKI1X" nOAI1- TI1I1 HOMaAoB.

.ll,All HI1X xapaxrepuer 3aLlaTKI1 ypoaHI1CTI1L1eCKOrO CTpOI1TeAbCTBa (XYHHY yme CTaAI1 B03ABI1raTb yxpenxenasre ropoznnga, a "CTaBKI1" I1Mnepl1H fKymaHeH, T10POK 11 YHrypoB npeACTaBAllAI1 COOOH HaCTOmgl1e r-opozra ), B03BeAeHI1e nsnunerx yCbmaAbHI1~ 11 saynoxoiiueix xpaxro a AAJI CTenHOH 3AI1Tbl (Ila3blpblKcKl1e xypraner Ha AATae, CKI1(pCKl1e xyprauer B npl1L1epHOMOpbe, XYHHCKl1e 3aXOpOHeHI1J1 B HOI1H-YAe 11 r OA MOAe 11 AP')' B pazre cynepcxoxun.rx BomAcCTB KOLleBHI1KOB 3AI1Ta nWTaAaCb BBOAI1Tb 3aLlaTKI1 AeAOnp0l13BOACTBa (XYHHY), B APyrl1x cyujecrnoaaxa aartncannaa B PYHax 3nWIeCKaJl I1CTOPHJI COOCTBeHHoro HapoAa (TIOPKI1), a nexoropere 113 THflH'IHbIX KOLleBblX I1Mnepl1H, Hanpl1Mep, MOHroAbcKYIO AepmaBY nepasrx AeCJlTHAeTI1H XIII B., ec r e npJlMOH COOAa3H Ha3BaTb rOCYAapCTBaMI1. OAHaKO HeAb3J1 3aOblBaTb, vrro ace ziaunere ootgeCTBa OTAI1L1aeT OTCYTCTBl1e cneuaaxnanpoaaanor-o OlopOKpaTI1L1eCKOrO artrtapa ra 11 MOHOnOAl111 3AI1Tbl na Y3aKOHeHHoe npuvreueuae CI1Ab!. I1MeHHo 3TO OOCTOJlTCAbCTBO AaeT OCHOBaHl1e I1HTepnpeTl1pOBaTb OOAbllfl1HCTBO THflHqHblX KOLleBblX I1Mnepl1H (npl1 BceH I1X BHelUHeH rOCYAapCTBeHHOnO.L\oOHOCT(1) KaK cynepcxoacuere oOtgeCTBa.

TAABA 8

06lJ!ECTBEHHbIH CTPOH 1KY1KAHbCKOfO KAfAHATA*

iKYfKaHI1 (fKyaHbfKyaHI1) ObIAI1 OObI4HbIMI1 AMI UeHTpaAbHoH Asna K04eBHI1KaMI1-CKOTOBOAaMI1. B "CYH ury" AaeTc5I Tl1nl14Ha51 xapaxre . pl1CTI1Ka I1X ofipaaa fK113HI1: y fKYfKaHeH "HeT ropozroa", OHI1 "3aHI1MaIOTC5I CKOTOBOAcTBOM, nepexozrs C MeCTa aa MeCTO B nOI1CKaX BOAbI 11 'rpaaer". (KI1BYT fKYfKaHI1 B roprax, xoropere KI1TaHCKl1e XPOHI1CTbI na- 3bIBalOT TO "BOHA04HbIMI1 naAaTKaMI1" (l[JKaHb l[JKaH) , TO "xynoxooo pa3HbIMI1 WaAaWaMI1" (I£IOHAY) (MaTepl1aAbI, 1984: 289-90). TaM fKe AaeTC5I xpxoe onncanae CypOBbIX (c T04KI1 3peHI151 KI1TaHCKOro xpoHI1CTa) npl1pOAHbIX YCAOBI1H 00I1TaHI151 fKYfKaHeH: "B I1X 3eMA5IX Mpa4- HbIe ropbI, aa KOTOPbIX B paarap xera CKanAI1BaeTC5I CHer, a paBHI1HbJ T5IHYTC5I aa HeCKOA bKO TbIC5I4 AI1 [11M He BI1AHO KOH\.!a], KaK ObI HH nanpsraxa spenae. B CTen5lX HeT 3eAeHOH TpaBbI, KAHMaT XOAOAHbIH. xourazm 11 KpynHbIH porarerii CKOT fKYIOT CYXYIO TpaBy 11 AHfKyT cner. HO OT npapoznsr fKHpHbI 11 KpenKI1" (Marepnaxer, 1984: 289). nl1lgeH AA5I HHX CAyfKl1AH M5ICO fKHBOTHbIX 11 KOObIAbe MOAOKO (XaH,4cyp::m, 1993: 97). no HCT04HHKaM AOnOAHHTeAbHO 113BeCTHO, 4TO y fKYfKaHeH ObIAO MepHAI10HaAbHoe K04eBaHl1e. AeTOM OHH K04eBaAI1 B XaAxa MOHrOAHH, 3HMOH nepeCeA5IAI1Cb na tor 4epe3 nYCTbIHIO r OOH (Mare pl1aAbI, 1984: 267). no BceH BI1AHMOCTI1, 3TO ynor-nnraaae xacaerca He scex fKYfKaHbCKHX nxevrea. OAHaKO, onnpaac e aa araorpaqnorecxae napaxxexa (Myp3af:B, 1952: 48-9; BaHHIllTf:HH 1972: 58, 66-73, Xa3aHoB, 1975: 10-1; Khazanov, 1984: 37-39, 40-69; AH,4pHa

* 06rgpcTBPHHbTii crpoii iKpKaHbcKoro xarana-ra / / VlCTOPHH H apxeoxo rHH llilAblH>ro BOCHlKa: K 70-APTHlO 3. B. WaBKYlloBa. BAaAHBocTOIC Vl3A-Il(

llBfY. 2000 C. 8094.

TAaBa 8. 06mecTBeHHblH CTPOH lffYJKaHbCKOro KaraHaTa 147

HOB, 1985: 41-81; AHHecMaH, EOA,4, 1992: 193-194; MacaHoB, 1995: 77-86 11 AP.), MOfKHO AonYCTI1Tb, 4TO B Ml1pHOe BpeM51 fKyfKaHI1 nepeztaaraxacu na AeTHl1e H 311MHI1e nacTol1lga no AaBHO YCTaHOBAeHHbIM MapwpyraM. T OAbKO 3Ha411TeAbHbIe npnpozmere KaTaKAI13MbI (cner-onazu.r, aacyxn ) Mor AI1 npl1BeCTI1 K HapyweHI151M CAOfKI1BWI1XC5I MapwpyToB nepeK04eBOK. B rOAbI fKe nOAI1TI14eCKOH HeCTa611AbHOCTH fKYfKaHI1 OpOCaAI1 CKOT 11 0603bI 11 YKpbIBaAI1Cb OT npecAeAOBaHI151 B npeAropHbIX AOAI1HaX XaHra51 11 X3HT351 (MaTepl1aAbI, 1984: 267, 273, 282, 285).

K COfKaAeH111O apXeOAOrl14eCKI1X AaHHbIX 0 fKYfKaH5IX npaxrn-recKI1 HeT. HeKoTopbIe I1HAHBI1AyaAbHbIe HaxoAKH, THnOAOrl14eCKI1 conOCTaBI1MbIe C aBapCKI1MH ApeBHOCT5IMI1, CB5I3bIBaIOTC5I MOHrOAbCKI1MI1 apxeoxor-ar-m C fKYfKaH51MI1 (C3p-0,4JKaB, 1971: 17; YICTOPI151 MHP, 1983: 107), OAHaKO He06xOAI1MO npuaaar e, 4TO \.!eAocTHoH apXeOAOrH- 4eCKOH KyAbTYPbI eIge He BbIAeAeHO (C3p-0,4JKaB, 1971: 16; n3pA-93, 1974: 271; WaBKYHoB, 1978: 23; CaBHHoB, 1984: 22). nl1CbMeHHbIX CBI1AeTeAbCTB KI1TaHCKI1X XPOHI1CTOB rarose He 04eHb MHoro. TeM He MeHee OHI1 51BA5IIOTC5I npaKTI14eCKI1 eAI1HCTBeHHbIM I1CT04HI1KOM npn peKOHCTpYK\.!1111 pa3AI14HbIX CTOPOH I1CTOPI1I1 fKYfKaHeH, B TOM 411CAe 11 npl1 aHaAI13e I1X OOIgeCTBeHHoro CTP05l.

CaMbIH rAaBHbIH I1CT04HI1K no I1CTOPI1I1 fKYfKaHeH - 3TO 103-51 r-xaaa AeTOnl1CI1 "B3H ury" ("YICTOPI1I1 AI1HaCTl111 B3H"). Hexoropas I1HcpopMa\.!l151 COAepfKI1TC5I TaKfKe B pario'rax "b3H WI1" ("YICTOPH5I cesepnsrx AHHaCTI1H"), "CYH ury" ("YICTOPI151 AI1HaCTl111 CYH") 11 B p5lAe APYrHX AeTOnl1CeH (lffoYJKaHb, 1965). CBeAeHI151 0 fKYfKaH5IX nepeBOAI1AI1Cb na pasnere esponeiicxae 513bIKI1. Ha PYCCKI1H 513bIK OHI1 6bIAI1 nepeBeAeHbI eIge B npOWAOM sexe H . .H. bl14YPl1HbIM (1950: 184- 208). nOCAeAHI1H TIgaTeAbHbIH 11 nOAPooHO KOMMeHTl1pOBaHHbIH nepeaozr I1CT04HI1KOB 0 fKYfKaH5IX ObIA CAeAaH B CepeAI1He 80-x rr.

B. C. TaCKI1HbIM (Marepnaxer, 1984: 267-95, 398-416).

Pa3AI14Hble sonpocer I1CTOPI1I1 fKYfKaHeH paCCMaTpl1BaAHCb B \.!eAOM p5lAe crareii, KOAAeKTI1BHbIX TpYAax 11 cne\.!HaAbHbIX MOHorpacpl1- 51X (bHMAY-bIH 'ryyx, 1966: 105-130; Cap-O,4JKaB, 1971; 1977; XaH,4cYP3, 1973; 1993; Kollautz, Miyakawa, 1970; YICTOPI151 MHP, 1983: 106-8; Bopo6beB, 1994: 297-303 11 AP')' B \.!eAOM OHI1

148 ~fi~.~fi~.~K~p~a~A~H~H~.~K~o2q~eB~H~H~K~H~E~B~p~a~3~H~H ___

rAaBa 8. 06Il{eCTBeHHbIH CTPOH )f)YJffaHbcKoro KaraHaTa 149

.n,HHacnd1HblX xeronaceii. Oc060 BbI.n,eA5IeTOI TOAbKO T04Ka 3peHI151 r. Cyx6aaTopa, KOTOPblH noxaraer, 4TO BMeCTO /Ky~aHbcKoro xaraua'ra CYIkleCTBOBaAO MOHrOAO-Hl1pYHCKoe gapcTBo (1992).

np06AeMa cogl1aAbHoro CTP051 /Ky~aHbcKoro xarauara 'raxzse paccxra'rpnaaxac s P5l.n,OM I1CCAe.n,oBaTeAeH. B nepnozt rocnoztc'raa naTI14AeHHOH tp0pMagl1oHHoH cxeMbI nexoropsre Y4eHble onpeziexaxa ypoaen e pa3BI1TH5I ~y~aHbcKoro 06IklecTBa KaK pa60BAa.n,eAb4eCKI1H (EepHIllT8M, 1946: 9, 82; 1951: 129; TOMTOB, 1948: 256-9). Ok HaKO nocxox srcy BpeM51 cYIklecTBoBaHH5I rcaraaara npl1l11AOCb na srroxy 3apo~.n,eHI151 tpeo.n,aAl13Ma B EBpone, TO B oueuxe MapKOICTCKHX (r AaBHbIM 06pa30M COBeTCKHX 11 MOHrOA bCKHX) HCCAe.n,OBaTeAeH He 6bIAO oc06eHHbIX pa3HOrAaCHH no noaoziy ero tpopMagHoHHoH xapaKTepl1CTHKH - B no.n,aBA5IlOIkleM 60AbWHHCTBe 06IkleCTBeHHbIH CTPOH ~y~aHeH OHI1 onpe.n,eA5IlOTC5I KaK paHHecpeo.n,aAbHbIH (EHMAY -bIH TyyX, 1966: 105-130; VlCTOPH5I MHP, 1967: 83-86; 1983: 106-8; C.9P-OAJff8B, 1971: 16-7, 24; 1977: 157-8; X8HAcYP3H, 1973; 1993; TacKHH, 1984: 37 11 .n,p.). P5I.n, aBTopOB, He aKgeHTHpY51 BHHMaHHe Ha cpeo.n,aAI13Me, xapaKTepH30BaAH /Ky~aHbcKHH xaranar KaK pamree rocyztapcrao (nAeTHeBa, 1982: 67, 87; KnIQaHOB, 1987; 1997: 74-9; BopofibeB, 1994: 298-301). A. H. rYMHAeB onpe.n,eAI1A ~y~aHbcKoe 06rgecTBo KaK "npI1MI1TI1BHYlO BoeHHYlO opraaaaaumo, CYIkleCTBOBaBWYIO aa cue r orpa6AeHH5I cocezieii" (1961: 7), 06pa3HO Ha3BaB I1X B O.n,HOH H3 nOCl\e.n,HI1X pa60T "6aH.n,oH crenmax Pa360HHI1KOB" (1993: 107).

06pa30BaHHe xaranara

O.n,HaKO HI1 C TOH, HH C .n,pyroH TOqKH 3peHI151 HeAb351 c-nrrart., qTO rocyzrapcrseaaoc're 6bIAa .n,A5I K04eBHI1KOB BHYTpeHHe He06xo.n,I1MOH. Bce OCHOBHble 3KOHOMHqeCKI1e npoueccsr B CKOTOBo.n,qeCKOM ofugecrae OCYIkleCTBA5IAI1Cb B pavncax OT.n,eAbHblX .n,OMOX0351HCTB. no 3TOH npl1- qHHe KaKOH-TO oc06eHHOH Hy~.n,bI B cnegl1aAI1311pOBaHHOM 6lOpOKpaTHqeCKOM annapare, 3aHI1MalOIkleMOI ynpaBAeHqeCKo-pe.n,HCTpH6YTI1BHOH .n,e5lTeAbHOCTblO, He 6bIAO. C .n,pyroH CTOPOHbI, see cogHaAbHble npOTHBOpeqH5I Me~.n,y HOMa.n,aMH peWaAI1Cb B paxncax Tpa.n,Hgl1oHHbIX HHCTHTYTOB no.n,.n,cp~aHI151 BHYTpeHHeH nOAI1TI1QeCKOH cTa6I1AbHOCTH. CHAbHoe .n,aBAeHHe Ha KOQeBHI1KOB MorAO npl1BeCTH K OTKOQeBKe I1AI1 npl1MeHeHl1lO OTBeTHoro HaCI1AI151, nOCKOAbKY Ka~.n,bIH CB060.n,HbIH HOMa.n, 6bIA o.n,HOBpeMeHHO 11 BOHHOM.

nOTpe6HOCTb B oftbe.n,HHeHI1H K04eBHI1KOB B03HI1KaeT TOAbKO B CAyqae BOHH sa pecypcsr croeCTBOBaHI15I, opraaasauan rpa6e~eH 3eMAe.n,eAbgeB HAH 3KcnaHCHH aa I1X TeppHTopHIO, a 'rarose npl1 YCTaHOBAeHl111 KOHTPOA51 Ha.n, ToprOBbIMH nYT5IMH. B .n,aHHoH cl1ryagHI1 CKAa.n,bIBaHHe CAO~HOH noAHTHQeCKOH opraaasauaa KOQeBHHKOB B tpOpMe "K04eBbIX HMnepHH" eCTb o.n,HOBpeMeHHO H npoziyxr I1HTerpagHH, H C;\e.n,CTBl1e KOHtpAI1KTa (Me~y HOMa.n,aMH H 3eMAe.n,eAbgaMI1). KOQeBHHKH-CKOTOBO.n,bI BblC-ryTIaAH B .n,aHHOH cHryagl111 KaK KAaCC-3THOC 11 cnegl1lt)114eCKa5I rocyziapcraeaaonoaooHa5I KceHOKpaTHQeCKiUI (OT rpeQ. KceHO - aapyxcy 11 KpaTOC _. BAaCTb) nOAHTH4eCKa51 CI1CTeMa. 06pa3HO rOBOp5l, no OTHOWeHl1lO K oce.n,AbIM gHBHAH3agH5IM OHI1 npe.n,CTaBA5IAH C060H He4TO Bpo.n,e "Ha.n,CTpOHKI1" Ha.n, 3eMAe.n,eAb4eCKo-ropo.n,CKI1M "6a3I1COM" (Kp8,4HH, 1992; 1996). C 3TOH T04KI1 3peHH5I C03.n,aHl1e "KOQeBbIX HMnepHH" MO~HO C411- TaTb 4aCTHbIM CAY4aeM nonYA51pHoH B csoe BpeM51 "3aBoeBaTeAbH0I1 (A. rYMnAOBI14, cPo Ormearaiixeep ) TeOp1111 nOAI1TOreHe3a, corxacno KOTOPOH BOHHa 11 3aBOeBaHI1e 51BA5IIOTC5I npe.n,nOCbIAKaMI1 .n,A5I nocxeziyIOIklero 3aKpenAeHI151 HepaBeHCTBa 11 CTpaTl1tpl1KagHH.

EIkle ozura Mo.n,eAb nOAI1TOreHe3a, npl1MeHI1Ma51 K npOI1CXo~.n,eHHlO crenasrx I1Mnepl1H, - "TOprOBa5l" (Webb, 1975; Ekholm, 1977). Ee OCHOBHa51 nOCbIAKa 3aKAlO4aeTC5I B TOM, QTO BHeWHeToprOBbIH 06MeH C nOCAe.n,YIOIkleH pe.n,I1CTpH6ygHeH pe.n,KI1X H npeCTH~HbIX TOBapOB cpe.n,H nozrztaunsrx 51BA5IeTC5I Ba~HbIM KOMnOHeHTOM BAaCTI1 Bo~.n,eH H npaBHTeAeH paHHI1X rocynapcra (naBAeHKo, 1989 H .n,p.). 3TO XopOWO corxacyercx C TeM, 4TO cTa611AbHOCTb crenasix I1Mnepl1H aanpawryto saaacexa OT YMeHH5I sercureii BAaCTI1 OpraHI130BbIBaTb nOCTaBKY urexxa,

np06AeMY 06pa30BaHH5I /Ky~aHbcKoro xarana ra He06xo.n,I1MO pacCMaTpHBaTb B KOHTeKCTe 60Aee 06Ikll1x COBpeMeHHbIX TeOpl1H noxtrrorenesa. B nOAI1TI1QeCKOH aHTpOnOAOrHH XX CTOAeTH5I 6bIAH paspaooraHbI .n,Be Hal160Aee nonyxapnere TeOp1111 nOAI1TOreHe3a: "I1HTerpaTI1BHa5l" (3. CepBl1c) 11 "KOHcpAHKTHa5l" (M. cPPH.n,). COrAaCHO nepsoii BO~.n,eCTBO H rocyztapcrao B03HI1KalOT KaK pe3YAbTaT npe06pa30BaHI151 ynpaBAeH4eCKHX crpyxryp yCAo~H5IlOIkleroc5I 06IklecTBa. Corxacao BTOPOH rocyztapc'rao - 3TO OpraHI13agl151, npe.n,Ha3Ha4eHHa5I .n,A5I cTa611AH3agHI1 OTHoweHHH B CAO~HOM, CTpaTHtpHgHpoBaHHOM 06IkleCTBe (Fried, 1967; Service, 1975; CIa essen, Skalnik, 1978; 1981; Cohen, Service, 1978; Hees, 1982; Gailey, Patterson, 1988; naBAeHKO, 1989; rO,4HHep. 1991 H .n,p.).

150 ~H~. ~H_!.:_ . .!.K~p'!!.a~,4:i.!H~H!:.._:K~o~<.J.£eB~H'.!_J_H'!1.K'Y_HUE~By:'p!i:.a~3I!!.H!!.H _

TAaBa 8. 06mecTBeHHblH CTPOH lffymaHbcKoro «srsuere

151

3eMAe.n,eAb4eCKI1X npoziyxroa, peraecxemn-rx 113.n,eAI1H 11 113bICKaHHblX .n,parogeHHocTeH 113 ocezixerx reppirropaii. T ax KaK 3Ta rrpo.n,YKgl1R He MorAa rrp0I13Bo.n,I1TbCR B YCAOBI1RX CKOTOBo.n,4eCKoro X03RHCTBa, rrOAY4eHI1e ee CI1AOH I1AI1 BblMoraTeAbCTBOM OblAO nepaoouepezmoii 00R3aHHOCTblO rrpaBI1TeAR xovreacro OOIgeCTBa. Ey.n,Y411 e.n,I1HCTBeHHbIM nocpeztaaxoxr Mem.n,y KI1TaeM 11 Crern.ro, rrpaBI1TeAb HOMa.n,Horo 00- IgeCTBa I1MeA B03MomHOCTb KOHTPOAl1pOBaTb rrepepacrrpe.n,eAeHl1e .n,oObl411 11 TeM caMblM YCI1AI1BaA CBOIO COOCTBeHHYIO BAaCTb. cho noaBOARAO rro.n,.n,epmI1BaTb I1Mrrepl1lO, KOTopaR He Mor Aa CYIgeCTBOBaTb na OCHOBe 3KCTeHCI1BHOH CKOTOBo.n,4eCKoH 3KOHOMI1KI1 (Barfield, 1991; 1992; TOA,4eH, 1993; Kpa,4HH, 1996 11 .n,p.).

C 'rerten e geHTpaAI13agl111 K04eBHI1KOB OblAa npsnro nponopuaoHaAbHa BeAI1411He coceznreii 3eMAe.n,eAb4ecKoH gl1BI1Al13agl1l1. C T04KI1 3peHI1R Ml1p-CI1CTeMHOro nozixozta K04eBHI1KI1 scerzta 3aHI1MaAI1 MeCTO "noxynepaqiepan", KOTopaR oObe.n,I1HRAa B e.n,I1HOe rrpOCTpaHCTBO pa3- AI14Hble pernonaxenere 3KOHOMI1KI1 (AoKaA bHble gl1BI1Al13agl1l1, "MI1PI1Mrrepl1l1"). B Kam.n,oH AOKaAbHOH pemoHaAbHoH 30He rrOAI1TI14eCKaR CTPYKTypl1pOBaHHOCTb K04eBOH "noxynepnrpepaa" OblAa rrpRMO npoI10pgl1oHaAbHa paasrepara "R.n,pa". YlCXO,l!,R 113 sroro, 1<04eBHI1KI1 CeBepHOH Acf>PI1KI1 11 nepe.n,HeH Asna, 4TOObl roproaart, C oa311CaMI1 I1AI1 nanazta'rn na HI1X, OObe.n,I1HRAI1Cb B nxexream.re KOHcf>e.n,epagl1l1 I1AI1 Bom.n,eCTBa; HOMa.n,bl BOCT04HoeBpOrreHCKI1X creneii, CYIgeCTBOBaBWl1e na OKpal1HaX aHTI14HblX rocyztapcra, BI13aHTI111 11 pYCI1, C03.n,aBaAI1 "KBa3I1I1MrrepCKl1e" rocyzrapcr seaaonozrotiaere CTpyKTYPbl, a BO BHYTpenneii Asna, nanpnxrep. TaKI1M cpe.n,CTBOM a.n,arrTagl1l1 CTaAa "K04eBaR I1Mrrepl1R" (Lattimore, 1940; Barfield, 1981; 1992; Khazanov, 1984; C/JYPCOB, 1988; 1995; Kpa,4HH, 1992; 1996; TOA,4eH, 1993 11 .n,p.).

C 3TOH T04KI1 3peHI1R rro aHaAOr1111 C 3aKOHOM H blOTOHa MomHO BbIBeCTI1 Ml1p-CI1CTeMHbIH 3aKOH TRrOTeHI1R, cor AaCHO KOTOPOMY BeAI1- 411Ha K04eBblX oOIgecTB 11 I1X MorYIgeCTBO npaxro rrporropgl1oHaAbHbl pa3MepaM 11 CI1Ae oce.n,AO-3eMAe.n,eAb4eCKI1X oOIgecTB "geHTpa", BXO,l!,RIgI1X C HOMa.n,aMI1 B oOIgYIO pemOHaAbHYIO cynepcacrexry.

Ho 11 3TO He ace. Yl3MeHeHI1R B "geHTpe" peruonax enerx cyrrepCI1CTeM BAI1RIOT na rrpogeccbl, nponcxoztatgne B neparpepaiiasrx 11 rroAyrrepl1cf>epl1HHblX OOIgeCTBax. HOMa.n,aM HymHbl npozryxret 3eMAe.n,eAb4eCKoro X03RHCTBa, urexx, 113bICKaHHble RCTBa. nOAY411Tb I1X 11 nepepacnpeztexrrru cpe.n,11 I10.n,.n,aHHbIX xaner MOrAI1 TOAbKO OT oOIge-

CTBa co CTaOI1AbHOH 3KOHOMI14eCKOH CI1CTeMoH. T. Eapcf>I1A.n, (Barfield, 1992: 8-16) rrpOCAe.n,I1A CI1HXPOHHOCTb rtpotjeccos pOCTa 11 ynazuca 3eMAe.n,eAb4eCKI1X "Ml1p-I1MrrepI1H" 11 nepnoztoa B3AeTa 11 ynazixa CTeI1- HblX aapozioa BHYTpeHHeH Aaaa. KaK rrpaBI1AO, cavnsre BAI15ITeAbHble KI1TaHCKl1e .n,I1HaCTI1I1 CYIgeCTBOBaAI1 npaxrepno B O.n,HO BpeMR C nanOOAee MorYIgeCTBeHHblMI1 K04eBblMI1 I1MI1epI1RMI1 (XaH b - XYHHY, T an - TlOpKI1, CYH, U311Hb - MOHrOAbCKI1H YAYC).

O.n,HaKO .n,AR OCYIgeCTBAeHI1R YCI1eWHOH BoeHHOH 3KCrraHCI111 HOMa.n,aM OblAO HeoOxo.n,I1MO npezraapirrexuno OCYIgeCTBI1Tb O.n,CIO HeMaAOBamHoe YCAOBl1e - OObe.n,I1HI1Tb pasposnenm.re no sceii Teppl1TOpl111 XaAXa-MOHrOAI1I1 nxexreaa B e.n,I1Hylo CTerrHYIO I1MI1epl1lO. 04eBI1.n,HO, 4TO 3TO OblAO nozi CI1AY .n,aAeKO He Kam.n,OMY I1AeMeHHOMY aoxczuo. BOT 3.n,ecb-To 11 I1PORBARACR cyobeKTI1BHblH qiaxrop I1CTOpl14eCKOro I1pogecca. ECAI1 B Crena rrORBARACR TaAaHTAI1BblH noxxoaozteu 11 rrOAI1TI1K, KOTOPOMY COI1YTcTBoBaAa yzta-ra, HOMa.n,bl OKa3blBaAI1Cb oObe.n,I1HeHHblMI1 B e.n,I1HylO cTerrHYIO I1Mrrepl1lO. ECAI1 me aMfil1gl111 I1peBocxo.n,I1AI1 crrocOOHOCTI1 KaH.n,I1.n,aTa aa AI1.n,epcTBo I1AI1 B COOblTI1R BMeWI1BaAI1Cb cAY4aHHble ooc'roarexucraa (00Ae3Hb, waAbHaR cTpeAa 11 rrp.), CTerrb OCTaBaAaCb oe3 e.n,I1HOHa4aAI1R.

T aKI1M 00pa30M, rrpl1411Hbl B03HI1KHOBeHI1R lliymaHbcKoro xaraaara Heooxo.n,I1MO I1CKaTb KaK BO BHeWHerrOAI1TI14eCKI1X, TaK 11 BO BHYTpeHHI1X COObITI1RX. nepBoe cyrgecraeaaoe oricroarexecrso - aTO OTcYTcTBl1e geHTpaAI13agl111 aa Teppl1TOpl111 KI1TaR. B nauaxe IV B., C roro BpeMeHI1, xorzta B I1CT04HI1KaX snepaete rrORBARIOTCR CBe.n,eHI1R 0 mymarIRX, B CeBepHOM KI1Tae CYIgeCTBOBaAO ceMb caMOCTORTeAbHblX gapCTB. Ha pyfiezce IV - V BB. aa ceBepe OblAO yzse .n,BeHa.n,gaTb gapcTB 11 MI1HI1- I1Mrrepl1H, C03.n,aHHblX 3aBoeBaTeAbHblMI1 .n,I1HaCTI1RMI1 K04eBHI1KOB, a Ha tore - gapcTBo BocT04HaR U3I1Hb.

Hal100Aee CYIgeCTBeHHble COOblTI1R rrp0l130WAI1 B nocxezureii 4eTBepTI1 IV B., xorzta K04eBHI1KI1 'rofia C03.n,aAI1 aa ceaepnoii Teppl1TOpl111 KI1TaR I1Mrrepl110 CeBepHaR BaH. B OTAI1411e OT KI1TaHgeB, KOTopble HI1Kor.n,a ocooeHHO He rrpeycrreBaAI1 B OOPboe C K04eBHI1KaMI1 Ha I1X Teppl1TOpl111 (CM., nanp., 0 XYHHo-xaHbCKI1X BOHHax: Kpa,4HH, 1996: 58-63), B4epaWHI1e HOMa.n,bl rofia AerKO cwror AI1 OCYIgeCTBI1Tb TO, 4TO OblAO He nozt CI1AY oce.n,AblM mI1TeARM. OHI1 HeCKOAbKO Mo.n,l1qmgl1poBaAI1 TaKTI1KY reHepaAOB xan ecxoro I1MrrepaTopa Y -.n,I1. TooaCKl1e BOHCKa B xparxne CpOKI1 .n,OXO.n,I1AI1 .n,o I1YCTbIHI1 r 0011. 3aTeM, OCTaBI1B

15 2 ---'H'-=-.-'H:...=.-'K'-=p""a~,L{'_'_'H'_'_'H:.:_. -,Kc..:.o:o-'.l[-,=,eB""H,-,-,H,-,-,K,-,-,H~E='.B~p~a:!:3~H~H~ _

Ofi03bI, xerxaa xaaaxepns C 3anaCOM npoanarrra fibICTPO nepeceKaAa nYCTbIHIO 11 coaepuraxa CTpeMI1TeAbHbIH peHA no He3aIgl1lgeHHbIM m.ym.aHbCKI1M K04eBbRM, npnsozta nOCAeAHI1X B yacac. B OAI1H 113 nOXOAOB B 429 r. (T. e. yase B nepaozi CYIgeCTBOBaHI1R lKym.aHbcKoro xaraaara] 3q:>q:>eKT OT peHAa fibIA TaKOB, 4TO m.ym.aHI1 paCCeRAI1Cb no crena Hel13BeCTHO KYAa, a CKOT paafipexca fie3 npl1CMOTpa, caMOCTORTeA bHO AofibIBaR cefie KOpM.

C Te4eHI1eM BpeMeHI1 B KI1Tae CAOm.I1AI1Cb ABa AOBOAbHO xpynHbIX "1-!eHTpa", KOTOPbIe norAoIgaAI1 fioAee MeAKl1e BAaAeHI1R, - noAYK04eBHI14eCKaR I1Mnepl1R Tofia B3H aa ceBepe 11 1-!apcTBo C yH na tore. lKym.aHI1, xoropsre nOCTeneHHO 3aHRAI1 OCHOBHYIO 4aCTb BHewHeH MOHroAI1I1, nOCTORHHO nOABepraAI1Cb KapaTeAbHbIM HafieraM cesepoB3H1-!eB. B KOH1-!e IV B. B XaAxe He fibIAO HI1 Ml1pa, HI1 eAI1HCTBa. MOHrOAOR3bI4HbIe nAeMeHa aa BOCTOKe 11 I1X T!0PKOR3bI4HbIe cocezur aa aanazie fibIAI1 Pa3ApofiAeHbI Ha oTAeAbHbIe nAeMeHHbIe rpyrmer 11 nenpocnnsre OfibeAI1HeHI1R B BI1Ae nAeMeHHbIX COI030B 11 Bom.AeCTB. Y1x npeABOAI1TeAI1 nAeAI1 I1HTpl1rl1 11 BeAI1 fieCKOHe4HbIe Mem.AoycofiHbIe BOHHbl. B TaKOH cl1Tya1-!1111 'rpefioaa.xac e m.eAe3HaR PYKa, fie3 KOTOPOH m.ym.aHI1 CKopee scero fibIAI1 ofipe4eHbI OCTaBaTbCR pa3APofiAeHHbIMI1 AO 'rex nop, noxa I1X He BKAI0411AI1 fibI B COCTaB APyroro, fioAee xpynaoro OfibeAI1HeHI1R K04eBHI1KOB.

BOT TYT-TO 11 npORBHACR TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIH cyfibeKTI1BHbIH q:>aKTOp - I1HAI1BI1Aya.,\bHbIe cnoccoaocrn oAHoro-eAI1HCTBeHHoro 4eAOBeKa 11 CAY4aHHOe CTe4eHI1e OfiCTORTeAbCTB. TaKI1M 113fipaHHI1KOM CTaA W3AYHb - nOTOMOK B weCTOM KOAeHe OT xerenzrapnoro nepBoro npaBI1TeAR m.ym.aHeH MyrYAIoR. DYAYIgI1H OCHOBaTeAb lKym.aHbcKoH I1Mnepl111 W3AYHb, CYAR no BceMY, fibIA TaAaHTAI1BbIM nOAI1TI1KOM. KI1TaHCKl1e XPOHI1CTbI aec exra HeAeCTHO xapaKTepH30BaAH era KaK "mecToKoro" H "xirrporo 4eAOBeKa. B MOAOAOCTI1 (K com.aAeHI1IO, He 113BeCTHa AaTa ero poacAeHI1R) OH fibIA BbIHym.AeH nepeuec ru BMeCTe co CBOI1MI1 COpOAI14aMI1 ace ym.aCbl OT HaWeCTBI1H 'rofiacuee. CMepTb fiAI13KI1X 11 YHI1m.eHI1P (nOA4I1HeHl1e 11 HeBOAR, nYCTb Aam.e B AOCTaT04HO MRrKOH q:>opMe) MOrAI1 CI1AbHO nOBAI1RTb aa ero BbIfiop 11 3aKaAI1Tb xapaKTep.

B 394 r. W3AYHb ziexaer pewa!OIgI1H war. OH pasperaae'r aaccaAbHbIe OTHOWeHI1R C TofiaCKI1M xaHOM 11 fiem.I1T K ARAe, aa aanazr. TaM aa KaKl1e-TO meCTb-BoceMb AeT rzte CI1AOH, rAe XI1TPOCTbIO, eMY YAaAOC b paCnpaBI1TbCR co BCeMI1 OCHOBHbIMI1 nOAI1TI14eCKI1MI1 npo-

TI1BHI1KaMI1, B TOM 411CAe 11 C pOACTBeHHI1KaMI1 ARAI1, xoropste He npl1HRAI1 ero BAaCTb, nOA411HI1Tb 11 OfibeAI1HI1Tb MHOrl1e MOHrOAO- 11 TIOPKOR3bI<lHbIe (ra01-!3!OH1-!bI) nxeviena. B 402 r., cofipaa CBOI1X CTOPOHHI1KOB ua fiepery p. (KoAOWYH (B03MOm.HO, 3TO Xaxxa), W3AYHb OfibRBI1A 0 C03AaHI1H I1MnepCKoH KOHq:>eAepa1-!l1l1, npl1HRB TI1TyA «ereHa* (T04Hee g::J,L{orpya K::JHaHb - "xaran npaBRIgI1H 11 npl1BoARIgI1H K paCWl1peHI1IO"). OH np0l13BeA xopeunyro peOpraHl13a1-!I1!O aoenno-aztMI1HI1CTpaTI1BHOH CTpyKTYPbI m.ym.aH scxoro OfiIgeCTBa, Pa3fiI1B nacexeHl1e-BOHCKO aa COTHI1 11 TbICR411, BBeA ofiR3aTeAbHbIH Y4eT KOAI14eCTBa I1MelOIgI1XCR BOI1HOB, YCTaHOBI1A c'rporae npaaaxa nOBeAeHI1R B fiolO 11 cpOpMbI HaKa3aHI1R 3a I1X napynreaaa (MaTepl1aAbl, 1984: 267). Y1MeHHo TaK AeHcTBoBaAI1 11 3HaMeHI1TbIH npeAweCTBeHHI1K W3AYHR - XYHHCKI1H waHbIOH MOA3, 11 BnOCAeACTBl111 c03AaTeAb BeAI1KOH MOHroAbcKoH I1Mnepl111 - YI1HrH3-xaH.

C C03AaHI1eM IK ym.aH scxoro xaHCTBa Cq:>OpMl1pOBaAac b BHYTpaper-aoaax euaa TpOWIHaR c'rpyx-rypa: rOCYAapCTBO CYH (Ha tore KI1TaR) - "fiyqJepHaR" nOAYK04eBaR I1Mnepl1R T ofia B3H (Ha ceaepe KI1TaR) - m.ym.aHbCKaR I1MnepCKaR KOHcpeAepa1-!I1R (BO BHeUlHeH MOHroAI1I1) .

C TenHaH HMnepHH

WR xarana'ra fibIAI1 xapaxrepner TI1nl14Hble AAR "K04eBbIX I1MnePI1H" EBpa31111 (Kpa,L{HH, 1992: 168; Becso sce. TopeAHK, KNTUlTopHbIH, 1993: 33; TpenaBAoB, 1993: 17-18; KNTUlToPHbIH, CaBHHoB, 1994: 6 11 AP') uep'rbr aAMI1HI1CTpaTI1BHO-nOAI1TI14eCKOro YCTpoHCTBa.

1. KaraHaT fibIA TI1nl14HOH "I1MnepCKoH KOHqJeAepa1-!l1eH". noMI1MO cofiCTBeHHO m.ym.aHbCKI1X nAeMeH - MeTpOnOAl111 CTenHOI1 I1Mnepl111 - B Hero BXOAI1AI1: a) npl1HRBWl1e BaCCaAI1TeT W3AYHR APYrue 3THI14eCKI1 pOACTBeHHbIe 11 I1H03THI14HbIe "BAaAeHI1R" 11 rtxevreua: fi) npl1COeAI1HeHHbIe CI1AOH napoznsr, KaK, Hanpl1Mep, YHrYPCKl1e "KO- 4eBbR" I1AI1 nxevrenaoe OfibeAI1HeHl1e T!0PKOR3bI4HbIX HOMaAoB (no "U3!O TaH uiy" - OCTaTKI1 CIOHHY) nOA npeABOAI1TeAbCTBOM IKl1fiaeJ,!311 (MaTepl1aAbI, 1984: 269, 271, 278).

* TI1TYA «eret: suepsure OOSlBI1AOI y CSlHb6I1fl\!eB (TacKHH, 1986: 214-215).

154 H. H. Kpa,lI,HH. KOlJeBHHKH EBpa3HH

2. OCHOBOH cynjecrnoaaaaa xaHCTBa 6bIAa 3K303KcllAyaTaYHH. it)ymaHI1 B nepaozusr MoryrgecTBa npaKTI1KOBaAI1 TaK Ha3bIBaeMYlO ,lI,HCTaHYHOHHYlO 3KcnAyaTajJI11O - nOAI1TI1KY noneperaennsrx Ha6erOB 11 BbIMOraHI1H 60raTbIX noztapxos OT KHTaH (cBoe06pa3HbIH "p3KeT"), aaoera na rocyziapc-raa Cpe,ll,HeH A.3HI1 (EHIJYPHH, 19506: 247; Ma'repaaxer, 1984: 289) C jJeAblO KOHTPOAH ToprOBbIX nYTeH na sanazr a 'raxase rpa6emH CBOHX cocezieii. "Bce MeAKHe BAa,ll,eHI1H, crpaztaaWHe OT Ha6erOB 11 rpaoexseii W3AYHH, 6bIAH [KaK 6bI] aa npHBH3I1" (MaTepI1aAbI, 1984: 269). Vl3BecTHo raroxe, '-ITO TlOpKI1 nOCTaBAHAI1 mymaHHM meAe30 (EHIJYPHH, 1950a: 221, 228).

3. it)ymaHbcKoe xaHCTBO 3aHHMaAO orpoMHylO TeppI1TOpI1lO. 3anaznrere rpaHI1jJbI xaraaa'ra ,lI,OXO,ll,HAI1 ,lI,0 p. VlAH H T apI1MCKOH ana,lI,HHbI. BOCTO'-lHble - ,lI,0 rpaHHjJ KI1,l1,aHeH H Korype, ceaepm-re - ,lI,0 DaHKaAa 11 BepXOBbeB AMypa, IOmHbIe - ,lI,0 BeAI1KOH nYCTbIHI1 r 0611 (MaTepI1aAbI, 1984: 269, 289, 408, npI1M. 22). OH 6bIA pa3,l1,eAeH na sanaztaoe 11 BOCTO'-lHOe KpbIAbH, O,ll,HaKO H3BeCTHO, '-ITO ,lI,yaAbHa51 opranaaauaa 3aqJHKCI1pOBaHa y mymaHeH erge B ,lI,OI1MnepCKHH nepHO,ll, (MaTepI1aAbI, 1984: 267, 273). nepBOHa'-laAbHO npasarexe BOCTO'-lnoro KpbIAa C4I1TaACH 60Aee BbICOKI1M no CTaTYCY (MaTepHaAbI, 1984: 267), O,ll,HaKO BnOCAe,ll,CTBI1I1 3TOT nopsztox, nO-BI1,l1,HMOMY, I13MeHHACH na npOTHBOnOAOiKHbIH (MaTepI1aAbI, 1984: 273, 278, 285).

4. OorgpcTBeHHaH opranaaauna it)ymaHbcKoH I1MnepI1I1 6bIAa OCHOaaua no "gOE'HHO-I1epapXI1'-1eCKoMy" npI1HjJI1ny. B "BelH ury" co06rgaeTCH, '-ITO B aa-raxe V B. W3AYHb BBeA TaK Ha3bIBaeMYIO ",lI,eCHTH'-IHYIO" CHCTeMY: "BnepBble YCTaHOBI1A aoemnsre 3aKOHbI, no KOTOPbIM 1000 '-IeAOBeK COCTaBAHAH OTpH,lI, (Y310Hb), BO rxaae OTpH,lI,a CTaBI1ACH na'-IaAbHI1K, a 100 '-IeAOBeK COCTaBAHAI1 3HaMH (lJyaH), BO rwaee 3HaMeHI1 CTaBHACH BOm,ll,b" (MaTepI1aAbI, 1984: 269). TepMI1H "Ha'-laAbHI1K" (Y3flH) MomHO nepeaecrn TaKme KaK "renepax", a Bom,ll,b (waYH) KaK "npezraozurrexe" I1AI1 "KoMaH,lI,I1p". H. 51. DI1'-1YPI1H nepeBeA 3TI1 na- 3BaHHH COOTBeTCTBeHHO KaK "npe,ll,BO,ll,I1TeAb" H "Ha'-laAbHI1K" (1950a: 187). VlHTepecHo, '-ITO '-IYTb HI1me "B3H Woy" coorngaer 0 ,lI,eKAapaTHBHOM xapaxrepe ,lI,aHHoro HOBoBBe,ll,eHHH. B '-IaCTHOCTH, 3,l1,ecb ec're ,lI,aHHbIe 0 TOM, '-ITO BOeHa'-laAbHI1KI1 no-npemHeMy AHWb npI16AI1- 3HTeAbHO nO,ll,C'-IHTbIBaAI1 '-IHCAO BOHHOB, '-ITO HeY,ll,HBHTeAbHO, sezu., CKopee scero, BOI1HCKHe CPOpMI1pOBaHI1H 06pa30BbIBaAHCb aa OCHOBe PO,ll,OBbIX 11 nAeMeHHbIX cerMeHTOB. ::ho cnpaBe,ll,AI1BO B OTHOWeHI1I1 He TOAbKO mymaHeH, HO 11 ,lI,pymx K04eBHI1KOB EBpa3I1I1 (Kpa,lI,HH, 1992:

rAaBa 8. 06IL{eCTBeHHbIH CTpOH l/)Y)ffaHbcKoro KaraHaTa 155

142-143). TeM He MeHee 3TO 6bIA Ka'-leCTBeHHbIH war snepezr nocKOAbKY TaKaH paCCTaHOBKa 3Ha'-lHTeAbHO noasnuaxa CI1AY mymaHbcKoro BoHCKa. APMHH, HMelOrgaH 60Aee OpraHI130BaHHYIO crpyxrypy (rrpa npO'-lI1X cpaKTopax), 06Aa,ll,aeT 60AbWI1M npeI1MyrgecTBoM B cpaBHeHI1I1 C BOHCKOM, He HMelOrgI1M HI1KaKOH I1AI1 xyzuuyro BoeHHYIO OpraHI13ajJI1lO. BoeHHaH I1CTOPHH ,lI,aeT MHomeCTBO npar-iepoa, Kor,ll,a MaAO'-lI1CAeHHble apMI1H n06em,ll,aAH npeBOCXO,ll,HrgI1X npOTI1BHI1KOB TOAbKO H3-3a 'roro, '-ITO I1MeAI1 Ay4WylO OpraHI13ajJI1lO. He AI1WHI1M 6Y,ll,eT HanOMHHTb, '-ITO pe'-lb H,lI,eT 0 nAeMeHHOM 06rgecTBe, ,lI,AH xoroporo 6a3I1CHbIe npllHjJHnbI COjJI1aAbHOH OpraHI13ajJI1I1 6bIAI1 COBceM ,lI,pymMI1, OTAI1'-1HbIMH OT OCHOB r-ocyziapcraennoro oorgecTBa, ocaosannoro na AerHTI1MHOM npI1Hym,ll,eHHI1.

5. B cAy'-lae He06xo,ll,HMOCTH aoennsre ,lI,eHCTBHH BeAHCb nozipaazte-

AeHHHMH, COCTaBAeHHbIMH 113 nAE'MeH, KOlJYlOrgI1X na ,lI,aHHOH TeppI1TOpI1H. no Mepe Ha,ll,06HOCTI1 BOHCKa C06I1paAI1Cb CO scex nAeMeH 11 60- xee KpynHbIx 06'be,ll,HHeHI1H, BXO,ll,HrgI1X B xaranar (MaTepI1aAbI, 1984: 275). A npa KpaHHeH onaCHOCTH 06'bHBAHAaCb BCE'06rgaH MymCKaH M06I1AH3ajJI1H. Bcero B nepnozu-r uaaasrcurero MoryrgeCTBa (pe4b I1,l1,eT o 470-x H 520-x r-r.}, no CBe,ll,eHHHM KI1TaHCKI1X XPOHI1CTOB, mymaHI1 MOrAI1 BbICTaBI1Tb OT 100 ,lI,0 300 TblC. BoopymeHHbIX Bca,ll,HI1KOB (MaTepHaAbI, 1984: 287, 290). :::ho npI1MepHO cOnOCTaBI1MO (ocooeaao eCAI1 YlJeCTb nOlJTI1 O,ll,I1HaKOBbIe rpaHHjJbI) C LII1CAE'HHOCTbIO BOOpymeHHblX CI1A XYHHCKOH ,lI,epmaBbI (Kpa,lI,HH, 1996: 34- 36) 11 ,lI,pymx CTenHbIX HMnE'pI1H UeHTpaAbHoH A.3I1I1. npaB,lI,a, nazto I1ME'Tb B BI1,l1,y, '-ITO 06rgaH npO,ll,oAmI1TeAbHOcTb BpeMeHI1 cyrgecTBOBaHI1H it)ymaHbcxoro xaranara (nOATopa CTOAeTI1H) 6bIAa MeHbwe, '-IeM BpeMH cyrgecTBOBaHHH I1MnepHH-,lI,OArOmI1TeAeH - XYHHCKOH ,lI,epmaBbI H 30AOTOH Op,ll,bJ. Ho OHa BnOAHE' COOTBeTCTBOBaAa "cpe,ll,HeCTaTHCTI1lJeCKHM HOpMaM mH3HH" KOlJeBbIX HMnepI1H EBpa3I1I1. B TO me BpeMH B I1CTOPI1H caxroro it)ymaHbcKoro xaraaara MomHO OTMeTI1Tb CBOH nO,ll,'beMbI 11 nazienaa. no BceH BH,lI,HMOCTH, MomHO BbI,lI,eAHTb ,lI,Ba r AaBHbIX nI1Ka MoryrgecTBa mymaHeH: a) nepBOHalJaAbHbIH B3AeT npn OCHOBaTeAe HMnepHI1 W3AYHe Hero 6AHmaHWHX npeeMHI1KaX B 402-429 rr.; 6) nO,ll,'beM 11 pa3BI1THe npoueccoa KHTaI13ajJI1I1 npI1 npaBAeHI1I1 AHarYH B 521-552 rr. B TOT me nepnozt MomHO 3acpI1KCI1pOBaTb ,lI,Ba HaH60- xee cyrgecTBeHHbIx KpH3I1Ca xaHCTBa, cooTBeTcTBeHHo, B 438-470 11 519-521 rr.

156 --'H=--=..o.~Ho..=._'K'__=pc::ar=.4>.:..H'_"H:.:.._'K~02LJ_=eB""H~H~K~HC'..._!E=BP~a~.3~H.'.!.H:!_ _

6. npaBHTeAb xaHCTBa ofiAaAaA THTYAOM «ersne, BBeAeHHbIM Y fKYfKaHeH, KaK 3TO yxce fibIAO OTMelIeHO BbIwe, W3AYHeM. BAacTb nepe.aaaaxace no HaCAeAcTBY no npJlMOH HAH fiOKOBOH AHHHH B paMKax ozuroro npaaaigero pozta.

7. CHcTeMa KOHTPOAJI H ynpaBAeHHJI, C TOlIKH 3peHHJI KHTaH\JeB, fibIAa TpaAH\JHOHHO "npocra" (Marepaaxi», 1984: 289). "nHCbMeH ANI sanaceii He fibIAO, n03TOMY HalIaAbHHKH H BOfKAH npHfiAH3HTeAbHO nOAClIHTbIBaAH lIHCAO BOHHOB, HcnOAb3YJI npn 3TOM OBelIHH nOMeT, HO BnOCAeAcTBHH [fKyaHbfKyaHH] XOPOWO HaYlIHAHCb AeAaTb 3anHCH C nOMorgblO sapyoox na ziepese" (MaTepHaAbI, 1984: 269; Cpo To.IICTOB, 1948: 258). KaraH PYKOBOAHA nAeMeHaMH H3 CBoeH CTaBKH. CTaBKa (THH) xarana, no AaHHbIM HCTOlIHHKOB, aaxozmxac e npamepno K ceaepo-aanaziy OT faHbcy (Marepna.o», 1984: 269). MOHroAbcKHe HCTOPHKH pacno.var-aror ee K ceBepy OT XaHraHcKoro xpefrra, aa fiepery Opxoua (VICTOPHJI MHP, 1983: 107). OAHaKo B03MOfKHO, lITO B paaaere nepnozter HCTOPHH fKYfKaHeH ee MeCTonOAOfKeHHe MeHJlAOCb. BnOCAeACTBHH CTaBKOH CTaA AereHAapHbIH ropozi MYM01I3H (XaH.4- Cyp3H, 1973). no sceii BHAHMOCTH, AAJI ocofio BafKHbIX AeA corinpaxcs COBeT BbICWHX AOAfKHOCTHbIX AH\J CTenHOH HMnepHH, xoropsre npaes?KaAH aa Hero H3 CBOHX yAyCOB (MaTepHaAbI, 1984: 292).

OTHorneHHH c KHTaeM

BHeWHJIJI nOAHTHKa iKYfKaHbcKoro rcaranara CTpOHAaCb aa TpaAHJHOHHbIX ,lI,AJI HOMaAoB BHYTpeHHeH fuHH npHH\JHnax. VI3 HeCKOAbKHX <AaCCHlIeCKHX c'rparernii no OTHoweHHIO K cocezunur 3eMAeAeAblIec<liM HapoAaM (rpaoeaor, AHCTaH\JHOHHaJI 3KcnAyaTa\JHJI, AaHHHlIeCT- 30, MHrpa\JHJI C nOCAeAYlOrgeH aCCHMHAJI\JHeH) OHH BbIfipaAH MeTOA ~aBAeHHJI Ha KHTaHCKHe \JapCTBa Ha paCCTOJlHHH nYTeM lIepeAOBaHHJI ratieroa C nepHoAaMH MHpHoro BbIMOraHHJI fioraTbIX nOAapKOB.

TaKaJl nepHoAHlIHOCTb B HCTOPHH iKYfKaHbCKoro xaraaara rpHKCHiyerca HenOCTOJlHHO, OAHaKO MOfKHO BbIAeAHTb HeCKOAbKO xapaKTepIbIX MOMeHTOB. nOCAe HafierOB 402, 406, 409 H 415 rr. cAeAoBaAH reperosoper H 3aKAIOlIaAHCb MHpHbIe ztoroaopsr (Marepnaxer, 1984: ~70, 278). CXOfKaJl cHTya\JHJI HafiAIOAaAaCb nocxe B3aHMHbIX nafieroa ~28-429 rr., xorzia B 431 H 434 rr. fibIA npOH3BeAeH ofiMeH nOCOAbTBaMH H AapaMH. 3aTeM HHH\JHaTHBa nepeurxa K Tofiac\JaM, xoropere

_ __ =-r.::_..!I"'a=B_:_ac.....=8_;_. _O=-:6,-"lJ{o:>..::e..::C.:..TB=.e::::.:H~H:..:.b=I:.:.H:._· ..::.C..:..Tc:.P..::.O.:..:H,---=-,?ff:..=.Lf.:.:?K:.::a=.:H:..:.b=cK:..:.o:::;r:._:o:._c;:K.:..::a:.:_T..=:a.:.:H:.:;:a_:_T""a_ 157

B nepnoz; 438-470 rr. AOCTaTOlIHO pery.aapno rpOMHAH fKYfKaHbCKHe KOlIeBbJl H OTpafKaAH pezixae aaoern H3 XaAxH. .llHnAoMaTHlIecKHe ofiMeHbI nOCOAbCTBaMH fibIAH npepBaHbI. ECAH YlIeCTb, lITO B 438 r. BHewHlO1O MOHroAHIo nOCTHrAa CHAbHaJl sacyxa H y Hac HeT HHKaKHX AaHHbIX of HX YAalIHbIx noxoziax aa 3anaAHbIX H BOCTOlIHbIX cocezieii, TO, BCpOJlTHee scero, 3TO fibIAO ouen e TJlfKeAOe BPCMJI AAJI xarana'ra. T PYAHO Aa?Ke npeACTaBHTb, KaKOH lJeHOH xaranara T YX31IfK3HIO H lOH1I3HY YAaAOCb coxpamrre eAHHCTBO KOHq>eAepa\JHH.

BOCCTaHOBAeHHe AHnAOMaTHlIeCKHX ofiMeHOB nOCOAbCTBaMH H Aapaxn: npOH30WAO B 476 r., xorzra xan lOH1I3H nonpOCHA BbIAaTb 3a Hero 3aMYfK KHTaHCKYIO npHH\Jeccy. MOfKHO npeztnoxarar», lITO C 3TOro BpeMeHH ofiMeH nOAapKaMH nponcxozntx AOCTaTOlIHO peryxapno, B TelIeHHe npasrepno AeCJlTH AeT .

.llaAee, B rOAbI \JapCTBOBaHHJI xaraaa .ll0YAYHJI (485-492 rr.) KOlIeBHHKH nOMeHJlAH TaKTHKY B OTHOWeHHJlX C CeBepHoH B3H. OHH CTaAH nepHoAHlIeCKH TpeBOfKHTb ee rpaHH\JbI narierasia. B 492 r. TepneHHIO HMnepaTopa T ooa XYHa npmuex KOHe\J, H OH nOCAaA 70 TbIC. BcaAHHKOB pacnpaaar sca C HOMaAaMH. Pe3YAbTaTbI aroro noxozia B3H Woy He coofitgaer, CYAJ! no lIeMY MOfKHO AoraAaTbCJI, lITO ocooenao nOXBaCTaTbCJI fibIAO HelJeM. npaBAa, 3TO CofibITHe HMeAO KOCBeHHhIe nocAeACTBHJI. nOAb3YJlCb HeCTafiHAbHOH OfiCTaHOBKOH B MOHrOAbCKHX CTenJlX, yHrypCKHH BOfKAb ArpYlIfKHAO BO rxaae 100 TbIC. IOpT (eABa AH He scex TIOPKOJl3bIlIHbIX K04eBHHKOB, BXOAHBWHX B COCTaB aanaziaoro KpbIAa HMnepCKOH KOHqleAepa\JHH) OTKOlIeBaA ua aanazi . .llaHHoe 06CTOJlTeAbCTBO CTaAO npHlIHHOH CBepfKeHHJI H yfiHHCTBa .ll0YAYHJI.

npH xaraue HaraHe OTHOWeHHJI MefKAY fKYfKaHJlMH H ceBepOB3H\JaMH BHOBb OKa3aAHCb 3aMopOfKeHHbIMH. B 3TOT nepnozi CeBepHaJI B3H OKOH4aTeAbHO rtpesparaxace H3 BOHHCTBeHHoro roCYAapCTBa saaoeBaTeAeH KOlIeBHHKOB H 3eMAeAeAb\JeB B KAaCCHlIeCKoe KHTaHCKoe rocyAapCTBO. nOCAe CMep-rH HaraJI B 506 r. xaraner CDyry H YOYHY HeOAHOKpaTHO nbITaAHCb B0306HOBHTb AHnAOMaTHlIeCKHe KOHTaKTbI C KHTaeM, OAHaKO TO_\bKO C BO\JapeHHeM B 519 r. Anarya nOAHTHlIeCKHe OTHOWeHHJI MefKAY HOMaAaMH H KHTaH\JaMH BOCCTaHOBHAHCb nOAHOCTblO. AHaryii 6bIA HYfKeH KHTaHCKHM HMnepaTopaM B Ka4eCTBe MOrgHOH BoeHHOH CHAbI, KOTOPOH K TOMY BpeMeHH Y HHX caMHX yace He 6b1A0. B 525-527 rr. ?KYfKaHH YlIaCTBOBaAH B nOAaBAeHHH BOCCTaHHH aa reppaTOpHH CeBepHoH B3H, nOfKHBHBWHCb 3a ClIeT fiYHToBrgHKOB BAaAeHHH.

158 ~f!~.~f!~.~f(~p~a~4~H~H~.~f(~o2~~eB~H~H~K~H~E~-~Bp~a~3~H~H~ __

C TaTYC KOlleBHI1KOB B OTHOWeHI1RX C KI1TaHCKI1MI1 rOCY.ZJ,apCTBaMI1 HeCKOAbKO paa MeHRACR. E. Y1. KblllaHoB (1997: 78) nauie r, liTO OTHOWeHI1R Mem.ZJ,Y mymaHRMI1 11 ceBepOKI1TaHCKI1MI1 ljapCTBaMI1 CTpOI1AI1Cb Ha npl1Hljl1naX Tpa.ZJ,l1lj110HHOrO KI1TaHCKOro .ZJ,l1nAOMaTl1l1eCKOrO 3TI1KeTa, HO C YlIeTOM CI1Abl Kam.ZJ,oH 113 CTOpOH. T ax, W3AYHb aaKAlOlIl1A C npaBI1TeAeM HeOOAbworo ljapCTBa Xoy l!I1Hb ".ZJ,orOBOp 0 Ml1pe, OCHOBaHHOM aa p0.ZJ,CTBe"(X.SlQHHb). B OTHOWeHI1RX C TooaCKOH I1Mnepl1eH CeBepHaR B3H mymaHI1 nepBOHallaAbHO ClIl1TaAI1Cb BaCCaAaMI1 (~.SlHb). B 506 r. OHI1 I1MeAI1 CTaTYC "BaCCaAbHOrO rocyziapcrna" (rpaHb AH), XOTR Hepe.ZJ,KO BeAI1 ceOR B OTHOWeHI1RX C KI1TaHCKI1MI1 ljapCTBaMI1 KaK pasaonpaaasre naprnepei. BnocAe.ZJ,cTBI1I1, C OCAaOAeHl1eM ceaeposaiiuea, 11 3TOT CTaTYC OblA 113MeHeH na paBHblH KI1TaHljaM (AHHb 4H KaH AH).

HOMa.ZJ,bl .ZJ,apl1AI1 npaBI1TeARM KI1TaHCKI1X I1AI1 nOAYKI1TaHCKI1X roCY.ZJ,apCTB xouraaeii, .ZJ,pyme BI1.ZJ,bl mI1BOTHbIX, nywHI1HY (MaTepl1aAbl, 1984: 267, 274, 277, 279, 290). OTBeTHble nO.ZJ,apKI1 KI1TaHljeB, KaK Obi I1X HI1 paCCMaTpl1BaTb - orxynoxt aa Ml1p I1AI1 meAaHl1eM npozteMOHCTpl1pOBaTb caoe npeBOCXO.ZJ,CTBO Ha.ZJ, sepaapaxnt (.ZJ,YMalo, liTO cnpaBeNI1Bbl ooe TOllKI1 3peHI1R, nepBaR - 3TO B3rAR.ZJ, na CYIgeCTBO .ZJ,eAa CO CTOPOHbl KOqeBHI1Ka, aropaa - B3rAR.ZJ, CO CTOPOHbl IjI1BI1AI130BaHHO·· ro KOHCPYl1l1aHlja), OblAI1 HaMHoro OOAbwe. OHI1 nOCblAaAI1 xarauaxr B C 'rene 3HaKI1 OTAl1l1l1R NR npaBI1TeAeH, TKaHI1, MO.ZJ,HYIO o.ZJ,em.ZJ,Y, oora TO yxpatueuuere npe.ZJ,MeTbl soopyaseana, MY3blKaAbHble I1HCTpYMeHTbI. npollylo YTBapb .ZJ,BopljOBoro OblTa. B aCCOpTI1MeHT 00R3aTeAbHO BXO.ZJ,I1All npO.ZJ,YKTbl 11 WeAK (MaTepl1aAbl, 1984: 273, 283, 291, 294). Hl1l1ero He cOOOIgaeTCR 0 nOCTaBKax KOlleBHI1KaM BI1Ha. Y1HTepecHO OTMeTI1Tb. liTO nOA YKOlleBHl1l1eCKl1e .ZJ,I1HaCTI1I1 OT.ZJ,apl1BaAl1 mymaHeH raxase Tl1nl1l1- HblMI1 NR HOMa.ZJ,OB .ZJ,apaMI1 - CTenHblMI1 mepeOljaMI1, BepOAlo.ZJ,aMI1. I1HblMI1 nopO.ZJ,aMI1 CKOTa, OOAbWI1MI1 CfiOPHblMI1 WaTpaMI1 NR xaHOB 11 I1X npl1bAl1meHHblX (MaTepl1aAbl, 1984: 283).

4apoobMeH conpoaoacztaxcs nepeziacreii OCPl1ljl1aAbHblX nncerct .ZJ,pyr .ZJ,pyry. nO.ZJ,apKI1 KI1TaHljeB MOrAI1 npezmaanauar eca He TOAbKO xarany. HO 11 ero npl10AI1meHHbiM (MaTepl1aAbl, 1984: 287). O.ZJ,HaKo MomH(' npe.ZJ,nOAOmI1Tb, vrro xamsr .ZJ,OAmHbl bblAI1 crporo CAe.ZJ,I1Tb aa TeM, lITObbl rAaBHblH KaHaA BHYTpeHHeH BAaCTI1 He BbIXO.ZJ,I1A 113-no.ZJ, I1X KOHTpOAR.

KpOMe ObMeHa npe.ZJ,MeTaMI1 npec'ntzs aoro nOTpebAeHI1R KOlleBHI1Kl1 11 KI1TaHljbl f1blTaAI1Cb CKpenARTb .ZJ,l1nAOMaTl1l1eCKl1e COI03bl .ZJ,I1HaCTl1l1eC

KI1MI1 OpaKaMI1. B 434 r. xaran YTI1 B3RA B meHbl npl1Hgeccy 113 CeBepHOH B3H, O.ZJ,HOBpeMeHHO OT.ZJ,aB nxmeparopy T ofia r ao B HaAOmHl1ljbl MAa.ZJ,wylO cecrpy. B 476-478 rr. xaraa lOHlI3HY norraxca .ZJ,ObI1TbCR PYKI1 KI1TaHCKOH ceBepoB3HcKOH npl1HgecCbJ. O.ZJ,HaKo 113-3a KaKI1X-TO pa3HOr AaCI1H Mem.ZJ,y mymaHRMI1 11 TooacgaMI1 COlO3HblH .ZJ,orOBOp He ObrA 3aKAIOlIeH 11 opaK paCCTpOI1ACR. B rO.ZJ,bl npaBAeHI1R nOCAe.ZJ,Hero 113 aBTOpl1TeTHblX mymaHbcKI1X KaraHOB AHarYR OblAO HeCKOAbKO cxyuaea 3aKAIOlIeHI1R .ZJ,l1nAOMaTl1l1eCKI1X fipaKOB. B 3TOT nepnozt CeBepHYIO B3H yme AI1XOpa.ZJ,I1AO OT BHYTpeHHI1X nOTpRCeHI1H. B 533 r. xaraa .ZJ,OfiI1ACR Bbl.ZJ,alll1 3aMym aa csoero CbIHa KI1TaHCKOH npl1HgecCbI. BnocAe.ZJ,cTBI1I1, xorzta I1Mnepl1R Cesepnas B3H pa3.ZJ,eAI1AaCb, Mem.ZJ,y KI1TaHCKI1MI1 IjapcTBaMI1 nauaxocb COnepHl1l1eCTBO .sa .ZJ,pymfiy C KOlleBHI1KaMI1. B 3TOT nepaozi HOMa.ZJ,bl CTaAl1 npl1HI1MaTb yuacrue B ycofil1gax Mem.ZJ,y ceBepOKI1TaHCKI1MI1 ljapCTBaMI1 11 BeCTI1 cefiR ouem. caMOYBepeHHO. AI1 .HHbWOY ceryer, uro C 3TOro BpeMeHI1 xarau AHarYH CTaA "npORBARTb BbICOKOMepl1e, rpyoo HapYWaA npaBI1Aa nOBe.ZJ,eHI1R 11, nocerxan nOCAOB AAR npe.ZJ,OCTaBAeHI1R .ZJ,BOpy .ZJ,a HI1 , fiOAbwe He Ha3bIBaA cefia cAyroH" (MaTepl1aAbl, 1984: 293). T axoe noxoaseaae npO.ZJ,OAmaAOCb BnAOTb .ZJ,O pasrpor-ta iKymaHbcKoH .ZJ,epmaBbl B 552-555 rr.

B.I\aCTb H HaC.I\eAOBaHHe

BAaCTb npaBI1TeAR crennoro ofiIgecTBa OCHOBbIBaAaC b na BHeWHI1X I1CTOllHI1KaX (Barfield, 1981; 1992; rOA,4eH, 1993; f(pa,4HH, 1996: 100-114 11 .ZJ,p.). KaraH RBARACR BepXOBHblM BOeHaqaAbHI1KOM my: maHbCKOH .ZJ,epmaBbl 11 I1MeA MOHOnOAI110 na npe.ZJ,CTaBAeHl1e CBOel1 "IOPTOllHOH .ZJ,epmaBbl" (ro AO) BO BHeWHenOAI1Tl1l1eCKI1X OTHOlUeHI1RX C .ZJ,pyrl1MI1 CTpaHaMI1 11 HapO.ZJ,aMI1. B KOHeqHOM CqeTe ace 3TO CBO.ZJ,I1AOCb K cnOCOOHOCTI1 xaraua npaBI1AbHO OpraHI130BaTb XO.ZJ, fioeBblX .ZJ,eHCTBI1H B aoenaoe BpeMR, lITOfibl ofiecnevnrr» CBOI1X nO.ZJ,.ZJ,aHHblX .ZJ,oobllleH, 11 OT ero YMeHI1R HaAa.ZJ,I1Tb .ZJ,l1nAOMaTJ1lleCKl1e OTHOWeHI1R C KI1TaHCKI1MI1 .ZJ,I1HaCTI1RMI1, lITOfibl cHafi.ZJ,I1Tb CBOI1X cnO.ZJ,Bl1mHI1KOB 60raTblMI1 "no.ZJ,apKaMI1".

nOCKOAbKY OT BOHHbl 3aBI1CeAO 6AarOCOCTORHI1e scex IOpl1.ZJ,J1lleCKI1 noxnonpaanerx HOMa.ZJ,OB, BHe 3aBI1CI1MOCTI1 OT I1X aoeaaoro 11 a.ZJ,MI1- HI1CTpaTI1BHOrO c raryca, B 06rgecTBe CyIgeCfBOBa~,a CTporaR BoeHHaR .ZJ,I1Cljl1nAI1Ha. "To My, KTO nepBblM BpbIBaACR B pR.ZJ,bl npOTI1BHI1Ka, ma-

160 ~fi~.~fi~.~f(~p~a~A~H~H~.~f(~o~~~e~B~H~H~KH~~~B~p~a3~H~H~ __

AOBaAHCb nxemrere H 3aXBa4eHHaJl .D,00b14a, a 'roro, KTO H3-3a TPYCOCTH o rcrynax, YOHBaAH, opocaJl B rOAOBY KaMHH, HAH me, xorzta npeztc raaAJlAaCb B03MomHOCTb, OHAH oaToraMH*" (MaTepHaAbl, 1984: 269).

KaraH W3AYHb, corxacno KHTaHCKHM AeTonHc~aM, oOAa.D,aA yHHBepcaAbHbIMH Ka4eCTBaMH AH.D,epa aBTOKpaTH4eCKoro 'rnna: "mecToKOCTblO" ("xpaopocTblO"?), "XHTPOCTblO", YMeHHeM rrpHcrrocaoAHBaTbO! rc OOCTOJlTeAbCTBaM. ltiecToKHM ObIA, nanparaep, H .ll0YAYHb-KaraH, O.D,HaKO, naaepnoe, BamHee ObIAO He YMeHHe aanyra'rt, CBOHX nO.D,.D,aHHbIX, a peWHTeAbHOCTb, CMeAOCTb npaBHTeAJI. YIMeHHo 3TO npnztaaaxo AH.D,epy CTOAb HeOOXO.D,HMYIO xapH3MY.

OT meCTOKoro, He nOAb3YIOIgerOCJI aBTopHTeTOM HAH HeY.D,a4AHBoro rcaraaa MomHO OblAO OTK04eBaTb. T axaa nparcrnxa H3BeCTHa B HCTOPHH k!eHTpaAbHOH fuHH Ha4HHaJl erge C XYHHCKoro BpeMeHH. CAY4aH OTKOlJeBKH nAeMeHHbIX Bom.D,eH pasuoro paura OT mymaHeH Hd. tor K KHTaH~aM ynoMHHalOTCJI B HCT04HHKax, B 4aCTHOCTH, noz; 404,411,449, 458, 520 H 521 rr. O.D,HaKo, BepOJlTHO, caxioe aenpunruoe COOblTHe CAY4HAOCb B 492 r., xorzia npH meCTOKOM xaraae .ll0YAYHe xpaopbIH YHrypcKHH npe.D,BO.D,I1TeAb AcpY4mHAo B03rAaBHA 100 TbIC. IOpT CBOHX COOTe4eCTBeHHHKOB H OTK04eBaA C HHMH OT mymaHeH aa sanazt. CDaKTH4eCKH ~eAblH cpAaHr KOH(t>e.D,epa~HH OKa3aACJI orOAeHHbIM.

ltiymaHJlM OblAO HeooXO.D,HMO AIOOOH ~eHoH BOCCTaHOBHTb no'repn. .L0J1 aror-o .D,Be apMHH OblAH OTnpaBAeHbI B noromo. nepBYIo B03rAaBAJIA xaraa .ll0YAYHb, BTOPOH PYKOBO.D,HA ero AJIAJI HaraH. "B3H my" coorngae-r, 4TO xaraa norepnex HeCKOAbKO rropameHHH OT YHrypoB, a HaraH, HanpOTHB, see CBOH cpameHHJI npOTHB YHrypoB BbIHrpaA.

.llaAee B HCT04HHKe npHBO.D,HTCJI HHTepecHblH paCCKa3 00 ocofierrHOCTJlX npe.D,cTaBAeHHH 0 BAaCTH B mymaHbcKOM oorgecTBe. BCAe.D,cTBHe HeY.D,a4HoH BoeHHOH KaMnaHHH H, BepOJlTHO, He oe3 'roro, 4TO xan OblA 04eHb JKeCTOK, Y nO.D,.D,aHHbIX CAO)KHAOCb MHeHHe, 4TO .ll0YAYHb AHWHACJI CBoeH xapH3Mbl H He cnocofieu OOAee ooecrrelmBaTb nozt.D,aHHbIM nOKpOBHTeAbCTBO Heoa. HarrpOTHB, KaK .D,OCAOBHO aanncano B TeKCTe, "see myaHbmyaHH C4HTaAH, 4TO HaralO noxtoraer Heoo". HOMa.D,bl XOTeAH nOCTaBHTb ero BMeCTO csoero HeY.D,a4AHBoro rrpaBHTeAJI. HaraH He corAaWaACJI H.D,TH npOTHB Tpa.D,H~HH, HO Bepa B ero H30paHHOCTb, BH.D,HMO, ObIAa CTOAb BeAHKa, 4TO K04eBHHKH caMH ua-

PYWHAH nOpJl.D,OK rrpeCTOAOHaCAe.D,HJI, YOHAH xaraaa Hero OAHmaHWHX pO.D,CTBeHHHKOB H B03BeAH Har-as aa TpOH (MaTepHaAbl, 1984: 278).

.llaHHbIH paCCKa3 JlBAJleTCJI OAeCTJlIgHM npnraepoxi TaK Ha3bIBaeMoro Tpa.D,H~HOHHoro 'rnna rocnoztcraa (IIO M. Beoepy), OCHOBaHHoro aa yoem.D,eHHH B CBJlrgeHHoM, nenpepexaexroxi xapax repe Tpa.D,H~HH, aapyureuae KOTOPbIX Be.D,eT K TJlmeAbIM lVIarHKo-peAHrH03HbIM rrOCAe.D,CTBHJlM. BCJI 4eAOBe4eCKaJl .D,eJlTeAbHOCTh E TaKOM cO~HyMe Ha~eAeHa Ha BocrrpOH3BO.D,CTBO OOIgHOCTH H ofiecrre-retute nopazuca, YCTpaHJlI0Igero xaoc H HeCTaOHAbHOCTb. AerHTHMHoCTh Tpa.D,H~H:)HHoro rocnoztc'raa Oa3HpyeTcJI Ha sepe B HaCAe.D,CTBeHHbIe cnOCOOHOCTH npamrrexeii H mpe~OB B3aHMO.D,eHCTBOBaTb C rrOTYCTOPOHHHMH CHAaMH B ~eAJlX OKa- 3aHHJI C HX CTOPOHbI rrOKpOBHTeAbCTBa csoexry Hapo.D,y.

Bce mymaHbcKHe xaransr, HaqHHaJl C W:'lAYHJI, JlBAJlAHCb npeztCTaBHTeAJlMH ozuroro rrpaBJlrgero pO.D,a rrOTOMKOB OT MH(flOAOrHqeCKOro nepaonpeztxa mymaHeH MyrYAIOJI, ObIBwero, corwacno KHTaHCKHM xpOHHKaM, oerAbIM paooM. BrrpOqeM, ocooenasrx OCHOBaHHH .D,OBepJlTb KHTaHCKHM HCTOqHHKaM HeT. 3TO THrrHqHaJl .D,AJI KHTaHCKHX HCTOPHKOB BCTaBKa, npezuraaaacreunaa rrpO.D,eMOHCTpHpOBaTb HH3Koe nponcxozc.D,eHHe H BapBapCKYIO CyrgHOCTb ceBepHblX KOqeBHHKOB.

B HCTOlHlHKax 3a(tIHKCHpOBaHO 16 CAy"at'B nepeztaua npecroxa.

B 8 cAyqaJlX TpOH HaCAe.D,OBaACJI no npJlMOH AHHHH - 7 pa3 OT OT~a K CblHY H O.D,HH pas naooopo'r". B 8 CAy"aJlX THTyA xaraua rrt'peXO.D,HA rro OOKOBOH AHHHH - OT opaTa K opaTy HAH OT l\JI.D,H K rrACMJlHHHKY. YIHTepecHO, -rro Bee HaCAt' .D,OBaHHJI npeCTOAa rro npJlMOH AHHHH npoXO.D,HAH MHpHO. B TO me BpeMJI B 5 cAyqaJlX H3 8 rrepe.D,alJa TpOHa rro OOl<OBOH AHHHH corrpOBom.D,aAac b KOHCPAHKTHOH cHTya~HeH (AHOO rrpJlMaJl y3yprra~HJI, AHOO YOHHCTBO xarana C rrOCAt'.D,yIorgHM B03Be.D,eHHeM aa npeCTOA OOAee npHeMAeMoro KaH.D,H.D,aTa). OqeBH.D,HO, 'ITO BCJlKHH xararr CTpeMHACJI rrcpC.D,aTb npeCTOA CBoeMY CTapweMY CblHY, HO B cAyqae aexoropurx OOCTOJlTeAbCTB (C\aOOCTb ero BAaCTH, BHeUIHenOAHTHqeCKaJl HeCTaOHAbHOCTb H rrp.) Oo)\ee CH)\hHbIH HAH OOAee aBTopHTeTHbIH pO.D,CTBeHHHK 3aHHMaA TpOH.

* B nepcaozrc H. 5l DI14YPl1Ha - []aAKaMI1 (h'If'lYPHH, 19';Oa: 187).

* B 552 1"., IIOCAP paarpoxta a;ya;dw'H TIOpKaMl1, 60AbIlll111CTBO IIpe.z~cTaBI1TeAPI1 tcaraucxoro pozra c[]aCAOC b 6e1"CTBOM B \!apCrBO UI1; ne 6pa;dA TOA bKO BHyK I IaraH Tecpa, KOTOPO],O OCTaBWl1eCH IIAt'MeHd B03BPAI1 ]-Id npeCTOA. BClwpe 011 6bIA y6HT KI1~a]-l5lMI1, H na TpOH B30Ult'A pro OTe\! /1ClH4a;y, BepHYBIIIIIHC5I K TOMY Bj)('\1('1111 113 KI1TdH.

162 ~Ji~.~Ji~.~f(~p~a~A~H~H~.~f(~o~qe~B~H~H~K~H~E~B~p~a~3H~H~ _

Ha4HHa51 C W3AYH5I, BCe mymaHbcKHe xarain.r rrpH HHayrypalJHH 6paAH nennasre THTyAbl. C aauaxa lJapCTBOBaHH5I Ce,ll,bMOrO xarana fOH43Ha B 464 r. ,lI,A5I xaHOB (rrO,ll,06Ho KHTaHcKoMY 3THKeTY) 6bIAH BBe,ll,eHbI ,lI,eBH3bI rrpaBAeHH5I (TafiA. 4 r.

T HTyAbI 2KY2KaHbCKHX KaraHOB

TafiAH!Ja 4

NQ YIMH fO,ll,bl THTYA nepeBO,ll, 3pa
xaraua npasxe- i
HHH
1 W3AYHb 402(?)-41O L!lo,ll,oytpa npaBHl!!HH H 1
xaxaa i, npHBe,ll,WHH K
pacnnrpemno"
2 XYAIO 410-414 AHKyraH KaraH C npex-
x xaxaa e paCHblMH
Ka4eCTBaMH
3 DYAY4LK3Hb 414-414
X
4 AaTaHb 414-429 MoyxaHbr- nOfie,ll,OHOC-
eurearaii HblH
xaxan e
5 YTIl 429-444 YHAHHb -
DOLKecTBeHHbIH
xaxan e
6 T YX3lJLK3H b 444-464 Yy xaxaa e n04THTeAbHo
nozrzraxa-
Bal0l!!HH'
7 lDH43H 464-485 YOYAo6Y4- MHAOCTAHBblH lDH KaH
LK3Hb xaxaue
i
8 AOYAYHb 485-492 dJyrY,ll,YHb nOCTOHHHblH TaH nHH
x xaxau e
9 Harai1: 492-506 XOYldHCPy- Pa,ll,OCTHbli"i* TaH aHb
,lI,aHKY4LK3
xaxan e * H.51 6WIYPliH (1950a: 187, 193, 196,204) nepesex T1iTYAlJl KaraHOB, novret[FHHlJIX B CTlIiCKe 3B(,3,l1;Ot[KaMIi, HtXKOAblW IilJa4e: IJl3AYHb -- "ClPFMIIOIIJI1H 11' ·\YKa", TYX3t[)I\3Hb - "npa B,lI;Ii BlJlli " , HaraH - "BOlK,lI;eAeHlIlJIH" , lJOYHY "xan

3aIWHo/\an'A"", ;\IIarYH "OCTaHOIlMilotgIiH"

rAaBa 8. OfilJ.{eCTBeHHbIH CTPOH lKYJKaHbCKOro KaraHaTa 163

np0,40AJKeHHe

10 dJYTY 506-508 TaxaHb npO,ll,OALKaIO- WH nHH
xaxan e l!!HH ,lI,eAO
11 YOYHY 508--519 AOYAotpy6a- OCBel!!arOl!!HH L!3HHb-
*
x ,lI,aytpa xaxain, npaBAeHHe 4aH
12a AHarYH 519,521-552 YHAH Toy6HH- 3afipaBwHH
,lI,oytpa K3xaHb see B CBOH
*
pyKH
126 nOAblMaHb 519-521 MOYK3W3roy CnOKQHHblH
x xsxaiu,
13 Tecpa 552-553
x
14 A3H4LKY 553-553
x
15 KYTH 553-553
x
16 BHbAO- 553-554(?)
43Hb x I1CT04HHK HHcpopMalJHH: MaTepHaAbI, 1984: 269-271, 273, 275-279, 282, 284, 287, 409-415, rrpHM. 22, 27, 29, 39, 44, 46, 47-48, 49, 51, 59, 61.

3HaKoM X 0603Ha4eHO HaCHAbCTBeHHoe cuepacenne rrpaBHTeA5I.

OTHOCHTeAbHO COlJHaAbHOH CTpyKTYPbI iliymaHbcKoro xaraaara B rrHCbMeHHblX HCT04HHKax CBe,ll,eHHH rrpaKTH4eCKH HeT. n03TOMY MbI MomeM peKOHCTpYHpOBaTb ee AHllib C onpe.aexenaoii ,lI,OAeH Bep05lTHOCTH. Bo rxaae 06l!!eCTBa HaXO,ll,HAC5I rrpaBHTeAb «ernn. KpoMe orpalJHaAbHoro THTyAa «eren npaatrrex e iliymaHbcKoro xaHCTBa HMeA rrpeBOCXO,ll,HYIO rrpHCTaBKY: "rr06e,ll,OHOCHbIH", "60meCTBeHHbIH" H T. ,lI,-

no noztooaio rrpaBHTeA5I ero meHa Ha3bIBaAaCb KaraTYHbH. BbIClliHe ,lI,OAmHOCTH H rrpecToA, KaK 3TO 6bIAO OTMe4eHO panee, HaCAe,ll,OBaAHCb BHYTpH KaraHCKoro KAaHa. Bce rrpaBHTeAH KaraHaTa 51BA5IAHCb rrOTOMKaMH xereazrapnor-o rrpapO,ll,HTeA5I mymaHeH MyrYAlO5I. BbIClliHX AHlJ

164 ~f{~.~f{~.~K~p~a~4~H~H~.~K~o~~~eB~H~H~K~H~E~B~p~a~3~H~H ___

KaraHaTa oKpymaAa MHOr04HCAeHHaR CBHTa AO HeCKOAbKHX COT npHfiAHmeHHbIX (MaTepHaAbI, 1984: 274).

CAeAYlOrgylO crynens aepapxm: 3aHHMaAa npaBRrgaR 3AHTa mymaHbCKoro ofirgecTBa, KOTopaR B HCT04HHKax npOTHBonOCTaBAReTCR "HapoAY"· cha rcareropas 4arge scero otioana 4aeTCR B AeTonHCRX KHTaHCKHM TepMHHOM ,4a~3Hb - "caHoBHHK" HAH "BeAbMoma" (MaTepnaxet, 1984: 269, 270, 282, 292). B "B3H ury" coorugaerca, 4TO "no ofibI4aRM myaHbmyaHeH npaBHTeAb H caHOBHHKH npHHHMaKYf npo- 3BHrga B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT nocrynxoa H cnocoonocreii, noztofino TOMY KaK B CpeAHHHoM rOCYAapCTBe AalOTCR nOCMepTHbJe THTYAbI, HO Y HHX no CAe C:\1epTH n04eTHbIe THTyAbI He nOAHOCRTCR" (MaTepHaAbI, 1984: 269). B. C. TacKHH B KOMMeHTapHH K 3TOH rppase BHAHT H3BeCTHYI0 anaxorino MOHrOAbCKHM BomARM H fiaTbIpaM XI - XII BB. npH 3TOM OH CCbUl.aeTCR na H3BeCTHbIH TPYA D. 51 BAaAHMHPlJoBa (1934: 74) 0 MOHrOAax. "TaKHx npeABoAHTeAeH apHCTOKpaTH4eCKHX AOMOB aootitge Ha3bIBalOT "rocnoznm", HO 04eHb 4aCTO OHH HOCRT xapaxrepusre npo- 3BHrga, KaK fibI noxaseraarorgne, KTO OHH TaKHe. VIx 4aCTO Ha3bIBalOT baatur - "fioraTbIpb", secen - "MYAPbIH", mergen - "MeTKHH CTpeAOK", bilge - "MYAPbIH", boko - "CHAaq". TaKme 4aCTO OHH HOCRT THTYAbI, 3aHMCTBOBaHHbIe Y APYrHX napozioa".

BeAbMomH, corxacno AeTonHCRM, AeARTCR na "BbIClllHX H HH3- umx" (i\1aTepHaAbI, 1984: 273). KpoME' 3TO[0 B AeTonHCRX yrtoraaHalOTCR APyrHe TepMHHbI: "BOeHa4aAbHHK" (Marepaaxer, 1984: 274). "Bom/~b" (MaTepHaAbI, 1984: 268, 271), "c'rapeiiunmsr" (MaTepHil AbI. 1984. 271, 273, 294).

no BceH BHAHMOCTH, nOA BceMH AaHHbIMH TepMHHaMH noztpa 3YMeBa.\CR AOCTaT04HO WHPOKHH Kpyr .'I.H!.!, BKAI04aBlllHH KOlJeBYI(J apHCTOKpaTHlO H3 KAaHOB BomAeH HaHfioAee xpynnsrx BomAeCTBO- ~l nAeMeHHbIX ofi'beAHHeHHl1, nAeMeHHbIX BomAeH H CTapeHWHH, npezrCTaBHTeAeH cAymHAoH 3HaTH H3 KHTaHCKHX nepetiexonncoa, BomAeH H crapeiiuran, 3aBHCHMbIX OT mymaHeH HOl\1aAOB H T. A-

no aHaAOrHH C cyigecrsoaaaureii B iKymaHbcKOM xaHCTBe CHCTeMOH HaCAeAoBaHHR H HeKOTopbIMH KOCBeHHbIMH AaIIHbII\1H (MaTepHaAbl. 1984: 271) MomHO npezmo.voacrn., 4TO AOAmHOCTH HaCAeAoBaAHCIJ B COOTBeTCTBHH C YAeAbHo-AecTBH4HOH CHCTeMOH - BHYTpH ozuroro pOACTBeHHoro KOJ\AeKTHBa (poAa, KAaHa, AHHHAma) no npRMOH HAll fiOKOBOH AHHHH OT CTapWHX pOACTBeHHHKOB K MAaAIlIHM. KpoMe 3TO[0

rAaBa 8. 06IUecTBeHHblH CTPOH lliY;KaHbcKoro KaraHaTa 165

xaraa MOl' noacaxoaart, onpeAeAeHHYIO AOAmHOCTb H THTyA xaxoroAHfio paHra aa onpeztexenuere 3aCAYrH. T ax npOH30lllAO, uanpar-rep, CO 3HaxapKOH-KOAAYHbdi no HMeHH 4,HBaHb, KOTOPYIO B 518 r. xaraa HaraH aa BbIAalOrgHecR 3aCAYrH B3RA B meHbI C npHCBoeHHeM eH THTyxa KaraTYHbH - xaHWH. Ee Mya; cPYW3HMOY B Ka4eCTBe KOMneHcalJHH nOAY4HA "THTYA H AOAmHocTb", a raxzse fiOAbwoe KOAH4eCTBO CKOTa (EH~YPHH, 1950a: 197; MaTepHaAbI, 1984: 280).

C cepeAHHbI V B. B HCT04HHKax Ha4HHalOT ynoMHHaTbCR KOHKpeTHbIe mymaHbcKHe THTyAbJ. C 4eM 3TO CBR3aHO, He H3BeCTHO. BOT HaHMeHOBaHHR nexoropsrx H3 mymaHbcKHx THTYAOB: MOrpy, MOX3,4Y (MoHr. batur, baghatur ) (MaTepHaAbI, 1984: 276, 412, npHM. 45), MOX3 {JiOHrp3Hb (MoHr. bagakobegun) (MaTepHaAbI, 1984: 277, 280, 284, 292, 414, npHM. 53), X3CH (MaTepHaAbI, 1984: 278, 279), CblAH H CbIAHMOX3 (Marepaaxsr, 1984: 291-293), TO,4oyrpa (Marepaaxer, 1984: 293), TO,40Y,4.9H (T10pK. tutug ?) (MaTepHaAbI, 1984: 293), Cbl{J3HHb (TIOpK. irkin ) (MaTepHaAbI, 1984: 279, 284), CbUtHq)a (TlOpK. eltabar P) (MaTepHaAbI, 1984: 280, 284, 412, npHM. 45, 414, npHM. 55). Y.acTb H3 HHX BnOCAeAcTBHH BCTpe4aeTCR B aAMHHHcTpaTHBHoH HOMeHKAaType T IOPKCKHX EaraHaTOB (eltabar, irkin HAP,),

MHorHe H3 nepeuacxemrerx THTYAOB BKAI04eHbI B HMeHa mymaHbCKHX nOCAaHHHKOB B KHTaHcKHe lJapcTBa. BHAHMO, HMeHHO OHH fibIAH ynoMRHYTbI B rex HAH HHbIX ABOPlJOBbIX AOKYMeHTax H n03ToMY OKa- 3aAHCb B noxe 3peHHR cocrasxrexeii KHTaHcKHX AHHacTHHHbIX XpOHHK. VI3 xerornrceii raxace cAeAyeT, 4TO THTy.'l. cblAHrpa HMeAH fiAHmaHWHe pOAcTBeHHHKH xarana, KOMaHAoBaBWHe fiOAbWHMH BOHHCKHMH rpopMHpoBaHHRMH. CyrgeCTBYeT MHeHHe, 4TO 3TOT TepMHH HOCHAH npaBHTeAH KpbL'l.beB HMnepHH (VICTOpHR MHP, 1983: 106; XaH,4cyp.3H, 1993: 95).

B lJe.'I.0M H3Y4eHHe aAMHHHCTpaTHBHbIX THTYAOB mymaHeH - 3TO caMOCTORTeAbHaR npofixexra, paCCMOTpeHHe KOTOPOH 'rpefiyer orz;eAbHoro HCCAeAoBaHHR. n03TOMY B AaHHoH pafiore R Mory TOAbKO nOCOBeTOBaTb acevr HHTepeCYlOrgHMCR 3T0l1 TeMOI1 ofipaTHTbcR K COOTBeTCTBYIorgHM paspatiorxaxr TaKHX aBTopHTeTHbIX aBTopOB, KaK CHpaTOpH KypaKHTH (1935) H cPYA3HTa ToexaTH (1968), na TPYAbI KOTOpbIX nOCTORHHO CCbIAaeTCR B CBOHX KOMMeHTapHRX K HcnOAb30BaHHbIM MHOI1 nepenoztaxr B. C. T aCKHH.

166 ~f!~·~f!~·~f(~p~a~4~H~H~.~f(~0~~~e~BH~H~K~H~E~B~p~a3~H~H~ __

TAaBa 8. 06l!JeCTBeHHbIH CTPOH mY;KaHbcKoro KaraHaTa 167

HeCKOAbKO HI1m.e B nepapxan pacnoxaraxacs 60Aee MeAKl1e BOm.,lI,I1, I1MeBWl1e soeaaere paHrl1 "TbICRlIHI1KOB" 11 "COTHI1KOB". no sceii BI1- ,lI,I1MOCTI1, B ,lI,aHHOM CAYlIae pelIb ,lI,OAm.Ha I1,l1,TI1 0 nAeMeHHblX BOm.,lI,RX 11 PO,ll,OBbIX cTapeHWI1HaX pa3HbIX YPoBHeH. O,ll,HaKO, K coasaxeunro, B I1CTOlIHI1KaX npaKTl1lIeCKI1 OTCYTCTByeT I1H¢opMagl1R 0 cogl1aAbHoH opraHI13agl111 m.ym.aHeH. HeO,ll,HOKpaTHo ynOMI1HaIOTCR TOAbKO TepMI1- HbI, xaparcrepuayroijjne ee pa3AI1lIHble COCTaBARI0Igl1e: "ceMbR" (AO), "pozi" (HAO) 11 "KolIeBbe"(6y), nepenozinraoe H. 51 El1lIYPI1HbIM KaK "aHMaK". OCHoBbIBaRcb na 60Aee 06Igl1x 3aKOHOMepHOCTRX 3BOAKlgl111 KOlIeBblX 06IgecTB (Bacon, 1958; Krader, 1963; TOAbI6eKoB, 1971; Xa3aHoB, 1975; MapKoB, 1976; Khazanov, 1984; Barfield, 1992; MacaHoB, 1995 11 MHOrHe ,lI,p.) , MOm.HO npennoxar-ar e, lITO couaax sHaR OpraHl13agl1,Q m.ym.aHeH MaAO OTAl1lIaAaCb OT 06IgeCTBeHHOH opraHI13agl111 ,lI,pyrl1x HOMa,ll,OB EBpa31111 11 npezicraaxaxa C060H CAOm.HYKl aepapxuuecxyro MHoroypOBHeBYKl CI1CTeMY.

Ee HI13WI1e 3BeHbR (ceMbR, ceMeHHO-pO,ll,CTBeHHbJe rpynner) B TaKOM CAYlIae ,lI,OAm.HbI 6bIAI1 6a311pOBaTbCR Hd. peaxeuerx KPOBHO-pO,ll,CTBeHHbIX 11 3KOHOMI1lIeCKI1X CBR3RX. EOAee BbICOKl1e ypOBHI1 (AI1HI1,l1,m.Hble 11 xxanoao-poztoasre rpynrmpoaxa}, no sceji BI1,l1,I1MOCTI1, OCHOBbIBaAI1Cb na p:,gl1npoKTHbIX 11 ,lI,PYrHX 06Igl1HHbIX CBR3RX, nepnoztavecrcoii TP),lI,OBOI1 xoonepaunn, COBMeCTHOM BAa,ll,eHI1I1 cpe,ll,CTBaMI1 np0I13BO,ll,CTBa, OT,lI,aAeHHOM peaAbHOM 11 ¢I1KTI1BHOM reHeaAOrl1lIeCKOM pozicrae. HaKOHeg, BbICWl1e 3BeHbR cogl1aAbHoH opraaaaauaa (nAeMeHa 11 BOm.,lI,eCTBa) OCHOBbIBaAI1Cb cxopee acero na nOAI1Tl1lIeCKI1X, KYAbTypHbIX, l1,l1,eOAOrl1lIeCKI1X, 3nI130,ll,l1lIeCKI1X, 3KOHOMI1lIeCKI1X 11 I1HbIX CBR3RX. OHI1 6bIAI1 06AalIeHbI B ¢OpMy ¢I1KTI1BHOrO reaeaxoravecxoro pO,ll,CTBa. 113 I1CTOlIHI1KOB 'raxzce 113BeCTHO, lITO lIl1CAeHHOCTb "KOlIeBI1H" Mor Aa KOAe6aTbCR OT TblCRlIl1 "KlPT" (T. e. npl1MepHO 4-5 TbIC. lIeAoBeK) ,lI,0 HeCKOAbKI1X ,lI,eCRTKOB TbICRlI lIeAOBeK (Marepaaxsr, 1984: 275, 276, 294). Flo,a 521 r. B 103-M g3IoaHe "B3H uiy" co06IgaeTCR, lITO y m.ym.aHeH 6bIAO 10 "KOlIeBI1H" (MaTepl1aAbI, 1984: 284).

ct>YH,lI,aMeHT nl1paMI1,l1,bI CTenHOH ,lI,epm.aBbI 3aHI1MaAI1 npocrtne KOlIeBHI1KI1-CKOTOBO,ll,bI, 0 KOTOPbIX KI1TaHCKl1e xerormcue: He coofitgasor Hl1lIero. CKopee acero, no aHaAOrHl1 C ,lI,pyrl1MI1 HOMa,ll,aMI1 eBpa311HCKI1X c.reneii y m.ym.aHeH ,lI,OAm.HbI 6bIAI1 CYIgeCTBOBaTb pa3AI1lIHbJe xaTerOpl111 HenOAHonpaBHbIX Al1g, CBR3aHHbIX CO CBOI1MI1 ,lI,OMI1HaHTaMI1 OTHOWeHI1RMI1 narponaaca-x.anetrrexer. 11M AI160 ,lI,aBaAOCb KaKoe-TO KOAl1lIeCTBO CKOTa na asmac (TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIH "cayn"}, AI160 m.e OHI1

pa60TaAI1 B X03RHCTBe cnoero 60Aee ooecneueaaoro 6AarO,ll,eTeAR (1'0- AbI6eKOB, 1971; nepI1lHI,J, 1973, Xa3aHoB, 1975: 148-151; MapKoB, 1976, Khazanov, 1984: 152-164; f(pa4HH, 1992: 111-118; MacaHOB, 1995 11 ztp.}.

no noaozty pa60BAa,ll,eHI1R y m.ym.aHeH 113BeCTHO TOAbKO TO, lITO B 521 r. AHarYH nOAYlIl1A OT KI1TaHCKOro nxmeparopa B noztapox ,lI,ByX pa6bIHb (MaTepl1aAbI, 1984: 283). KpoMe aroro eIge W3AYHb npoB03rAaCI1A, lITO OTAl1lIl1BWI1MCR B 6010 6y,z\YT B aarpazty ,lI,aHbI nxenHI1KI1 (MaTepl1aAbI, 1984: 269). l1MeloTcR TaKm.e ,lI,aHHble 06 yroHe B cren e 3eMAe,ll,eAblIeCKoro HaCeAeHI1R (MaTepl1aAbI, 1984: 286). O,ll,HaKO 0 TOM, CTaHOBI1AI1Cb AI1 BOeHHOI1AeHHble pa6aMI1, B I1CTOlIHI1KaX Hl1lIerO He co06IgaeTCR. CKopee acero B 3TOM Bonpoce 'raroxe neooxo,lI,I1MO PYKOBO,ll,CTBOBaTbCR 06Igl1MI1 3aKOHCMepHOCTRMI1 OTHOCI1TeAbHO pacnpocrpaaeuna pa6CTBa y KOlIeBHI1KOB-CKOTOB0,ll,0B (fIH6yp, 1907: 237-265; CeMeHJOK, 1958; Xa3aHoB, 1975: 133-148; KMI1lTOPHbIH, 1985; f(pa4HH, 1992: 100-111 11 ,lI,p.).

l{HHaMHKa nOJ\HTHQeCKOH opraunaagan

B TelIeHl1e CYIgeCTBOBaHI1R xarauara (402-555 rr.) ero a,ll,MI1HI1CTpaTI1BHO-nOAI1Tl1lIeCKOe YCTPOHCTBO npeTepneAO onpe.aexeuaere 113MeHeHI1R. ECAI1 B KOHge V B. LU3Hb lO3 rrncax B 95-H rxaee "CYH ury", lITO ynpaBAeHl1e lKym.aHbCKI1M KaraHaTOM npeziexuno npOCTO (MaTepl1aAbI, 1984: 288), TO ym.e B 60Aee n03,l1,HeM I1CTOlIHI1Ke coonIgaeTCR, lITO m.ym.aHI1 3al1MCTBOBaAI1 nne bMeHHOCTb 113 KI1TaR 11 CTaAI1 I1CnOAb30BaTb ee B ,lI,l1nAOMaTl1lIeCKOH nepenncxe C pa3AI1lIHbIMI1 ceBepOKI1TaHCKI1MI1 ,lI,I1HaCTI1RMI1 11 BO BHYTpeHHOM ,lI,eAonp0I13BO,ll,CTBe (MaTepl1aAbI, 1984: 289, 294; 1984: 279). TaM m.e rOBOpl1TCR 0 HaAl1lIl1l1 Y m.ym.aHeH 60Abworo lIl1CAa rpaMoTHbIX AI1U (MaTepl1aAbI,

1984: 289).

no BceH BI1,l1,I1MOCTI1, aKTI1BHOe BHe,ll,peHl1e KI1TaHCKOH nI1CbMeHHOCTI1 nponsourxo He no.szmee pyneasa V-VI BB. KpoMe aroro aexorops:e I1CCAe,ll,OBaTeAI1 noxararor, lITO m.ym.aHRM 6bIAO 3HaKOMO c06CTBeHHoe pYHl1lIeCKoe nl1CbMO nporoopxoncxoro Tl1na (YlCTOPI1R MHP, 1983: 107). nOCKOAbKY KI1TaHCKl1e XPOHI1CTbI nl1CaAI1 0 MHOrHX napoziax, He nOAb30BaBWI1XCR l1epor AI1¢I1KOH, KaK 0 HerpaMOTHbIX, TO, B03MOm.HO, TaK Ha3bIBaeMble "3apy6KI1 na ,lI,epeBbRX" - 3TO 11 ecru pYHl1lIeCKl1e

168 }{~·_}{~·~/(~p~a~4~H~H~.~/(~o~~~eB~H~H~K~H~E=B~p~a~3~H~H~ __

___ .!.r_::.A~a:.!::B:!:a~8,,-. _O",,-,O.:.!- IM~e~C-'.cTB:c:.e""H,""H'-'.bo::I,-"H:.....o:C-,-Tc::.'P.::.O-,-,H_· If}=-::.LY.o.:}fl:o_:a::_:H_o:b:::_c:;c:·K:.:_o::_:rc_:o:__::_K::_::a:.:_r_:_:a.:_:H-=a_:_T=a_16 9

TeKCTbI. 4ocTaT04Ho .n,MI cpaanenns npl1BeCTI1 orntcanne .n,peBHI1X TlOPOK 113 "T aa ury": "nl1CbMeH He I1MeIOT. KOAI14eCTBO TpeoyeMbIx AIO.n,eH, xourazteii, noztareii 11 CKOTa C411TalOT no 3ilflyii~aM Ha~~B~ [3.n,eCb 11 .n,aAee no.n,4epKHyTo MHOH. - H /(.]. BMeCTe C DQeAnl1- CaHI1J11\1i1 aa 6YM.aI_e ynorperixsercn crpexa C 30AOTbIM xon senoer, C BOC4aHOIO ne4aTbIO... B 3.n,aHI1I1, nOCTpoeHHOM npn MOrI1Ae, CTaBJlT Hapl1COBaHHbIH OOAI1K nOKOHHI1Ka 11 onI1CaH_I1!: CpameHI1H, B KOTOPbIX OH Haxo.n,I1ACJI B npo.n,OAmeHI1I1 m113HI1" (EH~YPHH, 1950a: 229- 230).

B uauaxe VI B., CKopee scero npn Auarye, mymaHI1 nOCTpOI1AI1 CTOAI1~y - ropo.n, MYM043H, KOTOpaJl, corxacno "fuH ury" (MaTepl1- aAbI, 1984: 290), 6bIAa orinecena .n,ByMJI pJl.n,aMI1 CTeH. npaB.n,a, .n,o CI1X nop 3TOT ropo.n, He Hal1.n,eH, 11 I1CTOPI1KI1 CnOpJlT 0 ero MeCTOHaxom.n,eHI1I1 (XaH,4cyp9H, 1973; 1993: 98-99). B nepl1o.n, npaBAeHI1J1 xaraaa AHarYJl np0l130WAI1 11 onpeztexeum.te 113MeHeHI1J1 B a.n,MI1HI1CTpaTI1BHOM armapare karana ra. KaK runuer AI1 51Hbwoy, AHarYH "yc-

BpeMeHHO 3aHI1MaA .n,pyryIo, BeCbMa BamHYIO .n,OAmHOCTb "rcaxteprepa". KaKoe ym TYT pasztexeaue BAaCTeH. no BceH BI1.n,I1MOCTI1, B .n,aHHOM rpparxreure AeTOnl1CI1 Onl1CbIBalOTCJI HeKl1e "3M6pI10HaAbHbIe" opraiua ynpaBAeHI1JI Hano.n,06l1e rex, KOTopbIe 6bL\11 y CII1HrI13-xaHa B nepuo.n, co- 3.n,aHI1JI 11M csoero nepBoro yxyca. CorAaCHO 124-MY naparparpy "T aHHOH I1CTOPI1I1 MOHrOAOB", B I1X 411CAO BXO.n,I1AI1 CaOeAbIgI1KI1 - nOTeH~l1aAbHbIe "oqll1~epbI" xancxoro BOHCKa, pa3Be.n,'II1KI1, rOH~bI, CTOAbHI1KI1, OTBeTCTBeHHbIe aa BbIfIac craz; pacnopnacasuraeca 4eAJI.n,bIO 11 OpraHl13a~l1el1 nepeK04eBOK CTaBKI1 - scero 26 BepHbIX HYKepOB.

Tpy.n,HO CKa3aTb, 'IeM 6bIAI1 06ycAoBAeHbI ace .n,aHHbIe nepeMeHbI.

MomeT 6bITb, cnrrpaxa CBOIO POAb onpe.n,eAeHHaJl 3THI14eCKaJl 11 KYAb'rypaaa OAI130CTb mymaHeH 11 T06ac~eB, B pe3YAbTaTe uero yxce He ObIAO CTOAb meCTKoro KYAbTypHoro npOTI1BOCTOJlHI1J1 Mem.n,y CeBepHOH B3H 11 C renuro, 11 HOMa.n,bI c 60AbweH OXOTOH nepeHI1MaAI1 KYAbTYPY, 3TI1KeT 11 npl1H~l1nbI OpraHl13a~1111 ynpaBAeHI1J1 IomHbIX oce.n,AbIX coce.n,eH. He I1CKAI04eHO 11 TO 06CTOJlTeAbCTBO, vrro B .n,aHHbIH nepl1o.n, B COCTaB xarana'ra nOMI1MO TIOPKO- 11 MOHrOAOJl3bI4HbIX KO'leBHI1KOB BXO.n,I1AO HeKOTopoe KOAI14eCTBO 3eMAe.n,eAb4eCKoro HaCeAeHI1J1. O.n,HaKO BPJl.n, AI1 OHO 6bIAO MHOrO'lI1CAeHHbIM. 06 3TOM, B 4aCTHOCTI1, MomHO cyzurr», OCHOBbIBaJlC b aa .n,aHilbIX I1CT04HI1KOB, cor AaCHO KOTOPbIM B 522 r. rcarau AHarYH nOnpOCI1A cHa6.n,I1Tb ero ceMellaMI1 .n,AJI noceaos. I1cXo.n,JI 113 roro 4TO eMY 6bIAO BbI~l,aHO 10 TbIC. .n,aHeH npoca (Marepnaxur, 1984: 286), MomHO paCC'II1TaTb, OCHOBbIBaJlCb na I1MeI0IgI1XCJI MeTo.n,I1KaX (/(Y1bnHH, 1990): 3epHOBbIX 11 nOAY4CI!Horo nOCAe ypomaJl .n,OAmHO 6bIAO XBaTI1Tb Ha npOI{OpMAelll1e nacexenuor-o nyHKTa 'II1CAeHHOCTbIO 1,5-2 TbIC. qeAOBeK, HeCl{OAbKO MeHbwero no pa3Mepar-r, 4eM 3HaMeHI1TOe I1BOArHHCKOe ropozuuge XyHHy B 5YPJlTI1I1. 3TI1 .n,aHHbIe MbI nOAY411AI1 Oe3 yvre'ra KOlleBHI1KOB, KOTopbIe I1CnOAb30Ba}\11 3epHOBbIe TOAbKO B xacrecrae III1IgeBOH .n,06aBKI1 B Hal160Aee Tpy.n,HbIe nepnozrer rozioaoro ~I1KAa. IlpaB.n,a, B TOT roz; B mymaHbcKI1X K04eBbJlX ObIA rOAO.n,. CeMeHHOH <pOH.n" I10-BI1.n,I1MOMY, npOCTO C"beAI1, 11 B nauaxe CAe.n,YIOIgero rozta KO'leBHI1KI1 OTnpaBI1AI1C b B aaoer Ha CeBepHyIO B3H.

B rcauec'rae O.n,HOH 113 BepCI1H MomHO .n,onYCTI1Tb, 4TO AHarYH MOl' rtxasnrpoaa ru rrocrerterraoe C03.n,aHl1e 001)e.n,I1HeHHOro HOMa.n,HO-3eMAe.n,eAb'leCKOrO rocy.n,apCTBa no 06pa3~y .n,pyrHX "BapBapCKI1X" .n,I1HaCTI1H Toro BpeMeHI1. HaBepHoe n03TOMY, aesazroxro .n,o KpyweHI1J1 {KymaHb-

"

TaHOBI1A .n,OAmHOCTI1 4I1HOBHI1KOB, He3aKOHHO nozipaacaa npaBI1TeAJlM .

KaraH 3aBeA B CTaBKe nl1CbMeHHoe .n,eAonp0I13Bo.n,CTBO no KI1TaHCKOMY oopaauy, C03.n,aA WTaT TeAOXpaHI1TeAeH, Ha3bIBaeMbIX ua ImTaHCKI1H MaHep (B nepeaozie B. C. TaCKI1Ha "OKOAbHI14I1X", "xaxreprepoa", "cexpe rapeii"}, oKpyml1A cc6J1 COBeTHI1KaMI1, BOCnl1TaHHbIMI1 B Tpa.n,11~1111 KI1TaHCKI1X KHl1mHI1KOB, - W3HbUII1. Ero rAaBHbIM KOHCYAbTaHTOM BO scex 3TI1X MepOnpl1J1TI1J1X 6bIA KI1TaHCKI1H nepe6em411K 113 411HOBHI1KOB WYHblOH TaHb, CbIrpaBWI1H npnwepno Ty me POAb, 4TO 11 LImYHXaIi 103 y XyHHy I1AI1 EAlOH LIy~aH y MOHrOAOB (MaTepl1aAbI, 1984: 293-294). K 3TOMY BpeMeHI1 ace 4aIge B KI1TaHCKI1X 6YMarax no.n,.n,aHHbIe xaraua xapaKTepl13YIOTCJI KaK "4I1HOBHI1KI1 11 aapozi" (Ma'repuaxer, 1984: 282, 285, 292).

O.n,HaKo 6bIAO ObI HenpaBI1AbHO paccxrarpaaari, .n,aHHbIe HOBOBBe.n,eHI1J1 KaK CBI1.n,eTeAbCTBO nOJlBAeHI1J1 y mymaHeH 6IOpOKpaTI14eCKOH OpraHl13a~1111 ynpaBAeHI1J1 nanoziofiae KI1TaHCKOH. CKopee scero 3TO BHeWHee noztpaxcanne KI1Tal1CKI1M I1HCTI1TYTaM npl1 COXpaHeHl111 Tpa.n,l1- ~110HHOrO crenuoro co.n,epmaHI1J1. 3TO BI1.n,HO XOTJI 6bI 113 'roro, 4TO 06e nepe411CAJleMbIe AeTOnI1C~eM .n,OAmHOCTI1 (" KaMe prep", OKOAbH11<111 H" ) CBJl3aHbI C 6bITOM npaBI1TeAJI 11 ero oKpymeHI1J1, a He C .n,eAonp0I13BO/J,CTBOM 11 ynpaaxeuaera KaKI1MI1-AI160 ~eHTpaAbHbIMI1 I1AI1 pernonaxuHblMI1 I1HCTI1TYTaMI1 BAaCTI1. WYHbIOH TaHb, rpOMKO Ha3bIBaeMbIli .. Ha4aAbHI1KOM cexperapnara", cY.n,JI no KOHTeKCTY I1CTO'lHI1Ka, ObI.\ e.n,I1HCTBeHHbIM COTpy.n,HI1KOM csoero Be.n,OMCTBa 11 K TOMY me O.n,HO-

170 ~ff~.~ff~.~f(~p~a4~H~H~.~f(~o~~~e~B~H~H~K~H_~~B~p~a~3~H~H~ __

cxoro xaraaa ra OH nepeopaxca co CBOI1M ABOPOM B J\.O~IH. OAHaKo I1CTOPI1R paCrIopRAI1AaCb I1Ha4e.

* * *

KaK 6bIAO CKa3aHO B nepaoii rxaae AaHHoH pa60TbI, 60AbWI1HCTBO I1ccAeAoBaTeAeH, paCCMaTpl1BaBWI1X np06AeMY 06rgecTBeHHoro YCTpOHcTBa (KYfKaH ecxoro xaHCTBa, xapaKTepl130BaAI1 ypoaen e pa3BI1TI1R 06rgecTBa KaK q)eOAaAbHbIH. B 3TOH CBR311 He06xOAI1MO OTMeTI1Tb ABa BafKHbIX 06cToRTeAbcTBa. Bo-nepBbIX, eCAI1 nOHI1MaTb cpeOAaAI13M B

Y3KOM" CMbICAe - KaK OC06bIH run 06rgecTBa, xapaxrepnsrii rAaBHbIM 06pa30M AM cpezureaexoaoii EBporIbI (A. B. r ypesau, J\.. C. Bacl1- AbeB), TO (KYfKaHbCKaR AepfKaBa He MOfKt,'T C411TaTbCR cpeOAaAbHoH. BO-BTOPbIX, OCHOBY cpeOAaAI13Ma COCTaBARIOT BHYTpeHHl1e OTHOWeHI1R MefKAY cea eopaxra, I1X BaCCaAaMI1 11 3aBI1CI1MbIMI1 06rgI1HHI1KaMI1. (KyfKaHbCKI1H xaraaa r, KaK 11 APyrl1e xoueaere I1Mnepl1l1, 6bIA OCHOBaH aa BHeWHe3KcnAyaTaTOpCK0l1 AeRTeAbHOCTI1.

r OPa3AO CAOfKHee 06CT0l1T AeAO, eCAI1 nOHI1MaTb cpeOAaAI13M B "WI1POKOM CMbICAe, T. e. KaK aran cogl1aAbHoH I1CTOPI1I1 MefKAY nepB06bITHbIMI1 11 I1HAYCTpl1aAbHbIMI1 06rgecTBaMI1 (J\.. 5. AAaeB, JO. M. Ko611rgaHoB 11 AP.). "Wl1pOKaR" TpaKTOBKa q)eOAaAl13Ma CMbIKaeTCR C APyrl1MI1 TeOpeTl1qeCKI1MI1 CXeMaMI1, 06'beAI1HRlorgI1MI1 ace AOI1HAYCTpl1aAbHble nocxenepaoosrraeie 06rgecTBa B 0AHY CTaAI1IO (M. Be6ep, Y. POCTOY, 3. r exxuep, 3. CepBI1C, B. n. y-!AIOwe4KI1H 11 MHOrl1e AP.). B TaKOM KOHTeKCTe np06AeMa I1HTepIIpeTagl111 ypoaHR pa3BI1TI1R (KYfKaHbcKoro xaraaara KaK rpeoztax euoro OKa3bIBaeTCR nepeneceauoii B HeCKOAbKO I1HYIO nAOCKOCTb: MOfKHO AI1 C411TaTb fKYfKaHbCKoe 06rgecTBo rOCYAapCTBOM (" paHHI1M rocyziapcrsora", "paanecpeoAa'l.bHbIM" rOCYAapCTBOM 11 T. A.) I1AI1 OHO npeACTaBARAO C060H npeztrocyziapc'raeanoe 06'beAI1HeHl1e (KoHcpeAepagl1Io nAeMeH, BOfKAecTBO 11 np.}.

PaCCMOTpl1M pa3AI14Hble B03MOfKHbie peWeHI1R 3TOH np06AeMbI.

OHI1 B HeMaAoH CTeneHI1 onocpeztoaaner 1130l1paeMOH MeTOAOAOrl1eH I1CcAeAoBaHI1R. CorAacHo I1HTerpaTI1BHoMY nOAxoAY, rocyztapcrso npeACTaBAReT C060H IlOAI1TI14ecKYIO CI1CTeMY MHOrOql1CAeHHoro 11 aepeznco rIOAI13THI14HOrO 06rgecTBa, AAR icoroporo xapaxrepaer BblcoKOpa3BI1TaR pexrecxeanaa AeRTeAbHocTb, MOHYMeHTaAbHoe CTpOI1TeAbCTBo, yp6aH113ag11R, nI1CbMeHHOCTb. Y 3TOH T04KI1 3peHI1R ecr e apryxreerrer KaI<

_ __ !_r~A,-"a,-"B!.':'a'.......'::8'.:.. _:O~6~I.[.!~e~c.!..TB~e~H'.!cH~bJ'.!:H~C~Tt:::p~O~H~m~y-,-,}K"-,a~H,,,b~c",K",O,;:_;rc_:O::......:.K",a:.:_r..::.:a.:..:H..::.:a..:..T=-a_ 171

aa, TaK 11 npOTI1B. (KYfKaHbCKI1H xaraaa'r, BHe BCRKoro COMHeHI1R, 6bIA MHOr03THI14HOH KOHcpeAepagl1eH. Ero 06rgaR 411CAeHHOCTb (I1CXOAR 113 npl16AI1311TeAbHO 113BeCTHOH 411CAeHHOCTI1 BOHCK) 6bIAa He MeHee 500 TbIC. 4eAOBeK 11 60Abwe COOTBeTCTBOBaAa rOCYAapCTBeHHOCTI1 (Johnson, Earle, 1987: 314, table 10). OAHaKo nAOTHOCTb HaCeAeHI1R fKYfKaHbcxoro 06rgecTBa (KaK 11 APyrl1x K04eBblX 06rgecTB) 60Aee TI1nl14Ha AAR A0l1epapXI14eCKI1X CTPYKTYP H npOCTbIX BOfKAeCTB.

B I1CT04HI1KaX HeT AaHHbIX 0 MOHYMeHTaAbHOM CTpOI1TeAbCTBe 11 BbICOKOpa3BI1TOM xapaxrepe peMecAeHHoH AeRTeAbHOCTI1 B fKYfKaHbCKOM 06rgecTBe. HanpoTI1B, I1CXOAR 113 roro 4TO fKYfKaHI1 npOCI1AI1 npncxar e 11M 113 KI1TaR spaceaarexeii, TKa4eH 11 APYfI1X I1CKYCHbIX MaCTepOB (XaH,4cypaH, 1993: 96-97), MOfKHO npezutoxoaorre oripa ruoe. Ho Y fKYfKaHeH, corxacao AeTOnI1CRM, 6bIA ropoz; MYM043H - cToAl1ga xaraaara, 11, cAeAoBaTeAbHO, MOfKHO rOBOpl1Tb 0 aaua'rxax yp6aHl13agl1l1. YhBeCTHO 'raxace, 'ITO ypoaene 3HaHI1R KI1TaHCKOH nl1CbMeHHOCTI1 B fKYfKaHbCKOM 06rgecTBe 6bIA, no BceH BI1AI1MOCTI1, AOCTaT04HO BbICOK (I1MeAI1 AI1 fKYfKaHI1 PYHI14eCKOe nI1CbMO, 3TO OC06bIH sonpoc). He TOAbKO 3AI1Ta 11 I1MMl1rpaHTbI 113 KI1TaR, HO 11 aexo'ropeie 06bI4Hble CKOTOBOAbI YMeAI1 nOAb30BaTbCR l1epOrAl1cpl1KoH. B 95-M g3IoaHe "Cyw WY" npnBOAI1TCR I1HTepeCHbIH paCCKa3 0 HeKoeM BbICOKo06pa30BaHHOM fKYfKaHI1He, KOTOPbIH nOCpaMI1A B apl1q)MeTI1Ke ozuroro MYAporo KI1TaHCKOro 411HOBHI1Ka (XaH,4cypaH, 1993: 102-104).

BHe BCRKoro COMHeHI1R, fKYfKaHbCKoe 06rgecTBo pa3BI1BaAOCb nOA CI1AbHbIM KYAbTYPHbIM BAI1RHl1eM KI1TaHCKOH gl1BI1AI13agl111 (KaK npxMbIM, TaK 11 onocpeAOBaHHbIM, uepea noxyxoneaere AI1HaCTI1I1). Pe- 3YAbTaTbI aroro BAI1RHI1R npOCAefKl1BalOTCR raiose B B03AeHCTBI111 na fKYfKaHbCKYIO nOAI1TI14eCKYIO TpaAl1gl1Io. KaraH I1MeA nbIWHbIH TI1TYA, 6paA AeBI13bI 11 nbITaACR 3aBeCTI1 B CBoeH CTaBKe nopRAKI1 nOA06Ho npaBI1TeARM KI1TaHCKI1X gapcTB, npl1AepfKl1BaACR MefKAYHapoAHoro Al1nAOMaTI14eCKOro gepeMoHl1aAa 11 BeA nepenacxy C KI1TaHCKI1MI1 rOCYAapRMI1. Bo BHeWHenOAI1TI14eCKOH AeRTeAbHOCTI1 (KYfKaHbcKaR KOHcpeAepagl1R asrcrynaer He3aBI1CI1MbIM cy6'beKTOM MefKAYHapoAHbIX OTHoweHI1H.

C T04KI1 3peHI1R KOHCPAI1KTHbIX TeOpl1H nOAI1TOreHe3a rcaraaar RBMACR 3aXBaTHI14eCKI1M, MI1AI1Tapl1311pOBaHHbIM 06rgecTBoM. 3TO cnegl1cpl14eCKaR BOeHHO-l1epapXI14eCKaR nOAI1TI1R, c03AaHHaR AAR peWeHI1R I1CKAI0411TeAbHO BHeWI-II1X 3aAa4 - 113'bRTI1R npnfianouuoro npOAYKTa Y coceAHI1X HapOAOB 11 rOCYAapCTB. B 3TOM npORBI1AI1Cb ero nOA0611e rOCYAapCTBY 11 RPKI1H BHewHe3KcnAyaTaTOpCKI1H KceHOKpaTHQeCKHH xa-

172 }{~._fi~._f(~p~a~4~H~H~.~f(~o~~~eB~H~H~K~H~~=B~p~a~3~H~H~ __

paKTep. O.ZJ,HaKO COrAaCHO MapKCI1CTCKOH T04Ke 3peHI1J1 IKYlKaHbCKOe oorgecTBo He MOlKeT C411TaTbCJI rOCY.ZJ,apCTBOM, TaK KaK B I1CT04HI1KaX He ynOMI1HalOTCJI HI1 BHYTpeHHJIJI 3KcnAyaTalJl1J1 aenocpezrcraeam.rx nponsBO.ZJ,I1TeAeH, HI1 HaAOm, HI1 Pa3BI1TbIH OlopOKpaTI14eCKI1H armapar.

3TO cor AacyeTCJI C He03BOAIOlJI10HI1CTCKI1M CTpYKTypaAI13MOM. bOAbWI1HCTBO IKYlKaHbCKI1X ynpasrrrexeii pasnerx pauros, no TepMI1- HOAOrl111 X. KAacceHa, cxopee MorYT OblTb ornecensr K TaK naasrBaeMblM "OOrgI1M CPYHKlJI10Hepa!\1' . .llaHHblx 0 "CnelJl1aA11311pOBaHHbIX CPYHKlJI10HepaX" (npoqieccnonax em.rx OlOpOKpaTax), xoropere I1MeAI1Cb n04TI1 BO acex paHHI1X rOCY.ZJ,apCTBax (Claessen, Skalnik, 1978: 580), npaKTI14eCKI1 HeT. E.ZJ,I1HcTBeHHoe I1CKAI04eHI1e - ynOMJlHYTbIH Bblwe WYHblOH TaHb, xoroporo AHarYH Ha3Ha411A CBOI1M "Ha4aAbHI1KOM cexpe-rapaara". Kpol\1e aroro Y IKYlKaHeH Hel13BeCTHa 'raxaa, B 99% CAY4aeB xapax-repnas .ZJ,AJI paHHI1X rOCY.ZJ,apCTB (Claessen, Skalnik, 1978: 585), cpopMa KOHTPOAJI Ha.ZJ, pemOHaAbHblMI1 HaMeCTHI1KaMI1, KaK OO'be3.ZJ, BAa.ZJ,eHI1H (no.Mo4be).

lI,AJI iKYlKaHbcKoro xaranara xapaxrepna Tpa.ZJ,l1lJl10HHaJl qiopraa BAaCTI1 11 rocnO.ZJ,CTBa B ee KAaCCI1QeCKOM BI1.ZJ,e. npl1 3TOM npe.ZJ,CTaBAJleTCJI OQeBI1.ZJ,HbIM, 4TO IKYlKaHbCKI1H xaraa oOAa.ZJ,aA AI1Wb KOHceHcyaAbHoH BAaCTblO, T. e., no CYTI1, aBTOpI1TeTOM, 'rorzta KaK rAaBHbI!\l xprrrepaevr rOCY.ZJ,apCTBa (cor AaCHO BeOepl1aHCKOH MeTo.ZJ,oAOrl1l1) J1BAJIt'TOI B03MOIKHOCTb npaBI1TeAbCTBa ocyigecraxaru caHKlJl111 C nOMorgblO Aerl1TI1MI1311pOBaHHoro HaCl1jl.l1J1.

LITo KaCaeTCJI npasa 11 3aKOHOB, TO HI1KaKI1X .ZJ,aHHbIX 0 cyztax, aneAAJllJI1J1X, nl1CaHHOM npase, cyrgecTBOBaHl111 KO.ZJ,eKca HaKa3aHI111 aa pa3AI14Hbie npecTynAeHI1J1, cnelJl1a.\113I1pOBaHHbIX CPYHKlJI10HepaX, KOHTpOAl1pylOrgl1X COOAIO.ZJ,eHl1e 3aKOHOB B IKYlKaHbCKOM xaraaare, Y Hac HeT. B 3TOM CMblCAe (ec.\11 .ZJ,onYCKaTb, 'ITO B I1CTOlJHI1KaX CO.ZJ,epIKI1TCJI nOAHaJl I1HcpopMalJl1J1 Hd 3TOT ClJeT) IKYlKaHbCKoe oorgecTBo Bblr AJI.ZJ,I1T .ZJ,alKe HeCKOAbKO OOAee apXa114HbIM, 4eM XYHHCKaJl .ZJ,eplKaBa.

T aKI1M oopasor-r, B IKYlKaHbCKOM oorgecTBe I1MelOTCJI KaK Tl1nl14- HbIe npl13HaKI1 paanero rOCY.ZJ,apCTBa, TaK 11 J1pKl1e 4epTbI BOIK.ZJ,eCTBa . .llaHHaJl CI1TyalJl1J1, B03MOIKHO, o-rpaacae r Henpl1MeHI1MOCTb I1cnOA b30- BaHI1J1 nOHJlTI1HHOrO armapa ra, paspaoorannoro na MaTepl1aAaX ocezixerx oorgecTB, K I1CTOPI1I1 K04eBHI1KOB-CKOTOBO.ZJ,OB. no 3TOH npl1411He .ZJ,AJI nO..'1,OOHbIX oorgecTB, ropaazio OOAee CAOIKHbIX, 4eM OObl4Hbie "KOMnAeKCHble BOIK.ZJ,eCTBa", HO He OOAa.ZJ,alOrgl1X scexr nariopoxr xapax'repnc-

__ __ -=-r_:_A:.:ca""B"'a:..___:::8c:_. _O=-:6-,-,lf{""-"e~C-=-TB",-e",H'-'.;H=bI,_,_H,---,=C-=-Tt:::.p:=O-,-,H,---,-,m~y-,-,)f),,,a,,-,H-=-b=CK-=-o",r,-,O~H.,-,·a,_._r-'.:a-,-,H-'.:a-=-T,,-a_ 173

THK rOCY.ZJ,apCTBa, OblA npe.ZJ,AOlKeH TepMI1H "cynepcxoacnoe BOIK.ZJ,eCT- 80" (f(pa4HH, 1992: 152; TpenaBAoB, 1995; CKPbIHHHKoBa, 1997). O.ZJ,HaKo 11 3TO ObIAO ObI CAI1WKOM npOCTblM petuemrera npOOAeMbJ.

MHe npe.ZJ,CTaBAJleTCJI, 4TO OOAee npO.ZJ,YKTI1BHO aHaAI1311pOBaTb ocooeHHOCTI1 3BOAIOlJI1H .ZJ,peBHHX 11 cpe.ZJ,HeBeKOBbiX K04eBHI1KOB EBpa- 31111 nocpe.ZJ,CTBOM pa3paOOTKI1 KaTerOpHI1 "KOqeBiUI HMuepHH" (f(pa4HH, 1992: 166-178; 1996; 1999 H .ZJ,p.), 4TO 51 11 nbITaACJI noxasarn B .ZJ,aHHOH r .vase. KOqeBble I1Mnepl111 npe.ZJ,CTaBNL\11 COOOH KYAbMI1HalJI1IO, nnx I1CTOPI1I1 HapO.ZJ,OB eBpa3HHCKI1X creneii. OHI1 B03HI1KAI1 B nepnoz; "oceaoro BpeMeHI1" KaK cBOeOOpa3HbIH "oTBeT" ua POCT 11 paciunpenne pJl.ZJ,a lJHBHAI13alJI111 HapO.ZJ,OB, o-rrecnenaerx B TpY.ZJ,Hble 3KOAOrl1QeCKI1e YCAOBHJI. YepTbI CXO.ZJ,CTBa 11 OTAI14HR K04t'BbIX I1Mnepl1H OT aHTI14HbiX roPO.ZJ,OBrOCY.ZJ,apCTB 11 I1Mnepl1H, BOCT04HbIX .ZJ,ecnOTI1H, cpeO.ZJ,aAbHblX KopOAeBCTB n03BOAJIlOT C.ZJ,eAaTb BbIBO.ZJ" 4TO 3TO OCOOaJI cpopMa nOAI1TH4eCKOH opraHH3alJHI1, npocyigecraoaamuaa .ZJ,O aauaxa 3noXH nepaoaavae snoro naxonAeHHR. npl1 3TOM aexo'ropere Ka4eCTBa .ZJ,aHHoH MO.ZJ,eAI1 CAOBHO PO.ZJ,HMble f1JITHa npocrynaror B nOAI1THQeCKI1X I1HCTI1TYTax pJl.ZJ,a COBpeMeHHbIX CTpaH BOCTOKa. B CyrgHOCT 11 , 3.ZJ,eCb pe4b l1.ZJ,eT 0 COBceM I1HOM MeTO.ZJ,OAOrI14eCKOM nO.ZJ,xo.ZJ,e - MHOrOAI1HeHHOH TeOpl1H COlJl1aAbHOH 3BOAlOlJl1l1.

VIcXO.ZJ,JI 113 acero nenuenaxoacennoro, npe.ZJ,CTaBAJleTCJI uenpaaoMepHblM paCCMaTpl1BaTb I1CTOPl1l0 iKYlKaHbCKoro xaraaara KaK nocTeneHHYfO 'rpaacrpopwaumo OT paHHecpeO.ZJ,aAbHoro lJeHTpaAI130BaHHoro rOCY.ZJ,apCTBa K CAe.ZJ,YIOrgeH CTa.ZJ,1111 cpeO.ZJ,aAl13Ma - nepnozry paszipofiAeHHOCTI1 (eM.: C9p-04)f)aB, 1971: 16-17; VICTOPI1J1 MHP, 1983: 108). 3Tallbl YCI1AeHI1J1 11 OCAaOAeHI1J1 CAY4aAI1Cb B I1CTOpl111 iKYlKaHbcxoro xaHCTBa HeCKOAbKO pas. C nOAHblM OCHOBaHHeM l\10IKHO rOBOpl1Tb o KpH311cax xarana'ra B nepaoznsr MelK.ZJ,Y 438-470 11 519-521 rr. HanpOTI1B, nOCAe,ZI,HHe 'rpn .ZJ,eCJlTI1M~TI1J1 cyrgecTBOBaHHJI xaHCTBa npn Aaarye ObIAI1 nepl10.ZJ,OM nOAI1TI14t'CKOH CTaOI1AbHOCTI1, 11 HI1 0 KaKOM pOCTe cpeO.ZJ,aAbHblX ycofil1lJ rOBOpl1Tb He npI1XO.ZJ,I1TCJI. T OAbKO nOCAe 552 r., xorzta IKYlKaHI1, HaXO.ZJ,JICb aa nnxe MoryrgeCTBa, BHe3anHO no'repnexn COKpYUlI1TeAbHOe nopaaceune OT TIOPOK, a AHarYH nOKOH411A 1K113Hb caMoYOI1HCTBOM, xaranar npl1111eA B yna.ZJ,OK. CDaKTI1QeCKI1 3TO OblA KOHelJ xaraaa'ra. 3a 'rpn rO.ZJ,a CMeHHAOCb 4eTbipe xana, HO OHI1 yxce HI14erO He MorAH C.ZJ,eAaTb. B 555 r. npaairrex e aanazmoaaiicxoro lJapCTBa npe.ZJ,aTeAbCKI1 Bbl.ZJ,aA OCTaBWI1XCJI HeCKOAbKO TbICJl4 IKYlKaHeH TlOpKaM, 11 OHI1 ace (KpoMe .ZJ,eTeH .ZJ,O 16 AeT) OblAI1 lKeCTOKO Ka3HeHbJ. T ax Tparl14eCKH 3aKOH411AaCb I1CTOPI1J1 rKYlKaHbcKoro xaHCTBa.

rAABA 9

CTPYKTYPA "BAPBAPCKOH HMnEPHH":

KHMHbCKMI llHHACTHH MlO (907-1125)*

npOfiAeMbl Tl1nOAOrHH npO!JeCCOB CTaHOBAeHHH rocyzrapcraa H aAb~ TepHaTHBHblX eMY CTpYKTypHO He MeHee CAomHblX cpOpM nOAHTH4eCKOH opraHH3a!JHH HBAHIOTCH O.n,HOH H3 HaHfioAee aicryax suerx TeM COBpeMeHHOH nOAHTH4eCKOH aarponoxorua. Ocofioe MeCTO B npoueccax nOAHTOreneaa 3aHHMaAH K04eBHHKH-CKOTOBO.n,bl. MorAH AH HOMa.n,bl C03.n,aBaTb cofiCTBeHHYIO rocyzrapcraennocr e ' KaK B TeopHHX nOAHTH4eCKOH 3BOAIO!JHH cxeztye'r KAaCCHcpH!JHpOBaTb xoueaere HMnepHH? MorYT AH OHH C4HTaTbCH rocyziapcrnaxur HAH 3TO fiblAH npe.n,rocy.n,apCTBeHHble nOAHTHH? 3TH sonpocer .n,o CHX nop oficym.n,alOTcH HccAe.n,oBaTeNlMH pa3Hbix CTpaH (rtozipooaee 0 .n,aHHoH AHCKYCCHH CM.: Koren, 1981; Xa,1HAb J1cMaHA. 1983; Kpa/f,HH. 1992; 2001 H MHOrHe .n,p.).

B aacroargee BpeMH CYl!:leCTBYIOT .n,Be aaanoxee nonyxapnete rpynrust TeopHH. Ofi'bHCHHlOI!:lHX npouecc nponcxoxcztenaa H CYI!:lHOCTb paHHero rocyztapc'raa. KOHrj)AHKTHble. HAH KOHTPO,1bHble. TeopHH nOKa3bIBalOT nponcxoacztenue rocy.n,apCTBeHHOCTH H ee BHYTpeHHlO1O npnpoziy C n03H!JHH OTHoweHHH 3KcnAyaTa!JHH. KAaCCOBOH fiOpbfibl. BOHHbl Ii Mem3THH4eCKoro .n,OMHHHpOBamiH. J1HTerpaTHBHbJe, HAH yttpee.seuuecKHe (rpYHK!JHOHaAbHble). 'reopnn rAaBHblM oripasora opaesrrapoaauor na TO. 4TOfibi Ofi'bHCHHTb tpeHOMeH rocyziapcraa KaK fiOAee BbICOKYIO

* CTpYKTypa "napsapcxoi] l1~llIepl1l1 KI1A3HbCKa51 Al1H3CTl1H AHo (907

1125) / / TpaAH\!110HHa51 KYAbTYpa BocToKa A'lI1I1. BbIll. 4. DAarOSeLgt:'HcK VbA-BO AMfY 2002. C. 212-227

rAaBa 9. CTPYKTypa "BapBapcKoH HMnepHH"... 175

CTa.n,HIO 3KOHOMH4eCKOH H ofil!:leCTBeHHoH HHTerpa!JHH (Fried. 1967; Service. 1975; Claessen and Skalnik, 1978; 1981; Cohen and Service. 1978; Haas. 1982; naBAeHKo. 1989; henman, Marcus. 1999; Kpa/f,HH. 2004 H .n,p.).

O.n,HaKo HH C TOH. HH C .n,pyroH T04KH 3peHHH HeAb3H C4HTaTb. 4TO rocyzrapc'rnennoc-r-e fiblAa .n,AH K04eBHHKOB BHYTpeHHe neofixo.n,HMOH. Bce OCHOBHble 3KOHOMH4eCKHe npoueccer B CKOTOBo.n,4eCKOM Ofil!:leCTBe OCYl!:leCTBAHAHCb B par-ncax OT.n,eAbHbIX .n,OMOX03HHCTB. no ::nOH npH4HHe Hym.n,bl B cne!JHaAH3HpOBaHHOM "fiIopOKpaTH4eCKOM" armapare, 3aHHMaIOl!:leMCH ynpaBAeH4eCKo-pe.n,HCTpHfiYTHBHOH .n,eHTeAbHOCTbIO, He fibIAO. C .n,pyroH CTOpOHbI. ace CO!JHaAbHble npOTHBope4HH Mem.n,y HOMa.n,aMH pa3pewaAHCb R paMKax Tpa.n,H!JHOHHbIX HHCTHTYTOB no.n,.n,epmaHHH BHYTpeHHeH nOAHTH4eCKOH cTafiHAbHOCTH. CHAbHoe .n,aBAeHHe aa KO<IeBHHKOB MorAO npHBeCTH K OTKO'leBKe HAH npHMeHeHHIO OTBeTHoro HaCHAHH. nOCKOAbKY Kam.n,bIH CBofio.n,HbII1 HOMa.n, fibIA o.n,HOBpeMeHHO H BOHHOM (MapKoB. 1976; Irons, 1979; Khazanov. 1984; Fletcher. 1986; Barfield. 1992; Kpa/f,HH. 1992; MacaHoB. 1995 H .n,p.).

Heofixo.n,HMOCTb B Ofi'be.n,HHeHHH H C03.n,aHHH !JeHTpaAH30BaHHoH nepapxan y KOl[eBHHKOB B03HHKaeT TOAbKO B CAY4ae BOHH aa HCT04HHKH CYl!:leCTBOBaHHH. NH opraHH3a!JHH rpafiemeH cocezieii 3eMAe.n,eAb!JeB HAH 3KcnaHCHH aa HX TeppHTopHIO, npn YCTaHOBAeHHH KOHTPONl Ha.n, ToprOBbIMH nYTHMH. B .n,aHriOH cHTya!JHH (pOpMHpOBaHHe CAomHOH nOAHTH4eCKOH opraHH3a!JHH KOlleBHHKOB B cpopMe "xoueasrx HMnepHH" ecru o.n,HOBpeMeHHO H npoziyxr HHTerpa!JHH. H CAe.n,CTBHe KOHtpAHKTa (Mem.n,y HOMa.n,aMH H 3eMAe.n,eAb!JaMH). K04eBHHKH-CKOTOBO.n,bI BblcTynaAH B .n,aHHoH cHTya!JHH KaK KAaCC-aTHOC H cne!JHtpH'IeCKaH KceHOKpaTHLJeCKaH (OT rpecr. KceHO - Hapymy H KpaTOC - BAaCTb; pauee 51 npeNaraA H3.3bIBaTb TaKHe Ofil!:lecTBa aK30nOAHTapHbIMH OT rpeu. aK30 - BHe H nOAHTHfl- Ofil!:leCTBO, rocyziapcrao H .n,p.) nOAHTH4eCKaH CHCTeMa. OfiP3.3HO MomHO CK3.3aTb. 4TO OHH npe.n,CTaBAHAH COfiOH He4TO apozte "uaziCTPOHKH" Ha.n, oceNO-3eMAe.n,eAb4eCKHM "fi3.3HCOM" (Kpa/f,HH, 1992 H .n,p.). C 3TOH T04KH 3peHHH C03.n,aHHe K04eBblX HMnepHH - 3TO 4aCTHblH cAY4aH nortyxspnoii B csoe BpeMH "saaoeaarexeuoii" TeopHH noxrrroreneaa (A. fYMnAOBHl[. CD. OnneHraHMep). corxacno KOTOPOH BOHHa H

176 ~j{~.~j{~._f(~p~a~A~H~H~.~f(~o~~~e~BH~H~K~H~E~Bp~a~3~H~H~ __

3aBOeBaHI1e 51BNlIOTOI npezmocerxxaxra .LJ,NI nocxeziyroigero 3aKpenAeHI151 HepaBeHCTBa 11 CTpaTl1cpI1Ka~l1l1.

KaKoH CMblCA CKpbIBaeTC5I aa nOH5ITl1eM "KOlIeBa51 I1Mnepl151"? Ha 3TO C'IeT cytgeCTBYIOT pa3Hbie T04KI1 3peHI151 (f(pa,4HH, 1992: 168; 2001; BaCH~1beB, rOpeAHK, KUllllTOPHbIH, 1993: 33; TpenaBAoB, 1993: 17~18; 1993a: 173~175; fuJllllTOPHbIH, CaBHHoB, 1994: 6 11 .n,p.). PaCCMaTpI1Ba51 .n,aHHbIH sortpoc, n pem.n,e acero cxeziyer onpeztexrrr bC5I C TepMI1HOM "I1Mnepl151". 3TO CAOBO 0603Ha4aeT TaKYIO CPOPMY nOAI1TI1- 4eCK0l1 OpraHI13a~l1l1, KaK npaBI1AO, rocyziapcraennoro ypOBH5I, KOTOPOI1 npl1cyIgl1 .n,Ba rAaBHblX npl13HaKa: 1) 60AbUlI1e Teppl1TOpl1l1; 2) HaAl1- 411e 3aBI1CI1MbiX I1AI1 KOAOHl1aAbHblX BAa.n,eHI1H. P. Tanap, co CCblAKOH na 'rpyzu.r C. AtI3eHUITa.n,Ta, 6blA0 rtpezixoaseno onpe.n,eNlTb I1Mnepl1l0 KaK 06rgecTBo, COCT05lIgee 113 "MeTpOnOAI1I1" (51.n,pa I1Mnepl1l1) ~ BbICO· KOpa3BI1TOrO 3KCnaHCI10HI1CTCKOro rocyztapcrna -- 11 Teppl1TOpl1l1, ua KOTOPYIO pacnpOCTpaH5IeTC5I ee BAI151Hl1e (" nepaqiepna"}. nepl1Cpepl1- eH MOrAI1 51BMITbC5I COBepweHHO pa3AI14HbJe no ypOBHIO CAOmHOCTI1 Tl1nbl CO~l1aAbHbIX OpraHI13MOB: OT AOKaAbHOI1 rpynnbl .n,o rocy.n,apCTBa BKAI04I1TeAbHO. no CTeneHI1 I1HTerpl1pOBaHHOCTI1 3TI1X no.n,CI1CTeM I1Mnepna aBTOp Bbl.n,eAJ1_\a "paHHlOIO" 11 "n03.n,HIOIO" I1Mnepl1l1. B paHHeH I1Mnepl1l1, no ee MHeHI1l0, MeTpOnOAI151 11 neparpepna He COCTaBA5IAI1

o U U

np04H0l1 B3aI1MOCB5I3aHH0I1 e.n,I1HOI1 CI1CTeMbl 11 pa3~\I1'1aAI1Cb no MHO-

rl1M nOKa3aTeA5IM, TaKI1M, Hanpl1Mep, KaK 3KOAOrl151, 3KOHOMI1Ka, ypo· BeHb CO~l1aAbHoro 11 nOAI1TI14eCKOro pa3BI1TI151. K 11I1CAY KAaCCI1'1eCKI1\ npl1MepOB paHHI1X I1Mnepl1H MomHO OTHeCTI1 PI1MCKYIO I1Mnepl1l0, I1HK cxoe rocyztapc rso, KOpO~\eBCTBO KapOAI1HrOB 11 .n,p. n03.n,H5I5I I1Mne pl151 xapaKTepl13yeTc5I MeHee .n,J1(pcpepeH~l1pOBaHHoH I1HcppaCTpYKTYPOH B HeH nepaqiepniinsre nO/\CI1CTeMbl CPyHK~l1oHaAbHO OrpaHI1LJeHbl 11 Bbl crynator B rpoprae CbJpbeBblX npnziartcoa no OTHOWelll1l0 K pa3BI1TbIr\1 arpapHblM, npOMblUHeHHblM 11 ToprOBblM MeXaHI13MaM MeTponOAHl1 B Ka4eCTBe npl1Mepa MomHO COCAaTbC5I na DpI1TaHCKYIO, r epMaHCKYHl I1AI1 POCCI1HCKYIO I1Mnepl111 aa-taxa npotuxoro CTOAeTI151 (Eisenstadt 1963: 6~22, 61ff; Thapar, 1981: 410ff).

O.n,HI1M 113 Bapl1aHTOB "panneii" I1Mnepl111 CAe.n,yeT C'II1TaTb "aap BapCKYIO I1MnepI1l0". npl1H~l1nl1aA bHoe OTAI1411e nOCAe.n,HeH 3aKAI04a AOCb B TOM, 4TO ee MeTpOnOAI151 51BA5IAaCb BbICOKOpa3BI1TOH TOAhK( B BoeHHOM OTHOlUeHI1I1, 'rorzia KaK B COlJl1aAbHO-3KOIIOMJ1lIeCKOM pai

BI1TI1I1 OHa OTCTaBaAa OT atccnxyarnpye on,rx I1AI1 aaaoeaamusrx Teppl1- TOPI1H 11, no CYIgeCTBY, caxra 51BA5IAaCb nepl1cpepl1eH 11 npOBI1H~l1eH (.n,onYCTI1MO, 4TO OHa MorAa He 6blTb rocyztapcraora}. Bce I1Mnepl1l1, OCHOBaHHble KOLJeBHI1KaMI1, fiblAI1 BapBapCKI1MI1. O.n,HaKO He ace napBapCKl1e I1Mnepl111 OCHOBbIBaAI1Cb KOLJeBHI1KaMI1. n03TOMY K04eBYIO I1Mnepl11O CAe/weT Bbl.n,eA5ITb KaK Bapl1aHT aapaapcxoii. B TaKOM CAy- 4ae KOLJeBYIO I1Mnepl110 MomHO .n,ecpl1Hl1pOBaTb KaK 06IgeCTBO HOMa.n,OB, OpraHI130BaHHoe no BoeHHO -l1epapX114eCKOMY npI1H~l1ny, 3aHI1Ma IOIgee OTHOCI1TeAbHO 60AblUoe npOCTpaHCTBO 11 nOAYLJalOIgee He06xo.n,I1Mble HeCKOTOBo.n,4eCKl1e pecypcbl, KaK npaBI1AO, nocpezicraora BHelUHeH 3KCnAyaTa~1111 (rpa6emeH, BOHH 11 KOHTPI16Y~I1H, BbIMOraHI151 "nozrapxoa", He3KBI1BaAeHTHOH TOprOBAI1, .n,aHllJ1l1eCTBa 11 T . zr.).

Bbl.n,eA5IIOTC5I 'rpn Mo/\eAI1 (" l1.n,eaAbHblX Tl1na") KOLJeBblX I1Mnepl1H. 1. T HDHqHble I1Mnepl111 ~ KOLJeBHI1KI1 11 3eMAe.n,eAbl.!bl cOCYIgeCTBYIOT ua paCCT05lHI1I1. nOAYLJeHl1e npl16aBOLJHOrO npo.n,yKTa HOMa.n,aMI1 ocyIgeCTBA5IeTC5I nocpeztcraovr ,4HCTaH[JHOHHOH 3KcnAyaTa~l1l1: naoern, BblMOratll1e "noziapxoa" (B CYIgHOCTI1 p3KeT, He3KBI1BaAeHTHa51 TOprOBA5I) 11 T . .n,. (XYHHY, C5IHb611, TlOPKI1, YHrYPbl, nepsoe CKl1cpCKoe ~apCTBO 11 rtp.}. 2. llaHHHQeCKHe I1Mnepl111 ~ 3eMAe.n,eA b~bl 3aBI1C5IT OT KOLJeBHI1KOB; cpopMa 3KcnAyaTa~1111 ~ ,4aHHHl/eCTBO (X33apCl<l1H xar-anar, I1Mnepl151 fuo, 30AoTa51 Op/\a, fOaHb 11 np.). 3. 3aBoeBaTeAbHbie I1Mnepl111 ~ HOMa.n,bl 3aBoeBbIBalOT 3eMAe/\eAb'leCKOe 06IgeCTBO 11 nepeCeA5IIOTC5I Ha ero 'reppirroparo (napCPI151, KYlUaHcKoe l!apCTBO, n03- .n,H5I5I CKl1ltJl151 11 np.). Ha CMeHY rpa6emaM 11 .n,aHHJ1lleCTBY npI1XO/\I1T perYA5IpHoe HaAoroohAOlKeHHe 3eMAe.n,eAbl.!eB 11 ropomaH (f(pa,4HH,

1992: 166~178).

Tl1nl1LJIIbIe KOLJeBble I1Mnepl111 51BA5IAI1Cb cynepcAomHblMI1 Bom.n,ecTBaMI1. 3TO yxce peaAbHblH npoofipaa paHHero rocyziapcraa (f(pa,4HH, 1996). r opaazio cxoxoree C TeMI1 I1Mnepl151MI1 HOMa.n,OB, xoropere nozi- 4I1H5IAI1 3eMAe.n,eAbLJeCKl1e 06IgeCTBa 11 3KcnAyaTI1poBaAI1 I1X sa CLJeT B3I1MaHI151 .n,aHI1 I1AI1 06AOmeHI151 HaAOraMI1. BKAlO'leHl1e B I1X COCTaB 3eMAe.n,eAbLJCCKOrO HaCeAeHI151 CTI1MYAl1pOBaAO BamHble 113MeHeHI151 B cpe.n,e K04eBHI1KOB. Pa3BI1BaAaCb BHyTpeHH5I5I CTpaTl1qJl1Ka~I151, He06- XO.n,I1MOCTb ynpaBAeHI151 60Aee CAOmHblMI1 06IgeCTBaMI1 3eMAe.n,eAb~eB 11 ropomaH CTI1MYAl1pOBaAa pa3BI1TI1e nOAI1TI14eCKOH OpraHI13a~l1l1. TaK nOCTeneHHO aa MeCTO cynepcxoasnoray Bom.n,eCTBY npnxozno,a rocy.n,apCTBeHHa51 OpraHI13a~I151.

178 f!~._Ji~.~K~p~a~4~H~H~.~K~a2q~eB~H~H~K~H~E~B~p~a~3~H~H~ _

.L!,aHHble npOIJeCCbI MOrYT 6bITb HarARAHO npOI1AAIOCTpI1pOBaHbI na npI1Mepe KI1AaHbCK0I1 I1MnepI1I1 ARo. B 3TOH I1MnepI1I1 CKOTOBOAbIKOlleBHI1KI1 KI1AaHI1 (" RAPO - MeTpOnOAI1R") COCTaBARAI1 BCerO nRTYIO lIaCTb HaCeAeHI1R (750 TbIC. lIeAOBeK). KpoMe HI1X B COCTaB I1MnepI1I1 BXOAI1AI1 3eMAeAeAbIJbI-KI1TaHIJbI - 60Aee nOAOBI1HbI HaCeAeHI1R (2400 TbIC. lIeAOBeK), 60XaHIJbI (450 TblC. lIeAOBeK), HeKI1AaHbCKI1e (TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIe "BapBapCKI1e") CKOTOBOAlIeCKI1e 11 OXOTHI1l1 bI1 (200 TbIC. lIeAOBeK) HapOAbI. 06rgaR lII1CAeHHOCTb HaCeAeHI1R ziepacaasr COCTaB)\RAa 3 MAH 800 TbIC. lIeAOBeK (Wittfagel, Feng, 1949: 58).

Ha caxtbrx BepXHI1X ypOBHRX COIJI1aAbHOH TII1paMI1AbI I1MnepI1I1 HaXOAI1AI1Cb I1MnepaTOpCKI1H KAaH EAIOH 11 KAaH I1MnepaTpI1IJbI CRO. npeACTaBI1TeAI1 3TI1X KAaHOB RBARAI1Cb KPynHeHWI1MI1 c06CTBeHHI1KaMI1 B crpane 11 3aHI1MaAI1 60AbWYIO lIaCTb HaI160Aee BamHbIX BoeHHbIX 11 rpamAaHCKI1X nOCTOB B aAMI1HI1CTpaIJI1I1 I1MnepI1I1. KAaH EAIOH npoI1CXOAI1A OT nAeMeHI1 WeAI1, nOAYlII1BWerO Ha3BaHI1e OT OAHOI1MeHHOro MeCTa, rAe OHO KOlleBaAO. E AYHAI1 cBI1AeTeAbcTByeT ua 3TOT ClIeT:

"WeAI1 - MeCTO B ziayxcrax AI1 K BOCTOKY OT BepxHeH CTOAI1IJbI (HbIHe cyigecrsyer p. WI1AI1 MOAI1, 11 npn nepesozte sroro Ha3BaHI1R ua KI1TaHCKI1H nORBI1AaCb rpaMI1AI1R EAIOH" (1979: 310).

KAaH nOApa3AeARACR co BpeMeHI1 npaBAeHI1R OCHOBaTeAR I1MnepI1~I A6aoIJ3I1 na ABe lIaCTI1: "nRTb nOApa3AeAeHI1H", I1AI1 ceaepnas lIaCTb. 11 "wecTb nOApa3AeAeHI1H", I1AI1 IomHaR lIaCTb. 3TI1 lIaCTI1 ynpaBARAI1Cb "Be,\I1KI1MI1 KHR3bRMI1" (..qa BaHaMH). CeMbR I1MnepaTopa OTHOCI1AaCb K "nRTI1 IlOAPa3AeAeHhRM" KAaHa, a npRMble nOTOMKI1 A6aoIJ3I1 - K TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIM "nonepellHbIM" ("rOpI130HTaAbHbIM") ura'rpara, noTOMKI1 me AByx ero ARAeH 11 6paTbeB 6bIAI1 I13BeCTHbI KaK "TPI1 narpn . apxax snerx X03RHCTBa". BMeCTe OHI1 06pa30BbIBaAI1 lIeTblpe BeAyrgI1x AI1HI1Ama (Wittlagel, Feng, 1949: 491; Kwanten, 1979: 95).

l1MnepaTop ClII1TaACR eAI1HOAI1l1HbIM npaBI1TeAeM, OKOHlIaTeAbHOH I1HCTaHIJI1eH, OT I1MeHI1 xoroporo npI1HI1MaAI1Cb BamHeI1WI1C OTBeTCTBeHHbIe peWeHI1R 11 ocyigecraxs.aace peAI1CTpI16YIJI1R. B ero KAaAoBblX "CKOnI1AI1C b IJeAbIe ropbI peAKI1X 11 AparOIJeHHbIX BergeI1 (E AYH,1H, 1979: 152). focYAapCTBcHHbIe CTaAa BKAlOlIaAI1 npI1MepHO OAI1H MI1AAI10H rOAOB mI1BOTHbIX, xoropere BbInaCaAI1Cb rAaBHbIM 06- pa30M B CI1AOY (TaM me, 47), nOA HaA30pOM cneIJI1aAbHblX oprMIOB KOHTPOAR (lX~'ttfagel, Feng, 1949: 47).

__________ ~r.~A~a~B~a~9~.~~~T~p~y~K~T~y~p~a~"~B~ap~B~a~p~c~K~a~H~u~H~M~I1~e~p~H~H~'~~ .. 179

CyrgecTBoBaA cAomHbIH, cKpynYAe3HO pa3pa60TaHHbIH ABOPIJOBbIH IJepeMOHI1aA, KOTOPbIH TrgaTeAbHO OnI1CblBalOT KI1TaHCKI1e XpOHI1KI1 (E AYHAH, 1979: 523 CA.) l1MnepaTopa OXpaHRAa rsap.aaa (TaM me, 468-469, 533). nepee3maR 113 CTOAI1IJbI B CTOAI1IJY, 113 ABOPIJa BO ABopeIJ, I1MnepaTopbI BeAI1 nOABI1mHbII1 06pa3 mI13HI1. B I1MnepI1I1 I1MeAOCb nRTb CTOAI1IJ. BepXHRR CTOAI1IJa HaXOAI1AaCb HenoAaAeKY OT p. Wapa-Myp3H B OKpeCTHOCTRX coapexienaoro r. DOPO-XOTOH BO BHYTpeHHeH MOHrOAI1I1 KHP. CpeAHRR CTOAI1IJa 6bIAa pacnoxoacena OKOAO MeCTa BnaAeHI1R Wapa- Myp3H B ARox3. 3TO 6bIAI1 30Hbl 06I1TaHI1R KI1AaHeH 11 APyrI1X CKOTOBOAlIeCKI1X napoztoa I1MnepI1I1. BOCTOllHaR CTOAI1IJa pacnoxaraxacs OKOAO r. ARoRH B MeCTax paCCeAeHI1R 60xaHIJeB. .L!,Ba nOCAeAHI1X CTOAI1l1HbIX ropoAa 060CHOBaAI1Cb B npeziexax npomI1- BaHI1R KI1TaHCKOro HaCeAeHI1R. 3anaAHaR CTOAI1IJa - 3TO COBpeMeHHbIH r. .L!,aTYH B npOBI1HIJI1I1 W3HCI1, a IOmHaR - COBpeMeHHbIH r. neKI1H (KbNaHaB, 1997: 148).

BHe BCRKoro COMHeHI1R, nepI10AI1l1eCKI1e nepeeszu.r I1MnepaTopa ARo - 3TO AaHb TpaAI1IJI1RM xoueaoro 6bITa. l1MeHHo TaK AOAmeH 6bIA BeCTI1 ce6R npaairrexs CTenHOH I1MnepI1I1. 0 AHaKO nOMI1MO 3TOro, KaK noxarajor K. BI1TTrporeAb 11 cP3H U3RW3H (Wittfagel, Feng, 1949: 484), nOCTORHHbIe nepeABI1meHI1R n03BOARAI1 I1MnepaTOpy AI1l1- HO KOHTPOAI1pOBaTb MHOrOllI1CAeHHbIH anna paT lII1HOBHI1KOB na MeCTax. He cAYllaHHo ero acer Aa conpoaoasztaxo 60Abwoe KOAI1l1eCTBO npI16AI1- meHHbIX. B 3TOM MomHO HaHTI1 npRMbIe aHaAOrI1I1 I1HCTI1TYTY nOAIOAbR (Ka6mlJaHaB, 1995) . .L!,YMaeTcR, B npeA- 11 paHHerocYAapCTBeHHbIX 06rgecTBeHHbIx crpyxrypax, nOTeHIJI1aAbHO cnocorunsrx K pacnaAY 11 AP06AeHI1IO, nOA06HbIH MeTOA KOHTPOAR 6bIA OAHI1M 113 HaI160Aee AeHCTBeHHbIX cpeACTB npeOAOAeHI1R cenapaTI1CTCKI1X YCTpeMAeHI1H.

KAaH CRO, I1AI1 I1Halle KAaH I1MnepaTpI1IJbI, I1MeA yiirypcxoe npOI1CXOmAeHI1e 11 raroxe AeAI1ACR aa HeCKOAbKO BbICWI1X 11 HI13WI1X AI1HI1AmeH ( Wittfagel, Feng, 1949: 191). 3TOT KAaH RB)\RACR TpaAI1IJI10HHbIM 6pallHbIM "napruepor-r" KAaHa EAIOH. "no 3aKOHaM BapBapOB, - cooorgalOT HappaTI1BHbIe I1CTOllHI1KI1, - pOA npaBI1TeAeH MomeT 3aKAIOlIaTb 6paKI1 TOAbKO C POAOM I1MnepaTpI1IJbI, He3aBI1CI1MO OT roro, BbICOKoe I1AI1 HI13KOe nOAOmeHI1e 3aHI1MaIOT npeACTaBI1TeAI1 3TI1X pOAOB. CeMbI1 ABYX nAeMeH, K KOTOPbIM OTHOCI1TCR pOA npaBI1TeAeH 11 pOA axmepa'r-

180 ~f{~.~f{~.~K~p~a~A~H~H~.~K~a~~~eB~H~H~K~H~E~B~p~a~3~H~H ___

r1aBa 9. CrpYKrypa "BapBapCKOlJ HMnepHH:~,_,-. 181

6AaraMI1 CBOI1X 110.n..n.aHHbIX 11 C .n.pyroH - OT MOtgl1 BoeHHOH .n.epLKaBbI, l-IT06bI coaepurar e soennere KaMl1aH1111 11 BbIMoraTb "110.n.aPKI1 OT CBOI1X cocezieii. EAlOH A6aolJ3H 110CAe Y3ypl1alJHH I1peCTOAa B 907 ~. 06paTHA BHHMaHHe Ha 60raTCTBa CBOHX BOCT04HbIX 11 IOLKHbIX cocezten. YI pe3YAbTaT He 3aMe.n.AHA CKa3aTbCR - l1epBbIM l1aAO rocyzrapc'rso 50xaH. OKpbIAeHHbIe YCl1eXOM, KH.n.aHI1 CTaAH I1PORBMTb HHTepec K CeBepHOMY KHTalO.

A,aHHH4eCTBO H BbIMoraeMbIe OT KHTdHCKHX rocyzrapcrn "noziapxn rrpl1HOCI1AH orpoxrnyro rrpl16bIAb. Y KHTaR B OCHOBHOM BbIMOraAI1 urexx 11 .n.eHeLKHbIe cy6CH.n.I1H. TaK, aanpasiep, nocxe rro.n.I1HCaHI1R Ml1pl-IOrO .n.orOBopa B 1005 r. CYHCKaR .n.HHaCTI1R COrAaCI1AaCb BbIITAa411BaTb eLKerozino AHo 100 TbIC. MOHeT cepe6pa H 200 TbIC. KYCKOB urexxa. [IccAe HOBOH BoeHHOH KaMrraHHI1 1042 r. BbIITAaTbI 6bIAI1 YBeAH4eHbI .n.o 200 TbIC. MOHeT H .n.o 300 TbIC. KYCKOB urexxa (E AYHAH, 1979: 63, 69, 148; Franke, 1990: 408-409 H MHOrHe .n.p.). WI1TeAbHOe BpeMR 3TH .n.0X0.n.bI COCTaBMAI1 OCHOBY 6IO.n.LKeTa rrpeCTI1LKIWH 3KOHOMl1KH HMrrepl1l1. C BapBapCKHX aapoztos .n.aHb B3HMMaCb Aowa.n.bMI1, MeXaMI1, OXOTHH4bHMI1 COKOAaMH, LKeM4yroM, PbI60H H rrp. (Witt/agel, Feng, 1949: 93, 100, 120, 127; E AYHAH, 1979: 294-299; J1BAHeB, 1988: 10-11). A,aHb C06HpaAaCb C 3aBH.n.HoH perYARpHOCTblO. TaK, nanpaxrep, C aavraxa X no Ha4aAO XII B. C 4LKYPllLK3HeH OHa B3I1MaAaCb 69 pas, C TeAI1 - 43 pasa. C yro - 18 pa3 (Bapa6beB, 1975).

no Mepe paCWl1peHHR CBoeH HMrrepl1H aa cuer CeBepHoro KI1- TaR y KH.n.aHeH B03HI1KAa He06xo.n.HMOCTb ynpaaxenna 3aXBa4eHHbIMH 3eMAe.n.eAb4eCKHMH TeppHTopHRMH. cPOpMHpOBaHHe OCHOB a.n.MHHI1CTparnanoro arrrrapaTa OTHOCHTCR YLKe K Ha4aAbHbIM ro.n.aM cytgeCTBOBaHI1R HMrrepl1H, xorzia OCHOBaTeAb .n.I1HaCTI1I1 A6aolJ3H "na CAYLK6e CTM lllHPOKO HcrrOAb30BaTb KHTaHlJeB. KI1TaHlJbI Hay411AH ero, 11 OH, 4T06bI 3aMeHHTb 3Ha4KH, BbIpe3aBwHeCR na .n.epeBe, COCTaBHA HeCKOAbKO TbICRll HeporAHcpOB ... KpOMe 'roro, OH YCTaHOBHA npasnxa /1,NI 6paKOC04eTaHHR, Ha3BaHI1R ,lI,AR .n.OALKHOCTeH 4I1HOBHHKOB" (E AYHAH, 1979: 311). ::?ITO 6bIAO 06YCAOBAeHO TeM, 4TO BKAI04eHHe B COCTaB I1Mrrepl1H 3Ha4HTeAbHbIX 3eMAe.n.eAb4eCKI1X Teppl1TOpHH Tpe60BMO C03.n.aHI1R 60Aee CAOLKHOro ynpaaxeuuecxoro MexaHH3Ma. T pa.n.HlJl10HHbIe .n.0rocy.n.apCTBeHHbIe HHCTI1-ryrbI ynpasxenna KOHcpe.n.epalJl1H "BOCbMH nxexrei:" KI1.n.aHeH He 6bIAH npncnoconxensr ,lI,AR yrrpaBAeHI1R CAOLKHOH 3KOHOMI1KOH 3eMAe-

pl1lJ. He MorYT scrynar s B 6paKH C .n.pyrwvll1 I1AeMeHaMI1 6e3 paspeureHHR I1paBI1TeAR KH.n.aHeH. ::?ITO He paCl1pOCTpaHReTCR Ha 6paKI1 MeLK.n.y OCTaAbHbIMH nAeMeHaMH" (E AYHAH, 1979: 310)*.

Bnp04eM, npHHa,ll,AeLKHOCTb K KAaHaM EAIOH 11 CRO He 03Ha4aAa, 4TO see HX I1pe.n.CTaBI1TeAH RBMAHCb Kpyl1HbIMH c06CTBeHHI1KaMI1. PR.n. MepOnpl1RTHH no OKa3aHHIO 110MOtgl1 roxozia IOtg 11M , npezinpaaarerx B 1100 r., 110Ka3bIBaeT, 4TO ,lI,aLKe B 3THX K.,\aHaX cytgecraosaxa 3Ha411- TeAbHaR I1MytgeCTBeHHaR ,lI,HcpcpepeHlJl1alJHR. AeTOl1l1CI1 coorngaror 06 O,ll,HOM H3 npeztcraarrrexeii lJapCTBYlOtgero KAaHa EAIOH, KOTUPbIH He HMe), ,lI,aLKe BepXOBOH Aowa,ll,l1 (3TO K04eBHI1K-TO!) H 6bIA BblHyLK,lI,eH I1pHeXaTb KO ,lI,BOpy BepXOM na 6bIKe, O,ll,eTbIM B OB411HHbIH TyAYI1**. O,ll,HaKO OTCYTCTBHe HMytgeCTBeHHoro ,lI,OCTaTKa, Bl1p04eM, He 110MeWaAO eMY nOAY4HTb BbICOKI1H nocr I1pl1 I1Ml1epaTOpCKOM ,lI,Bope (Witt/agel. Feng, 1949: 191-192). nOCAe,ll,Hee etge pa3 110,ll,TBepLK,lI,aeT, 4TO B KOlieBOM 06tgecTBe CTaTyC KOHKpeTHoro I1H,lI,HBl1,l1,a Hepe,ll,KO 06YCAOBAeH CTaTYCOM ero reHeMOrH4eCKOH rpynnsr cpezur ,lI,PYrHX aHMOrH4HbIX rpynn.

nepBoHa4aAbHo KH,lI,aHbCKaR I1Ml1epl1R AHo (916-1125) npeziCTa3ARAa C060H KAaCCH4eCKYIO ",lI,aHHI14ecKYIO" K04eBYlO HMnepmo. nOCKOAbKY BO scex K04eBbIX HMl1epl1RX pecypc BAaCTI1 I1paBI1TeAR aaBI1CeA, C O,ll,H0I1 CTOPOHbI, OT B03MOLKHOCTI1 06eCl1e411BaTb ,lI,apaMI1 11

* rIo YKa3Y 1019 r. xpyr B03MO<KHOCTeH AMI BCTynAemul B 6paK AMI BbICllJHX 3BeHbPB apncroxpa rna HOMaAoB 6bIA Aono.\HHTeA bHO cyaseu. rIpeAcTaBHTeA}I:>1 lJt'Tblpex caxn,rx 3HaTHbIX AHHHAmeH EAJOH 6bL\O aanpeigeuo meHHTbC}I na rrpeztCTaBHTeA}lX "MeHbllIHX" AHHHAmPH. B 1029 r. ABa BeAYIgHX AHlIHAma KAaHa C}lO H AHHHAJKH "rtarn" H "weCTH" nOApa3AeAeHHH EAlOH 6blAH 06b}lBAeHbi "6AarOpO!~HbIMH pOAaMH Ha\!HH". L[eTblpe Be AYIgHX AHllHAma KAaHa E.\IOH npa 3TO:>1 He ynoMHHaIOTC}I. Flo MHeHHIO K. BHTTl!JoreA}I H <D3H U3}1wt'Ha ( V{littiogel. Feng. 1949: 191), 3TO, B03MomHO, 06b}lCH}leTC}I TeM, lJTO OctJH\!HaAbHbIH c raryr 3THX AHHHAmeH 6bIA HaMHoro BblllIe, lJeM y "npOCTO" THryAoBaHHOH KOlJeBOii apHCTOKpaTHH.

** MemAY Tt'M HCTOlJHHKH CBHAeTPAbCTBYIOT, lJTO Y KHAaHeH "anarnsre HOC}lT C060AHHbW Wy6bl. Oc06eHHO BbICOKO \!eH}lTC}I TeMHO-KpaCHbIH C060Ab. a 3aTeM C060Ab ceposaroro \!BeTa. YfcnoAb3YIOT ropnocraa" (E JI)'HAH, 1979: 316). He- 3HaTHbIe me "YKpaWaIOT rOAOBHOH yoop MeXOM C060A}I. a my6bI WbIOT H3 .\HCberO Mexa" (TaM me). CYA}I no BceMY. B AdHHOM KOHTeKCTe "OBlJHHHbIH 'ryxyn" - npe At'A 6PAHOCTH

182 ~f{~.~f{~.~f(~p~a~4~H~H~.~f(~o~q~eB~H~H~K~H~£~B~p~a~3~H~H ___

,lI,eAb4eCKOH gHBHAH3agHH C MHor04HCAeHHbIMH ropO,ll,aMH. no CYIgeCTBY, opraHbI ynpaBAeHI1R HMnepHH ,lI,OAmHbI COOTBeTCTBOBaTb BHYTpeHHeH 9KOHOMH4eCKOH H COgHaAbHOH HHq>paCTp)'KTYpe, HHa4e HeH36emeH KpH- 3HC CHCTeMbI ynpaBAeHHR, a 3aTeM H sceii HMnepHH B geAOM.

/laHHYIO np06AeMY 3aBoeBaTeAH MorAH peWHTb ,lI,ByMR cnocooaxm:

1) "ynpoigeanexr" saaoesanaoro 06IgecTBa, 4T06bI OHO COOTBeTCTBOBaAO MeHee pa3BHTbIM 9KOHOMH4eCKHM H nOAHTH4eCKHM HHCTHTYTaM nooeznrrexeii - HHbIMH CAOBaMH, YHH4TomeHHeM ropoztoe, 3eMAe,ll,eAb4eCKoro HaceAeHHR, npeapargeaaera nOAeH B naCT6HIga ,lI,AR CKO'ra; 2) YCAomHeHHeM c06CTBeHHbIX opraHOB ynpaBAeHHR, Tpe6ylOIgHx ocezranas HMnepaTopCKoro ,lI,Bopa B ropoziax HAH C03,l1,aHHR KOMnAeKca CTOAH4HbIX ropO,ll,OB (cacrexra "nRTH croxm;"}, Mem,ll,y KOTOPbIMH MomHO 6bIAO 6bI gHpKyAHpoBaTb C KOHTPOAbHo-peBH30pCKHMH geARMH, C03,l1,aHHeM 61OpoKpaTH4ecKoro armapara, BBe,ll,eHHeM nHC bMeHHOCTH H ,lI,eAonpOH3BO,ll,CTBa no KHTaHcKoMY oopasuy.

A6aog3H Hero HaCAe,ll,HHKH BbI6paAH BTOPOH BapHaHT, 4TO npHBeAO K C03,l1,aHHIO B 947 r. ,lI,yaAbHoH CHCTeMbI a,ll,MHHHCTpagHH, pa3,l1,eAeHHOH ua ceBepHYIO H IOmHYIO 4aCTH. BOT KaK onHCbIBalOT ee HappaTHBHbIe HCT04HHKH: "yb Y4pem,ll,eHHH HMelOTCR KH,lI,aHbCKoe ynpaaxeuae BamHeHwHx cexpernsrx ,lI,eA H ynpaaxenae r xaaaonauaxecrayroigero nOXO,ll,HbIMH ,lI,BopgaMH. 3TH y4pem,ll,eHHR Ha3bIBaIOTCR CeBepHbIMH. TaK KaK OHH CTORT K ceBepy OT IOpTbI HMnepaTopa. Be,ll,alOT ,lI,eAaMH, CBR3aHHbIMH C aapaapasta. I1MelOTcR 'raxxce KHTaHcKoe ynpaBAeHHe BamHeHwHx cexpermsrx ,lI,eA, ynpaaxenne ,lI,BopgoBoro ceKpeTapHaTa H ynpaBAeHHe rAaBHoHa4aAbcTBYlOIgero noxo,ll,HbIMH CTaBKaMH. 3TH y4pem,ll,eHHR Ha3bIBalOTCR lOmHbIMH, TaK KaK CTORT K tory OT IOpTbI HMnepaTopa. Be,ll,alOT ,lI,eAaMH, CBR3aHHbIMH C KHTaHgaMH" (£ .!lYH.!lH. 1979: 314; WittfogeJ, Feng, 1949: 473).

CeBepHaR a,ll,MHHHCTpagHR C4HTaAaCb no paury asuue lOmHoH.

XOTR KaK no 4HCAeHHOCTH annapara, TaK H no KBaAHq>HKagHH 6lOpoKpaTHH ycrynaxa nocxezmeii. CeBepHaR a,ll,MHHHcTpagHR B03rAaBARAaCb "ceaepaerxr KaHgAepoM" (TaM me, 250), KOTOPbIH, KaK npaBHAO, Ha3Ha4aACR H3 npezrcrasarexeii KAaHOB EAIOH H CRO. B ero KOMneTeHgHIO BXO,ll,HAH BamHeHWHe rOCY,ll,apCTBeHHbIe ,lI,eAa, HanpHMep. KOHTPOAb aa apMHeH, Ha6AIO,ll,eHHe aa roccex-ropoxr CKOTOBO,ll,4eCKoro X03RHCTBa, y4acTHe B BbIpaOOTKe BamHeHWHX nOAHTH4eCKHX peureuaii

B HCT04HHKax nepe4HCAReTCR 60Abwoe KOAH4eCTBO pa3AH4HbIX 4HHOB H 3BaHHH, YCTaHOBAeHHbIX ,lI,AR K04eBOH apHCTOKpaTHH: ual.JaAbHHK ~BOPIJOBoro cexperapnara", "Hal.JaAbHHK nOAHTHl.JeCKHX ~e)\", "npe,ll,Ce,ll,aTeAb sepxoanoro soeanoro COBeTa", Ha4aAbHHK nOCOAbcxoro npnxaaa", "Ha4aAbHHK ynpaBAeHHR KOHlOweH 6bICTpOHorHX AOurazieii", KOMaH,lI,YIOIgHH H~mepaTopCKOH rsap,ll,HeH, npoune THTyAbI BoeHa4aAbHHKOB, COKOAbHH4He, KAI04HHKH H T. ,lI,. (£ .!lYH.!lH, 1979:

43, 51, 55, 67, 116, 133, 149, 177, 180, 249, 250, 272, 314, 440, 449, 461, 465 H ,lI,p.). 0 HaHOOAee BamHbIX nocrax B "I1CTOPHH rocy,lI,apCTBa KH,lI,aHeH" MomHO np04HTaTb CAe,ll,YI0Igee: "/loAmHocTb THHHR COOTBeTcTByeT HalJaAbHHKY npHKa3a no ,lI,eAaM HMnepaTopCKoro pozta, HAH6H COOTBeTcTByeT Y4aCTBYlOIgeMY B ynpaBAeHHH nOAHTH4eCKHMH ,lI,eAaMH, AHHbR COOTBeTcTByeT Y4eHOMY H3 4HCAa BbI,lI,al0IgHXCR AHTepa ropoa, HAHg3HHb COOTBeTcTByeT npaBHTeAIO oOAaCTH. DOAbWHHCTBO 4HHOBHHKOB npH ,lI,Bope H BHe ero Ha3HalJaIOTCH no oopasuy KHTaR, a cpezut nOMoraI0IgHX HM 4HHOBHHKOB ecr e lJaHWH, Myry, cmryry H ryayry" (TaM me, 314).

K BepXHHM 3BeHbRM apHCTOKpaTHH KH,lI,aHbCKHX "BeAHKHx nxewen" OTHOCHAHCb THTyAbI xeaoro H npaBoro aexuxoro npaBHTeAH (4a BaH), xeaoro H npasoro "sexaxoro HaCTaBHHKa" (TaifulH), xeaoro H npasoro KOMaH,lI,YIOIgero (TaifBaif) (IlYMaH, 1955: 31). HeTpY,ll,HO 3aMeTHTb, 4TO CTpyKTypHO OHH cxoxcn C KpbIAbeBoH CHCTeMOH ,lI,pyrHx KOlJeBbIX HMnepHH (TpenaB.!lOB, 1993). YnoMHHaIoTcH 'raxzxe THTyAbI KH,lI,aHbCKOH K04eBOH apHCTOKpaTHH, npHCBaHBaeMbIe HMnepaTopCKHM ,lI,BOPOM:

IOHIOa, THHHb, C51HbB.9Hb, MaH.!laO (£ .!lYH.!lH, 1979: 314, 348, 368, 377, 419, npHM. 18).

DOAee MeAKHe crpyxrypnsre noztpasztexenaa (nAeMeHa) B03- r AaBAHAHC b Tpa,ll,HgHoHHbIMH Bom,ll,HMH - H.!lH!l3HH51MH. "AHo WH CBH,lI,eTeAbcTByeT, 4TO B KOMIIeTeHgHlo HAHIJ3HHR BXO,ll,HAH aoeunsie q>YHKgHH - "KpynHbIH 4HHOBHHK, KOMaH,lI,YIOIgHH BOHCKaMH H xouiazu» MH", a 'raxase cy ,lI,eOHO- Me,ll,HaTHBHbIe 06R3aHHOCTH - .. xorzia KaraHOM CTaA Lby-y, TO OH, 3HaH 0 MY,ll,POCTH pO,ll,CTBeHHHKa HMnepaTopCKoro ,lI,oMa BAH, nOCTaBHA ero HAHg3HHeM, 4TOObI OH Be,ll,aA HaKa3aHHHMH" (£ .!lYH.!lH, 1979: 345). I1cT04HHKH TaKme coorugaror, 4TO HAHg3HHb 6bIA nOAHonpaBHbIM npaeirrexevr ua HaXo,ll,HBWeHCH B ero Be,ll,eHHH 'repparopmt (TaM me, 346). nOHBHBWaHCR C 648 r. y KH,lI,aHeH KHTaHCKaR ,lI,OAmHOCTb !JbIUlH 4epe3 uexo'ropoe BpeMH ObIAa npHpaBHeHa K

184 ~f{~·~f{~.~f(~p~a~4~H~H~.~f(~o2q~eB~H~H~K~H~~~B~p~a~3~H~H~ __

__ ~J~~2ta~B~a~9~.~~~T~p~vK~T~yuP~a~·_'~B~a~p~B~a~p~(~·K~o~H~'~H~~~1n~e~p~H~H~·~~.~. 185

I1AI11,!3I1HIO: no cyrn .n,eAa 1,!blWI1 - 31'0 Ha4aJ\bHI1K KaKOH-Al1fio ofiAaCTI1 (TaM fKe, 314, 346. npl1M. 3-4).

B 1,!eAOM npe.n,CTaBMleTC5I B03MOfKHblM rOBOpl1Tb 0 cytgecraoaaHI1I1 y KI1.n,aHel1 pa3BI1TOrO COCAOBHoro HepaBeHCTBa, .n,OBOAbHO pa3HOPO.n,HOH MHoroypoBHeBoH npOCAOHKI1 KOlieBOH apI1CTOKpaTI1I1, BOfK.n,eH, npe.n,Bo.n,I1TeAeH paaasrx paHrOB. KI1.n,aHbcKa51 apI1CTOKpaTI151 ofiAa.n,aAa 3Ha411TeAbHblM fioraTCTBOM, TaK KaK nOCT05lHHble BOHHbl 11 B311MaHI1e .n,aHI1 otiecneuaaaxn npl1TOK fiOAbworo KOAI14eCTBa 1,!eHHocTeH 113-3a rpaHI11,!bl B MeTpOIlOAI1JO, a caMble BblCWl1e CaHOBHI1KI1 (E .!lYHAH, 1979: 425-426) .n,afKe I1MeAI1 CBOI1 MHor0411CAeHHble .n,pyfKI1HbJ. choT cOQl1aAbHblH CAOH fiblA rAaBHoH onopoii .n,I1HaCTI1I1, 11 ero npe.n,cTaBI1TeAI1 3aHI1MaAH OOAbWYIO 4aCTb aoennsrx 11 rpafK.n,aHCKI1X nOCTOB B CeBepHoH a.n,MI1HI1CTpa1,!1111 I1Mnepl1l1, a 'raxase Hal1fioAbWee 411CAO KAIOlieBblX .n,OAfKHocTeH B }{)fKHOH a.n,MI1HI1CTpa1,!l1l1.

o cyrgecTBoBaHl111 onpeztexennoji COCAOBHOH rpaHI11,!bl MefK.n,y KI1- .n,aHbcKoH 3HaTbl0 (KI1T. !J3H) 11 npOCTblMI1 HOMa.n,aMI1 (KI1T. lllYJlfEJHb) CBI1.n,eTeAbcTByeT, B 4aCTHOCTI1, 11 TOT qiarcr , 41'0 eCAI1 npeztcraarrrexe apI1CTOKpaTJ1lleCKOH C01,!I1aJ\bHOH rpynnbl COBepwaA npaaonapyureuna, OH MOl' OblTb nepeseztex B npOCTOAIO.n,I1Hbl (Will/ogel, Feng, 1949: 193). API1CTOKpaTI151 pa3AI14HblX panroa orixaraxac» AerKI1MI1 HaAOraMI1, Obl)\a oCBofiofK.n,eHa 01' Tpy.n,OBOH nOBI1HHOCTI1, B cxyuae COBepWeHI151 npecrynxeuas KI1.n,aHbCKl1e apl1CTOKpaTbl HaKa3b1BaJ\I1Cb OOAee M5IrKO, 4eM I1l1ble KaTerOpl111 no.n,.n,aHHblX. f1pl14eM .n,afKe eCAI1 I1X nozraepraxn nopeMHOMY 3aKA104eH1110, I1X YCAOBI151 fKI13HI1 OblAI1 OOAee CHOCHblMI1 11, aeposrrnee scero, OHI1 OCBooofK.n,aAI1Cb 01' paocxoro rpyzta.

Heofixo.n,I1Mo TaKfKe OTMeTI1Tb HaAI1411e B KI1.n,aHbCKOM ofirgecTBe OCOfiOH rpynnbl AI11,!, COIlOCTaBI1MblX C I1HCTI1TyrOM MOHrOAbCKI1X Tap-

CAyI', A05lAbHOCTI1, nopo.n,HeHI151 I1AI1 I1HKopnopa1,!1111 B TOT I1AI1 I1HOI1 apl1CTOKpaTI14eCKI1H KAaH. C yrgecTBOBaJ\a TaKfKe .n,OAfKHOCTb tuesn, KOTOPYIO MOl' AI1 nOAY411Tb "ooraTble KI1.n,aHI1, fKeAalOrgl1e OOMaTbIBaTb rOAOBY nAaTKOM". 3a nOAY4eHI1e 3TOH .n,OAfKHOCTI1 OHI1 nAaTI1AI1 10 rOAOB KpynHoro poraToro CKOTa 11 BepfiAlo.n,oB, i 00 rOJ\OB xouraztei] (E .!lYHAH, 1979: 369, npl1M. 10).

f1epBoHa4aAbHo nOAOfKeHl1e npocrt-tx CKOTOBO.n,oB-KI1.n,aHeH, cxopee acero, OblAO .n,OCTaT04HO npl1eMAeMblM. OHI1 COCTaBA5IAI1 OCHOBY KI1- .n,aHbCKoro BOHcKa, a Heofixo.n,I1MOCTb .n,epfKaTb B 1l0.n,411Hehl1l1 fiOAee 4/) HaCeAeHI151 I1Mnepl111 BbIHYfK.n,aAa sepxyuncy K04eBHI1KOB OrpaHl1411- aar e npnrecneune CBOI1X conAeMeHHI1KOB.

B COOTBeTCTBl111 C l1epapXI14eCKI1M npl1H1,!l1nOM OpraHl13a1,!1111 crenaoro oorgecTBa HOMa.n,bl OblAI1 paaoirn.r aa no.n,pa3.n,eAeHI151 no .n,ec5ITI14HOMY npl1H1,!l1ny (E .!lYHAH, 1979: 511- 513). f1PI1 3TOM OOblllHO TOAbKO 4aCTb K04eBHI1KOB OblAa 3a.n,eHcTBoBaHa B soeanerx aKQI151X, a "ocrax susre BOI1Hbl ncerzta OCTaBaAI1Cb Hd MeCTe B Ka4eCTBe OCHOBbl nAeMeHI1" (TaM fKe, 426). f1AeMeHa, ObIBWl1e /\0 BOQapeHI151 Afiao1,!311 aBTOHOMHblMI1 11 He3aBI1CI1MblMI1 nOTeCTapHblMI1 ofipa30BaHI151MI1, CTaAI1 B nepnozi I1Mnepl111 rAaBHblMI1 a.n,MI1HI1CTpaTI1BHbIMI1 e.n,I1HI1'1<tMI1. B I1X Ofi5l3aHHOCTI1 BMeH51AI1Cb CAe.n,Ylorgl1e qlYHI<!!I1I1.

Bo-nepBblx, BOeHHa5l. rIAeMeHHoe OnOAlIeHl1e BXO.n,I1AO B COCTaB BOHCKOBOH OpraHI13aQI111 Hap5l.n,y C npmfleCCI10Ha.\bHbIMI1 apMeHCKI1MI1 no.n,pa3.n,eAeHI151MI1 I1MnepaTopa 11 p5l.n,a xpynnsrx apI1CTOKpaTOB, .n,pyfKl1HaMI1 BaccaAbHbIX napoztos. He cAYliaHIIo, BI1.n,I1MO, B O.n,HOM 113 I1CT04HI1KOB ynOMI1HaeTC5I, 41'0 3HaM5I 51BA5IeTC5I OTAI1411TeAbHbIM arpnfiYTOM nAeMeHI1 (E .!lYH~1H, 1979: 527).

Bo- BTOPbIX, nxeraeua 51BA5IAI1C b OCHOBHbIMI1 a.n,MI1HI1CTpaTI1BHOnOAI1Tl1l1eCKI1MI1 e.n,I1HI11,!aMI1 ceaepaoii 4aCTI1 CTpaHbJ. KafK.n,oe nAeM5I I1MeAO CBOIO onpeztexenuyio Teppl1TOpl1l0 K04eBaHI151. Y KafK.n,oro nxeMeHI1 fibIAa CB051 OpraHI13a1,!l151 ynpaBAeHI151, B03r AaBA5IBWa5lC5I Tpa.n,l1- 1,!110HHbIM BOfK.n,eM (HAH!J3HHeM). TI1TYA nAeMeHHoro BOfK.n,5I nepezraBaAC5I no HaCAe.n,CTBY (E .!lYHAH, 1979: 246). C Te4eHI1eM BpeMeHI1, no Mepe pa3BI1TI151 np01,!eCCOB KI1Ta3aQI1I1, Ha4I1HaeTC5I .n,aBAeHl1e aa IIAeMeHa K04eBHI1KOB. Tpa.n,I1QI10HHbIe Teppl1TOpl111 K04eBaHI151 CTaAI1 OrpaH11411BaTbC5I 11 ype3aTbC5I I1MnepCKI1M npaBI1TeAbCTBOM. VIHor.n,a nxexrena nepeeoztnxn co CBOI1X Tpa.n,I1QI10HHbIX nacTfil1rg na HOBbIe 3eMAI1 (~HMa4a Macao, 1952: 302).

<.;> <.;>"

X<tHOB, HarpafK.n,aeMbIX fKeAe3H0l1 rpaMOTOI1 - nO-BI1.n,I1MOMY, 4eM-

TO nano zrofine naH1,!3bJ. 31'11 AI1Qa, a rarose I1X nOTOMKI1 B CAY4ae COBepWeHI151 npec'rynxenaa no.n,BepraAI1Cb ropaszro MeHbweMY uaxaaaHI1JO, lIeM .n,pyrl1e KaTerOpl111 HaCeAeHI151, AI100 OCBooofK.n,aAI1Cb 01' Hero soorirjje (E ./lYHAH, 1979: 475, npl1M. 1).

O.n,HaKo, HeCMOTp51 na .n,OCTaT04HO fKeCTKYIO npl1B5I3Ky cTaTyca HOMa.n,a K nOAOfKeHI110 ero KAaHOBo-pO.n,OBOI1 rpynnbI B ofirgeH reHeaAOrl14eCK0l1 l1epapXI1I1, scerzta I1MeAI1Cb B03MOfKHOCTI1 .n,A5I nOBbIWeHI151 caoero panra nocpeztc'rsora BoeHHOH .n,ofiAecTI1, AI14HbIX aa-

__________ ~r~A~.a~B~a~9~.~~~Tp~YK~T~y,uP~a~"~B~ap~Ba~p~c~K~a~H~u~H~M~rr~e~p~H~H~'~~ .. ~ 187

B-TpeTbI1X, nxexrena CTaAI1 q)l1cKaAbHo-rroAaTHblMI1 eAI1HI1~aMI1 I1Mrrepl1l1. [10 Mepe B3al1MOAeHCTBI1H CTerrHOH "MeTpOrrOAI1I1" 11 aaaoeBaHHblX oceAAO-3eMAeAeAb4eCKI1X reppnropaii YCI1AI1AOCb CO~l1aAbHOe paCCAOeHl1e cpeztn HOMaAoB. ECAI1 130 BpeMH BOHHbl 11 oeAHble, 11 npocrme, 11 aaarueie K04eBHI1KI1, 11 nox YK04eBHI1KI1 I1MeAI1 npaso na AOA!O AOObI411, TO xor Aa HaA rrOKopeHHblMI1 3eMAeAeAb~aMI1 OblAI1 YCTaHOBAeHbl TBepAble HaAOrl1, CTaAI1 oooraigar eca TOAbKO 3AI1Ta 11 ee OKpYfKeHl1e.

li,AH "AaHHI14eCKI1X" 11 "3aBoeBaTeAbHbIX" xoueasrx I1Mrrepl1H xapaKTepHO nocrenennoe CPOpMl1pOBaHl1e 11 pa3BI1TI1e HaAoroOOAOfKeHI1H He TOAbKO rrOKopeHHblX 3eMAeAeAb~eB, HO 11 HOMaAoB 113 411CAa 3aBOeaare.xeii. HappaTI1BHble I1CT04HI1KI1 rr03BOAHIOT BblAeAI1Tb HeCKOAbKO crrOCOOOB 3KcrrAyaTa~1111 npocrerx HOMaAoB. Ylx OOH3bIBaAI1 Y4aCTBOBaTb 13 eoeaasrx noxoziax 11 OOAaBHblX OXOTax, rrAaTI1Tb rrOAYWHblH aaxor CO B3POCAbIX, naxor CO CKOTa, CHaOfKaTb apMI110 AowaAbMI1, coecneuuaaru nepeaosxy sepxa, AOCTaBAHTb no-rronere cooOl!!eHI1H. [10 Mepe BblTeCHeHI1H rrAeMeH C AY4WI1X naCTOl1l!!HblX Teppl1TOpl1H HOMaAbl pa30pHAI1Cb 11 CTaHOBI1AI1Cb paOOTHI1KaMI1 13 rOCYAapCTBeHHOM CKOTOBONleCKOM cexrope (Wilt/agel, Feng, 1949: 565-566; .l[YMaH, 1955: 23- 24; ClfMaAa Macao, 1952: 301-302).

[1pI1TeCHeHI1H HOMaAoB Bbl3blBaAI1 YKAOHeHl1e OT ynxarer noztareii, oerCTBO C OOAaBHblX OXOT, TpeOOBaHI1H OTMeHbl HaAorOB 11 necnpaaeztAI1BblX 3aKOHOAaTeAbHblX aKTOB (.l[YMaH, 1955: 24). HecnoKoHHble K04eI3HI1KI1 co BpeMeHeM CTaHOBI1AI1Cb OOY30H AAH I1MrrepCKoro rrpaBI1TeAbCTBa, 11 OHO nauaxo rrOCTeneHHO rrepeceAHTb I1X 13 Maprl1HaAbHble 30Hbl, na Teppl1TOpl111 TpaAI1~110HHOro 3eMAeAeAI1H. K04eBHI1KaM npeAOCTaBAHAI1Cb AbrOTHble YCAOBI1H X03HHCTBOBaHI1H. OHI1 4aCTI14HO oceztaxn, 4aCTI14HO nepeCeAHAI1Cb na oxpanaer I1Mnepl1l1, 4TO AOAfKHO OblAO no 3aMbICAY I1HI1~l1aTOpOB AaHHoH rrOAI1TI1KI1 ooeacnacnr e rpaHI1~bl crpam.r. [1PoBoAI1Mble MepOrrpl1HTI1H npeCAeAOBaAl1 CBoeH ~eAblO yxpenxeune ltmHaHcoBOH CI1CTeMbl AI1HaCTI1I1, rrOCKOAbKY AAH rocyAapCTBa OblAO HaMHoro BblroAHee B311MaTb HaAOrl1 C 3eMAeAeAb~eB, 4eM oe3yenewHo m.rra-r sca oOY3AaTb rOPAblX K04eBHI1KOB (~HMaAa Macao, 1952: 301-314). [10 aceii BI1AI1MOCTI1, 3Ta TeHAeH~I1H seeTaKI1 He ycnexa rrOAY411Tb 3Ha4I1Te,\bHOrO pacnpOCTpaHeHI1H. flOKa I1Mnepns coxpauaxa rrOAI13THI14HblH xapaKTep, npocrute HOMaAbl eOCTaB-

MIAI1 OCHOBY BoeHHOH MaWI1HbI, C nOMOIgb!O KOTOPOH 3AI1Ta AepfKaAa 13 nOA411HeHI111 3eMAeAeAb4eCKoe nacexeune CTpaHbI. CAeAOBaTeAbHO, CO~l1aAbHbIH CTaTYC PHAOBblX K04eBHI1KOB OCTaBaACH Bblwe, t.JeM y saaoeaaausrx HapOAoB.

lOfKHaH aAMI1HI1CTpa~I1H CTPYKTypHO xormpoaaxa OlopOKpaTl14eCxyro CI1CTeMY I1Mrrepl111 T au (narraBa, 1999) 11 COCTOHAa 113 4I1HOBHI1- KOB-KI1TaH~eB. OAHaKO see asrcume AOAfKHOCTI1 OblAI1 Y 3aBoeBaTeAeH KI1AaHeH. BrrAOTb AO 1114 r. KI1TaH~bl He I1MeAI1 rrpaBa rrpl1HI1MaTb yt.JaCTl1e 13 oocYfKAeHl111 BafKHeHWI1X rOCYAapCTBeHHbIX AeA (£ AYHAH, 1979: 178). Corxacuo "jJl1AaHb ro t.JfKl1", AO yxasannoro BpeMeHI1 TOAbKO BoceMb KI1TaH~eB OblAI1 Ha3Ha4eHbl na BblCWl1e AOAfKHOCTI1 13 I1Mrrepl111 (TaM fKe, 280-281). T OAbKO eOKpYWI1TeAbHble rtopazsemrx OT t.JfKypt.JfK3HeH 3aCTaBI1AI1 KI1AaHeH AOBepHTb KI1TaHCKI1M OlopOKpaTaM. TeM He MeHee nOCT "roaororo KaH~Aepa", B03rAaBAHBwero scro KI1TaHCKYIO 4aCTb yrrpaBAeH4eCKoro annapaTa, seer Aa 3aHI1MaAI1 KI1AaHI1 (Witt/agel, Feng, 1949: 449-450).

CpeAI1 BafKHeHWI1X COCTaBHblX 4aCTeH lOamoH aAMI1HI1CTpa~1111 yrroMI1HalOTCH I1HCTI1TYTbl "rpex HaCTaBHI1KOB", "rpex KHH3eH-COBeTHI1- KOB", Pa3AI1t.JHble COBeTHI1KI1 C rrOAt.JI1HeHHbIMI1 11M AerrapTaMeHTaMI1, ~eH30paT, AKaAeMI1H nayx, AerrapTaMeHT rOCYAapCTI3eHHOH I1CTOPI10- rparpnn, a TaKfKe urec'r e BafKHeHWI1X MI1HI1CTepCTB: 1) <jI1HOB; 2) aaKa3aHI1H; 3) HaAorOB; 4) peAI1r1103HblX ~epeMOHI1H; 5) oOl!!ecTBeHHblx parior: 6) eoenaerx AeA (Wilt/agel, Feng, 1949: 440ff; .l[YMaH, 1955: 32; KbI<iaHaB, 1997). Teppnropns !OfKHOH t.JaCTI1 crpaner OblAa pa3- AeAeHa aa oKpyra (Aaa), npeqiexrypt» (cpy), OOAaCTI1 ([[;>Kay), ye3Abl (OlHb). Ha KafKAoM ypOBHe nepapxmr CYl!!eCTBOBaA CBOH vnpaaxenuecKI1H arrrrapaT. KpOMe ~eHTpaAbHbIX, perl10HaAbHblX 11 MeCTHblX opraHOB BAaCTI1 I1MeAI1Cb aAMI1HI1CTpaTI1BHbIe opram» rrHTI1 CTOAI1~ I1Mrrepl111 (Witt/agel, Feng, 1949: 446ff). Ha3Ha4eHI1e reHepaA-ryoepHaTopoB OOAaCTeH I1Mrrepl111 np0l13BOAI1AOCb 13 jJeHTpaAbHoH aAMI1HI1CTpa~1111 !OfKHblX Teppl1TOpl1H, a scex AOAfKHocTeH 13 OOAaCTI1 - reHepaA-ryoepHaTopOM (£ AYHAH, 1979: 491).

B OTAI1t.Jl1e OT APYrl1X cpezmeaexouerx oorgecTB KI1TaHCKaH ~I1BI1- AI13a~I1H xapaKTepl130BaAaCb BblCOKOH BepTI1KaAbHOH MOOI1AbHOCTbIO. cho OblAO CBH3aHO C CYl!!eCTBOBaHl1eM 13 KI1Tae CI1CTeMbl 3K3aMeHOB aa AOAfKHOCTb . .LJ,aHHaH CI1CTeMa OblAa nepenxra KI1AaHHMI1 11 C 988 r.

188 _Jf{~.~f{~.~K~p~a~A~H~H~.~K~o~~~eB~H~H~K~H~E~B~p~a~.3~H~H ___

BBeAeHa B AHO. COrAaCHO YCTaHOBAeHHblM npaBI1AaM, pa3 B Tpl1 rozta npOBOAI1AI1Cb 3K3aMeHbl B BOAOCTJlX, OfiAaCTJlX 11 npn ynpaaxenna roCYAapCTBeHHOI'i KaHlJeAJIpl1l1. T e, KTO BblAepfKaA 3K3aMeHbl B BOAOCTJlX, Ha3blBaAI1Cb CHHb!J.3HHb, B OfiAaCTI1 - CPY!J3e, B ynpaBAeHl111 rocyztapCTBeHHOH KaHlJeAJlp1111 - !J3HHbWH (Wittfogel, Feng, 1949: 451-456).

nOMI1MO Ocpl1lJl1aAbHblX KaHaAOB nOBbIWeHI1.5I csoero craryca cYIJ:1ecTBOBa.;\a B03MOfKHOCTb AOCTl1fKeHI1J1 fioxee BblCOKoro nOAOfKeHI1.JI aa ClIeT Al1lIHOI1 npeAaHHOCTI1.. npl1. TpaAI1.lJI10HHOM rocnoztcrae 3TO fiblA OAI1H 113 Hal1(JOAee lIaCTO acrpevarotgnxca KaHaAOB COlJl1aAbHOH MOfiI1AbHOCTI1. "Bcex, KTO nOAb30BaAC5I ero pacnOAOfKeHHeM H AOBepHeM, nwmepa'rop noasnuax B AOAfKHOCTH uepea crynenn, He npHAepfKHBa5lCb OfibllIHblX npaBI1A nOBbIWeHI151 no CAYfKbe" (E AYHAH, 1979: 150). 5blAH CAYlIaH, xorzia oTAeAbHble AHlJa H3 cxyr nporumaxnci, B COBeTHHKH H AafKe KHJl3b5l. B 981 r. HMnepaTOp, bOAbWOH AlObHTeAb My3blKH, CAeAaA reaepax-rvriepnaropaenr bOAee 30 MY3blKaHToB (TaM fKe, 119).

COlJHaAbHblH CTaTYC H nOAOfKeHHe KHTaHCKoro lIHHOBHHlIeCTBa peAbecpHO orpaacaror cyr e c03AaHHoH KHAaHJlMH MHOrOHalJHOHaAbHoH HMnepHH. PaCWl1peHHe rOCYAapCTBa aa ClIeT npHCoeAHHJleMblX 3eMAeAeAbL.eCKHX paiionoa rperioaaxo AonOAHHTeAbHoro npHBAelIeHHJI ycxyr KI1TaHCKHX filopoKpaToB. Pa3YMeeTCJI, MoryrgecTBo KHTaHCKHX apHCTOKpaTOB 11 filOpoKpaTHH, CAYfKHBWHX AJlOCKOMY ABOpy, fiblAO CHAbHO orpaHHlIeHO BAaCTblO 3AHTbl KOlIeBHHKoB-3aBoeBaTeAeH, xoropsre, rtepeziaa MHOrOlII1CA('HHble pyrnnnure ynpaaxeauecxne AeAa KHTaHlJaM, OCTaBHAH aa CObOH npa so aa npHHJlTHe caMblX OTBeTCTBeHHblX peuieanii, a TaKfKe coxpannxa bpa3Abl nOAI1THt.JeCKoro H aoenaoro rocnozicrsa.

C TaTYC 11 AOXOAbl, a TaKfKe uacrtu.re COCTOJlHI1J1 KHTaHCKHX lIHHOBHHKOB bblAI1 HaMHoro Bblwe, lIeM Y PJlAOBblX KHTaHlJeB, a nnorz;a AafKe H npezicrasarexeii BepXYWKH KHAaHeH, He rOBOpJl YfKe 0 npocrurx KOlIeBHI1Kax. YI3BecTHO, lITO KHTaHCKHe blOpOKpaTbl bblAH OCBObOfKAeHbl OT sceorirgax ofirgecTBeHHblX nOBHHHOCTeH, K KOTOPblM B 3aBYaAHpOBaHIiOH !{JopMe (BOI1HCKaJl CAYfKoa) npHBAeKaAOCb H aacexenne KOlIeBOH MeTpOnOAI1H.

nOAOfKeHHe KHTaHCKHX KpeCTbJlH-ofirgHHHI1KOB fiblAO, no aceii BHAHMOCTH, HeCKOAbKO OOAee CTeCHeHHblM 113-3a 3THHlIeCKoro yrHeTeHHJI. YICTOlIHHKI1 nepet.JHCAJlIOT MHorot.JHcAeHHble cpOpMbl nOAaTeH H nOBHHHOCTeH, KOTOPblMH OfiAaraAOCb oceAAO-3eMAeAeAblIeClwe aacexenne

rAaBa 9. CrpYKrypa "BapBapcKoH HMIIeplfH "... 189

HMnepHH: naxor rOCYAapCTBY aa nOAb30BaHHe 3eMAeH, npOMblCAOBaJl noztar-s, aaxor C fKHAbJl, HaAor C ceAbCKOX03J1HCTBeHHbIX 0pYAHH H Ap. KpoMe 'roro, KHTaHlJbl npl1BAeKaAHCb K HppHralJHOHHblM pafioTa~, CTpOHTeAbCTBY ropOAOB, ABOPlJOB, aAMI1HHCTpaTHBHblX YlIpefKAeHHI1~ xpaxroa, Aopor, BaAOB H APymx CPOpTHcpHKalJHOHHblX coopyacennn (Wittfogel, Feng, 1949: 312-313).

5blAH CAYlIaH, KOI'Aa KHTaHCKHX Ofi;gHHHI1KOB nepecexnxn na ceBep AAJI 3aHJlTHH 3eMAeAeAHeM, peMecAeHHoH H roproaoii AeJlTeAbHOCTblO (CHMa,4a Macao, 1952: 301), KHraHlJbl BOCC03AaBaAH aa HOBOM Mec're TpaAHlJHOHHYIO COlJHaAbHYIO opr-annaaumo. npl1 3TOM B OKpYfKeHl111 3aBoeBaTeAeH-HoMaAoB I1X 3KcnAyaTalJH5I MorAa ocyrgecTBAJlTbC5I fiOAee HHTeHCHBHO, XOTJI IOpHAI1t.JeCKH CTaTYC nepecexeaues OCTaBaAC5I I1AeHTHlIHblM nOAOfKeHHIO KpeCTbJlH IOfKHblX oOAaCTeH. B APymx CAYt.JaJlX, HanpOTI1B, nOAOfKeHHe MHrpaHTOB MorAO KaqeCTBeHHO YAYlIWI1TbCH, nOCKOAbKY npaBI1TeAbCTBO AaBaAO nepecexenuara AOnOAHI1TeAbHble AbrOTbJ. "T ax, - nHWYT K. BI1TT!{JoreAb 11 cthH L!3HW3H, - Bblpac'raxa aanyranaaa CHCTeMa AI1t.JHOH 11 KOAAeKTI1BHOH 3aBHCI1MOCTH, nOAYcaofiozrst 11 nOAHOH CBObOAbl - CI1CTeMbl, KOTOpa51 fiblAa lIpe3BblQal1HO CAOfKHa B cesepaerx nAeMeHHblX paiionax 11 CpaBHI1TeAbHO npocra B crapsrx KHTaHCKHX npOBI1HlJl1HX lOra" (Wittfogel, Feng, 1949: 194).

KHTaHcKoe KpeCTbJlHCTBO OblAO CTpaTH!{Jl1lJl1pOBaHO 11 AeAI1,\OC b, cor AaCHO HappaTI1BHblM I1CTOlIHI1KaM, na Tpl1 rpynrna. K aepxneii OTHOCHAI1Cb HaHfiOAee fioraTble ofirgI1HHHKI1, CCAbCKaJl aAMI1HI1CTpalJl151, KOTopble I1CnOAb30BaAH B CBOHX X0351HCTBax TPYA ofieAHeBwHx cocezreii. YAeHbl ceMeH cpeAHeH rpynmsr eziaa AH MOrAI1 n03BOAHTb cefie HaeMHblH TPYA, HO TeM He MeBee OHH BeAI1 caMOCTOJlTeAbHOe X0351HCTBO, T e, KTO HaXOAI1ACJI Hl1fKe 3TOH rpynnbl 11 OTHOCI1ACJI K lIHCAY MaAOotiecneueanoro KpeCTbJlHCTBa, C TPYAoM CBOAHAI1 KOHlJbl C KOHlJaMI1 11 'large HaHHMaAI1Cb K nepaoii rpynne B paOOTHI1KI1. D CAYt.Jae fieACTBI1J1 OHH CTaHOBHAI1Cb nOTeHl,!l1aAbHblMI1 npeTeHAeHTaMH na npoziaacy aa AOAm B paocrso HAH BblHYfKAeHbl OblAH fiefKaTb AHfio fipOAJlfKHl1lIaTb (TaM fKe, 154).

CBOooAHble KHTaHCKl1e peMeCAeHHI1KI1 H roproagsr 3aHI1MaAH fiOAee npHBHAerl1pOBaHHoe nOAOfKeHl1e B cpaBHeHHI1 C KpeCTbJlHaMI1-3eMAeAeAblJaMH (Kwanten, 1979: 96). OHH COCTaBAJlAI1 OCHOBHYIO lIaCTb naCeAeHHJI B ropozrax lora, a 'raxxce B HOBblX ropoziax cesepa, npeBparga51

190 li~._li~._f(~p~a~A~H~H~.~f(~o~q~eB~H~H~K~H~E~Bp~a~3~H~H~ __

I1X B HaCT05lrgl1e KI1TaHCKl1e ropoAa C MHOr0411CAeHHblMI1 MlBKaMI1 11 MHOrO}\IOAHbIMI1 pblHKaMI1. T axoe noxoacenne Ofi'b5lCH5IeTC5I aaarrrepeCOBaHHOCTblO MeTpOnOAl111 B pa3BI1TI1I1 COfiCTBeHHOrO peMeCAa B c rpaae 11 BH)'TpeHHerO 3KOHOMI14eCKOrO pennca. OCOfieHHO BblCOKOe 3KOHOMI1- 4eCKOe noxozcenae 11 3Ha411TeAbHOe I1MYIgeCTBeHHOe AOCT05lHI1e I1MeAa KaTerOpl151 lOHb-B3H - POCToBrgl14eCTBO (Wittfoge/, Feng, 1949: 194). Bnp04eM, B nOAOmeHl111 IOHb-B3H 6bl}\a OAHa ocorienaocr-e: 3aKOH aanpetgax 11M 3aHI1MaTbC5I nOAI1TI14eCKOH Ae5lTeAbHOCTblO (TaM me, 195). nOA06riOe 51BAeHl1e fiblAO TI1nl14HblM AA5I ofiIgeCTB BocToKa. "3Aecb (T. e. na BocToKe. - li. f(.) 4aCTHble cofiCTBeHHI1KI1 ... BepHO CAYml1AI1 BAaCTI1 11 fiblAI1 rOTOBbl AOBOAbCTBOBaTbC5I TeM npl1Hl1meHHblM CTaTYCOM, KOTOPblH I1MeAI1. OHI1 He 3HaAI1 11 He meAaAI1 3HaTb, 4TO 'raxoe CBofioAa, npaBO, r apaHTl111 cofiCTBeHHOCTI1 I1AI1 HenpI1KOCHOBeHHOCTI1 AI14HOCTI1 11 T. n. OHI1 XOTeAI1 AI1Wb ozuroro: CYIgeCTBOBaTb 11 npO\!BeTaTb nOA HaAemHblM npaxperrnexr CI1AbHOH BAaCTI1, xroooe TpefioBaHl1e co CTOPOHbl KOTOPOH fiblAO AA5I HI1X 3aKOHOM. A B}\aCTb co CBoeH CTOPOHbl fiblAa 3al1HTepeCOBaHa B CYIgeCTBOBaHl111 4aCTHblX cofiCTBeHHI1KOB - HO I1MeHHO TaKI1X, KaKI1MI1 OHI1 fiblAI1. 3al1HTepeCoaana nOTOMY, lITO PbIH04HO-4aCTHocoficTBeHHI14eCKl1e OTHOWeHI151 BblnOAH5IAI1 nOA npl1CMOTPOM BAaCTI1 're ml13HeHHO BamHble CPYHK\!I1I1, fie3 KOTOPblX pa3BI1TOe ofirgecTBo 11 CI1AbHOe rOCYAapCTBO npOCTO He MOr}\11 fibl cyrgec'raoaaru" (BacH~1beB, 1998: 37-38).

Bee aecaotio.anoe aacexenne I1Mnepl111 .!VI0 MomHO pa3fil1Tb na ABC rpynnbl (noztpotiaee CM.: f(bllJaHOB, 1986). nepBa51 rpynna (fiY!JlOH) 03Ha4aAa AloAeH, npl1HaAAemaBWI1X lIaCTHblM AI1\!aM. lJaIge acero fiY\!JOH CTaHOBI1AI1C b fibIBIlIl1e pafibl I1AI1 I1X nOTOMKI1, nepeztaaaute B I1HAI1BI1Aya.'I.bHYIO cofiCTBeHHoeTb l<I1AaHhCKI1M apacroxparaxt. caHOB HI1KaM 11~'I.11 KI1TaHCKI1M 4I1HOBHI1KaM. Y1x 3aCTaBA5IAI1 oripafiarmaa'n. 3eMAlO, CTPOI1Tb l~OMa 11 ropoAa (Wittfoge/, Feng, 1949: 194), ~T· npaBA5IAI1 HeCTI1 norpaHI14HYIO cAymfiy aa CBOI1X X0351eB (f(bIQaHoB. 1986: 189). BTopa51 rpynna AI1\! necaonozmoro HaCeAeHI151 npl1HaAAe· maAa rOCYAapcTBy. B HeH BbIAeA5IeTC5I HeCKOAbKO pa3AI1lJHblX xarero PI1H. lYHxy, lyHbr[J3XY, Q;nyaHbXY - KaTerOpl111 AI1\!, npanacannerx K I1MnepaTOpCKI1M ABOp\!aM, CTaBKaM (oPAO) KI1AaHeH (Wittfoge/, Feng 1949: 55, 234, 512).

lAaBa 9. CTpVKTvpa "BapBapcKoH HMnepHH " ...

191

npl1HaAAemaBWl1e Ka3He peMeCAeHHI1KI1 XOT5I 11 He fiblAI1 caorioztHbIMI1, HO C HI1MI1 ofipaIgaAI1Cb fiOAee CHOCHO. OHI1, "AOAmHO fiblTb, fiblAI1 peMeCAeHHI1KaMI1 noxycaotioznroro Tl1na" ( Wittfoge/, Feng, 1949: 194; Kwanten, 1979: 96).

B caMOM HI13Y CO\!l1aAbHOH CTPYKTypbl KI1AaHbCKoro ofiIgecTBa naXOAI1AI1Cb pafibI. MomHo BblAeAI1Tb cAeAYIOIgl1e I1CT04HI1KI1 paocrsa y KI1AaHeH (Wittfoge/, Feng, 1949: 196; I[YMaH, 1955: 26; nHKOB, 1985: 32-34; f(bNaHoB, 1986: 186): 1) BHeWHl1e I1CT04HI1KI1 - noenaonxenasre 113 pasfurrurx KI1AaH5IMI1 BOHCK npOTI1BHI1KOB, ofipaIgeHHble B paficrso B I1HAI1BI1AyaAbHoM nopnzixe (Wittfoge/, Feng, 1949: 196, 231, 576, 583), a 'raxxce tKl1TeAI1 aaaoeaannerx I1AI1 nOABepraBWI1XC5I HafieraM 11 rpafiemaM 'reppirropnii (MaTepl1aAbl, 1984: 233; E AYHAH, 1979: 494 11 AP'); 2) BHYTpeHHl1e I1CTOlJHI1KI1 - npoziaaca 11 caxronpoztaaca B pafic'rao aa AOArl1 (f(bJllaHOB, 1986: 189) 11 ofipaIgeHl1e B paocrao AI1\!, COBepWI1BWI1X T5ImKl1e (4aIge acero aHTl1rocYAapCTBeHHble) npecrynxennn.

Cqlepa npl1MeHeHI15I cofiCTBeHHO paocxoro TpYAa y KI1AaHeH fiblAa orpannueua y 4aCTHblX AI1\! AOMaWHI1M X0351HCTBOM, y rOCYAapCTBa - oficAyml1BaHl1eM I1MnepaTOpCKI1X rpOfiHI1\!, l~BOp\!OB, aAMI1HI1CTpaTI1BHl.>lX Y4pemAeHI1H, MOHacTblpeH. PaooB 'raxzse Mor AI1 npnnaceraaru K OPAO K04eBHI1KOB, I1cnOAb30BaTb npn CTpOI1Te AbHblX pafiorax, a I1Hor Aa Aame na cAymoe B apMl111 (Witt/oge/, Feng, 1949: 196, 335, 569; I[YMaH, 1955: 26-27; IlHKOB, 1985: 35).

***

Pe310Ml1pY51 BbIUleI13AOtKeHHOe, cAeAyeT OTMeTI1Tb, 'lTO KI1AaHbCKa51 AI1HaCTI151 .!VI0 Ay4111e scero nOl~XOAI1T nOA napaxre-rpsr BTOPOH 113 BblAeAeHHblX AaHHI14eCKOl'i MOAeAI1. C C03AaHI1eM .!VI0 CAOml1AaCb AyaAbHa51 CI1CTeMa ynpaBAeHI151, B KOTOPOH CeBepHa51 aAMI1HI1CTpa!!l151 3aHI1MaAa fiOAee BblCOI<oe noxoaseane, a 'raxxce KOHTPOAl1pOBaAa HOMaAoB 11 APyme ceaepaere HapoAbl ("MeTpono.'I.I151"). lOmHa51 aAMI1- HI1CTpa!!l151 KOnl1pOBaAa fiIOpOKpaTI14eCl<YJO CI1CTeMY KI1Ta5l, ynpaaxaxa oceAAO-3eMAeAeAb4eCKI1MI1 TeppI1TOpl151MI1. no Mepe 'roro KaK crermoe "BapBapCTBO" 'rpaacqiopxnrpoaaxocr, B "!!I1BI1AI13allI1l0", npeACTaBI1TeAI1 3AI1Tbl 3aBoeBaTeAeH OAeBaAI1Cb na MaHep nOOetK,L'V~HHhlX, nepeHI1MaAI1

192 ~f{~.~f{~.~f(~p~a~A~H~H~.~fC~a2q~eB~H~H~K~H~E~B~p~a~3~H~H~ _

I1X 3TI1KeT 11 rmCbMeHHOCTb AI160 C03AaBaAI1 csoe nI1CbMO. KI1AaHI1 B03BOAI1AI1 xpynusre ropoz;a , B KOTOPblX B03ABl1raJ\11 m.nnaure ABOPIJbI. rAe CeAI1AI1Cb I1MnepaTOpCI<I1H ABOP 11 lJI1HOBHI1KI1. C paCWl1peHl1eM Teppl1TOpl111 I1Mnepl111 aa C4eT BKA104eHI1R ace HOBblX 3eMAeAeAb4eCKI1X ofiAacTeH CeBepHoro KI1TaR npouecc KI1Tal13aIJI111 KI1AaHbCKoH apI1CTOKpaTl111 urex ace fioAee fibICTPblMI1 TeMnaMI1. OHa ace AaAbwe 11 AaAbwe OTpbIBaAaCb OT crermerx TpaAI1IJI1H. "l(aHHI14eCKaR" K04eBaR I1Mnepl1R KI1AaHeH rlOCTeneHHO rpancqiopraupoaaxac b B aaaoesarex bHYlO MOAeAb, a AaAee, B03MO£KHO, cAeAoBaA npRMOH nyr e K TpaHcqJOpMaIJl111 B KOMnAeKCHoe 3eMAeAeAb4eCKO-CKOTOBOA4eCKoe rOCYAapCTBO.

HaCKOAbKO OfibeKTI1BHbl fiblAI1 3TI1 TeIIAeHIJI1I1? OTBeTI1Tb na 3TOT Bonpoc MO£KHO TOAbKO paCCMaTpl1BaR I1CTOPl1l0 KI1AaHeH B fiOAee Wl1pOKOM perl10HaAbHOM KOHTeKCTe. ()AHa 113 nepBblX BepCI1H npl1HaAAe£KI1T K. BI1TTCfJoreAlO. OH paspario-rax ee B npouecce COBMeCTHOH pafiOTbl C cP3H U3RweHOM HaA CfJYHAaMeHTaA bHOH KHl1rOH 0 AI1HaCTl111 J\.H0 (Wittlagel, Feng, 1949). BI1TTlpOreAb paCCMaTpl1BaA AByxTbICR4eAeTHlOlO I1CTOPl1l0 KI1TaR C T04KI1 3peHI1R TeOp1111 aKKY AbTypalJl111 - KaK pe3YAbTaT B3al1MOAeHCTBI1R KopeHHoro xaascxoro 3THoca 11 pa3AI14HblX "aaaoeaa-rex suerx" AI1HaCTI1H. OH ClJl1TaA, 4TO I1TOrOM raxoro B3al1- MOAeHCTBI1R fiblAO oopaaoaanae HeKoeH HOBOH KYAbTypHOH (t>OPMbI, lJTO Bblpa311AOCb, B 4aCTHOCTI1, Y KI1AaHeH B C03AaHI111 cofiCTBeHHOli rlHCbMeHHOCTI1, CPOpMl1pOBaHHH OTAHllHOH OT KHTaHCKOH CHCTt':MbI 110-

BeHI1R Me£KAY HOMaAaMI1 11 3eMAeAeAbIJaMI1 fiblAI1 OrpaHI14eHbi. Ta-

"

KYlO MOAeAb MO£KHO Ha3BaTb KaK COnpOTI1BARlOrgYlOCR KYAbTYPHblM

113MeHeHI1RM" (culturally resistant); 2) HanpOTI1B, npn LJ£Kyp4£K3HbCKOH AI1HaCTl111 U311Hb (1115 -1234 rr.) B03HI1KAa CI1TyaIJI1R, fiAarOnpl1RTHaR AAR KYAbTypHoro CI1MfiI103a. BI1TTqJOreAb onpeztexnx ee KaK "noAAalorgYlOcR KYAbTYPHblM BAI1RHI1RM" (culturally yielding); 3) MaHblJ£KypCKaR AI1HaCTI1R UI1H (1644-1911 1'1'.) npeACTaBARxa HeKYlO npOMe£KYT04HYlO (transitional) If>OPMY (Witt/agel, Feng, 1949: 24-25).

K CO£KaAeHI1IO, B 3TOH If>YHAaMeHTaAbHoH KHl1re fiblAa npoarnopnpoaana POAb cofiCTBeHHO K04eBblX I1Mnepl1H (XYHHY, TIOPKI1, yHrYPbl). BI1TTqJOreAb He BKAI0411A B CBOIO KAaCCI1lf>I1KaIJI1IO I1Mnepl111 HOMaAoB, KOTOPbJe 3KcnAyaTI1pOBaAI1 KI1TaH na AI1CTaHIJI1I1. BnOCAeACTBl111 3TOT HeAoCTaTOK fiblA I1CnpaBAeH B KOHIJenIJl111 RnOHCKoro I1CTOpl1Ka TaMypbl ~I1IJYA30 (J:lmura, 1974). B OTAI1411e OT BI1TTq)OreAR TaMypa BI<A10- 411A B CBOIO cxexry He TOAbKO "aaaoeaarex ensre" AI1HaCTI1I1, HO 11 fiOAee paHHl1e nOAI1Tl111 HOMaAoB (XYHHY, TlOPOK, YHrYPOB), KOTopble B3al1- MOAeHCTBOBaAI1 C KI1TaeM na paCCTORHI1I1. B TO £Ke BpeMR OH YKa3aA aa Ba£KHbJe OTAI1411R Me£KAY AI1HaCTI1RMI1 ARO 11 K)aHb. KI1AaHbCKI1H 3THOC npOTI1BOCTORA CYHCKOMY KI1TalO OAI1H na OAI1II. npl1 MOHrO.'\ax CI1TyaIJI1R fiblAa fio,'\ee CAO£KHOH. I10MI1MO MOHrOAOB ceBeplIhlM 11 IO£KHblM KI1Tal1IJaM CTPYKTYPHO npOTI1BOCTORAa MIIOrOLJl1c'\eIIH3R rpynrta C.9MY - TIOPKO- 11 I1paHOR3hllJHblX BblxoAIJeB 113 CpeAlIeH A.31111.

TaMypa BhlAeAI1A ABa fiOAhWI1X IJI1KAa B I1CTOPI1I1 CeBepHOH EBpa- 31111: 1) IJI1KA ApeBHI1X I1Mnepl1H KOlJeBHI1KOB 3acywAI1BOH 30Hbl BHYTpeHHeH ful1l1 (II B. AO H. 3. - IX B. H. 3.): XYHHY, CRHbfil1, mymaHI1, TlOpKI1, yiirypi»: 2) IJI1KA cpeAlleBeKOBhlX 3aBoesaTeAbHblX ,<1,I1HaCTI1H, npol1CXOAI1BWI1X 113 Tae£KHOH (lJ£KYP4£K3I111, MaHblJ£KYPhl) I1AI1 CTenHoH (KI1AaHI1, MOHrO,'\bl) 30H (X - Ha4aAO XX B.): J\.H0, U3I1Hb, !{)aHb, UI1H. OfirgecTBa nepBoro IJI1KAa B3al1MOAeHCTBOBaAI1 C KI1TaeM Ha paCCTORHl1l1, rOCYAapCTBa s'roporo 3aBoeBhIBaAI1 3eMAe.z~eAblJeCKI1H lor 11 c03AaBaAI1 CI1Mfil10TI14eCKI1e rOCYAapCTBeHHbJe crpyK"rYPbl C AyaAh-

o 0

HOI1 CI1CTeMOI1 ynpaB,'\eHI1R, Opl1I'I1HaAhHhlMI1 ll>opMaMI1 KYAbTYPbl 11

I1AeOAorl1l1.

Ho nOlJeMY CHaLJaAa AOMI1Hl1pOBaAI1 "TI1III14HhW" KOlJeBhle I1Mnepaa, a 1l0TOM 11M ua CMeHY npl1WAI1 AaHII114eCKI1t' 11 aaaoeaarex i.-

AI1TI14eCKOro ynpaBAeHI1R.

CpaBHI1BaR arpapm.re 3t:'MAeAeAh4eCKl1e 11 CKOTOBOA4eCKI1e ofirgt:'CTBa, BI1TTCfJoreAh OTMe4aA, 4TO npn KOlJeBOM oopase £K113HH fihL\O ropa3Ao MeHbwe YCAOBI1H AAR YCTaHOBAeHHR AecnoTH3Ma. TeKYLJeCTb CTenHOH 3KOHOMI1KI1 nOAAep£KI1BaAa Al1q)Q)Y31110 11 cenaparnaxr. CI1Ab· HaR BAaCTb YCTaHaBAI1BaAaCh TOAbKO nOCAe nOA411HeHI1R I1AH aaaoeaaHI1R opouraexn.ix 3eMeAh, HO 11 B TaKOM CAY4ae soenaere HeYAalJH H.,\H npl1pOAHhle 6eACTBHR 6blCTPO MOrAI1 oCAafiHTb naCTopaAbHblH AecnoTI13M npeABOAI1TeAR HOMaAoB (Witt/age!, Feng, 1949: 4, 24-25; Wittlagel, 1957: 204-207).

no MHeHHlO Y4eHoro, MO£KHO BhlAeAHTh Tpl1 MOAeAH 'raxoro B3aI1MOAeHCTBI1R: 1) npn K04eBblX AI1HaCTHRX ARO (907-1125 1'1'.) H K)aHh (1206-1368 1'1'.) MaCWTafihl xyx e-rypnoro B3aI1MOnpOHHKIIO-

194 --'H~.~H~ . ....:K~p~ar:..4'_"H'!.H'_'_._'K'_'_"o.2fJ.::ceB""H~H~}(""H'_'__'E='.B~ptc.:a",3,,-,-H~H,- _

Hble" HMnepm1? YacTH4Ho OTBeT aa 3TOT sonpoc COAep1'KHTDI B KOHuem,!HH T. DapqmAAa, KOTOPbIH ofiHapY1'KHA, 4TO KHTaH 3aBoeBbIBaAH, KaK npaBHAO, "MaHb41'KypcKHe aapo.aer". Pa3BaA ueHTpaAH30BaHHoH BAaCTH H B KHTae, H B C rena oCBofio1'KAaA nocAeAHHX OT AaBAeHHR KaK co CTOPOHbI K04eBHHKOB, TaK H co CTOPOHbI KHTaHueB. OCBOfio1'KAeHHble OT aaeuiaero npeccnara HapoAbI MaHb41'KYPHH c03AaBaAH CBOH rOCYAapCTBeHHble oopasosanaa H 3aXBaTbIBaAH 3eMAeAeAb4eCKHe ofiAaCTH na tore. OcofieHHo npeycneAH B 3aBoeBaHHRX KHAaHH H 41'KYP- 41'K3HH, KOTOPbIM YAaAOCb nOA4HHHTb npaKTH4eCKH sec e CeBepHbIH KHTaH, H n03AHee - MaHb41'KypbI, nOKopHBWHe BCfO nOAHefiecHYfO (Barfield, 1992). HBARAacb AH nOAofiHaR reonOAHTH4eCKaR paCCTaHOBxa CHA HeH3fie1'KHOH HAH Y nee fibIAH HCTopH4eCKHe aAbTepHaTHBbI, e'kle npeACTOHT BbIRCHHTb.

l.J aCT b IV

COYHAAbHMI APXEOAOfHH XYHHY

rAABA 10

COYHAAbHMI CTPYKTYPA PAHHHX K01.JEBHHKOB (no llAHHbIM APxEoAorHH)·

CY.zv! rro BceMY, nepasre rrOrrbITKI1 peKOHCTpYK!J1111 cO!Jl1aAbHOl'i CTpyKTYPbI rro AaHHbIM apxeoxorna OTHOOITOI eige K pyoeacy XIXxx BB. B TOH I1AI1 I1HOH CTerreHI1 CO!J110A0rl1lIeCKl1e I1HTeprrpeTa!J1111 rrorpeoaAbHoH oOPHAHOCTI1 ObIAI1 xaparcrepaer B XX CTOAeTl111 AAH KAaCCl1lIeCKOH xyx erypao-ncropnuecxoii apxeoxornn aa pyoemoM. OrrpeAeAeHHbIH I1HTepec K 3TOH rexre B paxncax CO!J110AOrl1lIeCKOro MapKCI1CTCKOro HarrpaBAeHI1H B03HI1K 11 B CCCP B 1920-1930-e rr. B TO me BpeMH aa 3arraAe B !JeAOM ObIAO rrpl1HHTO ClIl1TaTb, lITO ocooeHHOCTI1 norpefiax bHoro oopHAa OOAee onocpezioaam» peAI1r1103HbIMI1 npeztCTaBAeHI1HMl1, HemeAI1 CO!Jl1aAbHbIMI1 rr0311!JI1HMI1 ycornuero. Hal1oo/l.ee rrocAeAoBaTeAbHbIM rrpOTI1BHI1KOM I1crrOAb30BaHI1H AaHHbIx rro rrorpeoaAbHOH OOPHAHOCTI1 AAH peKOHCTpYK!J1111 CO!Jl1aAbHOH CTpyKTYPbI apXal1lIeCKI1X OOIQeCTB ObIA A. Kpeoep. OH noxarax, lITO norpeoax eaice OOPHAbI HeCTaOI1AbHbI 11 BCAeACTBl1e aroro He MOryT cOAepmaTb aziercBaTHbIX AaHHbIX 0 AI1ct><pepeH!Jl1a!J1111 asyvaeraoro COOOIQeCTBa (Kroebet, 1927 etc.).

npl1H!Jl1rrl1aAbHbIM 06pa30M cl1Tya!JI1H 113MeHI1AaCb co BTOPOH noAOBI1HbI 1960-x rr. nocxe B03HI1KHOBeHI1H TaK Ha3bIBaeMOH "HOBOH" (npoueccyaxusoii) apxeoxormt. HOBaTOpCKI1MI1 B 3TOM nxaae CTaAI1

• jl,aHHall r.vaaa []OArOTOBA<'Ha na OCHOBe aBTopcKOH lJaCTH 2-H rAaBbI "MeTOAOAOrHlJeCKHe []p06AeMbI peKOHCTpYK!!HH CO!!HaAbHblX CTPYKTYP B apXeOAOrHH" (aaropsr - C. A. BaCIOTHH, A. B. KopOTaeB. II. II. KpaAHH, A. A. T HWKHH) KOAAeKTHBHOH MOHorpaqJHH "CO\!HaAbl!illl CTpYKTYpa paHHHX KOlJeBHHKOB EBpa- 3HH" (I1PKyrcK. 2005)